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what is the advantage of enclosing dna material in the nucleus
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"a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes"
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"0": "Cell nucleus - wikipedia Cell nucleus Jump to : navigation , search HeLa cells stained for nuclear DNA with the Blue Hoechst dye . The central and rightmost cell are in interphase , thus their entire nuclei are labeled . On the left , a cell is going through mitosis and its DNA has condensed . Cell biology The animal cell Components of a typical animal cell : Nucleolus Nucleus Ribosome ( little dots ) Vesicle Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus ( or `` Golgi body '' ) Cytoskeleton Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Vacuole Cytosol ( fluid that contains organelles , comprising the cytoplasm ) Lysosome Centrosome Cell membrane In cell biology , the nucleus ( pl . nuclei ; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus , meaning kernel or seed ) is a membrane - enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells . Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus , but a few cell types , such as mammalian red blood cells , have no nuclei , and a few others have many . Human skeletal muscle cells have more than one nucleus , as do eukaryotes like fungi . Cell nuclei contain most of the cell 's genetic material , organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins , such as histones , to form chromosomes . The genes within these chromosomes are the cell 's nuclear genome and are structured in such a way to promote cell function . The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression -- the nucleus is , therefore , the control center of the cell . The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope , a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm , and the nuclear matrix ( which includes the nuclear lamina ) , a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support , much like the cytoskeleton , which supports the cell as a whole . Because the nuclear membrane is impermeable to large molecules , nuclear pores are required to regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope .",
"1": "The pores cross both nuclear membranes , providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions . Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes . Although the interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane - bound sub compartments , its contents are not uniform , and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist , made up of unique proteins , RNA molecules , and particular parts of the chromosomes . The best - known of these is the nucleolus , which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes . After being produced in the nucleolus , ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Structures 2.1 Nuclear envelope and pores 2.2 Nuclear lamina 2.3 Chromosomes 2.4 Nucleolus 2.5 Other subnuclear bodies 2.5. 1 Cajal bodies and gems 2.5. 2 RAFA and PTF domains 2.5. 3 PML bodies 2.5. 4 Splicing speckles 2.5. 5 Paraspeckles 2.5. 6 Perichromatin fibrils 3 Function 3.1 Cell compartmentalization 3.2 Gene expression 3.3 Processing of pre-mRNA 4 Dynamics and regulation 4.1 Nuclear transport 4.2 Assembly and disassembly 4.3 Disease - related dynamics 5 Nuclei per cell 5.1 Anucleated cells 5.2 Multinucleated cells 6 Evolution 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History Oldest known depiction of cells and their nuclei by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek , 1719 Drawing of a Chironomus salivary gland cell published by Walther Flemming in 1882 . The nucleus contains Polytene chromosomes . The nucleus was the first organelle to be discovered .",
"2": "What is most likely the oldest preserved drawing dates back to the early microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632 -- 1723 ) . He observed a `` lumen '' , the nucleus , in the red blood cells of salmon . Unlike mammalian red blood cells , those of other vertebrates still contain nuclei . The nucleus was also described by Franz Bauer in 1804 and in more detail in 1831 by Scottish botanist Robert Brown in a talk at the Linnean Society of London . Brown was studying orchids under microscope when he observed an opaque area , which he called the `` areola '' or `` nucleus '' , in the cells of the flower 's outer layer . He did not suggest a potential function . In 1838 , Matthias Schleiden proposed that the nucleus plays a role in generating cells , thus he introduced the name `` cytoblast '' ( cell builder ) . He believed that he had observed new cells assembling around `` cytoblasts '' . Franz Meyen was a strong opponent of this view , having already described cells multiplying by division and believing that many cells would have no nuclei . The idea that cells can be generated de novo , by the `` cytoblast '' or otherwise , contradicted work by Robert Remak ( 1852 ) and Rudolf Virchow ( 1855 ) who decisively propagated the new paradigm that cells are generated solely by cells ( `` Omnis cellula e cellula '' ) . The function of the nucleus remained unclear . Between 1877 and 1878 , Oscar Hertwig published several studies on the fertilization of sea urchin eggs , showing that the nucleus of the sperm enters the oocyte and fuses with its nucleus . This was the first time it was suggested that an individual develops from a ( single ) nucleated cell . This was in contradiction to Ernst Haeckel 's theory that the complete phylogeny of a species would be repeated during embryonic development , including generation of the first nucleated cell from a `` monerula '' , a structureless mass of primordial mucus ( `` Urschleim '' ) . Therefore , the necessity of the sperm nucleus for fertilization was discussed for quite some time . However , Hertwig confirmed his observation in other animal groups , including amphibians and molluscs .",
"3": "Eduard Strasburger produced the same results for plants in 1884 . This paved the way to assign the nucleus an important role in heredity . In 1873 , August Weismann postulated the equivalence of the maternal and paternal germ cells for heredity . The function of the nucleus as carrier of genetic information became clear only later , after mitosis was discovered and the Mendelian rules were rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century ; the chromosome theory of heredity was therefore developed . Structures The nucleus is the largest cellular organelle in animal cells . In mammalian cells , the average diameter of the nucleus is approximately 6 micrometres ( μm ) , which occupies about 10 % of the total cell volume . The viscous liquid within it is called nucleoplasm ( or karyolymph ) , and is similar in composition to the cytosol found outside the nucleus . It appears as a dense , roughly spherical or irregular organelle . The composition by dry weight of the nucleus is approximately : DNA 9 % , RNA 1 % , Histone Protein 11 % , Residual Protein 14 % , Acidic Proteins 65 % . Nuclear envelope and pores Main articles : Nuclear envelope and Nuclear pores The eukaryotic cell nucleus . Visible in this diagram are the ribosome - studded double membranes of the nuclear envelope , the DNA ( complexed as chromatin ) , and the nucleolus . Within the cell nucleus is a viscous liquid called nucleoplasm , similar to the cytoplasm found outside the nucleus . A cross section of a nuclear pore on the surface of the nuclear envelope ( 1 ) . Other diagram labels show ( 2 ) the outer ring , ( 3 ) spokes , ( 4 ) basket , and ( 5 ) filaments . The nuclear envelope , otherwise known as nuclear membrane , consists of two cellular membranes , an inner and an outer membrane , arranged parallel to one another and separated by 10 to 50 nanometres ( nm ) . The nuclear envelope completely encloses the nucleus and separates the cell 's genetic material from the surrounding cytoplasm , serving as a barrier to prevent macromolecules from diffusing freely between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm .",
"4": "The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum ( RER ) , and is similarly studded with ribosomes . The space between the membranes is called the perinuclear space and is continuous with the RER lumen . Nuclear pores , which provide aqueous channels through the envelope , are composed of multiple proteins , collectively referred to as nucleoporins . The pores are about 125 million daltons in molecular weight and consist of around 50 ( in yeast ) to several hundred proteins ( in vertebrates ) . The pores are 100 nm in total diameter ; however , the gap through which molecules freely diffuse is only about 9 nm wide , due to the presence of regulatory systems within the center of the pore . This size selectively allows the passage of small water - soluble molecules while preventing larger molecules , such as nucleic acids and larger proteins , from inappropriately entering or exiting the nucleus . These large molecules must be actively transported into the nucleus instead . The nucleus of a typical mammalian cell will have about 3000 to 4000 pores throughout its envelope , each of which contains an eightfold - symmetric ring - shaped structure at a position where the inner and outer membranes fuse . Attached to the ring is a structure called the nuclear basket that extends into the nucleoplasm , and a series of filamentous extensions that reach into the cytoplasm . Both structures serve to mediate binding to nuclear transport proteins . Most proteins , ribosomal subunits , and some DNAs are transported through the pore complexes in a process mediated by a family of transport factors known as karyopherins . Those karyopherins that mediate movement into the nucleus are also called importins , whereas those that mediate movement out of the nucleus are called exportins . Most karyopherins interact directly with their cargo , although some use adaptor proteins . Steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone , as well as other small lipid - soluble molecules involved in intercellular signaling , can diffuse through the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm , where they bind nuclear receptor proteins that are trafficked into the nucleus . There they serve as transcription factors when bound to their ligand ; in the absence of a ligand , many such receptors function as histone deacetylases that repress gene expression .",
"5": "Nuclear lamina Main article : Nuclear lamina In animal cells , two networks of intermediate filaments provide the nucleus with mechanical support : The nuclear lamina forms an organized meshwork on the internal face of the envelope , while less organized support is provided on the cytosolic face of the envelope . Both systems provide structural support for the nuclear envelope and anchoring sites for chromosomes and nuclear pores . The nuclear lamina is composed mostly of lamin proteins . Like all proteins , lamins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and later transported to the nucleus interior , where they are assembled before being incorporated into the existing network of nuclear lamina . Lamins found on the cytosolic face of the membrane , such as emerin and nesprin , bind to the cytoskeleton to provide structural support . Lamins are also found inside the nucleoplasm where they form another regular structure , known as the nucleoplasmic veil , that is visible using fluorescence microscopy . The actual function of the veil is not clear , although it is excluded from the nucleolus and is present during interphase . Lamin structures that make up the veil , such as LEM3 , bind chromatin and disrupting their structure inhibits transcription of protein - coding genes . Like the components of other intermediate filaments , the lamin monomer contains an alpha - helical domain used by two monomers to coil around each other , forming a dimer structure called a coiled coil . Two of these dimer structures then join side by side , in an antiparallel arrangement , to form a tetramer called a protofilament . Eight of these protofilaments form a lateral arrangement that is twisted to form a ropelike filament . These filaments can be assembled or disassembled in a dynamic manner , meaning that changes in the length of the filament depend on the competing rates of filament addition and removal . Mutations in lamin genes leading to defects in filament assembly cause a group of rare genetic disorders known as laminopathies . The most notable laminopathy is the family of diseases known as progeria , which causes the appearance of premature aging in its sufferers . The exact mechanism by which the associated biochemical changes give rise to the aged phenotype is not well understood . Chromosomes Main article : Chromosome A mouse fibroblast nucleus in which DNA is stained blue .",
"6": "The distinct chromosome territories of chromosome 2 ( red ) and chromosome 9 ( green ) are stained with fluorescent in situ hybridization . The cell nucleus contains the majority of the cell 's genetic material in the form of multiple linear DNA molecules organized into structures called chromosomes . Each human cell contains roughly two meters of DNA . During most of the cell cycle these are organized in a DNA - protein complex known as chromatin , and during cell division the chromatin can be seen to form the well - defined chromosomes familiar from a karyotype . A small fraction of the cell 's genes are located instead in the mitochondria . There are two types of chromatin . Euchromatin is the less compact DNA form , and contains genes that are frequently expressed by the cell . The other type , heterochromatin , is the more compact form , and contains DNA that is infrequently transcribed . This structure is further categorized into facultative heterochromatin , consisting of genes that are organized as heterochromatin only in certain cell types or at certain stages of development , and constitutive heterochromatin that consists of chromosome structural components such as telomeres and centromeres . During interphase the chromatin organizes itself into discrete individual patches , called chromosome territories . Active genes , which are generally found in the euchromatic region of the chromosome , tend to be located towards the chromosome 's territory boundary . Antibodies to certain types of chromatin organization , in particular , nucleosomes , have been associated with a number of autoimmune diseases , such as systemic lupus erythematosus . These are known as anti-nuclear antibodies ( ANA ) and have also been observed in concert with multiple sclerosis as part of general immune system dysfunction . As in the case of progeria , the role played by the antibodies in inducing the symptoms of autoimmune diseases is not obvious . Nucleolus Main article : Nucleolus An electron micrograph of a cell nucleus , showing the darkly stained nucleolus 3D rendering of nucleus with location of nucleolus The nucleolus is a discrete densely stained structure found in the nucleus . It is not surrounded by a membrane , and is sometimes called a suborganelle . It forms around tandem repeats of rDNA , DNA coding for ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) .",
"7": "These regions are called nucleolar organizer regions ( NOR ) . The main roles of the nucleolus are to synthesize rRNA and assemble ribosomes . The structural cohesion of the nucleolus depends on its activity , as ribosomal assembly in the nucleolus results in the transient association of nucleolar components , facilitating further ribosomal assembly , and hence further association . This model is supported by observations that inactivation of rDNA results in intermingling of nucleolar structures . In the first step of ribosome assembly , a protein called RNA polymerase I transcribes rDNA , which forms a large pre-rRNA precursor . This is cleaved into the subunits 5.8 S , 18S , and 28S rRNA . The transcription , post-transcriptional processing , and assembly of rRNA occurs in the nucleolus , aided by small nucleolar RNA ( snoRNA ) molecules , some of which are derived from spliced introns from messenger RNAs encoding genes related to ribosomal function . The assembled ribosomal subunits are the largest structures passed through the nuclear pores . When observed under the electron microscope , the nucleolus can be seen to consist of three distinguishable regions : the innermost fibrillar centers ( FCs ) , surrounded by the dense fibrillar component ( DFC ) , which in turn is bordered by the granular component ( GC ) . Transcription of the rDNA occurs either in the FC or at the FC - DFC boundary , and , therefore , when rDNA transcription in the cell is increased , more FCs are detected . Most of the cleavage and modification of rRNAs occurs in the DFC , while the latter steps involving protein assembly onto the ribosomal subunits occur in the GC . Other subnuclear bodies Subnuclear structure sizes Structure name Structure diameter Cajal bodies 0.2 -- 2.0 μm Clastosomes 0.2 - 0.5 μm PIKA 5 μm PML bodies 0.2 -- 1.0 μm Paraspeckles 0.2 -- 1.0 μm Speckles 20 -- 25 nm Besides the nucleolus , the nucleus contains a number of other non-membrane - delineated bodies .",
"8": "These include Cajal bodies , Gemini of coiled bodies , polymorphic interphase karyosomal association ( PIKA ) , promyelocytic leukaemia ( PML ) bodies , paraspeckles , and splicing speckles . Although little is known about a number of these domains , they are significant in that they show that the nucleoplasm is not a uniform mixture , but rather contains organized functional subdomains . Other subnuclear structures appear as part of abnormal disease processes . For example , the presence of small intranuclear rods has been reported in some cases of nemaline myopathy . This condition typically results from mutations in actin , and the rods themselves consist of mutant actin as well as other cytoskeletal proteins . Cajal bodies and gems A nucleus typically contains between 1 and 10 compact structures called Cajal bodies or coiled bodies ( CB ) , whose diameter measures between 0.2 μm and 2.0 μm depending on the cell type and species . When seen under an electron microscope , they resemble balls of tangled thread and are dense foci of distribution for the protein coilin . CBs are involved in a number of different roles relating to RNA processing , specifically small nucleolar RNA ( snoRNA ) and small nuclear RNA ( snRNA ) maturation , and histone mRNA modification . Similar to Cajal bodies are Gemini of Cajal bodies , or gems , whose name is derived from the Gemini constellation in reference to their close `` twin '' relationship with CBs . Gems are similar in size and shape to CBs , and in fact are virtually indistinguishable under the microscope . Unlike CBs , gems do not contain small nuclear ribonucleoproteins ( snRNPs ) , but do contain a protein called survival of motor neuron ( SMN ) whose function relates to snRNP biogenesis . Gems are believed to assist CBs in snRNP biogenesis , though it has also been suggested from microscopy evidence that CBs and gems are different manifestations of the same structure . Later ultrastructural studies have shown gems to be twins of Cajal bodies with the difference being in the coilin component ; Cajal bodies are SMN positive and coilin positive , and gems are SMN positive and coilin negative .",
"9": "Rafa and PTF domains RAFA domains , or polymorphic interphase karyosomal associations , were first described in microscopy studies in 1991 . Their function remains unclear , though they were not thought to be associated with active DNA replication , transcription , or RNA processing . They have been found to often associate with discrete domains defined by dense localization of the transcription factor PTF , which promotes transcription of small nuclear RNA ( snRNA ) . PML bodies Promyelocytic leukaemia bodies ( PML bodies ) are spherical bodies found scattered throughout the nucleoplasm , measuring around 0.1 -- 1.0 μm . They are known by a number of other names , including nuclear domain 10 ( ND10 ) , Kremer bodies , and PML oncogenic domains . PML bodies are named after one of their major components , the promyelocytic leukemia protein ( PML ) . They are often seen in the nucleus in association with Cajal bodies and cleavage bodies . PML bodies belong to the nuclear matrix , an ill - defined super-structure of the nucleus proposed to anchor and regulate many nuclear functions , including DNA replication , transcription , or epigenetic silencing . The PML protein is the key organizer of these domains that recruits an ever - growing number of proteins , whose only common known feature to date is their ability to be SUMOylated . Yet , pml - / - mice ( which have their PML gene deleted ) can not assemble nuclear bodies , develop normally and live well , demonstrating that PML bodies are dispensable for most basic biological functions . Splicing speckles Speckles are subnuclear structures that are enriched in pre-messenger RNA splicing factors and are located in the interchromatin regions of the nucleoplasm of mammalian cells . At the fluorescence - microscope level they appear as irregular , punctate structures , which vary in size and shape , and when examined by electron microscopy they are seen as clusters of interchromatin granules . Speckles are dynamic structures , and both their protein and RNA - protein components can cycle continuously between speckles and other nuclear locations , including active transcription sites .",
"10": "Studies on the composition , structure and behaviour of speckles have provided a model for understanding the functional compartmentalization of the nucleus and the organization of the gene - expression machinery splicing snRNPs and other splicing proteins necessary for pre-mRNA processing . Because of a cell 's changing requirements , the composition and location of these bodies changes according to mRNA transcription and regulation via phosphorylation of specific proteins . The splicing speckles are also known as nuclear speckles ( nuclear specks ) , splicing factor compartments ( SF compartments ) , interchromatin granule clusters ( IGCs ) , B snurposomes . B snurposomes are found in the amphibian oocyte nuclei and in Drosophila melanogaster embryos . B snurposomes appear alone or attached to the Cajal bodies in the electron micrographs of the amphibian nuclei . IGCs function as storage sites for the splicing factors . Paraspeckles Main article : Paraspeckle Discovered by Fox et al. in 2002 , paraspeckles are irregularly shaped compartments in the nucleus ' interchromatin space . First documented in HeLa cells , where there are generally 10 -- 30 per nucleus , paraspeckles are now known to also exist in all human primary cells , transformed cell lines , and tissue sections . Their name is derived from their distribution in the nucleus ; the `` para '' is short for parallel and the `` speckles '' refers to the splicing speckles to which they are always in close proximity . Paraspeckles are dynamic structures that are altered in response to changes in cellular metabolic activity . They are transcription dependent and in the absence of RNA Pol II transcription , the paraspeckle disappears and all of its associated protein components ( PSP1 , p54nrb , PSP2 , CFI ( m ) 68 , and PSF ) form a crescent shaped perinucleolar cap in the nucleolus . This phenomenon is demonstrated during the cell cycle . In the cell cycle , paraspeckles are present during interphase and during all of mitosis except for telophase . During telophase , when the two daughter nuclei are formed , there is no RNA Pol II transcription so the protein components instead form a perinucleolar cap .",
"11": "Perichromatin fibrils Perichromatin fibrils are visible only under electron microscope . They are located next to the transcriptionally active chromatin and are hypothesized to be the sites of active pre-mRNA processing . Clastosome Clastosomes are small nuclear bodies ( 0.2 - 0.5 μm ) described as donut - shaped due to the peripheral capsule around these bodies . This name is derived from the Greek klastos , broken and soma , body . Clastosomes are not typically present in normal cells , making them hard to detect . They form under high proteolysis conditions within the nucleus and degrade once there is a decrease in activity or if cells are treated with proteasome inhibitors . The scarcity of clastosomes in cells indicates that they are not required for proteasome function . Osmotic stress has also been shown to cause the formation of clastosomes . These nuclear bodies contain catalytic and regulatory sub-units of the proteasome and its substrates , indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins . The Clastosome would be an important addition to the ' Cell Nucleus ' Wiki page because it plays a role in cell function . With further research , we may discover that this nuclear body has a more influential job in cell function than what is already known . Function The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm , allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes . The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle . The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells . Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane , it contains the majority of the cell 's genetic material . This material is organized as DNA molecules , along with a variety of proteins , to form chromosomes . Cell compartmentalization The nuclear envelope allows the nucleus to control its contents , and separate them from the rest of the cytoplasm where necessary . This is important for controlling processes on either side of the nuclear membrane . In most cases where a cytoplasmic process needs to be restricted , a key participant is removed to the nucleus , where it interacts with transcription factors to downregulate the production of certain enzymes in the pathway .",
"12": "This regulatory mechanism occurs in the case of glycolysis , a cellular pathway for breaking down glucose to produce energy . Hexokinase is an enzyme responsible for the first the step of glycolysis , forming glucose - 6 - phosphate from glucose . At high concentrations of fructose - 6 - phosphate , a molecule made later from glucose - 6 - phosphate , a regulator protein removes hexokinase to the nucleus , where it forms a transcriptional repressor complex with nuclear proteins to reduce the expression of genes involved in glycolysis . In order to control which genes are being transcribed , the cell separates some transcription factor proteins responsible for regulating gene expression from physical access to the DNA until they are activated by other signaling pathways . This prevents even low levels of inappropriate gene expression . For example , in the case of NF - κB - controlled genes , which are involved in most inflammatory responses , transcription is induced in response to a signal pathway such as that initiated by the signaling molecule TNF - α , binds to a cell membrane receptor , resulting in the recruitment of signalling proteins , and eventually activating the transcription factor NF - κB . A nuclear localisation signal on the NF - κB protein allows it to be transported through the nuclear pore and into the nucleus , where it stimulates the transcription of the target genes . The compartmentalization allows the cell to prevent translation of unspliced mRNA . Eukaryotic mRNA contains introns that must be removed before being translated to produce functional proteins . The splicing is done inside the nucleus before the mRNA can be accessed by ribosomes for translation . Without the nucleus , ribosomes would translate newly transcribed ( unprocessed ) mRNA , resulting in malformed and nonfunctional proteins . Gene expression Main article : Gene expression A micrograph of ongoing gene transcription of ribosomal RNA illustrating the growing primary transcripts . `` Begin '' indicates the 5 ' end of the DNA , where new RNA synthesis begins ; `` end '' indicates the 3 ' end , where the primary transcripts are almost complete . Gene expression first involves transcription , in which DNA is used as a template to produce RNA . In the case of genes encoding proteins , that RNA produced from this process is messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , which then needs to be translated by ribosomes to form a protein . As ribosomes are located outside the nucleus , mRNA produced needs to be exported .",
"13": "Since the nucleus is the site of transcription , it also contains a variety of proteins that either directly mediate transcription or are involved in regulating the process . These proteins include helicases , which unwind the double - stranded DNA molecule to facilitate access to it , RNA polymerases , which bind to the DNA promoter to synthesize the growing RNA molecule , topoisomerases , which change the amount of supercoiling in DNA , helping it wind and unwind , as well as a large variety of transcription factors that regulate expression . Processing of pre-mRNA Main article : Post-transcriptional modification Newly synthesized mRNA molecules are known as primary transcripts or pre-mRNA . They must undergo post-transcriptional modification in the nucleus before being exported to the cytoplasm ; mRNA that appears in the cytoplasm without these modifications is degraded rather than used for protein translation . The three main modifications are 5 ' capping , 3 ' polyadenylation , and RNA splicing . While in the nucleus , pre-mRNA is associated with a variety of proteins in complexes known as heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particles ( hnRNPs ) . Addition of the 5 ' cap occurs co-transcriptionally and is the first step in post-transcriptional modification . The 3 ' poly - adenine tail is only added after transcription is complete . RNA splicing , carried out by a complex called the spliceosome , is the process by which introns , or regions of DNA that do not code for protein , are removed from the pre-mRNA and the remaining exons connected to re-form a single continuous molecule . This process normally occurs after 5 ' capping and 3 ' polyadenylation but can begin before synthesis is complete in transcripts with many exons . Many pre-mRNAs , including those encoding antibodies , can be spliced in multiple ways to produce different mature mRNAs that encode different protein sequences . This process is known as alternative splicing , and allows production of a large variety of proteins from a limited amount of DNA . Dynamics and regulation Nuclear transport Main article : Nuclear transport Macromolecules , such as RNA and proteins , are actively transported across the nuclear membrane in a process called the Ran - GTP nuclear transport cycle . The entry and exit of large molecules from the nucleus is tightly controlled by the nuclear pore complexes .",
"14": "Although small molecules can enter the nucleus without regulation , macromolecules such as RNA and proteins require association karyopherins called importins to enter the nucleus and exportins to exit . `` Cargo '' proteins that must be translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus contain short amino acid sequences known as nuclear localization signals , which are bound by importins , while those transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm carry nuclear export signals bound by exportins . The ability of importins and exportins to transport their cargo is regulated by GTPases , enzymes that hydrolyze the molecule guanosine triphosphate to release energy . The key GTPase in nuclear transport is Ran , which can bind either GTP or GDP ( guanosine diphosphate ) , depending on whether it is located in the nucleus or the cytoplasm . Whereas importins depend on RanGTP to dissociate from their cargo , exportins require RanGTP in order to bind to their cargo . Nuclear import depends on the importin binding its cargo in the cytoplasm and carrying it through the nuclear pore into the nucleus . Inside the nucleus , RanGTP acts to separate the cargo from the importin , allowing the importin to exit the nucleus and be reused . Nuclear export is similar , as the exportin binds the cargo inside the nucleus in a process facilitated by RanGTP , exits through the nuclear pore , and separates from its cargo in the cytoplasm . Specialized export proteins exist for translocation of mature mRNA and tRNA to the cytoplasm after post-transcriptional modification is complete . This quality - control mechanism is important due to these molecules ' central role in protein translation . Mis - expression of a protein due to incomplete excision of exons or mis - incorporation of amino acids could have negative consequences for the cell ; thus , incompletely modified RNA that reaches the cytoplasm is degraded rather than used in translation . Assembly and disassembly An image of a newt lung cell stained with fluorescent dyes during metaphase . The mitotic spindle can be seen , stained green , attached to the two sets of chromosomes , stained light blue . All chromosomes but one are already at the metaphase plate .",
"15": "During its lifetime , a nucleus may be broken down or destroyed , either in the process of cell division or as a consequence of apoptosis ( the process of programmed cell death ) . During these events , the structural components of the nucleus -- the envelope and lamina -- can be systematically degraded . In most cells , the disassembly of the nuclear envelope marks the end of the prophase of mitosis . However , this disassembly of the nucleus is not a universal feature of mitosis and does not occur in all cells . Some unicellular eukaryotes ( e.g. , yeasts ) undergo so - called closed mitosis , in which the nuclear envelope remains intact . In closed mitosis , the daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the nucleus , which then divides in two . The cells of higher eukaryotes , however , usually undergo open mitosis , which is characterized by breakdown of the nuclear envelope . The daughter chromosomes then migrate to opposite poles of the mitotic spindle , and new nuclei reassemble around them . At a certain point during the cell cycle in open mitosis , the cell divides to form two cells . In order for this process to be possible , each of the new daughter cells must have a full set of genes , a process requiring replication of the chromosomes as well as segregation of the separate sets . This occurs by the replicated chromosomes , the sister chromatids , attaching to microtubules , which in turn are attached to different centrosomes . The sister chromatids can then be pulled to separate locations in the cell . In many cells , the centrosome is located in the cytoplasm , outside the nucleus ; the microtubules would be unable to attach to the chromatids in the presence of the nuclear envelope . Therefore , the early stages in the cell cycle , beginning in prophase and until around prometaphase , the nuclear membrane is dismantled . Likewise , during the same period , the nuclear lamina is also disassembled , a process regulated by phosphorylation of the lamins by protein kinases such as the CDC2 protein kinase . Towards the end of the cell cycle , the nuclear membrane is reformed , and around the same time , the nuclear lamina are reassembled by dephosphorylating the lamins .",
"16": "However , in dinoflagellates , the nuclear envelope remains intact , the centrosomes are located in the cytoplasm , and the microtubules come in contact with chromosomes , whose centromeric regions are incorporated into the nuclear envelope ( the so - called closed mitosis with extranuclear spindle ) . In many other protists ( e.g. , ciliates , sporozoans ) and fungi , the centrosomes are intranuclear , and their nuclear envelope also does not disassemble during cell division . Apoptosis is a controlled process in which the cell 's structural components are destroyed , resulting in death of the cell . Changes associated with apoptosis directly affect the nucleus and its contents , for example , in the condensation of chromatin and the disintegration of the nuclear envelope and lamina . The destruction of the lamin networks is controlled by specialized apoptotic proteases called caspases , which cleave the lamin proteins and , thus , degrade the nucleus ' structural integrity . Lamin cleavage is sometimes used as a laboratory indicator of caspase activity in assays for early apoptotic activity . Cells that express mutant caspase - resistant lamins are deficient in nuclear changes related to apoptosis , suggesting that lamins play a role in initiating the events that lead to apoptotic degradation of the nucleus . Inhibition of lamin assembly itself is an inducer of apoptosis . The nuclear envelope acts as a barrier that prevents both DNA and RNA viruses from entering the nucleus . Some viruses require access to proteins inside the nucleus in order to replicate and / or assemble . DNA viruses , such as herpesvirus replicate and assemble in the cell nucleus , and exit by budding through the inner nuclear membrane . This process is accompanied by disassembly of the lamina on the nuclear face of the inner membrane . Disease - related dynamics Initially , it has been suspected that immunoglobulins in general and autoantibodies in particular do not enter the nucleus . Now there is a body of evidence that under pathological conditions ( e.g. lupus erythematosus ) IgG can enter the nucleus . Nuclei per cell Most eukaryotic cell types usually have a single nucleus , but some have no nuclei , while others have several . This can result from normal development , as in the maturation of mammalian red blood cells , or from faulty cell division .",
"17": "Anucleated cells Human red blood cells , like those of other mammals , lack nuclei . This occurs as a normal part of the cells ' development . An anucleated cell contains no nucleus and is , therefore , incapable of dividing to produce daughter cells . The best - known anucleated cell is the mammalian red blood cell , or erythrocyte , which also lacks other organelles such as mitochondria , and serves primarily as a transport vessel to ferry oxygen from the lungs to the body 's tissues . Erythrocytes mature through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow , where they lose their nuclei , organelles , and ribosomes . The nucleus is expelled during the process of differentiation from an erythroblast to a reticulocyte , which is the immediate precursor of the mature erythrocyte . The presence of mutagens may induce the release of some immature `` micronucleated '' erythrocytes into the bloodstream . Anucleated cells can also arise from flawed cell division in which one daughter lacks a nucleus and the other has two nuclei . In flowering plants , this condition occurs in sieve tube elements . Multinucleated cells Multinucleated cells contain multiple nuclei . Most acantharean species of protozoa and some fungi in mycorrhizae have naturally multinucleated cells . Other examples include the intestinal parasites in the genus Giardia , which have two nuclei per cell . In humans , skeletal muscle cells , called myocytes and syncytium , become multinucleated during development ; the resulting arrangement of nuclei near the periphery of the cells allows maximal intracellular space for myofibrils . Multinucleated and binucleated cells can also be abnormal in humans ; for example , cells arising from the fusion of monocytes and macrophages , known as giant multinucleated cells , sometimes accompany inflammation and are also implicated in tumor formation . A number of dinoflagellates are known to have two nuclei . Unlike other multinucleated cells these nuclei contain two distinct lineages of DNA : one from the dinoflagellate and the other from a symbiotic diatom . The mitochondria and the plastids of the diatom somehow remain functional .",
"18": "Evolution As the major defining characteristic of the eukaryotic cell , the nucleus ' evolutionary origin has been the subject of much speculation . Four major hypotheses have been proposed to explain the existence of the nucleus , although none have yet earned widespread support . The first model known as the `` syntrophic model '' proposes that a symbiotic relationship between the archaea and bacteria created the nucleus - containing eukaryotic cell . ( Organisms of the Archaea and Bacteria domain have no cell nucleus . ) It is hypothesized that the symbiosis originated when ancient archaea , similar to modern methanogenic archaea , invaded and lived within bacteria similar to modern myxobacteria , eventually forming the early nucleus . This theory is analogous to the accepted theory for the origin of eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts , which are thought to have developed from a similar endosymbiotic relationship between proto - eukaryotes and aerobic bacteria . The archaeal origin of the nucleus is supported by observations that archaea and eukarya have similar genes for certain proteins , including histones . Observations that myxobacteria are motile , can form multicellular complexes , and possess kinases and G proteins similar to eukarya , support a bacterial origin for the eukaryotic cell . A second model proposes that proto - eukaryotic cells evolved from bacteria without an endosymbiotic stage . This model is based on the existence of modern planctomycetes bacteria that possess a nuclear structure with primitive pores and other compartmentalized membrane structures . A similar proposal states that a eukaryote - like cell , the chronocyte , evolved first and phagocytosed archaea and bacteria to generate the nucleus and the eukaryotic cell . The most controversial model , known as viral eukaryogenesis , posits that the membrane - bound nucleus , along with other eukaryotic features , originated from the infection of a prokaryote by a virus . The suggestion is based on similarities between eukaryotes and viruses such as linear DNA strands , mRNA capping , and tight binding to proteins ( analogizing histones to viral envelopes ) . One version of the proposal suggests that the nucleus evolved in concert with phagocytosis to form an early cellular `` predator '' .",
"19": "Another variant proposes that eukaryotes originated from early archaea infected by poxviruses , on the basis of observed similarity between the DNA polymerases in modern poxviruses and eukaryotes . It has been suggested that the unresolved question of the evolution of sex could be related to the viral eukaryogenesis hypothesis . A more recent proposal , the exomembrane hypothesis , suggests that the nucleus instead originated from a single ancestral cell that evolved a second exterior cell membrane ; the interior membrane enclosing the original cell then became the nuclear membrane and evolved increasingly elaborate pore structures for passage of internally synthesized cellular components such as ribosomal subunits . See also Nucleus ( neuroanatomy ) References Jump up ^ `` Cell Nucleus '' . biologydictionary.net . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Leeuwenhoek , A. van : Opera Omnia , seu Arcana Naturae ope exactissimorum Microscopiorum detecta , experimentis variis comprobata , Epistolis ad varios illustres viros. J. Arnold et Delphis , A. Beman , Lugdinum Batavorum 1719 -- 1730 . Cited after : Dieter Gerlach , Geschichte der Mikroskopie . Verlag Harri Deutsch , Frankfurt am Main , Germany , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8171 - 1781 - 9 . Jump up ^ Harris , H ( 1999 ) . The Birth of the Cell . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 07384 - 4 . Jump up ^ Brown , Robert ( 1866 ) . `` On the Organs and Mode of Fecundation of Orchidex and Asclepiadea '' . Miscellaneous Botanical Works I : 511 -- 514 . ^ Jump up to : Cremer , Thomas ( 1985 ) . Von der Zellenlehre zur Chromosomentheorie . Berlin , Heidelberg , New York , Tokyo : Springer Verlag . ISBN 3 - 540 - 13987 - 7 .",
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"32": "doi : 10.1172 / JCI112838 . PMC 424109 . PMID 3027126 . Jump up ^ Imanian , B ; Pombert , JF ; Dorrell , RG ; Burki , F ; Keeling , PJ ( 2012 ) . `` Tertiary endosymbiosis in two dinotoms has generated little change in the mitochondrial genomes of their dinoflagellate hosts and diatom endosymbionts '' . PLOS ONE . 7 ( 8 ) : e43763 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0043763 . PMC 3423374 . PMID 22916303 . Jump up ^ Pennisi E. ( 2004 ) . `` Evolutionary biology . The birth of the nucleus '' . Science . 305 ( 5685 ) : 766 -- 768 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 305.5685. 766 . PMID 15297641 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2010 . Archaea . eds . E. Monosson & C. Cleveland , Encyclopedia of Earth . National Council for Science and the Environment , Washington DC . Archived 2011 - 05 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Margulis , Lynn ( 1981 ) . Symbiosis in Cell Evolution . San Francisco : W.H. Freeman and Company . pp. 206 -- 227 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1256 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lopez - Garcia P , Moreira D ( 2006 ) . `` Selective forces for the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus '' . BioEssays. 28 ( 5 ) : 525 -- 533 . doi : 10.1002 / bies. 20413 . PMID 16615090 . Jump up ^ Fuerst JA . ( 2005 ) . `` Intracellular compartmentation in planctomycetes '' . Annu Rev Microbiol. 59 : 299 -- 328 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. micro. 59.030804.",
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"34": "12 ( 4 ) : 513 -- 523 . doi : 10.1162 / artl. 2006.12. 4.513 . PMID 16953783 . Further reading Library resources about Cell nucleus Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Goldman , Robert D. ; Gruenbaum , Y ; Moir , RD ; Shumaker , DK ; Spann , TP ( 2002 ) . `` Nuclear lamins : building blocks of nuclear architecture '' . Genes Dev. 16 ( 5 ) : 533 -- 547 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 960502 . PMID 11877373 . A review article about nuclear lamins , explaining their structure and various roles Görlich , Dirk ; Kutay , U ( 1999 ) . `` Transport between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm '' . Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 15 : 607 -- 660 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. cellbio. 15.1. 607 . PMID 10611974 . A review article about nuclear transport , explains the principles of the mechanism , and the various transport pathways Lamond , Angus I. ; Earnshaw , WC ( 1998 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Structure and Function in the Nucleus '' ( PDF ) . Science . 280 ( 5363 ) : 547 -- 553 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 280.5363. 547 . PMID 9554838 . A review article about the nucleus , explaining the structure of chromosomes within the organelle , and describing the nucleolus and other subnuclear bodies Pennisi E. ( 2004 ) . `` Evolutionary biology . The birth of the nucleus '' . Science . 305 ( 5685 ) : 766 -- 768 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 305.5685. 766 . PMID 15297641 . A review article about the evolution of the nucleus , explaining a number of different theories Pollard , Thomas D. ; William C. Earnshaw ( 2004 ) .",
"35": "Cell Biology . Philadelphia : Saunders . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 3360 - 9 . A university level textbook focusing on cell biology . Contains information on nucleus structure and function , including nuclear transport , and subnuclear domains External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell nucleus . MBInfo - The Nucleus cellnucleus.com Website covering structure and function of the nucleus from the Department of Oncology at the University of Alberta . http://npd.hgu.mrc.ac.uk/user/?page=compartment The Nuclear Protein Database ) Information on nuclear components . The Nucleus Collection in the Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology contains peer - reviewed still images and video clips that illustrate the nucleus . Nuclear Envelope and Nuclear Import Section from Landmark Papers in Cell Biology , Joseph G. Gall , J. Richard McIntosh , eds. , contains digitized commentaries and links to seminal research papers on the nucleus . Published online in the Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology Cytoplasmic patterns generated by human antibodies Structures of the cell / organelles ( TH H1. 00.01. 2 - 3 ) Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast",
"36": "Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall Structures of the cell nucleus / nuclear protein Envelope ( membrane ) / nuclear lamina Pore complex : Nucleoporin NUP35 NUP37 NUP43 NUP50 NUP54 NUP62 NUP85 NUP88 NUP93 NUP98 NUP107 NUP133 NUP153 NUP155 NUP160 NUP188 NUP205 NUP210 NUP214 AAAS Nucleolus Cajal ( coiled ) body SMN GEMIN2 GEMIN4 GEMIN5 GEMIN6 GEMIN7 DDX20 COIL Perinucleolar compartment PTBP1 CUGBP1 TCOF ATXN7 Other Chromatin Dot ( PML body ) Paraspeckle SMC protein : Cohesin SMC1A SMC1B SMC3 Condensin NCAPD2 NCAPD3 NCAPG NCAPG2 NCAPH NCAPH2 SMC2 SMC4 DNA repair SMC5 SMC6 Transition nuclear protein : TNP1",
"37": "TNP2 Nuclear matrix ( Nucleoskeleton ) Nucleoplasm ( Nucleosol ) LITAF see also transcription factors and intracellular receptors see also nucleus diseases GND : 4067544 - 0 NDL : 00569971 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_nucleus&oldid=811624751 '' Categories : Cell nucleus Cell anatomy Organelles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing Latin - language text Featured articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk",
"38": "Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray",
"39": "ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 21 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who plays the short cop on will and grace
|
[
"Ryan Pinkston"
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{
"0": "Supporting characters on Will & Grace - wikipedia Supporting characters on Will & Grace Jump to : navigation , search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of the supporting or recurring characters and guest stars on the NBC situation comedy Will & Grace , with information on each of them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Supporting characters 1.1 Family members 1.1. 1 Grace 's family 1.1. 2 Will 's family 1.1. 3 Karen 's family 1.1. 4 Rosario Inez Consuela Yolanda Salazar 1.1. 5 Jack 's family 1.2 Friends 1.3 Love interests 1.3. 1 Grace 1.3. 2 Will 1.3. 3 Karen 1.3. 4 Jack 1.4 Other supporting characters 2 Guest stars playing one - time characters 3 Guest stars playing themselves 4 References Supporting characters ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Leigh - Allyn Baker Ellen Tom Gallop Rob Molly Shannon Val Bassett Debbie Reynolds Bobbi Adler Steve Paymer Steve Gregory Hines Ben Doucette Marshall Manesh Mr. Zamir Laura Kightlinger Nurse Sheila Sydney Pollack George Truman Tim Bagley Larry Jerry Levine Joe Sara Rue Joyce Adler Lesley Ann Warren Tina Woody Harrelson Nathan Leslie Jordan Beverley Leslie Blythe Danner Marilyn Truman Eileen Brennan Zandra Charles C. Stevenson Jr . Smitty Rip Torn Lionel Banks Harry Connick , Jr . Dr.",
"1": "Marvin ' Leo ' Markus Minnie Driver Lorraine Finster Jamie Kaler Gary Emily Rutherfurd Joanne Jon Fleming Russell Bobby Cannavale Vince D'Angelo Alec Baldwin Malcolm Widmark Mathew Botuchis Dave Bernadette Peters Gin Family members ( edit ) Grace 's family ( edit ) Dr. Marvin `` Leo '' Markus , portrayed by actor and singer Harry Connick , Jr. , is a Jewish doctor and Grace 's husband from the fifth season . Leo meets Grace Adler in Central Park while she is on her way to be artificially inseminated with gay best friend Will 's baby . After Will finds out that Leo and Grace are dating , they have their biggest fight of the entire series , in which Will tells Grace to move out . Thanks to Jack and Karen 's meddling , they forgive each other and Will accepts Grace 's relationship . In November , 2002 , Grace and Leo are married at a spontaneous group ceremony in Central Park , which was supposed to be broadcast on The Today Show . It was later revealed in the storyline that the ceremony was not legal , but the two officially marry at a ceremony soon after . Leo and Grace 's relationship was a constant source of tension between Will and Grace , although they eventually achieved a certain accord with each other -- Leo even commenting to Will at one point that he considered himself essentially married to both of them due to his ability to accept their close relationship . Leo 's true first name is Marvin , as revealed by his mother at their wedding reception . According to The Nation Magazine , this was the first time in television history that a Jewish protagonist character had married inside the faith . Grace immediately realizes she does not know as much about Leo as she expected . Their marriage fails after less than two years , when Leo reveals that he had a one - night stand while working in Cambodia for Doctors Without Borders . Leo admits his affair to Will first . Will then refuses to help Leo break the news to Grace . After Leo comes clean about his affair , Grace briefly considers continuing their marriage , but quickly decides she wants a divorce . Leo reappears during season eight , a little over a year after the divorce in the storyline , in the episode `` Love Is in the Airplane . ''",
"2": "In the episode , he and Grace have a sexual encounter on an airplane after coincidentally ending up on the same flight to London , though Leo was to continue to Thailand . The result is Grace 's pregnancy , as discovered in the season eight episode `` The Definition of Marriage '' . A couple of months later Grace meets Leo , with the intention of telling him that she is pregnant with his baby , but he informs her that he is engaged to another woman , Kate . Consequently , Grace decides not to tell Leo about the pregnancy . In the series finale ( May 2006 ) Leo tells a heavily pregnant Grace that he loves her . Leo has a job as a hospital researcher in Rome , Italy , and this is where Grace gives birth . After one year in Rome , Leo and Grace move back to Brooklyn , New York , where they raise their daughter , Laila , together . 11 years later in season 9 it was revealed that this was part of Karen 's dream . Bobbi Adler , Grace 's mother , was played by Debbie Reynolds . Bobbi is an actress and singer , although her performances are generally with the Schenectady Players and involve gender changing roles , in plays such as `` Death of a Salesperson '' , `` The Music Person '' and `` Queen Lear '' . She has a constant desire to meddle in the love lives of her daughters , is the creator of the Adler family `` Told you so '' dance , and can always be relied upon to have a song for every occasion . She has , in the past , shown a perfect willingness for Will and Grace to get married . It is mentioned in Season 9 episode `` Rosario 's Quinceañera '' that she died . Martin Adler , Grace 's father , played by Alan Arkin and Robert Klein in Season 9 . Portrayed by his family as the stereotypical Jewish patriarch , Martin shows genuine affection for Grace , although remarks he has made suggest Joyce is his favorite . He has been known to pinpoint Grace 's flaws without looking up from his Kojak and Baretta reruns . Janet Adler , Grace 's older sister , is played by Geena Davis and Mary McCormack in Season 9 . Janet lives in a van and designs jewelry . Her nickname for Grace is `` Smudge '' .",
"3": "It is once implied that she has difficulties with her mother . In the episode `` Lows in the Mid-Eighties '' , Will asks if Grace has another sister named Janet , to which Bobbi , Joyce , and Grace quickly answer `` No ! '' Joyce Adler , Grace 's younger sister , is played by Sara Rue . It is suggested that Grace and Joyce had a not too friendly relationship growing up , and that Joyce was formerly a binge eater . She is often hostile to Grace , but one word from Will and she tends to giggle and act girlishly ; it appears that she , like Grace before her , has a crush on Will . Laila Markus , Grace and Leo 's daughter , is played by Maria Thayer . Laila was conceived by Leo and Grace on an aircraft , during a period where her parents were divorced . She was going to be raised by Will and Grace , but her parents remarried shortly before her birth . She appears on screen only during the series finale . Warren , played by Jesse Fremont Allis , is the imaginary son of Grace and Leo in a dream that Grace has during the last episode of season 8 . Grace and Will raise ' their ' son together . Will 's family ( edit ) Vince D'Angelo , played by Bobby Cannavale . An Italian - American police officer , Vince first met Will after giving Karen a ticket for speeding and they started dating after the subsequent hearing . Vince was friends with Joe and Larry and began Will 's first long - term relationship in the series ' run . Vince broke up with Will , requesting time alone after repeatedly losing his job . He re-encountered Will in season 8 and , during the funeral of Will 's father , they acknowledged their mutual feelings , thus rekindling their romance . In the finale , Will and Vince are shown to raise a son , Ben , together . 11 years later in season 9 it was revealed that this was part of Karen 's dream . Marilyn Truman , Will 's mother , is played by Blythe Danner . A typical WASP , Marilyn regularly drinks , collects Lladró statues and treats them as if they were her children , and put up with her husband 's regular affairs until their ultimate separation .",
"4": "She is not a fan of musical theater -- once claiming that Les Misérables was unrealistic because `` poor people do n't sing that much '' -- but was impressed with Mamma Mia ! . She does not like the jokes Grace and Karen make about Will 's sexuality , saying , `` Is that a gay joke ? I do n't like that . '' George Truman , Will 's father , is played by Sydney Pollack . While he and Will have a close loving relationship , of which both Jack and Grace are envious , it is eventually revealed that he had trouble dealing with telling others of his son 's sexuality , initially telling his friends Will was married to Grace . He dies in season 8 , only days after having a fight with Will in which he admitted he would rather that Will was not gay . Sam Truman , Will 's brother , is played by John Slattery in season one and Steven Weber in season 8 . He had a falling - out with Will over comments Will made about his wife , but reconciled after he had a one - night stand with Grace . He eventually divorced his wife and gained full custody of their two children . Paul Truman , Will 's brother , is played by Jon Tenney . Paul never really came to terms with his brother 's sexuality and often behaved like a childish bully , belittling and insulting Will . Peggy Truman , Paul 's wife and Will 's sister - in - law , is played by Helen Slater . She was only shown in one episode and came off as waspish and suspicious of Grace 's friendly behavior towards her own husband . Tina , George 's mistress , is played by Lesley Ann Warren . She began a relationship with George while he was still married to Marilyn , but was dismayed to learn that George was then seeing his ex-wife behind her back . Ultimately she and Marilyn come to an understanding , that they will share George between them without him knowing what is going on . This arrangement apparently ended not long before George 's death . Jordy Truman , Sam 's son and Will 's nephew , is played by Reed Alexander . Flamboyant Jordan incenses Will , since Marilyn is incredibly accepting of him even though she was not at first accepting of Will . His nickname is Jordy .",
"5": "He is perceived to be gay by the other characters , although he is still a child , because of his flamboyant nature , love of show tunes and musicals , along with his general disposition . Casey Truman , Sam 's daughter and Will 's niece , is played by Kyla Dang . Casey was adopted by Sam and his ex-wife . Ben Truman , Will and Vince 's son , is played by Ben Newmark . Appearing only during the series finale , Ben was apparently born from a surrogate mother using Will 's sperm . Upon going to college , he meets and later marries Grace 's daughter , Laila . Karen 's family ( edit ) Stanley `` Stan '' Walker , Karen 's third husband ( little is known about her first two ) , is a mostly unseen character . He is an obese man , and has worn a toupee since his teens . Stan has two children from a previous marriage to a woman named Kathy . Karen fell in love with him in the 1980s but they did n't marry until 1995 . Stan was jailed for tax evasion in season four , and began an affair with a cafeteria worker named Lorraine ( played by Minnie Driver ) , and -- after his release in season five -- continued the affair , ultimately separating from Karen because of it . He is reported to have died at the end of season five but , at the end of season seven , he reveals to Will that he had faked his own death and is hiding out with the aid of the government . He and Karen reconcile in season 8 , but subsequently faced marital difficulties and divorce . Stan 's popularity with fast food establishments leads to Pizza Hut taking out a full - page ad in the New York Times to congratulate him on his release from prison ; Taco Bell also organize a flyover at his funeral . It is revealed in the series finale that Stan 's riches were actually borrowed and that he had no real money of his own . Mason Walker , Stan 's son , is another unseen character . He is known to Karen as `` the fat one '' . During one episode , Karen visits Mason during a swim try - out . She cheers and applauds and has a conversation with him until , at the end , she realizes she has been conversing with the wrong boy and not Mason after all .",
"6": "Olivia Walker , Stan 's daughter , is played by Hallee Hirsh . Although she has had fun times with Karen , such as sticking food to the floor to see how long Mason will spend trying to eat it , she also has problems with her stepmother . Lois Whitley , Karen 's mother , played by Suzanne Pleshette . A con artist who used Karen in her early schemes . They had been estranged for several years when they reconciled in season 4 , with the help of Jack . Virginia `` Ginny '' Delaney , Karen 's sister , played by Bernadette Peters . In 1963 , as a child , she was injured in a brutal game of Twister played with Karen . Barry , Karen 's cousin , is played by Dan Futterman . Originally a gay bookish homebody , Karen had Will and Jack bring him out of his shell to become an attractive person whom both Will and Jack fall for . Sylvia Walker , Karen 's mother - in - law , is played by Ellen Albertini Dow . She is a woman that ' strikes fear in her heart - facsimile ' . A seemingly kind , but homophobic old woman , Sylvia appears in one episode to accompany Will and Jack to a club . In the beginning neither Will nor Jack wanted to babysit Sylvia , known as `` Syl '' . She had been dumped on them by Karen , who then ditched her . Karen and Syl have a caustic relationship . Sumner , Karen 's nephew , is played by Paul Satterfield . Karen tries to keep him from dating Grace in season 3 . Rosario inez consuela yolanda salazar ( edit ) Karen Walker 's put - upon but faithful maid portrayed by actress Shelley Morrison . In 1985 , Rosario met Karen Walker at a club , while working as a cigarette lady , and went to work for her as a maid , which was where she was working when the series began in 1998 . Rosario and Karen are very close , but their relationship is love - hate . They are notorious for swapping insults . Rosario is just as feisty as Karen , and is one of the few people who manage to go head - to - head with her .",
"7": "A native of El Salvador , Rosario was a school teacher who received a bachelor 's degree in clinical psychology from the University of Texas and who almost got a master 's degree . She also attended business school . At some point , she moved to the Bronx , presumably while studying business ; however , Karen makes a comment that she bought Rosario from Rosario 's parents . While there , she also performed with a then - unknown Jennifer Lopez , including a production of `` Tea for Two '' at the Shalom Retirement Center . At one point , she was also paid to tape pornographic videos for Tommy Lee . Although she had been mentioned by Karen since the pilot episode , Rosario 's first appearance was in the season 1 finale . Due to Karen 's patronizing tone , we 're made to think that Rosario does n't speak English well . Rosario actually speaks English fluently , albeit with a thick accent , but is an illegal alien . To keep her in the country , Karen has her marry Jack McFarland , her gay friend , to get a green card . The marriage was later terminated at the end of season 2 when Rosario asked for a divorce in order to pursue other romantic interests . However , she maintained a close relationship with Jack ( often echoing hers with Karen ) and claimed to still think of him as family . In the series finale , Rosario was shown to have lived with Karen and Jack in the years after the show ended , growing older with them and possibly still working for them despite being in a wheelchair ( though she states that she is only in the wheelchair due to a sprained ankle ) . Jack 's family ( edit ) Judith McFarland , Jack 's mother , is played by Veronica Cartwright . Despite the obvious clues , Judith did not learn about Jack 's sexuality until he was 30 . She was impregnated with Jack while at a swinger 's costume and pool party . Daniel McFarland , Jack 's stepfather , is played by Beau Bridges . Daniel always had trouble relating to Jack , due to his own athleticism and Jack 's lack thereof . Despite Jack 's statements to the contrary , Daniel is shown to be a caring man who is at least recently trying to reconnect with Jack . Joe Black , Jack 's biological father .",
"8": "Never portrayed on screen , Joe was revealed to have attended a swingers costumed pool party during the 60s , where he was dressed as Richard Nixon . During the party he impregnated Judith , who was dressed as the rear end of a horse . He dies several years before Jack discovers that Daniel McFarland is not his biological father . Elliott , Jack 's son , is played by Michael Angarano . Shortly after learning of his biological father 's death , Jack meets Elliott -- his biological son created from sperm Jack donated at the age of 17 . He is described by Will as , `` Polite , sweet , and kind '' which , he says , is the reason Karen initially dislikes him . His relationship with Jack is shown to be very close -- Jack noting in one episode that he wants to avoid being the kind of father he had as he always regretted the fact that they never really connected . However , they have a brief rift when Elliott prepares to leave for college during the last season . Bonnie , Elliott 's mother , is played by Rosie O'Donnell . Initially , Bonnie did not want Jack to be included in Elliott 's life . Bonnie was a lesbian , but was not open about her sexuality to Elliott . She felt jealous that Jack found it easy to be open with Elliott about his sexuality when she did not feel she could be . Friends ( edit ) Rob and Ellen , Will and Grace 's close friends , are played by Tom Gallop and Leigh - Allyn Baker . Ellen and Grace were best friends since college , as were Rob and Will , and the two couples regularly played charades and other games during dinner parties . Grace also sleeps with Rob in season one when they were both going through break - ups and felt emotionally vulnerable , a fact that did n't come up until Rob and Ellen 's wedding some years later . The couple did get married , however , and have since had three children , the youngest named Roman ( which is the name of Debra Messing 's real - life son , born in 2004 ) . Rob and Ellen want to separate , so that they could begin dating other people , and they announce their separation at a dinner date with Will and Grace .",
"9": "Grace makes them realize that they had worked at their marriage and they should remain together ; and also keenly reminded them that no one else would have them . Rob and Ellen decided to give their marriage another chance . Joe and Larry are Will , Jack and Grace 's close friends , and are played by Jerry Levine and Tim Bagley . A gay couple , once party animals , Joe and Larry adopted a baby girl called Hannah in season three . Karen occasionally refers to them as `` Mo and Mary '' , with `` Mo '' being a play on the word `` Homo '' . Val Bassett , a neighbor of Will and Grace , is played by Molly Shannon . Slightly unstable , and alcoholic , Val originally befriends only Will , until Grace eventually discovers some common interests with her . Both of them still consider her unstable , as does Jack , who found her as an uninvited guest in his bedroom . When Grace accidentally attends an AA meeting , she is seen there by Val , who coerces her to stay . Grace pretends to be an alcoholic for the `` free food and therapy '' . Beverley Leslie , played by Leslie Jordan , is an effeminate and very short `` frenemy '' of Karen 's . Having a wealthy spouse , as Karen does , Karen and Beverley routinely find themselves traveling in the same society circle of the wealthy and elite . Their relationship is that of friends and enemies . Beverley 's wife 's name is Crystal and is considerably older than he is . His marriage seems to be held together purely out of his love of Crystal 's money . Karen , Will , Grace , and Jack see Beverley as a closeted gay man . He is often seen with a younger attractive man named Benji who appears to be his lover , but Beverley tries to pass him off as a `` business associate '' . When Beverley appears on screen he often catches the other characters by surprise . Sometimes his appearance comes after a character says something that could be comically associated with him . For instance , whilst discussing a dessert , Jack says , `` I want something small and fruity , with ladyfingers , '' and Beverley enters . Beverley and Karen often trade insults , as Karen enjoys ridiculing him for his height . Whenever he appears on screen he can usually be heard saying ' Well , Well , Well ' in an effeminate way .",
"10": "Crystal later dies and Beverley inherits the fortune . Some years later Karen 's husband Stan loses his fortune , putting Karen 's extravagant lifestyle in jeopardy . Beverley presumably spends several more years with Benji after Crystal 's death , and then begins seeing a reluctant Jack , who only dated Beverley to support Karen 's excessive spending habits , as she had done for him for so many years . During the series finale Beverley is swept off a balcony by a strong gust of wind and dies , leaving his estate in his will to Jack . Rory , Toby , and Josh are friends of Jack who are never seen , but mentioned in various episodes . Early in Season 3 Rory is mentioned as being into Asian men . In Season 4 Josh , Toby and Jack watch a video of Will freezing up on camera talking about Stanley Walker , but Josh and Toby leave before Will gets home . Love interests ( edit ) Grace ( edit ) Nathan , played by Woody Harrelson . Nathan is Grace 's neighbor in season 3 , who becomes her boyfriend . They appear to be a good match , but early in Season 4 he abruptly proposes to her during sex and she becomes distraught at the unromantic nature of his proposal , forcing him to take it back and ask again in a more romantic way . For several days they are awkward around each other and , fearing that their relationship is over , Grace proposes to Nathan who reluctantly refuses and breaks up with her . Ben Doucette , played by Gregory Hines , is introduced in mid-season 2 . Grace sues him after he violates her contract of employment , firing her without reimbursement for expenses she incurred while decorating his house . Although at first he played Grace and Will , who was representing her , he eventually gave her the money voluntarily and hired Will to work at his renowned law firm . Grace and he disliked each other for the rest of the season , until the season finale when Ben showed her his more humane face , when Will invited him to dine with them . They then started a happy , semi-monogamous relationship that lasted for roughly six months , until they broke up early in Season 3 when they realized that they were not in love . Josh , played by Corey Parker . A sweet , romantic New Age - y man whom Grace dates in season 2 .",
"11": "Grace often has issues with him being far too affectionate and nice , to the point of being obnoxious . The two broke up because Jack confessed that he had slept with him . Nick , played by Edward Burns . A greetings - card writer who falls for Grace when he meets her one Valentine 's Day in season 7 , after her divorce from Leo . Nick is the first guy Grace starts dating after her divorce with Leo . They decide to break up when he has to go out of the country to work on a screenplay he wrote . Tom Cassidy , played by Eric Stoltz . An old friend of Grace 's , now married , with whom she reunited briefly at the end of season 7 . He asks her to help design his and his wife 's hotel , yet she still feels chemistry with him and kisses him . She nearly takes it further , but feels guilty and breaks it off with him at the beginning of season 8 . Danny , played by Tom Verica , Grace 's long - term boyfriend from roughly 1995 -- 1998 , whom she nearly marries in the pilot episode . She realizes , after Will advised her against the marriage , that Danny was too immature for her , and practically leaves him at the altar . They reunite at the end of season 1 , much to Will 's dismay . Yet again Grace decides that she does not love him and , after roughly a week ( one episode ) , Grace breaks up with him off - screen . Mark , played by Ken Marino , is another of Grace 's partners in Season 3 , `` Three 's a Crowd , Six is a Freakshow '' . She dumps him because he has 6 toes , although the actual 6th toe was not seen in the episode . Will ( edit ) Barry , played by Dan Futterman . Karen sets up her hopeless cousin Barry with Will , shortly after he comes out . Will and Jack soon undertake a Pygmalion-esque attempt at turning Barry into a more confident gay man , ending when Will falls for Barry though Barry wants to play around before settling down . James Hanson , played by Taye Diggs . Will meets James at a Manhattan theater and the two have an immediate connection . He later runs into James while on a trip to Los Angeles . James has recently discovered he is going to be deported back to Canada .",
"12": "Grace agreed to marry James so that he can acquire a green card in order to remain in the United States , thus giving James and Will 's relationship a chance . However , Will soon discovers James was not who he thought he was , as James began showing himself to be self - centered . Will requests that Grace annul their marriage . Matthew , played by Patrick Dempsey , is a sports reporter Will meets at a Banana Republic store while trying to help Jack woo him . Jack and Matt have little in common and Will instead finds himself in a relationship with him . They date for a while but Matt 's refusal to come out leads to their break - up . Scott , played by Branden Williams , is Will 's 23 - year - old date in two episodes in season 3 , and works at a local video rental shop . Although they get along well together , Will feels self - conscious about dating Scott , who is quite a bit younger than he is . Will agrees to break it off with Scott if Grace agrees to dump Nathan . Grace agrees and Will breaks up with Scott , though Grace keeps on seeing Nathan . Diane , played by Mira Sorvino & Lisa Borgnes , is a woman with whom Will has a drunken one - night stand in order to convince himself he was a 100 % gay after leaving Grace . She is also one of Leo 's exes . Both of these facts make Grace very jealous . Diane states that Will is much better in bed than Leo . Diane was shown briefly ( though she had no lines ) in the season 3 episode titled `` Lows In the Mid-Eighties '' , but was played by a writer 's assistant , Lisa Borgnes . Claire , played by Megyn Price , is Will 's high school friend and girlfriend , the first of the only two women Will has ever dated , the second being Grace . She lives in Paris and asks Will to donate sperm so that she can have a baby , but Will realizes that if he was going to donate sperm he wanted to donate it to Grace . Michael , played by Chris Potter in season 2 and Cheyenne Jackson in season 9 , is a mostly unseen character and is Will 's lover of seven years . When the sitcom first appeared , he and Michael had recently broken up .",
"13": "Michael appears in the episode `` Hey La , Hey La , My Ex-Boyfriend's Back '' , which aired on March 14 , 2000 . He is mentioned occasionally by Will and Grace , and more than once Will refers to him as the love of his life . In the early seasons of the show Will has a hard time letting him go . He and Will begin dating again in season 9 , but Will ends ti when Michael asks for money . Karen ( edit ) Lyle Finster , played by John Cleese . Lyle is the father of Stan 's mistress , Lorraine . He becomes Karen 's fourth husband for about 20 minutes until the couple realize how little they had in common outside of the bedroom . Scott Woolley , played by Jeff Goldblum . Wooley is the man who lost to Karen for Student Body President and has spent his life hatching schemes to ruin her . Sadly , his schemes are often poorly thought out and eventually Grace realises that he does n't hate Karen , he loves her . However , his attempts to woo her are as misguided as his previous ones . Woolley also has a dreadful sense of word - play ( i.e. `` The Scotty Mammoth '' , `` Beam me up , Woolley '' ) . He also changes his first name when using an alias , whereas most people change their last names . Lionel Banks , played by Rip Torn . Banks is a bachelor who falls for Karen , under her alias Anastasia Beaverhausen , while Stan is in jail and tempts her into having an affair . Malcolm Widmark , played by Alec Baldwin . Widmark is a government agent who helps Stan fake his death . He has a brief relationship with Karen before she reconciles with Stan , and Widmark goes on a government mission to Sri Lanka . Malcolm reappears in the final two episodes of season 9 , where it is revealed that he and Karen go on a rendezvous trip every year . However , Malcolm is very tired of having to hide from Stan and pressures Karen into deciding between him and Stan . Though she is reluctant to change their situation and despite both of them being tempted to give in to each other , Karen decides to stay with Stan and she and Malcolm share an awkward goodbye .",
"14": "Jack ( edit ) Stuart Lamarack , played by Dave Foley , is a client of Will 's who becomes Jack 's longest relationship , until Jack cheats on him . Drew , played by Ryan Pinkston , is a police officer , Vince 's co-worker and Jack 's boyfriend for the second half of season 9 . Jack meets him at Vince D'Angelo's wedding in `` The Wedding '' . As Drew is the only cop at the wedding whose favourite show is `` This is Us '' , Jack concludes he must be gay and sleeps with him . This turns out to be the first gay experience for the formerly straight Drew , who reveals he is married , tells Jack he loves him and then introduces him to his wife Angela . Jack is annoyed at that revelation , but later comes to relish it and he and Drew go at it in the bathroom . In the next episode , Jack and Drew start seeing each other secretly and Jack , nervous about screwing things up too soon , advises a reluctant Drew to hold off on coming out to Angela for the time being . He even supports the alibi of them being just guy friends by having Karen pose as his wife . However , Karen , reminded of her mother 's unhappiness in her marriage , outs both Jack and Drew in front of Angela , who is surprisingly supportive and arranges a coming out party for Drew , much to Jack 's distress . Jack admits to Drew that he fears missing out on other great men in his life , but when Karen reminds him of his fear of being old and lonely , which is even worse , he decides to give Drew another chance . In `` One Job '' , after two months of dating , Drew breaks up with Jack , admitting he is not ready for a serious commitment at the moment and wants to see other people . Jack is devastated at the breakup , as he realises that he is now ready to settle down with someone . Jack has countless short - term lovers over the course of the series ( and presumably long before and after ) , although most are never mentioned by name , or mentioned at all ; it is constantly assumed , and not always stated , that he has multiple boyfriends in every episode . Due to Jack 's promiscuity , and his habit of forgetting his boyfriends ' names , it would be literally impossible to list all of his love interests over the course of the show .",
"15": "Will jokes that if he was to avoid every man that Jack has ever slept with , `` that would leave ( him ) with women . '' Grace jokes that if everyone stopped working for every man that broke his heart `` the city would shut down . '' Jack also comments that he goes on thousands of dates a year . Other supporting characters ( edit ) Lorraine Finster , played by Minnie Driver , is Stan 's mistress . She is a slutty prison cafeteria worker ( and , it is implied , prostitute ) who instantly forms a hatred of Karen . She was Karen 's stepdaughter very briefly ( for about 20 minutes ) when Lyle , her father , marries Karen . Lorraine was unable to attend the wedding due to an aggressive strain of herpes that kept her from flying . According to the episode `` The Accidental Tsuris '' she was raised as a girl , despite being genetically male or perhaps a hermaphrodite . It is implied she was estranged from her father for several years and may have been born out of wedlock . Harlin Polk , played by Gary Grubbs , is a major client of Will 's in season one who ultimately fires him . Mrs. Freeman , played by Jo Marie Payton , is an executive assistant at Doucette & Stein , her most commonly uttered phrase is `` Mm - hmm '' which is often said with sass . Zandra Zoggin , played by Eileen Brennan , is Jack 's crusty acting coach and a chain - smoking former Hollywood star . After Jack takes over her class , Zandra loses her interest in life and ends up in an actor 's retirement village . Dr. Jay Markus , played by Tom Skerritt , is Leo 's father and Grace 's eventual father - in - law . She meets him during brunch , thinking he is one of Leo 's `` old friends '' . Eleanor Markus , played by Judith Ivey , is Leo 's mother and a noted author of three books on theatre ; she meets Grace during brunch alongside her husband . She also is the first to tell her new daughter - in - law her son 's actual name , Marvin . Mr. Stein , played by Gene Wilder , is the senior partner at Will 's firm , an eccentric man who takes a liking to Will .",
"16": "He refers to Will as `` Gay Will , '' but without at first realising that Will is actually gay . He and Karen are attracted to each other , but nothing comes of it . He is away from the office for some time prior to season 5 due to a mental breakdown and subsequent incarceration in a mental facility ; having been referred to in the company letter - head as running `` The London Office '' in his absence . Margot , played by Lily Tomlin , is a senior partner at Will 's firm , who apparently takes over after Mr. Stein . She is also quite eccentric and sarcastic . She promotes Will to partner . Dorleen , played by Parker Posey , is Jack 's bitchy , chain - smoking boss during his brief tenure at Barneys New York . Mr. Zamir , played by Marshall Manesh , is an obnoxious tenant in Will and Grace 's building , with a tendency to take off his shirt and to steal Will and Grace 's newspapers . Benji , played by Brian A. Setzer , is Beverley Leslie 's `` business associate '' and boytoy . Joanne , played by Emily Rutherfurd , is a student of Zandra 's acting class who becomes a devoted follower of Jack and his `` McFarland method '' . Russell , played by Jon Fleming , is a handsome , muscular student of Zandra 's acting class who is often asked by Jack to take his shirt off when Jack is teaching the `` McFarland method '' . Julius , played by Neil Vipond , is Bobbi Adler 's close friend and a pianist . Gary , played by Jamie Kaler , is Will 's coworker at Doucette and Stein . Nurse Sheila , played by Laura Kightlinger , is a rather creepy nurse who works at the sperm bank ( where Will visits , intending to donate sperm to his high - school friend Claire ) . She openly admits she is a whore in season 4 ( when Will and Grace are planning to have a baby together ) , and thereafter seems to appear whenever Will goes into a hospital . She is pregnant in season 8 and attends birth - classes alongside Grace .",
"17": "Her brother , a doctor played by guest - star Jack Black ( Kightlinger 's real - life former boyfriend ) , claims he would be `` tappin ' that big time '' if they were n't related . Dave , played by Mathew Botuchis , is the only openly straight worker at OutTV , the gay network where Jack works in the last seasons . Jack is unimpressed with his heterosexuality and instead refers to him as Elizabeth . Jamie , played by John Ducey , is the station manager at OutTV . Tim , played by Mark Harelik , is a member of Senior Management at OutTV . Jimmy , played by Sam Pancake , is a colleague of Jack 's at OutTV . Smitty , played by Charles C. Stevenson Jr , is a bartender who regularly serves Karen at different establishments . She has been known to call other bartenders `` Smitty '' , even when they tell her it is n't their name . If Karen is depressed Smitty will tell her a tragic story about his own life , which she will laugh at thinking it is a joke . Guest stars playing one - time characters ( edit ) Shohreh Aghdashloo , as Pam , an incompetent Iranian hired by Grace who she then fires upon realizing Pam is Jewish and thus she ' does n't owe ( her ) anything ' . Rosanna Arquette , as Julie , a masseuse who lives in the same building as Leo and Grace . Orson Bean , as Professor Joseph Dudley , a gay former literature professor of Will and Grace . Jason Biggs , as Baby Glenn , a former local celebrity and a guest at Will 's auction . Roscoe Lee Browne , as Linus , owner of a landmark gay bookstore about to be turned into a gym . Jack Black ( uncredited ) , as Dr. Isaac Hershberg . He examines Karen and is also the brother of the occasionally seen nurse Sheila , played by show writer and Black 's girlfriend at the time , Laura Kightlinger . Richard Chamberlain , as Clyde , an elderly man who Will brings to game night , much to Grace 's chagrin Glenn Close , as Fannie Lieber ( a play on celebrity photographer Annie Leibovitz ) , a noted photographer who takes Will and Grace 's picture .",
"18": "Joan Collins , as Helena Barnes , a designer with whom Grace competes for a job , and a nemesis of Karen 's . Macaulay Culkin , as Jason Towne , a lawyer representing Karen in her divorce from Stan . Tim Curry , as Marion Finster , Lyle Finster 's brother . Matt Damon , as Owen , Jack 's heterosexual rival , pretending to be gay to vie for a spot in the Manhattan Gay Men 's Chorus . Kristin Davis , as Nadine , Vince 's straight female friend -- the same as Grace is to Will . Ellen DeGeneres , as Sister Louise , a nun to whom Will sells Grace 's uncle 's old car . Michael Douglas , as Gavin Hatch , a somewhat closeted gay police detective who becomes attracted to Will and has issues with seeing food stuck in people 's teeth . Christine Ebersole , as Candy Pruitt , another of Karen 's rivals . Edie Falco , as Deirdre , one of a pair of lesbian real - estate `` flippers '' . Victor Garber , as Peter Bovington , a former actor now working as a doorman . Andy García , as Milo , a restaurateur , and lover of Karen 's , who fails to phone Karen after their date and is confronted by Grace . Sara Gilbert , as Cheryl who , like Will , is a Barry Manilow fanatic , a.k.a. `` fanilow '' . Seth Green , as Randall Finn , a former child star . Clark Gregg , as Cameron , Jack 's wealthy boyfriend who becomes Grace 's client . Neil Patrick Harris , as Bill , the leader of a group of so - called `` former '' lesbians and gays . Alex Kapp Horner , as Alice Robinson , one of Grace 's former classmates . Peter Jacobson , as Paul Budnik , an overbearing guy who Will dates but is more fond of his dog . Kathryn Joosten , as the owner to a cabin Grace finds money in . Stacy Keach , as Wendell Schacter , a former colleague of Jack 's who usurps his acting class . Piper Laurie , as Sharon Timmers , the best friend of Professor Joseph Dudley . Michele Lee , as Lucille , one of the lesbians who ended up dancing with both Will & Jack .",
"19": "Hal Linden , as Alan Mills , an elderly gay man who befriends Will and bestows expensive gifts upon him . Natasha Lyonne , as Gillian , Grace 's intern who decides to turn into the spitting image of Karen . Madonna , as Liz , Karen 's roommate . Lee Majors , as Burt Wolfe , a friend of Grace 's father . Camryn Manheim , as Psychic Sue . Jason Marsden , as Kim , a friend of Leo 's . Dylan McDermott , as Tom , a boyfriend of Will 's who is very closely attached to his elderly mother . Michael McDonald , as a Don , a student in a cooking class Will takes and dates his brother . Julian McMahon , guy in an elevator who Grace flirts with . Demi Moore , as Sissy , Jack 's former babysitter . Nick Offerman , as a plumber that Karen has sex with on Thanksgiving when Stan asks her to be sexually active while he is still in jail . Offerman appeared in season 9 as Jackson Boudreaux , a celebrity chef who meets Will and Grace at a cooking class , and begins a sexual relationship with both of them . Sharon Osbourne , as a bartender in No Sex N ' in the City . Peter Paige , as a gay Immigration and Naturalization Service officer whom Jack tries to convince his marriage with Rosario is real . Scott Patterson , as Grace 's former high school crush in `` Das Boob '' . Sara Paxton , as Melanie , the head cheerleader at Elliot 's school . Luke Perry , as Aaron , a `` hot gay nerd '' bird - watcher on whom Jack develops a crush . Jeremy Piven , as Nicholas , Grace 's ex. who asks Grace if she wants to join him in a threesome with his current lover . Chita Rivera , as Lenore , one of the lesbians who ended up dancing with Will & Jack . Brandon Routh , as Sebastian , a stud whom Alan Mills replaces Will with , after the two have a falling out over Will 's misinterpretation of their relationship . Chloë Sevigny , as Monet , a wealthy bisexual real - estate agent who falls for Will . Nicollette Sheridan , as Dr. Danielle Morty , a fellow doctor who wanted Leo sexually .",
"20": "Jamie - Lynn Sigler , as Ro , Vince 's lesbian sister . Britney Spears , as Amber Louise , a conservative Christian and a `` hardcore lesbian '' as she describes herself , and a co-host to Jack on his talk show . Wendie Jo Sperber , as April , Grace 's short - lived housekeeper . Sharon Stone , as Georgia Keller , Will and Grace 's therapist . Larry Sullivan , as Robert , Will 's ballet dancing boyfriend on the holiday episode `` Jingle Balls '' . Wanda Sykes , as Cricket , a woman Karen offers to pay to deliver a child for her . Tamlyn Tomita , as Naomi , half of the couple that takes Will and Grace out all night . Rip Torn , as Lionel Banks , a man with whom Karen almost cheats on Stan with during his incarceration . Stuart Townsend , as Edward , Karen 's pansexual pastry chef , who ends up `` sexing '' Will , Karen , and Rosario . Tracey Ullman , as Anne , the instructor of a couples cooking class that Will , Jack , and Jack 's boyfriend Stuart attend . Steve Valentine , as Kai , half of the couple that takes Will and Grace out all night . Steven Weber , as Will 's brother Sam . Guest stars playing themselves ( edit ) Kevin Bacon Candice Bergen Sandra Bernhard Cher Katie Couric John Edward Jennifer Lopez Rudy Galindo Hall & Oates Deborah Harry Janet Jackson Elton John James Earl Jones Matt Lauer Stone Phillips Josh Lucas Patti LuPone Barry Manilow Martina Navratilova Bebe Neuwirth Al Roker George Takei Rip Taylor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grace Expectations , Entertainment Weekly , November 3 , 2003 Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( 29 January 2018 ) . `` Will & Grace Is Recasting Grace 's Dad '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Vince says `` He 's ( Ben ) looking more like you ( Will ) everyday '' during the Finale .",
"21": "( hide ) Will & Grace Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Characters Will Truman Grace Adler Jack McFarland Karen Walker Rosario Salazar Supporting characters Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Grace , Replaced '' `` Gypsies , Tramps and Weed '' `` A Chorus Lie '' `` Fagel Attraction '' `` Marry Me a Little , Marry Me a Little More '' `` Dolls and Dolls '' `` Back Up , Dancer '' `` Alive and Schticking '' `` Buy , Buy Baby '' `` The Finale '' `` 11 Years Later '' Related Awards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supporting_characters_on_Will_%26_Grace&oldid=834547849 '' Categories : Will & Grace characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Lists of minor fictional characters Lists of American television series characters Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from July 2011 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 09 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-401398066338307987
|
3 candidates for the democratic nomination in 1960
|
[
"John F. Kennedy",
"Pat Brown",
"George H. McLain"
] |
{
"0": "Democratic party presidential primaries , 1960 - wikipedia Democratic party presidential primaries , 1960 Jump to : navigation , search Democratic Party presidential primaries , 1960 ← 1956 March 8 to June 7 , 1960 1964 → Candidate John F. Kennedy Pat Brown George H. McLain Home state Massachusetts California California Contests won 10 0 Popular vote 1,847,259 1,354,031 646,387 Percentage 31.4 % 23.0 % 11.0 % Candidate Hubert Humphrey George Smathers Michael DiSalle Home state Minnesota Florida Ohio Contests won Popular vote 590,410 322,235 315,312 Percentage 10.1 % 5.5 % 5.4 % Primaries by state Previous Democratic nominee Adlai Stevenson Democratic nominee John F. Kennedy The 1960 Democratic presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1960 U.S. presidential election . Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1960 Democratic National Convention held from July 11 to July 15 , 1960 , in Los Angeles , California . Contents ( hide ) 1 Primary race 2 Candidates 2.1 Candidates gallery 3 Primaries 3.1 States by winner 3.2 Total popular vote 4 Convention 4.1 Presidential nomination 4.2 Vice-presidential momination 5 See also 6 References Primary race ( edit ) Recalling the experience of 1928 Catholic Democratic presidential nominee Al Smith , many wondered if anti-Catholic prejudice would affect Kennedy 's chances of winning the nomination and the election in November . To prove his vote - getting ability , Kennedy challenged Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey , a liberal , in the Wisconsin primary .",
"1": "Although Kennedy defeated Humphrey in Wisconsin , the fact that his margin of victory came mostly from heavily Catholic areas left many party bosses unconvinced of Kennedy 's appeal to non-Catholic voters . Kennedy next faced Humphrey in the heavily Protestant state of West Virginia , where anti-Catholic bigotry was said to be widespread . Humphrey 's campaign was low on money and could not compete with the well - organized , well - financed Kennedy team . Kennedy 's attractive sisters and brothers combed the state looking for votes , leading Humphrey to complain that he `` felt like an independent merchant running against a chain store . '' On primary day , Kennedy crushed Humphrey with over 60 % of the vote . Humphrey withdrew from the race and Kennedy had gained the victory he needed to prove to the party 's bosses that a Catholic could win in a non-Catholic state . In the months leading up to the Democratic Convention Kennedy traveled around the nation persuading delegates from various states to support him . However , as the Convention opened , Kennedy was still a few dozen votes short of victory . Although Kennedy won primaries by comfortable margin , his main opponent , Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson , who did not participate in primaries , had a very strong base in party establishment and gained many delegates . Johnson did not join any primary , but was a write - in . Candidates ( edit ) The following political leaders were candidates for the 1960 Democratic presidential nomination .",
"2": "Morse , Smathers and Fisher were considered to be `` favorite - son '' candidates , without any realistic chance of winning the nomination : Candidates gallery ( edit ) Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas Senator Stuart Symington of Missouri Senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota Businessman Paul C. Fisher from Pennsylvania Senator Wayne Morse of Oregon Senator George Smathers of Florida Former Governor Adlai Stevenson of Illinois Primaries ( edit ) 1960 Democratic presidential primaries States by winner ( edit ) John F. Kennedy Pat Brown Hubert Humphrey George Smathers Michael DiSalle Unpledged March 8 New Hampshire 85 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % April 5 Wisconsin 56 % 0 % 44 % 0 % 0 % 0 % April 12 Illinois 65 % 0 % 8 % 0 % 0 % 0 % April 19 New Jersey 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 100 % April 26 Massachusetts 92 % 0 % 1 % 0 % 0 % 0 % April 26 Pennsylvania 71 % 0 % 4 % 0 % 0 % 0 % May 3 Indiana 81 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % May 3 Ohio 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 60 % 0 % May 3 Washington , D.C.",
"3": "0 % 0 % 57 % 0 % 0 % 0 % May 10 Nebraska 89 % 0 % 4 % 0 % 0 % 0 % May 10 West Virginia 61 % 0 % 39 % 0 % 0 % 0 % May 17 Maryland 70 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 8 % May 20 Oregon 51 % 0 % 6 % 0 % 0 % 0 % May 24 Florida 0 % 0 % 0 % 100 % 0 % 0 % June 7 California 0 % 67 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % June 7 South Dakota 0 % 0 % 100 % 0 % 0 % 0 % Total popular vote ( edit ) Total number of vote in primaries : candidates : John F. Kennedy - 1,847,259 ( 31.43 % ) Hubert Humphrey - 590,410 ( 10.05 % ) Unpledged delegates - 241,958 ( 4.12 % ) Wayne Morse - 147,262 ( 2.51 % ) Adlai Stevenson - 51,833 ( 0.88 % ) `` Favorite Sons : '' Pat Brown - 1,354,031 ( 23.04 % ) George H. McLain - 646,387 ( 11.00 % ) George Smathers - 322,235 ( 5.48 % ) Michael DiSalle - 315,312 ( 5.37 % ) Convention ( edit ) Presidential nomination ( edit ) Main article : 1960 Democratic National Convention Presidential tally : John F. Kennedy : 806 ( 52.89 % ) Lyndon B. Johnson : 409 ( 26.84 % ) Stuart Symington : 86 ( 5.64 % ) Adlai Stevenson : 80 ( 5.25 % ) Robert B.",
"4": "Meyner : 43 ( 2.82 % ) Hubert Humphrey : 42 ( 2.76 % ) George Smathers : 30 ( 1.97 % ) Ross Barnett : 23 ( 1.51 % ) Herschel C. Loveless : 2 ( 0.13 % ) Pat Brown , Orval E. Faubus , Albert Dean Rosellini : each 1 vote Vice-presidential momination ( edit ) Kennedy announced Lyndon B. Johnson as his choice of running - mate on the afternoon following his nomination . Johnson was nominated by acclamation that evening . See also ( edit ) Republican Party presidential primaries , 1960 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur M. ( 2002 ) ( 1978 ) . Robert Kennedy and His Times . New York : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 195 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 21928 - 5 . Jump up ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Primaries Race - Feb 01 , 1960 Jump up ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Convention Race - Jul 11 , 1960 Jump up ^ White , Theodore ( 1961 ) . The Making of the President 1960 . Giant Cardinal . p. 212 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , W.H. ( July 15 , 1960 ) . `` Johnson is Nominated for Vice President ; Kennedy Picks Him to Placate the South '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . ( 1956 ← ) United States presidential election , 1960 ( → 1964 ) Democratic Party Convention Primaries Nominee John F. Kennedy ( campaign ) VP nominee Lyndon B. Johnson Candidates Ross Barnett Pat Brown Michael DiSalle Paul C. Fisher Hubert Humphrey Lyndon B. Johnson George H. McLain Robert B. Meyner Wayne Morse Albert S. Porter Adlai Stevenson George Smathers Stuart Symington Republican Party Convention Primaries Nominee Richard Nixon VP nominee Henry Cabot Lodge Jr .",
"5": "Candidates Barry Goldwater Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . James M. Lloyd Nelson Rockefeller Third party and independent candidates American Vegetarian Party Nominee Symon Gould National States ' Rights Party Nominee Orval Faubus VP nominee J.B. Stoner Prohibition Party Nominee Rutherford Decker VP nominee E. Harold Munn Socialist Labor Party Nominee Eric Hass VP nominee Georgia Cozzini Socialist Workers Party Nominee Farrell Dobbs VP nominee Myra Tanner Weiss Independents and other candidates Harry F. Byrd Merritt B. Curtis Lar Daly George Lincoln Rockwell Charles L. Sullivan Other 1960 elections : House Senate United States presidential primaries and caucuses Election timelines 2008 2012 2016 2020 National polling Democratic Party 2008 2016 2020 Republican Party 2008 2012 2016 State polling Democratic Party 2008 2016 2020 Republican Party 2008 2012 2016 Fundraising 2008 2012 2020 Debates and forums Democratic Party 2008 2016 2020 Republican Party 2008 2012 2016 Libertarian Party 2016 Green Party 2016 Straw polls Conservative Political Action Conference ( Defunct : Iowa Texas ) Major events Iowa caucuses New Hampshire primary South Carolina primary Super Tuesday Caucuses and primaries Democratic Party",
"6": "1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Republican Party 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Libertarian Party 2016 2020 Green Party 2008 2012 2016 Constitution Party 2016 Results breakdown List of candidates by number of primary votes Democratic Party 2008 2016 Republican Party 2008 2012 2016 National conventions Democratic Party 1832 1835 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900",
"7": "1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Republican Party Whig Party 1839 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Libertarian Party 1991 2000 2008 2012 2014 2016 Green Party 2000 2008 2012 2016 Reforms California Democratic Party v.",
"8": "Jones Graduated Random Presidential Primary System Delaware Plan Rotating Regional Primary System Interregional Primary Plan National Primary John F. Kennedy 35th President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) U.S. Representative for MA - 11 ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Presidency ( timeline ) Presidential Office : Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Presidential pardons Domestic policy : Clean Air Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty - mile hikes Food for Peace New Frontier Pilot Food Stamp Program Space policy Status of Women ( Presidential Commission ) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project Foreign policy : Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba : Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union : Berlin Crisis Moscow -- Washington hotline Vienna summit White House : Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Presidential speeches Inaugural address American University speech `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Report to the American People on Civil Rights `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' `` A rising tide lifts all boats '' Elections U.S. States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts , 1952 1958 1960 Presidential primaries 1960 Presidential campaign Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election , 1960 debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound US Navy service PT - 109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT - 59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call Rocking chair `` Happy Birthday , Mr.",
"9": "President '' Books Why England Slept ( 1940 ) Profiles in Courage ( 1956 ) A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) Death Assassination timeline reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum ( Boston ) 1964 Civil Rights Act Apollo 11 Moon landing Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Kennedy Space Center ( Florida ) Kennedy Round U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development VISTA Cultural depictions films Kennedy half dollar U.S. postage stamps U.S. five cent stamp Lincoln -- Kennedy coincidences Operation Sail Memorials , namesakes Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts ( Washington , D.C. ) John F. Kennedy International Airport ( New York ) John F. Kennedy Memorial ( London ) John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial ( Dallas ) John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial ( Portland , Oregon ) John F. Kennedy Memorial ( Runnymede , Britain ) John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge ( Kentucky -- Indiana ) John F. Kennedy School of Government ( Harvard Univ . ) John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School ( Fort Bragg , North Carolina ) John F. Kennedy University ( California ) John Kennedy College ( Mauritius ) Kennedy Expressway ( Chicago ) MV John F. Kennedy USS John F. Kennedy ( CV - 67 ) USS John F. Kennedy ( CVN - 79 ) Yad Kennedy ( Jerusalem ) Family Jacqueline Bouvier ( wife ) Caroline Kennedy ( daughter ) John F. Kennedy Jr . son plane crash Patrick Bouvier Kennedy ( son ) Jack Schlossberg ( grandson ) Rose Schlossberg ( granddaughter ) Tatiana Schlossberg ( granddaughter ) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. ( father ) Rose Fitzgerald ( mother ) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. ( brother ) Rosemary Kennedy ( sister ) Kathleen Cavendish , Marchioness of Hartington ( sister ) Eunice Kennedy Shriver ( sister ) Patricia Kennedy Lawford ( sister ) Robert F. Kennedy ( brother ) Jean Kennedy Smith ( sister ) Ted Kennedy ( brother ) P.J.",
"10": "Kennedy ( grandfather ) John F. Fitzgerald ( grandfather ) ← Dwight D. Eisenhower Lyndon B. Johnson → Category Lyndon B. Johnson 36th President of the United States ( 1963 -- 1969 ) 37th Vice President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Texas ( 1949 -- 1961 ) U.S. Representative for TX - 10 ( 1937 -- 1949 ) Presidency 1963 inauguration 1965 inauguration Great Society Architectural Barriers Act Child Nutrition Act Civil Rights Act of 1964 Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Head Start Program Job Corps Elementary and Secondary Education Act Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Fair Housing Act of 1968 Food Stamp Act of 1964 Glassboro Summit Gun Control Act of 1968 Higher Education Act of 1965 Upward Bound TRIO Teacher Corps Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Johnson Doctrine Dominican Republic occupation Medicare Medicaid Meritorious Service Medal National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities Non-Discrimination in Federal contracts Executive Order 11375 Older Americans Act Operation CHAOS Outer Space Treaty Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution `` Credibility gap '' VISTA Voting Rights Act of 1965 War on Poverty White House Conference on Civil Rights White House preservation State of the Union Address , 1966 1968 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Life Early years and career Operation Texas Texas Broadcasting Company Johnson Amendment Bashir Ahmad Legacy Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Day Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs Memorial Grove on the Potomac U.S.",
"11": "Postage stamp Books Bibliography Elections United States House of Representatives special elections , 1937 United States House of Representatives elections , 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 United States Senate special elections , 1941 United States Senate elections , 1948 1954 1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries , 1960 1964 1968 Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 1964 United States presidential election , 1960 1964 Popular culture Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture Daisy advertisement Johnson cult The Years of Lyndon Johnson All the Way ( 2012 play , 2016 film ) LBJ ( 2017 film ) Family Claudia `` Lady Bird '' Taylor Johnson ( wife ) Lynda Bird Johnson Robb ( daughter ) Luci Baines Johnson ( daughter ) Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. ( father ) Rebekah Baines Johnson ( mother ) Sam Houston Johnson ( brother ) Samuel Ealy Johnson , Sr.",
"12": "( grandfather ) Joseph Wilson Baines ( grandfather ) George Washington Baines ( great - grandfather ) Chuck Robb ( son - in - law ) ← John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon → Category Hubert Humphrey 38th Vice President of the United States ( 1964 -- 1969 ) United States Senator from Minnesota ( 1949 -- 1964 , 1971 -- 1978 ) Political career Minnesota Democratic -- Farmer -- Labor Party 1948 Civil Rights speech Humphrey -- Hawkins Full Employment Act Electoral history Democratic Party presidential primaries , 1960 1968 1972 Democratic National Convention 1960 1964 1968 protests 1972 United States presidential election 1964 1968 1968 presidential campaign ( Edmund Muskie ) Legacy Primary ( 1960 documentary ) Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome Humphrey School of Public Affairs Hubert H. Humphrey Building Family and personal life Muriel Humphrey ( wife ) Hubert `` Skip '' Humphrey III ( son ) Commons Wikibooks Wikiquote Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_1960&oldid=834491168 '' Categories : Democratic Party ( United States ) presidential primaries United States presidential election , 1960 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 00 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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3354692852789245215
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what is the top speed of thrust ssc
|
[
"1,228 km/h (763 mph)",
"1,228 km/h (763 mph)",
"1,228 km/h (763 mph)",
"1,228 km/h",
"1,228 km/h (763 mph)"
] |
{
"0": "ThrustSSC - wikipedia ThrustSSC Jump to : navigation , search Thrust SSC Overview Manufacturer SSC Programme Limited Designer Ron Ayers , Glynne Bowsher , Jeremy Bliss , Richard Noble Body and chassis Class Land Speed Record vehicle Powertrain Engine two Rolls - Royce Spey turbofan : - initially : Rolls - Royce Spey 202 finally : Rolls - Royce Spey 205 Length 16.5 m ( 54 ft ) Width 3.7 m ( 12 ft ) Curb weight 10.6 tonnes Chronology Predecessor Thrust2 Successor Bloodhound SSC The team with ThrustSSC ThrustSSC ThrustSSC on display in the Coventry Transport Museum Rear view of ThrustSSC , with a panel removed to show one of its four aluminium alloy wheels , in the Coventry Transport Museum One of the engines in the Norfolk and Suffolk Aviation Museum ThrustSSC , Thrust SSC or Thrust supersonic car , is a British jet - propelled car developed by Richard Noble , Glynne Bowsher , Ron Ayers and Jeremy Bliss . Thrust SSC holds the world land speed record , set on 15 October 1997 , when it achieved a speed of 1,228 km / h ( 763 mph ) and became the first land vehicle to officially break the sound barrier . Both Thrust SSC and Thrust2 are displayed at the Coventry Transport Museum in Coventry , England . As part of the Museum 's redevelopment project , both cars were relocated by specialist haulier from their position in the Museum 's Spirit of Speed Gallery to the new Biffa Award Land Speed Record Gallery which opened in 2015 . The car is 16.5 metres long and 3.7 metres wide and weighs nearly 10 tons . It had a total thrust of 223 kN ( approximately 50,000 pounds force , equivalent to around 110,000 brake horsepower ) .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Details 2 Legacy 3 Richard Noble -- Orange - Intel dispute 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Details ( edit ) The car was driven by Royal Air Force fighter pilot Wing Commander Andy Green in the Black Rock Desert in the state of Nevada . It was powered by two afterburning Rolls - Royce Spey turbofan engines , as used in the British version of the F - 4 Phantom II jet fighter . The car was 16.5 m ( 54 ft ) long , 3.7 m ( 12 ft ) wide and weighed 10.5 tons ( 10.7 t ) , and the twin engines developed a net thrust of 223 kN ( 50,000 lbf ) , a power output of 110,000 bhp ( 82MW ) , burning around 18 litres / second ( 4.0 Imperial gallons / s or 4.8 US gallons / s ) . Transformed into the usual terms for car mileages based on its maximum speed , the fuel consumption was about 550 l / 100 km ( 0.51 mpg ; 0.43 mpg ) . The record run in October 1997 was preceded by extensive test runs of the vehicle in autumn 1996 and spring 1997 in the Al - Jafr desert ( located in Ma'an Governorate ) in Jordan , a location unknown before for its capabilities as a test range for high speed land vehicles , with numerous advantages compared to the salt deserts of the Western United States . After the record was set , the World Motor Sport Council released the following message : The World Motor Sport Council homologated the new world land speed records set by the team ThrustSSC of Richard Noble , driver Andy Green , on 15 October 1997 at Black Rock Desert , Nevada ( USA ) . This is the first time in history that a land vehicle has exceeded the speed of sound . The new records are as follows : Flying mile 1227.985 km / h ( 763.035 mph ) Flying kilometre 1223.657 km / h ( 760.343 mph ) In setting the record , the sound barrier was broken in both the north and south runs . Paris , 11 November 1997 .",
"2": "The complete run history is available . Legacy ( edit ) In 1983 Richard Noble had broken the world land speed record with his earlier car Thrust2 , which reached a speed of 1,019 km / h ( 633 mph ) . The date of Andy Green 's record came exactly a half century and one day after Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier in Earth 's atmosphere , with the Bell X-1 research rocket plane on 14 October 1947 . Both Thrust SSC and Thrust2 are displayed at the Coventry Transport Museum in Coventry , England . Thrust SSC is housed in a barrel - roofed hall . Visitors can board the pit trailer from which Thrust SSC runs were controlled , and can ride a motion simulator depicting a computer - generated animation of the record - breaking run from the perspective of Green . Several teams are competing to break the record , including Richard Noble 's Bloodhound SSC project and the North American Eagle Project . Richard Noble -- Orange - Intel dispute ( edit ) In June 2012 , a television advertisement for the Orange San Diego mobile phone , containing an Intel processor , was broadcast on British television and featured a fast car in computer generated imagery . Richard Noble claimed that the car was a representation of Thrust SSC and thus these companies had used his intellectual property without permission , putting the future of the Bloodhound SSC project in doubt . The Advertising Standards Authority rejected the Bloodhound team 's complaint , claiming that intellectual property disputes were not in its remit . According to BBC News technology correspondent Rory Cellan - Jones , Intel and Orange responded that their production team had researched different styles of `` superfast vehicles '' and developed their own Orange - branded land speed car , and that the advertisement and phone were not connected to Noble or Bloodhound SSC . Collett & Sons Ltd loading Thrust SSC to specialist trailer for transport to the new Biffa Award Land Speed Record Gallery See also ( edit ) Air speed record The Blue Flame Budweiser Rocket Land speed record List of vehicle speed records RAF High Speed Flight Rocket car Bloodhound SSC Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ThrustSSC team Jump up ^ `` Thrust SSC takes to the road '' . Retrieved 15 February 2017 .",
"3": "Jump up ^ The ThrustSSC Story Jump up ^ Thrust SSC Run database Jump up ^ Coventry Transport Museum -- Spirit of Speed Gallery Jump up ^ Noble , Green and Team Target 1,000 mph Record . Bloodhound Ssc ( 23 October 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Nash , Jim . `` Rocket Man : Land - Speed Racer Pushes 1,000 MpH Barrier '' . Scientific American . Scientific American . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ BBC News -- Orange , Intel , and a fast car furore . BBC . ( 27 June 2012 ) . References ( edit ) Richard Noble : Thrust : The Remarkable Story of One Man 's Quest for Speed , Hardcover : Partridge , 1998 , ISBN 1 - 85225 - 268 - 5 ; Paperback : Bantam , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 553 - 81208 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to ThrustSSC . Official Thrust SSC website ( no longer being updated ) Coventry Transport Museum where Thrust SSC is on display Photo - Diary by John Coppinger -- including the aerial photo by Richard Meredith - Hardy showing the shock wave as Thrust SSC narrowly exceeds the speed of sound Thrust SSC the car and the run Thrust SSC Photos Pictures from Blackrock , Nevada -- 15 October 1997 Speed Record Club -- The Speed Record Club seeks to promote an informed and educated enthusiast identity , reporting accurately and impartially to the best of its ability on record - breaking engineering , events , attempts and history . Achievements Preceded by Thrust2 634.051 MPH , 1,020.406 Km / h set by Richard Noble , on 4 October 1983 . FIA Outright World Land Speed Record holder ( 1 km ) 713.990 MPH , 1,149.055 Km / h set by Andy Green , on 25 September 1997 . Succeeded by ThrustSSC 760.343 MPH , 1,223.657 Km / h set by Andy Green , on 15 October 1997 .",
"4": "Preceded by Thrust2 633.47 MPH , 1,019.47 Km / h set by Richard Noble , on 4 October 1983 . FIA Outright World Land Speed Record holder ( 1 mile ) 714.144 MPH , 1,149.303 Km / h set by Andy Green , on 25 September 1997 . Succeeded by ThrustSSC 763.035 MPH , 1,227.985 Km / h set by Andy Green , on 15 October 1997 . Preceded by ThrustSSC 713.990 MPH , 1,149.055 Km / h set by Andy Green , on 25 September 1997 . FIA Outright World Land Speed Record holder ( 1 km ) 760.343 MPH , 1,223.657 Km / h set by Andy Green , on 15 October 1997 . Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by ThrustSSC 714.144 MPH , 1,149.303 Km / h set by Andy Green , on 25 September 1997 . FIA Outright World Land Speed Record holder ( 1 mile ) 763.035 MPH , 1,227.985 Km / h set by Andy Green , on 15 October 1997 .",
"5": "Succeeded by Incumbent Thrust project Cars Thrust1 Thrust2 ThrustSSC Bloodhound SSC Drivers Richard Noble Andy Green Records Thrust2 land speed record ( 1983 ) ThrustSSC land speed record ( 1997 ) ThrustSSC first supersonic land speed record ( 1997 ) Black Rock Desert Geography Antelope Range Badger Mountains Black Rock Range Calico Hills Division Range Empire Fox Range Gerlach Granite Range Hannan Range High Rock Canyon Hills Hog Ranch Mountains Jackson Mtns Kamma Mtns Kings River Lake Lahontan Little High Rock Mountains Massacre Range Montana Mountains Pine Forest Range Poker Brown Mountains Quinn River Selenite Range Sentinel Hills Seven Troughs Range Sheephead Mountains Smoke Creek Desert Smoke Creek Mountains Yellow Hills History Peter Lassen Applegate Trail Thrust2 land speed record ( 1983 ) Thrust SSC land speed record ( 1997 ) CSXT Space Shot ( 2004 ) Protected areas Black Rock -- High Rock NCA Black Rock Desert Wilderness Calico Mountains Wilderness East Fork High Rock Canyon Wilderness High Rock Canyon Wilderness High Rock Lake Wilderness Little High Rock Canyon Wilderness North Black Rock Range Wilderness North Jackson Mountains Wilderness Pahute Peak Wilderness South Jackson Mountains Wilderness Transportation Empire Airport Old SR 34 Old SR 48 Old SR 49 / Jungo Road SR 447 Uses and Activities Burning Man Camping High Power Rocketry Land sailing Mining Rockhounding Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"6": "php?title=ThrustSSC&oldid=818021677 '' Categories : Jet land speed record cars 1997 in science 1997 in the United States Black Rock Desert Collection of the Coventry Transport Museum 1997 in Nevada Streamliner cars Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2013 Use dmy dates from June 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 01 : 37 . About Wikipedia",
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1,
6,
0,
5
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[
4,
3,
2,
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0
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4969426835428196556
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what are the titles of a board of directors
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[
"whatever title is specified in the bylaws or articles of association"
] |
{
"0": "Board of directors - wikipedia Board of directors Jump to : navigation , search `` Board Room '' and `` Board of Trustees '' redirect here . For other uses , see Board Room ( disambiguation ) and Board of Trustees ( disambiguation ) . A meeting of a board of directors of the Leipzig -- Dresden Railway Company in 1852 A board of directors is a recognized group of people who jointly oversee the activities of an organization , which can be either a for - profit business , nonprofit organization , or a government agency . Such a board 's powers , duties , and responsibilities are determined by government regulations ( including the jurisdiction 's corporations law ) and the organization 's own constitution and bylaws . These authorities may specify the number of members of the board , how they are to be chosen , and how often they are to meet . In an organization with voting members , the board is accountable to , and might be subordinate to , the organization 's full membership , which usually vote for the members of the board . In a stock corporation , non-executive directors are voted for by the shareholders and the board is the highest authority in the management of the corporation . The board of directors appoints the chief executive officer of the corporation and sets out the overall strategic direction . In corporations with dispersed ownership , the identification and nomination of directors ( that shareholders vote for or against ) are often done by the board itself , leading to a high degree of self - perpetuation . In a non-stock corporation with no general voting membership , the board is the supreme governing body of the institution ; its members are sometimes chosen by the board itself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Roles 3 Directors 3.1 Inside director 3.2 Outside director 3.3 Terminology 4 Process and structure 4.1 Board meetings 4.2 Size 5 Non-corporate boards 5.1 Membership organizations 6 Corporations 6.1 Governance 6.2 Two - tier system 6.3 History 6.4 Election and removal 6.5 Exercise of powers 6.6 Duties 6.6. 1 `` Proper purpose '' 6.6. 2 `` Unfettered discretion '' 6.6.",
"1": "3 `` Conflict of duty and interest '' 6.6. 3.1 Transactions with the company 6.6. 3.2 Use of corporate property , opportunity , or information 6.6. 3.3 Competing with the company 6.6. 4 Common law duties of care and skill 6.6. 5 Remedies for breach of duty 6.6. 6 Current trends 6.7 United States 6.7. 1 Sarbanes -- Oxley Act 6.7. 2 Size 6.7. 3 Committees 6.7. 4 Compensation 6.8 Criticism 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Citations 9.2 Sources 10 External links Terminology ( edit ) Other names include board of directors and advisors , board of governors , board of managers , board of regents , board of trustees , or board of visitors . It may also be called `` the executive board '' and is often simply referred to as `` the board '' .",
"2": "Roles ( edit ) Business administration Management of a business Accounting ( show ) Management accounting Financial accounting Financial audit Business entities ( show ) Cooperative Corporation Limited liability company Partnership Sole proprietorship State - owned enterprise Corporate governance ( show ) Annual general meeting Board of directors Supervisory board Advisory board Audit committee Corporate law ( show ) Commercial law Constitutional documents Contract Corporate crime Corporate liability Insolvency law International trade law Mergers and acquisitions Economics ( show ) Commodity Public economics Labour economics Development economics International economics Mixed economy Planned economy Econometrics Environmental economics Open economy Market economy Knowledge economy Microeconomics Macroeconomics Economic development Economic statistics Finance ( show ) Financial statement Insurance Factoring Cash conversion cycle Insider dealing Capital budgeting Commercial bank Derivative Financial statement analysis Financial risk Public finance Corporate finance Managerial finance International finance Liquidation Stock market Financial market Tax Financial institution Working capital Venture capital Marketing ( show ) Marketing Marketing research Public relations Sales Types of management ( show ) Asset Brand Business intelligence Business development Capacity Change innovation Commercial marketing Communications Conflict Content Customer relationship Distributed Earned value Electronic business Enterprise resource planning management information system Financial Human resource development Incident Integrated Knowledge Materials Network administrator Office Operations services Performance Power Problem Process Product life - cycle Product Project Quality Records Resource Risk crisis Sales Security Service Strategic Supply chain Systems administrator Talent Technology Organization ( show ) Architecture Behavior Communication Culture Conflict Development Engineering Hierarchy Patterns Space Structure Trade ( show ) Business analysis Business ethics Business plan Business judgment rule Consumer behaviour Business operations International business Business model International trade Business process Business statistics Business and economics portal Typical duties of boards of directors include : governing the organization by establishing broad policies and setting out strategic objectives ; selecting , appointing , supporting and reviewing the performance of the chief executive ( of which the titles vary from organization to organization ;",
"3": "the chief executive may be titled chief executive officer , president or executive director ) ; terminating the chief executive ; ensuring the availability of adequate financial resources ; approving annual budgets ; accounting to the stakeholders for the organization 's performance ; setting the salaries , compensation and benefits of senior management ; The legal responsibilities of boards and board members vary with the nature of the organization , and between jurisdictions . For companies with publicly trading stock , these responsibilities are typically much more rigorous and complex than for those of other types . Typically , the board chooses one of its members to be the chairman ( more usually now called the `` chair '' or `` chairperson '' ) , who holds whatever title is specified in the bylaws or articles of association . However , in membership organizations , the members elect the president of the organization and the president becomes the chair of the board , unless the bylaws say otherwise . Directors ( edit ) The directors of an organization are the persons who are members of its board . Several specific terms categorize directors by the presence or absence of their other relationships to the organization . Inside director ( edit ) An inside director is a director who is also an employee , officer , chief executive , major shareholder , or someone similarly connected to the organization . Inside directors represent the interests of the entity 's stakeholders , and often have special knowledge of its inner workings , its financial or market position , and so on . Typical inside directors are : A chief executive officer ( CEO ) who may also be chairman of the board Other executives of the organization , such as its chief financial officer ( CFO ) or executive vice president Large shareholders ( who may or may not also be employees or officers ) Representatives of other stakeholders such as labor unions , major lenders , or members of the community in which the organization is located An inside director who is employed as a manager or executive of the organization is sometimes referred to as an executive director ( not to be confused with the title executive director sometimes used for the CEO position in some organizations ) . Executive directors often have a specified area of responsibility in the organization , such as finance , marketing , human resources , or production . Outside director ( edit ) Main article : Independent director An outside director is a member of the board who is not otherwise employed by or engaged with the organization , and does not represent any of its stakeholders .",
"4": "A typical example is a director who is president of a firm in a different industry . Outside directors are not employees of the company or affiliated with it in any other way . Outside directors bring outside experience and perspectives to the board . For example , for a company that only serves a domestic market , the presence of CEOs from global multinational corporations as outside directors can help to provide insights on export and import opportunities and international trade options . One of the arguments for having outside directors is that they can keep a watchful eye on the inside directors and on the way the organization is run . Outside directors are unlikely to tolerate `` insider dealing '' between insider directors , as outside directors do not benefit from the company or organization . Outside directors are often useful in handling disputes between inside directors , or between shareholders and the board . They are thought to be advantageous because they can be objective and present little risk of conflict of interest . On the other hand , they might lack familiarity with the specific issues connected to the organization 's governance and they might not know about the industry or sector in which the organization is operating . Terminology ( edit ) Director -- a person appointed to serve on the board of an organization , such as an institution or business . Inside director -- a director who , in addition to serving on the board , has a meaningful connection to the organization Outside director -- a director who , other than serving on the board , has no meaningful connections to the organization Executive director -- an inside director who is also an executive with the organization . The term is also used , in a completely different sense , to refer to a CEO Non-executive director -- an inside director who is not an executive with the organization Shadow or de facto director -- an individual who is not a named director but who nevertheless directs or controls the organization Nominee director -- an individual who is appointed by a shareholder , creditor or interest group ( whether contractually or by resolution at a company meeting ) and who has a continuing loyalty to the appointor / s or other interest in the appointing company Individual directors often serve on more than one board . This practice results in an interlocking directorate , where a relatively small number of individuals have significant influence over a large number of important entities . This situation can have important corporate , social , economic , and legal consequences , and has been the subject of significant research .",
"5": "Process and structure ( edit ) The process for running a board , sometimes called the board process , includes the selection of board members , the setting of clear board objectives , the dissemination of documents or board package to the board members , the collaborative creation of an agenda for the meeting , the creation and follow - up of assigned action items , and the assessment of the board process through standardized assessments of board members , owners , and CEOs . The science of this process has been slow to develop due to the secretive nature of the way most companies run their boards , however some standardization is beginning to develop . Some who are pushing for this standardization in the USA are the National Association of Corporate Directors , McKinsey Consulting and The Board Group . Board meetings ( edit ) A board of directors conducts its meetings according to the rules and procedures contained in its governing documents . These procedures may allow the board to conduct its business by conference call or other electronic means . They may also specify how a quorum is to be determined . Most organizations have adopted Robert 's Rules of Order as its guide to supplement its own rules . In this book , the rules for conducting board meetings may be less formal if there is no more than about a dozen board members present . An example of the informality is that motions are not required if it 's clear what is being discussed . Size ( edit ) Historically , nonprofit boards have not uncommonly had large boards with up to twenty - four members , but a modern trend is to have smaller boards as small as six or seven people . Studies suggest that after seven people , each additional person reduces the effectiveness of group - decision - making . Non-corporate boards ( edit ) The role and responsibilities of a board of directors vary depending on the nature and type of business entity and the laws applying to the entity ( see types of business entity ) . For example , the nature of the business entity may be one that is traded on a public market ( public company ) , not traded on a public market ( a private , limited or closely held company ) , owned by family members ( a family business ) , or exempt from income taxes ( a non-profit , not for profit , or tax - exempt entity ) . There are numerous types of business entities available throughout the world such as a corporation , limited liability company , cooperative , business trust , partnership , private limited company , and public limited company .",
"6": "Much of what has been written about boards of directors relates to boards of directors of business entities actively traded on public markets . More recently , however , material is becoming available for boards of private and closely held businesses including family businesses . A board - only organization is one whose board is self - appointed , rather than being accountable to a base of members through elections ; or in which the powers of the membership are extremely limited . Membership organizations ( edit ) In membership organizations , such as a society made up of members of a certain profession or one advocating a certain cause , a board of directors may have the responsibility of running the organization in between meetings of the membership , especially if the membership meets infrequently , such as only at an annual general meeting . The amount of powers and authority delegated to the board depend on the bylaws and rules of the particular organization . Some organizations place matters exclusively in the board 's control while in others , the general membership retains full power and the board can only make recommendations . The setup of a board of directors vary widely across organizations and may include provisions that are applicable to corporations , in which the `` shareholders '' are the members of the organization . A difference may be that the membership elects the officers of the organization , such as the president and the secretary , and the officers become members of the board in addition to the directors and retain those duties on the board . The directors may also be classified as officers in this situation . There may also be ex-officio members of the board , or persons who are members due to another position that they hold . These ex-officio members have all the same rights as the other board members . Members of the board may be removed before their term is complete . Details on how they can be removed are usually provided in the bylaws . If the bylaws do not contain such details , the section on disciplinary procedures in Robert 's Rules of Order may be used . Corporations ( edit ) In a publicly held company , directors are elected to represent and are legally obligated as fiduciaries to represent owners of the company -- the shareholders / stockholders . In this capacity they establish policies and make decisions on issues such as whether there is dividend and how much it is , stock options distributed to employees , and the hiring / firing and compensation of upper management .",
"7": "Governance ( edit ) Theoretically , the control of a company is divided between two bodies : the board of directors , and the shareholders in general meeting . In practice , the amount of power exercised by the board varies with the type of company . In small private companies , the directors and the shareholders are normally the same people , and thus there is no real division of power . In large public companies , the board tends to exercise more of a supervisory role , and individual responsibility and management tends to be delegated downward to individual professional executives ( such as a finance director or a marketing director ) who deal with particular areas of the company 's affairs . Another feature of boards of directors in large public companies is that the board tends to have more de facto power . Many shareholders grant proxies to the directors to vote their shares at general meetings and accept all recommendations of the board rather than try to get involved in management , since each shareholder 's power , as well as interest and information is so small . Larger institutional investors also grant the board proxies . The large number of shareholders also makes it hard for them to organize . However , there have been moves recently to try to increase shareholder activism among both institutional investors and individuals with small shareholdings . A contrasting view is that in large public companies it is upper management and not boards that wield practical power , because boards delegate nearly all of their power to the top executive employees , adopting their recommendations almost without fail . As a practical matter , executives even choose the directors , with shareholders normally following management recommendations and voting for them . In most cases , serving on a board is not a career unto itself . For major corporations , the board members are usually professionals or leaders in their field . In the case of outside directors , they are often senior leaders of other organizations . Nevertheless , board members often receive remunerations amounting to hundreds of thousands of dollars per year since they often sit on the boards of several companies . Inside directors are usually not paid for sitting on a board , but the duty is instead considered part of their larger job description . Outside directors are usually paid for their services . These remunerations vary between corporations , but usually consist of a yearly or monthly salary , additional compensation for each meeting attended , stock options , and various other benefits . such as travel , hotel and meal expenses for the board meetings . Tiffany & Co.",
"8": ", for example , pays directors an annual retainer of $46,500 , an additional annual retainer of $2,500 if the director is also a chairperson of a committee , a per - meeting - attended fee of $2,000 for meetings attended in person , a $500 fee for each meeting attended via telephone , in addition to stock options and retirement benefits . Two - tier system ( edit ) In some European and Asian countries , there are two separate boards , an executive board for day - to - day business and a supervisory board ( elected by the shareholders and employees ) for supervising the executive board . In these countries , the CEO ( chief executive or managing director ) presides over the executive board and the chairman presides over the supervisory board , and these two roles will always be held by different people . This ensures a distinction between management by the executive board and governance by the supervisory board and allows for clear lines of authority . The aim is to prevent a conflict of interest and too much power being concentrated in the hands of one person . There is a strong parallel here with the structure of government , which tends to separate the political cabinet from the management civil service . In the United States , the board of directors ( elected by the shareholders ) is often equivalent to the supervisory board , while the executive board may often be known as the executive committee ( operating committee or executive council ) , composed of the CEO and their direct reports ( other C - level officers , division / subsidiary heads ) . History ( edit ) The meeting room of the Heren XVII ( nl ) , the Dutch East India Company 's board of directors , in the Oost - Indisch Huis ( Amsterdam ) . The Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) is often considered by many to be an early pioneering model of the modern corporation . In 1610 , the company established its administrative center ( the VOC 's second headquarters ) in Batavia with a Governor - General in charge , as the company 's de facto chief executive . The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate .",
"9": "( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The development of a separate board of directors to manage / govern / oversee a company has occurred incrementally and indefinitely over legal history . Until the end of the 19th century , it seems to have been generally assumed that the general meeting ( of all shareholders ) was the supreme organ of a company , and that the board of directors merely acted as an agent of the company subject to the control of the shareholders in general meeting . However , by 1906 , the English Court of Appeal had made it clear in the decision of Automatic Self - Cleansing Filter Syndicate Co Ltd v Cuninghame ( 1906 ) 2 Ch 34 that the division of powers between the board and the shareholders in general meaning depended on the construction of the articles of association and that , where the powers of management were vested in the board , the general meeting could not interfere with their lawful exercise . The articles were held to constitute a contract by which the members had agreed that `` the directors and the directors alone shall manage . '' The new approach did not secure immediate approval , but it was endorsed by the House of Lords in Quin & Axtens v Salmon ( 1909 ) AC 442 and has since received general acceptance . Under English law , successive versions of Table A have reinforced the norm that , unless the directors are acting contrary to the law or the provisions of the Articles , the powers of conducting the management and affairs of the company are vested in them . The modern doctrine was expressed in John Shaw & Sons ( Salford ) Ltd v Shaw ( 1935 ) 2 KB 113 by Greer LJ as follows : A company is an entity distinct alike from its shareholders and its directors . Some of its powers may , according to its articles , be exercised by directors , certain other powers may be reserved for the shareholders in general meeting . If powers of management are vested in the directors , they and they alone can exercise these powers . The only way in which the general body of shareholders can control the exercise of powers by the articles in the directors is by altering the articles , or , if opportunity arises under the articles , by refusing to re-elect the directors of whose actions they disapprove .",
"10": "They can not themselves usurp the powers which by the articles are vested in the directors any more than the directors can usurp the powers vested by the articles in the general body of shareholders . It has been remarked that this development in the law was somewhat surprising at the time , as the relevant provisions in Table A ( as it was then ) seemed to contradict this approach rather than to endorse it . Election and removal ( edit ) In most legal systems , the appointment and removal of directors is voted upon by the shareholders in general meeting or through a proxy statement . For publicly traded companies in the U.S. , the directors which are available to vote on are largely selected by either the board as a whole or a nominating committee . Although in 2002 the New York Stock Exchange and the NASDAQ required that nominating committees consist of independent directors as a condition of listing , nomination committees have historically received input from management in their selections even when the CEO does not have a position on the board . Shareholder nominations can only occur at the general meeting itself or through the prohibitively expensive process of mailing out ballots separately ; in May 2009 the SEC proposed a new rule allowing shareholders meeting certain criteria to add nominees to the proxy statement . In practice for publicly traded companies , the managers ( inside directors ) who are purportedly accountable to the board of directors have historically played a major role in selecting and nominating the directors who are voted on by the shareholders , in which case more `` gray outsider directors '' ( independent directors with conflicts of interest ) are nominated and elected . Directors may also leave office by resignation or death . In some legal systems , directors may also be removed by a resolution of the remaining directors ( in some countries they may only do so `` with cause '' ; in others the power is unrestricted ) . Some jurisdictions also permit the board of directors to appoint directors , either to fill a vacancy which arises on resignation or death , or as an addition to the existing directors. ( needs citation ) In practice , it can be quite difficult to remove a director by a resolution in general meeting . In many legal systems , the director has a right to receive special notice of any resolution to remove him or her ; the company must often supply a copy of the proposal to the director , who is usually entitled to be heard by the meeting . The director may require the company to circulate any representations that he wishes to make .",
"11": "Furthermore , the director 's contract of service will usually entitle him to compensation if he is removed , and may often include a generous `` golden parachute '' which also acts as a deterrent to removal . A recent study examines how corporate shareholders voted in director elections in the United States . It found that directors received fewer votes from shareholders when their companies performed poorly , had excess CEO compensation , or had poor shareholder protection . Also , directors received fewer votes when they did not regularly attend board meetings or received negative recommendations from a proxy advisory firm . The study also shows that companies often improve their corporate governance by removing poison pills or classified boards and by reducing excessive CEO pay after their directors receive low shareholder support . Board accountability to shareholders is a recurring issue . In 2010 , the New York Times noted that several directors who had overseen companies which had failed in the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2010 had found new positions as directors . The SEC sometimes imposes a ban ( a `` D&O bar '' ) on serving on a board as part of its fraud cases , and one of these was upheld in 2013 . Exercise of powers ( edit ) The exercise by the board of directors of its powers usually occurs in board meetings . Most legal systems require sufficient notice to be given to all directors of these meetings , and that a quorum must be present before any business may be conducted . Usually , a meeting which is held without notice having been given is still valid if all of the directors attend , but it has been held that a failure to give notice may negate resolutions passed at a meeting , because the persuasive oratory of a minority of directors might have persuaded the majority to change their minds and vote otherwise . In most common law countries , the powers of the board are vested in the board as a whole , and not in the individual directors . However , in instances an individual director may still bind the company by his acts by virtue of his ostensible authority ( see also : the rule in Turquand 's Case ) . Duties ( edit ) Main articles : Directors ' duties and Fiduciary duties Because directors exercise control and management over the organization , but organizations are ( in theory ) run for the benefit of the shareholders , the law imposes strict duties on directors in relation to the exercise of their duties .",
"12": "The duties imposed on directors are fiduciary duties , similar to those that the law imposes on those in similar positions of trust : agents and trustees . The duties apply to each director separately , while the powers apply to the board jointly . Also , the duties are owed to the company itself , and not to any other entity . This does not mean that directors can never stand in a fiduciary relationship to the individual shareholders ; they may well have such a duty in certain circumstances . `` Proper purpose '' ( edit ) Directors must exercise their powers for a proper purpose . While in many instances an improper purpose is readily evident , such as a director looking to feather his or her own nest or divert an investment opportunity to a relative , such breaches usually involve a breach of the director 's duty to act in good faith . Greater difficulties arise where the director , while acting in good faith , is serving a purpose that is not regarded by the law as proper . The seminal authority in relation to what amounts to a proper purpose is the Supreme Court decision in Eclairs Group Ltd v JKX Oil & Gas plc ( 2015 ) UKSC 71 ( 2 December 2015 ) . The case concerned the powers of directors under the articles of association of the company to disenfranchise voting rights attached to shares for failure to properly comply with notice served on the shareholders . Prior to that case the leading authority was Howard Smith Ltd v Ampol Ltd ( 1974 ) AC 821 . The case concerned the power of the directors to issue new shares . It was alleged that the directors had issued a large number of new shares purely to deprive a particular shareholder of his voting majority . An argument that the power to issue shares could only be properly exercised to raise new capital was rejected as too narrow , and it was held that it would be a proper exercise of the director 's powers to issue shares to a larger company to ensure the financial stability of the company , or as part of an agreement to exploit mineral rights owned by the company . If so , the mere fact that an incidental result ( even if it was a desired consequence ) was that a shareholder lost his majority , or a takeover bid was defeated , this would not itself make the share issue improper . But if the sole purpose was to destroy a voting majority , or block a takeover bid , that would be an improper purpose .",
"13": "Not all jurisdictions recognised the `` proper purpose '' duty as separate from the `` good faith '' duty however . `` Unfettered discretion '' ( edit ) Directors can not , without the consent of the company , fetter their discretion in relation to the exercise of their powers , and can not bind themselves to vote in a particular way at future board meetings . This is so even if there is no improper motive or purpose , and no personal advantage to the director . This does not mean , however , that the board can not agree to the company entering into a contract which binds the company to a certain course , even if certain actions in that course will require further board approval . The company remains bound , but the directors retain the discretion to vote against taking the future actions ( although that may involve a breach by the company of the contract that the board previously approved ) . `` Conflict of duty and interest '' ( edit ) As fiduciaries , the directors may not put themselves in a position where their interests and duties conflict with the duties that they owe to the company . The law takes the view that good faith must not only be done , but must be manifestly seen to be done , and zealously patrols the conduct of directors in this regard ; and will not allow directors to escape liability by asserting that his decision was in fact well founded . Traditionally , the law has divided conflicts of duty and interest into three sub-categories . Transactions with the company ( edit ) By definition , where a director enters into a transaction with a company , there is a conflict between the director 's interest ( to do well for himself out of the transaction ) and his duty to the company ( to ensure that the company gets as much as it can out of the transaction ) . This rule is so strictly enforced that , even where the conflict of interest or conflict of duty is purely hypothetical , the directors can be forced to disgorge all personal gains arising from it . In Aberdeen Ry v Blaikie ( 1854 ) 1 Macq HL 461 Lord Cranworth stated in his judgment that : `` A corporate body can only act by agents , and it is , of course , the duty of those agents so to act as best to promote the interests of the corporation whose affairs they are conducting . Such agents have duties to discharge of a fiduciary nature towards their principal .",
"14": "And it is a rule of universal application that no one , having such duties to discharge , shall be allowed to enter into engagements in which he has , or can have , a personal interest conflicting or which possibly may conflict , with the interests of those whom he is bound to protect ... So strictly is this principle adhered to that no question is allowed to be raised as to the fairness or unfairness of the contract entered into ... '' ( emphasis added ) However , in many jurisdictions the members of the company are permitted to ratify transactions which would otherwise fall foul of this principle . It is also largely accepted in most jurisdictions that this principle can be overridden in the company 's constitution . In many countries , there is also a statutory duty to declare interests in relation to any transactions , and the director can be fined for failing to make disclosure . Use of corporate property , opportunity , or information ( edit ) Directors must not , without the informed consent of the company , use for their own profit the company 's assets , opportunities , or information . This prohibition is much less flexible than the prohibition against the transactions with the company , and attempts to circumvent it using provisions in the articles have met with limited success . In Regal ( Hastings ) Ltd v Gulliver ( 1942 ) All ER 378 the House of Lords , in upholding what was regarded as a wholly unmeritorious claim by the shareholders , held that : `` ( i ) that what the directors did was so related to the affairs of the company that it can properly be said to have been done in the course of their management and in the utilisation of their opportunities and special knowledge as directors ; and ( ii ) that what they did resulted in profit to themselves . '' And accordingly , the directors were required to disgorge the profits that they made , and the shareholders received their windfall . The decision has been followed in several subsequent cases , and is now regarded as settled law . Competing with the company ( edit ) Directors can not compete directly with the company without a conflict of interest arising . Similarly , they should not act as directors of competing companies , as their duties to each company would then conflict with each other . Common law duties of care and skill ( edit ) Traditionally , the level of care and skill which has to be demonstrated by a director has been framed largely with reference to the non-executive director .",
"15": "In Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co ( 1925 ) Ch 407 , it was expressed in purely subjective terms , where the court held that : `` a director need not exhibit in the performance of his duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge and experience . '' ( emphasis added ) However , this decision was based firmly in the older notions ( see above ) that prevailed at the time as to the mode of corporate decision making , and effective control residing in the shareholders ; if they elected and put up with an incompetent decision maker , they should not have recourse to complain . However , a more modern approach has since developed , and in Dorchester Finance Co Ltd v Stebbing ( 1989 ) BCLC 498 the court held that the rule in Equitable Fire related only to skill , and not to diligence . With respect to diligence , what was required was : `` such care as an ordinary man might be expected to take on his own behalf . '' This was a dual subjective and objective test , and one deliberately pitched at a higher level . More recently , it has been suggested that both the tests of skill and diligence should be assessed objectively and subjectively ; in the United Kingdom , the statutory provisions relating to directors ' duties in the new Companies Act 2006 have been codified on this basis . Remedies for breach of duty ( edit ) In most jurisdictions , the law provides for a variety of remedies in the event of a breach by the directors of their duties : injunction or declaration damages or compensation restoration of the company 's property rescission of the relevant contract account of profits summary dismissal Current trends ( edit ) Historically , directors ' duties have been owed almost exclusively to the company and its members , and the board was expected to exercise its powers for the financial benefit of the company . However , more recently there have been attempts to `` soften '' the position , and provide for more scope for directors to act as good corporate citizens .",
"16": "For example , in the United Kingdom , the Companies Act 2006 requires directors of companies `` to promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members as a whole '' and sets out the following six factors regarding a director 's duty to promote success : the likely consequences of any decision in the long term the interests of the company 's employees the need to foster the company 's business relationships with suppliers , customers and others the impact of the company 's operations on the community and the environment the desirability of the company maintaining a reputation for high standards of business conduct , and the need to act fairly as between members of a company This represents a considerable departure from the traditional notion that directors ' duties are owed only to the company . Previously in the United Kingdom , under the Companies Act 1985 , protections for non-member stakeholders were considerably more limited ( see for example , s. 309 which permitted directors to take into account the interests of employees but which could only be enforced by the shareholders and not by the employees themselves ) . The changes have therefore been the subject of some criticism . United States ( edit ) Sarbanes -- Oxley Act ( edit ) The Sarbanes -- Oxley Act of 2002 has introduced new standards of accountability on boards of U.S. companies or companies listed on U.S. stock exchanges . Under the Act , directors risk large fines and prison sentences in the case of accounting crimes . Internal control is now the direct responsibility of directors . The vast majority of companies covered by the Act have hired internal auditors to ensure that the company adheres to required standards of internal control . The internal auditors are required by law to report directly to an audit board , consisting of directors more than half of whom are outside directors , one of whom is a `` financial expert . '' The law requires companies listed on the major stock exchanges ( NYSE , NASDAQ ) to have a majority of independent directors -- directors who are not otherwise employed by the firm or in a business relationship with it . Size ( edit ) According to the Corporate Library 's study , the average size of publicly traded company 's board is 9.2 members , and most boards range from 3 to 31 members . According to Investopedia , some analysts think the ideal size is seven .",
"17": "State law may specify a minimum number of directors , maximum number of directors , and qualifications for directors ( e.g. whether board members must be individuals or may be business entities ) . Committees ( edit ) While a board may have several committees , two -- the compensation committee and audit committee -- are critical and must be made up of at least three independent directors and no inside directors . Other common committees in boards are nominating and governance . Compensation ( edit ) Directors of Fortune 500 companies received median pay of $234,000 in 2011 . Directorship is a part - time job . A recent National Association of Corporate Directors study found directors averaging just 4.3 hours a week on board work . Surveys indicate that about 20 % of nonprofit foundations pay their board members , and 2 % of American nonprofit organizations do . 80 % of nonprofit organizations require board members to personally contribute to the organization , as BoardSource recommends . This percentage has increased in recent years . Criticism ( edit ) According to John Gillespie , a former investment banker and co-author of a book critical of boards , `` Far too much of their time has been for check - the - box and cover - your - behind activities rather than real monitoring of executives and providing strategic advice on behalf of shareholders '' . At the same time , scholars have found that individual directors have a large effect on major corporate initiatives such as mergers and acquisitions and cross-border investments . The issue of gender representation on corporate boards of directors has been the subject of much criticism in recent years . Governments and corporations have responded with measures such as legislation mandating gender quotas and comply or explain systems to address the disproportionality of gender representation on corporate boards . A study of the French corporate elite has found that certain social classes are also disproportionately represented on boards , with those from the upper and , especially , upper - middle classes tending to dominate .",
"18": "See also ( edit ) Alternate director Celebrity board director Chairman Chief executive officer Corporate governance Corporate title Gender representation on corporate boards of directors Interlocking directorate Governing boards of colleges and universities in the United States Managing director Non-executive director Parliamentary procedure in the corporate world President ( corporate title ) Supervisory board ( in German : `` Aufsichtsrat '' ) Trustee Vorstand , German for `` management board '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , in the United Kingdom , see section 303 of the Companies Act 1985 . Jump up ^ In the United Kingdom it is 28 days ' notice , see sections 303 ( 2 ) and 379 of the Companies Act 1985 . Jump up ^ In the United Kingdom , see section 304 ( 1 ) of the Companies Act 1985 . A private company can not use a written resolution under section 381A -- a meeting must be held . Jump up ^ In the United Kingdom , see sections 303 ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) of the Companies Act 1985 . Jump up ^ This division was rejected in British Columbia in Teck Corporation v Millar ( 1972 ) 33 DLR ( 3d ) 288 . Jump up ^ Although as Gower points out , as well understood as the rule is , there is a paucity of authority on the point . But see Clark v Workman ( 1920 ) 1 Ir R 107 and Dawson International plc v Coats Paton plc 1989 SLT 655 . Jump up ^ In the United Kingdom , see section 317 of the Companies Act 1985 . Jump up ^ In summary , the facts were as follows : Company A owned a cinema , and the directors decided to acquire two other cinemas with a view to selling the entire undertaking as a going concern . They formed a new company ( `` Company B '' ) to take the leases of the two new cinemas . But the lessor insisted on various stipulations , one of which was that Company B had to have a paid up share capital of not less than £ 5,000 ( a substantial sum at the time ) .",
"19": "Company A was unable to subscribe for more than £ 2,000 in shares , so the directors arranged for the remaining 3,000 shares to be taken by themselves and their friends . Later , instead of selling the undertaking , they sold all of the shares in both companies and made a substantial profit . The shareholders of Company A sued asking that directors and their friends to disgorge the profits that they had made in connection with their 3,000 shares in Company B -- the very same shares which the shareholders in Company A had been asked to subscribe ( through Company A ) but refused to do so . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert 2011 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` How are the directors selected ? '' . Commonwealth of Virginia , State Corporation Commission , Business FAQs . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 181 , Nonstock Corporations ( Sect . 181.0804 ) '' ( PDF ) . Wisconsin Statutes Database . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Robert 2011 , p. 481 - 483 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Carter . `` Overview of Roles and Responsibilities of Corporate Board of Directors '' . Free Management Library . Authenticity Consulting , LLC . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Role of the Board '' . Governance Basics . Institute on Governance ( Canada ) . Archived from the original on 30 December 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Robert 2011 , p. 484 . Jump up ^ This section was developed from numerous definitions in USLegal.com , BusinessDictionary.com , Dictionary.com , The Free Dictionary by Farlex ( `` inside director '' ; `` executive director '' ; `` outside director '' ; `` nonexecutive director '' ) , Macmillan Dictionary , and Economics-dictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` Executive Director '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Outside Director '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Director '' . Business Dictionary .",
"20": "Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Board Process Archived 20 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions about RONR ( Question 19 ) '' . The Official Robert 's Rules of Order Web Site . The Robert 's Rules Association . Archived from the original on 26 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Association of Parliamentarians > > FAQ '' ... the 11th edition of Robert 's Rules of Order Newly Revised is the current edition of the most widely used reference for meeting procedure and business rules in the English - speaking world . Jump up ^ Robert 2011 , p. 9 - 10,487 - 488 . Jump up ^ Robert III , Henry M. ; et al. ( 2011 ) . Robert 's Rules of Order Newly Revised In Brief ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Da Capo Press . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82019 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : White , Cyrus . `` For Nonprofit Boards , Smaller is Better '' . perma.cc . The South Cabin Group LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ See generally , Bowen , William G. , The board book : an insider 's guide for directors and trustees ( 2008 W.W. Norton & Co . ) ; Murray , Alan S. , Revolt in the boardroom : the new rules of power in corporate America ( 2007 Collins ) ; Charan , Ram , Boards that deliver : advancing corporate governance from compliance to competitive advantage ( 2005 Jossey - Bass ) ; Carver , John , Corporate boards that create value : governing company performance from the boardroom ( 2002 Jossey - Bass ) ; Harvard business review on corporate governance ( 2000 Harvard Business School Press ) . Jump up ^ See specifically Tutelman and Hause , The Balance Point : New Ways Business Owners Can Use Boards ( 2008 Famille Press ) . Jump up ^ Robert 2011 , p. 481 -- 483 . Jump up ^ Robert 2011 , p. 572 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about RONR ( Question 2 ) '' . The Official Robert 's Rules of Order Web Site . The Robert 's Rules Association . Archived from the original on 26 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about RONR ( Question 20 ) '' . The Official Robert 's Rules of Order Web Site . The Robert 's Rules Association . Archived from the original on 26 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Titles Associated with Executive Compensation Archived 17 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Compensation Resources Inc . Jump up ^ Fees , CEO Evaluation , and Ownership Structure By Joshua Kennon , About.com Jump up ^ Steensgaard , Niels ( 1982 ) . `` The Dutch East India Company as an Institutional Innovation '' , in Maurice Aymard ( ed . ) , Dutch Capitalism and World Capitalism / Capitalisme hollandais et capitalisme mondial ( Studies in Modern Capitalism / Etudes sur le capitalisme moderne ) , pp. 235 -- 257 Jump up ^ Jonker , Joost ; Gelderblom , Oscar ; de Jong , Abe ( 2013 ) . The Formative Years of the Modern Corporation : The Dutch East India Company VOC , 1602 -- 1623 . ( The Journal of Economic History / Volume 73 / Issue 04 / December 2013 , pp. 1050 -- 1076 ) Jump up ^ Von Nordenflycht , Andrew : The Great Expropriation : Interpreting the Innovation of `` Permanent Capital '' at the Dutch East India Company , in Origins of Shareholder Advocacy , edited by Jonathan GS Koppell ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2011 ) , pp. 89 -- 98 Jump up ^ Taylor , Bryan ( 6 November 2013 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of the Largest Corporation in History '' . BusinessInsider.com . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Gower , Principles of Company Law ( 6th ed . )",
"22": ", citing Isle of Wight Rly Co v Tahourdin ( 1884 ) LR 25 Ch D 320 Jump up ^ Per Cozens - Hardy LJ at 44 Jump up ^ See Gower , Principles of Company Law ( 6th ed . ) at 185 . ^ Jump up to : Shivdasani A , Yermack D. ( 1999 ) . CEO involvement in the selection of new board members : An empirical analysis . Journal of Finance . Jump up ^ Chhaochharia V , Grinstein Y. ( 2007 ) . Corporate governance and firm value : The impact of the 2002 governance rules Archived 11 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... The Journal of Finance . Jump up ^ SEC . ( May 2009 ) . SEC Votes to Propose Rule Amendments to Facilitate Rights of Shareholders to Nominate Directors . Jump up ^ Cai , Jay ; Garner , Jacqueline ; Walkling , Ralph ( 2010 ) . `` Shareholder Access to the Boardroom : A Survey of Recent Evidence '' . Journal of Applied Finance . 20 ( 2 ) : 15 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Cai , J. ; Garner , J.L. ; Walkling , R.A. ( 2009 ) . `` Electing Directors '' . Journal of Finance . 64 ( 5 ) : 2387 -- 2419 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6261.2009. 01504. x . Jump up ^ Craig S , Lattman P. ( 2010 ) . Companies May Fail , but Directors Are in Demand . New York Times . Jump up ^ SEC Wins D&O Bar Against Alleged Hedge Fund Scammer . Law360 .",
"23": "Jump up ^ See for example Barber 's Case ( 1877 ) 5 Ch D 963 and Re Portuguese Consolidated Copper Mines ( 1889 ) 42 Ch D 160 Jump up ^ Breckland Group Holdings Ltd v London and Suffolk Properties ( 1989 ) BCLC 100 Jump up ^ Percival v Wright ( 1902 ) Ch 421 Jump up ^ For example , if the board is authorised by the shareholders to negotiate with a takeover bidder . It has been held in New Zealand that `` depending upon all the surround circumstances and the nature of the responsibility which in a real and practical sense the director has assumed towards the shareholder , '' Coleman v Myers ( 1977 ) 2 NZLR 225 Jump up ^ Following Hogg v Cramphorn Ltd ( 1967 ) Ch 254 Jump up ^ Teck Corporation v Millar ( 1972 ) 33 DLR ( 3d ) 288 Jump up ^ Industrial Development Consultants v Cooley ( 1972 ) 1 WLR 443 ( corporate information ) , Canadian Aero Service v. O'Malley ( 1973 ) 40 DLR ( 3d ) 371 ( corporate opportunity ) and Boardman v Phipps ( 1967 ) 2 AC 46 ( corporate opportunity , which again , the company itself had declined to take up ) Jump up ^ Norman v Theodore Goddard ( 1991 ) BCLC 1027 Jump up ^ Director 's duties ^ Jump up to : `` Evaluating The Board Of Directors '' . investopedia.com. 29 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Corporate Governance by State '' . harborcompliance.com. 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Nonprofit Governance by State '' . harborcompliance.com. 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Compensation Committee Structure , Function and Best Practices Richard E. Wood ^ Jump up to : `` Company directors see pay skyrocket '' . USA Today . 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Schambra , William A. ( Winter 2008 ) . `` Board Compensation : To Pay or Not to Pay ? '' . Philanthropy magazine . Philanthropy Roundtable .",
"24": "Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ BoardSource 2015 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Cf . Internal Revenue Service ( 4 February 2008 ) , Governance and Related Topics - 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) Organizations ( PDF ) , Washington , DC : Author , Charities should generally not compensate persons for service on the board of directors except to reimburse direct expenses of such service ... Charities may pay reasonable compensation for services provided by officers and staff . Jump up ^ BoardSource 2015 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ BoardSource ( 12 October 2016 ) , Recommended governance practices ( PDF ) , Washington , DC : Author , p. 4 , retrieved 2 May 2017 Jump up ^ Grant Thornton ( 7 November 2007 ) , National Board Governance Survey for Not - for - Profit Organizations 2007 ( PDF ) , Chicago , IL : Author , p. 9 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 November 2008 , retrieved 2 May 2017 Jump up ^ Cf . http://leadingwithintent.org/past-reports/ Jump up ^ Cf . BoardSource ( 17 November 2010 ) , BoardSource nonprofit governance index 2010 ( PDF ) , Washington , DC : Author , p. 12 Jump up ^ Money for Nothing : How the Failure of Corporate Boards is Ruining American Business and Costing Us Trillions Jump up ^ Rousseau , Peter ; Stroup , Caleb ( 2015 ) . `` Director Histories and the Pattern of Acquisitions '' . Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis . 50 ( 04 ) : 671 -- 698 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022109015000289 . Jump up ^ Stroup , Caleb ( November 28 , 2015 ) . `` International Deal Experience and Cross-Border Acquisitions '' . Economic Inquiry . doi : 10.1111 / ecin. 12365 . SSRN 2037512 . Jump up ^ Senden , Linda ( December 2014 ) . `` The Multiplicity of Regulatory Responses to Remedy the Gender Imbalance on Company Boards '' . Utrecht Law Review . 10 ( 5 ) : 51 -- 66 .",
"25": "doi : 10.18352 / ulr. 300 . Jump up ^ Maclean , Mairi ; Harvey , Charles ; Kling , Gerhard ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Pathways to Power : Class , Hyper - Agency and the French Corporate Elite '' . Organization Studies . 35 ( 6 ) : 825 -- 855 . doi : 10.1177 / 0170840613509919 . ISSN 0170 - 8406 . Sources ( edit ) P. Blumberg , ' Reflections on Proposals for Corporate Reform Through Change in the Composition of the Board of Directors : `` Special Interest '' or `` Public '' Directors ' ( 1973 ) 53 Boston University Law Review 547 BoardSource ( January 2015 ) , Leading with intent : A national index of nonprofit board practices ( PDF ) , Washington , DC : Author , retrieved 2 May 2017 KJ Hopt , ' The German Two - Tier Board : Experience , Theories , Reforms ' in KJ Hopt and others . ( eds ) , Comparative Corporate Governance : The State of the Art and Emerging Research ( Clarendon 1998 ) KJ Hopt and PC Leyens , ' Board Models in Europe -- Recent Developments of Internal Corporate Governance Structures in Germany , the United Kingdom , France , and Italy ' ( 2004 ) EGCI Working Paper Robert , Henry M. ; et al. ( 2011 ) . Robert 's Rules of Order Newly Revised ( 11th ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82020 - 5 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) Web site of the Board of a large U.S. university , illustrating a typical board 's composition , duties , concerns , etc . Guidance on director 's duties ( Lemon & Co ) National Association of Corporate Directors European Directors and Board Members Association Corporate Governance Board Leadership Training , Global Corporate Governance Forum BoardofDirectors.com.",
"26": "au - Australia 's leading Online Directorship Listing ( hide ) Corporate titles Chief officers Administrative Analytics Audit Brand Business Channel Commercial Chief communications Compliance Content Creative Data Design Digital Diversity Executive ( CEO ) Experience Financial Human resources Information Information security Innovation Investment Knowledge Learning Legal Marketing Medical Networking Operating Privacy Procurement Product Quality Research Restructuring Revenue Risk Science Security Strategy Sustainability Technology Visionary Web Senior executives Chairman Chief managing director Creative director Development director General counsel Executive director Non-executive director President Vice president Mid-level executives General manager Divisional manager Regional manager First - level executives Departmental manager Manager Related topics Board of directors Corporate governance Executive pay Senior management Supervisory board Talent management Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"27": "php?title=Board_of_directors&oldid=836048392 '' Categories : Corporate directors Business law Business terms Board of directors Corporate law Committees Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Interlanguage link template link number Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2016 United Kingdom - centric Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Papiamentu ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 11 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"28": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who was president when the panama canal was built
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[
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{
"0": "Panama Canal - wikipedia Panama Canal Jump to : navigation , search Panama Canal Canal de Panamá A schematic of the Panama Canal , illustrating the sequence of locks and passages Specifications Locks 3 locks up , 3 down per transit ; all three lanes ( 3 lanes of locks ) Status Open , expansion opened June 26 , 2016 Navigation authority Panama Canal Authority History Original owner La Société internationale du Canal Principal engineer John Findlay Wallace ( 1904 -- 1905 ) , John Frank Stevens ( 1905 -- 1907 ) , George Washington Goethals ( 1907 -- 1914 ) Date of first use August 15 , 1914 Location of Panama between Pacific ( bottom ) and Caribbean ( top ) , with canal at top center The panamax ship MSC Poh Lin exiting the Miraflores locks , March 2013 The Panama Canal ( Spanish : Canal de Panamá ) is an artificial 77 km ( 48 mi ) waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean . The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a key conduit for international maritime trade . There are locks at each end to lift ships up to Gatun Lake , an artificial lake created to reduce the amount of excavation work required for the canal , 26 m ( 85 ft ) above sea level , and then lower the ships at the other end . The original locks are 34 m ( 110 ft ) wide . A third , wider lane of locks was constructed between September 2007 and May 2016 . The expanded canal began commercial operation on June 26 , 2016 . The new locks allow transit of larger , Post-Panamax ships , capable of handling more cargo . France began work on the canal in 1881 but stopped due to engineering problems and a high worker mortality rate . The United States took over the project in 1904 and opened the canal on August 15 , 1914 . One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken , the Panama Canal shortcut greatly reduced the time for ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans , enabling them to avoid the lengthy , hazardous Cape Horn route around the southernmost tip of South America via the Drake Passage or Strait of Magellan .",
"1": "Colombia , France , and later the United States controlled the territory surrounding the canal during construction . The U.S. continued to control the canal and surrounding Panama Canal Zone until the 1977 Torrijos -- Carter Treaties provided for handover to Panama . After a period of joint American -- Panamanian control , in 1999 the canal was taken over by the Panamanian government and is now managed and operated by the government - owned Panama Canal Authority . Annual traffic has risen from about 1,000 ships in 1914 , when the canal opened , to 14,702 vessels in 2008 , for a total of 333.7 million Panama Canal / Universal Measurement System ( PC / UMS ) tons . By 2012 , more than 815,000 vessels had passed through the canal . It takes six to eight hours to pass through the Panama Canal . The American Society of Civil Engineers has called the Panama Canal one of the seven wonders of the modern world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early proposals in Panama 1.2 French construction attempts , 1881 -- 1894 1.3 United States acquisition 1.4 United States construction of the Panama canal , 1904 -- 1914 1.5 West Indian labor migration to Panama ( 1850 -- 1914 ) 1.6 George Washington Goethals replaces John Frank Stevens as chief engineer 1.7 Later developments 2 Canal 2.1 Layout 2.2 Navigation 2.3 Gatun Lake 2.4 Lock size 2.5 Tolls 3 Issues leading to expansion 3.1 Efficiency and maintenance 3.2 Capacity 3.3 Competition 3.4 Water issues 4 Third set of locks project ( expansion ) 4.1 Rival Colombia rail link 4.2 Rival Nicaragua canal 4.3 Other projects 5 Panama Canal Honorary Pilots 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Construction and technical issues 8.2 Diplomatic and political history 9 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Panama Canal Satellite image showing location of Panama Canal .",
"2": "Dense jungles are visible in green . Early proposals in Panama ( edit ) The earliest mention of a canal across the Isthmus of Panama dates back to 1534 , when Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain , ordered a survey for a route through the Americas that would ease the voyage for ships traveling between Spain and Peru . Such a route would have given the Spanish a military advantage over the Portuguese . In 1668 the English physician and philosopher Sir Thomas Browne speculated in his encyclopaedic endeavour Pseudodoxia Epidemica - some Isthmus have been eat through by the Sea , and others cut by the spade : And if policy would permit , that of Panama in America were most worthy the attempt : it being but few miles over , and would open a shorter cut unto the East Indies and China . In 1788 , Thomas Jefferson suggested that the Spanish should create it since it would be a less treacherous route than going around the southern tip of South America , which tropical ocean currents would naturally widen thereafter . During an expedition from 1788 to 1793 , Alessandro Malaspina outlined plans for its construction . Given the strategic location of Panama and the potential offered by its narrow isthmus separating two great oceans , other trade links in the area were attempted over the years . The ill - fated Darien scheme was launched by the Kingdom of Scotland in 1698 to set up an overland trade route . Generally inhospitable conditions thwarted the effort and it was abandoned in April 1700 . The late 18th and early 19th centuries saw a number of canals built . The success of the Erie Canal in the United States and the collapse of the Spanish Empire in Latin America led to a surge of American interest in building an interoceanic canal . Beginning in 1826 , US officials began negotiations with Gran Colombia ( present - day Colombia , Venezuela , Ecuador and Panama ) , hoping to gain a concession for the building of a canal . Jealous of their newly obtained independence and fearing that they would be dominated by an American presence , the president Simon Bolivar and new granadans officials declined American offers . The new nation was politically unstable , and Panama rebelled several times during the 19th century . Another effort was made in 1843 .",
"3": "According to the New York Daily Tribune , August 24 , 1843 , a contract was entered into by Barings of London and the Republic of New Granada for the construction of a canal across the Isthmus of Darien ( Isthmus of Panama ) . They referred to it as the Atlantic and Pacific Canal and it was a wholly British endeavor . It was expected to be completed in five years , but the plan was never carried out . At nearly the same time , other ideas were floated , including a canal ( and / or a railroad ) across Mexico 's Isthmus of Tehuantepec . Nothing came of that plan either . In 1846 the Mallarino -- Bidlack Treaty , negotiated between the U.S. and New Granada , granted the United States transit rights and the right to intervene militarily in the isthmus . In 1849 , the discovery of gold in California created great interest in a crossing between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans . The Panama Railway was built by the United States to cross the isthmus and opened in 1855 . This overland link became a vital piece of western hemisphere infrastructure , greatly facilitating trade and largely determining the later canal route . An all - water route between the oceans was still seen as the ideal solution , and in 1855 William Kennish , a Manx - born engineer working for the United States government , surveyed the isthmus and issued a report on a route for a proposed Panama Canal . His report was published as a book entitled The Practicability and Importance of a Ship Canal to Connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans . In 1877 Armand Reclus , an officer with the French Navy , and Lucien Napoléon Bonaparte Wyse , both engineers , surveyed the route and published a French proposal for a canal . French success in building the Suez Canal , while a lengthy project , encouraged planning for one to cross the isthmus . French construction attempts , 1881 -- 1894 ( edit ) Ferdinand de Lesseps Excavator at work , in Bas Obispo , 1886 The first attempt to construct a canal through what was then Colombia 's province of Panama began on January 1 , 1881 .",
"4": "The project was inspired by the diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps , who was able to raise considerable finance in France as a result of the huge profits generated by his successful construction of the Suez Canal . Although the Panama Canal would eventually have to be only 40 % as long as the Suez Canal , the former would prove to be far more of an engineering challenge , due to the tropical rain forests , the climate , the need for canal locks , and the lack of any ancient route to follow . De Lesseps wanted a sea - level canal as at Suez but only visited the site a few times , during the dry season which lasts only four months of the year . His men were totally unprepared for the rainy season , during which the Chagres River , where the canal started , became a raging torrent , rising up to 10 meters ( 35 feet ) . The dense jungle was alive with venomous snakes , insects and spiders , but the worst aspect was the yellow fever and malaria ( and other tropical diseases ) which killed thousands of workers : by 1884 the death rate was over 200 per month . Public health measures were ineffective because the role of the mosquito as a disease vector was then unknown . Conditions were downplayed in France to avoid recruitment problems , but the high mortality rate made it difficult to maintain an experienced workforce . Workers had to continually widen the main cut through the mountain at Culebra and reduce the angles of the slopes to minimize landslides into the canal . Steam shovels were used in the construction of the canal , and they were purchased from Bay City Industrial Works , a business owned by William L. Clements in Bay City , Michigan . Other mechanical and electrical equipment was limited in its capabilities , and steel equipment rusted rapidly in the climate . In France , de Lesseps kept the investment and supply of workers flowing long after it was obvious that the targets were not being met , but eventually the money ran out . The French effort went bankrupt in 1889 after reportedly spending US $287,000,000 and losing an estimated 22,000 lives to disease and accidents , wiping out the savings of 800,000 investors . Work was suspended on May 15 , and in the ensuing scandal , known as the Panama affair , various of those deemed responsible were prosecuted , including Gustave Eiffel .",
"5": "De Lesseps and his son Charles were found guilty of misappropriation of funds and sentenced to five years ' imprisonment , though this was later overturned , and the father , at 88 , was never imprisoned . In 1894 , a second French company , the Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panama , was created to take over the project . A minimal workforce of a few thousand people was employed primarily to comply with the terms of the Colombian Panama Canal concession , to run the Panama Railroad , and to maintain the existing excavation and equipment in salable condition . The company sought a buyer for these assets , with an asking price of US $109,000,000 . In the meantime they continued with enough activity to maintain their franchise . Phillipe Bunau - Varilla , the French manager of the New Panama Canal Company , eventually managed to persuade de Lesseps that a lock - and - lake canal was more realistic than a sea - level canal . United States acquisition ( edit ) The U.S. 's intentions to influence the area ( especially the Panama Canal construction and control ) led to the separation of Panama from Colombia in 1903 The Culebra Cut , or Gaillard Cut , in 1896 The Culebra Cut in 1902 At this time , the President and the Senate of the United States were interested in establishing a canal across the isthmus , with some favoring a canal across Nicaragua and others advocating the purchase of the French interests in Panama . Bunau - Varilla , who was seeking American involvement , asked for $100 million , but accepted $40 million in the face of the Nicaraguan option . In June 1902 , the U.S. Senate voted in favor of pursuing the Panamanian option , provided the necessary rights could be obtained , in the Spooner Act . On January 22 , 1903 , the Hay -- Herrán Treaty was signed by United States Secretary of State John M. Hay and Colombian Chargé Dr. Tomás Herrán . For $10 million and an annual payment it would have granted the United States a renewable lease in perpetuity from Colombia on the land proposed for the canal . The treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate on March 14 , 1903 , but the Senate of Colombia did not ratify it .",
"6": "Bunau - Varilla told President Theodore Roosevelt and Hay of a possible revolt by Panamanian rebels who aimed to separate from Colombia , and hoped that the United States would support the rebels with U.S. troops and money . Roosevelt changed tactics , based in part on the Mallarino -- Bidlack Treaty of 1846 , and actively supported the separation of Panama from Colombia and , shortly after recognizing Panama , signed a treaty with the new Panamanian government under similar terms to the Hay -- Herrán Treaty . On November 2 , 1903 , U.S. warships blocked sea lanes for possible Colombian troop movements en route to put down the rebellion . Panama declared independence on November 3 , 1903 . The United States quickly recognized the new nation . On November 6 , 1903 , Philippe Bunau - Varilla , as Panama 's ambassador to the United States , signed the Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty , granting rights to the United States to build and indefinitely administer the Panama Canal Zone and its defenses . This is sometimes misinterpreted as the `` 99 - year lease '' because of misleading wording included in article 22 of the agreement . Almost immediately , the treaty was condemned by many Panamanians as an infringement on their country 's new national sovereignty . This would later become a contentious diplomatic issue among Colombia , Panama , and the United States . President Roosevelt famously stated that `` I took the Isthmus , started the canal and then left Congress not to debate the canal , but to debate me . '' Several parties in the United States called this an act of war on Colombia : The New York Times called the support given by the United States to Bunau - Varilla an `` act of sordid conquest . '' The New York Evening Post called it a `` vulgar and mercenary venture . '' It is often cited as the classic example of U.S. gunboat diplomacy in Latin America , and the best illustration of what Roosevelt meant by the old African adage , `` Speak softly and carry a big stick ( and ) you will go far . '' After the revolution in 1903 , the Republic of Panama became a U.S. protectorate until 1939 .",
"7": "Thus in 1904 , the United States purchased the French equipment and excavations , including the Panama Railroad , for US $40 million , of which $30 million related to excavations completed , primarily in the Gaillard Cut ( then called the Culebra Cut ) , valued at about $1.00 per cubic yard . The United States also paid the new country of Panama $10 million and a $250,000 payment each following year . In 1921 , Colombia and the United States entered into the Thomson - Urrutia Treaty , in which the United States agreed to pay Colombia $25 million : $5 million upon ratification , and four - $5 million annual payments , and grant Colombia special privileges in the Canal Zone . In return , Colombia recognized Panama as an independent nation . United States construction of the Panama Canal , 1904 -- 1914 ( edit ) Construction of locks on the Panama Canal , 1913 The U.S. formally took control of the canal property on May 4 , 1904 , inheriting from the French a depleted workforce and a vast jumble of buildings , infrastructure and equipment , much of it in poor condition . A U.S. government commission , the Isthmian Canal Commission ( ICC ) , was established to oversee construction and was given control of the Panama Canal Zone , over which the United States exercised sovereignty . The commission reported directly to Secretary of War William Howard Taft and was directed to avoid the inefficiency and corruption that had plagued the French 15 years earlier . John Frank Stevens On May 6 , 1904 , President Theodore Roosevelt appointed John Findley Wallace , formerly chief engineer and finally general manager of the Illinois Central Railroad , as chief engineer of the Panama Canal Project . Overwhelmed by the disease - plagued country and forced to use often dilapidated French infrastructure and equipment , as well as being frustrated by the overly bureaucratic ICC , Wallace resigned abruptly in June 1905 . He was succeeded by John Frank Stevens , a self - educated engineer who had built the Great Northern Railroad . Stevens was not a member of the ICC ; he increasingly viewed its bureaucracy as a serious hindrance , bypassing the commission and sending requests and demands directly to the Roosevelt Administration in Washington .",
"8": "One of Stevens ' first achievements in Panama was in building and rebuilding the housing , cafeterias , hotels , water systems , repair shops , warehouses , and other infrastructure needed by the thousands of incoming workers . Stevens began the recruitment effort to entice thousands of workers from the United States and other areas to come to the Canal Zone to work , and tried to provide accommodation in which the incoming workers could work and live in reasonable safety and comfort . He also re-established and enlarged the railway that was to prove crucial in transporting millions of tons of soil from the cut through the mountains to the dam across the Chagres River . William C. Gorgas Colonel William C. Gorgas had been appointed chief sanitation officer of the canal construction project in 1904 . Gorgas implemented a range of measures to minimize the spread of deadly diseases , particularly yellow fever and malaria which had recently been shown to be mosquito - borne following the work of Dr. Carlos Finlay and Dr. Walter Reed . There was investment in extensive sanitation projects , including city water systems , fumigation of buildings , spraying of insect - breeding areas with oil and larvicide , installation of mosquito netting and window screens , and elimination of stagnant water . Despite opposition from the Commission ( one member said his ideas were barmy ) , Gorgas persisted and when Stevens arrived , he threw his weight behind the project . After two years of extensive work , the mosquito - spread diseases were nearly eliminated . Nevertheless , even with all this effort , about 5,600 workers died of disease and accidents during the U.S. construction phase of the canal . President Theodore Roosevelt sitting on a steam shovel at Culebra Cut , 1906 Construction work on the Gaillard Cut is shown in this photograph from 1907 In 1905 , a U.S. engineering panel was commissioned to review the canal design , which still had not been finalized . It recommended to President Roosevelt a sea - level canal , as had been attempted by the French . However , in 1906 Stevens , who had seen the Chagres in full flood , was summoned to Washington and declared a sea - level approach to be `` an entirely untenable proposition '' . He argued in favor of a canal using a lock system to raise and lower ships from a large reservoir 85 ft ( 26 m ) above sea level .",
"9": "This would create both the largest dam ( Gatun Dam ) and the largest man - made lake ( Gatun Lake ) in the world at that time . The water to refill the locks would be taken from Gatun Lake by opening and closing enormous gates and valves and letting gravity propel the water from the lake . Gatun Lake would connect to the Pacific through the mountains at the Gaillard ( Culebra ) Cut . Stevens successfully convinced Roosevelt of the necessity and feasibility of the alternative scheme . The construction of a canal with locks required the excavation of more than 170,000,000 cu yd ( 130,000,000 m ) of material over and above the 30,000,000 cu yd ( 23,000,000 m ) excavated by the French . As quickly as possible , the Americans replaced or upgraded the old , unusable French equipment with new construction equipment that was designed for a much larger and faster scale of work . About 102 new large , railroad - mounted steam shovels were purchased from the Marion Power Shovel Company and brought from the United States . These were joined by enormous steam - powered cranes , giant hydraulic rock crushers , cement mixers , dredges , and pneumatic power drills , nearly all of which were manufactured by new , extensive machine - building technology developed and built in the United States . The railroad also had to be comprehensively upgraded with heavy - duty , double - tracked rails over most of the line to accommodate new rolling stock . In many places , the new Gatun Lake flooded over the original rail line , and a new line had to be constructed above Gatun Lake 's waterline . This before photograph of the Panama Canal was used as a guide in the construction of the Cape Cod Canal by the U.S. Army 's Office of the Chief Engineers . This after photograph of the Panama Canal was used as a guide in the construction of the Cape Cod Canal by the U.S. Army 's Office of the Chief Engineers . West Indian labor migration to Panama ( 1850 -- 1914 ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"10": "( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emancipation in the British West Indies in 1838 freed over one - half million slaves , transforming the islands ' societies and economies . Most freedmen preferred not to do plantation work anymore , and the sugar industries gradually declined . The white colonial elites and mulatto middle classes managed to reconstruct the social hierarchy so that the blacks remained at the bottom . In such a precarious position , black freedmen had to take any jobs that appeared , including those abroad . Thus , began the trans - Caribbean migration phase of the diaspora . The California gold rush of 1849 rekindled interest in a modern transportation route across Central America and spurred larger migrations of these freedmen . Two crossings were developed , Vanderbilt 's steamship and stage line in Nicaragua and the New York - based Panama Railroad . Both enterprises used imported labor , largely Jamaican . Some 5,000 eventually worked on the Panama railroad line . The projects proved that the West Indian blacks resisted tropical diseases better than other workers and they were available in large numbers due to the islands ' depressed economies . Caribbean migration on a large scale would resume again in the 1880s as a result of two developments , the French canal project and the spread of banana cultivation . The French company employed over 50,000 West Indians ( again mainly Jamaicans ) during its unsuccessful bid to build the canal across the isthmus . Banana cultivation also proved a boon to the region 's economy after the 1880s , expanding commercial agriculture and inducing thousands more to migrate . By the early twentieth century , the United Fruit Company operated a string of banana ports , including Puerto Limon ( Costa Rica ) and Bocas del Toro ( Panama ) . During the construction of the Panama Canal by the Americans ( 1904 - 1914 ) , the West Indian migrations to Panama constituted a demographic tidal wave , the largest yet in Caribbean history . Officially , canal authorities brought over 31,000 West Indian men and a few women . But in fact , contemporaries estimated that between 150,000 and 200,000 men and women must have migrated during the decade 1904 - 1914 . Most did not plan to stay in Panama .",
"11": "Eventually though , tens of thousands remained on the isthmus because the islands offered few opportunities that could compete with the pay and benefits available in Panama . The West Indians settled , married , had children , and became the largest immigrant group in the sparsely populated country . The descendants of these immigrants are known today as Afro - Panamanians . George Washington Goethals replaces John Frank Stevens as chief engineer ( edit ) General George Washington Goethals In 1907 , Stevens resigned as chief engineer . His replacement , appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt , was U.S. Army Major George Washington Goethals of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( soon to be promoted to lieutenant colonel and later to General ) , a strong , United States Military Academy -- trained leader and civil engineer with experience of canals ( unlike Stevens ) . Goethals would direct the work in Panama to a successful conclusion in 1914 , two years ahead of the target date of June 10 , 1916 . Goethals divided the engineering and excavation work into three divisions : Atlantic , Central , and Pacific . The Atlantic Division , under Major William L. Sibert , was responsible for construction of the massive breakwater at the entrance to Limon Bay , the Gatun locks and their 31⁄2 mi ( 5.6 km ) approach channel , and the immense Gatun Dam . The Pacific Division , under Sydney B. Williamson ( the only civilian member of this high - level team ) , was similarly responsible for the Pacific 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) breakwater in Panama Bay , the approach channel to the locks , and the Miraflores and Pedro Miguel locks and their associated dams and reservoirs . Spanish laborers working on the Panama Canal in early 1900s The Central Division , under Major David du Bose Gaillard of the United States Army Corps of Engineers , was assigned one of the most difficult parts : excavating the Culebra Cut through the continental divide to connect Gatun Lake to the Pacific Panama Canal locks . On October 10 , 1913 , President Woodrow Wilson sent a signal from the White House by telegraph which triggered the explosion that destroyed the Gamboa Dike . This flooded the Culebra Cut , thereby joining the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans .",
"12": "Alexandre La Valley ( a floating crane built by Lobnitz & Company , and launched in 1887 ) was the first self - propelled vessel to transit the canal from ocean to ocean . This vessel crossed the canal from the Atlantic in stages during construction , finally reaching the Pacific on January 7 , 1914 . SS Cristobal ( a cargo and passenger ship built by Maryland Steel , and launched in 1902 as SS Tremont ) was the first ship to transit the canal from ocean to ocean on August 3 , 1914 . The construction of the canal was completed in 1914 , 401 years after Panama was first crossed by Vasco Núñez de Balboa . The United States spent almost $500,000,000 ( roughly equivalent to $9,169,650,000 now ) to finish the project . This was by far the largest American engineering project to date . The canal was formally opened on August 15 , 1914 , with the passage of the cargo ship SS Ancon . The opening of Panama Canal in 1914 caused a severe drop in traffic along Chilean ports due to shifts in the maritime trade routes . A Marion steam shovel excavating the Panama Canal in 1908 The Panama Canal locks under construction in 1910 The first ship to transit the canal , the SS Ancon , passes through on 15 August 1914 Throughout this time , Ernest `` Red '' Hallen was hired by the Isthmian Canal Commission to document the progress of the work . Later developments ( edit ) See also : § Third set of locks project ( expansion ) USS Missouri passes through the canal in 1945 . The Iowa - class battleships were designed to be narrow enough to fit through . By the 1930s it was seen that water supply would be an issue for the canal ; this prompted the building of the Madden Dam across the Chagres River above Gatun Lake . Completed in 1935 , the dam created Madden Lake ( later Alajeula Lake ) which provides additional water storage for the canal . In 1939 , construction began on a further major improvement : a new set of locks for the canal , large enough to carry the larger warships that the United States was building at the time and planned to continue building .",
"13": "The work proceeded for several years , and significant excavation was carried out on the new approach channels , but the project was canceled after World War II . Statement on the Panama Canal Treaty Signing Jimmy Carter 's speech upon signing the Panama Canal treaty , 7 September 1977 Problems playing this file ? See media help . After World War II , U.S. control of the canal and the Canal Zone surrounding it became contentious ; relations between Panama and the United States became increasingly tense . Many Panamanians felt that the Canal Zone rightfully belonged to Panama ; student protests were met by the fencing - in of the zone and an increased military presence there . Demands for the United States to hand over the canal to Panama increased after the Suez Crisis in 1956 , when the United States used financial and diplomatic pressure to force France and the UK to abandon their attempt to retake control of the Suez Canal , previously nationalized by the Nasser regime in Egypt . Unrest culminated in riots on Martyr 's Day , January 9 , 1964 , when about 20 Panamanians and 3 -- 5 U.S. soldiers were killed . A decade later , in 1974 , negotiations toward a settlement began and resulted in the Torrijos -- Carter Treaties . On September 7 , 1977 , the treaty was signed by President of the United States Jimmy Carter and Omar Torrijos , de facto leader of Panama . This mobilized the process of granting the Panamanians free control of the canal so long as Panama signed a treaty guaranteeing the permanent neutrality of the canal . The treaty led to full Panamanian control effective at noon on December 31 , 1999 , and the Panama Canal Authority ( ACP ) assumed command of the waterway . The Panama Canal remains one of the chief revenue sources for Panama . Before this handover , the government of Panama held an international bid to negotiate a 25 - year contract for operation of the container shipping ports located at the canal 's Atlantic and Pacific outlets . The contract was not affiliated with the ACP or Panama Canal operations and was won by the firm Hutchison Whampoa , a Hong Kong -- based shipping interest owned by Li Ka - shing .",
"14": "Canal ( edit ) Layout ( edit ) ( hide ) Panama Canal Legend km mi Atlantic Ocean ( Caribbean Sea ) 0 Atlantic Entrance , Manzanillo Bay Breakwater entrance 8.7 5.4 ( show ) Port of Colón ( Cristóbal ) Colón , cruise terminal , MIT , Free Trade Zone , airport Cristóbal harbor , Atlantic passenger station Third Bridge or Atlantic bridge 1.9 1.2 Gatun Locks 3 chambers , + 26 m ( 85 ft ) new Agua Clara Locks ( 3 chambers ; water saving basins ) Gatun Dam , Chagres River hydroelectricity ( 22.5 MW ) , spillway 24.2 15.0 Gatun Lake Gatún River , causeway , Monte Lirio bridge 8.5 5.3 Gamboa Chagres River , Madden Dam , Alajuela Lake with hydroelectricity ( 36 MW ) 12.6 7.8 Culebra Cut ( Gaillard Cut ) Continental watershed , summit Centennial Bridge ( Pan-American Highway , via Panama City ) 1.4 0.9 Pedro Miguel Locks 1 chamber , + 9.5 m ( 31 ft ) new Cocoli Locks ( 3 chambers ; water saving basins ) 1.7 1.1 Miraflores Lake 1.7 1.1 Miraflores Locks 2 chambers , + 16.5 m ( 54 ft ) ; spillway 13.2 8.2 ( show ) Port of Balboa Diablo , Corozal passenger station , Airport , Rail terminal Balboa total Bridge of the Americas ( Arraiján -- Panama City ) 77.1 47.9 Pacific Entrance Pacific Ocean ( Gulf of Panama ) Legend Navigable canal ( maximum draft : 39.5 feet ( 12.0 m ) ) Non-navigable water Dock , industrial or logistical area Water flow direction Panama Canal Railway ( passenger station , freight station ) City ,",
"15": "village or town While globally the Atlantic Ocean is east of the isthmus and the Pacific is west , the general direction of the canal passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific is from northwest to southeast . This is because of a local anomaly in the shape of the isthmus at the point the canal occupies . The Bridge of the Americas ( Spanish : Puente de las Américas ) at the Pacific side is about a third of a degree east of the Colón end on the Atlantic side . Still , in formal nautical communications , the simplified directions `` Southbound '' and `` Northbound '' are used . The canal consists of artificial lakes , several improved and artificial channels , and three sets of locks . An additional artificial lake , Alajuela Lake ( known during the American era as Madden Lake ) , acts as a reservoir for the canal . The layout of the canal as seen by a ship passing from the Atlantic to the Pacific is as follows : From the formal marking line of the Atlantic Entrance , one enters Limón Bay ( Bahía Limón ) , a large natural harbor . The entrance runs 51⁄2 mi ( 8.4 km ) . It provides a deepwater port ( Cristóbal ) , with facilities like multimodal cargo exchange ( to and from train ) and the Colón Free Trade Zone ( a free port ) . A 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) channel forms the approach to the locks from the Atlantic side . The Gatun Locks , a three - stage flight of locks 11⁄4 mi ( 1.9 km ) long , lifts ships to the Gatun Lake level , some 87 ft ( 27 m ) above sea level . Gatun Lake , an artificial lake formed by the building of the Gatun Dam , carries vessels 15 mi ( 24 km ) across the isthmus . It is the summit canal stretch , fed by the Gatun River and emptied by basic lock operations . From the lake , the Chagres River , a natural waterway enhanced by the damming of Gatun Lake , runs about 51⁄4 mi ( 8.5 km ) . Here the upper Chagres River feeds the high level canal stretch .",
"16": "The Culebra Cut slices 73⁄4 mi ( 12.4 km ) through the mountain ridge , crosses the continental divide and passes under the Centennial Bridge . The single - stage Pedro Miguel Lock , which is 7⁄8 mi ( 1.4 km ) long , is the first part of the descent with a lift of 31 ft ( 9.4 m ) . The artificial Miraflores Lake 11⁄8 mi ( 1.7 km ) long , and 54 ft ( 16 m ) above sea level . The two - stage Miraflores Locks is 11⁄8 mi ( 1.7 km ) long , with a total descent of 54 ft ( 16 m ) at mid-tide . From the Miraflores Locks one reaches Balboa harbor , again with multimodal exchange provision ( here the railway meets the shipping route again ) . Nearby is Panama City . From this harbor an entrance / exit channel leads to the Pacific Ocean ( Gulf of Panama ) , 81⁄4 mi ( 13.2 km ) from the Miraflores Locks , passing under the Bridge of the Americas . Thus , the total length of the canal is 50 miles . Navigation ( edit ) ( show ) Map this section 's coordinates using OSM Map this section 's coordinates using Google Export this section 's coordinates as KML Export this section 's coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Pacific Side entrance Point Coordinates ( links to map & photo sources ) Notes Atlantic Entrance 9 ° 23 ′ 15 '' N 79 ° 55 ′ 07 '' W / 9.38743 ° N 79.91863 ° W / 9.38743 ; - 79.91863 ( Atlantic Entrance ) Gatún Locks 9 ° 16 ′ 20 '' N 79 ° 55 ′ 22 '' W / 9.27215 ° N 79.92266 ° W / 9.27215 ; - 79.",
"17": "92266 ( Gatún Locks ) Trinidad Turn 9 ° 12 ′ 36 '' N 79 ° 55 ′ 27 '' W / 9.20996 ° N 79.92408 ° W / 9.20996 ; - 79.92408 ( Trinidad Turn ) In `` The Cut '' Bohío Turn 9 ° 10 ′ 42 '' N 79 ° 52 ′ 00 '' W / 9.17831 ° N 79.86667 ° W / 9.17831 ; - 79.86667 ( Bohío Turn ) In `` The Cut '' Orchid Turn 9 ° 11 ′ 03 '' N 79 ° 50 ′ 42 '' W / 9.18406 ° N 79.84513 ° W / 9.18406 ; - 79.84513 ( Orchid Turn ) In `` The Cut '' Frijoles Turn 9 ° 09 ′ 33 '' N 79 ° 48 ′ 49 '' W / 9.15904 ° N 79.81362 ° W / 9.15904 ; - 79.81362 ( Frijoles Turn ) In `` The Cut '' Barbacoa Turn 9 ° 07 ′ 14 '' N 79 ° 48 ′ 14 '' W / 9.12053 ° N 79.80395 ° W / 9.12053 ; - 79.80395 ( Barbacoa Turn ) In `` The Cut '' Mamei Turn 9 ° 06 ′ 42 '' N 79 ° 46 ′ 07 '' W / 9.11161 ° N 79.76856 ° W / 9.11161 ; - 79.76856 ( Mamei Turn ) In `` The Cut '' Gamboa Reach 9 ° 07 ′ 04 '' N 79 ° 43 ′ 21 '' W / 9.11774 ° N 79.72257 ° W / 9.11774 ; - 79.",
"18": "72257 ( Gamboa Reach ) Bas Obispo Reach 9 ° 05 ′ 46 '' N 79 ° 41 ′ 04 '' W / 9.09621 ° N 79.68446 ° W / 9.09621 ; - 79.68446 ( Bas Obispo Reach ) Las Cascadas Reach 9 ° 04 ′ 36 '' N 79 ° 40 ′ 30 '' W / 9.07675 ° N 79.67492 ° W / 9.07675 ; - 79.67492 ( Las Cascadas Reach ) Empire Reach 9 ° 03 ′ 40 '' N 79 ° 39 ′ 47 '' W / 9.06104 ° N 79.66309 ° W / 9.06104 ; - 79.66309 ( Empire Reach ) Culebra Reach 9 ° 02 ′ 51 '' N 79 ° 39 ′ 01 '' W / 9.04745 ° N 79.65017 ° W / 9.04745 ; - 79.65017 ( Culebra Reach ) Cucaracha Reach 9 ° 02 ′ 01 '' N 79 ° 38 ′ 14 '' W / 9.03371 ° N 79.63736 ° W / 9.03371 ; - 79.63736 ( Cucaracha Reach ) Paraiso Reach 9 ° 01 ′ 33 '' N 79 ° 37 ′ 30 '' W / 9.02573 ° N 79.62492 ° W / 9.02573 ; - 79.62492 ( Paraiso Reach ) Pedro Miguel Locks 9 ° 01 ′ 01 '' N 79 ° 36 ′ 46 '' W / 9.01698 ° N 79.61281 ° W / 9.01698 ; - 79.",
"19": "61281 ( Pedro Miguel Locks ) Miraflores Lake 9 ° 00 ′ 27 '' N 79 ° 36 ′ 09 '' W / 9.00741 ° N 79.60254 ° W / 9.00741 ; - 79.60254 ( Miraflores Lake ) Miraflores Locks 8 ° 59 ′ 48 '' N 79 ° 35 ′ 31 '' W / 8.99679 ° N 79.59182 ° W / 8.99679 ; - 79.59182 ( Miraflores Locks ) Balboa Reach 8 ° 58 ′ 22 '' N 79 ° 34 ′ 40 '' W / 8.97281 ° N 79.57771 ° W / 8.97281 ; - 79.57771 ( Balboa Reach ) Pacific Entrance 8 ° 53 ′ 18 '' N 79 ° 31 ′ 17 '' W / 8.88846 ° N 79.52145 ° W / 8.88846 ; - 79.52145 ( Pacific Entrance ) Gatun Lake ( edit ) Artificially created in 1913 by damming the Chagres River , Gatun Lake is an essential part of the Panama Canal , providing the millions of gallons of water necessary to operate the Panama Canal locks each time a ship passes through . At the time it was formed , Gatun Lake was the largest human - made lake in the world . The impassable rainforest around the lake has been the best defense of the Panama Canal . Today these areas remain practically unscathed by human interference and are one of the few accessible areas where various native Central American animal and plant species can be observed undisturbed in their natural habitat . The largest island on Gatun Lake is Barro Colorado Island . It was established for scientific study when the lake was formed , and is operated by the Smithsonian Institution . Many important scientific and biological discoveries of the tropical animal and plant kingdom originated here . Gatun Lake covers about 470 square kilometres ( 180 sq mi ) , a vast tropical ecological zone and part of the Atlantic Forest Corridor .",
"20": "Ecotourism on the lake has become an industry for Panamanians . Gatun Lake also provides drinking water for Panama City and Colón . Fishing is one of the primary recreational pursuits on Gatun Lake . Non-native peacock bass were introduced by accident to Gatun Lake around 1967 by a local businessman , and have since flourished to become the dominant angling game fish in Gatun Lake . Locally called Sargento and believed to be the species Cichla pleiozona , these peacock bass originate from the Amazon , Rio Negro , and Orinoco river basins , where they are considered a premier game fish . Lock size ( edit ) Main article : Panama Canal locks Miter lock gate at Gatún Lock gate at Miraflores The size of the locks determines the maximum size ship that can pass through . Because of the importance of the canal to international trade , many ships are built to the maximum size allowed . These are known as Panamax vessels . A Panamax cargo ship typically has a deadweight tonnage ( DWT ) of 65,000 -- 80,000 tonnes , but its actual cargo is restricted to about 52,500 tonnes because of the 12.6 m ( 41.2 ft ) draft restrictions within the canal . The longest ship ever to transit the canal was the San Juan Prospector ( now Marcona Prospector ) , an ore - bulk - oil carrier that is 296.57 m ( 973 ft ) long with a beam of 32.31 m ( 106 ft ) . Initially the locks at Gatun were designed to be 28.5 m ( 94 ft ) wide . In 1908 , the United States Navy requested that an increased width of at least 36 m ( 118 ft ) to allow the passage of U.S. Naval ships . Eventually a compromise was made and the locks were built 33.53 m ( 110.0 ft ) wide . Each lock is 320 m ( 1,050 ft ) long , with the walls ranging in thickness from 15 m ( 49 ft ) at the base to 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) at the top .",
"21": "The central wall between the parallel locks at Gatun is 18 m ( 59 ft ) thick and over 24 m ( 79 ft ) high . The steel lock gates measure an average of 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) thick , 19.5 m ( 64 ft ) wide , and 20 m ( 66 ft ) high . It is the size of the locks , specifically the Pedro Miguel Locks , along with the height of the Bridge of the Americas at Balboa , that determine the Panamax metric and limit the size of ships that may use the canal . The 2006 third set of locks project has created larger locks , allowing bigger ships to transit through deeper and wider channels . The allowed dimensions of ships using these locks increased by 25 % in length , 51 % in beam , and 26 % in draft , as defined by New Panamax metrics . Tolls ( edit ) Roll - on / roll - off ships , such as this one pictured here at Miraflores locks , are among the largest ships to pass through the canal . Tolls for the canal are set by the Panama Canal Authority and are based on vessel type , size , and the type of cargo . For container ships , the toll is assessed on the ship 's capacity expressed in twenty - foot equivalent units ( TEUs ) , one TEU being the size of a standard intermodal shipping container . Effective April 1 , 2016 , this toll went from US $74.00 per loaded container to $60.00 per TEU capacity plus $30.00 per loaded container for a potential $90 per TEU when the ship is full . A Panamax container ship may carry up to 4,400 TEU . The toll is calculated differently for passenger ships and for container ships carrying no cargo ( `` in ballast '' ) . As of April 1 , 2016 , the ballast rate is US $60.00 , down from US $65.60 per TEU . Passenger vessels in excess of 30,000 tons ( PC / UMS ) , known popularly as cruise ships , pay a rate based on the number of berths , that is , the number of passengers that can be accommodated in permanent beds .",
"22": "The per - berth charge since April 1 , 2016 is $111 for unoccupied berths and $138 for occupied berths in the Panamax locks . Started in 2007 , this fee has greatly increased the tolls for such ships . Passenger vessels of less than 30,000 tons or less than 33 tons per passenger are charged according to the same per - ton schedule as are freighters . Almost all major cruise ships have more than 33 tons per passenger ; the rule of thumb for cruise line comfort is generally given as a minimum of 40 tons per passenger . Most other types of vessel pay a toll per PC / UMS net ton , in which one `` ton '' is actually a volume of 100 cubic feet ( 2.83 m ) . ( The calculation of tonnage for commercial vessels is quite complex . ) As of fiscal year 2016 , this toll is US $5.25 per ton for the first 10,000 tons , US $5.14 per ton for the next 10,000 tons , and US $5.06 per ton thereafter . As with container ships , reduced tolls are charged for freight ships `` in ballast '' , $4.19 , $4.12 , $4.05 respectively . On 1 April 2016 , a more complicated toll system was introduced , having the neopanamax locks at a higher rate in some cases , natural gas transport as a new separate category and other changes . As of October 1 , 2017 , there are modified tolls and categories of tolls in effect .",
"23": "Small ( less than 125 ft ) vessels up to 583 PC / UMS net tons when carrying passengers or cargo , or up to 735 PC / UMS net tons when in ballast , or up to 1,048 fully loaded displacement tons , are assessed minimum tolls based upon their length overall , according to the following table ( as of 29 April 2015 ) : Length of vessel Toll Up to 15.240 meters ( 50 ft ) US $800 More than 15.240 meters ( 50 ft ) up to 24.384 meters ( 80 ft ) US $1,300 More than 24.384 meters ( 80 ft ) up to 30.480 meters ( 100 ft ) US $2,000 More than 30.480 meters ( 100 ft ) US $3,200 INTRA MARITIME CLUSTER - Local Tourism More than 24.384 meters ( 80 ft ) US $2,000 plus $72 / TEU Morgan Adams of Los Angeles , California , holds the distinction of paying the first toll received by the United States Government for the use of the Panama Canal by a pleasure boat . His boat Lasata passed through the Zone on August 14 , 1914 . The crossing occurred during a 6,000 - mile sea voyage from Jacksonville , Florida , to Los Angeles in 1914 . The most expensive regular toll for canal passage to date was charged on April 14 , 2010 to the cruise ship Norwegian Pearl , which paid US $375,600 . The average toll is around US $54,000 . The highest fee for priority passage charged through the Transit Slot Auction System was US $220,300 , paid on August 24 , 2006 , by the Panamax tanker Erikoussa , bypassing a 90 - ship queue waiting for the end of maintenance work on the Gatun Locks , and thus avoiding a seven - day delay . The normal fee would have been just US $13,430 . The lowest toll ever paid was 36 cents ( equivalent to $5.13 in 2017 ) , by American Richard Halliburton who swam the Panama Canal in 1928 . In the Warner Bros.",
"24": "cartoon , Eight Ball Bunny , Bugs Bunny attempted to bring a penguin `` home '' to the South Pole . Going through the canal in a handmade canoe , Bugs complained , `` Twenty - five cents to go tru DIS ting ? Nah , we 'll walk foist ! '' Issues leading to expansion ( edit ) Panorama of Pacific entrance of the canal . Left : Pacific Ocean and Puente de las Americas ( Bridge of Pan-American Highway ) ; far right : Miraflores locks . In the 100 + years since its opening , the canal continues to enjoy great success . Even though world shipping -- and the size of ships themselves -- has changed markedly since the canal was designed , it continues to be a vital link in world trade , carrying more cargo than ever before , with fewer overhead costs . Nevertheless , the canal faces a number of potential concerns . Efficiency and maintenance ( edit ) Opponents to the 1977 Torrijos - Carter Treaties feared that efficiency and maintenance would suffer following the U.S. withdrawal from the Panama Canal Zone ; however , this has been proven not to be the case . Capitalizing on practices developed during the American administration , canal operations are improving under Panamanian control . Canal Waters Time ( CWT ) , the average time it takes a vessel to navigate the canal , including waiting time , is a key measure of efficiency ; according to the ACP , since 2000 , it has ranged between 20 and 30 hours . The accident rate has also not changed appreciably in the past decade , varying between 10 and 30 accidents each year from about 14,000 total annual transits . An official accident is one in which a formal investigation is requested and conducted . Increasing volumes of imports from Asia , which previously landed on U.S. West Coast ports , are now passing through the canal to the American East Coast . The total number of ocean - going transits increased from 11,725 in 2003 to 13,233 in 2007 , falling to 12,855 in 2009 . ( The canal 's fiscal year runs from October through September . )",
"25": "This has been coupled with a steady rise in average ship size and in the numbers of Panamax vessels passing through the canal , so that the total tonnage carried rose from 227.9 million PC / UMS tons in fiscal year 1999 to a then record high of 312.9 million tons in 2007 , and falling to 299.1 million tons in 2009 . Tonnage for fiscal 2013 , 2014 and 2015 was 320.6 , 326.8 and 340.8 million PC / UMS tons carried on 13,660 , 13,481 and 13,874 transits respectively . The Panama Canal Authority ( ACP ) has invested nearly US $1 billion in widening and modernizing the canal , with the aim of increasing capacity by 20 % . The ACP cites a number of major improvements , including the widening and straightening of the Gaillard Cut to reduce restrictions on passing vessels , the deepening of the navigational channel in Gatun Lake to reduce draft restrictions and improve water supply , and the deepening of the Atlantic and Pacific entrances to the canal . This is supported by new equipment , such as a new drill barge and suction dredger , and an increase of the tug boat fleet by 20 % . In addition , improvements have been made to the canal 's operating machinery , including an increased and improved tug locomotive fleet , the replacement of more than 16 km ( 10 mi ) of locomotive track , and new lock machinery controls . Improvements have been made to the traffic management system to allow more efficient control over ships in the canal . In December 2010 , record - breaking rains caused a 17 - hour closure of the canal ; this was the first closure since the United States invasion of Panama in 1989 . The rains also caused an access road to the Centenario Bridge to collapse . Capacity ( edit ) The canal is currently handling more vessel traffic than had ever been envisioned by its builders . In 1934 it was estimated that the maximum capacity of the canal would be around 80 million tons per year ; as noted above , canal traffic in 2015 reached 340.8 million tons of shipping .",
"26": "Gatun Lake provides the water to raise and lower vessels in the Canal , gravity fed into each set of locks To improve capacity , a number of improvements have been made to the current canal system . These improvements aim to maximize the possible use of current locking system : Implementation of an enhanced locks lighting system ; Construction of two tie - up stations in Gaillard Cut ; Widening Gaillard Cut from 192 to 218 meters ( 630 to 715 ft ) ; Improvements to the tugboat fleet ; Implementation of the carousel lockage system in Gatun locks ; Development of an improved vessel scheduling system ; Deepening of Gatun Lake navigational channels from 10.4 to 11.3 meters ( 34 to 37 ft ) PLD ; Modification of all locks structures to allow an additional draft of about 0.30 meters ( 1 ft ) ; Deepening of the Pacific and Atlantic entrances ; Construction of a new spillway in Gatun , for flood control . These improvements enlarged the capacity from 300 million PCUMS ( 2008 ) to 340 PCUMS ( 2012 ) . It should be noted that these improvements were started before the new locks project , and are complementary to it . Competition ( edit ) Despite having enjoyed a privileged position for many years , the canal is increasingly facing competition from other quarters . Because canal tolls have risen as ships have become larger , some critics have suggested that the Suez Canal is now a viable alternative for cargo en route from Asia to the U.S. East Coast . The Panama Canal , however , continues to serve more than 144 of the world 's trade routes and the majority of canal traffic comes from the `` all - water route '' from Asia to the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts . On June 15 , 2013 , Nicaragua awarded the Hong Kong - based HKND Group a 50 - year concession to develop a canal through the country . The increasing rate of melting of ice in the Arctic Ocean has led to speculation that the Northwest Passage or Arctic Bridge may become viable for commercial shipping at some point in the future . This route would save 9,300 km ( 5,800 mi ) on the route from Asia to Europe compared with the Panama Canal , possibly leading to a diversion of some traffic to that route .",
"27": "However , such a route is beset by unresolved territorial issues and would still hold significant problems owing to ice . Water issues ( edit ) Gatun locks showing the `` mule '' locomotives at work Gatun Lake is filled with rainwater , and the lake accumulates excess water during wet months . The water is lost to the oceans at a rate of 101,000 m ( 26,700,000 US gal ; 22,200,000 imp gal ) per downward lock cycle . Since a ship will have to go upward to Gatun Lake first and then descend , a single passing will cost double the amount ; but the same waterflow cycle can be used for another ship passing in the opposite direction . The ship 's submerged volume is not relevant to this amount of water . During the dry season , when there is less rainfall , there is also a shortfall of water in Gatun Lake . As a signatory to the United Nations Global Compact and member of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development , the ACP has developed an environmentally and socially sustainable program for expansion , which will protect the aquatic and terrestrial resources of the canal watershed . After completion , expansion will guarantee the availability and quality of water resources by using water - saving basins at each new lock . These water - saving basins will diminish water loss and preserve freshwater resources along the waterway by reusing water from the basins into the locks . Each lock chamber will have three water - saving basins , which will reuse 60 % of the water in each transit . There are a total of nine basins for each of the two lock complexes , and a total of 18 basins for the entire project . The mean sea level at the Pacific side is about 20 cm ( 8 in ) higher than that of the Atlantic side due to differences in ocean conditions such as water densities and weather . Third set of locks project ( expansion ) ( edit ) Main article : Panama Canal expansion project New Panama Canal expansion project . July 2015 New Agua Clara locks ( Atlantic side ) Canal lock sizes As demand is rising for efficient global shipping of goods , the canal is positioned to be a significant feature of world shipping for the foreseeable future . However , changes in shipping patterns -- particularly the increasing numbers of larger - than - Panamax ships -- necessitated changes to the canal for it to retain a significant market share .",
"28": "In 2006 it was anticipated that by 2011 , 37 % of the world 's container ships would be too large for the present canal , and hence a failure to expand would result in a significant loss of market share . The maximum sustainable capacity of the original canal , given some relatively minor improvement work , was estimated at 340 million PC / UMS tons per year ; it was anticipated that this capacity would be reached between 2009 and 2012 . Close to 50 % of transiting vessels were already using the full width of the locks . An enlargement scheme similar to the 1939 Third Lock Scheme , to allow for a greater number of transits and the ability to handle larger ships , had been under consideration for some time , was approved by the government of Panama , The cost was estimated at US $5.25 billion , and the expansion allowed to double the canal 's capacity , allowing more traffic and the passage of longer and wider Post-Panamax ships . The proposal to expand the canal was approved in a national referendum by about 80 % on October 22 , 2006 . The canal expansion was built between 2007 and 2016 , though completion was originally expected by the end of 2014 . The expansion plan had two new flights of locks built parallel to , and operated in addition to , the old locks : one east of the existing Gatun locks , and one southwest of the Miraflores locks , each supported by approach channels . Each flight ascends from sea level directly to the level of Gatun Lake ; the existing two - stage ascent at Miraflores and Pedro Miguel locks was not replicated . The new lock chambers feature sliding gates , doubled for safety , and are 427 m ( 1,400 ft ) long , 55 m ( 180 ft ) wide , and 18.3 m ( 60 ft ) deep . This allows the transit of vessels with a beam of up to 49 m ( 160 ft ) , an overall length of up to 366 m ( 1,200 ft ) and a draft of up to 15 m ( 49 ft ) , equivalent to a container ship carrying around 12,000 containers , each 6.1 m ( 20 ft ) in length ( TEU ) .",
"29": "The new locks are supported by new approach channels , including a 6.2 km ( 3.9 mi ) channel at Miraflores from the locks to the Gaillard Cut , skirting Miraflores Lake . Each of these channels are 218 m ( 720 ft ) wide , which will require post-Panamax vessels to navigate the channels in one direction at a time . The Gaillard Cut and the channel through Gatun Lake were widened to at least 280 m ( 920 ft ) on the straight portions and at least 366 m ( 1,200 ft ) on the bends . The maximum level of Gatun Lake was raised from 26.7 m ( 88 ft ) to 27.1 m ( 89 ft ) . Each flight of locks is accompanied by nine water reutilization basins ( three per lock chamber ) , each basin being about 70 m ( 230 ft ) wide , 430 m ( 1,400 ft ) long and 5.50 m ( 18 ft ) deep . These gravity - fed basins allow 60 % of the water used in each transit to be reused ; the new locks consequently use 7 % less water per transit than each of the existing lock lanes . The deepening of Gatun Lake and the raising of its maximum water level also provide capacity for significantly more water storage . These measures are intended to allow the expanded canal to operate without constructing new reservoirs . The estimated cost of the project is US $5.25 billion . The project was designed to allow for an anticipated growth in traffic from 280 million PC / UMS tons in 2005 to nearly 510 million PC / UMS tons in 2025 . The expanded canal will have a maximum sustainable capacity of about 600 million PC / UMS tons per year . Tolls will continue to be calculated based on vessel tonnage , and in some cases depend on the locks used . An article in the February 2007 issue of Popular Mechanics magazine described the plans for the canal expansion , focusing on the engineering aspects of the expansion project . There is also a follow - up article in the February 2010 issue of Popular Mechanics . On September 3 , 2007 , thousands of Panamanians stood across from Paraíso Hill in Panama to witness a huge initial explosion and launch of the Expansion Program .",
"30": "The first phase of the project was the dry excavations of the 218 meters ( 715 feet ) wide trench connecting the Gaillard Cut with the Pacific coast , removing 47 million cubic meters of earth and rock . By June 2012 , a 30 m reinforced concrete monolith had been completed , the first of 46 such monoliths which will line the new Pacific - side lock walls . By early July 2012 , however , it was announced that the canal expansion project had fallen six months behind schedule , leading expectations for the expansion to open in April 2015 rather than October 2014 , as originally planned . By September 2014 , the new gates were projected to be open for transit at the `` beginning of 2016 . '' It was announced in July 2009 that the Belgian dredging company Jan De Nul , together with a consortium of contractors consisting of the Spanish Sacyr Vallehermoso , the Italian Impregilo , and the Panamanian company Grupo Cusa , had been awarded the contract to build the six new locks for US $3.1 billion , which was one billion less than the next highest competing bid due to having a concrete budget 71 % percent smaller than that of the next bidder and allotted roughly 25 % less for steel to reinforce that concrete . The contract resulted in $100 million in dredging works over the next few years for the Belgian company and a great deal of work for its construction division . The design of the locks is a carbon copy of the Berendrecht Lock , which is 68 m wide and 500 m long , making it the largest lock in the world . Completed in 1989 by the Port of Antwerp , which De Nul helped build , the company still has engineers and specialists who were part of that project . In January 2014 , a contract dispute threatened the progress of the project . There was a delay of less than two months however , with work by the consortium members reaching goals by June 2014 . In June 2015 , flooding of the new locks began : first on the Atlantic side , then on the Pacific ; by then , the canal 's re-inauguration was slated for April 2016 . On March 23 , 2016 , the expansion inauguration was set for June 26 , 2016 .",
"31": "The new locks opened for commercial traffic on 26 June 2016 , and the first ship to cross the canal using the third set of locks was a modern New Panamax vessel , the Chinese - owned container ship Cosco Shipping Panama . The original locks , now over 100 years old , allow engineers greater access for maintenance , and are projected to continue operating indefinitely . The total cost is unknown since the expansion 's contractors are seeking at least an addition US $3.4 billion from the canal authority due to excess expenses . Rival Colombia rail link ( edit ) China is investigating a proposal to construct a 220 km ( 137 mi ) railway between Colombia 's Pacific and Caribbean coasts . Rival Nicaragua Canal ( edit ) Main article : Nicaragua Canal On July 7 , 2014 , Wang Jing , chairman of the HK Nicaragua Canal Development Investment Co. Ltd . ( HKND Group ) advised that a route for Nicaragua 's proposed canal had been approved . The construction work was projected by HKND to begin in 2014 and take 5 years. , although there has been little progress whilst a series of environmental impact assessments are being made . The Nicaraguan parliament has approved plans for the 173 - mile canal through Nicaragua , and according to the deal , the company will be responsible for operating and maintaining the canal for a 50 - year period . The government of Nicaragua hopes this will boost the economy ; the opposition is concerned with its environmental impact . According to the independent impact assessment by British firm ERM , some 30,000 local residents will be displaced by the canal , although opposition leaders and Amnesty International claim the figure will be in the hundreds of thousands . Supporters and the environmental impact study claim there will be net environmental benefits , but critics argue that nearly a million acres of delicate ecosystems will be destroyed by the time construction is completed . Other projects ( edit ) Individuals , companies , and governments have explored the possibility of constructing deep water ports and rail links connecting coasts as a `` dry canal '' in Guatemala , Costa Rica , and El Salvador / Honduras . However , plans to construct these sea - rail - sea links have yet to materialize . Panama Canal Honorary Pilots ( edit ) During the last one hundred years , the Panama Canal Authority has appointed a few `` Panama Canal Honorary Pilots '' .",
"32": "The most recent of these were Commodore Ronald Warwick , a former Master of the Cunard Liners SS Queen Elizabeth 2 and RMS Queen Mary 2 , who has traversed the Canal more than 50 times , and Captain Raffaele Minotauro , an Unlimited Master Senior Grade , of the former Italian governmental navigation company known as the `` Italian Line '' . See also ( edit ) Panama portal North America portal United States portal Canal Zone Police Cargo ship sizes Isthmus of Tehuantepec List of waterways Marion Power Shovel Company Nicaragua Canal Strait of Magellan Suez Canal Ajax ( crane barge ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Zamorano , Juan ; Martinez , Kathia ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Panama Canal opens $5 B locks , bullish despite shipping woes '' . The Big Story . Associated Press . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Panama Canal Traffic -- Years 1914 -- 2010 '' . Panama Canal Authority . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Wonders '' . American Society of Civil Engineers . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` A History of the Panama Canal : French and American Construction Efforts '' . Panama Canal Authority . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 03 . ; Chapter 3 , Some Early Canal Plans Jump up ^ Final words of Book 6 chapter 8 On the River Nile in 4th edition of P.E. ( 1668 ) https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aOI_AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=pseudodoxia+epidemica&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj43rT8h9bRAhUCuhoKHdbkB34Q6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=pseudodoxia%20epidemica&f=false Jump up ^ James Rodger Fleming ( 1990 ) . Meteorology in America , 1800 -- 1870 . Johns Hopkins University Press . p.",
"33": "4 . ISBN 0801839580 . Jump up ^ Caso , Adolph ; Marion E. Welsh ( 1978 ) . They Too Made America Great . Branden Books . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 8283 - 1714 - 3 . ; online at Google Books Jump up ^ `` Darien Expedition '' . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030213/1843-08-24/ed-1/seq-/#date1=1836&index=1&rows=20&words=Lexington+Ship+ship&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=New+York&date2=1850&proxtext=lexington+ship&y=10&x=16&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 ) Jump up ^ `` Manx Worthies '' Jump up ^ The Practicability and Importance of a Ship Canal to Connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans . Jump up ^ Gérard Fauconnier Panama : Armand Reclus et le canal des deux océans e-text University of Virginia reprint in French Panama Atlantica 2004 Jump up ^ McCullough 1977 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ McCullough 1977 , pp. 125 . Jump up ^ McCullough 1977 , pp. 103 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Cadbury , Deborah ( 2003 ) . Seven Wonders of the Industrial World . London and New York : Fourth Estate . pp. 252 -- 260 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Avery , Ralph E. ( 1913 ) . `` The French Failure '' . America 's Triumph in Panama . Chicago , IL : L.W. Walter Company . Jump up ^ Rocco , Fiammetta ( 2003 ) . The Miraculous Fever - Tree . HarperCollins . p. 192 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 653235 - 7 .",
"34": "Jump up ^ `` The Panama Canal : Explorers , pirates , scientists and engineers -- University of Michigan News '' . umich.edu . Jump up ^ `` Read our history : The French Canal Construction '' . Panama Canal Authority . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Cadbury 2003 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ McCullough 1977 , pp. 224 . Jump up ^ Cadbury 2003 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ McCullough 1977 , pp. 305 -- 328 . Jump up ^ `` Hay - Herrán Treaty '' . U-s-history.com. 1903 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Livingstone , Grace ( 2009 ) . America 's backyard : the United States and Latin America from the Monroe Doctrine to the war on terror . London : Zed . p. 13 . ISBN 9781848132146 . Jump up ^ McCullough 1977 , pp. 361 -- 386 . Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project -- Convention for the Construction of a Ship Canal ( Hay - Bunau - Varilla Treaty ) , November 18 , 1903 '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` September 07 , 1977 : Panama to control canal '' . History.com. 2010 . Retrieved Apr 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Vaughan . International Law . Oxford University Press . p. 66 . Retrieved Apr 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanson , David C. `` Theodore Roosevelt and the Panama Canal '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Western Community College . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . Jump up ^ The Panama Canal Congressional Hearings 1909 ; Col. Goethals testimony ; p. 15 ( 1 ) Accessed 26 December 2011 Jump up ^ McCullough 1977 , pp. 273 -- 274 .",
"35": "Jump up ^ McCullough 1977 , pp. 440 . Jump up ^ McCullough 1977 , pp. 457 . Jump up ^ McCullough 1977 , pp. 459 -- 462 . Jump up ^ McCullough 1977 , pp. 405 -- 426 . Jump up ^ McCullough 1977 , pp. 466 -- 468 . Jump up ^ McCullough 1977 , pp. 485 -- 489 . Jump up ^ McCullough 1977 , pp. 503 -- 508 . Jump up ^ Brodhead , Michael J. 2012 . `` The Panama Canal : Writings of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Officers Who Conceived and Built It . '' Page 1 . Jump up ^ McCullough 1977 , pp. 540 -- 542 . Jump up ^ David Du Bose Gaillard ( 2 ) Accessed 12 January 2012 Jump up ^ `` Wilson blows up last big barrier in Panama Canal '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago . 1913 - 10 - 11 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ McCullough 1977 , pp. 607 . Jump up ^ McCullough 1977 , pp. 609 . Jump up ^ CPI calculator ( 3 ) Accessed 25 May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Read our history : American Canal Construction '' . Panama Canal Authority . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ John Lawrence , Rector ( 2005 ) , The History of Chile , pp. xxvi Jump up ^ Martinic Beros , Mateo ( 2001 ) , `` La actividad industrial en Magallanes entre 1890 y mediados del siglo XX . '' , Historia , 34 Jump up ^ Figueroa , Victor ; Gayoso , Jorge ; Oyarzun , Edgardo ; Planas , Lenia . `` Investigación aplicada sobre Geografía Urbana : Un caso práctico en la ciudad de Valdivia '' Archived 2014 - 10 - 25 at the Wayback Machine ... Gestion Turistica , UACh .",
"36": "Jump up ^ `` Panama Dam to Aid Canal Traffic . '' Popular Mechanics , January 1930 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ `` Enlarging the Panama Canal '' . czbrats.com . Jump up ^ `` Presentation on the Third Locks Project -- Panama Canal Zone '' . czimages.com . Jump up ^ The Martyrs of 1964 , by Eric Jackson Jump up ^ `` Here 's Why The Panama Canal Expansion Has Everyone Excited '' . TheHuffingtonPost.com. 2016 - 07 - 11 . The Canal previously accounted for about 15 percent of the country 's GDP Jump up ^ `` A plan to unlock prosperity '' . The Economist . Dec 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hydroelectric Plants in Panama '' . 2015 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Panama Canal Traffic -- Fiscal Years 2002 -- 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Panama Canal Authority . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2005 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Map & Chart Project '' . NOAA . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Zaret , Thomas M. ; Paine , R.T. ( 2 November 1973 ) . `` Species Introduction in a Tropical Lake '' . Science . 182 ( 4111 ) : 449 -- 455 . Bibcode : 1973Sci ... 182 ... 449Z . doi : 10.1126 / science. 182.4111. 449 . PMID 17832455 . Jump up ^ `` Peacock Bass : Fun to Catch , Fine to Eat '' . Panama Canal Review . February 1971 : 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gatun Lake Peacock Bass Fishing Charters '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 .",
"37": "Jump up ^ Modern ship size definitions , from Lloyd 's register Jump up ^ Background of the Panama Canal , Montclair State University Jump up ^ `` The Panama Canal '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` New Panamax publication by ACP '' ( PDF ) . November 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Tariff '' . Panama Canal Authority . Jump up ^ Panama Canal Toll Table http://www.pancanal.com/eng/op/tariff/1010-0000-Rev20160414.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.pancanal.com/eng/op/tariff/index.html Jump up ^ http://www.pancanal.com/peajes/pdf/2018/2018-ApprovedTolls.pdf Jump up ^ `` US Today Travel : Panama Canal Facts '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ACP rectifica récord en pago de peaje '' ( in Spanish ) . La Prensa. 2008 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Récord en pago de peajes y reserva '' . La Prensa Sección Economía & Negocios Edition . Ediciones.prensa.com. 2007 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Cupo de subasta del Canal alcanza récord . La Prensa . Sección Economía & Negocios . Edición 25 August 2006 in Spanish '' . Mensual.prensa.com . Archived from the original on 3 August 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` About ACP - PanCanal.com '' . Panama Canal Authority . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Bob ( March 2004 ) . `` Panama Rises '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ACP 2005 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) .",
"38": "Panama Canal Authority . 2005 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` News -- PanCanal.com ; Panama Canal Authority Announces Fiscal Year 2008 Metrics '' . Panama Canal Authority . 2008 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` News -- PanCanal.com ; Panama Canal Authority Announces Fiscal Year 2009 Metrics '' . Panama Canal Authority . 2009 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Eric ( 2004 - 11 - 22 ) . `` New York Port Hums Again , With Asian Trade '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` ACP 2009 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Panama Canal Authority . 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Panama Canal Traffic -- Fiscal Years 2013 through 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Panama Canal Authority . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Nettleton , Steve ( 1999 ) . `` Transfer heavy on symbolism , light on change '' . CNN Interactive . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 9 Facts about the Panama Canal Expansion -- Infographic '' . Mercatrade . Archived from the original on 20 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Panama Canal reopens after temporary closure '' . 2010 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Press Association : Panama flooding displaces thousands '' . 2010 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` NOTICIAS PANAMÁ -- PERIODICO LA ESTRELLA ONLINE : Gobierno abrirá parcialmente Puente Centenario ; Corredores serán gratis ( Al Minuto ) '' . 2010 - 12 - 13 .",
"39": "Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Rain Causes Panama Canal Bridge To Collapse '' . digtriad.com. 2010 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Entrance to Panama Canal Bridge Closed due to Rain Damage '' . 2010 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Aftermath of Panama flooding hits transport and finances -- rain continues '' . 2010 - 12 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Mack , Gerstle ( 1944 ) . The Land Divided -- A History of the Panama Canal and other Isthmian Canal Projects . Jump up ^ Proposal for the Expansion of the Panama Canal Panama Canal Authority Archived 2011 - 07 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. , p. 45 Jump up ^ Jackson , Eric ( 2007 ) . Shipping industry complains about PanCanal toll hikes . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Maersk Line to Dump Panama Canal for Suez as Ships Get Bigger '' . 2013 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ De Cordoba , Jose ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Nicaragua Revives Its Canal Dream '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Sevunts , Levon ( 2005 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Northwest Passage redux '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 . See also : Comte , Michel ( 2005 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Conservative Leader Harper Asserts Canada 's Arctic Claims '' . DefenceNews.com ( Agence France - Presse ) . Retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Panama Canal ; Canal FAQ '' .",
"40": "Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Panama Canal -- Frequently Asked Questions '' . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Each lock chamber requires 101,000 m ( 26,700,000 US gal ; 22,200,000 imp gal ) of water . An average of 200,000,000 L ( 52,000,000 US gal ) of fresh water are used ( in a single passing ) . Jump up ^ `` Sea Level : Frequently Asked Questions and Answers '' , psmsl.org ^ Jump up to : `` Relevant Information on the Third Set of Locks Project '' ( PDF ) . Panama Canal Authority . 2006 - 04 - 24 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Panama Canal '' . Business in Panama . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Monahan , Jane ( 2006 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Panama Canal set for $7.5 bn revamp '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Panama Canal Authority : Panama Canal Expansion is `` 2009 Project Finance Deal of the Year '' , 12 March 2010 `` . Pancanal.com. 2010 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Panama approves $5.25 billion canal expansion '' . MSNBC.com. 2006 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Reagan , Brad ( February 2007 ) . `` The Panama Canal 's Ultimate Upgrade '' . Popular Mechanics . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Andrew ( February 2010 ) . `` The Panama Canal Gets a New Lane '' . Popular Mechanics . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Work starts on biggest - ever Panama Canal overhaul '' . Reuters. 2007 - 09 - 04 .",
"41": "Jump up ^ Panama Canal Authority ( 19 June 2012 ) . `` Panama Canal Completes First Monolith at the New Pacific Locks '' . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ship and Bunker ( 2 July 2012 ) . `` Delay Confirmed on Panama Canal Expansion Project '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Dredging News Online ( 29 August 2014 ) . `` Panama Canal Authority updates Maersk Line on expansion programme '' . Dredging News Online . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Dredging News Online ( 1 September 2014 ) . `` Panama Canal Authority updates Maersk Line on expansion programme '' . Hellenic Shipping News . Archived from the original on 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Panama Canal Authority ( 20 August 2014 ) . `` Panama Canal Updates Maersk Line on Expansion Program '' . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Bruce ( 9 Sep 2014 ) . `` Maritime panel to hold sessions on port congestion '' . Charlotte Observer . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 11 Sep 2014 . Jump up ^ `` De Nul dredging company to build locks in Panama Canal '' . Flanders Today . 2009 - 07 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Contract dispute jeopardizes Panama Canal schedule '' . American Shipper . January 2 , 2014 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Lomi Kriel ; Elida Moreno ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Panama Canal refuses to pay $1 billion more for expansion work '' . Reuters . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Panama Canal Authority ( 20 February 2014 ) . `` Panama Canal New Locks Project Works Resume '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Panama Canal Authority ( 10 June 2014 ) .",
"42": "`` Second Shipment of new gates arrive at the Panama Canal '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Panama Canal Authority ( 11 June 2015 ) . `` Panama Canal Expansion Begins Filling of New Locks '' . Archived from the original on 14 June 2015 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Stone , Kathryn ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` Flooding of Expanded Panama Canal Begins '' . The Maritime Executive . Jump up ^ Panama Canal Authority ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` Panama Canal Expansion Moves Ahead with Filling of New Pacific Locks '' . Archived from the original on 2 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Panama Canal Authority ( 23 March 2016 ) . `` Panama Canal Inaugurates Scale Model Training Facility , Announces Expansion Inauguration Date '' . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ WALT BOGDANICH , JACQUELINE WILLIAMS and ANA GRACIELA MÉNDEZ ( JUNE 22 , 2016 ) The New Panama Canal : A Risky Bet The New York Times , Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ John Paul Rathbone , Naomi Mapstone ( 2011 - 02 - 13 ) . `` China in talks over Panama Canal rival '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Wheatley , Jonathan ( 2011 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Colombia 's smart canal '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` China in talk with Columbia over transcontinental railway : Colombian president '' . Xinhuanet. 2011 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Branigan , Tania and Lin Yi . China goes on the rails to rival Panama canal The Guardian , 14 February 2011 . Accessed : 14 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nicaragua launches construction of inter-oceanic canal '' . BBC . December 23 , 2014 .",
"43": "Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Can a coast - to - coast canal solve Nicaragua 's poverty problem ? '' . Thomson Reuters Foundation News . 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Chinese company wants to build a new canal in America ( news in Estonian ) '' . Postimees. 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaer , Matthew . `` A New Canal Through Central America Could Have Devastating Consequences '' . smithsonianmag.com . Jump up ^ Van Marle , Gavin ( July 2013 ) . `` Canal mania hits central America with three more Atlantic - Pacific projects '' . The Load Star . Jump up ^ `` Buckingham First Day Covers '' . Internet Stamps Group Limited . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Construction and technical issues ( edit ) Brodhead , Michael J. 2012 . `` The Panama Canal : Writings of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Officers Who Conceived and Built It . '' U.S. Army Corps of Engineers History Office , Alexandria , VA . Hoffman , Jon T. ; Brodhead , Michael J ; Byerly , Carol R. ; Williams , Glenn F. ( 2009 ) . The Panama Canal : An Army 's Enterprise . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . 70 -- 115 -- 1 . Jaen , Omar. ( 2005 ) . Las Negociaciones de los Tratados Torrijos - Carter , 1970 -- 1979 ( Tomos 1 y 2 ) . Panama : Autoridad del Canal de Panama . ISBN 9962 - 607 - 32 - 9 ( Obra completa ) Jorden , William J. ( 1984 ) . Panama Odyssey. 746 pages , illustrated . Austin : University of Texas Press .",
"44": "ISBN 0 - 292 - 76469 - 3 McCullough , David ( 1977 ) , The Path Between the Seas : The Creation of the Panama Canal , 1870 -- 1914 , New York : Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 671 - 24409 - 4 Mills , J. Saxon . ( 1913 ) . The Panama Canal -- A history and description of the enterprise A Project Gutenberg free ebook . Parker , Matthew . ( 2007 ) . Panama Fever : The Epic Story of One of the Greatest Human Achievements of All Time -- The Building of the Panama Canal . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51534 - 4 Sherman , Gary . `` Conquering the Landscape ( Gary Sherman explores the life of the great American trailblazer , John Frank Stevens ) , '' History Magazine , July 2008 . Diplomatic and political history ( edit ) Gilboa , Eytan . `` The Panama Invasion Revisited : Lessons for the Use of Force in the Post Cold War Era . '' Political Science Quarterly ( 1995 ) : 539 -- 562 . in JSTOR Greene , Julie , The Canal Builders : Making America 's Empire at the Panama Canal ( New York : Penguin Press , 2009 ) Hogan , J. Michael . `` Theodore Roosevelt and the Heroes of Panama . '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 19 ( 1989 ) : 79 - 94 . http://www.jstor.org/stable/40574566 LaFeber , Walter . The Panama Canal : the crisis in historical perspective ( Oxford University Press , 1978 ) Major , John . Prize Possession : The United States and the Panama Canal , 1903 -- 1979 ( 1993 ) Maurer , Noel , and Carlos Yu . The Big Ditch : How America Took , Ran , and Ultimately Gave Away the Panama Canal ( Princeton University Press , 2010 ) ; 420 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14738 - 3 . Econometric analysis of costs ( $9 billion in 2009 dollars ) and benefits to U.S. and Panama Mellander , Gustavo A.",
"45": "( 1971 ) The United States in Panamanian Politics : The Intriguing Formative Years . Daville , Ill. : Interstate Publishers . OCLC 138568 . Mellander , Gustavo A. ; Nelly Maldonado Mellander ( 1999 ) . Charles Edward Magoon : The Panama Years . Río Piedras , Puerto Rico : Editorial Plaza Mayor . ISBN 1 - 56328 - 155 - 4 . OCLC 42970390 . Sánchez , Peter M. Panama Lost ? U.S. Hegemony , Democracy and the Canal ( University Press of Florida , 2007 ) , 251 pp , Sánchez , Peter M. `` The end of hegemony ? Panama and the United States . '' International Journal on World Peace ( 2002 ) : 57 -- 89 . in JSTOR External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Panama Canal ( category ) ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Panama Canal Authority website -- Has a simulation showing how the canal works Making the Dirt Fly , Building the Panama Canal Smithsonian Institution Libraries Canalmuseum -- History , Documents , Photographs and Stories Early stereographic images of the construction University of California A.B. Nichols Panama Canal Collection at the Linda Hall Library Archival collection of maps , blueprints , photographs , letters , and other documents , collected by Aurin B. Nichols , an engineer who worked on the canal project through from 1899 until its completion . Coordinates : 9 ° 04 ′ 48 '' N 79 ° 40 ′ 48 '' W / 9.08000 ° N 79.68000 ° W / 9.08000 ; - 79.",
"46": "68000 Panama Canal Management Panama Canal Authority Structures Locks Panamax Gatun Dam Gatun Lake Chagres River Culebra Cut Centennial Bridge Bridge of the Americas Panama Canal Railway Atlantic Bridge Locations Atlantic side Colón Cristóbal port Rainbow City Limon Bay Enrique Adolfo Jiménez Airport Gatún Passage Gatun Lake Culebra Cut Pacific side Balboa Albrook Airport Gamboa Panama City Expansion 2006 referendum Atlantic Bridge New Panamax / Post-Panamax History People Philippe - Jean Bunau - Varilla John G. Claybourn Ephraim S. Claybourn William Nelson Cromwell David du Bose Gaillard George Washington Goethals William Crawford Gorgas Ferdinand de Lesseps John Frank Stevens Construction 1903 Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty 1921 Thomson -- Urrutia Treaty Isthmian Canal Commission ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Health measures Panama Canal Museum Box 25 US Canal Zone ( 1904 -- 1979 / 99 ) World War II 1977 Torrijos -- Carter Treaties Former US military installations Airfields Albrook AFB France Field Howard AFB Forts Amador Clayton Davis De Lesseps Grant Gulick Kobbe Randolph Sherman Ports Coco Solo Rodman Naval Station Radio Galeta Island Balboa Naval Station Panama articles History to 1821 1821 -- 1903 1904 -- 64 1939 - 45 1964 -- 77 1977 -- present",
"47": "Geography Biota Cities Earthquakes Islands National parks Rivers Volcanism Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law Law enforcement Military National Assembly Penal system Political parties Presidents Economy Agriculture Balboa ( currency ) Mineral industry Panama Canal Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Health Religion Water supply and sanitation Culture Cuisine Films Flag Literature Media Music People Public holidays Outline Index Category Portal Ship measurements Length Length overall Length between perpendiculars Length at the waterline Breadth Beam Depth Draft Moulded depth Freeboard Waterline ( Plimsoll Line ) Volume Worldwide Tonnage Gross tonnage Compensated gross tonnage Net tonnage Specialized Panama Canal / Universal Measurement System Thames measurement tonnage Archaic Gross register tonnage Net register tonnage Capacity Current Deadweight tonnage Twenty - foot equivalent unit ( Intermodal containers ) Archaic Builder 's Old Measurement ( sailing vessels ) Moorsom System ( steamships ) Weight Displacement Loaded displacement Standard displacement Light displacement Normal displacement",
"48": "Stability Inclining test List Angle of loll Metacentric height ( GM ) Limits Aframax Baltimax Capesize Chinamax Handymax / Supramax Handysize Malaccamax Panamax and Neopanamax Péniche Q - Max ( Qatar - max ) Seawaymax Suezmax VLCC and ULCC Theodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United States , 1901 -- 1909 25th Vice President of the United States , 1901 33rd Governor of New York , 1899 -- 1900 Assistant Secretary of the Navy , 1897 -- 1898 New York City Police Commissioner , 1895 -- 1897 New York State Assemblyman , 1882 1883 1884 Presidency First inauguration historic site Second inauguiration `` Square Deal '' Booker T. Washington dinner Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act Transfer Act of 1905 Antiquities Act Pelican Island Devils Tower National Monument Muir Woods National Monument Other National Monuments United States Forest Service , United States Reclamation Service National Wildlife Refuge System Roosevelt Arch Conference of Governors Northern Securities Company breakup court case Coal strike of 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act Food and Drug Administration Meat Inspection Act Expediting Act Elkins Act Hepburn Act Aldrich -- Vreeland Act Federal Employers Liability Act Kinkaid Act Big Stick ideology Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty Panama Canal Zone Panama Canal Venezuelan crisis Roosevelt Corollary Occupation of Cuba Russo - Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth 1906 Nobel Peace Prize Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 College football meetings Bureau of Investigation Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Corporations Keep Commission Inland Waterways Commission Bureau of the Census Great White Fleet Perdicaris incident Cabinet White House West Wing State of the Union Address ,",
"49": "1901 1906 1908 White House desk Federal judiciary appointments Other events Spanish -- American War Rough Riders Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill `` Bull Moose '' Progressive Party New Nationalism Assassination attempt Boone and Crockett Club Smithsonian -- Roosevelt African Expedition `` River of Doubt '' Amazonian expedition Life and homes Birthplace , boyhood home replica Sagamore Hill Home and Museum Oyster Bay Elkhorn Ranch Maltese Cross Cabin Pine Knot cabin Gravesite Writings and speeches Theodore Roosevelt bibliography The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 book ) `` The Strenuous Life '' ( 1899 speech ) `` Citizenship in a Republic '' ( 1910 speech ) `` I have just been shot '' ( 1912 speech ) Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography ( 1913 book ) The Forum magazine articles Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia Archival collections Elections New York state election , 1898 Republican National Convention , 1900 1904 1912 1916 United States presidential election , 1900 1904 1912 Legacy Mount Rushmore Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library White House Roosevelt Room Theodore Roosevelt National Park Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness Theodore Roosevelt Island Roosevelt National Forest Roosevelt Study Center Theodore Roosevelt Association Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park Monument Assemblage Roosevelt River Theodore Roosevelt Award Roosevelt Road U.S.",
"50": "Postage stamps Theodore Roosevelt , Rough Rider sculpture Equestrian statue Popular culture Teddy bear `` Speak softly , and carry a big stick '' Books Films Roosevelt in Africa 1910 documentary The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Related Political positions `` Bully pulpit '' Ananias Club `` Nature fakers '' Progressive Era A Guest of Honor Porcellian Club `` Muckraker '' National Collegiate Athletic Association `` Roosevelt Republican '' Family Alice Hathaway Lee ( first wife ) Edith Kermit Carow ( second wife ) Alice Lee Roosevelt ( daughter ) Theodore Roosevelt III ( son ) Kermit Roosevelt ( son ) Ethel Carow Roosevelt ( daughter ) Archibald Roosevelt ( son ) Quentin Roosevelt ( son ) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. ( father ) Martha Stewart Bulloch ( mother ) Anna Roosevelt ( sister ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( brother ) Corinne Roosevelt ( sister ) Cornelius Roosevelt ( grandfather ) James Stephens Bulloch ( grandfather ) James A. Roosevelt ( uncle ) Robert Roosevelt ( uncle ) James Dunwoody Bulloch ( half - uncle ) Irvine Bulloch ( uncle ) Theodore Douglas Robinson ( nephew ) Corinne Robinson ( niece ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( niece ) Hall Roosevelt ( nephew ) ← William McKinley William Howard Taft → Category VIAF : 245637111 GND : 4044446 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&oldid=822293104 '' Categories : Panama Canal Canals in Panama Ship canals Water transport in Panama Coasts of Panama Economy of Panama Geography of Panama History of Panama Macro-engineering Transport infrastructure in Panama Canals opened in 1914 1914 establishments in Panama 1914 establishments in the United States 1914 in Central America Panamanian coasts of the Caribbean Sea Panamanian coasts of the Pacific Ocean Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links All",
"51": "articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català",
"52": "Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan",
"53": "Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 15 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is super bowl 2018 half time show
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[
"Justin Timberlake was the featured performer",
"Justin Timberlake",
"Justin Timberlake",
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{
"0": "Super Bowl LII halftime show - Wikipedia Super Bowl LII halftime show Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl LII halftime show Date February 4 , 2018 Location Minneapolis , Minnesota , U.S. Venue U.S. Bank Stadium Headliner Justin Timberlake Special guests The Tennessee Kids , University of Minnesota Marching Band Sponsor Pepsi Director Hamish Hamilton Producer Ricky Kirshner Super Bowl halftime show chronology LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) The Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ( officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ) took place on February 4 , 2018 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , as part of Super Bowl LII . Justin Timberlake was the featured performer , as confirmed by the National Football League ( NFL ) on October 22 , 2017 . It was televised nationally by NBC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Background 3 Development 4 Critical response 5 Commercial reception 6 Setlist 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Timberlake with dancers during the halftime performance Timberlake during halftime show Timberlake performing `` Suit & Tie '' with the University of Minnesota Marching Band The show began with Jimmy Fallon introducing Justin Timberlake , followed by a video screen depicting Timberlake performing `` Filthy '' in a club setting below the field level of the stadium . He then walked up a staircase and appeared on a ramp stage extending outward into the field , descending into a series of stages surrounded by a crowd . Timberlake proceeded to move through the crowd performing `` Rock Your Body '' with a troupe of female backup dancers , abruptly stopping short of the end of the song and shifting to `` Señorita '' on a small stage with his backing dancers . Upon reaching the main stage , he performed a number of songs , including `` SexyBack '' , `` My Love '' , and `` Cry Me a River '' , which featured a dance break mid-field .",
"1": "Upon reaching the next stage , Timberlake performed his hit song `` Suit & Tie '' as the University of Minnesota Marching Band , wearing black tuxedos , played backup instrumentals and marched out to meet him . The Stadium and the city of Minneapolis were shown to be lit purple during Timberlake 's tribute to Prince Dancers fill the field during Timberlake 's performance of `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' Timberlake proceeded to walk up to a white grand piano while performing `` Until the End of Time '' , then segued into `` I Would Die 4 U '' as a tribute to Minneapolis - native Prince . A video of Prince performing the song played in the background , projected onto on a large multi-story sheet . An aerial shot showed downtown Minneapolis covered in purple lighting that morphed into Prince 's trademark Love Symbol , with the stadium at the center . He then returned to the main stage to perform `` Mirrors '' , as hundreds of dancers and members of the marching band performed choreography with large mirrors , creating bright reflections in the broadcast and across the roof of the stadium . Timberlake closed the show with `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' , entering the stands at the conclusion of the song . For the first time since the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show in Indianapolis in 2012 , no pyrotechnics were used throughout the performance . The show relied mostly on lasers and video screens for visual effects . Background ( edit ) Field being set up for Timberlake 's performance In July 2017 , multiple media outlets reported that Britney Spears was in talks to perform at Halftime , but Pepsi quickly denied it a few days later . During August and September 2017 , several publications informed that Timberlake was the frontrunner to performer at the Super Bowl LII halftime , first along with his frequent - collaborator Jay - Z as co-headliner , and then as the solo performer . A spokesperson from the NFL stated at the time , `` along with Pepsi , we know that we will put on a spectacular show . When it is time to announce her name we will do it . Or his name . Or their names . '' The NFL confirmed the announcement on October 22 with a video starring Timberlake and Jimmy Fallon . This was Timberlake 's third appearance in a Super Bowl halftime show .",
"2": "As a member of NSYNC , Timberlake appeared in the Super Bowl XXXV ( 2001 ) halftime show , and as a guest artist in the Super Bowl XXXVIII ( 2004 ) , which performance featured a controversial incident where Timberlake accidentally exposed one of Janet Jackson 's breasts on national television , described as a wardrobe malfunction . The Parents Television Council penned an open letter to Timberlake asking to keep the performance `` family - friendly . '' While the organization acknowledged that Timberlake apologized for the 2004 incident , they asked him to stay true to his word , saying `` we are heartened by your response that the events of 2004 are not going to happen in 2018 , '' as the singer stated in a prior interview that `` we are not going to do that again . '' In an interview with Billboard , Pepsi executives expressed : We are all big fans of Justin Timberlake . We 've kind of felt that Justin deserves , and has for a number of years , to be the main artist for the halftime show because previously he was n't the main artist . It was just about the timing . To be honest , we have discussed Justin for the last number of years for coming and doing halftime , and this year just felt really right to us . He is hands down one of the greatest entertainers currently alive , it was a no - brainer . We know he 's gon na bring it . The Halftime Show included a remembrance for Indianapolis Colts linebacker Edwin Jackson , who died just hours before Super Bowl LII after being struck by a vehicle . Development ( edit ) The U.S. Bank Stadium , where Super Bowl and the halftime show was held . During the performance , Timberlake wore an outfit designed by Stella McCartney , which consists of `` alter nappa fringed jacket with a shirt , featuring a landscape artwork by British artist Martin Ridley , '' according to a press release . Also part of the look is a Prince of Wales - check and camouflage splatter - print suit and matching jacket . As usual for McCartney , these pieces were made from animal - free leather and organic cotton . Timberlake stated in a press conference that there would be no guest musicians in the halftime show and that the event would focus solely on himself and his backing band , the Tennessee Kids .",
"3": "Regarding the Prince tribute , the performance 's creative visual lead , Fireplay 's Nick Whitehouse , told Rolling Stone : Paying tribute to Prince was something JT highlighted as an important moment for this show , and we spent quite a bit of time ensuring this moment would be true to his legacy . Ultimately , Justin decided that the only person who could do Prince justice is Prince . The band held 50 - hours worth of rehearsals in preparation for the show . Prince had previously stated he did not want to be included in new music after death in a 1998 interview , citing The Beatles ' `` Free as a Bird '' as an example of a practice he considered to be `` demonic . '' His family granted permission to use Prince 's likeness on the condition that it not be used in a hologram , and they approved of the final result . Sheila E , a former bandmate of Prince 's who was involved in negotiations over the use of his likeness , stated that `` a bigger company '' ( she declined to specify whether it was Pepsi or the NFL ) had insisted on including the Prince apparition and that the notion was not originally Timberlake 's idea . Despite the lack of an individual guest artist , the more than 300 - member University of Minnesota Marching Band was featured in the show . The band 's drumline , brass , and saxophone sections pre-recorded and performed with Timberlake during his performance of `` Suit & Tie . '' The upper woodwind and auxiliary sections led drill formations and held large mirrors during Timberlake 's performance of his song `` Mirrors '' , and acted as fans and dancers throughout other portions of the show , including the club scene at the show 's opening . All members of the band were featured on the field in the show 's finale , `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' . The band had previously performed in the halftime show of Super Bowl XXVI . Critical response ( edit ) Timberlake 's performance received mixed reviews . In a positive review , Bruce R. Miller of Sioux City Journal wrote `` Timberlake is a masterful live performer -- which made Sunday 's Super Bowl performance about the only sure bet , '' he continued commenting the performer `` did a lot of infectious dancing and managed to play with the crowd like no other . ''",
"4": "Although it did not have a moment that `` stuck , '' he considered the Prince tribute the best moment of the show . In a similarly positive review , Taylor Weatherby of Billboard said `` there is no denying that Timberlake absolutely rocked his first headlining ( halftime ) '' , further adding `` Timberlake 's halftime show was undeniably mesmerizing . From starting in the concourse to making his way into the crowd ( and making # SelfieKid an instant superstar ) for the ending . '' She also considered it `` is made for a TV experience '' rather than for the public in the stadium , mainly for the sound quality difficulties , but also criticized him for including Rock Your Body in the set list . From the same magazine , Nina Braca wrote `` his moves were on point , '' and Andrew Ubterberger said two things were `` relatively certain '' about the performance . `` most of America would love it , and most of the Internet would hate it , '' and added Timberlake was `` in a situation that was both a ca n't - lose and a ca n't - win . It would 've been virtually impossible for him to please the critics he 'd alienated over the last couple years . '' Also from Billboard , Andrew Unterberge wrote , `` Timberlake 's audio was somewhat lacking throughout ... but the choreography , live - band energy and song selection were all pretty impeccable '' . Chris Willman of Variety stated that , `` Timberlake turned in a more enjoyably physical performance than just about anybody else who 's done the Bowl show ... and if it was more a feat of athleticism than aestheticism , you ca n't say that 's entirely inappropriate for the occasion . '' Willman also wrote that the show , `` was n't one for the ages , but was impressive as a show of athleticism '' Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that Timberlake 's performance was , `` heavy on dance spectacle , light on vocal authority '' . Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called the show , `` energetic , but also entirely lacking in live excitement . '' Feinberg criticized the show for largely lacking spontaneity and live vocals . Feinberg wrote that Timberlake delivered , `` one of the most over-planned , least surprising performances imaginable . ''",
"5": "Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly graded Timberlake 's performance a `` C '' , calling it , `` dutiful , and empty '' . Franich faulted Timberlake for playing too safe with his performance . Similarly , Fran Guan of Vulture.com wrote , `` Technically speaking , Timberlake 's set was a testament to precision '' . Guan , however , criticized Timberlake 's performance from lacking in personality , and regarded his performance as unmemorable . The Guardian gave Timberlake 3 out of 5 stars , calling his performance forgettable but flashy . In an interview with NPR , Ann Powers said that `` the entire performance was shrouded in the sense of Timberlake not being right for this moment -- and the Janet Jackson controversy haunted it . '' Daniel D'Addarrio of Time.com gave the performance a negative review , criticizing Timberlake for singing Cry Me A River in addition to Rock Your Body , calling the song 's lyrics about an evil promiscuous woman out of step with the national mood , and said that the only message from Timberlake 's performance was that he loves his back catalog Deadline felt `` but you could see the motions more than you felt the music . '' Chris Richards of The Washington Post regarded Timberlake 's performance as , `` unambiguously underwhelming '' . USA Today and Vulture compared Timberlake 's performance unfavorably to Prince 's own 2007 halftime show . Amanda Petrusich of The New Yorker wrote that Timberlake 's decision to omit the end of `` Rock Your Body '' ( which was performed during the controversial 2004 halftime ) felt , `` less like an apology than yet more spineless deflection '' . However , Andrew Unterberge of Billboard considered Timberlake 's decision to cut the song short to be wise . Timberlake 's Stella McCartney - designed outfit received negative reviews , with some critics regarding it as `` tacky '' . The LA Times also gave a very critical review , one which also stated that Timberlake had nothing to say in his performance , and said that it lacked soul and meaning . The Digital Journal gave him 2 / 5 stars and called it lackluster .",
"6": "Commercial reception ( edit ) The Super Bowl LII halftime show was seen by 106.6 million television viewers in the United States , 9 % less than Lady Gaga 's in 2017 . It had higher average viewership than the game itself , and the decline for the halftime show was roughly in line with that of the game as a whole , which had lost 7 % compared to the previous year . According to initial sales reports from Nielsen Music , sales of the songs Timberlake performed during the halftime show gained 534 % in the United States on February 4 , the day of the Super Bowl , compared to Feb. 3 , while his streams on Spotify gained 214 % . Janet Jackson likewise gained 150 % on Spotify . Setlist ( edit ) Timberlake performing alongside a video projection of Prince `` Filthy '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Señorita '' `` SexyBack '' ( with elements of `` Supplies '' ) `` My Love '' `` Cry Me a River '' ( with elements of `` Kashmir '' ) `` Suit & Tie '' ( with elements of `` Pusher Love Girl '' ) ( featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band ) `` Until the End of Time '' `` I Would Die 4 U '' ( along with a pre-recorded video of Prince , displayed on a projection screen ) `` Mirrors '' `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' See also ( edit ) 2018 in American television References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schad , Tom ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Headline Super Bowl LII Halftime Show '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` No hologram , but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake 's halftime show '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ NFL ( February 4 , 2018 ) , Justin Timberlake 's FULL Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ! NFL Highlights , retrieved February 5 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` U of M Marching Band steals the halftime show '' . KARE . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and everything but the football -- Super Bowl half - time show as it happened '' . Guardian . 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl halftime show : Here 's who Justin Timberlake 's guest performers might be '' . CBS Sports . February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake reportedly ' finalizing ' deal to headline Super Bowl LII halftime show '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Headlines Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halfitme Show '' . National Football League . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aniftos , Rania ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` The Parents Television Council Pens Open Letter to Justin Timberlake Asking to Keep Super Bowl Performance Appropriate ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Set to Deliver ' Mesmerizing ' Super Bowl Halftime Show : Pepsi Execs Reveal It 's ' Justin at His Best ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sebra , Matt ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Finally Gets the Super Bowl Halftime Show Outfit He Deserves '' . GQ . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Sarah ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake to wear Stella McCartney at the Super Bowl '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2018 Justin Timberlake press conference highlights '' . People . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( February 5 , 2018 ) .",
"8": "`` Super Bowl LII : Watch Justin Timberlake Honor Prince in Halftime Spectacle '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Prince 's Family Approves of Justin Timberlake Super Bowl Halftime Tribute '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sheila E. says Justin Timberlake was n't behind Prince hologram idea '' . TMZ . February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Braca , Nina ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` From ' Cry Me a River ' to ' Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! , ' Justin Timberlake 's 10 Best Live Performances : Critic 's Picks '' . www.billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bruce R. ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` REVIEW : Justin Timberlake does a great Super Bowl job , even without NSYNC '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherby , Taylor ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show : 5 Takeaways From Seeing It In Person '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits , Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh - of - Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberge , Andrew ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits , Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh - of - Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance '' . www.billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Willman , Chris ( February 4 , 2018 ) .",
"9": "`` Halftime Review : Justin Timberlake Emerges Fumble - Free After Bad Pre-Game PR '' . Variety . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays It Safe , Seeking Super Bowl Redemption '' . www.nytimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Daniel ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Performance Is Light on Singing , Spontaneity '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl halftime show was dutiful , and empty : EW review '' . www.ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Guan , Fran ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` It Was His Halftime Show , But Justin Timberlake Was the Least Memorable Musician at the Super Bowl '' . www.vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nevins , Jake ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl performance : a forgettable but flashy medley of hits '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` As The Pop World Seeks Accountability , Justin Timberlake Seems Lost In The Woods '' . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Was a Man in the Weeds at His Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Time . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely -- Review '' . Jump up ^ Richards , Chris ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` This is how Justin Timberlake lost the Super Bowl '' . www.washingtonpost.com . Washington Post . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Compared with Prince 's , Justin Timberlake 's halftime show was a wimpy joke '' . www. usatoday . USA Today . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petrusich , Amanda ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show , Reviewed '' . www.newyorker.com . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael . `` Justin Timberlake had nothing to say at the Super Bowl and would n't stop saying it '' . latimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Review : Justin Timberlake lackluster at Super Bowl halftime performance ( Includes first - hand account ) '' . February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Eagles ' 1st Super Bowl Win Draws 103.4 M Viewers , Smallest Audience In Nine Years -- Update '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Caufield , Keith ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show Spurs 534 % Sales Gain '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krzaczek , Katie ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Bump : Justin Timberlake Streams Jump 214 Percent on Spotify '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Janet Jackson 's Spotify Streams Surge After Super Bowl LII '' . February 5 , 2018 .",
"11": "External links ( edit ) Media related to Super Bowl LII halftime show at Wikimedia Commons Justin Timberlake Awards Discography Songs Performances Videography Studio albums Justified FutureSex / LoveSounds The 20 / 20 Experience The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 Man of the Woods Compilation albums 12 '' Masters -- The Essential Mixes The 20 / 20 Experience -- The Complete Experience Video albums Justin Timberlake : Live from London FutureSex / LoveShow : Live from Madison Square Garden Justin Timberlake + The Tennessee Kids Concert tours The Justified World Tour Justified and Stripped Tour FutureSex / LoveShow Legends of the Summer The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour Man of the Woods Tour Related Tennman Records Jessica Biel NSYNC Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy Super Bowl LII halftime show Book Super Bowl halftime shows 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) Other Counterprogramming Minnesota portal National Football League portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"12": "php?title=Super_Bowl_LII_halftime_show&oldid=832806565 '' Categories : 2018 in American music 2018 in American television 2018 in sports in Minnesota February 2018 events in the United States Justin Timberlake Prince ( musician ) Super Bowl halftime shows Hidden categories : Pages with citations having redundant parameters Use American English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 02 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where does prime rib come from on a cow
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"0": "Standing rib roast - wikipedia Standing rib roast Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Standing rib roast Beef Cuts Alternative names prime rib , beef rib roast Type Rib cut of beef Part of a series on Steak Main articles ( show ) Steak Beefsteak Fish steak Pork steak List of steak dishes Steakhouse Steak dishes ( show ) Asado Beef Manhattan Beef Wellington Boiled beef Bulgogi Carpetbag steak Carne asada Chateaubriand steak Cheesesteak Chicken fried steak Bistek Tagalog Bollito Misto Delmonico steak Fajita Finger steaks Hamburg steak London broil Mongolian beef Pepper steak Pot roast Prawn cocktail , steak and Black Forest gateau Roast beef Italian beef Salisbury steak Sha cha beef Shawarma Standing rib roast Steak and eggs Steak and kidney pie Steak and kidney pudding Steak and oyster pie Steak au poivre Steak burger Steak de Burgo Steak Diane Steak frites Steak sandwich Steak tartare Suadero Surf and turf Swiss steak Cuts ( show ) Cuts of beef Forequarter cuts Hindquarter cuts Preparation ( show ) Barbecue Braising Meat chop Curing ( food preservation ) Frying Aging Marination Pickling Poaching ( cooking ) Roasting Salt - cured meat Smoked Related topics ( show ) List of beef dishes Meat on the bone Restructured steak Steak knife Steak sauce A standing rib roast , also known as prime rib , is a cut of beef from the primal rib , one of the nine primal cuts of beef . While the entire rib section comprises ribs six through 12 , a standing rib roast may contain anywhere from two to seven ribs . It is most often roasted `` standing '' on the rib bones so that the meat does not touch the pan . An alternative cut removes the top end of the ribs for easier carving .",
"1": "Rib eye steaks are cut from a standing rib , boned with most of the fat and lesser muscles removed . While often referred to as `` prime rib '' , the USDA does not require the cut to be derived from USDA Prime grade beef . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Characteristics ( edit ) A USDA Choice two - bone standing rib roast A slice of standing rib roast will include portions of the so - called `` eye '' of the rib , as well as the outer , fat - marbled muscle ( spinalis dorsi ) known as the `` lip '' or `` cap '' . The traditional preparation for a standing rib roast is to rub the outside of the roast with salt and seasonings and slow - roast with dry heat . It also may be grilled . A slice of prime rib from a standing rib roast , topped ( on the right side ) with mushrooms A raw ribeye steak placed on a grill See also ( edit ) List of steak dishes Food portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ USDA The Food Standards and Labeling Policy Book pg. 154 External links ( edit ) The Meat Buyer 's Guide , North American Meat Processors Association . Cooking For Engineers : Prime Rib Cuts of beef Upper Chuck Rib Short loin Sirloin Tenderloin Top sirloin Bottom sirloin Round Lower Brisket Plate Flank Shank Beef and veal Production Argentine beef Beef cattle Cow - calf operation Feeder cattle Kobe beef Organic beef Products Cuts Blade steak Brisket Chateaubriand steak Chuck steak Fajita Filet mignon Flank steak Flap steak Hanger steak Plate Ranch steak Restructured steak Rib eye Rib steak Round",
"2": "Rump Short loin Short ribs Shoulder tender Sirloin Top sirloin Skirt steak Spare ribs Standing rib roast Strip Shank T - bone Tenderloin Tri-tip Trotters Tail Processed Jerky Aged Bresaola Cabeza Corned beef Frankfurter Rindswurst Ground Montreal smoked Pastrami Meat extract Offal Brain Heart Tongue Tendon Tripas Tripe Testicles Dishes Beefsteak List of steak dishes Blanquette de veau Beef Wellington Beef bourguignon Beef bun Beef Manhattan Beef noodle soup Beef on weck Beef Stroganoff Boiled beef Bulgogi Calf 's liver and bacon Cheesesteak Chicken fried steak Cordon bleu Dendeng Feu French dip Ginger beef Galbi Gored gored Gyūdon Hamburg steak Hortobágyi palacsinta Iga penyet Italian beef Jellied veal Karađorđeva šnicla Kitfo London broil Mongolian beef Neobiani Ossobuco Pot roast Pozharsky cutlet P'tcha Ragout fin Rawon Rendang Roast beef Roast beef sandwich Salisbury steak Saltimbocca Sha cha beef Shooter 's sandwich Steak and kidney pudding Steak Diane Steak and eggs Steak and oyster pie Steak au poivre Tartare Tafelspitz Tongseng Veal Milanese Veal Orloff Veal Oscar Vitello tonnato",
"3": "Wallenbergare Related meats American bison Beefalo Water buffalo Żubroń Other Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Beef hormone controversy Beef ring Carcass grade Darkcutter Meat on the bone Ractopamine - Beef USA beef imports Japan Taiwan South Korea ( 2008 US beef protest in South Korea ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standing_rib_roast&oldid=816358380 '' Categories : Cuts of beef Steak Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 21 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who enforces the charter of rights and freedoms
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"0": "Canadian Charter of rights and Freedoms - wikipedia Canadian Charter of rights and Freedoms Jump to : navigation , search `` Charter of Rights and Freedoms '' redirects here . For the Quebec charter , see Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms . `` The Charter '' redirects here . For other uses , see Charter ( disambiguation ) . Canada This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Canada Government The Crown ( show ) Monarch ( Elizabeth II ) Governor General ( Julie Payette ) Monarchy in the provinces Lieutenant governors Executive ( Queen - in - Council ) ( show ) Queen 's Privy Council Prime minister ( Justin Trudeau ) Cabinet ( 29th ministry ) Ministries President of the Privy Council Clerk of the Privy Council Privy Council Office Civil Service Provincial and territorial executive councils Premiers Legislative ( Queen - in - Parliament ) ( show ) Federal parliament Senate Speaker of the Senate Government Leader in the Senate Opposition Leader in the Senate Senate divisions House of Commons Speaker of the house Government Leader in the house Opposition Leader in the house Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition Leader of the Opposition Shadow cabinet Provincial and territorial parliaments Judicial ( Queen - on - the - Bench ) ( show ) Court system Supreme court Federal chief justice ( Richard Wagner ) Provincial and territorial courts Provincial chief justices Constitution British North America Acts Peace , order ,",
"1": "and good government Charter of Rights and Freedoms Elections ( show ) Federal electoral districts Federal electoral system 42nd federal election ( 2015 ) Provincial electoral districts Politics of the provinces Local government ( show ) Municipal government Related topics ( show ) Federalism Structure of the federal government Constitutional law Royal prerogative Regions Political culture Foreign relations Office - holders Political movements Aboriginal self - government First Nations bands Other countries Atlas Part of a series on the Constitution of Canada Constitutional history Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) Act of Settlement ( 1701 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) Royal Proclamation ( 1763 ) Quebec Act ( 1774 ) Constitutional Act ( 1791 ) Act of Union ( 1840 ) Constitution Act ( 1867 ) Supreme Court Act ( 1875 ) Constitution Act , 1886 British North America Acts ( 1867 -- 1975 ) Statute of Westminster ( 1931 ) Succession to the Throne Act ( 1937 ) Letters Patent ( 1947 ) Canada Act ( 1982 ) Constitution Act ( 1982 ) Document list Amendments Unsuccessful amendments Constitutional law Constitutional debate Patriation Charter of Rights and Freedoms Canadian federalism Law of Canada Canadian Bill of Rights Implied Bill of Rights Canadian Human Rights Act Politics of Canada portal The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ( French : La Charte canadienne des droits et libertés ) , in Canada often simply the Charter , is a bill of rights entrenched in the Constitution of Canada . It forms the first part of the Constitution Act , 1982 . The Charter guarantees certain political rights to Canadian citizens and civil rights of everyone in Canada from the policies and actions of all areas and levels of the government . It is designed to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights . The Charter was signed into law by Queen Elizabeth II of Canada on April 17 , 1982 , along with the rest of the Act . The Charter was preceded by the Canadian Bill of Rights , which was enacted in 1960 . However , the Bill of Rights is only a federal statute , rather than a constitutional document .",
"2": "As a federal statute , it can be amended through the ordinary legislative process and has no application to provincial laws . The Supreme Court of Canada also narrowly interpreted the Bill of Rights and the Court was reluctant to declare laws inoperative . The relative ineffectiveness of the Canadian Bill of Rights motivated many to improve rights protections in Canada . The movement for human rights and freedoms that emerged after World War II also wanted to entrench the principles enunciated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . The British Parliament formally enacted the Charter as a part of the Canada Act 1982 at the request of the Parliament of Canada in 1982 , the result of the efforts of the government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau . One of the most notable effects of the adoption of the Charter was to greatly expand the scope of judicial review , because the Charter is more explicit with respect to the guarantee of rights and the role of judges in enforcing them than was the Bill of Rights . The courts , when confronted with violations of Charter rights , have struck down unconstitutional federal and provincial statutes and regulations or parts of statutes and regulations , as they did when Canadian case law was primarily concerned with resolving issues of federalism . The Charter , however , granted new powers to the courts to enforce remedies that are more creative and to exclude more evidence in trials . These powers are greater than what was typical under the common law and under a system of government that , influenced by Canada 's parent country the United Kingdom , was based upon Parliamentary supremacy . As a result , the Charter has attracted both broad support from a majority of the Canadian electorate and criticisms by opponents of increased judicial power . The Charter only applies to government laws and actions ( including the laws and actions of federal , provincial , and municipal governments and public school boards ) , and sometimes to the common law , not to private activity .",
"3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 1.1 Exceptions 1.2 Fundamental freedoms 1.3 Democratic rights 1.4 Mobility rights 1.5 Legal rights 1.6 Equality rights 1.7 Language rights 1.8 Minority language education rights 1.9 Other sections 2 History 3 Interpretation and enforcement 4 Comparisons with other human rights documents 5 The Charter and national values 6 Criticism 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Features ( edit ) Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Part of the Constitution Act , 1982 . Preamble Guarantee of Rights and Freedoms Fundamental Freedoms Democratic Rights 3 , 4 , 5 Mobility Rights 6 Legal Rights 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 Equality Rights 15 Official Languages of Canada 16 , 16.1 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 Minority Language Education Rights 23 Enforcement 24 General 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 Application of Charter 32 , 33 Citation 34 Under the Charter , people physically present in Canada have numerous civil and political rights . Most of the rights can be exercised by any legal person ( the Charter does not define the corporation as a `` legal person '' ) , but a few of the rights belong exclusively to natural persons , or ( as in sections 3 and 6 ) only to citizens of Canada . The rights are enforceable by the courts through section 24 of the Charter , which allows courts discretion to award remedies to those whose rights have been denied . This section also allows courts to exclude evidence in trials if the evidence was acquired in a way that conflicts with the Charter and might damage the reputation of the justice system . Section 32 confirms that the Charter is binding on the federal government , the territories under its authority , and the provincial governments .",
"4": "The rights and freedoms enshrined in 34 sections of the Charter include : Exceptions ( edit ) Precluding all the freedoms and forming the basis of the Charter , the very first section , known as limitations clause , allows governments to justify certain infringements of Charter rights . Every case in which a court discovers a violation of the Charter would therefore require a section 1 analysis to determine if the law can still be upheld . Infringements are upheld if the purpose for the government action is to achieve what would be recognized as an urgent or important objective in a free society , and if the infringement can be `` demonstrably justified . '' Section 1 has thus been used to uphold laws against objectionable conduct such as hate speech ( e.g. , in R. v. Keegstra ) and obscenity ( e.g. , in R. v. Butler ) . Section 1 also confirms that the rights listed in the Charter are guaranteed . In addition , some of these rights are also subjected to the notwithstanding clause ( section 33 ) . The notwithstanding clause authorizes governments to temporarily override the rights and freedoms in sections 2 and 7 -- 15 for up to five years , subject to renewal . The Canadian federal government has never invoked it , and some have speculated that its use would be politically costly . In the past , the notwithstanding clause was invoked routinely by the province of Quebec ( which did not support the enactment of the Charter but is subject to it nonetheless ) . The provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta have also invoked the notwithstanding clause , to end a strike and to protect an exclusively heterosexual definition of marriage , respectively . ( Note that Alberta 's use of the notwithstanding clause is of no force or effect , since the definition of marriage is federal not provincial jurisdiction . ) The territory of Yukon also passed legislation once that invoked the notwithstanding clause , but the legislation was never proclaimed in force . Fundamental Freedoms ( edit ) Section 2 : which lists what the Charter calls `` fundamental freedoms '' namely freedom of conscience , freedom of religion , freedom of thought , freedom of belief , freedom of expression , freedom of the press and of other media of communication , freedom of peaceful assembly , and freedom of association .",
"5": "Democratic rights ( edit ) Generally , the right to participate in political activities and the right to a democratic form of government are protected : Section 3 : the right to vote and to be eligible to serve as member of a legislature . Section 4 : the maximum duration of legislatures is set at five years . Section 5 : an annual sitting of legislatures is required as a minimum . Mobility rights ( edit ) Section 6 : protects the mobility rights of Canadian citizens which include the right to enter , remain in , and leave Canada . Citizens and Permanent Residents have the ability to move to and take up residence in any province to pursue gaining livelihood . Legal rights ( edit ) Rights of people in dealing with the justice system and law enforcement are protected , namely : Section 7 : right to life , liberty , and security of the person . Section 8 : freedom from unreasonable search and seizure . Section 9 : freedom from arbitrary detention or imprisonment . Section 10 : right to legal counsel and the guarantee of habeas corpus . Section 11 : rights in criminal and penal matters such as the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty . Section 12 : right not to be subject to cruel and unusual punishment . Section 13 : rights against self - incrimination . Section 14 : rights to an interpreter in a court proceeding . Equality rights ( edit ) Section 15 : equal treatment before and under the law , and equal protection and benefit of the law without discrimination . Language rights ( edit ) Generally , people have the right to use either the English or French language in communications with Canada 's federal government and certain provincial governments . Specifically , the language laws in the Charter include : Section 16 : English and French are the official languages of Canada and New Brunswick . Section 16.1 : the English and French - speaking communities of New Brunswick have equal rights to educational and cultural institutions . Section 17 : the right to use either official language in Parliament or the New Brunswick legislature . Section 18 : the statutes and proceedings of Parliament and the New Brunswick legislature are to be printed in both official languages . Section 19 : both official languages may be used in federal and New Brunswick courts . Section 20 : the right to communicate with and be served by the federal and New Brunswick governments in either official language .",
"6": "Section 21 : other constitutional language rights outside the Charter regarding English and French are sustained . Section 22 : existing rights to use languages besides English and French are not affected by the fact that only English and French have language rights in the Charter . ( Hence , if there are any rights to use Aboriginal languages anywhere they would continue to exist , though they would have no direct protection under the Charter . ) Minority language education rights ( edit ) Section 23 : rights for certain citizens belonging to French and English speaking minority communities to be educated in their own language . Other sections ( edit ) Various provisions help to clarify how the Charter works in practice . These include , Section 25 : states that the Charter does not derogate existing Aboriginal rights and freedoms . Aboriginal rights , including treaty rights , receive more direct constitutional protection under section 35 of the Constitution Act , 1982 . Section 26 : clarifies that other rights and freedoms in Canada are not invalidated by the Charter . Section 27 : requires the Charter to be interpreted in a multicultural context . Section 28 : states all Charter rights are guaranteed equally to men and women . Section 29 : confirms the rights of religious schools are preserved . Section 30 : clarifies the applicability of the Charter in the territories . Section 31 : confirms that the Charter does not extend the powers of legislatures . Finally , Section 34 : states that Part I of the Constitution Act , 1982 , containing the first 34 sections of the Act , may be collectively referred to as the `` Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms '' . History ( edit ) Printed copies of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Many of the rights and freedoms that are protected under the Charter , including the rights to freedom of speech , habeas corpus and the presumption of innocence , have their roots in a set of Canadian laws and legal precedents sometimes known as the Implied Bill of Rights . Many of these rights were also included in the Canadian Bill of Rights , which the Canadian Parliament enacted in 1960 . However , the Canadian Bill of Rights had a number of shortcomings . Unlike the Charter , it was an ordinary Act of Parliament , which could be amended by a simple majority of Parliament , and it was applicable only to the federal government .",
"7": "The courts also chose to interpret the Bill of Rights conservatively , only on rare occasions applying it to find a contrary law inoperative . The Bill of Rights did not contain all of the rights that are now included in the Charter , omitting , for instance , the right to vote and freedom of movement within Canada . The centennial of Canadian Confederation in 1967 aroused greater interest within the government in constitutional reform . Said reforms would include improving safeguards of rights , as well as patriation of the Constitution , meaning the British Parliament would no longer have to approve constitutional amendments . Subsequently , Attorney General Pierre Trudeau appointed law professor Barry Strayer to research a potential bill of rights . While writing his report , Strayer consulted with a number of notable legal scholars , including Walter Tarnopolsky . Strayer 's report advocated a number of ideas that were later incorporated into the Charter , including protection for language rights . Strayer also advocated excluding economic rights . Finally , he recommended allowing for limits on rights . Such limits are included in the Charter 's limitation and notwithstanding clauses . In 1968 , Strayer was made the Director of the Constitutional Law Division of the Privy Council Office and in 1974 , he became Assistant Deputy Minister of Justice . During those years , Strayer played a role in writing the bill that was ultimately adopted . Meanwhile , Trudeau , who had become Liberal leader and prime minister in 1968 , still very much wanted a constitutional bill of rights . The federal government and the provinces discussed creating one during negotiations for patriation , which resulted in the Victoria Charter in 1971 . This never came to be implemented . However , Trudeau continued with his efforts to patriate the Constitution , and promised constitutional change during the 1980 Quebec referendum . He would succeed in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act 1982 . This enacted the Constitution Act , 1982 . The inclusion of a charter of rights in the Constitution Act was a much - debated issue . Trudeau spoke on television in October 1980 , and announced his intention to constitutionalize a bill of rights that would include fundamental freedoms , democratic guarantees , freedom of movement , legal rights , equality and language rights . He did not want a notwithstanding clause . While his proposal gained popular support , provincial leaders opposed the potential limits on their powers .",
"8": "The federal Progressive Conservative opposition feared liberal bias among judges , should courts be called upon to enforce rights . Additionally , the British Parliament cited their right to uphold Canada 's old form of government . At a suggestion of the Conservatives , Trudeau 's government thus agreed to a committee of Senators and MPs to further examine the bill of rights as well as the patriation plan . During this time , 90 hours were spent on the bill of rights alone , all filmed for television , while civil rights experts and advocacy groups put forward their perceptions on the Charter 's flaws and omissions and how to remedy them . As Canada had a parliamentary system of government , and as judges were perceived not to have enforced rights well in the past , it was questioned whether the courts should be named as the enforcers of the Charter , as Trudeau wanted . Conservatives argued that elected politicians should be trusted instead . It was eventually decided that the responsibility should go to the courts . At the urging of civil libertarians , judges could even now exclude evidence in trials if acquired in breach of Charter rights in certain circumstances , something the Charter was not originally going to provide for . As the process continued , more features were added to the Charter , including equality rights for people with disabilities , more sex equality guarantees and recognition of Canada 's multiculturalism . The limitations clause was also reworded to focus less on the importance of parliamentary government and more on justifiability of limits in free societies ; the latter logic was more in line with rights developments around the world after World War II . Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau was a major advocate of the Charter . In its decision in the Patriation Reference ( 1981 ) , the Supreme Court of Canada had ruled there was a tradition that some provincial approval should be sought for constitutional reform . As the provinces still had doubts about the Charter 's merits , Trudeau was forced to accept the notwithstanding clause to allow governments to opt out of certain obligations . The notwithstanding clause was accepted as part of a deal called the Kitchen Accord , negotiated by the federal Attorney General Jean Chrétien , Ontario 's justice minister Roy McMurtry and Saskatchewan 's justice minister Roy Romanow . Pressure from provincial governments ( which in Canada have jurisdiction over property ) and from the country 's left wing , especially the New Democratic Party , also prevented Trudeau from including any rights protecting private property .",
"9": "Nevertheless , Quebec did not support the Charter ( or the Canada Act 1982 ) , with `` conflicting interpretations '' as to why . The opposition could have owed to the Parti Québécois leadership being allegedly uncooperative , because it was more committed to gaining sovereignty for Quebec . It could have owed to Quebec leaders being excluded from the negotiation of the Kitchen Accord , which they saw as being too centralist . It could have owed to provincial leaders ' objections to the Accord 's provisions relating to the process of future constitutional amendment . They also opposed the inclusion of mobility rights and minority language education rights . The Charter is still applicable in Quebec because all provinces are bound by the Constitution . However , Quebec 's opposition to the 1982 patriation package has led to two failed attempts to amend the Constitution ( the Meech Lake Accord and Charlottetown Accord ) which were designed primarily to obtain Quebec 's political approval of the Canadian constitutional order . While the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was adopted in 1982 , it was not until 1985 that the main provisions regarding equality rights ( section 15 ) came into effect . The delay was meant to give the federal and provincial governments an opportunity to review pre-existing statutes and strike potentially unconstitutional inequalities . The typography of the physical document pictured here , and still distributed today , was typeset by Ottawa 's David Berman intentionally in Carl Dair 's Cartier typeface : at the time the most prominent Canadian typeface , having been commissioned by the Governor - General as a celebration of Canada 's centenary in 1967 . The Charter has been amended since its enactment . Section 25 was amended in 1983 to explicitly recognize more rights regarding Aboriginal land claims , and section 16.1 was added in 1993 . There have also been a number of unsuccessful attempts to amend the Charter , including the failed Charlottetown Accord of 1992 . The Charlottetown Accord would have specifically required the Charter to be interpreted in a manner respectful of Quebec 's distinct society , and would have added further statements to the Constitution Act , 1867 regarding racial and sexual equality and collective rights , and about minority language communities .",
"10": "Though the Accord was negotiated among many interest groups , the resulting provisions were so vague that Trudeau , then out of office , feared they would actually conflict with and undermine the Charter 's individual rights . He felt judicial review of the rights might be undermined if courts had to favour the policies of provincial governments , as governments would be given responsibility over linguistic minorities . Trudeau thus played a prominent role in leading the popular opposition to the Accord . Interpretation and enforcement ( edit ) The task of interpreting and enforcing the Charter falls to the courts , with the Supreme Court of Canada being the ultimate authority on the matter . With the Charter 's supremacy confirmed by section 52 of the Constitution Act , 1982 , the courts continued their practice of striking down unconstitutional statutes or parts of statutes as they had with earlier case law regarding federalism . However , under section 24 of the Charter , courts also gained new powers to enforce creative remedies and exclude more evidence in trials . Courts have since made many important decisions , including R. v. Morgentaler ( 1988 ) , which struck down Canada 's abortion law , and Vriend v. Alberta ( 1998 ) , in which the Supreme Court found the province 's exclusion of homosexuals from protection against discrimination violated section 15 . In the latter case , the Court then read the protection into the law . Courts may receive Charter questions in a number of ways . Rights claimants could be prosecuted under a criminal law that they argue is unconstitutional . Others may feel government services and policies are not being dispensed in accordance with the Charter , and apply to lower - level courts for injunctions against the government ( as was the case in Doucet - Boudreau v. Nova Scotia ( Minister of Education ) ) . A government may also raise questions of rights by submitting reference questions to higher - level courts ; for example , Prime Minister Paul Martin 's government approached the Supreme Court with Charter questions as well as federalism concerns in the case Re Same - Sex Marriage ( 2004 ) . Provinces may also do this with their superior courts . The government of Prince Edward Island initiated the Provincial Judges Reference by asking its provincial Supreme Court a question on judicial independence under section 11 .",
"11": "The building of the Supreme Court of Canada , the chief authority on the interpretation of the Charter In several important cases , judges developed various tests and precedents for interpreting specific provisions of the Charter . These include the Oakes test for section 1 , set out in the case R. v. Oakes ( 1986 ) , and the ( now defunct ) Law test for section 15 , developed in Law v. Canada ( 1999 ) . Since Re B.C. Motor Vehicle Act ( 1985 ) , various approaches to defining and expanding the scope of fundamental justice ( the Canadian name for natural justice or due process ) under section 7 have been adopted . ( For more information , see the articles on each Charter section ) . In general , courts have embraced a purposive interpretation of Charter rights . This means that since early cases like Hunter v. Southam ( 1984 ) and R. v. Big M Drug Mart ( 1985 ) , they have concentrated not on the traditional , limited understanding of what each right meant when the Charter was adopted in 1982 , but rather on changing the scope of rights as appropriate to fit their broader purpose . This is tied to the generous interpretation of rights , as the purpose of the Charter provisions is assumed to be to increase rights and freedoms of people in a variety of circumstances , at the expense of the government powers . Constitutional scholar Peter Hogg has approved of the generous approach in some cases , although for others he argues the purpose of the provisions was not to achieve a set of rights as broad as courts have imagined . Indeed , this approach has not been without its critics . Alberta politician Ted Morton and political scientist Rainer Knopff have been very critical of this phenomenon . Although they feel the basis for the approach , the living tree doctrine ( the classical name for generous interpretations of the Canadian Constitution ) , is sound , they argue Charter case law has been more radical . When the living tree doctrine is applied right , the authors claim , `` The elm remained an elm ; it grew new branches but did not transform itself into an oak or a willow . '' The doctrine can be used , for example , so a right is upheld even when a government threatens to violate it with new technology , as long as the essential right remains the same ; but the authors claim that the courts have used the doctrine to `` create new rights . ''",
"12": "As an example , the authors note that the Charter right against self - incrimination has been extended to cover scenarios in the justice system that had previously been unregulated by self - incrimination rights in other Canadian laws . Another general approach to interpreting Charter rights is to consider international legal precedents with countries that have specific rights protections , such as the United States Bill of Rights ( an influence on aspects of the Charter ) and the Constitution of South Africa . However , international precedent is only of guiding value , and is not binding . For example , the Supreme Court has referred to the Charter and the American Bill of Rights as being `` born to different countries in different ages and in different circumstances . '' Public interest groups frequently intervene in cases to make arguments on how to interpret the Charter . Some examples are the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association , Canadian Civil Liberties Association , the Canadian Mental Health Association , the Canadian Labour Congress , the Women 's Legal Education and Action Fund ( LEAF ) , and REAL Women of Canada . The purpose of such interventions is to assist the court and to attempt to influence the court to render a decision favourable to the legal interests of the group . A further approach to the Charter , taken by the courts , is the dialogue principle , which involves greater participation by elected governments . This approach involves governments drafting legislation in response to court rulings and courts acknowledging the effort if the new legislation is challenged . Comparisons with other Human rights documents ( edit ) The United States Bill of Rights influenced the text of the Charter , but its rights provisions are interpreted more conservatively . Canadian civil - rights and constitutional cases as compared to American cases occasionally have dissimilar outcomes because the broader Charter rights are limited by the `` savings clause '' of section 1 of the Charter as interpreted in R. v. Oakes Some Canadian Members of Parliament saw the movement to entrench a charter as contrary to the British model of Parliamentary supremacy . Others would say that the European Convention on Human Rights ( ECHR ) has now limited British parliamentary power to a greater degree than the Canadian Charter limited the power of the Canadian Parliament and provincial legislatures . Hogg has speculated that the British adopted the Human Rights Act 1998 , which allows the ECHR to be enforced directly in domestic courts , partly because they were inspired by the similar Canadian Charter .",
"13": "The Canadian Charter bears a number of similarities to the European Convention , specifically in relation to the limitations clauses contained in the European document . Because of this similarity with European human rights law , the Supreme Court of Canada turns not only to the Constitution of the United States case law in interpreting the Charter , but also to European Court of Human Rights cases . The core distinction between the United States Bill of Rights and Canadian Charter is the existence of the limitations and notwithstanding clauses . Canadian courts have consequently interpreted each right more expansively . However , due to the limitations clause , where a violation of a right exists , the law will not necessarily grant protection of that right . In contrast , rights under the US Bill of Rights are absolute and so a violation will not be found until there has been sufficient encroachment on those rights . The sum effect is that both constitutions provide comparable protection of many rights . Fundamental justice ( in section 7 of the Canadian Charter ) is therefore interpreted to include more legal protections than due process , which is its US equivalent . Freedom of expression in section 2 also has a more wide - ranging scope than the First Amendment to the United States Constitution 's freedom of speech . In RWDSU v. Dolphin Delivery Ltd. ( 1986 ) , the Canadian Supreme Court considered picketing of the kind the US First Amendment did not permit , as it was disruptive conduct ( though there was some speech involved that the First Amendment might otherwise protect ) . The Supreme Court , however , ruled the picketing , including the disruptive conduct , were fully protected under section 2 of the Charter . The Court then relied on section 1 to find the injunction against the picketing was just . The limitations clause has also allowed governments to enact laws that would be considered unconstitutional in the US . The Supreme Court of Canada has upheld some of Quebec 's limits on the use of English on signs and has upheld publication bans that prohibit media from mentioning the names of juvenile criminals . Section 28 of the Charter performs a function similar to that of the unratified Equal Rights Amendment in the US . While that proposed amendment had many critics , there was no comparable opposition to the Charter 's section 28 . Still , Canadian feminists had to stage large protests to demonstrate support for the inclusion of the section which had not been part of the original draft of the charter .",
"14": "The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights has several parallels with the Canadian Charter , but in some cases the Covenant goes further with regard to rights in its text . For example , a right to legal aid has been read into section 10 of the Charter ( the right to counsel ) , but the Covenant explicitly guarantees the accused need not pay `` if he does not have sufficient means . '' The Canadian Charter has little to say , explicitly at least , about economic and social rights . On this point , it stands in marked contrast with the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms and with the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights . There are some who feel economic rights ought to be read into section 7 rights to security of the person and section 15 equality rights to make the Charter similar to the Covenant . The rationale is that economic rights can relate to a decent standard of living and can help the civil rights flourish in a livable environment . Canadian courts , however , have been hesitant in this area , stating that economic rights are political questions and adding that as positive rights , economic rights are of questionable legitimacy . The Charter itself influenced the Bill of Rights in the Constitution of South Africa . The limitations clause under section 36 of the South African law has been compared to section 1 of that Charter . Jamaica 's Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms was also influenced , in part , by the Canadian charter . The Charter and national values ( edit ) The `` March of Hearts '' rally for same - sex marriage equality under the Charter in 2004 . The Charter was intended to be a source for Canadian values and national unity . As Professor Alan Cairns noted , `` The initial federal government premise was on developing a pan-Canadian identity . '' Trudeau himself later wrote in his Memoirs that `` Canada itself '' could now be defined as a `` society where all people are equal and where they share some fundamental values based upon freedom '' , and that all Canadians could identify with the values of liberty and equality . The Charter 's unifying purpose was particularly important to the mobility and language rights . According to author Rand Dyck , some scholars believe section 23 , with its minority language education rights , `` was the only part of the Charter with which Pierre Trudeau was truly concerned '' .",
"15": "Through the mobility and language rights , French Canadians , who have been at the centre of unity debates , are able to travel throughout all Canada and receive government and educational services in their own language . Hence , they are not confined to Quebec ( the only province where they form the majority and where most of their population is based ) , which would polarize the country along regional lines . The Charter was also supposed to standardize previously diverse laws throughout the country and gear them towards a single principle of liberty . Former premier of Ontario Bob Rae has stated that the Charter `` functions as a symbol for all Canadians '' in practice because it represents the core value of freedom . Academic Peter Russell has been more skeptical of the Charter 's value in this field . Cairns , who feels the Charter is the most important constitutional document to many Canadians , and that the Charter was meant to shape the Canadian identity , has also expressed concern that groups within society see certain provisions as belonging to them alone rather than to all Canadians . It has also been noted that issues like abortion and pornography , raised by the Charter , tend to be controversial . Still , opinion polls in 2002 showed Canadians felt the Charter significantly represented Canada , although many were unaware of the document 's actual contents . The only values mentioned by the Charter 's preamble are recognition for the supremacy of God and the rule of law , but these have been controversial and of minor legal consequence . In 1999 , MP Svend Robinson brought forward a failed proposal before the Canadian House of Commons that would have amended the Charter by removing the mention of God , as he felt it did not reflect Canada 's diversity . Section 27 also recognizes a value of multiculturalism . In 2002 , polls found 86 % of Canadians approved of this section . Criticism ( edit ) While the Charter has enjoyed a great deal of popularity , with 82 % of Canadians describing it as a good thing in opinion polls in 1987 and 1999 , the document has also been subject to published criticisms from both sides of the political spectrum . One left - wing critic is Professor Michael Mandel , who wrote that in comparison to politicians , judges do not have to be as sensitive to the will of the electorate , nor do they have to make sure their decisions are easily understandable to the average Canadian citizen . This , in Mandel 's view , limits democracy .",
"16": "Mandel has also asserted that the Charter makes Canada more like the United States , especially by serving corporate rights and individual rights rather than group rights and social rights . He has argued that there are several things that should be included in the Charter , such as a right to health care and a basic right to free education . Hence , the perceived Americanization of Canadian politics is seen as coming at the expense of values more important for Canadians . The union movement has been disappointed in the reluctance of the courts to use the Charter to support various forms of union activity , such as the `` right to strike '' . Right - wing critics Morton and Knopff have raised several concerns about the Charter , notably by alleging that the federal government has used it to limit provincial powers by allying with various rights claimants and interest groups . In their book The Charter Revolution & the Court Party , Morton and Knopff express their suspicions of this alliance in detail , accusing the Trudeau and Chrétien governments of funding litigious groups . For example , these governments used the Court Challenges Program to support minority language educational rights claims . Morton and Knopff also assert that crown counsel has intentionally lost cases in which the government was taken to court for allegedly violating rights , particularly gay rights and women 's rights . Political scientist Rand Dyck , in observing these criticisms , notes that while judges have had their scope of review widened , they have still upheld most laws challenged on Charter grounds . With regard to litigious interest groups , Dyck points out that `` the record is not as clear as Morton and Knopff imply . All such groups have experienced wins and losses . '' The political philosopher Charles Blattberg has criticized the Charter for contributing to the fragmentation of the country , at both the individual and group levels . In encouraging discourse based upon rights , the Charter is said to inject an adversarial spirit into Canadian politics , making it difficult to realize the common good . Blattberg also claims that the Charter undercuts the Canadian political community since it is ultimately a cosmopolitan document . Finally , he argues that people would be more motivated to uphold individual liberties if they were expressed with terms that are much `` thicker '' ( less abstract ) than rights .",
"17": "See also ( edit ) Canada portal Canadian politics portal Book : Canada Canadian Bill of Rights Canadian Human Rights Act History of Canada Human rights in Canada Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Supreme Court of Canada Veterans ' Bill of Rights List of Supreme Court of Canada cases ( Dickson Court ) List of Supreme Court of Canada cases ( Lamer Court ) List of Supreme Court of Canada cases ( McLachlin Court ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Only one federal law was declared inoperative by the Supreme Court of Canada : R. v. Drybones ( 1969 ) , ( 1970 ) S.C.R. 282 . For an example of the narrow interpretation of the Supreme Court of Canada see Attorney General of Canada v. Lavell , ( 1974 ) S.C.R. 1349 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Peter W. Constitutional Law of Canada . 2003 Student Ed . Scarborough , Ontario : Thomson Canada Limited , 2003 , page 689 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada . 2003 Student Ed. , pages 741 -- 742 Jump up ^ Heather Scoffield , `` Ottawa rules out invoking notwithstanding clause to stop migrant ships , '' Canadian Press , September 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ Marriage Act Archived 2007 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , R.S.A. 2000 , c . M - 5 . Accessed URL on March 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ McKnight , Peter . `` Notwithstanding what ? '' The Vancouver Sun , January 21 , 2006 , pg. C. 4 . Jump up ^ Library of Parliament , Parliamentary Information and Research Service , The Notwithstanding Clause of the Charter , prepared by David Johansen , 1989 , as revised May 2005 . Retrieved August 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Sources of Canadian Law '' , Department of Justice Canada . Retrieved March 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ The Constitutional Law Group , Canadian Constitutional Law , Third Edition , Toronto : Edmond Montgomery Publications Limited , p. 635 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Peter W. Canada Act 1982 Annotated .",
"18": "Toronto : The Carswell Company Limited , 1982 . Jump up ^ United States of America v. Cotroni ; United States of America v. El Zein ( 1989 ) 1 S.C.R. 1469 . Jump up ^ Strayer , Barry L. `` My Constitutional Summer of 1967 '' , Reflections on the Charter , Department of Justice Canada . Retrieved March 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Charting the Future : Canada 's New Constitution CBC Archives '' . Archives.cbc.ca . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Weinrib , Lorraine Eisenstat . `` Trudeau and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms : A Question of Constitutional Maturation . '' In Trudeau 's Shadow : The Life and Legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau . Edited by Andrew Cohen and JL Granatstein . Vintage Canada , 1998 , pages 269 . ^ Jump up to : Weinrib , 270 . Jump up ^ Weinrib , 271 . Jump up ^ Weinrib , 272 . Jump up ^ Weinrib , pages 271 -- 272 . Jump up ^ David Johansen , `` PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE CONSTITUTION , '' Library of Parliament ( Canada ) , Law and Government Division , October 1991 . Jump up ^ `` The Night of Long Knives '' , Canada : A People 's History . CBC . Retrieved April 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ CBC evening news broadcast , November 5 , 1981 . Online at CBC Archives , ( 1 ) beginning at timepoint 4 : 04 of the clip . Retrieved August 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Behiels , Michael D. `` Who Speaks for Canada ? Trudeau and the Constitutional Crisis . '' In Trudeau 's Shadow : The Life and Legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau , page 346 . Jump up ^ R. v. Kapp , 2008 SCC 41 , ( 2008 ) 2 SCR 483 ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada , 2003 Student Ed. , pages 722 and 724 -- 725 . Jump up ^ Morton , F.L. and Rainer Knopff .",
"19": "The Charter Revolution & the Court Party . Toronto : Broadview Press , 2000 , pages 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada . 2003 Student Ed. , pages 732 ; the case quoted was R. v. Rahey ( 1987 ) by Gérard La Forest . ^ Jump up to : Saunders , Philip ( April 2002 ) . `` The Charter at 20 '' . CBC News Online . Archived from the original on 7 March 2006 . Retrieved March 17 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Brice Dickson , `` Human Rights in the 21st Century , '' Amnesty International Lecture , Queen 's University , Belfast , 11 November 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada . 2003 Student Ed. , pages 732 -- 733 . Jump up ^ Manfredi , Christopher P . `` The Canadian Supreme Court and American Judicial Review : United States Constitutional Jurisprudence and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . '' The American Journal of Comparative Law , vol. 40 , no . 1 . ( Winter , 1992 ) , pages 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Women 's International Network News , `` Women on the Move in Canada . '' Summer 1993 , Vol. 19 Issue 3 , page 71 . ^ Jump up to : Lugtig , Sarah and Debra Parkes , `` Where do we go from here ? '' Herizons , Spring 2002 , Vol. 15 Issue 4 , page 14 . Jump up ^ Doris Anderson , `` Canadian Women and the Charter of Rights '' ( 2005 ) 19 Nat'l J Const L 369 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada . 2003 Student Ed. , pages 733 -- 734 . Jump up ^ http://jis.gov.jm/media/charter-of-rights1.pdf Jump up ^ http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20110417/cleisure/cleisure2.html Jump up ^ Trudeau , Pierre Elliott . Memoirs , Toronto : McClelland & Stewart , 1993 , pages 322 -- 323 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ Dyck , Rand . Canadian Politics : Critical Approaches . Third ed . Scarborough , Ontario : Nelson Thomson Learning , 2000 , page 442 . ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada . 2003 Student Ed. , pages 704 -- 705 . Jump up ^ Byfield , Joanne . `` The right to be ignorant . '' Report / Newsmagazine ( National Edition ) ; December 16 , 2002 , Vol. 29 , Issue 24 , page 56 . Jump up ^ Tracey Tyler , `` Support for Charter runs strong : Survey ; Approval highest in Quebec on 20 - year - old rights law '' , Toronto Star , Apr 12 , 2002 , p . A07 . ^ Jump up to : Dyck , page 446 , summarizing Mandel , Michael , The Charter of Rights and the Legalization of Politics in Canada ( Toronto : Wall and Thompson , 1989 ; revised edition , 1994 ) Jump up ^ Morton and Knopff , 95 . They complain about crown counsels on page 117 . Jump up ^ Dyck , page 448 . Jump up ^ Blattberg , Charles . Shall We Dance ? A Patriotic Politics for Canada . Montreal and Kingston : McGill - Queen 's University Press , 2003 , especially pages 83 -- 94 Bibliography G. - A Beaudoin and E. Ratushny , The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 2nd ed. , Carswell , Toronto , 1989 . P.W. Hogg , Constitutional law of Canada , 4th ed. , Carswell : Scarborough with Supplement to Constitutional Law of Canada ( 2002 - ) J.P. Humphrey , Human Rights and the United Nations : A Great Adventure , New York : Transnational Publishers , 1984 . J.E. Magnet , Constitutional Law , 8th ed. ( 2001 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Black - Branch , Jonathan L ( 1995 ) , Making sense of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , Canadian Education Association ISBN 0 - 920315 - 78 - X Silver , Cindy ( 1995 ? ) .",
"21": "Family Autonomy and the Charter of Rights : Protecting Parental Liberty in a Child - Centred Legal System , in series , Discussion Paper ( of ) the Centre for Renewal in Public Policy , 3 . Gloucester , Ont. : Centre for Renewal in Public Policy . 27 p . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms - Canadian Department of Justice website Charterpedia - Department of Justice online encyclopedia about the Charter Building a Just Society : A Retrospective of Canadian Rights and Freedoms at Library and Archives Canada Charter of Rights Decisions Digest by the Canadian Legal Information Institute Constitutional Law of Canada by Professor Joseph E. Magnet , University of Ottawa Fundamental Freedoms : The Charter of Rights and Freedoms - Charter of Rights and Freedoms website with video , audio and the Charter in more than 10 languages Constitution of Canada List of constitutional documents Quasi-constitutional law Pre-Confederation constitutional documents Iroquois constitution Mi'kmaq constitution Constitution of New France Royal Proclamation of 1763 Quebec Act of 1774 Constitutional Act of 1791 Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada ( 1838 ) Report on the Affairs of British North America ( 1839 ) Act of Union 1840 Confederation Charlottetown Conference , 1864 Quebec Conference , 1864 Quebec Resolutions London Conference , 1866 Fathers of Confederation Constitution Act , 1867 Canadian federalism Preamble Section 121 Section 125 Powers under Section 91 Peace , order , and good government Trade and commerce Criminal law Matters excepted from s . 92 Powers under Section 92 Licensing Works and undertakings Property and civil rights Administration of justice Fines and penalties for provincial laws Matters of a local or private nature Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867 -- 1982 British North America Acts , 1867 -- 1982 Manitoba Act , 1870 Alberta Act , 1905 Saskatchewan Act , 1905 Statute of Westminster , 1931 Newfoundland Act ,",
"22": "1949 ( hide ) Patriation Fulton -- Favreau formula Victoria Charter Kitchen Accord / Night of the Long Knives Constitution Act , 1982 Part I -- Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Preamble 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16.1 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Part II -- Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada 35 Part III -- Equalization and regional disparities 36 Part VII -- General 52 59 Conventions At Her Majesty 's pleasure Cabinet collective responsibility Disallowance and reservation Responsible government Fusion of powers Queen - in - Parliament Implied repeal Individual ministerial responsibility Interpellation Question Period Parliamentary privilege Parliamentary sovereignty Reserve power Royal prerogative Constitutional debate since 1982 Triple - E Senate Meech Lake Accord Charlottetown Accord Calgary Declaration Other unsuccessful amendments Interpretation of the Constitution Aboriginal self - government Pith and substance Double aspect Equal authenticity rule Paramountcy Living tree Implied Bill of Rights Interjurisdictional immunity Purposive theory Dialogue principle Provincial constitutional law Constitution of Alberta Constitution of Quebec Constitution Act ( British Columbia ) WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"23": "php?title=Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms&oldid=838149962 '' Categories : 1982 in law Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms National human rights instruments Political charters Human rights in Canada 1982 in Canadian law 1982 documents Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska اردو 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 06 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Heath Ledger - Wikipedia Heath Ledger Jump to : navigation , search Heath Ledger Ledger at the 56th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2006 Heath Andrew Ledger ( 1979 - 04 - 04 ) 4 April 1979 Perth , Western Australia , Australia 22 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 22 ) ( aged 28 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Cause of death Cardiac arrest brought on by prescription drug intoxication Resting place Karrakatta Cemetery Occupation Actor , music video director Years active 1993 -- 2008 Partner ( s ) Michelle Williams ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Heath Andrew Ledger ( 4 April 1979 -- 22 January 2008 ) was an Australian actor and director . After performing roles in several Australian television and film productions during the 1990s , Ledger left for the United States in 1998 to further develop his film career . His work comprised nineteen films , including 10 Things I Hate About You ( 1999 ) , The Patriot ( 2000 ) , A Knight 's Tale ( 2001 ) , Monster 's Ball ( 2001 ) , Lords of Dogtown ( 2005 ) , Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) , The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) , and The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus ( 2009 ) , the latter two being posthumous releases . He also produced and directed music videos and aspired to be a film director . For his portrayal of Ennis Del Mar in Brokeback Mountain , Ledger won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor and Best International Actor from the Australian Film Institute , and was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and for the Academy Award for Best Actor . Posthumously he shared the 2007 Independent Spirit Robert Altman Award with the rest of the ensemble cast , the director , and the casting director for the film I 'm Not There , which was inspired by the life and songs of American singer - songwriter Bob Dylan . In the film , Ledger portrayed a fictional actor named Robbie Clark , one of six characters embodying aspects of Dylan 's life and persona .",
"1": "Ledger died on 22 January 2008 from an accidental intoxication from prescription drugs . A few months before his death , Ledger had finished filming his performance as The Joker in The Dark Knight . His death occurred during editing of The Dark Knight and in the midst of filming his last role as Tony in The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus . His untimely death cast a shadow over the subsequent promotion of the $185 million Batman production . Ledger received numerous posthumous accolades for his critically acclaimed performance in the film , including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , a Best Actor International Award at the 2008 Australian Film Institute Awards ( for which he became the first actor to win an award posthumously ) , the 2008 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor , the 2009 Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture , and the 2009 BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1990s 2.2 2000s 2.3 Directorial work 3 Personal life 3.1 Relationships 4 Press controversies 5 Health issues 6 Death 6.1 Autopsy and toxicology report 6.2 Federal investigation 6.3 Effect on fans 6.4 Controversy over will 7 Legacy 7.1 Memorial tributes and services 7.2 Method and style 7.3 Posthumous films and awards 8 Filmography 8.1 Film 8.2 Television 8.3 Music video 9 Accolades 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early life ( edit ) Ledger was born in Perth , Western Australia , the son of Sally Ledger ( née Ramshaw ) , a French teacher , and Kim Ledger , a racecar driver and mining engineer whose family established and owned the Ledger Engineering Foundry . The Sir Frank Ledger Charitable Trust is named after his great - grandfather . He had English , Irish , and Scottish ancestry .",
"2": "Ledger attended Mary 's Mount Primary School in Gooseberry Hill , and later Guildford Grammar School , where he had his first acting experiences , starring in a school production as Peter Pan at age 10 . His parents separated when he was 10 and divorced when he was 11 . Ledger 's older sister Kate , an actress and later a publicist , to whom he was very close , inspired his acting on stage , and his love of Gene Kelly inspired his successful choreography , leading to Guildford Grammar 's 60 - member team 's `` first all - boy victory '' at the Rock Eisteddfod Challenge . Ledger 's two half - sisters are Ashleigh Bell ( b . 1990 ) , his mother 's daughter with her second husband and his stepfather Roger Bell , and Olivia Ledger ( b . 1996 ) , his father 's daughter with second wife and his stepmother Emma Brown . Career ( edit ) 1990s ( edit ) After sitting for early graduation exams at age 17 , Ledger left school to pursue an acting career . With Trevor DiCarlo , his best friend since he was three years old , Ledger drove across Australia from Perth to Sydney , returning to Perth to take a small role in Clowning Around ( 1992 ) , the first part of a two - part television series , and to work on the TV series Sweat ( 1996 ) , in which he played a gay cyclist . From 1993 to 1997 , Ledger also had parts in the Perth television series Ship to Shore ( 1993 ) ; in the short - lived Fox Broadcasting Company fantasy - drama Roar ( 1997 ) ; in Home and Away ( 1997 ) , one of Australia 's most successful television shows ; and in the Australian film Blackrock ( 1997 ) , his feature film debut . In 1999 , he starred in the teen comedy 10 Things I Hate About You and in the acclaimed Australian crime film Two Hands , directed by Gregor Jordan .",
"3": "2000s ( edit ) From 2000 to 2005 , he starred in supporting roles as Gabriel Martin , the eldest son of Benjamin Martin ( Mel Gibson ) , in The Patriot ( 2000 ) , and as Sonny Grotowski , the son of Hank Grotowski ( Billy Bob Thornton ) , in Monster 's Ball ( 2001 ) ; and in leading or title roles in A Knight 's Tale ( 2001 ) , The Four Feathers ( 2002 ) , The Order ( 2003 ) , Ned Kelly ( 2003 ) , Casanova ( 2005 ) , The Brothers Grimm ( 2005 ) , and Lords of Dogtown ( 2005 ) . In 2001 , he won a ShoWest Award as `` Male Star of Tomorrow '' . Ledger received `` Best Actor of 2005 '' awards from both the New York Film Critics Circle and the San Francisco Film Critics Circle for his performance in Brokeback Mountain , in which he plays Wyoming ranch hand Ennis Del Mar , who has a love affair with aspiring rodeo rider Jack Twist , played by Jake Gyllenhaal . He also received a nomination for Golden Globe Best Actor in a Drama and a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actor for this performance , making him , at age 26 , the ninth - youngest nominee for a Best Actor Oscar . In The New York Times review of the film , critic Stephen Holden writes : `` Both Mr. Ledger and Mr. Gyllenhaal make this anguished love story physically palpable . Mr. Ledger magically and mysteriously disappears beneath the skin of his lean , sinewy character . It is a great screen performance , as good as the best of Marlon Brando and Sean Penn . '' In a review in Rolling Stone , Peter Travers states : `` Ledger 's magnificent performance is an acting miracle . He seems to tear it from his insides . Ledger does n't just know how Ennis moves , speaks and listens ; he knows how he breathes . To see him inhale the scent of a shirt hanging in Jack 's closet is to take measure of the pain of love lost . ''",
"4": "After Brokeback Mountain , Ledger costarred with fellow Australian Abbie Cornish in the 2006 Australian film Candy , an adaptation of the 1998 novel Candy : A Novel of Love and Addiction , as young heroin addicts in love attempting to break free of their addiction , whose mentor is played by Geoffrey Rush ; for his performance as sometime poet Dan , Ledger was nominated for three `` Best Actor '' awards , including one of the Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards , which both Cornish and Rush won in their categories . Shortly after the release of Candy , Ledger was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . As one of six actors embodying different aspects of the life of Bob Dylan in the 2007 film I 'm Not There , directed by Todd Haynes , Ledger `` won praise for his portrayal of ' Robbie ( Clark ) , ' a moody , counter-culture actor who represents the romanticist side of Dylan , but says accolades are never his motivation '' . Posthumously , on 23 February 2008 , he shared the 2007 Independent Spirit Robert Altman Award with the rest of the film 's ensemble cast , its director , and its casting director . In his penultimate film performance , Ledger played the Joker in Christopher Nolan 's 2008 film The Dark Knight , released nearly six months after his death . While working on the film in London , Ledger told Sarah Lyall in their New York Times interview that he viewed The Dark Knight 's Joker as a `` psychopathic , mass murdering , schizophrenic clown with zero empathy '' . For his work on The Dark Knight , Ledger won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor with his family accepting it on his behalf , as well as numerous other posthumous awards , including the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor , which Christopher Nolan accepted for him . At the time of his death on 22 January 2008 , Ledger had completed about half of the work for his final film performance as Tony in Terry Gilliam 's The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus . Gilliam chose to adapt the film after his death by having fellow actors Johnny Depp , Jude Law , and Colin Farrell play `` fantasy transformations '' of his character so that Ledger 's final performance could be seen in theatres .",
"5": "Directorial work ( edit ) Ledger ( rightmost ) posing with the cast and the director of I 'm Not There at the 64th Venice Film Festival in September 2007 . Ledger had aspirations to become a film director and had made some music videos , which director Todd Haynes praised highly in his tribute to Ledger upon accepting the ISP Robert Altman Award , which Ledger posthumously shared , on 23 February 2008 . In 2006 , Ledger directed music videos for the title track on Australian hip hop artist N'fa 's CD debut solo album Cause An Effect and for the single `` Seduction Is Evil ( She 's Hot ) '' . Later that year , Ledger inaugurated a new record label , Masses Music , with singer Ben Harper and also directed a music video for Harper 's song `` Morning Yearning '' . At a news conference at the 2007 Venice Film Festival , Ledger spoke of his desire to make a documentary film about the British singer - songwriter Nick Drake , who died in 1974 , at the age of 26 , from an overdose of an antidepressant . Ledger created and acted in a music video set to Drake 's recording of the singer 's 1974 song about depression `` Black Eyed Dog '' -- a title `` inspired by Winston Churchill 's descriptive term for depression '' ( black dog ) ; it was shown publicly only twice , first at the Bumbershoot Festival , in Seattle , held from 1 to 3 September 2007 ; and secondly as part of `` A Place To Be : A Celebration of Nick Drake '' , with its screening of Their Place : Reflections On Nick Drake , `` a series of short filmed homages to Nick Drake '' ( including Ledger 's ) , sponsored by American Cinematheque , at the Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre , in Hollywood , on 5 October 2007 . After Ledger 's death , his music video for `` Black Eyed Dog '' was shown on the Internet and excerpted in news clips distributed via YouTube . He was working with Scottish screenwriter and producer Allan Scott on an adaptation of the 1983 novel The Queen 's Gambit by Walter Tevis , which would have been his first feature film as a director . He also intended to act in the film , with Canadian actress Ellen Page proposed in the lead role .",
"6": "Ledger 's final directorial work , in which he shot two music videos before his death , premiered in 2009 . The music videos , completed for Modest Mouse and Grace Woodroofe , include an animated feature for Modest Mouse 's song , `` King Rat '' , and the Woodroofe video for her cover of David Bowie 's `` Quicksand '' . The `` King Rat '' video premiered on 4 August 2009 . Personal life ( edit ) Ledger at the 56th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2006 Ledger was an avid chess player , winning Western Australia 's junior chess championship at the age of 10 . As an adult , he often played with other chess enthusiasts at Washington Square Park . Ledger also had a keen interest in the West Coast Eagles , a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League and are based in his hometown of Perth . Allan Scott 's film adaptation of the chess - related 1983 novel The Queen 's Gambit , by Walter Tevis , which at the time of his death he was planning to both perform in and direct , would have been Ledger 's first feature film as a director . Relationships ( edit ) Ledger had relationships with actresses Lisa Zane , Heather Graham and Naomi Watts . In 2004 , he met and began dating actress Michelle Williams on the set of Brokeback Mountain . Their daughter , Matilda Rose , was born on 28 October 2005 in New York City . Matilda 's godparents are Brokeback co-star Jake Gyllenhaal and Williams ' Dawson 's Creek co-star Busy Philipps . In January 2006 , Ledger put his residence in Bronte , New South Wales up for sale , and returned to the United States , where he shared a house with Williams , in Boerum Hill , Brooklyn , from 2005 to 2007 . In September 2007 , Williams ' father confirmed to Sydney 's Daily Telegraph that Ledger and Williams had ended their relationship . After Ledger 's death , multiple news outlets reported that his drug abuse had prompted Williams to request that he move out of the apartment they shared in Brooklyn .",
"7": "After his break - up with Williams , in late 2007 and early 2008 , the tabloid press and other public media linked Ledger romantically with supermodels Helena Christensen and Gemma Ward . On 30 January 2011 , Ward stated that the pair began dating in November 2007 and their families spent Christmas together in their home town of Perth . Press controversies ( edit ) Ledger 's relationship with the press in Australia was sometimes turbulent , and it led to his abandonment of plans for his family to reside part - time in Sydney . In 2004 , he strongly denied press reports alleging that `` he spat at journalists on the Sydney set of the film Candy '' , or that one of his relatives had done so later , outside Ledger 's Sydney home . On 13 January 2006 , `` Several members of the paparazzi retaliated ... squirting Ledger and Williams with water pistols on the red carpet at the Sydney premiere of Brokeback Mountain '' . After his performance on stage at the 2005 Screen Actors Guild Awards , when he had giggled in presenting Brokeback Mountain as a nominee for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture , the Los Angeles Times referred to his presentation as an `` apparent gay spoof '' . Ledger called the Times later and explained that his levity resulted from stage fright , saying that he had been told that he would be presenting the award only minutes earlier ; he stated : `` I am so sorry and I apologise for my nervousness . I would be absolutely horrified if my stage fright was misinterpreted as a lack of respect for the film , the topic and for the amazing filmmakers . '' Ledger was quoted in January 2006 in Melbourne 's Herald Sun as saying that he heard that West Virginia had banned Brokeback Mountain , which it had not ; actually , a cinema in Utah had banned the film . He had also referred mistakenly to West Virginia 's having had lynchings as recently as the 1980s , but state scholars disputed his statement , observing that , whereas lynchings did occur in Alabama as recently as 1981 , according to `` the director of state archives and history '' quoted in The Charleston Gazette , `` The last documented lynching in West Virginia took place in Lewisburg in 1931 . ''",
"8": "Health issues ( edit ) In their New York Times interview , published on 4 November 2007 , Ledger told Sarah Lyall that his recently completed roles in I 'm Not There ( 2007 ) and The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) had taken a toll on his ability to sleep : `` Last week I probably slept an average of two hours a night ... I could n't stop thinking . My body was exhausted , and my mind was still going . '' At that time , he told Lyall that he had taken two Ambien pills , after taking just one had not sufficed , and those left him in `` a stupor , only to wake up an hour later , his mind still racing . '' Prior to his return to New York from his last film assignment , in London , in January 2008 , while he was apparently suffering from some kind of respiratory illness , he reportedly complained to his co-star from The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus , Christopher Plummer , that he was continuing to have difficulty sleeping and taking pills to help with that problem : `` Confirming earlier reports that Ledger had n't been feeling well on set , Plummer says , ' we all caught colds because we were shooting outside on horrible , damp nights . But Heath 's went on and I do n't think he dealt with it immediately with the antibiotics ... I think what he did have was the walking pneumonia . ' ( ... ) On top of that , ' He was saying all the time , ' dammit , I ca n't sleep ' ... and he was taking all these pills to help him . ' '' In talking with Interview magazine , after his death , Ledger 's former fiancée Michelle Williams also confirmed reports the actor had experienced trouble sleeping . `` For as long as I 'd known him , he had bouts with insomnia . He had too much energy . His mind was turning , turning , turning -- always turning . '' Death ( edit ) At about 2 : 45 pm ( EST ) , on 22 January 2008 , Ledger was found unconscious in his bed by his housekeeper , Teresa Solomon , and his masseuse , Diana Wolozin , in his fourth - floor loft apartment at 421 Broome Street in the SoHo neighbourhood of Manhattan .",
"9": "According to the police , Wolozin , who had arrived early for a 3 : 00 pm appointment with Ledger , called Ledger 's friend Mary - Kate Olsen for help . Olsen , who was in California , directed a New York City private security guard to go to the scene . At 3 : 26 pm , `` less than 15 minutes after she first saw him in bed and only a few moments after the first call to Ms. Olsen '' , Wolozin telephoned 9 - 1 - 1 `` to say that Mr. Ledger was not breathing '' . At the urging of the 9 - 1 - 1 operator , Wolozin administered CPR , which was unsuccessful in reviving him . Paramedics and emergency medical technicians arrived seven minutes later , at 3 : 33 pm ( `` at almost exactly the same moment as a private security guard summoned by Ms. Olsen '' ) but were also unable to revive him . At 3 : 36 pm , Ledger was pronounced dead , and his body was removed from the apartment . Autopsy and Toxicology report ( edit ) Two weeks later on 6 February 2008 , the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of New York released its conclusions , based on an initial autopsy of 23 January 2008 and a subsequent complete toxicological analysis . The report concludes , in part , `` Mr. Heath Ledger died as the result of acute intoxication by the combined effects of oxycodone , hydrocodone , diazepam , temazepam , alprazolam and doxylamine . '' It states definitively : `` We have concluded that the manner of death is accident , resulting from the abuse of prescribed medications . '' While the medications found in the toxicological analysis may be prescribed in the United States for insomnia , anxiety , pain , or common cold ( doxylamine ) symptoms , the vast majority of physicians in the US are extremely reluctant to prescribe multiple benzodiazepines ( e.g. , diazepam , alprazolam , and temazepam ) to a single patient , let alone prescribe the same to a patient already taking a mix of oxycodone and hydrocodone .",
"10": "Although the Associated Press and other media reported that `` police estimate Ledger 's time of death between 1 pm and 2 : 45 pm '' ( on 22 January 2008 ) , the Medical Examiner 's Office announced that it would not be publicly disclosing the official estimated time of death . The official announcement of the cause and manner of Ledger 's death heightened concerns about the growing problems of prescription drug abuse or misuse and combined drug intoxication ( CDI ) . Dr. Jason Payne - James , a forensic pathologist , has believed that Ledger might have survived if hydrocodone and oxycodone had been left out of the combination of drugs that the actor took just prior to his death . Federal Investigation ( edit ) Late in February 2008 , a DEA investigation of medical professionals relating to Ledger 's death exonerated two American physicians , who practice in Los Angeles and Houston , of any wrongdoing , determining that `` the doctors in question had prescribed Ledger other medications -- not the pills that killed him . '' On 4 August 2008 , citing unnamed sources , Murray Weiss , of the New York Post , first reported that Mary - Kate Olsen had `` refused ( through her attorney , Michael C. Miller ) to be interviewed by federal investigators probing the accidental drug death of her close friend Heath Ledger ... ( without ) ... immunity from prosecution '' and that , when asked about the matter , Miller at first declined further comment . Later that day , after the police confirmed the gist of Weiss 's account to the Associated Press , Miller issued a statement denying that Olsen supplied Ledger with the drugs causing his death and asserting that she did not know their source . In his statement , Miller said specifically , `` Despite tabloid speculation , Mary - Kate Olsen had nothing whatsoever to do with the drugs found in Heath Ledger 's home or his body , and she does not know where he obtained them , '' emphasizing that media `` descriptions ( attributed to an unidentified source ) are incomplete and inaccurate . '' After a flurry of further media speculation , on 6 August 2008 , the US Attorney 's Office in Manhattan closed its investigation into Ledger 's death without filing any charges and rendering moot its subpoena of Olsen .",
"11": "With the clearing of the two doctors and Olsen , and the closing of the investigation because the prosecutors in the Manhattan US Attorney 's Office `` do n't believe there 's a viable target , '' it is still not known how Ledger obtained the oxycodone and hydrocodone in the lethal drug combination that killed him . Effect on fans ( edit ) Eleven months after Ledger 's death , on 23 December 2008 , Jake Coyle , writing for the Associated Press , announced that `` Heath Ledger 's death was voted 2008 's top entertainment story by U.S. newspaper and broadcast editors surveyed by The Associated Press '' . He claimed that this was partially a result of the `` shock and confusion '' surrounding the circumstances of Ledger 's death , as well as due to Ledger 's `` legacy ... in a roundly acclaimed performance as the Joker in the year 's biggest box office hit The Dark Knight . '' Controversy over will ( edit ) After Ledger 's death , in response to some press reports about his will , filed in New York City on 28 February 2008 , and his daughter 's access to his financial legacy , his father , Kim Ledger , said that he considered the financial well - being of his granddaughter Matilda Rose an `` absolute priority '' , whilst also stating that her mother , Michelle Williams , was `` an integral part of our family '' . He added , `` They will be taken care of and that 's how Heath would want it to be '' . Some of Ledger 's relatives may be challenging the legal status of his will signed in 2003 , prior to his involvement with Williams and the birth of their daughter and not updated to include them , which divides half of his estate between his parents and half among his siblings ; they claim that there is a second , unsigned will , which leaves most of that estate to Matilda Rose . Williams ' father , Larry Williams , has also joined the controversy about Ledger 's will as it was filed in New York City soon after his death .",
"12": "On 31 March 2008 , stimulating another controversy pertaining to Ledger 's estate , Gemma Jones and Janet Fife - Yeomans published an `` Exclusive '' report , in The Daily Telegraph , citing Ledger 's uncle Haydn Ledger and other family members , who `` believe the late actor may have fathered a secret love child '' when he was 17 , and stating that `` If it is confirmed that Ledger is the girl 's biological father , it could split his multi-million dollar estate between ... Matilda Rose ... and his secret love child . '' A few days later , reports citing telephone interviews with Ledger 's uncles Haydn and Mike Ledger and the family of the other little girl , published in OK ! and Us Weekly , `` denied '' those `` claims '' , with Ledger 's uncles and the little girl 's mother and stepfather describing them as unfounded `` rumors '' distorted and exaggerated by the media . On 15 July 2008 , Fife - Yeomans reported further , via Australian News Limited , that `` While Ledger left everything to his parents and three sisters , it is understood they have legal advice that under Western Australia law , Matilda Rose is entitled to the lion 's share '' of his estate ; its executors , Kim Ledger 's former business colleague Robert John Collins and Geraldton accountant William Mark Dyson , `` have applied for probate in the West Australian Supreme Court in Perth , advertising for ' creditors and other persons ' having claims on the estate to lodge them by 11 August 2008 ... to ensure all debts are paid before the estate is distributed ... '' According to this report by Fife - Yeomans , earlier reports citing Ledger 's uncles , and subsequent reports citing Ledger 's father , which do not include his actual posthumous earnings , `` his entire fortune , mostly held in Australian trusts , is likely to be worth up to $ 20 million . '' On 27 September 2008 , Ledger 's father Kim stated that `` the family has agreed to leave the US $16.3 million fortune to Matilda , '' adding : `` There is no claim . Our family has gifted everything to Matilda . ''",
"13": "In October 2008 , Forbes estimated Ledger 's annual earnings from October 2007 through October 2008 -- including his posthumous share of The Dark Knight 's gross income of `` US $1 billion in box office revenue worldwide '' -- -- as `` US $20 million . '' Legacy ( edit ) Memorial tributes and services ( edit ) Memorial for Ledger , outside 421 Broome Street , SoHo , Manhattan , 23 January 2008 As the news of Ledger 's death became public , throughout the night of 22 January 2008 , and the next day , media crews , mourners , fans , and other onlookers began gathering outside his apartment building , with some leaving flowers or other memorial tributes . The next day , at 10 : 50 am Australian time , Ledger 's parents and sister appeared outside his mother 's house in Applecross , a riverside suburb of Perth , and read a short statement to the media expressing their grief and desire for privacy . Within the next few days , memorial tributes were communicated by family members ; the Prime Minister of Australia , Kevin Rudd ; the Deputy Premier of Western Australia , Eric Ripper ; Warner Bros. ( distributor of The Dark Knight ) and thousands of Ledger 's fans around the world . Several actors made statements expressing their sorrow at Ledger 's death , including Daniel Day - Lewis , who dedicated his Screen Actors Guild Award to him , saying that he was inspired by Ledger 's acting ; Day - Lewis praised Ledger 's performances in Monster 's Ball and Brokeback Mountain , describing the latter as `` unique , perfect '' . Verne Troyer , who was working with Ledger on The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus at the time of his death , had a heart shape , an exact duplicate of a symbol that Ledger scrawled on a piece of paper with his email address , tattooed on his hand in remembrance of Ledger because Ledger `` had made such an impression on ( him ) . '' British indie band Kasabian paid tribute to Ledger in their song ' Vlad the Impaler ' , with the line `` Joker , meet you on the other side '' . Singer Tom Meighan often changes the word `` Joker '' to either `` Ledger '' , or the names of recently deceased celebrities .",
"14": "On 1 February , in her first public statement after Ledger 's death , Michelle Williams expressed her heartbreak and described Ledger 's spirit as surviving in their daughter . After attending private memorial ceremonies in Los Angeles , Ledger 's family members returned with his body to Perth . On 9 February , a memorial service attended by several hundred invited guests was held at Penrhos College , attracting considerable press attention ; afterward Ledger 's body was cremated at Fremantle Cemetery , followed by a private service attended by only 10 closest family members , with his ashes interred later in a family plot at Karrakatta Cemetery , next to two of his grandparents . Later that night , his family and friends gathered for a wake on Cottesloe Beach . In January 2011 , the State Theatre Centre of Western Australia in Ledger 's home town of Perth named a 575 - seat theatre the Heath Ledger Theatre after him . For the opening of the theatre , Ledger 's Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor was on display in the theatre 's foyer along with his Joker costume . Bon Iver 's `` Perth '' was inspired by Heath Ledger . Justin Vernon , the lead singer and songwriter of the American indie folk band , revealed back in 2011 that he had begun working on the song in 2008 and was scheduled to meet with a music video director who was good friends with Ledger , Matt Amato . `` The first thing I worked on , the riff and the beginning melodies , was the first song on the record , ' Perth , ' '' Vernon told Exclaim ! . Amato was directing the band 's `` The Wolves ( Act I & II ) '' music video the day that Ledger died . `` It was no longer about just making a Bon Iver music video anymore , '' Vernon says . `` This was now our chance to be there with Matt as he grieved . It was a three - day wake . '' Amato told Vernon stories about Ledger that eventually became the inspiration for `` Perth , '' the opening track to the band 's second studio album Bon Iver , Bon Iver ( 2011 ) . Method and style ( edit ) Ledger on the March 2006 cover of Rolling Stone `` You know when you see the preachers down South ? And they grab a believer and they go , ' Bwoom !",
"15": "I touch you with the hand of God ! ' And they believe so strongly , they 're on the ground shaking and spitting . And fuck 's sake , that 's the power of belief ... Now , I do n't believe in Jesus , but I believe in my performance . And if you can understand that the power of belief is one of the great tools of our time and that a lot of acting comes from it , you can do anything . '' -- Ledger , during the interview with Rolling Stone in 2006 , on belief , power and acting . Portraying a variety of roles , from romantic heroes to the reluctantly oppressed , Ledger created a hodgepodge of characters that are deliberately unlike one another , stating `` I feel like I am wasting my time if I repeat myself '' . He also reflected on his inability to be happy with his work , `` I feel the same thing about everything I do . The day I say , ' It 's good ' is the day I should start doing something else . '' Ledger liked to wait between jobs so that he would start creatively hungry on new projects . In his own words , acting was about harnessing `` the infinite power of belief , '' thus using belief as a tool for creating . Directors who have worked with the actor praised him for his creativity , seriousness and intuition . `` I 've never felt as old as I did watching Heath explore his talents , '' The Dark Knight director Christopher Nolan has written , expressing amazement over the actor 's working process , genuine curiosity and charisma . Marc Forster , who directed Ledger in Monster 's Ball , complimented him as taking the job `` very seriously '' , being disciplined , observant , and understanding and intuitive . In 2007 , director Todd Haynes compared Ledger 's presence to actor James Dean , casting Ledger as Robbie Clarke , a fictive personification of Bob Dylan in I 'm Not There . Drawing on the similar characteristics between the actors , Haynes further highlighted Ledger 's `` precocious seriousness '' and intuition . He also felt that Ledger had a rare maturity beyond his years . '' Ledger , however , disconnected himself and acting from perfectionism . `` I 'm always gon na pull myself apart and dissect ( the work ) . I mean , there 's no such thing as perfection in what ( actors ) do .",
"16": "Pornos are more perfect than we are , because they 're actually fucking . '' `` Some people find their shtick , '' Ledger reflected on the categorization of style . `` I never figured out who ' Heath Ledger ' is on film : ' This is what you expect when you hire me , and it will be recognizable ' ... People always feel compelled to sum you up , to presume that they have you and can describe you . That 's fine . But there are so many stories inside of me and a lot I want to achieve outside of one flat note . '' Posthumous films and Awards ( edit ) Further information : List of accolades received by The Dark Knight Ledger 's death affected the marketing campaign for Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) and also both the production and marketing of Terry Gilliam 's film The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus , with both directors intending to celebrate and pay tribute to his work in these films . Although Gilliam temporarily suspended production on the latter film , he expressed determination to `` salvage '' it , perhaps using computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) , and dedicated it to Ledger . In February 2008 , as a `` memorial tribute to the man many have called one of the best actors of his generation , '' Johnny Depp , Jude Law , and Colin Farrell signed on to take over Ledger 's role , becoming multiple incarnations of his character , Tony , transformed in this `` magical re-telling of the Faust story '' . The three actors donated their fees for the film to Ledger 's and Williams 's daughter . Speaking of editing The Dark Knight , on which Ledger had completed his work in October 2007 , Nolan recalled , `` It was tremendously emotional , right when he passed , having to go back in and look at him every day ... But the truth is , I feel very lucky to have something productive to do , to have a performance that he was very , very proud of , and that he had entrusted to me to finish . '' All of Ledger 's scenes appear as he completed them in the filming ; in editing the film , Nolan added no `` digital effects '' to alter Ledger 's actual performance posthumously .",
"17": "Nolan dedicated the film in part to Ledger 's memory , as well as to the memory of technician Conway Wickliffe , who was killed during a car accident while preparing one of the film 's stunts . Ledger 's performance of The Joker in the film earned him an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , making him the first comic - book movie actor to win an Oscar . Released in July 2008 , The Dark Knight broke several box office records and received both popular and critical accolades , especially with regard to Ledger 's performance as the Joker . Even film critic David Denby , who does not praise the film overall in his pre-release review in The New Yorker , evaluates Ledger 's work highly , describing his performance as both `` sinister and frightening '' and Ledger as `` mesmerising in every scene '' , concluding : `` His performance is a heroic , unsettling final act : this young actor looked into the abyss . '' Attempting to dispel widespread speculations that Ledger 's performance as the Joker had in any way led to his death ( as Denby and others suggest ) , Ledger 's co-star and friend Christian Bale , who played opposite him as Batman , has stressed that , as an actor , Ledger greatly enjoyed meeting the challenges of creating that role , an experience that Ledger himself described as `` the most fun I 've ever had , or probably ever will have , playing a character . '' Terry Gilliam also refuted the claims that playing the Joker made him crazy , calling it `` absolute nonsense '' and going on to say , `` Heath was so solid . His feet were on the ground and he was the least neurotic person I 've ever met . '' Ledger received numerous awards for his Joker role in The Dark Knight . On 10 November 2008 , he was nominated for two People 's Choice Awards related to his work on the film , `` Best Ensemble Cast '' and `` Best Onscreen Match - Up '' ( shared with Christian Bale ) , and Ledger won an award for `` Match - Up '' in the ceremony aired live on CBS in January 2009 .",
"18": "On 11 December 2008 , it was announced that Ledger had been nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture for his performance as the Joker in The Dark Knight ; he subsequently won the award at the 66th Golden Globe Awards ceremony telecast on NBC on 11 January 2009 with Dark Knight director Christopher Nolan accepting on his behalf . Film critics , co-stars Maggie Gyllenhaal and Michael Caine and many of Ledger 's colleagues in the film community joined Bale in calling for and predicting a nomination for the 2008 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in recognition of Ledger 's achievement in The Dark Knight . Ledger 's subsequent nomination was announced on 22 January 2009 , the anniversary of his death . Ledger went on to win the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , becoming the second person to win a posthumous Academy Award for acting ( after fellow Australian actor Peter Finch , who won for 1976 's Network ) , as well as the first comic - book movie actor to win an Oscar for their acting . Ledger 's family attended the ceremony on 22 February 2009 , with his parents and sister accepting the award on stage on his behalf . Following talks with the Ledger family in Australia , the Academy determined that Ledger 's daughter , Matilda Rose , would own the award . However , due to Matilda 's age , she will not gain full ownership of the statuette until her eighteenth birthday in 2023 . Until that time , her mother Michelle Williams , will hold the statuette in trust for Matilda . On 4 April 2017 , a trailer was released for the upcoming documentary I am Heath Ledger which was released on 3 May 2017 . It features archival footage of Ledger and interviews .",
"19": "Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Title Year Role Note Blackrock 1997 Toby Ackland Paws Oberon 10 Things I Hate About You 1999 Patrick Verona Two Hands Jimmy The Patriot 2000 Gabriel Martin A Knight 's Tale William Thatcher Monster 's Ball Sonny Grotowski The Four Feathers 2002 Harry Faversham Ned Kelly 2003 Ned Kelly The Order Alex Bernier Lords of Dogtown 2005 Skip Engblom The Brothers Grimm Jacob Grimm Brokeback Mountain Ennis Del Mar Casanova Giacomo Casanova Candy 2006 Dan Carter I 'm Not There 2007 Robbie Clark ( Bob Dylan ) The Dark Knight 2008 The Joker Posthumous release The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus 2009 Tony Shepard I am Heath Ledger 2017 Himself Documentary Television ( edit ) Title Year Role Note Ship to Shore Cyclist 3 episodes Sweat Snowy Bowles 26 episodes Home and Away 1997 Scott Irwin 9 episodes Roar Conor 13 episodes Storm Hawks 2007 Cyclonian Talon Voice ; one episode Music video ( edit ) Title Year Performer Note `` Cause an Effect '' 2006 N'fa Directed by Ledger `` Seduction is Evil ( She 's Hot ) '' `` Morning Yearning '' Ben Harper `` Black Eyed Dog '' 2007 Nick Drake Directed by and featuring Ledger `` King Rat '' 2009 Modest Mouse Animated video ; conceived by Ledger Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Heath Ledger See also ( edit ) List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Many sources normally considered reliable say that his birth name was Heathcliff ; however , Ledger himself denied this ,",
"20": "saying his name was always just Heath . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Barron , James ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger , actor , Is Found Dead at 28 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dawtrey , Adam ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` ' Parnassus ' Team Faces Dilemma '' . Variety . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards Database '' . British Academy of Film and Television Awards . Retrieved 16 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Savage , Michael ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger : The Times Obituary '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger Honored at Independent Spirit Awards '' . Entertainment Tonight . 23 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 April 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Sewell and James Barron ( contributing ) ( 6 February 2008 ) . `` City Room : Heath Ledger 's Death Is Ruled an Accident '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ledger 's Death Caused by Accidental Overdose '' . CNN . 6 February 2008 . Retrieved 17 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Heath Ledger Died of Accidental Overdose : 28 - Year - Old Actor Had Oxycodone , Anti-Anxiety , Sleep Aids in His System '' . MSNBC. 6 February 2008 . Retrieved 17 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Halbfinger , David M. ( 9 March 2008 ) . `` Batman 's Burden : A Director Confronts Darkness and Death '' . The New York Times . pp. 1 , 16 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ `` Ledger Honoured at AFI Awards '' . ABC . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden Globes : Heath Ledger 's Family ' So Proud ' of Globe Nod '' . People . 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Wills , Dominic ( 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger Biography '' . Tiscali TV . US . Archived from the original on 16 April 2008 . Retrieved 22 April 2008 . The Ledger name was well - known in Perth , the family having run a foundry that provided much of the raw material for the famous Perth to Kalgoorlie Pipeline ... The Sir Frank Ledger Charitable Trust , named after Heath 's great - grandfather , was renowned for granting funds to the area 's universities , paying for visiting lecturers and scholarships for gifted students . Jump up ^ ' Heath : A Family 's Tale ' by Janet Fife - Yeomans ( 2009 ) , p. 32 : `` Ledger was a descendant of the Ledger family of Leeds , Yorkshire who arrived in Western Australia from England in 1880 . '' Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger among WA 's Finest Sons , Says Eric Ripper '' . The Sunday Times . Australia . 22 January 2008 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . ' I understand he was a former student at both Mary 's Mount Primary School in Gooseberry Hill and later at Guildford Grammar , ' Mr Ripper said . ^ Jump up to : Lipsky , David ( 23 March 2006 ) . `` Heath Ledger 's Lonesome Trail '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . His dad wanted him to race cars . Hollywood wanted him to play Spider - Man . Now he 's a huge star , and he 's not happy about it . Jump up ^ Sessums , Kevin . `` We 're Having a Heath Wave '' . Vanity Fair ( August 2000 ) . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies .",
"22": "6 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger '' . tvguide.com . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showest Awards : Past Award Winners '' . showest.com . ShoWest ( Nielsen Business Media Film Group ) . Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Brokeback Mountain ' leads Golden Globe nominations '' . CNN . 13 December 2005 . Retrieved 17 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The San Francisco Film Critics Circle '' . San Francisco Film . splicedwire.com. 12 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 24 July 2008 . Retrieved 17 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Jen Chaney ( 15 December 2005 ) . `` ' Mountain ' Man Ledger 's Steady Climb to the Top '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 17 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` HFPA -- Awards Search '' . Golden Globes Official Website . goldenglobes.org . Archived from the original on 5 September 2008 . Retrieved 17 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Results Page -- Academy Awards Database '' . Awards Database . Archived from the original on 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 17 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( 9 December 2005 ) . `` Film Review -- Brokeback Mountain -- Riding the High Country , Finding and Losing Love '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2013 . Retrieved 17 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 1 December 2005 ) . `` Review : Brokeback Mountain '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Motion Picture Arts , Sciences invites 120 new members '' . USA Today . 5 July 2006 . Retrieved 23 January 2009 .",
"23": "Jump up ^ Honie Stevens ( 18 November 2007 ) . `` Squaring the Ledger '' . The Daily Telegraph . Australia . Retrieved 24 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Todd Haynes Dedicates Robert Altman Award to Heath Ledger '' . YouTube . 23 February 2008 . Archived from the original ( video clip ) on 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lyall , Sarah ( 4 November 2007 ) . `` Movies : In Stetson or Wig , He 's Hard to Pin Down '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Abramowitz , Rachel ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` Accolades flow after Heath Ledger 's ' Dark Knight ' win '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Slumdog Millionaire ' fulfills its Oscar destiny '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . 23 February 2009 . Retrieved 23 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : David M. Halbfinger ( 25 January 2008 ) . `` Actor 's Death May Mean Film 's End '' . The New York Times . p. 12 . Retrieved 2 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Christine Kilpatrick ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` Production Suspended on Heath Ledger 's Latest Movie '' . People . Retrieved 24 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rapper N'FA to Release Heath Ledger - Directed Video SPIN '' . 12 July 2010 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seduction Is Evil '' . Inertia Catalogue . inertia.net. 28 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2007 . Retrieved 5 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Andrew Drever ( 21 August 2006 ) . `` N'Fa : Frontman for 1200 Techniques May Be Doing Solo Work , But Everything 's Cool '' . The Age . Melbourne . p.",
"24": "2 . Retrieved 5 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger Teams Up with Ben Harper to Launch New Record Label '' . Starpulse Entertainment News Blog . starpulse.com. 14 February 2007 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2008 . Retrieved 5 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jim Fraenkel and Rodrigo Perez ( 22 January 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger 's Video for Nick Drake Song : Eerie Postscript to Actor 's Death '' . MTV . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Anthony Storr ( 1990 ) . Churchill 's Black Dog and Other Phenomena of the Human Mind . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 637566 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Egyptian Theatre Programming '' ( PDF ) . American Cinematheque Film Calendar . americacinematheque.com. 5 October 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . This very special evening celebrating ( Drake 's ) life and music includes films , guests and a unique art and photographic exhibit . It includes the World Theatrical Premiere of ' Their Place : Reflections On Nick Drake ' , 2007 , Bryter Music , 30 min . Various Directors -- a series of short filmed homages to Nick Drake -- created by admirers including Heath Ledger , Jonas Mekas and Tim Pope . ( NOT ON DVD ! ) ... Jump up ^ Daniel Kreps ( 29 February 2008 ) . `` Footage from Heath Ledger 's Nick Drake Video Surfaces '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . The video , for Drake 's posthumously released song ' Black Eyed Dog , ' was filmed by the actor in late 2007 and included in a multimedia instalment about Drake called ' A Place to Be . ' The project was only screened publicly twice before the actor 's death , and the Ledger family said the ' Black Eyed Dog ' video would not be released . Jump up ^ `` A Place To Be : Reflections Of Nick Drake '' . A Place To Be .",
"25": "Archived from the original on 18 February 2009 . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . A Place To Be : a collection , a celebration , in film , photography , painting , drawing and prose , of the impact the music of Nick Drake has had on other artists ( `` Introductory film '' includes excerpts of the music video , Black Eyed Dog , by Heath Ledger , among others . ) Jump up ^ Drake 's song `` Black Eyed Dog '' is featured as track number five on the soundtrack album for the 1974 film Practical Magic , directed by Griffin Dunne and starring Sandra Bullock and Nicole Kidman . ^ Jump up to : Cazzulino , Michelle ( 29 March 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger 's Gambit to Be a Director '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 24 April 2008 . It was an opportunity tailor - made for Ledger , Scott said . ' The movie is about chess , and what is a little known fact is Heath was very close to being on the grandmaster level . He was a chess whiz , and he intended to get his grandmaster rating before he started shooting the picture . ' Jump up ^ Rob Sharp and Allan Shiach ( 18 March 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger -- A Prophetic Tragedy '' . The Independent . UK . Retrieved 20 March 2008 . Until last month ( January 2008 ) he ( Allan Schiach , aka Allan Scott , ) was working with the late Heath Ledger on a film adaptation of Walter Tevis 's 1983 novel The Queen 's Gambit , about a chess prodigy 's chequered history . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( 16 March 2009 ) . `` Heath Ledger - directed music video to be released '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ledger music videos to be aired '' . BBC News . 17 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger music videos on the way '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 17 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2009 . Retrieved 26 May 2009 .",
"26": "Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger 's Video For Modest Mouse 's `` King Rat '' Premieres `` . Rolling Stone . 4 August 2009 . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger obituary : An actor of promise '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . 23 January 2008 . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . At the same time he showed promise in other areas , as a junior go - kart racing champion and , aged only 10 , as Western Australia 's junior chess champion . Jump up ^ Tapper , Christina ; Stoyoff , Natasha ( 26 January 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger 's Passion for Chess '' . People . Retrieved 3 February 2008 . No stranger to the New York Washington Square Park chess world , Heath Ledger found joy by screaming the occasional ' checkmate ! ' Jump up ^ Ledger another great who died too young Jump up ^ Newman , Jason ( 18 May 2017 ) . `` ' I Am Heath Ledger ' : 10 Things We Learned From Spike TV Doc '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The truth about Heath Ledger 's women '' . News.com.au. 1 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Kiki ; Simpson , Eva ; Hedley , Caroline ( 3 March 2006 ) . `` The Heath Is On '' . Daily Mirror . UK . p. 16 . Archived from the original on 28 January 2008 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Balogh , Stefanie ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger 's ex-fiancee Michelle Williams home with baby Matilda '' . Herald Sun . Australia . Retrieved 8 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ledger Hopes for $3 m Profit on Beach House '' . The Age . Melbourne . 11 February 2006 . Retrieved 17 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Williams , Alex ( 30 September 2007 ) .",
"27": "`` Brooklyn 's Fragile Eco-System '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Grant , Sarah ( 4 September 2007 ) . `` Michelle Williams ' dad confirms split with Heath Ledger '' . The Daily Telegraph . Australia . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How Philip Seymour Hoffman tried to help tragic Heath Ledger quit drugs before his friend 's fatal 2008 overdose in NYC apartment blocks from Hoffman 's death pad '' . dailymail.co.uk. 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drug - taking Heath Ledger was named bad influence as girlfriend ' wanted sole custody of daughter ' '' . dailymail.co.uk. 31 January 2008 . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Tom ( 29 January 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger ' refused help for heroin abuse ' '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitworth , Melissa ( 31 January 2011 ) . `` Fashion shoots '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Supermodel 's Last Call to Heath '' . The Daily Telegraph . Australia . 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 26 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Stansfield , Robert ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` Helena Christensen Was on Way to See Heath Ledger '' . Scottish Daily Record . Archived from the original on 22 August 2009 . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly ; Grant , Sarah ; Saurine , Angela ( 3 January 2008 ) . `` Are Gemma Ward and Heath Ledger Dating ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Australia . Archived from the original on 9 February 2008 . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Fife - Yeomans , Janet ( 25 January 2008 ) . `` Sorrow of Heath Ledger 's Secret Love '' . The Daily Telegraph . Australia . Retrieved 6 February 2008 .",
"28": "Jump up ^ `` Lindsay Lohan after Heath Ledger 's death : ' I 'm in love with him ' '' . Fox News . 7 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 24 June 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : WENN ( World Entertainment News Network ) ( 12 January 2006 ) . `` Ledger Slams Spitting Claims '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hawley , Janet ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` Tale of an untrained homeboy '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 13 April 2009 . Jump up ^ AAP ( 14 January 2006 ) . `` Sprayed Heath Flies Out '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Emily Dunn and Richard Jinman ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` How a Triumphant Return Turned Sour '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . p. 1 . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Snead ( 30 January 2006 ) . `` The Dish Rag -- Ledger 's Strange SAG Behavior '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 27 January 2008 . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Snead ( 3 February 2006 ) . `` The Dish Rag -- Heath Explains His SAG Giggles '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 28 January 2008 . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ledger in Damage Control '' . The Age . Melbourne . 12 February 2006 . Retrieved 17 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Walls , Jeannette ( 10 January 2006 ) . `` Ledger lashes out at Utah , West Virginia '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . Retrieved 13 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Joe Morris ( 16 January 2006 ) . `` ' Brokeback ' Actor Has W. Va . All Wrong '' . The Charleston Gazette .",
"29": "Archived from the original on 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Lyall , Sarah ( 4 November 2007 ) . `` In Stetson or Wig , He 's Hard to Pin Down '' . The New York Times ( Arts & Leisure Desk ) . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Stoynoff , Natasha ( 28 January 2008 ) . `` Show Will Go on for Heath 's Last Movie , Says CoStar '' . People . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ UPI ( 16 March 2008 ) . `` Williams Recalls Ledger As Vulnerable '' . NewsTrack / Entertainment . upi.com . Retrieved 16 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Andy Newman and Al Baker ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` Autopsy on Actor Is Inconclusive As Calls for Help Are Revealed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` News : Housekeeper , Masseuse Found Ledger 's Body '' . WNBC. 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 7 August 2008 . ( As updated 25 January 2008 . ) Jump up ^ `` Ledger 's Death Caused by Accidental Overdose '' . SHOWBIZ , Movies . CNN . 6 February 2008 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Larry King ( 6 February 2008 ) . `` Video : Larry King Live : Ledger Death '' ( Video clip ) . Larry King Live . CNN . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . CNN 's Larry King talks to guests about the finding that actor Heath Ledger died from an accidental drug overdose . Jump up ^ Chris Harris ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger 's Last Hours : New Details Emerge '' . MTV Movie News . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . Jump up ^ AAP ( 6 February 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger 's Family Returns to Perth '' . The Sunday Telegraph . Australia . Retrieved 6 February 2008 .",
"30": "Jump up ^ Dowd , Kathy Ehrich ( 5 February 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger Toxicology Test Results Delayed '' . People . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Home deaths from Drug Errors Soar '' . CNN . Associated Press . 28 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2014 . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . Deaths from medication mistakes at home , such as actor Heath Ledger 's accidental overdose , rose dramatically during the past two decades , an analysis of U.S. death certificates finds ... The findings , based on nearly 50 million U.S. death certificates , are published in Monday ( 4 August 2008 ) 's Archives of Internal Medicine . Of those , more than 224,000 involved fatal medication errors , including overdoses and mixing prescription drugs with alcohol or street drugs ... Deaths from medication mistakes at home increased from 1,132 deaths in 1983 to 12,426 in 2004 . Adjusted for population growth , that amounts to an increase of more than 700 percent during that time . Jump up ^ `` Autopsy : The Last Hours of Heath Ledger . '' Autopsy . Exec Prod . Ed Taylor and Michael Kelpie . Nar . Iain Glen . Reelz , 7 Oct. 2017 . Television . Jump up ^ WENN ( World Entertainment News Network ) ( 29 February 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger Doctors Cleared '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 5 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Nicole Weisensee Egan ( 28 February 2008 ) . `` Report : Doctors Cleared in Ledger Investigation '' . People . Retrieved 5 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Murray Weiss ( 4 August 2008 ) . `` Olsen to Heath Feds : Let 's Deal : Demands Immunity from Probers '' . New York Post . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Mark - Kate Olsen silent on Ledger OD '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . 4 August 2008 . Retrieved 27 October 2008 .",
"31": "Jump up ^ Staff and Agencies ( 5 August 2008 ) . `` Mary - Kate Olsen Denies Supplying Heath Ledger with Drugs '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 5 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Olsen Seeks Immunity over Ledger '' . BBC News . 5 August 2008 . Retrieved 5 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lawyer : Mary - Kate Olsen Had ' Nothing to Do ' with Heath Ledger 's Drugs '' . People . 4 August 2008 . Retrieved 5 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Nicole Weisensee Egan ( 6 August 2008 ) . `` Source : Feds Officially Close Heath Ledger Investigation '' . People . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shawn Adler ( 6 August 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger Investigation Reportedly Closed ; Mary - Kate Olsen Wo n't Have to Testify : U.S. Attorney 's Office Filed No Charges Before Closing Probe into Actor 's Overdose Death '' . MTV . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Investigation into Heath Ledger 's Death Closed '' . Fox News . Associated Press . 6 August 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( 23 December 2008 ) . `` Ledger 's Death Voted Top 2008 Entertainment Story '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 24 December 2008 . The Top 10 : 1 . Heath Ledger Dies . Jump up ^ Heath Ledger ( 27 March 2008 ) . `` Last Will & Testament '' ( PDF ) . aolcdn.com ( reposted on 12 April 2008 ) . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ TMZ staff ( 27 March 2008 ) . `` Celebrity Justice : Heath 's Will -- No Joke '' . tmz.com . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ledger 's Uncles : Michelle Williams May Have to Fight for Matilda 's Inheritance '' . Fox News . 10 March 2008 .",
"32": "Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Kim Ledger moved quickly to deny his granddaughter and Michelle Williams would be left without an inheritance and said Matilda was his family 's absolute priority . ' Matilda is our absolute priority and Michelle is an integral part of our family ... They will be taken care of and that 's how Heath would want it to be , ' Kim Ledger says in the statement ... The uncles estimated their nephew 's estate would be worth Australian $ 20 million after his earnings from the latest ' Batman ' movie were calculated . Jump up ^ Sean Cowan ( 15 March 2008 ) . `` Ledger Feud Grows Over ' second ' Will '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 15 March 2008 . Some of Heath Ledger 's relatives may be planning a legal challenge against his will after it emerged the actor may have written a second will after his daughter was born , leaving most of his multimillion - dollar fortune to her ... Ledger 's second will , which is understood to be unsigned , was reportedly drawn up after Matilda 's birth ... The looming battle over which of Ledger 's wills should be used to divide his estate ... has caused waves on this side of the Pacific , with his uncles Mike and Haydn Ledger accusing their brother -- and Heath 's father -- Kim of mismanaging their late grandfather 's ( A ) $ 2 million estate ... Kim Ledger hit back this week , issuing a statement claiming his estranged brothers did not know what they were talking about ... Under the terms of the first will , the division of the estate will be managed by Kim Ledger 's former business colleague Robert John Collins and Geraldton accountant William Mark Dyson . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Peter ( 3 September 2008 ) . `` Ledger 's Estate Sells His Hollywood Hills Home '' . news.com.au . News Limited . Archived from the original on 4 September 2008 . Retrieved 2 September 2008 . ( According to Los Angeles County public records ) , Heath Ledger 's estate has sold ... ( his ) Hollywood Hills home ... for ( US ) US $2.5 million ( A $ 2.99 million ) ( in May 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Melissa Castellanos ( 24 March 2008 ) .",
"33": "`` Williams ' Dad Questions Ledger 's Will : Larry Williams Wants Kim Ledger To Explain Why Estate Is Valued At Only US $145,000 '' . Showbuzz . Archived from the original on 1 April 2008 . Retrieved 30 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Gemma Jones and Janet Fife - Yeomans ( 31 March 2008 ) . `` Did Heath Ledger Father a Secret Love Child ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Australia . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . The April will lists only ( US ) US $145,000 in assets and names the late actor 's father , Kim , mother Sally Bell , sister Kate Ledger and half sisters Olivia Ledger and Ashleigh Bell as the only beneficiaries . The New York documents also acknowledge Matilda Rose , as Ledger 's only known child , as an interested party . Jump up ^ Garry Maddox ( 29 March 2009 ) . `` Good Will Hunting '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 30 March 2008 . Beyond the tangled web of Heath Ledger 's estate , two final films and his celebrated Brokeback performance ensure the money will keep flowing . Jump up ^ Nick Squires ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger ' fathered a secret love child ' `` . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . If the claims are proved to be true , Ledger 's multi-million pound estate would have to be divided between the child he fathered in his teens and his two - year - old daughter , Matilda Rose , whose mother is Hollywood actress Michelle Williams ... The actor 's parents , Kim and Sally Ledger , have declined to comment on the reports ( based on comments by other family members , including his uncle Haydn Ledger ) . Jump up ^ `` Denied : No Love Child for Heath Ledger '' . okmagazine.com ( OK ! Magazine , Northern & Shell North America Ltd . ) . 3 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger 's Uncle : Love Child Reports Are ' Absolutely Berserk ' '' . usmagazine.com ( Wenner Media LLC ) .",
"34": "3 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Janet Fife - Yeomans ( 15 July 2008 ) . `` Entertainment : Heath Ledger 's Daughter Matilda 's Estate Claim Decision '' . news.com.au . News Limited . Archived from the original on 2 August 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . ( Matilda Rose 's ) mother , actor Michelle Williams , will have to officially lodge a claim with the court supported by an affidavit which could end up in the public domain , legal experts said . ^ Jump up to : Joyce Eng ( 29 September 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger 's Daughter to Inherit Estate '' . TV Guide . OpenGate Capital . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ledger 's Daughter to Inherit Late Actor 's Estate '' . AOL Australia Celebrity Channel . Associated Press . 29 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Daily Mail Reporter ( 24 October 2008 ) . `` First Photos of Tragic Heath Ledger in His Last Film '' . The Daily Mail . UK . Retrieved 12 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Michelle Nichols ( 29 October 2008 ) . `` Elvis Ranked Top - earning Dead Celebrity '' . Thomson Reuters . Reuters.com . Retrieved 10 December 2008 . Forbes.com said it spoke to experts and sources inside the dead celebrities ' estates and researched gross earnings , before taxes , management fees and other costs , from the period of October 2007 to October 2008 to come up with the rankings . Based on its estimates , Nichols reports , Forbes.com ranks Ledger as third among the world 's highest - earning deceased celebrities for that year , following Elvis Presley ( 1 ) and Charles M. Schulz ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ; Gold , Matea ; Lieberman , Paul ( 23 January 2008 ) .",
"35": "`` Ledger 's death is a shock to Hollywood , fans '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2 April 2009 . Minutes after the news of Ledger 's death broke , several hundred people gathered outside the Broome Street apartment building where Ledger had been living ... television crews and area residents were joined by fans , including some Brooklyn acting students . Jump up ^ `` Stars pay tribute to Heath Ledger '' . BBC News . 23 January 2008 . Retrieved 2 April 2009 . Fans have been leaving flowers and candles outside Ledger 's apartment in the SoHo district . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger Loved Life , Family Tell '' . The Daily Telegraph . Australia . 23 January 2008 . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Office of the Prime Minister of Australia ( 22 January 2008 ) . `` Media Release '' . Archived from the original on 10 February 2008 . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Pendrill , Lisa ( 25 January 2008 ) . `` Heath 's Family Writes of Heartache '' . The Sunday Telegraph . Australia . Retrieved 2 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Warner Bros. ( 25 January 2008 ) . `` Heath Memorial '' . Warner Brothers . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Online Community Pays Tribute to Heath Ledger '' . 901am.com. 25 January 2008 . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Diluna , Amy ; Neumaier , Joe ( 27 January 2008 ) . `` Daniel Day - Lewis Honors Heath Ledger during Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 16 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Elsworth , Catherine ( 28 January 2008 ) . `` Daniel Day Lewis , Julie Christie win at Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Big Brother '' . Celebrity Big Brother 2009 . Season 2009 . Episode Day 4 . 2009 - 01 - 06 .",
"36": "Jump up ^ `` Michelle Williams : Heath Ledger Has Broken My Heart '' . The Daily Telegraph . Australia . 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 1 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Williams Breaks Silence on Heath 's Death '' . People . 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 2 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen M. ( 4 February 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger 's Family Heads Home '' . People . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rodriguez , Brenda ( 5 February 2008 ) . `` A Sorrowful Return to Australia for Heath Ledger 's Family '' . People . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Kent , Melissa ( 9 February 2008 ) . `` Tears , Tributes Accompany Heath Ledger to His Final Rest '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger Farewelled at Perth Funeral '' . news.com.au. 9 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2008 . Retrieved 9 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Reports : Michelle Williams Arrives in Perth for Heath Ledger 's Funeral '' . International Herald Tribune . Associated Press . 6 February 2008 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Cazzalino , Michelle ; Connolly , Ellen ( 10 February 2008 ) . `` Last , Sad Farewell for Heath '' . The Sunday Telegraph . Australia . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Record Information : Heath Andrew Ledger '' . Metropolitan Cemeteries Board , Western Australia . Archived from the original on 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 7 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Cazzulino , Michelle ; Corby , Stephen ( 10 February 2008 ) . `` Star Swim at Heath Ledger 's Farewell : Ledger Wake Held in Perth '' . news.com.au . Archived from the original on 11 February 2008 . Retrieved 9 February 2008 .",
"37": "Jump up ^ Caccetta , Wendy ; Cox , Nicole ( 10 February 2008 ) . `` Beach Tribute to Heath Ledger '' . The Courier - Mail . Retrieved 9 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Cazzulino , Michelle ; Corby , Stephen ( 10 February 2008 ) . `` Michelle Williams Swims at Heath Ledger 's Wake '' . The Daily Telegraph . Australia . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Act of love for Ledger theatre '' . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Jason ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' I Am Heath Ledger ' : 10 Things We Learned From Spike TV Doc '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brayson , Johnny ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Bon Iver 's ' Perth ' Was Inspired By Heath Ledger & It Makes The Song So Much More Poignant '' . Bustle . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lipsky . David . Heath Ledger 's Lonesome Trail , ROLLINGSTONE . From Mars 23 , 2006 . Retrieved on 02 Mars 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lyall , Sarah ( 4 November 2007 ) . `` Heath Ledger -- I 'm Not There - '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nolan . Christopher . CHARISMA AS NATURAL AS GRAVITY . Published 26 Jan ... 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ledger 's Death Puts Last Films in a Bind '' . CNN . 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Larry ( 18 March 2008 ) . `` ' Dark Knight ' Stars , Director Want Film To ' Celebrate ' Heath Ledger 's Work '' . MTV . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ WENN ( World Entertainment News Network ) ( 28 January 2008 ) . `` Gilliam Trying to Save Last Ledger Film '' .",
"38": "Hollywood.com . Retrieved 2 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Brady , Matt ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger Dies '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on 11 April 2010 . Retrieved 22 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Moriarty '' ( 15 February 2008 ) . `` AICN exclusive ! We Know Who 's Paying Tribute To Heath Ledger in Dr. Parnassus Now ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved 17 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Adler , Shawn ( 15 February 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger 's Final Film To Go Forward -- With Johnny Depp , Jude Law , Colin Farrell in His Role '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 15 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Arts Briefly : Three Actors Replace Heath Ledger '' . The New York Times . 19 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Trio Give Fees to Ledger 's Child '' . BBC News . 19 August 2008 . Retrieved 20 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott . `` Dark Knight Director Shuns Digital Effects for the Real Thing '' . Wired ( 24 June 2008 ) . Retrieved 24 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Knight Dedicated to Ledger '' . BBC News . 27 June 2008 . Retrieved 27 June 2008 . The special tribute reads : ' In memory of our friends Heath Ledger and Conway Wickliffe ' . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( 23 July 2008 ) . `` News : ' Dark Knight ' Begins Smashingly '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Denby , David . `` The Current Cinema : Past Shock : ' The Dark Knight ' and ' WALL - E ' `` . The New Yorker ( 21 July 2008 ) : 92 -- 93 . Retrieved 17 July 2008 .",
"39": "When Ledger wields a knife , he is thoroughly terrifying ( do not , despite the PG - 13 rating , bring the children ) , and , as you 're watching him , you ca n't help wondering -- in a response that admittedly lies outside film criticism -- how badly he messed himself up in order to play the role this way . ( Postdated ) Jump up ^ Halbfinger , David ( 8 March 2008 ) . `` Could it be any darker ? '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . p. 2 . Retrieved 8 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Gilliam -- The Talks '' . the-talks.com . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Herndon , Jessica ( 10 November 2008 ) . `` Britney Spears , Heath Ledger Get People 's Choice Nods '' . People . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nina Hämmerling ( 28 July 2008 ) . `` Movie News : Ledger 's Knight Costars Call for Posthumous Oscar '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on 12 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( 22 January 2009 ) . `` Heath Ledger Remembered on First Anniversary of His Death '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 27 January 2009 . Retrieved 13 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Reed ( 23 February 2009 ) . `` For Heath Ledger , a bittersweet salute '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( 18 February 2009 ) . `` If Ledger Wins , Oscar Goes To Daughter '' . CBS News . CBS Corporation . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Gornstein , Leslie ( 19 February 2009 ) . `` Why Ca n't Li'l Matilda Have Heath 's ( Potential ) Oscar ? '' . E !. NBCUniversal . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers .",
"40": "`` Heath Ledger as you 've never seen him '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ashley . `` Heath Ledger Documentary Trailer Previews Footage Shot by Late Actor '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Further reading ( edit ) Adler , Shawn. `` Heath Ledger Said He Hoped to Evolve as an Actor and Person in 2005 Interview : Late Actor Was Intelligent , Self - Aware during ' Brokeback Mountain ' Chat . '' MTV.com , 22 January 2008 . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . ( Excerpts from transcript of interview with Heath Ledger conducted by John Norris in 2005 . ) Arango , Tim . `` Esquire Publishes a Diary That Is n't '' . The New York Times , nytimes.com , 6 March 2008 , Books . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . ( Rev. of Taddeo . ) `` Death of a Star : Unsolved Mysteries '' . Newsweek , 4 February 2008 : 62 , Newsmakers . Both Web and print versions . Retrieved 5 August 2008 . The Joker vs. The Real Heath : Entertainment Tonight Looks Back at the Career of Heath Ledger , etonline.com ( CBS Studios Inc . ) , July 2008 . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . ( `` ET takes a look back at Heath Ledger 's career amid the hugely successful launch of ' The Dark Knight , ' which features the late actor portraying the Joker '' ; includes photo album . ) McShane John . Heath Ledger : His Beautiful Life and Mysterious Death . London : John Blake , 2008 . ISBN 1 - 84454 - 633 - 0 ( 10 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84454 - 633 - 6 ( 13 ) . ( Excerpt listed below . ) `` Loves of Heath Ledger 's Life '' . The Courier - Mail , news.com.au , 20 April 2008 . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . ( Book excerpt . ) Nolan , Christopher . `` Transition : Charisma as Natural as Gravity : Heath Ledger , 28 , Actor '' .",
"41": "Newsweek , 4 February 2008 : 9 , Periscope . Both Web ( updated 26 January 2008 ) and print versions . Retrieved 5 August 2008 . ( Eulogy . ) Norris , Chris . `` ( Untitled Heath Ledger Project ) : In Which the Protagonist Dies Mysteriously , and the Audience Analyzes His Final Days for Clues to His Real Character '' . New York , nymag.com , 18 February 2008 . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . Park , Michael Y. `` Christian Bale on ' Kindred Spirit ' Heath Ledger '' . Web . People , 25 June 2008 . Retrieved 5 August 2008 . ( See Wolf below . ) Robb , Brian J. Heath Ledger : Hollywood 's Dark Star . London : Plexus Publishing Ltd , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 85965 - 427 - 3 ( 10 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85965 - 427 - 2 ( 13 ) . Scott , A.O. `` An Appraisal : Prince of Intensity with a Lightness of Touch '' . The New York Times , nytimes.com , 24 January 2008 , Movies . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Sessums , Kevin , with photographs by Bruce Weber . `` We 're Having a Heath Wave '' . Vanity Fair , August 2000 , vanityfair.com , August 2008 . Web . ( 4 pages . ) Accessed 21 April 2008 . ( Interview with Heath Ledger ; illustrations in `` Perth Album '' , by Bruce Weber . ) Taddeo , Lisa . `` The Last Days of Heath Ledger '' . Esquire ( April 2008 ) , esquire.com , 5 March 2008 . ( Updated 21 July 2008 . ) Accessed 25 July 2008 . ( Fictional account ; cf . rev . by Arango . ) Travers , Peter. `` Sundance : Shock '' .",
"42": "The Travers Take : News and Reviews from Rolling Stone 's Movie Critic , Rolling Stone ( Blog ) , rollingstone.com , 22 January 2008 . Includes hyperlinked feature : Video Review : A Look at Heath Ledger 's Best Performances ( video by Jennifer Hsu , with audio commentary provided by Travers ) , 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . Wolf , Jeanne . `` Christian Bale : ' Life Should Never Be Boring ' `` . Parade , 29 June 2008 : 8 -- 9 . Both Web and print formats . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . ( See Park above . )",
"43": "External links ( edit ) Heath Ledger at Find a Grave Heath Ledger on IMDb Awards for Heath Ledger Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor 1936 -- 1950 Walter Brennan ( 1936 ) Joseph Schildkraut ( 1937 ) Walter Brennan ( 1938 ) Thomas Mitchell ( 1939 ) Walter Brennan ( 1940 ) Donald Crisp ( 1941 ) Van Heflin ( 1942 ) Charles Coburn ( 1943 ) Barry Fitzgerald ( 1944 ) James Dunn ( 1945 ) Harold Russell ( 1946 ) Edmund Gwenn ( 1947 ) Walter Huston ( 1948 ) Dean Jagger ( 1949 ) George Sanders ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Karl Malden ( 1951 ) Anthony Quinn ( 1952 ) Frank Sinatra ( 1953 ) Edmond O'Brien ( 1954 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1955 ) Anthony Quinn ( 1956 ) Red Buttons ( 1957 ) Burl Ives ( 1958 ) Hugh Griffith ( 1959 ) Peter Ustinov ( 1960 ) George Chakiris ( 1961 ) Ed Begley ( 1962 ) Melvyn Douglas ( 1963 ) Peter Ustinov ( 1964 ) Martin Balsam ( 1965 ) Walter Matthau ( 1966 ) George Kennedy ( 1967 ) Jack Albertson ( 1968 ) Gig Young ( 1969 ) John Mills ( 1970 ) Ben Johnson ( 1971 ) Joel Grey ( 1972 ) John Houseman ( 1973 ) Robert De Niro ( 1974 ) George Burns ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Jason Robards ( 1976 ) Jason Robards ( 1977 ) Christopher Walken ( 1978 ) Melvyn Douglas ( 1979 ) Timothy Hutton ( 1980 ) John Gielgud ( 1981 ) Louis Gossett Jr.",
"44": "( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) Haing S. Ngor ( 1984 ) Don Ameche ( 1985 ) Michael Caine ( 1986 ) Sean Connery ( 1987 ) Kevin Kline ( 1988 ) Denzel Washington ( 1989 ) Joe Pesci ( 1990 ) Jack Palance ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Tommy Lee Jones ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1995 ) Cuba Gooding Jr. ( 1996 ) Robin Williams ( 1997 ) James Coburn ( 1998 ) Michael Caine ( 1999 ) Benicio del Toro ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Jim Broadbent ( 2001 ) Chris Cooper ( 2002 ) Tim Robbins ( 2003 ) Morgan Freeman ( 2004 ) George Clooney ( 2005 ) Alan Arkin ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K.",
"45": "Simmons ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) Sam Rockwell ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Ian Holm ( 1968 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1969 ) Colin Welland ( 1970 ) Edward Fox ( 1971 ) Ben Johnson ( 1972 ) Arthur Lowe ( 1973 ) John Gielgud ( 1974 ) Fred Astaire ( 1975 ) Brad Dourif ( 1976 ) Edward Fox ( 1977 ) John Hurt ( 1978 ) Robert Duvall ( 1979 ) Ian Holm ( 1981 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1982 ) Denholm Elliott ( 1983 ) Denholm Elliott ( 1984 ) Denholm Elliott ( 1985 ) Ray McAnally ( 1986 ) Daniel Auteuil ( 1987 ) Michael Palin ( 1988 ) Ray McAnally ( 1989 ) Salvatore Cascio ( 1990 ) Alan Rickman ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1993 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 1994 ) Tim Roth ( 1995 ) Paul Scofield ( 1996 ) Tom Wilkinson ( 1997 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1998 ) Jude Law ( 1999 ) Benicio del Toro ( 2000 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2001 ) Christopher Walken ( 2002 ) Bill Nighy ( 2003 ) Clive Owen ( 2004 ) Jake Gyllenhaal ( 2005 ) Alan Arkin ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2012 ) Barkhad Abdi ( 2013 ) J.K.",
"46": "Simmons ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Dev Patel ( 2016 ) Sam Rockwell ( 2017 ) Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor 1980 - 2000 Jason Robards ( 1980 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1981 ) Mickey Rourke ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) John Malkovich ( 1984 ) Ian Holm ( 1985 ) Dennis Hopper / Ray Liotta ( 1986 ) R. Lee Ermey ( 1987 ) Dean Stockwell ( 1988 ) Danny Aiello ( 1989 ) Joe Pesci ( 1990 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1995 ) Edward Norton ( 1996 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1997 ) William H. Macy / Billy Bob Thornton ( 1998 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1999 ) Fred Willard ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) Alan Arkin ( 2002 ) Peter Sarsgaard ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2005 ) Mark Wahlberg ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Albert Brooks ( 2011 ) Ezra Miller ( 2012 ) James Gandolfini ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actor Kevin Spacey / Ed Harris ( 1995 ) Cuba Gooding Jr.",
"47": "( 1996 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1997 ) Billy Bob Thornton ( 1998 ) Michael Clarke Duncan ( 1999 ) Joaquin Phoenix ( 2000 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) Chris Cooper ( 2002 ) Tim Robbins ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2005 ) Eddie Murphy ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K.",
"48": "Simmons ( 2014 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) Sam Rockwell ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Akim Tamiroff ( 1943 ) Barry Fitzgerald ( 1944 ) J. Carrol Naish ( 1945 ) Clifton Webb ( 1946 ) Edmund Gwenn ( 1947 ) Walter Huston ( 1948 ) James Whitmore ( 1949 ) Edmund Gwenn ( 1950 ) Peter Ustinov ( 1951 ) Millard Mitchell ( 1952 ) Frank Sinatra ( 1953 ) Edmond O'Brien ( 1954 ) Arthur Kennedy ( 1955 ) Earl Holliman ( 1956 ) Red Buttons ( 1957 ) Burl Ives ( 1958 ) Stephen Boyd ( 1959 ) Sal Mineo ( 1960 ) George Chakiris ( 1961 ) Omar Sharif ( 1962 ) John Huston ( 1963 ) Edmond O'Brien ( 1964 ) Oskar Werner ( 1965 ) Richard Attenborough ( 1966 ) Richard Attenborough ( 1967 ) Daniel Massey ( 1968 ) Gig Young ( 1969 ) John Mills ( 1970 ) Ben Johnson ( 1971 ) Joel Grey ( 1972 ) John Houseman ( 1973 ) Fred Astaire ( 1974 ) Richard Benjamin ( 1975 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1976 ) Peter Firth ( 1977 ) John Hurt ( 1978 ) Melvyn Douglas / Robert Duvall ( 1979 ) Timothy Hutton ( 1980 ) John Gielgud ( 1981 ) Louis Gossett Jr.",
"49": "( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) Haing S. Ngor ( 1984 ) Klaus Maria Brandauer ( 1985 ) Tom Berenger ( 1986 ) Sean Connery ( 1987 ) Martin Landau ( 1988 ) Denzel Washington ( 1989 ) Bruce Davison ( 1990 ) Jack Palance ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Tommy Lee Jones ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Brad Pitt ( 1995 ) Edward Norton ( 1996 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1997 ) Ed Harris ( 1998 ) Tom Cruise ( 1999 ) Benicio del Toro ( 2000 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2001 ) Chris Cooper ( 2002 ) Tim Robbins ( 2003 ) Clive Owen ( 2004 ) George Clooney ( 2005 ) Eddie Murphy ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K.",
"50": "Simmons ( 2014 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 2015 ) Aaron Taylor - Johnson ( 2016 ) Sam Rockwell ( 2017 ) Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Jason Robards ( 1977 ) Robert Morley ( 1978 ) Melvyn Douglas ( 1979 ) Timothy Hutton ( 1980 ) John Gielgud ( 1981 ) John Lithgow ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) Adolph Caesar ( 1984 ) John Gielgud ( 1985 ) Dennis Hopper ( 1986 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1987 ) Alec Guinness ( 1988 ) Danny Aiello ( 1989 ) Joe Pesci ( 1990 ) Michael Lerner ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Tommy Lee Jones ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Don Cheadle ( 1995 ) Edward Norton ( 1996 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1997 ) Bill Murray / Billy Bob Thornton ( 1998 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1999 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2000 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2001 ) Chris Cooper ( 2002 ) Bill Nighy ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) William Hurt ( 2005 ) Michael Sheen ( 2006 ) Vlad Ivanov ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Niels Arestrup ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Dwight Henry ( 2012 ) James Franco / Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K.",
"51": "Simmons ( 2014 ) Michael Shannon ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss Anna Chlumsky & Macaulay Culkin in My Girl ( 1992 ) Christian Slater & Marisa Tomei in Untamed Heart ( 1993 ) Demi Moore & Woody Harrelson in Indecent Proposal ( 1994 ) Jim Carrey & Lauren Holly in Dumb and Dumber ( 1995 ) Natasha Henstridge & Anthony Guidera in Species ( 1996 ) Will Smith & Vivica A. Fox in Independence Day ( 1997 ) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore in The Wedding Singer ( 1998 ) Gwyneth Paltrow & Joseph Fiennes in Shakespeare in Love ( 1999 ) Sarah Michelle Gellar & Selma Blair in Cruel Intentions ( 2000 ) Julia Stiles & Sean Patrick Thomas in Save the Last Dance ( 2001 ) Jason Biggs & Seann William Scott in American Pie 2 ( 2002 ) Tobey Maguire & Kirsten Dunst in Spider - Man ( 2003 ) Owen Wilson , Carmen Electra & Amy Smart in Starsky & Hutch ( 2004 ) Ryan Gosling & Rachel McAdams in The Notebook ( 2005 ) Heath Ledger & Jake Gyllenhaal in Brokeback Mountain ( 2006 ) Will Ferrell & Sacha Baron Cohen in Talladega Nights : The Ballad of Ricky Bobby ( 2007 ) Briana Evigan & Robert Hoffman in Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in Twilight ( 2009 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 1 ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence & Bradley Cooper in Silver Linings Playbook ( 2013 ) Emma Roberts ,",
"52": "Jennifer Aniston & Will Poulter in We 're the Millers ( 2014 ) Ansel Elgort & Shailene Woodley in The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Rebel Wilson & Adam DeVine in Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2016 ) Ashton Sanders & Jharrel Jerome in Moonlight ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Best Villain Rebecca De Mornay ( 1992 ) Jennifer Jason Leigh ( 1993 ) Alicia Silverstone ( 1994 ) Dennis Hopper ( 1995 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1996 ) Jim Carrey ( 1997 ) Mike Myers ( 1998 ) Matt Dillon / Stephen Dorff ( 1999 ) † Mike Myers ( 2000 ) Jim Carrey ( 2001 ) Denzel Washington ( 2002 ) Daveigh Chase ( 2003 ) Lucy Liu ( 2004 ) Ben Stiller ( 2005 ) Hayden Christensen ( 2006 ) Jack Nicholson ( 2007 ) Johnny Depp ( 2008 ) Heath Ledger ( 2009 ) Tom Felton ( 2010 ) Tom Felton ( 2011 ) Jennifer Aniston ( 2012 ) ‡ Tom Hiddleston ( 2013 ) Mila Kunis ( 2014 ) Meryl Streep ( 2015 ) Adam Driver ( 2016 ) Jeffrey Dean Morgan ( 2017 ) † Tie ;",
"53": "‡ The Award was re-named Best On - Screen Dirtbag New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor Charles Laughton ( 1935 ) Walter Huston ( 1936 ) Paul Muni ( 1937 ) James Cagney ( 1938 ) James Stewart ( 1939 ) Charlie Chaplin ( 1940 ) Gary Cooper ( 1941 ) James Cagney ( 1942 ) Paul Lukas ( 1943 ) Barry Fitzgerald ( 1944 ) Ray Milland ( 1945 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1946 ) William Powell ( 1947 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1948 ) Broderick Crawford ( 1949 ) Gregory Peck ( 1950 ) Arthur Kennedy ( 1951 ) Ralph Richardson ( 1952 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1953 ) Marlon Brando ( 1954 ) Ernest Borgnine ( 1955 ) Kirk Douglas ( 1956 ) Alec Guinness ( 1957 ) David Niven ( 1958 ) James Stewart ( 1959 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1960 ) Maximilian Schell ( 1961 ) No award ( 1962 ) Albert Finney ( 1963 ) Rex Harrison ( 1964 ) Oskar Werner ( 1965 ) Paul Scofield ( 1966 ) Rod Steiger ( 1967 ) Alan Arkin ( 1968 ) Jon Voight ( 1969 ) George C. Scott ( 1970 ) Gene Hackman ( 1971 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1972 ) Marlon Brando ( 1973 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1974 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1975 ) Robert De Niro ( 1976 ) John Gielgud ( 1977 ) Jon Voight ( 1978 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1979 ) Robert De Niro ( 1980 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1981 ) Ben Kingsley ( 1982 ) Robert Duvall ( 1983 ) Steve Martin ( 1984 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1985 ) Bob",
"54": "Hoskins ( 1986 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1987 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1988 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1989 ) Robert De Niro ( 1990 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1991 ) Denzel Washington ( 1992 ) David Thewlis ( 1993 ) Paul Newman ( 1994 ) Nicolas Cage ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Peter Fonda ( 1997 ) Nick Nolte ( 1998 ) Richard Farnsworth ( 1999 ) Tom Hanks ( 2000 ) Tom Wilkinson ( 2001 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2004 ) Heath Ledger ( 2005 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2007 ) Sean Penn ( 2008 ) George Clooney ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Brad Pitt ( 2011 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2012 ) Robert Redford ( 2013 ) Timothy Spall ( 2014 ) Michael Keaton ( 2015 ) Casey Affleck ( 2016 ) Timothée Chalamet ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor Marty Feldman ( 1974 / 75 ) Jay Robinson ( 1976 ) Alec Guinness ( 1977 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1978 ) Arte Johnson ( 1979 ) Scatman Crothers ( 1980 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1981 ) Richard Lynch ( 1982 ) John Lithgow ( 1983 ) Tracey Walter ( 1984 ) Roddy McDowall ( 1985 ) Bill Paxton ( 1986 ) Richard Dawson ( 1987 ) Robert Loggia ( 1988 ) Thomas F.",
"55": "Wilson ( 1989 / 90 ) William Sadler ( 1991 ) Robin Williams ( 1992 ) Lance Henriksen ( 1993 ) Gary Sinise ( 1994 ) Brad Pitt ( 1995 ) Brent Spiner ( 1996 ) Vincent D'Onofrio ( 1997 ) Ian McKellen ( 1998 ) Michael Clarke Duncan ( 1999 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2000 ) Ian McKellen ( 2001 ) Andy Serkis ( 2002 ) Sean Astin ( 2003 ) David Carradine ( 2004 ) Mickey Rourke ( 2005 ) Ben Affleck ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Stephen Lang ( 2009 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2010 ) Andy Serkis ( 2011 ) Clark Gregg ( 2012 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2013 ) Richard Armitage ( 2014 ) Adam Driver ( 2015 ) John Goodman ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Ed Harris ( 1995 ) Cuba Gooding Jr. ( 1996 ) Robin Williams ( 1997 ) Robert Duvall ( 1998 ) Michael Caine ( 1999 ) Albert Finney ( 2000 ) Ian McKellen ( 2001 ) Christopher Walken ( 2002 ) Tim Robbins ( 2003 ) Morgan Freeman ( 2004 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2005 ) Eddie Murphy ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Tommy Lee Jones ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K.",
"56": "Simmons ( 2014 ) Idris Elba ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) Sam Rockwell ( 2017 ) VIAF : 76517158 LCCN : no00025107 ISNI : 0000 0001 1675 581X GND : 133892565 SUDOC : 068867980 BNF : cb140489108 ( data ) NDL : 01204122 NKC : xx0041922 BNE : XX4580473 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heath_Ledger&oldid=838219055 '' Categories : 1979 births 2008 deaths 20th - century Australian male actors 21st - century Australian male actors Accidental deaths in New York ( state ) Australian expatriate male actors in the United States Australian male film actors Australian male television actors Australian music video directors Australian people of English descent Australian people of Irish descent Australian people of Scottish descent Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners Best Supporting Actor BAFTA Award winners Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe ( film ) winners Burials at Karrakatta Cemetery Drug - related deaths in New York ( state ) Male actors from Perth , Western Australia Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners People educated at Guildford Grammar School Rock Eisteddfod Challenge participants Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use Australian English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from July 2017 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents",
"57": "About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча",
"58": "ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 78 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 17 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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how okd was sean white in his first olympics
|
[
"won gold in the half-pipe"
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{
"0": "Shaun White - Wikipedia Shaun White Jump to : navigation , search For other similarly named persons , see Sean White ( disambiguation ) . Shaun White White in 2008 Full name Shaun Roger White ( 1986 - 09 - 03 ) September 3 , 1986 ( age 31 ) San Diego , California , U.S. Height 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) Weight 154 lb ( 70 kg ) Sport Country United States Sport Snowboarding , Skateboarding Medal record ( show ) Men 's snowboarding Representing the United States Olympic Games 2006 Torino Halfpipe 2010 Vancouver Halfpipe 2018 Pyeongchang Halfpipe Winter X Games 2003 Aspen Superpipe 2003 Aspen Slopestyle 2004 Aspen Slopestyle 2005 Aspen Slopestyle 2006 Aspen Superpipe 2006 Aspen Slopestyle 2008 Aspen Superpipe 2009 Aspen Superpipe 2009 Aspen Slopestyle 2010 Aspen Superpipe 2011 Aspen Superpipe 2012 Aspen Superpipe 2013 Aspen Superpipe 2002 Aspen Superpipe 2002 Aspen Slopestyle 2007 Aspen Superpipe 2007 Aspen Slopestyle 2008 Aspen Slopestyle Men 's skateboarding X Games 2007 Los Angeles Vert 2011 Los Angeles Vert 2005 Los Angeles Vert 2010 Los Angeles Vert 2008 Los Angeles Vert Shaun Roger White ( born September 3 , 1986 ) is an American professional snowboarder , skateboarder and musician . He is a three - time Olympic gold medalist . He holds the record for the most X-Games gold medals and most Olympic gold medals by a snowboarder , and has won 10 ESPY Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Snowboarding career 2.1. 1 2006 Winter Olympics 2.1. 2 2008 2.1.",
"1": "3 2009 2.1. 4 2010 Winter Olympics 2.1. 5 2011 2.1. 6 2012 2.1. 7 2013 2.1. 8 2014 Winter Olympics 2.1. 9 2018 Winter Olympics 3 Athletic achievements 4 Non-competition awards and accolades 5 Endorsements 6 Acting career 7 Music career 8 Media appearances 9 Personal life 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Early life White was born in San Diego , California . His ancestry includes Irish and Italian . He was born with a Tetralogy of Fallot , a congenital heart defect for which he endured two open - heart operations before the age of one . White spent his formative years riding Okemo Mountain and Bear Mountain , small ski resorts found in Ludlow , Vermont , and the San Bernardino Mountains of Southern California . Career White quickly drew the eyes of many in the skateboarder scene , including professional skateboarder Tony Hawk . Hawk befriended the nine - year - old White at a local skatepark and mentored him , helping him turn pro in skateboarding at the age of 17 . White has won many titles on his skateboard , including the overall title of Action Sports Tour Champion , and was the first person to compete in and win both the Summer and Winter X Games in two different sports . Snowboarding career Following in his older brother Jesse White 's footsteps , White switched from skiing to snowboarding at age six , and by age seven he received his first sponsorship . White has participated in four Winter Olympics in his career . At the 2006 , 2010 , and 2018 Winter Olympics , White won gold in the snowboard halfpipe event . White has also participated in the Winter X Games , where he has won a medal every year since 2002 . Including all winter X Games competitions through 2013 , his medal count stands at 18 ( 13 gold , 3 silver , 2 bronze ) , among which is the first quadruple win streak by a male athlete in one discipline , the snowboard slopestyle .",
"2": "White 's streak was snapped in 2007 when he lost to Andreas Wiig and Teddy Flandreau , with White taking the bronze . He won the Air & Style Contest in 2003 and 2004 . 2006 Winter Olympics See also : Snowboarding at the 2006 Winter Olympics and 2006 Winter Olympics At the 2006 Winter Olympics , White won gold in the half - pipe . After his first run in qualifications , White was almost out of competition , scoring only 37.7 . On his second run , he recorded a score of 45.3 . In the finals , White recorded a score of 46.8 ( 50 is the highest possible score ) to win . Fellow American Danny Kass won the silver with a points total of 44.0 . 2008 Executing a near - flawless second run , White captured his third consecutive snowboard halfpipe title at the 2008 U.S. Open Snowboarding Championships to go along with his third US Open slopestyle competition . This followed White 's win at the 25th ( 2007 ) Burton US Open , where he placed third in slopestlyle and first in the halfpipe . At the 2007 Open , White was also crowned the first `` Burton Global Open Champion '' . His take for the event was $100,000 ( Global Open Champ ) , $20,000 ( 1st Place Halfpipe ) , $90,000 ( 3rd Place Slopestyle ) , and a new Corvette . On November 16 , 2008 , White released his first video game Shaun White Snowboarding in North America ( November 14 , 2008 , in Europe ) . Shaun White Snowboarding was the 20th best - selling game of December 2008 in the United States . 2009 White with Richard Branson in 2009 There was a lot of controversy over who won the 2009 SuperPipe at Winter X Games XIII . Kevin Pearce had 5 hits in the pipe , and all were the same tricks White did in his final run . White , on the other hand , had 6 hits and he started off his run with a big backside rodeo 540 where Pearce started his run off with a big grab .",
"3": "Although Pearce went bigger , he had only 5 hits , and his first hit was n't as technical as White 's first hit . Judges came to the conclusion that White deserved the better score because he started off with a more technical trick and he had 1 more hit than Pearce . With the win , White became the second competitor , after Tanner Hall , to win a gold medal in the superpipe in consecutive years at the Winter X Games . He also won a gold medal in Slopestyle , finally winning gold after 2 straight years of bronze . On February 14 , 2009 , White won the FIS World Cup Men 's Halfpipe event at Vancouver 's Cypress Mountain . Out of the gate in his first qualifying run , he qualified immediately with the day 's best score of 45.5 . With a thumb sprained on an over-rotated backside 1080 in the second qualifying run , he clinched the event with the first of his two runs in the finals . His first finals run was awarded the highest score ever in FIS halfpipe , a 47.3 . 2010 Winter Olympics See also : Snowboarding at the 2010 Winter Olympics and 2010 Winter Olympics At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , White again won gold in the halfpipe . In the finals , White recorded a score of 46.8 on his first run , which proved a high enough score to secure the gold medal without a second run . He performed his second run anyway , as a victory lap , ending his run with a well - anticipated Double McTwist 1260 which he named The Tomahawk . This second run resulted in a record score of 48.4 ( 50 is the highest possible score ) enlarging his margin of victory . His nearest competitor won the silver with a points total of 45.0 , 3.4 behind White . 2011 After a sub-par performance in the Slopestyle , failing to reach the finals , White `` redeemed '' himself in the Superpipe . With an 89 , he sat in second place going into his 2nd of three runs .",
"4": "He completed the run , landing his infamous Double McTwist 1260 and finishing with a score of 97.33 to take the lead and claim the historical 4th straight Gold in the Winter X Games , held in Aspen Colorado . The score tied an X Games record which was set by White one year before . His 3rd run was a simple victory run featuring mostly straight air . 2012 At Winter X , White became the first person in the history of Winter X Games to score a perfect 100 in the men 's Snowboard Superpipe . 2013 White won his 6th consecutive SuperPipe victory , making him the second participant ever to achieve this , with SnoCross racer Tucker Hibbert achieving his 6th consecutive victory earlier in the same day . In December 2013 , he won the third place in the Pipe & Slope contest at the FIS Snowboard World Cup in Copper Mountain , Colorado . 2014 Winter Olympics White finished fourth at the 2014 Winter Olympics in the Halfpipe event . During the winter games , he was the most talked - about Olympic athlete on Facebook . 2018 Winter Olympics White after medalling at the 2018 Winter Olympics While in New Zealand , training for the 2018 Winter Olympics , White crashed into the edge of a superpipe ; the resulting injuries to his face required 62 stitches . Despite the accident , White qualified for the 2018 US Olympic Team . On February 14 , he won his third Olympic gold medal for the Men 's Halfpipe event with a score of 97.75 , with Ayumu Hirano of Japan taking the silver medal and Scott James of Australia taking the bronze . White was trailing Hirano by one full point coming into his last run with a score of 94.25 . Despite this , White dramatically won the gold medal with back - to - back 1440s . His gold medal was also the 100th for the United States at the Winter Olympic Games . Athletic achievements White was the first to compete and medal in both the Summer and Winter X Games . White is the first snowboarder ever to land back to back double corks , at the Red Bull superpipe . He remains the only skater to land the frontside heelflip 540 body varial . ( The Armadillo ) .",
"5": "He was the first to land a Cab 7 Melon Grab in vert skateboarding . He is the first snowboarder to win back - to - back gold medals in the Winter X-Games Superpipe . He is also the first athlete ever ( on snowboard or skis ) to win gold medals four years in a row in the Winter X-Games Superpipe . He is the first ( and only ) person to win both a Summer and Winter Dew Cup . White was the first to `` three - peat '' in SuperPipe at the Winter X Games . Shaun White holds the record for the highest score in the men 's halfpipe at the Winter Olympics . In 2018 , he scored 97.75 on his last run . Non-competition Awards and accolades White was named the `` Chairman of the Board '' on the Spike TV Guys ' Choice Awards on June 13 , 2007 and again on June 19 , 2010 . In the March 2009 issue of Snowboarder Magazine , he was named the ninth - best snowboarder in the World . He won the Revolver Golden Gods Award for `` Most Metal Athlete '' . White has been named Transworld Snowboarding 's Rider Of The Year twice . Endorsements White has had a sponsor since he was seven years old . White signed CAA Sports for representation after working with IMG for eight years . Corporate endorsement deals include or have included Burton Snowboards , Oakley , Inc. , Birdhouse Skateboards , Park City Mountain Resort , Target Corporation , Red Bull , Ubisoft , Adio and Hewlett - Packard . White also has his own character on the game Shaun Palmer 's Pro Snowboarder as well as the video games Shaun White Snowboarding and Shaun White Skateboarding . In 2009 , Forbes magazine estimated that he had earned $9 million from his endorsements in 2008 . Acting career White has made cameo appearance as himself in the 2011 film Friends with Benefits , the 2013 episode `` Da Flippity Flop '' of the animated TV series American Dad ! , and the 2014 Disney Channel Original Movie Cloud 9 .",
"6": "In a 2007 interview with Outside magazine , White stated that he had turned down numerous film roles in which `` the first lines ( for his character ) are always `` What up , brah ? ' '' . Music career White plays guitar in the electronic rock band Bad Things , which also features former Augustana bassist Jared Palomar . The band played in one of the four Saturday headlining slots at the 2013 Lollapalooza festival , as a last - minute replacement for Death Grips . Their self - titled debut album was released in January 2014 . In October 2013 , White appeared in the music video for `` City of Angels '' by Thirty Seconds to Mars . Media appearances He had his first published interview in TransWorld SNOWboarding Magazine in 2003 . White starred in the 2004 documentary The White Album and the 2005 snowboarding documentary First Descent . In 2007 , White appeared on the E ! reality TV show The Girls Next Door as a snowboarding teacher for Holly Madison , Bridget Marquardt and Kendra Wilkinson . White was one of the few pro snowboarders to be a guest editor of Snowboarder Magazine ( February 2008 issue ) . Shaun White has appeared in several video games and even had his own franchise He appeared in Shaun Palmer 's Pro Snowboarder in 2001 Shaun White Snowboarding was released in 2008 A sequel , Shaun White Snowboarding : World Stage , was released in 2009 A skateboarding game , Shaun White Skateboarding , was released in 2010 A film , Do n't Look Down , has been released on DVD and ESPN . The film tracks his journey through the year following his Olympic success . White was on the cover of The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics : 2010 Edition . White appeared as a guest on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on March 2 , 2010 , recounting the story of how his mother had his first Olympic gold medal dry cleaned . White appeared on the January 16 , 2011 episode of Extreme Makeover : Home Edition to help redesign a room for an eight - year - old boy . White appeared in the Nickelodeon Tv Series Henry Danger in 2018 in the episode Toon in for Danger .",
"7": "In the episode White and Captain Man were struggling for a seat while Watching the premiere of The Adventures of Kid Danger . Personal life White has had the longstanding nickname `` The Flying Tomato '' , due to his shock of red hair . In 2006 , Rolling Stone wrote about the nickname , saying , `` he used to embrace it , even wearing headbands with a flying - tomato logo , but he has grown tired of it . '' He has also been nicknamed `` animal '' , a reference to a character from The Muppet Show . In February 2009 , Red Bull built White a halfpipe completely out of natural snow in the back country of Colorado on the backside of Silverton Mountain , coordinates ( 37.838801 , - 107.710299 ) . On September 17 , 2012 , White was arrested near a hotel in Nashville for public intoxication and vandalism after attending the wedding party of the drummer of The Black Keys , Patrick Carney . His girlfriend is Sarah Barthel of the band Phantogram . White has been dating Barthel since 2013 . In 2016 , Bad Things drummer Lena Zawaideh brought a lawsuit against White , claiming sexual harassment and breach of contract . White and Zawaideh reached an out - of - court settlement in May 2017 ; the terms of the settlement were not disclosed . At a press conference following White 's win at the 2018 Winter Olympics , he was asked if he was concerned that the lawsuit and settlement would tarnish his image . In replying , he referred to the incident as gossip , a response that created widespread condemnation of White for minimizing sexual harassment . White later apologized for his choice of words . See also List of professional snowboarders References Jump up ^ O'Shea , Sean . `` Shaun White is set for more Olympic Gold in Canada '' . irishcentral.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 12 , 2012 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Official Site of Shaun White Jump up ^ Tschorn , Adam ( 19 August 2016 ) .",
"8": "`` Olympian Shaun White 's new clothing line reflects a grown - up version of the athlete 's aesthetic '' . latimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Shaun White Wins Gold Medal '' . February 12 , 2006 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sal Ruibal ( February 12 , 2006 ) . `` White a gold winner in halfpipe , Kass is second '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` White defends men 's halfpipe title '' . Associated Press . February 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ John Branch ( February 12 , 2006 ) . `` White Takes Gold in Snowboard Halfpipe '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kerby , Trey ( February 17 , 2010 ) . `` Shaun White proves he 's still the best snowboarder in the world '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Yahoo !. Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` White wins first WX SuperPipe four - peat '' . Winter X Games . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shaun White Clinches Sis - Peat '' . Winter X Games . January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIS Snowboard World Cup 2014 Results '' ( PDF ) . International Ski Federation . December 22 , 2013 . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` White is most chatted - about Olympic athlete '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Video shows Shaun White 's gruesome crash that resulted in 62 stitches '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Details emerge about Shaun White 's horrific slam that nearly cost him Olympics '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ `` Shaun White Scores Perfect 100 , Makes Olympic Team With Youth Olympic Champs Jake Pates , Ben Ferguson '' . Team USA . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Mather , Victor . `` Sean White Reclaims His Golden Halfpipe Throne '' . New York Times . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Passan , Jeff . `` Shaun White delivers dramatic finish to win third Olympic goal medal in halfpipe '' . Jump up ^ `` Shaun White Biography '' . Biography.com . A&E Television Networks . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCann , Michelle Roehm ( 2012 ) . Boys Who Rocked the World : Heroes from King Tut to Bruce Lee . Simon and Schuster . p. 222 . ISBN 9781582703312 . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Pete ( February 21 , 2009 ) . `` Shaun White wins slopestyle Dew Cup '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ All Headline News Archived June 16 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Best Snowboarders Of 2009 : # 9 Shaun White Archived April 26 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Snowboarder Magazine Jump up ^ `` History Of The Riders ' Poll Awards '' . Transworld Snowboarding . January 25 , 2009 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lipari , Zachary ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` On to the Next One : Shaun White '' . SportsAgentBlog.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` The Highest - Paid Action Sports Stars '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ White vs. Hawk , Skate and Annoy , July 3 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Browne , Rembert .",
"10": "`` Rembert Explains America : An Unlikely Lollapalooza With Shaun White and His Band , Bad Things '' . Grantland . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Kanye West , Selena Gomez Among Artists in 30 Seconds to Mars ' ' City of Angels ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Shaun White Interview '' . Transworld Snowboarding . October 7 , 2003 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Playboy Girls Ride With Shaun White '' . Snowboard Magazine . Storm Mountain Corp . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2007 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Snowboarder Magazine February 2008 Volume 20.7 Shaun White Guest Editor Issue '' . Snowboarder Magazine . Source Interlink Media . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shaun White Snowboarding Documentary released today on DVD ! '' . Michael Johns Online . January 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wallechinsky , David ; Loucky , Jaime ( October 2009 ) . The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics : 2010 Edition . Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84513 - 491 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Tonight Show with Jay Leno '' . The Tonight Show with Jay Leno -- NBC Official Site . NBC Universal . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Simpson Family '' . Extreme Makeover : Home Edition . ABC.com . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Hampton ( January 30 , 2010 ) . `` Shaun White reveals his new nickname '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Gavin .",
"11": "`` Shaun White : Attack of the Flying Tomato '' . Rolling Stone . RealNetworks , Inc . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Devon ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` X Games star Shawn White charged with vandalism at hotel '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Aswad , Jem ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympic Snowboarder Shaun White Reveals His Good - Luck Songs '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rouff , Lily ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` These Photos Of Shaun White & Sarah Barthel Will Make You Swoon So Hard For Them '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Shaun White Sued by Ex-Bad Things Drummer for Sexual Harassment '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schrotenboer , Brent ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Shaun White settlement reached in female drummer 's lawsuit '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/shaun-white-sexual-harassment-gossip-1202698576/ Jump up ^ http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/international/ct-shaun-white-sexual-misconduct-lawsuit-gossip-20180214-story.html External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Shaun White Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shaun White . Shaun White at the International Ski Federation Official website Shaun White on IMDb Shaun White at the United States Olympic Committee AP Winter Games Athlete Profile : Shaun White Shaun White Project X Private Halfpipe Video Snowboardermag.",
"12": "com -- interviews and videos Shaun White Interview : Pop Magazine Olympic champions in men 's snowboarding Big air 2018 : Sébastien Toutant ( CAN ) Giant slalom 1998 : Ross Rebagliati ( CAN ) Halfpipe 1998 : Gian Simmen ( SUI ) 2002 : Ross Powers ( USA ) 2006 : Shaun White ( USA ) 2010 : Shaun White ( USA ) 2014 : Iouri Podladtchikov ( SUI ) 2018 : Shaun White ( USA ) Parallel giant slalom 2002 : Philipp Schoch ( SUI ) 2006 : Philipp Schoch ( SUI ) 2010 : Jasey - Jay Anderson ( CAN ) 2014 : Vic Wild ( RUS ) 2018 : Nevin Galmarini ( SUI ) Parallel slalom 2014 : Vic Wild ( RUS ) Slopestyle 2014 : Sage Kotsenburg ( USA ) 2018 : Red Gerard ( USA ) Snowboard cross 2006 : Seth Wescott ( USA ) 2010 : Seth Wescott ( USA ) 2014 : Pierre Vaultier ( FRA ) 2018 : Pierre Vaultier ( FRA ) Laureus World Sports Award for Action Sportsperson of the Year winners 2000 : Shaun Palmer 2001 : Mike Horn 2002 : Bob Burnquist 2003 : Dean Potter 2004 : Layne Beachley 2005 : Ellen MacArthur 2006 : Angelo d'Arrigo 2007 : Kelly Slater 2008 : Shaun White 2009 : Kelly Slater 2010 : Stephanie Gilmore 2011 : Kelly Slater 2012 : Kelly Slater 2013 : Felix Baumgartner 2014 : Jamie Bestwick 2015 : Alan Eustace 2016 : Jan Frodeno 2017 : Rachel Atherton VIAF : 227498491 LCCN : n2006021744 GND : 1066276625 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"13": "php?title=Shaun_White&oldid=836275886 '' Categories : 1986 births Living people American people of Irish descent American skateboarders American male snowboarders Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics Olympic gold medalists for the United States in snowboarding Olympic snowboarders of the United States Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics Snowboarders at the 2010 Winter Olympics Snowboarders at the 2014 Winter Olympics Snowboarders at the 2018 Winter Olympics Sportspeople from San Diego X Games athletes American people of Italian descent Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2014 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 FIS snowboarder ID same as Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 19 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who validated the civil rights movement by proclaiming we shall overcome
|
[
"President Lyndon Johnson",
"Lucille Simmons",
"Guy Carawan",
"Guy Carawan"
] |
{
"0": "We Shall Overcome - wikipedia We Shall Overcome Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the protest song . For other uses , see We Shall Overcome ( disambiguation ) . `` We Shall Overcome '' Play media Joan Baez performs `` We Shall Overcome '' at the White House in front of President Barack Obama , at a celebration of music from the period of the Civil Rights Movement ( February 9 , 2010 ) . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` We Shall Overcome '' is a gospel song which became a protest song and a key anthem of the Civil Rights Movement . The song is most commonly attributed as being lyrically descended from `` I 'll Overcome Some Day '' , a hymn by Charles Albert Tindley that was first published in 1900 . The modern version of the song was first said to have been sung by tobacco workers led by Lucille Simmons during a 1945 strike in Charleston , South Carolina . In 1947 , the song was published under the title `` We Will Overcome '' in an edition of the People 's Songs Bulletin ( a publication of People 's Songs , an organization of which Pete Seeger was the director ) , as a contribution of and with an introduction by Zilphia Horton , then - music director of the Highlander Folk School of Monteagle , Tennessee ( an adult education school that trained union organizers ) . Horton said she had learned the song from Simmons , and she considered it to be her favorite song . She taught it to many others , including Pete Seeger , who included it in his repertoire , as did many other activist singers , such as Frank Hamilton and Joe Glazer , who recorded it in 1950 . The song became associated with the Civil Rights Movement from 1959 , when Guy Carawan stepped in with his and Seeger 's version as song leader at Highlander , which was then focused on nonviolent civil rights activism . It quickly became the movement 's unofficial anthem . Seeger and other famous folksingers in the early 1960s , such as Joan Baez , sang the song at rallies , folk festivals , and concerts in the North and helped make it widely known . Since its rise to prominence , the song , and songs based on it , have been used in a variety of protests worldwide . The U.S.",
"1": "copyright of the People 's Songs Bulletin issue which contained `` We Will Overcome '' expired in 1976 , but The Richmond Organization asserted a copyright on the `` We Shall Overcome '' lyrics , registered in 1960 . In 2017 , in response to a lawsuit against TRO over allegations of false copyright claims , a U.S. judge issued an opinion that the registered work was insufficiently different from the `` We Will Overcome '' lyrics that had fallen into the public domain because of non-renewal . In January 2018 , the company agreed to a settlement under which it would no longer assert any copyright claims over the song . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins as a gospel , folk , and labor song 2 Role of the Highlander Folk School 3 Use in the 1960s civil rights and other protest movements 4 Widespread adaptation 5 Copyright status 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Origins as a gospel , folk , and Labor song ( edit ) `` I 'll Overcome Some Day '' was a hymn or gospel music composition by the Reverend Charles Albert Tindley of Philadelphia that was first published in 1900 . A noted minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church , Tindley was the author of approximately 50 gospel hymns , of which `` We 'll Understand It By and By '' and `` Stand By Me '' are among the best known . The published text bore the epigraph , `` Ye shall overcome if ye faint not '' , derived from Galatians 6 : 9 : `` And let us not be weary in doing good , for in due season we shall reap , if we faint not . '' The first stanza began : The world is one great battlefield , With forces all arrayed ; If in my heart I do not yield , I 'll overcome some day . Tindley 's songs were written in an idiom rooted in African American folk traditions , using pentatonic intervals , with ample space allowed for improvised interpolation , the addition of `` blue '' thirds and sevenths , and frequently featuring short refrains in which the congregation could join .",
"2": "Tindley 's importance , however , was primarily as a lyricist and poet whose words spoke directly to the feelings of his audiences , many of whom had been freed from slavery only 36 years before he first published his songs , and were often impoverished , illiterate , and newly arrived in the North . `` Even today , '' wrote musicologist Horace Boyer in 1983 , `` ministers quote his texts in the midst of their sermons as if they were poems , as indeed they are . '' A letter printed on the front page of the February 1909 , United Mine Workers Journal states : `` Last year at a strike , we opened every meeting with a prayer , and singing that good old song , ' We Will Overcome ' . '' This statement implied that the song was well - known , and it was also the first acknowledgement of such a song having been sung in both a secular context and a mixed - race setting . Tindley 's `` I 'll Overcome Some Day '' was believed to have influenced the structure for `` We Shall Overcome '' , with both the text and the melody having undergone a process of alteration . The tune has been changed so that it now echoes the opening and closing melody of `` No More Auction Block For Me '' , also known from its refrain as `` Many Thousands Gone '' . This was number 35 in Thomas Wentworth Higginson 's collection of Negro Spirituals that appeared in the Atlantic Monthly of June 1867 , with a comment by Higginson reflecting on how such songs were composed ( i.e. , whether the work of a single author or through what used to be called `` communal composition '' ) : Even of this last composition , however , we have only the approximate date and know nothing of the mode of composition . Allan Ramsay says of the Scots Songs , that , no matter who made them , they were soon attributed to the minister of the parish whence they sprang . And I always wondered , about these , whether they had always a conscious and definite origin in some leading mind , or whether they grew by gradual accretion , in an almost unconscious way . On this point I could get no information , though I asked many questions , until at last , one day when I was being rowed across from Beaufort to Ladies ' Island , I found myself , with delight , on the actual trail of a song .",
"3": "One of the oarsmen , a brisk young fellow , not a soldier , on being asked for his theory of the matter , dropped out a coy confession . `` Some good spirituals , '' he said , `` are start jess out o ' curiosity . I been a-raise a sing , myself , once . '' My dream was fulfilled , and I had traced out , not the poem alone , but the poet . I implored him to proceed . `` Once we boys , '' he said , `` went for to tote some rice , and de nigger - driver , he keep a-callin ' on us ; and I say , ' O , de ole nigger - driver ! ' Den another said , ' First thing my mammy told me was , notin ' so bad as a nigger - driver . ' Den I made a sing , just puttin ' a word , and den another word . '' Then he began singing , and the men , after listening a moment , joined in the chorus as if it were an old acquaintance , though they evidently had never heard it before . I saw how easily a new `` sing '' took root among them . Coincidentally , Bob Dylan claims that he used the very same melodic motif from `` No More Auction Block '' for his composition , `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' . Thus similarities of melodic and rhythmic patterns imparted cultural and emotional resonance ( `` the same feeling '' ) towards three different , and historically very significant songs . Music scholars have also pointed out that the first half of `` We Shall Overcome '' bears a notable resemblance to the famous lay Catholic hymn `` O Sanctissima '' , also known as `` The Sicilian Mariners Hymn '' , first published by a London magazine in 1792 and then by an American magazine in 1794 and widely circulated in American hymnals . The second half of `` We Shall Overcome '' is essentially the same music as the 19th - century hymn `` I 'll Be All Right '' and it bears a close resemblance to the aria Caro Mio Ben , attributed to Neapolitan composer Tommaso Giordani or Giuseppe Giordani ; this is another late 18th - century Italian song that became a staple of 19th - century singers .",
"4": "As Victor Bobetsky summarized in his 2015 book on the subject : `` ' We Shall Overcome ' owes its existence to many ancestors and to the constant change and adaptation that is typical of the folk music process . '' Role of the Highlander folk school ( edit ) In October 1945 in Charleston , South Carolina , members of the Food , Tobacco , Agricultural , and Allied Workers union ( FTA - CIO ) , who were mostly female and African American , began a five - month strike against the American Tobacco Company . To keep up their spirits during the cold , wet winter of 1945 -- 1946 , one of the strikers , a woman named Lucille Simmons , led a slow `` long meter style '' version of the gospel hymn , `` We 'll Overcome ( I 'll Be All Right ) '' to end each day 's picketing . Union organizer Zilphia Horton , who was the wife of the co-founder of the Highlander Folk School ( later Highlander Research and Education Center ) , said she learned it from Simmons . Horton was Highlander 's music director during 1935 -- 1956 , and it became her custom to end group meetings each evening by leading this , her favorite song . During the presidential campaign of Henry A. Wallace , `` We Will Overcome '' was printed in Bulletin No. 3 ( September 1948 ) , 8 , of People 's Songs , with an introduction by Horton saying that she had learned it from the interracial FTA - CIO workers and had found it to be extremely powerful . Pete Seeger , a founding member of People 's Songs and its director for three years , learned it from Horton 's version in 1947 . Seeger writes : `` I changed it to ' We shall ' ... I think I liked a more open sound ; ' We will ' has alliteration to it , but ' We shall ' opens the mouth wider ; the ' i ' in ' will ' is not an easy vowel to sing well ( ... ) . '' Seeger also added some verses ( `` We 'll walk hand in hand '' and `` The whole wide world around '' ) . In 1950 , the CIO 's Department of Education and Research released the album , Eight New Songs for Labor , sung by Joe Glazer ( `` Labor 's Troubador '' ) , and the Elm City Four .",
"5": "( Songs on the album were : `` I Ai n't No Stranger Now , '' `` Too Old to Work , '' `` That 's All , '' `` Humblin ' Back , '' `` Shine on Me , '' `` Great Day , '' `` The Mill Was Made of Marble , '' and `` We Will Overcome '' . ) During a Southern CIO drive , Glazer taught the song to country singer Texas Bill Strength , who cut a version that was later picked up by 4 - Star Records . The song made its first recorded appearance as `` We Shall Overcome '' ( rather than `` We Will Overcome '' ) in 1952 on a disc recorded by Laura Duncan ( soloist ) and The Jewish Young Singers ( chorus ) , conducted by Robert De Cormier , co-produced by Ernie Lieberman and Irwin Silber on Hootenany Records ( Hoot 104 - A ) ( Folkways , FN 2513 , BCD15720 ) , where it is identified as a Negro Spiritual . Frank Hamilton , a folk singer from California who was a member of People 's Songs and later The Weavers , picked up Seeger 's version . Hamilton 's friend and traveling companion , fellow - Californian Guy Carawan , learned the song from Hamilton . Carawan and Hamilton , accompanied by Ramblin Jack Elliot , visited Highlander in the early 1950s where they also would have heard Zilphia Horton sing the song . In 1957 , Seeger sang for a Highlander audience that included Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , who remarked on the way to his next stop , in Kentucky , about how much the song had stuck with him . When , in 1959 , Guy Carawan succeeded Horton as music director at Highlander , he reintroduced it at the school . It was the young ( many of them teenagers ) student - activists at Highlander , however , who gave the song the words and rhythms for which it is currently known , when they sang it to keep their spirits up during the frightening police raids on Highlander and their subsequent stays in jail in 1959 -- 1960 . Because of this , Carawan has been reluctant to claim credit for the song 's widespread popularity .",
"6": "In the PBS video We Shall Overcome , Julian Bond credits Carawan with teaching and singing the song at the founding meeting of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in Raleigh , North Carolina , in 1960 . From there , it spread orally and became an anthem of Southern African American labor union and civil rights activism . Seeger has also publicly , in concert , credited Carawan with the primary role of teaching and popularizing the song within the Civil Rights Movement . Use in the 1960s Civil Rights and other protest movements ( edit ) In August 1963 , 22 - year old folksinger Joan Baez , led a crowd of 300,000 in singing `` We Shall Overcome '' at the Lincoln Memorial during A. Philip Randolph 's March on Washington . President Lyndon Johnson , himself a Southerner , used the phrase `` we shall overcome '' in addressing Congress on March 15 , 1965 , in a speech delivered after the violent , `` Bloody Sunday '' attacks on civil rights demonstrators during the Selma to Montgomery marches , thus legitimizing the protest movement . Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. recited the words from `` We Shall Overcome '' in his final sermon delivered in Memphis on Sunday , March 31 , 1968 , before his assassination . He had done so in a similar sermon delivered in 1965 before an interfaith congregation at Temple Israel in Hollywood , California : We shall overcome . We shall overcome . Deep in my heart I do believe we shall overcome . And I believe it because somehow the arc of the moral universe is long , but it bends towards justice . We shall overcome because Carlyle is right ; `` no lie can live forever '' . We shall overcome because William Cullen Bryant is right ; `` truth crushed to earth will rise again '' . We shall overcome because James Russell Lowell is right : . Truth forever on the scaffold , Wrong forever on the throne . Yet that scaffold sways the future , And behind the then unknown Standeth God within the shadow , Keeping watch above his own . With this faith , we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope . With this faith , we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood .",
"7": "With this faith , we will be able to speed up the day . And in the words of prophecy , every valley shall be exalted . And every mountain and hill shall be made low . The rough places will be made plain and the crooked places straight . And the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together . This will be a great day . This will be a marvelous hour . And at that moment -- figuratively speaking in biblical words -- the morning stars will sing together and the sons of God will shout for joy `` We Shall Overcome '' was sung days later by over fifty thousand attendees at Dr. King 's funeral . Farmworkers in the United States later sang the song in Spanish during the strikes and grape boycotts of the late 1960s . The song was notably sung by the U.S. Senator for New York Robert F. Kennedy , when he led anti-Apartheid crowds in choruses from the rooftop of his car while touring South Africa in 1966 . It was also the song which Abie Nathan chose to broadcast as the anthem of the Voice of Peace radio station on October 1 , 1993 , and as a result it found its way back to South Africa in the later years of the Anti-Apartheid Movement . The Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association adopted `` we shall overcome '' as a slogan and used it in the title of its retrospective publication , We Shall Overcome -- The History of the Struggle for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland 1968 -- 1978 . The film Bloody Sunday depicts march leader and MP Ivan Cooper leading the song shortly before 1972 's Bloody Sunday shootings . In 1997 , the Christian men 's ministry , Promise Keepers featured the song on its worship CD for that year : The Making of a Godly Man , featuring worship leader Donn Thomas and the Maranatha ! Promise Band . Bruce Springsteen 's re-interpretation of the song was included on the 1998 tribute album Where Have All the Flowers Gone : The Songs of Pete Seeger as well as on Springsteen 's 2006 album We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions . Widespread adaptation ( edit ) `` We Shall Overcome '' was adopted by various labor , nationalist , and political movements both during and after the Cold War .",
"8": "In his memoir about his years teaching English in Czechoslovakia after the Velvet Revolution , Mark Allen wrote : `` In Prague in 1989 , during the intense weeks of the Velvet Revolution , hundreds of thousands of people sang this haunting music in unison in Wenceslas Square , both in English and in Czech , with special emphasis on the phrase ' I do believe . ' This song 's message of hope gave protesters strength to carry on until the powers - that - be themselves finally gave up hope themselves . In the Prague of 1964 , Seeger was stunned to find himself being whistled and booed by crowds of Czechs when he spoke out against the Vietnam War . But those same crowds had loved and adopted his rendition of ' We Shall Overcome . ' History is full of such ironies -- if only you are willing to see them . '' -- ' Prague Symphony ' , Praha Publishing , 2008 The melody was also used ( crediting it to Tindley ) in a symphony by American composer William Rowland . In 1999 , National Public Radio included `` We Shall Overcome '' on the `` NPR 100 '' list of most important American songs of the 20th century . As a reference to the line , on January 20 , 2009 , after the inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President of the United States , a man holding the banner , `` WE HAVE OVERCOME '' was seen near the Capitol , a day after hundreds of people posed with the sign on Martin Luther King Jr. day . As the attempted serial killer `` Lasermannen '' shot several immigrants around Stockholm in 1992 , Prime Minister Carl Bildt and Immigration Minister Birgit Friggebo attended a meeting in Rinkeby . As the audience became upset , Friggebo tried to calm them down by proposing that everyone sing `` We Shall Overcome . '' This statement is widely regarded as one of the most embarrassing moments in Swedish politics . In 2008 , the newspaper Svenska Dagbladet listed the Sveriges Television recording of the event as the best political clip available on YouTube . On June 7 , 2010 , Roger Waters of Pink Floyd fame , released a new version of the song as a protest against the Israeli blockade of Gaza .",
"9": "On July 22 , 2012 , Bruce Springsteen performed the song during the memorial - concert in Oslo after the terrorist attacks in Norway on July 22 , 2011 . In India , the renowned poet Girija Kumar Mathur composed its literal translation in Hindi `` Hum Honge Kaamyab ( हम होगें कामयाब ) '' which became a popular patriotic / spiritual song during the 1970s and 80s , particularly in schools . In Bengali - speaking India and Bangladesh , there are two versions , both of which are popular among school - children and political activists . `` Amra Korbo Joy '' ( আমরা করবো জয় , a literal translation ) was translated by the Bengali folk singer Hemanga Biswas and re-recorded by Bhupen Hazarika . Another version , translated by Shibdas Bandyopadhyay , `` Ek Din Shurjer Vor '' ( এক দিন সূর্যের ভোর , literally translated as `` One Day The Sun Will Rise '' ) was recorded by the Calcutta Youth Choir and arranged by Ruma Guha Thakurta during the 1971 Bangladesh War of Independence and it became one of the largest selling Bengali records . It was a favorite of Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and it was regularly sung at public events after Bangladesh gained its independence in the early 1970s . In the Indian State of Kerala , the traditional Communist stronghold , the song became popular on college campuses during the late 1970s . It was the struggle song of the Students Federation of India SFI , the largest student organisation in the country . The song translated to the regional language Malayalam by N.P. Chandrasekharan , an activist for SFI . The translation followed the same tune of the original song , as `` Nammal Vijayikkum '' . Later it was also published in Student , the monthly of SFI in Malayalam as well as in Sarvadesheeya Ganangal ( Mythri Books , Thiruvananthapuram ) , a translation of international struggle songs .",
"10": "`` We Shall Overcome '' was a prominent song in the 2010 Bollywood film My Name is Khan , which compared the struggle of Muslims in modern America with the struggles of African Americans in the past . The song was sung in both English and Urdu in the film , which starred Shahrukh Khan . Copyright status ( edit ) The copyright status of `` We Shall Overcome '' was disputed in the late - 2010s . A copyright registration was made for the song in 1960 , which is credited as an arrangement by Zilphia Horton , Guy Carawan , Frank Hamilton , and Pete Seeger , of a work entitled `` I 'll Overcome '' , with no known original author . Horton 's heirs , Carawan , Hamilton , and Seeger share the artists ' half of the rights , and The Richmond Organization ( TRO ) , which includes Ludlow Music , Essex , Folkways Music , and Hollis Music , holds the publishers ' rights , to 50 % of the royalty earnings . Seeger explained that he registered the copyright under the advice of TRO , who showed concern that someone else could register it . `` At that time we did n't know Lucille Simmons ' name '' , Seeger said . Their royalties go to the `` We Shall Overcome '' Fund , administered by Highlander under the trusteeship of the `` writers '' . Such funds are purportedly used to give small grants for cultural expression involving African Americans organizing in the U.S. South . In April 2016 , the We Shall Overcome Foundation ( WSOF ) , led by music producer Isaias Gamboa , sued TRO and Ludlow , seeking to have the copyright status of the song clarified and the return of all royalties collected by the companies from its usage . The WSOF , which was working on a documentary about the song and its history , were denied permission to use the song by TRO - Ludlow . The filing argued that TRO - Ludlow 's copyright claims were invalid because the registered copyright had not been renewed as required by United States copyright law at the time ; because of this , the copyright of the 1948 People 's Songs publication containing `` We Will Overcome '' had expired in 1976 .",
"11": "Additionally , it was argued that the registered copyrights only covered specific arrangements of the tune and `` obscure alternate verses '' , that the registered works `` did not contain original works of authorship , except to the extent of the arrangements themselves '' , and that no record of a work entitled `` I 'll Overcome '' existed in the database of the United States Copyright Office . The suit acknowledged that Seeger himself had not claimed to be an author of the song , stating of the song in his autobiography , `` No one is certain who changed ' will ' to ' shall . ' It could have been me with my Harvard education . But Septima Clarke , a Charleston schoolteacher ( who was director of education at Highlander and after the Civil Rights Movement was elected year after year to the Charleston , S.C. Board of Education ) always preferred ' shall . ' It sings better . '' He also reaffirmed that the decision to copyright the song was a defensive measure , with his publisher apparently warning him that `` if you do n't copyright this now , some Hollywood types will have a version out next year like ' Come on Baby , We shall overcome tonight ' '' . Furthermore , the liner notes of Seeger 's compilation album If I Had a Hammer : Songs of Hope & Struggle contained a summary on the purported history of the song , stating that `` We Shall Overcome '' was `` probably adapted from the 19th - century hymn , ' I 'll Be All Right ' '' , and that `` I 'll Overcome Some Day '' was a `` possible source '' and may have originally been adapted from `` I 'll Be All Right '' . Gamboa has historically shown interest in investigating the origins of `` We Shall Overcome '' ; in a book entitled We Shall Overcome : Sacred Song On The Devil 's Tongue , he notably disputed the song 's claimed origins and copyright registration with an alternate theory , suggesting that `` We Shall Overcome '' was actually derived from `` If My Jesus Wills '' , a hymn by Louise Shropshire that had been composed in the 1930s and had its copyright registered in 1954 . The WSOF lawsuit did not invoke this alternate history , focusing instead on the original belief that the song stemmed from `` We Will Overcome '' .",
"12": "The lawyer backing Gamboa 's suit , Mark C. Rifkin , was previously involved in a case that invalidated copyright claims over the song `` Happy Birthday to You '' . On September 8 , 2017 , Judge Denise Cote of the Southern District of New York issued an opinion that there were insufficient differences between the first verse of the `` We Shall Overcome '' lyrics registered by TRO - Ludlow , and the `` We Will Overcome '' lyrics from People 's Songs ( specifically , the aforementioned replacement of `` will '' with `` shall '' , and changing `` down in my heart '' to `` deep in my heart '' ) for it to qualify as a distinct derivative work eligible for its own copyright . On January 26 , 2018 , TRO - Ludlow agreed to a final settlement , under which it would accept the district court 's opinion that it did not own a valid copyright to the melody and first verse of `` We Shall Overcome '' , and that it would no longer assert any of its copyright claims to the remaining verses of the song . See also ( edit ) Timeline of the African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 68 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bobetsky , Victor ( 2014 ) . `` The complex ancestry of `` We Shall Overcome '' `` . Choral Journal . 57 : 26 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Lynskey , Dorian ( 2011 ) . 33 revolutions per minute . London , UK : Faber & Faber . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0061670152 . ^ Jump up to : Seeger , Pete ( 1997 ) . Where Have All The Flowers Gone -- A Musical Autobiography . Bethlehem , PA : Sing Out . ISBN 1881322106 . Jump up ^ Tindley , C. Albert ( 1900 ) . `` I 'll Overcome Some Day '' . New Songs of the Gospel . Philadelphia : Hall - Mack Co . Jump up ^ Horace Clarence Boyer , `` Charles Albert Tindley : Progenitor of Black - American Gospel Music '' , The Black Perspective in Music 11 : No. 2 ( Autumn , 1983 ) , pp. 103 -- 132 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ Boyer , ( 1983 ) , p. 113 . `` Tindley was a composer for whom the lyrics constituted its major element ; while the melody and were handled with care , these elements were regarded as subservient to the text . '' Jump up ^ Boyer ( 1983 ) , p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , David A. `` Who Owns ' We Shall Overcome ' ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lawyers who won Happy Birthday copyright case sue over `` We Shall Overcome '' `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ The United Mine Workers was racially integrated from its founding and was notable for having a large black presence , particularly in Alabama and West Virginia . The Alabama branch , whose membership was three quarters black , in particular , met with fierce , racially based resistance during a strike in 1908 and was crushed . See Daniel Letwin , `` Interracial Unionism , Gender , and Social Equality in the Alabama Coalfields , 1878 -- 1908 '' , The Journal of Southern History LXI : 3 ( August 1955 ) : 519 -- 554 . Jump up ^ James Fuld tentatively attributes the change to the version by Atron Twigg and Kenneth Morris . See James J. Fuld , The Book of World - Famous Music : Classical , Popular , and Folk ( noted by Wallace and Wallechinsky ) 1966 ; New York : Dover , 1995 ) . According to Alan Lomax 's The Folk Songs of North America , `` No More Auction Block For Me '' originated in Canada and it was sung by former slaves who fled there after Britain abolished slavery in 1833 . Jump up ^ Eileen Southern , The Music of Black Americans : A History , Second Edition ( Norton , 1971 ) : 546 - 47 , 159 - 60 . Jump up ^ Higginson , Thomas Wentworth ( June 1867 ) . `` Negro Spirituals '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 19 ( 116 ) : 685 -- 694 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ From the sleeve notes to Bob Dylan 's `` Bootleg Series Volumes 1 - 3 '' - `` ... it was Pete Seeger who first identified Dylan 's adaptation of the melody of this song ( '' No More Auction Block `` ) for the composition of `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' . Indeed , Dylan himself was to admit the debt in 1978 , when he told journalist Marc Rowland : `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' has always been a spiritual . I took it off a song called `` No More Auction Block '' - that 's a spiritual , and `` Blowin ' in the Wind sorta follows the same feeling ... '' ^ Jump up to : Bobetsky , Victor V. ( 2015 ) . We Shall Overcome : Essays on a Great American Song . pp. 1 -- 13 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seward , William ( November 1792 ) . `` Drossiana . Number XXXVIII . The Sicilian Mariner 's Hymn to the Virgin '' . European Magazine . 22 ( 5 ) : 342 , 385 -- 386 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Robert , ed . ( May 1794 ) . `` Prayer of the Sicilian Mariners '' . The Gentleman 's Amusement : 25 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brink , Emily ; Polman , Bert , eds. ( 1988 ) . The Psalter Hymnal Handbook . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wallechinsky , David ; Wallace , Irving , eds. ( 1978 ) . The People 's Almanac # 2 . pp. 806 -- 809 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kytle , Ethan J. ; Roberts , Blain ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` Birth of a Freedom Anthem '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Silk , Mark ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Who wrote ' We Shall Overcome ' ? '' . Religion News Service .",
"15": "Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dunaway , 1990 , 222 -- 223 ; Seeger , 1993 , 32 ; see also , Robbie Lieberman , My Song Is My Weapon : People 's Songs , American Communism , and the Politics of Culture , 1930 - 50 ( Urbana : University of Illinois Press , ( 1989 ) 1995 ) p. 46 , p. 185 Jump up ^ Ronald Cohen and Dave Samuelson , Songs for Political Action : Folkmusic , Topical Songs And the American Left 1926 -- 1953 , book published as part of Bear Family Records 10 - CD box set issued in Germany in 1996 . Jump up ^ Dunaway , 1990 , 222 -- 223 ; Seeger , 1993 , 32 . Jump up ^ Lyndon Johnson , speech of March 15 , 1965 , accessed March 28 , 2007 on HistoryPlace.com Jump up ^ `` A new normal '' ... Jump up ^ `` A New Addition to Martin Luther King 's Legacy '' . Jump up ^ From the first King had liked to cite these same inspiration passages . `` The arc of the moral universe is long , but it bends toward justice '' is from the writings of Theodore Parker the Unitarian abolitionist minister who was King 's favorite theologian . Compare the transcript of this 1957 speech given in Washington , D.C. `` Give Us the Ballot , '' . Address Delivered at the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom , Washington D.C. 1957 - 05 - 17 ... Jump up ^ Kotz , Nick ( 2005 ) . `` 14 . Another Martyr '' . Judgment days : Lyndon Baines Johnson , Martin Luther King Jr. , and the laws that changed America . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . p. 419 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 08825 - 3 . Jump up ^ Alan J. Watt ( 2010 ) . Farm Workers and the Churches : The Movement in California and Texas , Volume 8 . Texas A&M University Press . p. 80 . ISBN 9781603441933 . Retrieved 15 July 2016 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ Thomas , Evan . Robert Kennedy : His Life . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 322 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0329 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dunaway ( ( 1981 , 1990 ) 2008 ) p. 243 . Jump up ^ CAIN : Civil Rights Association by Bob Purdie Jump up ^ CAIN : Events : Civil Rights - `` We Shall Overcome '' published by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association ( NICRA ; 1978 ) Jump up ^ The NPR 100 The most important American musical works of the 20th century Jump up ^ `` We Have Overcome '' , Media General . January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ledarbloggens Youtubiana -- hela listan ! Svenska Dagbladet , 2 October 2008 ( in Swedish ) Jump up ^ Roger Waters releases `` We Shall Overcome '' video Floydian Slip , June 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Lyrics of Hum Honge Kaamyab ( Hindi ) '' . www.prayogshala.com . Prayogshala . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Seeger , 1993 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Highlander Reports , 2004 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` WE SHALL OVERCOME FOUNDATION , C.A. No. on behalf of itself and all others similarly situated v. THE RICHMOND ORGANIZATION , INC . ( TRO INC . ) and LUDLOW MUSIC , INC . '' ( PDF ) . S.D.N.Y. Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' We Shall Overcome ' belongs to Cincinnati '' . Cincinnati Enquirer . Gannett Company . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Gamboa , Isaias ; Henry , JoAnne F. ; Owen , Audrey ( 2012 ) . We Shall Overcome : Sacred Song On The Devil 's Tongue . Beverly Hills , Calif. : Amapola Publ . ISBN 978 - 0615475288 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ `` ' Happy Birthday ' Legal Team Turns Attention to ' We Shall Overcome ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Judge throws out 57 - year - old copyright on `` We Shall Overcome '' `` . Ars Technica . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Karr , Rick ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Federal Judge Rules First Verse Of ' We Shall Overcome ' Public Domain '' . NPR . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq . `` Song Publisher Agrees `` We Shall Overcome '' Is in Public Domain in Legal Settlement `` . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wolf Haldenstein Frees the Copyright to we Shall Overcome , the US 's Most Powerful Song '' . Wolf Haldenstein . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . References ( edit ) Dunaway , David , How Can I Keep from Singing : Pete Seeger , ( orig . pub. 1981 , reissued 1990 ) . Da Capo , New York , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80399 - 2 . ___ , `` The We Shall Overcome Fund '' . Highlander Reports , newsletter of the Highlander Research and Education Center , August -- November 2004 , p. 3 . We Shall Overcome , PBS Home Video 174 , 1990 , 58 minutes . Further reading ( edit ) Sing for Freedom : The Story of the Civil Rights Movement Through Its Songs : Compiled and edited by Guy and Candie Carawan ; foreword by Julian Bond ( New South Books , 2007 ) , comprising two classic collections of freedom songs : We Shall Overcome ( 1963 ) and Freedom Is A Constant Struggle ( 1968 ) , reprinted in a single edition . The book includes a major new introduction by Guy and Candie Carawan , words and music to the songs , important documentary photographs , and firsthand accounts by participants in the Civil Rights Movement . Available from Highlander Center . We Shall Overcome ! Songs of the Southern Freedom Movement : Julius Lester , editorial assistant .",
"18": "Ethel Raim , music editor : Additional musical transcriptions : Joseph Byrd ( and ) Guy Carawan . New York : Oak Publications , 1963 . Freedom is a Constant Struggle , compiled and edited by Guy and Candie Carawan . Oak Publications , 1968 . Alexander Tsesis , We Shall Overcome : A History of Civil Rights and the Law . Yale University Press , 2008 . We Shall Overcome : A Song that Changed the World , by Stuart Stotts , illustrated by Terrance Cummings , foreword by Pete Seeger . New York : Clarion Books , 2010 . Sing for Freedom , Folkways Records , produced by Guy and Candie Carawan , and the Highlander Center . Field recordings from 1960 -- 88 , with the Freedom Singers , Birmingham Movement Choir , Georgia Sea Island Singers , Doc Reese , Phil Ochs , Pete Seeger , Len Chandler , and many others . Smithsonian - Folkways CD version 1990 . We Shall Overcome : The Complete Carnegie Hall Concert , June 8 , 1963 , Historic Live recording June 8 , 1963 . 2 - disc set , includes the full concert , starring Pete Seeger , with the Freedom Singers , Columbia # 45312 , 1989 . Re-released 1997 by Sony as a box CD set . Voices Of The Civil Rights Movement : Black American Freedom Songs 1960 - 1966 . Box CD set , with the Freedom Singers , Fanny Lou Hammer , and Bernice Johnson Reagon . Smithsonian - Folkways CD ASIN : B000001DJT ( 1997 ) . Durman , C 2015 , ' We Shall Overcome : Essays on a Great American Song edited by Victor V. Bobetsky ' , Music Reference Services Quarterly , vol. 8 , iss. 3 , pp. 185 - 187 Graham , D 2016 , ' Who Owns ' We Shall Overcome ' ? ' , The Atlantic , 14 April , accessed 28 April 2017 , https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2016/04/we-shall-overcome-lawsuit/478068/ Clark , B.",
"19": "& Borchert , S 2015 , ' Pete Seeger , Musical Revolutionary ' , Monthly Review , vol. 66 , no . 8 , pp. 20 - 29 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : We Shall Overcome ( song ) We Shall Overcome on National Public Radio Lyrics Authorized Profile of Guy Carawan with history of the song , `` We Shall Overcome '' from the Association of Cultural Equity Freedom in the Air : Albany Georgia . 1961 - 62 . SNCC # 101 . Recorded by Guy Carawan , produced for the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee by Guy Carawan and Alan Lomax . `` Freedom In the Air ... is a record of the 1961 protest in Albany , Georgia , when , two weeks before Christmas , 737 people brought the town nearly to a halt to force its integration . The record 's never been reissued and that 's a shame , as it 's a moving document of a community through its protest songs , church services , and experiences in the thick of the civil rights struggle . '' -- Nathan Salsburg , host , Root Hog or Die , East Village Radio , January 2007 . Susanne _́ s Folksong - Notizen , excerpts from various articles , liner notes , etc. about `` We Shall Overcome '' . Musical Transcription of `` We Shall Overcome , '' based on a recording of Pete Seeger 's version , sung with the SNCC Freedom Singers on the 1963 live Carnegie Hall recording , and the 1988 version by Pete Seeger sung at a reunion concert with Pete and the Freedom Singers on the anthology , Sing for Freedom , recorded in the field 1960 - 88 and edited and annotated by Guy and Candie Carawan , released in 1990 as Smithsonian - Folkways CD SF 40032 . NPR news article including full streaming versions of Pete Seeger 's classic 1963 live Carnegie Hall recording and Bruce Springsteen 's tribute version . `` Pete Seeger & the story of ' We Shall Overcome ' '' from 1968 interview on The Pop Chronicles .",
"20": "`` Something About That Song Haunts You '' , essay on the history of `` We Shall Overcome , '' Complicated Fun , June 9 , 2006 . `` Howie Richmond Views Craft Of Song : Publishing Giant Celebrates 50 Years As TRO Founder '' , by Irv Lichtman , Billboard , 8 , 28 , 1999 . Excerpt : `` Key folk songs in the ( TRO ) catalog , as arranged by a number of folklorists , are ' We Shall Overcome , ' ' Kisses Sweeter Than Wine ' ' On Top Of Old Smokey , ' ' So Long , It 's Been Good To Know You , ' ' Goodnight Irene , ' ' If I Had A Hammer , ' ' Tom Dooley , ' and ' Rock Island Line . ' '' Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Lynching in the United States Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc .",
"21": "Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St.",
"22": "Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr .",
"23": "Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr .",
"24": "Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh ,",
"25": "Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial The New Jim Crow ( 2010 ) Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Shall_Overcome&oldid=837442503 '' Categories : 1903 songs American folk songs American patriotic songs History of African - American civil rights Pete Seeger songs Joan Baez songs Songs against racism and xenophobia Roger Waters songs Mahalia Jackson songs Peter , Paul and Mary songs Hidden categories : Articles with Swedish - language external links Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with attributed pull quotes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 21 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"26": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where was the eagles song hotel california written
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[
"a rented house on Malibu Beach"
] |
{
"0": "Hotel California - wikipedia Hotel California Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the Eagles album of the same name , see Hotel California ( Eagles album ) . For other uses , see Hotel California ( disambiguation ) . `` Hotel California '' Side A of the U.S. single Single by Eagles from the album Hotel California B - side `` Pretty Maids All in a Row '' Released February 1977 Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1976 Genre Soft rock Length 6 : 30 Label Asylum Songwriter ( s ) Don Felder , Don Henley , Glenn Frey Producer ( s ) Bill Szymczyk Eagles singles chronology `` New Kid in Town '' ( 1976 ) `` Hotel California '' ( 1977 ) `` Life in the Fast Lane '' ( 1977 ) `` New Kid in Town '' ( 1976 ) `` Hotel California '' ( 1977 ) `` Life in the Fast Lane '' ( 1977 ) Audio sample Eagles -- `` Hotel California '' file help `` Hotel California '' is the title track from the Eagles ' album of the same name and was released as a single in February 1977 . Writing credits for the song are shared by Don Felder ( music ) , Don Henley , and Glenn Frey ( lyrics ) . The Eagles ' original recording of the song features Henley singing the lead vocals and concludes with an extended section of electric guitar interplay between Felder and Joe Walsh . The song is considered the most famous recording by the band , and its long guitar coda has been voted the best guitar solo of all time by readers of Guitarist in 1998 . The song was awarded the Grammy Award for Record of the Year in 1978 . The lyrics of the song have been given various interpretations by fans and critics alike , the Eagles themselves described the song as their `` interpretation of the high life in Los Angeles '' . In the 2013 documentary History of the Eagles , Henley said that the song was about `` a journey from innocence to experience ... that 's all ... '' Since its release , `` Hotel California '' has been covered by a number of artists and has become a part of international popular culture .",
"1": "Julia Phillips proposed adapting the song into a film , but the members of the Eagles disliked the idea and it never came to fruition . Commercially , `` Hotel California '' reached the number one position on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached the top ten of several international charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Composition 1.2 Recordings 1.3 Chart performance 1.4 Accolades 2 Themes and interpretations 2.1 Conjectures 3 Harmonic structure 4 Cover versions , samples and parodies 5 Cultural influence 6 Proposed film adaptation 7 Personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 References 10 External links History Composition Don Felder composed the melody for `` Hotel California . '' Glenn Frey provided the outline of `` Hotel California . '' Don Henley wrote the lyrics to `` Hotel California '' with Frey . The melody of the song was composed by Don Felder in a rented house on Malibu Beach . He recorded the basic tracks with a Rhythm Ace drum machine and added a 12 string guitar on a four - track recording deck in his spare bedroom , then mixed in a bassline , and gave Don Henley and Glenn Frey each a copy of the recording . Felder , who met the Eagles through his high school bandmate Bernie Leadon , said that Leadon advised him to make tapes of songs he wrote for the band so that other band members like Henley , whose forte is in writing lyrics , might work with him on finishing the songs they like . The demos he made were always instrumental , and on every album project he would submit 15 or 16 ideas . The demo he made for `` Hotel California '' showed influences from Latin and reggae music , and it grabbed the attention of Henley who said he liked the song that `` sounds like a Mexican reggae or Bolero '' , which gave the song its first working title , `` Mexican Reggae '' . Frey and Henley were both interested in the tune after hearing the demo , and discussed the concept for the lyrics . In 2008 , Felder described the writing of the lyrics : Don Henley and Glenn wrote most of the words .",
"2": "All of us kind of drove into L.A. at night . Nobody was from California , and if you drive into L.A. at night ... you can just see this glow on the horizon of lights , and the images that start running through your head of Hollywood and all the dreams that you have , and so it was kind of about that ... what we started writing the song about . Henley decided on the theme of `` Hotel California '' , noting how The Beverly Hills Hotel had become a literal and symbolic focal point of their lives at that time . Henley said of their personal and professional experience in LA : `` We were getting an extensive education , in life , in love , in business . Beverly Hills was still a mythical place to us . In that sense it became something of a symbol , and the ' Hotel ' the locus of all that LA had come to mean for us . In a sentence , I 'd sum it up as the end of the innocence , round one . '' Frey came up with a cinematic scenario of a person who , tired from driving a long distance in a desert , saw a place for a rest and pulled in for the night , but entered `` a weird world peopled by freaky characters '' , and became `` quickly spooked by the claustrophobic feeling of being caught in a disturbing web from which he may never escape . '' In an interview with Cameron Crowe , Frey said that he and Henley wanted the song `` to open like an episode of the Twilight Zone '' , and added : `` We take this guy and make him like a character in The Magus , where every time he walks through a door there 's a new version of reality . We wanted to write a song just like it was a movie . '' Frey described the song in an interview with NBC 's Bob Costas as a cinematic montage `` just one shot to the next ... a picture of a guy on the highway , a picture of the hotel , the guy walks in , the door opens , strange people . '' Frey continued : `` We decided to create something strange , just to see if we could do it . '' Henley then wrote most of the lyrics based on Frey 's idea , and sought inspiration for the writing by driving out into the desert as well as from films and theater .",
"3": "Part of the lyrics , such as `` Her mind is Tiffany twisted , she got the Mercedes bends / She got a lot of pretty pretty boys she calls friends '' , are based on Henley 's break - up with his girlfriend Loree Rodkin . According to Glenn Frey 's liner notes for The Very Best Of , the use of the word `` steely '' in the lyric , `` They stab it with their steely knives , but they just ca n't kill the beast , '' was a playful nod to the band Steely Dan , who had included the lyric `` Turn up the Eagles , the neighbors are listening '' in their song `` Everything You Did '' . Frey had also said that the writing of the song was inspired by the boldness of Steely Dan 's lyrics and its willingness to go `` out there '' , and thought that the song they wrote had `` achieved perfect ambiguity . '' Recordings The Eagles recorded the track with Don Henley on lead vocal three different times , twice at the Record Plant in Los Angeles and finally at the Criteria Studios in Miami . They first recorded a riff , but when it came to recording the vocal , it was found to be in too high a key for Henley 's voice , so Felder progressively lowered the key from E minor , eventually settling on B minor . The second recording however was judged too fast . In Miami , the band fine - tuned the instrumentation and the lyrics and recorded numerous takes . Five or six best ones were selected , and the best parts were then spliced together to create the released version . According to the producer Bill Szymczyk , there were 33 edits on the two ‐ inch master . The final section features a guitar battle between Joe Walsh ( who had replaced Bernie Leadon after Leadon 's departure from the band in 1975 ) and Felder , which took the two of them sitting together working for around three days to achieve the necessary precision . Walsh and Felder initially started improvising but Henley insisted that the recording should follow the music as first recorded in Felder 's demo . Henley decided that the song should be a single , although Felder had doubts and the record company was reluctant to release it because , at over six minutes , its duration far exceeded that of the songs generally played by radio stations .",
"4": "The band took a stand and refused the label 's request to shorten the song . The song was released as the second single from the album after `` New Kid in Town '' . The front cover art for some overseas editions of the 45rpm single released was a reworked version of the Hotel California LP cover art , which used a photograph of the Beverly Hills Hotel by David Alexander , with design and art direction by Kosh . The Eagles performing `` Hotel California '' in Australia during their Long Road Out of Eden Tour As `` Hotel California '' became one of the group 's most popular songs and a concert staple for the band , live recordings of the song have therefore also been released . The first live recording of the song appeared on the Eagles ' 1980 live album , and an acoustic version with an extended intro is a track in the 1994 Hell Freezes Over reunion concert CD and video release . The Hell Freezes Over version is performed using eight guitars and has a decidedly Spanish sound , with Don Felder 's flamenco - inspired arrangement and intro . Chart performance `` Hotel California '' first entered the Billboard Hot 100 on chart dated February 26 , 1977 , and topped the Hot 100 singles chart for one week in May 1977 , the band 's fourth song to reach No. 1 on that chart . It peaked at number 10 on the Easy Listening chart in April 1977 . Billboard ranked it number 19 on its 1977 Pop Singles year - end chart . Three months after its first release , the single was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , representing one million copies shipped . In 2009 , the song was further certified Platinum ( Digital Sales Award ) by the RIAA for sales of one million digital downloads , and has since sold over 3 million downloads . Accolades The Eagles won the 1977 Grammy Award for Record of the Year for `` Hotel California '' at the 20th Grammy Awards in 1978 . The song is rated highly in many rock music lists and polls ; Rolling Stone magazine ranked it number 49 on its list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . It was named one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll .",
"5": "At the induction of the Eagles into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998 , all seven former and present members of the band reunited to perform `` Hotel California '' . The song 's guitar solo was voted the best solo of all time by readers of Guitarist magazine in 1998 , and was ranked 8th on Guitar Magazine 's Top 100 Guitar Solos . The song was also included in the music video game Guitar Hero World Tour . It was ranked the number 1 in the list of the best 12 - string guitar songs of all times by Guitar World magazine in 2015 . Themes and interpretations Don Henley has given a number of explanations about the song , ranging from `` a journey from innocence to experience '' to `` a sociopolitical statement '' . In an interview with Rolling Stone , Henley said that the song was meant to be `` more of a symbolic piece about America in general '' , and added : `` Lyrically , the song deals with traditional or classical themes of conflict : darkness and light , good and evil , youth and age , the spiritual versus the secular . I guess you could say it 's a song about loss of innocence . '' The song has been described as being `` all about American decadence and burnout , too much money , corruption , drugs and arrogance ; too little humility and heart . '' It has also been interpreted as an allegory about hedonism , self - destruction , and greed in the music industry of the late 1970s . Don Henley called it `` our interpretation of the high life in Los Angeles '' , and later said : `` It 's basically a song about the dark underbelly of the American dream and about excess in America , which is something we knew a lot about . '' In the 2013 documentary , History of the Eagles , Henley reiterated : On just about every album we made , there was some kind of commentary on the music business , and on American culture in general . The hotel itself could be taken as a metaphor not only for the myth - making of Southern California , but for the myth - making that is the American Dream , because it is a fine line between the American Dream , and the American nightmare .",
"6": "In a 2009 interview , The Plain Dealer music critic John Soeder asked Don Henley if he regretted writing the lines `` So I called up the captain / ' Please bring me my wine ' / He said , ' We have n't had that spirit here since 1969 ' '' because wines are fermented while spirits are distilled . Henley responded : Thanks for the tutorial and , no , you 're not the first to bring this to my attention -- and you 're not the first to completely misinterpret the lyric and miss the metaphor . Believe me , I 've consumed enough alcoholic beverages in my time to know how they are made and what the proper nomenclature is . But that line in the song has little or nothing to do with alcoholic beverages . It 's a sociopolitical statement . My only regret would be having to explain it in detail to you , which would defeat the purpose of using literary devices in songwriting and lower the discussion to some silly and irrelevant argument about chemical processes . In his Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 1 , Steve Sullivan theorizes that the `` spirit '' that the Hotel California has n't had since 1969 refers to the spirit of social activism of the 1960s , and how disco and the related pop music of the mid-1970s had turned away from it . Conjectures The metaphorical character of the story related in the lyrics has inspired a number of conjectural interpretations by listeners . In the 1980s some Christian evangelists alleged that `` Hotel California '' referred to a San Francisco hotel that was purchased by Anton LaVey and converted into his Church of Satan . Other rumors suggested that the Hotel California was the Camarillo State Mental Hospital . The term `` colitas '' in the first stanza ( `` warm smell of colitas , rising up through the air '' ) has been interpreted as a sexual slang or a reference to marijuana . `` Colitas '' means `` little tails '' in Spanish ; in Mexican slang it refers to buds of the cannabis ( marijuana ) plant . According to Glenn Frey , the `` warm smell '' is `` colitas ... it means little tails , the very top of the plant . ''",
"7": "The Eagles ' manager Irving Azoff appears to lend support to the marijuana hypothesis , however , Felder said : `` The colitas is a plant that grows in the desert that blooms at night , and it has this kind of pungent , almost funky smell . Don Henley came up with a lot of the lyrics for that song , and he came up with colitas . '' Other interpretations of the songs include heroin addiction and cannibalism . On the various interpretations , Henley said : `` Some of the wilder interpretations of that song have been amazing . It was really about the excesses of American culture and certain girls we knew . But it was also about the uneasy balance between art and commerce . '' Harmonic structure The intro and verse 's chord pattern counts eight measures , each one assigned to a single chord . Seven different chords are used in the eight measures . As the song opens , it is not until the eighth measure that a chord is repeated . The song is initially in the key of B - minor . The presence of E major gives a hint of B Dorian . The chords are played as follows : Bm -- F ♯ -- A -- E -- G -- D -- Em -- F ♯ or i -- V -- VII -- IV -- VI -- III -- iv -- V The eight measure sequence is repeated in the intro , for each verse and in the outro , providing the harmonic framework for the entire extended dual guitar solo at the end of the song . One explanation of the progression is that it is a common flamenco chord progression called the `` Spanish progression '' ( i -- VII -- VI -- V in a phrygian context ) that is interspersed with consecutive fifths . With its descending ostinato pattern , it could be considered a fandango , a forerunner of the Baroque chaconne form . This chord sequence is not commonly used , and Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull has pointed out its similarity to his song `` We Used to Know '' from their 1969 album Stand Up , suggesting the Eagles heard it when they toured together . While the Eagles did open for Jethro Tull in June 1972 , Don Felder , who wrote the music , did not join the band until 1974 and would not have been in the audience or backstage .",
"8": "Felder has said that he had never heard `` We Used to Know '' , and that he was unfamiliar with Jethro Tull apart from the fact the frontman plays a flute . The chorus , or refrain , uses five of the song 's seven chords , structured with the melody in a way that shifts the key from B - minor to its relative major of D : G -- D -- F ♯ -- Bm -- G -- D -- Em -- F ♯ or assuming a key of D: IV -- I -- ii -- vi -- IV -- I -- ii -- III Cover versions , samples and parodies Al B. Sure ! recorded his rendition for his album , Private Times ... and the Whole 9 ! ( 1990 ) . Gipsy Kings recorded a flamenco version sung in Spanish , which was used in the soundtrack for the film The Big Lebowski . The Orb , under the name of Jam On The Mutha produced a version which charted at No. 62 on the UK chart in 1990 . Mike Piranha recorded `` Hotel Honolulu '' in 1998 , satirizing overdevelopment , crime , and other issues on Oahu , which became a local hit in Hawaii . The Romanian band Vama Veche recorded its version with different lyrics entitled `` Hotel Cişmigiu '' , sung in its native language . Alabama 3 covered the song for the album , La Peste ( 2000 ) . Nancy Sinatra recorded a cover version for her 2002 album California Girl , an album of songs about California . The Cat Empire recorded a version sung in French entitled `` L'hotel de Californie '' for Triple J 's Like a Version segment , and is included in its 2005 compilation album as well as the band 's 2003 live album On the Attack . The Killers and Rhythms del Mundo collaborated their version with Afro - Cuban music for the 2009 Artists ' Project Earth charity , and it appeared on the album Rhythms del Mundo Classics . Frank Ocean released a song that samples the entire instrumental track of `` Hotel California '' on his mixtape Nostalgia , Ultra ( 2011 ) , entitled `` American Wedding '' . It led to a threatened lawsuit from Don Henley for copyright infringement .",
"9": "Cultural influence `` Hotel California '' and its lyrics have become absorbed into the wider culture around the world , and have been used by various writers and commentators to reflect on issues ranging from politics to social media and welfare , or as an observation on a particular situation . The lines `` We are programmed to receive / You can check out any time you like / But you can never leave ! '' were used by an economist to refer to how the appeal of an attractive `` Hotel California '' - type host country to foreign investors may be countered by the cost of exit on leaving the country . A term `` The Hotel California Effect '' was then used to refer to the negative effect of financial regulations on investment , and the problems foreign investors faced when getting their money out of China . It has also applied to other ideas such as leaving a service provider or social media network . A book titled Operation Hotel California : The Clandestine War Inside Iraq was written about the clandestine operation named after the song title by CIA -- US Special Forces teams in Iraqi Kurdistan in the lead - up to the Iraq War . Although the Eagles were noted for their reluctance to license their songs for use in shows , the song had been used in a number of films and television shows , such as The Big Lebowski ( performed by the Gipsy Kings ) , Absolutely Fabulous , and The Sopranos . Most recently it was used during the final scenes of the premiere episode of American Horror Story : Hotel in October 2015 . Proposed film adaptation According to Rolling Stone , Julia Phillips , the producer of films like Taxi Driver and Close Encounters of the Third Kind , was interested in shooting a movie based on the song 's story . The band members and Phillips met to discuss the project . In her memoir You 'll Never Eat Lunch in This Town Again , Phillips wrote that the band members were difficult to deal with and arrogant . Henley said that Phillips offered the band members cocaine and was `` nonplussed '' when they turned it down . Tension between the two parties ended the pre-development deal for the film . Rolling Stone reported that the band was not upset at this development , as they were not particularly enamored with the idea of `` Hotel California '' being adapted into a film . This was because Henley feared that he would lack control over the project .",
"10": "Personnel Don Felder -- 12 - and 6 - string electric guitars , backing vocals Don Henley -- lead and backing vocals , drums , percussion Glenn Frey -- 12 - string acoustic guitar , backing vocals Joe Walsh -- electric guitar , backing vocals Randy Meisner -- bass , backing vocals Charts and certifications Weekly charts Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 24 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 10 Year - end charts Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position Canada Top 200 singles ( RPM ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 19 Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Digital download Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Physical single Gold 1,000,000 United States ( RIAA ) Digital download Platinum 3,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References Jump up ^ `` Brand new classics '' . Mail & Guardian . October 31 , 1997 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Philip ; Du Noyer , Paul ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of Singles . Paragon . p. 89 . ISBN 0752533371 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Savage . `` Glenn Frey : How Hotel California destroyed The Eagles '' . BBC . ^ Jump up to : The Top 100 Solos of All Time ^ Jump up to : Gary Trust ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Rewinding The Charts : Eagles ' ' Hotel California ' Checks In At No.",
"11": "1 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time ^ Jump up to : History of the Eagles. 2013 . Event occurs at 1 : 27 : 50 -- 1 : 28 : 10 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Steve ( October 4 , 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 . Scarecrow Press . pp. 135 -- 137 . ISBN 978 - 0810882959 . ^ Jump up to : Joe Bosso ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Interview : Don Felder on The Eagles ' classic song , Hotel California '' . Musicradar . Jump up ^ Crowe , Cameron . `` Conversations with Don Henley and Glenn Frey '' ( The Very Best Of liner notes ) ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ `` Don Felder interview segment '' . The Howard Stern Show . Sirius Satellite Radio . 2008 - 07 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron Crowe ( August 2003 ) . `` Conversations With Don Henley and Glenn Frey '' . The Uncool . ^ Jump up to : Eliot , Marc ( December 13 , 2006 ) . `` The Eagles : `` It 's A Record About The Dark Underbelly Of America '' `` . Team Rock . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1992 Glenn Frey Interview with Bob Costas '' . KIOA . January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Liner Notes -- The Very Best of the Eagles ^ Jump up to : Richard Buskin ( September 2010 ) . `` The Eagles ' Hotel California ' Classic Tracks '' . Sound on Sound . Jump up ^ `` ' Hotel California ' -- The Eagles '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Eliot , Marc ( 2004 ) . To the Limit : The Untold Story of the Eagles . Da Capo Press . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 3068 - 1398 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ochs , Micheael. 1000 Record Covers .",
"12": "Taschen . ISBN 3 - 8228 - 4085 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kevin Ferguson & Chris Keller ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` 20 things to know about Hotel California '' . 89.5 KPCC . Jump up ^ Corbin Reiff ( November 8 , 2014 ) . `` 20 Years Ago : The Eagles Release ' Hell Freezes Over ' '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Jump up ^ Nick DeRiso . `` Top 10 Don Felder Eagles Songs '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 : February 26 , 1977 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 : April 7 , 1977 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Tracks : April 16 , 1977 '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Billboard . Pop Singles of 1977 . December 24 , 1977 . p. 64 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum -- Diamond Certifications '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Appel , Rich ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Revisionist History , Holiday Edition : Mariah Gets a ' Christmas ' Gift , Wham ! Gets the Boot '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grammy Award winners Archived April 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . December 9 , 2004 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Experience the Music : One Hit Wonders and The Songs that Shaped Rock & Roll '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Jump up ^ Andy Greene ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Flashback : All the Eagles Unite for Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction '' . Rolling Stone .",
"13": "Jump up ^ The Top 100 Solos of All Time Jump up ^ Josh Hart ; Damian Fanelli ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` The Top 30 12 - String Guitar Songs of All Time '' . Guitar World . ^ Jump up to : Soeder , John ( March 20 , 2009 ) . `` Don Henley gets into the spirit talking about ' Hotel California ' '' . The Plain Dealer . p . T14 . Jump up ^ DeMain , Bill ( 2006 ) . `` Rock 's Greatest Urban Legends '' . Performing Songwriter. 13 ( 92 ) . pp. 50 -- 55 . Academic Search Complete . EBSCO . Web . October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time : The Eagles , ' Hotel California ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reported by Steve Krofts , Producers : Graham Messick and Michael Karzis ( June 15 , 2008 ) . `` The Long Run '' . 60 Minutes . CBS . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ History of the Eagles. 2013 . Event occurs at 1 : 30 : 50 -- 1 : 31 : 10 . Jump up ^ Denisoff , R. Serge ; Schurk , William . Tarnished Gold : The Record Industry Revisited ( 1986 ) : 407 Jump up ^ Stoffels , Kenneth . `` Minister Links Rock , Sympathy for the Devil '' The Milwaukee Sentinel September 28 , 1982 : 6 Jump up ^ Bishop , Greg . Weird California ( 2006 ) : 228 ^ Jump up to : `` Hotel California by Eagles '' . Song Facts . Jump up ^ De Artega y Pereira , Fernando . Practical Spanish ( 1902 ) : 243 Jump up ^ Avant - Mier , Roberto . Rock the Nation : Latin / o Identities and the Latin Rock Diaspora ( 2010 ) : 81 -- 82 Jump up ^ Ostler , Scott .",
"14": "`` Rockin ' ' Round the Round '' San Francisco Chronicle February 5 , 2003 Jump up ^ Cecil Adams ( August 15 , 1997 ) . `` In the song `` Hotel California , '' what does `` colitas '' mean ? `` . Straight Dop . ^ Jump up to : Tillekens , Ger . `` Locked into the Hotel California : Or , expanding the Spanish progression '' . Soundscapes.info , 2006 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Harvard Dictionary of Music -- Don Michael Randel Harvard University Press '' . www.hup.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull '' . Song Facts . Jump up ^ Andrew Vaughan ( February 1 , 2015 ) . The Eagles FAQ : All That 's Left to Know About Classic Rock 's Superstars . Backbeat Books . ISBN 9781617136238 . Jump up ^ Feenstra , Pete ( September 2012 ) . `` Interview : Don Felder '' . Get Ready to Rock . hotdigitsnewmedia group . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blues & Soul ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Rock the Nation : Latin / o Identities and the Latin Rock Diaspora by Roberto Avant - Mier , p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Definitive Guide To The Music of The Big Lebowski '' . LA Weekly . March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jam on the Muth '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Thomas H Green ( April 26 , 2007 ) . `` The song that wo n't check out '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Livin ' it up with a parody of paradise : Mike Piranha 's ' Hotel Honolulu ' gets airplay and guffaws '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . June 8 , 1998 . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ `` HOTEL CIŞMIGIU la 100 de ani : reînvierea uneia dintre cele mai frumoase clădiri istorice '' ( April 9 , 2012 ) , Gandul ( in Romanian ) Jump up ^ CMJ New Music Monthly ( January 2001 ) , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` Nancy Sinatra California Girl '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Air Owens ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Five Best Covers of Hotel California '' . Popcorn . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Killers -- Hotel California '' ( December 2 , 2009 ) , The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` R&B Resurgence '' . Billboard. April 2 -- 9 , 2011 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ Marc Schneider ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Don Henley Slams ' Arrogant ' Frank Ocean for Using ' Hotel ' Music '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Mark Hendrickson ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` The EU 's Nightmare In The ' Hotel California ' '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Victor Pineiro ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Navigating the ' Hotel California ' effect of social platforms '' . Digiday . Jump up ^ Jan C. Van Ours ( 2006 ) . `` Leaving ' Hotel California ' : How Incentives Affect Flows of Benefit Recipients in the Netherlands '' . Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung. 75 ( 3 , S ) : 186 -- 207 . Jump up ^ Mark Fineman ( August 11 , 1992 ) . `` States -- Foreign Relations -- Iraq Troops Check Out ' Hotel California ' : Persian Gulf : West Coast Marines wait nervously in Kuwaiti desert camp as tension rises between U.S. , Iraq '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Maria Aspan ( February 11 , 2008 ) .",
"16": "`` On Facebook , leaving is hard to do '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Holger Görgh ( 2003 ) . `` Fancy a stay at the `` Hotel California '' ? Foreign direct investment , taxation and exit costs '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Todd Malan ( November 23 , 2006 ) . `` Time to change rules at Hotel California '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ `` China Joint Ventures And The Hotel California Effect '' . Alibaba . May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` China and the Hotel California Effect in Banking '' . China Economics Blog. 5 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Larry Walsh Cloud Computing ( 15 October 2015 ) . `` Walmart disrupts ' Hotel California effect ' in cloud '' . Channelonmics . Jump up ^ Victor Pineiro ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Five Social Trends Marketers Wo n't Be Able to Ignore in 2016 '' . Advertising Age . Jump up ^ Matt P. `` Operation Hotel California : The Clandestine War Inside Iraq '' ( PDF ) . CIA . Jump up ^ Deanne Stillman ( August 23 , 2014 ) . Some Dance to Remember , Some Dance to Forget : A Few Thoughts on Iraq , `` Hotel California , '' and Coming Home . Los Angeles Review of Books . Jump up ^ Ben Kayeon ( September 14 , 2014 ) . `` David Letterman punks The Eagles over licensing their music -- watch '' . Consequence of Sound . Jump up ^ Allison Piwowarski ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Is ' AHS : Hotel ' Based On `` Hotel California '' ? The Eagles Song Is Filled With Clues `` . Bustle . Jump up ^ `` The Eagles ' ' Hotel California ' : 10 Things You Did n't Know '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 5268a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 4362 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Eagles : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Singles of ' 77 '' . December 31 , 1977 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Enter Hotel California in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 .",
"18": "If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Classic Tracks : The Eagles ' Hotel California ' Preceded by `` Southern Nights '' by Glen Campbell Billboard Hot 100 number - one single May 7 , 1977 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` When I Need You '' by Leo Sayer Eagles Don Henley Timothy B. Schmit Joe Walsh Glenn Frey Bernie Leadon Randy Meisner Don Felder Studio albums Eagles Desperado On the Border One of These Nights Hotel California The Long Run Long Road Out of Eden Live albums Eagles Live Hell Freezes Over Farewell 1 Tour - Live from Melbourne Compilation albums Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Eagles Greatest Hits , Vol.",
"19": "2 The Very Best of the Eagles Selected Works : 1972 -- 1999 The Very Best Of Eagles Singles `` Take It Easy '' `` Witchy Woman '' `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' `` Tequila Sunrise '' `` Outlaw Man '' `` Already Gone '' `` James Dean '' `` Best of My Love '' `` One of These Nights '' `` Lyin ' Eyes '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` New Kid in Town '' `` Hotel California '' `` Life in the Fast Lane '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Heartache Tonight '' `` The Long Run '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' `` Seven Bridges Road '' `` Get Over It '' `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' `` Hole in the World '' `` How Long '' `` Busy Being Fabulous '' Other songs `` Desperado '' `` Ol ' ' 55 '' `` The Last Resort '' `` In the City '' Tours Long Road Out of Eden Tour History of the Eagles Tour Related Discography Poco Linda Ronstadt Flying Burrito Brothers Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles History of the Eagles Heaven and Hell : My Life in the Eagles ( 1974 -- 2001 ) Book Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' by Domenico Modugno ( 1959 ) `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' by Percy Faith ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' by Henry Mancini ( 1962 ) `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' by Tony Bennett ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' by Henry Mancini ( 1964 ) `` The Girl from Ipanema '' by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz ( 1965 ) `` A Taste of Honey '' by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass ( 1966 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' by Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up and Away '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr.",
"20": ", Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1968 ) `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1969 ) `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1971 ) `` It 's Too Late '' by Carole King ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack ( 1974 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' by Olivia Newton - John ( 1975 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille ( Daryl Dragon , Toni Tennille ) ( 1976 ) `` This Masquerade '' by George Benson ( 1977 ) `` Hotel California '' by Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Randy Meisner , Joe Walsh ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' by The Doobie Brothers ( Jeffrey Baxter , John Hartman , Keith Knudsen , Michael McDonald , Tiran Porter , Patrick Simmons ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' by Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' by Kim Carnes ( 1982 ) `` Rosanna '' by Toto ( Bobby Kimball , Steve Lukather , David Paich , Jeff Porcaro , David Hungate ,",
"21": "Steve Porcaro ) ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Tina Turner ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa ( 1986 ) `` Higher Love '' by Steve Winwood ( 1987 ) `` Graceland '' by Paul Simon ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' by Bobby McFerrin ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' by Bette Midler ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' by Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' by Seal ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' by Eric Clapton ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' by Shawn Colvin ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' by Celine Dion ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' by Santana ( Rodney Holmes , Tony Lindsay , Karl Perazzo , Raul Rekow , Benny Rietveld , Carlos Santana , Chester Thompson ) featuring Rob Thomas ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' by Norah Jones ( 2003 ) `` Clocks '' by Coldplay ( Guy Berryman , Jon Buckland , Will Champion , Phil Harvey , Chris Martin ) ( 2004 ) `` Here We Go Again '' by Ray Charles and Norah Jones ( 2005 ) `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' by Green Day ( Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Frank Edwin Wright III ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' by Dixie Chicks ( Martie Maguire , Natalie Maines ,",
"22": "Emily Robison ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' by Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) `` Please Read the Letter '' by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant ( 2009 ) `` Use Somebody '' by Kings of Leon ( Caleb Followill , Jared Followill , Matthew Followill , Nathan Followill ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' by Lady Antebellum ( Hillary Scott , Charles Kelley , Dave Haywood ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele ( 2012 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2013 ) `` Get Lucky '' by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) by Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' by Adele ( 2017 ) `` 24K Magic '' by Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotel_California&oldid=834225097 '' Categories : 1976 songs 1977 singles Asylum Records singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Eagles ( band ) songs Grammy Award for Record of the Year Nancy Sinatra songs Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Bill Szymczyk Songs about Los Angeles Songs written by Don Henley Songs written by Glenn Frey The Killers songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Romanian - language external links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Good articles Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Articles containing Romanian - language text Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2",
"23": "Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Brezhoneg Чӑвашла Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 15 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.",
"24": ", a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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why do we celebrate holi festival in hindi
|
[
"as a thanksgiving for a good harvest",
"signifies the victory of good over evil, the arrival of spring, end of winter, and for many a festive day to meet others, play and laugh, forget and forgive, and repair broken relationships"
] |
{
"0": "Holi - Wikipedia Holi This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 8 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Basanta Utsav '' and `` Holli '' redirect here . For the film , see Basanta Utsav ( film ) . For the ice hockey player , see Antti Hölli . For other uses , see Holi ( disambiguation ) . Holi Festival of Colours Holi celebration in India Observed by Hindus , Sikhs , also some Jains , Newar Buddhists and other non-Hindus Type religious , cultural , spring festival Celebrations Night before : Holika Bonfire On Holi : spray colours on others , dance , party ; eat festival delicacies Date per Hindu calendar 2017 date Monday , 13 March 2018 date Friday , 2 March 2019 date Thursday , 21 March Frequency annual Part of a series on Hinduism Hindu History Concepts ( show ) God / Highest Reality Brahman Ishvara God in Hinduism God and gender Life Atman Maya Karma Samsara Purusharthas Dharma Artha Kama Moksha Ethics Niti shastra Yamas Niyama Ahimsa Asteya Aparigraha Brahmacharya Satya Damah Dayā Akrodha Ārjava Santosha Tapas Svādhyāya Shaucha Mitahara Dāna Liberation Bhakti yoga Jnana yoga Karma yoga Schools ( show ) Six Astika schools Samkhya Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Mimamsa Vedanta Advaita",
"1": "Dvaita Vishishtadvaita Other schools Pasupata Saiva Pratyabhijña Raseśvara Īśvara Pāṇini Darśana Charvaka Deities ( show ) Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Shiva Other major Devis / Devas Vedic Indra Agni Prajapati Rudra Devi Saraswati Ushas Varuna Vayu Post-Vedic Durga Ganesha Hanuman Kali Kartikeya Krishna Lakshmi Parvati Radha Rama Shakti Sita Texts ( show ) Scriptures Vedas Rigveda Yajurveda Samaveda Atharvaveda Divisions Samhita Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishad Upanishads Rigveda : Aitareya Kaushitaki Yajurveda : Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Shvetashvatara Maitri Samaveda : Chandogya Kena Atharvaveda : Mundaka Mandukya Prashna Other scriptures Bhagavad Gita Agama ( Hinduism ) Other texts Vedangas Shiksha Chandas Vyakarana Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha Puranas Vishnu Purana Bhagavata Purana Nāradeya Purana Vāmana Purana Matsya",
"2": "Purana Garuda Purana Brahma Purana Brahmānda Purana Brahma Vaivarta Purana Bhavishya Purana Padma Purana Agni Purana Shiva Purana Linga Purana Kūrma Purana Skanda Purana Varaha Purana Mārkandeya Purana Itihasas Ramayana Mahabharata Upavedas Ayurveda Dhanurveda Gandharvaveda Sthapatyaveda Shastras and Sutras Dharma Shastra Artha Śastra Kamasutra Brahma Sutras Samkhya Sutras Mimamsa Sutras Nyāya Sūtras Vaiśeṣika Sūtra Yoga Sutras Pramana Sutras Charaka Samhita Sushruta Samhita Natya Shastra Panchatantra Divya Prabandha Tirumurai Ramcharitmanas Yoga Vasistha Swara yoga Shiva Samhita Gheranda Samhita Panchadasi Stotra Sutras Text classification Śruti Smriti Timeline of Hindu texts Practices ( show ) Worship Puja Temple Murti Bhakti Japa Bhajana Yajna Homa Vrata Prāyaścitta Tirtha Tirthadana Matha Nritta - Nritya Meditation and Charity Tapa Dhyana Dāna Yoga Sadhu Yogi Asana Hatha yoga Jnana yoga Bhakti yoga Karma yoga Raja yoga",
"3": "Kundalini Yoga Rites of passage Garbhadhana Pumsavana Simantonayana Jatakarma Namakarana Nishkramana Annaprashana Chudakarana Karnavedha Vidyarambha Upanayana Keshanta Ritushuddhi Samavartana Vivaha Antyeshti Ashrama Dharma Ashrama : Brahmacharya Grihastha Vanaprastha Sannyasa Festivals Diwali Holi Shivaratri Navaratri Durga Puja Ramlila Vijayadashami - Dussehra Raksha Bandhan Ganesh Chaturthi Vasant Panchami Rama Navami Janmashtami Onam Makar Sankranti Kumbha Mela Pongal Ugadi Vaisakhi Bihu Puthandu Vishu Ratha Yatra Gurus , saints ,",
"4": "philosophers ( show ) Ancient Agastya Angiras Aruni Ashtavakra Atri Bharadwaja Gotama Jamadagni Jaimini Kanada Kapila Kashyapa Pāṇini Patanjali Raikva Satyakama Jabala Valmiki Vashistha Vishvamitra Vyasa Yajnavalkya Medieval Nayanars Alvars Adi Shankara Basava Akka Mahadevi Allama Prabhu Siddheshwar Jñāneśvar Chaitanya Gangesha Upadhyaya Gaudapada Gorakshanath Jayanta Bhatta Kabir Kumarila Bhatta Matsyendranath Mahavatar Babaji Madhusudana Madhva Haridasa Thakur Namdeva Nimbarka Prabhakara Raghunatha Siromani Ramanuja Sankardev Purandara Dasa Kanaka Dasa Ramprasad Sen Jagannatha Dasa Vyasaraya Sripadaraya Raghavendra Swami Gopala Dasa Śyāma Śastri Vedanta Desika Tyagaraja Tukaram Tulsidas Vachaspati Mishra Vallabha Vidyaranya Modern Aurobindo Bhaktivinoda Thakur Chinmayananda Dayananda Saraswati Mahesh Yogi Jaggi Vasudev Krishnananda Saraswati Narayana Guru Prabhupada Ramakrishna Ramana Maharshi Radhakrishnan Sarasvati Sivananda U.G.",
"5": "Krishnamurti Sai Baba Vivekananda Nigamananda Yogananda Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade Tibbetibaba Trailanga Society ( show ) Varna Brahmin Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra Dalit Jati Denominations Persecution Nationalism Hindutva Other topics ( show ) Hinduism by country Balinese Hinduism Criticism Calendar Iconography Mythology Pilgrimage sites Hinduism and Jainism / and Buddhism / and Sikhism / and Judaism / and Christianity / and Islam Glossary of Hinduism terms Hinduism portal Holi ( / ˈhoʊliː / ; Sanskrit : होली Holī ) is a Hindu spring festival celebrated in the Indian subcontinent , also known as the `` festival of colours '' or the `` festival of love '' . The festival signifies the victory of good over evil , the arrival of spring , end of winter , and for many a festive day to meet others , play and laugh , forget and forgive , and repair broken relationships . It is also celebrated as a thanksgiving for a good harvest . It lasts for a night and a day , starting on the evening of the Purnima ( Full Moon day ) falling in the Vikram Samvat Hindu Calendar month of Phalguna , which falls somewhere between the end of February and the middle of March in the Gregorian calendar . The first evening is known as Holika Dahan or Chhoti Holi and the following day as Holi , Rangwali Holi , Dhuleti , Dhulandi , or Phagwah . Holi is an ancient Hindu religious festival which has become popular with non-Hindus in many parts of South Asia , as well as people of other communities outside Asia . In recent years the festival has spread to parts of Europe and North America as a spring celebration of love , frolic , and colours . Holi celebrations start on the night before Holi with a Holika Dahan where people gather , perform religious rituals in front of the bonfire , and pray that their internal evil be destroyed the way Holika , the sister of the demon king Hiranyakashipu , was killed in the fire .",
"6": "The next morning is celebrated as Rangwali Holi -- a free - for - all festival of colours , where people smear each other with colours and drench each other . Water guns and water - filled balloons are also used to play and colour each other . Anyone and everyone is fair game , friend or stranger , rich or poor , man or woman , children and elders . The frolic and fight with colours occurs in the open streets , open parks , outside temples and buildings . Groups carry drums and other musical instruments , go from place to place , sing and dance . People visit family , friends and foes to throw coloured powders on each other , laugh and gossip , then share Holi delicacies , food and drinks . Some customary drinks include bhang ( marijuana ) , which is intoxicating . In the evening , after sobering up , people dress up and visit friends and family . Contents ( hide ) 1 Significance 1.1 Vishnu legend 1.2 Krishna legend 1.3 Other Hindu traditions 1.4 Cultural significance 1.5 Other Indian religions 2 Description 3 History and rituals 4 Regional names , rituals and celebrations 4.1 India 4.1. 1 Gujarat 4.1. 2 Uttar Pradesh 4.1. 3 Uttarakhand 4.1. 4 Bihar 4.1. 5 West Bengal 4.1. 6 Odisha 4.1. 7 Andhra Pradesh 4.1. 8 Assam 4.1. 9 Goa 4.1. 10 Maharashtra 4.1. 11 Manipur 4.1. 12 Kerala 4.1. 13 Karnataka 4.1. 14 Telangana 4.1. 15 Tamil Nadu 4.1. 16 Jammu & Kashmir 4.1.",
"7": "17 Punjab & Himachal Pradesh 4.2 Nepal 4.3 Indian diaspora 4.4 Pakistan 5 Traditional sources of colours 6 Holi powder 6.1 Synthetic colours 6.2 Environmental impact 6.3 Flammability 7 Influence on other cultures 7.1 Holi - inspired events 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Significance ( edit ) See also : Holika Holika bonfire in front of Jagdish Temple in Udaipur , Rajasthan , 2010 Vishnu legend ( edit ) There is a symbolic legend to explain why Holi is celebrated as a festival of colours in the honour of Hindu god Vishnu and his follower Prahlada . King Hiranyakashipu , according to a legend found in chapter 7 of Bhagavata Purana , was the king of demonic Asuras , and had earned a boon that gave him five special powers : he could be killed by neither a human being nor an animal , neither indoors nor outdoors , neither at day nor at night , neither by astra ( projectile weapons ) nor by any shastra ( handheld weapons ) , and neither on land nor in water or air . Hiranyakashipu grew arrogant , thought he was God , and demanded that everyone worship only him . Hiranyakashipu 's own son , Prahlada , however , disagreed . He was and remained devoted to Vishnu . This infuriated Hiranyakashipu . He subjected Prahlada to cruel punishments , none of which affected the boy or his resolve to do what he thought was right . Finally , Holika , Prahlada 's evil aunt , tricked him into sitting on a pyre with her . Holika was wearing a cloak that made her immune to injury from fire , while Prahlada was not . As the fire roared , the cloak flew from Holika and encased Prahlada , who survived while Holika burned .",
"8": "Vishnu , the god who appears as an avatar to restore Dharma in Hindu beliefs , took the form of Narasimha - half human and half lion , at dusk ( when it was neither day nor night ) , took Hiranyakashyapu at a doorstep ( which was neither indoors nor outdoors ) , placed him on his lap ( which was neither land , water nor air ) , and then eviscerated and killed the king with his lion claws ( which were neither a handheld weapon nor a launched weapon ) . The Holika bonfire and Holi signifies the celebration of the symbolic victory of good over evil , of Prahlada over Hiranyakashipu , and of the fire that burned Holika . Krishna legend ( edit ) In the Braj region of India , where the Hindu deity Krishna grew up , the festival is celebrated until Rangpanchmi in commemoration of the divine love of Radha for Krishna . The festivities officially usher in spring , with Holi celebrated as a festival of love . There is a symbolic myth behind commemorating Krishna as well . As a baby , Krishna developed his characteristic dark blue skin colour because the she - demon Putana poisoned him with her breast milk . In his youth , Krishna despaired whether the fair - skinned Radha and other girls would like him because of his skin colour . His mother , tired of the desperation , asks him to approach Radha and colour her face in any colour he wanted . This he does , and Radha and Krishna became a couple . Ever since , the playful colouring of Radha 's face has been commemorated as Holi . Beyond India , these legends to explain the significance of Holi ( Phagwah ) are common in some Caribbean and South American communities of Indian origin such as Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago . It is also celebrated with great fervour in Mauritius . Other Hindu traditions ( edit ) Among other Hindu traditions such as Shaivism and Shaktism , the legendary significance of Holi is linked to Shiva in yoga and deep meditation , goddess Parvati wanting to bring back Shiva into the world , seeks help from the Hindu god of love called Kama on Vasant Panchami . The love god shoots arrows at Shiva , the yogi opens his third eye and burns Kama to ashes .",
"9": "This upsets both Kama 's wife Rati ( Kamadevi ) and his own wife Parvati . Rati performs her own meditative asceticism for forty days , upon which Shiva understands , forgives out of compassion and restores the god of love . This return of the god of love , is celebrated on the 40th day after Vasant Panchami festival as Holi . The Kama legend and its significance to Holi has many variant forms , particularly in South India . Cultural significance ( edit ) The Holi festival has a cultural significance among various Hindu traditions of the Indian subcontinent . It is the festive day to end and rid oneself of past errors , to end conflicts by meeting others , a day to forget and forgive . People pay or forgive debts , as well as deal anew with those in their lives . Holi also marks the start of spring , for many the start of the new year , an occasion for people to enjoy the changing seasons and make new friends . Other Indian religions ( edit ) The festival has traditionally been also observed by non-Hindus , such as by Jains and Newar Buddhists ( Nepal ) . Sikhs have traditionally celebrated the festival , at least through the 19th century , with its historic texts referring to it as Hola . Guru Gobind Singh -- the last human guru of the Sikhs -- modified Holi with a three - day Hola Mohalla extension festival of martial arts . The extension started the day after the Holi festival in Anandpur Sahib , where Sikh soldiers would train in mock battles , compete in horsemanship , athletics , archery and military exercises . Holi was observed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his Sikh Empire that extended across what are now northern parts of India and Pakistan . According to a report by Tribune India , Sikh court records state that 300 mounds of colours were used in 1837 by Ranjit Singh and his officials in Lahore . Ranjit Singh would celebrate Holi with others in the Bilawal gardens , where decorative tents were set up . In 1837 , Sir Henry Fane who was the commander - in - chief of the British Indian army joined the Holi celebrations organised by Ranjit Singh .",
"10": "A mural in the Lahore Fort was sponsored by Ranjit Singh and it showed the Hindu god Krishna playing Holi with gopis . After the death of Ranjit Singh , his Sikh sons and others continued to play Holi every year with colours and lavish festivities . The colonial British officials joined these celebrations . Description ( edit ) Radha and the Gopis celebrating Holi , with accompaniment of music instruments Holi is an important spring festival for Hindus , a national holiday in India , a regional holiday in Nepal and other countries . To many Hindus and some non-Hindus , it is a playful cultural event and an excuse to throw coloured water at friends or strangers in jest . It is therefore observed broadly in the Indian subcontinent . Holi is celebrated at the end of winter , on the last full moon day of the Hindu luni - solar calendar month marking the spring , making the date vary with the lunar cycle . The date falls typically in March , but sometimes late February of the Gregorian calendar . Holi snacks and drinks , post play with colours . Left : salty snacks , Middle : Gujia ( a stuffed energy wrap ) , Right : Thandai ( almonds - based chilled drink ) to which sometimes intoxicating `` bhang '' is added . The festival has many purposes ; most prominently , it celebrates the beginning of Spring . In 17th century literature , it was identified as a festival that celebrated agriculture , commemorated good spring harvests and the fertile land . Hindus believe it is a time of enjoying spring 's abundant colours and saying farewell to winter . To many Hindus , Holi festivities mark the beginning of the new year as well as an occasion to reset and renew ruptured relationships , end conflicts and rid themselves of accumulated emotional impurities from the past . It also has a religious purpose , symbolically signified by the legend of Holika . The night before Holi , bonfires are lit in a ceremony known as Holika Dahan ( burning of Holika ) or Little Holi . People gather near fires , sing and dance . The next day , Holi , also known as Dhuli in Sanskrit , or Dhulheti , Dhulandi or Dhulendi , is celebrated .",
"11": "Children and youth spray coloured powder solutions ( gulal ) at each other , laugh and celebrate , while adults smear dry coloured powder ( abir ) on each other 's faces . Visitors to homes are first teased with colours , then served with Holi delicacies ( such as puranpoli , dahi - bada and gujia ) , desserts and drinks . After playing with colours , and cleaning up , people bathe , put on clean clothes , and visit friends and family . Like Holika Dahan , Kama Dahanam is celebrated in some parts of India . The festival of colours in these parts is called Rangapanchami , and occurs on the fifth day after Poornima ( full moon ) . History and rituals ( edit ) Holi is an ancient Hindu festival with its cultural rituals . It is mentioned in the Puranas , Dasakumara Charita , and by the poet Kālidāsa during the 4th century reign of Chandragupta II . The celebration of Holi is also mentioned in the 7th - century Sanskrit drama Ratnavali . The festival of Holi caught the fascination of European traders and British colonial staff by the 17th century . Various old editions of Oxford English Dictionary mention it , but with varying , phonetically derived spellings : Houly ( 1687 ) , Hooly ( 1698 ) , Huli ( 1789 ) , Hohlee ( 1809 ) , Hoolee ( 1825 ) , and Holi in editions published after 1910 . There are several cultural rituals associated with Holi : Prepare Holika pyre for bonfire Main article : Holika Dahan Shops start selling colours for Holi in the days and weeks beforehand Days before the festival people start gathering wood and combustible materials for the bonfire in parks , community centers , near temples and other open spaces . On top of the pyre is an effigy to signify Holika who tricked Prahalad into the fire . Inside homes , people stock up on pigments , food , party drinks and festive seasonal foods such as gujiya , mathri , malpuas and other regional delicacies . Holika dahan On the eve of Holi , typically at or after sunset , the pyre is lit , signifying Holika Dahan .",
"12": "The ritual symbolises the victory of good over evil . People gather around the fire to sing and dance . Play with colours Holi frolic and celebrations begin the morning after the Holika bonfire . There is no tradition of holding puja ( prayer ) , and the day is for partying and pure enjoyment . Children and young people form groups armed with dry colours , coloured solution and water guns ( pichkaris ) , water balloons filled with coloured water , and other creative means to colour their targets . In the Braj region of North India , women have the option to playfully hit men who save themselves with shields ; for the day , men are culturally expected to accept whatever women dish out to them . This ritual is called Lath Mar Holi . Traditionally , washable natural plant - derived colours such as turmeric , neem , dhak , and kumkum were used , but water - based commercial pigments are increasingly used . All colours are used . Everyone in open areas such as streets and parks is game , but inside homes or at doorways only dry powder is used to smear each other 's face . People throw colours and get their targets completely coloured up . It is like a water fight , but with coloured water . People take delight in spraying coloured water on each other . By late morning , everyone looks like a canvas of colours . This is why Holi is given the name `` Festival of Colours '' . Groups sing and dance , some playing drums and dholak . After each stop of fun and play with colours , people offer gujiya , mathri , malpuas and other traditional delicacies . Cold drinks , including adult drinks based on local intoxicating herbs , are also part of the Holi festivity . Other variations Friends form groups on Holi , play drums and music , sing and dance , as they move from one stop to another . In the Braj region around Mathura , in north India , the festivities may last more than a week . The rituals go beyond playing with colours , and include a day where men go around with shields and women have the right to playfully beat them on their shields with sticks . In south India , some worship and make offerings to Kaamadeva , the love god of Indian mythology .",
"13": "The after party After a day of play with colours , people clean up , wash and bathe , sober up and dress up in the evening and greet friends and relatives by visiting them and exchanging sweets . Holi is also a festival of forgiveness and new starts , which ritually aims to generate harmony in the society . Regional names , rituals and celebrations ( edit ) Holi ( Hindi : होली , Nepali : होली , Punjabi : ਹੋਲੀ , Kannada : ಹೋಳಿ ) is also known as Phakuwa or Phagwah ( Assamese : ফাকুৱা ) , Festival of Colours , or Dola jātra in Odisha , and as Dol Jatra ( Assamese : দ'ল যাত্ৰা ) or Basanto utsav ( `` spring festival '' ) in West Bengal and Assam . The customs and celebrations vary between regions of India . Basanto Utsav at Jorasanko Thakurbari Holi is of particular significance in the Braj region , which includes locations traditionally associated with the Lord Krishna : Mathura , Vrindavan , Nandgaon , Uttar Pradesh , and Barsana , which become touristic during the season of Holi . Outside India , Holi is observed by the minority Hindus in Bangladesh and Pakistan as well in countries with large Indian subcontinent diaspora populations such as Suriname , Guyana , Trinidad and Tobago , South Africa , Malaysia , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada , Mauritius , and Fiji . The Holi rituals and customs outside South Asia also vary with local adaptations . India ( edit ) Gujarat ( edit ) `` Celebration of Spring by Krishna and Radha '' , 18th - century miniature ; in the Guimet Museum , Paris In Gujarat , Holi is a two - day festival . On the evening of the first day people light the bonfire . People offer raw coconut and corn to the fire . The second day is the festival of colour or `` Dhuleti '' , celebrated by sprinkling coloured water and applying colours to each other . Dwarka , a coastal city of Gujarat , celebrates Holi at the Dwarkadheesh temple and with citywide comedy and music festivities .",
"14": "Falling in the Hindu month of Phalguna , Holi marks the agricultural season of the rabi crop . In Ahmedabad in Gujarat , in western India , a pot of buttermilk is hung high over the streets and young boys try to reach it and break it by making human pyramids . The girls try to stop them by throwing coloured water on them to commemorate the pranks of Krishna and the cowherd boys to steal butter and `` gopis '' while trying to stop the girls . The boy who finally manages to break the pot is crowned the Holi King . Afterwards , the men , who are now very colourful , go out in a large procession to `` alert '' people of Krishna 's possible appearance to steal butter from their homes . In some places there is a custom in undivided Hindu families that the woman beats her brother - in - law with a sari rolled up into a rope in a mock rage and tries to drench him with colours , and in turn , the brother - in - law brings sweets ( Indian desserts ) to her in the evening . Uttar Pradesh ( edit ) See also : Lath mar Holi Colour Drenched Gopis in Krishna Temple , Mathura Barsana , a town near Mathura in the Braj region of Uttar Pradesh , celebrates Lath mar Holi in the sprawling compound of the Radha Rani temple . Thousands gather to witness the Lath Mar Holi when women beat up men with sticks as those on the sidelines become hysterical , sing Holi songs and shout `` Sri Radhey '' or `` Sri Krishna '' . The Holi songs of Braj mandal are sung in pure Braj , the local language . Holi celebrated at Barsana is unique in the sense that here women chase men away with sticks . Males also sing provocative songs in a bid to invite the attention of women . Women then go on the offensive and use long staves called lathis to beat the men , who protect themselves with shields . Mathura , in the Braj region , is the birthplace of Lord Krishna . In Vrindavan this day is celebrated with special puja and the traditional custom of worshipping Lord Krishna ; here the festival lasts for sixteen days .",
"15": "All over the Braj region and neighboring places like Hathras , Aligarh , and Agra , Holi is celebrated in more or less the same way as in Mathura , Vrindavan and Barsana . A play of colours then a dance at a Hindu temple near Mathura , at Holi . A traditional celebration includes Matki Phod , similar to Dahi Handi in Maharashtra and Gujarat during Krishna Janmashtami , both in the memory of god Krishna who is also called makhan chor ( literally , butter thief ) . This is a historic tradition of the Braj region as well as the western region of India . An earthen pot filled with butter or other milk products is hung high by a rope . Groups of boys and men climb on each other 's shoulder to form pyramids to reach and break it , while girls and women sing songs and throw coloured water on the pyramid to distract them and make their job harder . This ritual sport continues in Hindu diaspora communities . Outside Braj , in the Kanpur area , Holi lasts seven days with colour . On the last day , a grand fair called Ganga Mela or the Holi Mela is celebrated . This Mela ( fair ) was started by freedom fighters who fought British rule in the First Indian War of Independence in 1857 under the leadership of Nana Saheb . The Mela is held at various ghats along the banks of the River Ganga in Kanpur , to celebrate the Hindus and Muslims who together resisted the British forces in the city in 1857 . On the eve of Ganga Mela , all government offices , shops , and courts generally remain closed . The Ganga Mela marks the official end of `` The Festival of Colours '' or Holi in Kanpur . In Gorakhpur , the northeast district of Uttar Pradesh , the day pig Holi starts with a special puja . This day , called `` Holi Milan '' , is considered to be the most colourful day of the year , promoting brotherhood among the people . People visit every house and sing Holi songs and express their gratitude by applying coloured powder ( Abeer ) . It is also considered the beginning of the year , as it occurs on the first day of the Hindu calendar year ( Panchang ) .",
"16": "A natural dye - based Holi in Pune , an alternative to synthetic colours Uttarakhand ( edit ) Main article : Kumauni Holi Kumaoni Holi in Uttarakhand includes a musical affair . It takes different forms such as the Baithki Holi , the Khari Holi and the Mahila Holi . In Baithki Holi and Khari Holi , people sing songs with a touch of melody , fun and spiritualism . These songs are essentially based on classical ragas . Baithki Holi ( बैठकी होली ) , also known as Nirvan Ki Holi , begins from the premises of temples , where Holiyars ( होल्यार ) sing Holi songs and people gather to participate , along with playing classical music . The songs are sung in a particular sequence depending on the time of day ; for instance , at noon the songs are based on Peelu , Bhimpalasi and Sarang ragas , while evening songs are based on the ragas such as Kalyan , Shyamkalyan and Yaman . The Khari Holi ( खड़ी होली ) is mostly celebrated in the rural areas of Kumaon . The songs of the Khari Holi are sung by the people , who , sporting traditional white churidar payajama and kurta , dance in groups to the tune of ethnic musical instruments such as the dhol and hurka . Holi celebrations , Pushkar , Rajasthan In the Kumaon region , the Holika pyre , known as Cheer ( चीर ) , is ceremonially built in a ceremony known as Cheer Bandhan ( चीर बंधन ) fifteen days before Dulhendi . The Cheer is a bonfire with a green Paiya tree branch in the middle . The Cheer of every village and neighborhood is rigorously guarded as rival mohallas try to playfully steal each other 's cheer . The colours used on Holi are derived from natural sources . Dulhendi , known as Charadi ( छरड़ी ) ( from Chharad ( छरड़ ) ) , is made from flower extracts , ash and water .",
"17": "Holi is celebrated with great gusto much in the same way all across North India . Bihar ( edit ) Holi is known as Phaguwa in the local Bhojpuri dialect . In this region as well , the legend of Holika is prevalent . On the eve of Phalgun Poornima , people light bonfires . They put dried cow dung cakes , wood of the Araad or Redi tree and Holika tree , grains from the fresh harvest and unwanted wood leaves in the bonfire . At the time of Holika people assemble near the pyre . The eldest member of the gathering or a purohit initiates the lighting . He then smears others with colour as a mark of greeting . Next day the festival is celebrated with colours and a lot of frolic . Traditionally , people also clean their houses to mark the festival . Holi Milan is also observed in Bihar , where family members and well wishers visit each other 's family , apply colours ( abeer ) on each other 's faces , and on feet , if elderly . Usually this takes place on the evening of Holi day after Holi with wet colours is played in the morning through afternoon . Due to large - scale internal migration issues faced by the people , recently this tradition has slowly begun to transform , and it is common to have Holi Milan on an entirely different day either before or after the actual day of Holi . Children and youths take extreme delight in the festival . Though the festival is usually celebrated with colours , in some places people also enjoy celebrating Holi with water solutions of mud or clay . Folk songs are sung at high pitch and people dance to the sound of the dholak ( a two - headed hand - drum ) and the spirit of Holi . Intoxicating bhang , made from cannabis , milk and spices , is consumed with a variety of mouth - watering delicacies , such as pakoras and thandai , to enhance the mood of the festival . West Bengal ( edit ) Dol Khela in Kolkata at Thakurbari In West Bengal , Holi is known by the name of `` Dol Jatra '' , `` Dol Purnima '' or the `` Swing Festival '' .",
"18": "The festival is celebrated in a dignified manner by placing the icons of Krishna and Radha on a picturesquely decorated palanquin which is then taken round the main streets of the city or the village . On the Dol Purnima day in the early morning , students dress up in saffron - coloured or pure white clothes and wear garlands of fragrant flowers . They sing and dance to the accompaniment of musical instruments , such as the ektara , dubri , and veena . The devotees take turns to swing them while women dance around the swing and sing devotional songs . During these activities , the men keep spraying coloured water and coloured powder , abir , at them . Basanta Utsab at Jorasanko Thakur Bari in 2015 The head of the family observes a fast and prays to Lord Krishna and Agnidev . After all the traditional rituals are over , he smears Krishna 's icon with gulal and offers `` bhog '' to both Krishna and Agnidev . In Shantiniketan , Holi has a special musical flavour . Visitors on Holi are offered traditional dishes that include malpoa , kheer sandesh , basanti sandesh ( saffron ) , saffron milk , payash , and related foods . Odisha ( edit ) An 1822 drawing showing elevation of a black stone arch in Puri , Odisha . It carried Vaishnavite gods and goddess , the ritual noted to be a part of the Holi festival . The people of Odisha celebrate `` Dola '' on the day of Holi where the icons of Jagannath replace the icons of Krishna and Radha . Dola Melana , processions of the deities are celebrated in villages and bhoga is offered to the deities . `` Dola yatra '' was prevalent even before 1560 much before Holi was started where the idols of Jagannatha , Balabhadra and Subhadra used to be taken to the `` Dolamandapa '' ( podium in Jagannath temple ) . People used to offer natural colours known as `` abira '' to the deities and apply on each other 's feats .",
"19": "Andhra Pradesh ( edit ) In Andhra Pradesh , Holi is celebrated on the full moon day of the month of Phaalgunamu . Holi announces the arrival of spring and the passing of winter . People indulge in merry - making , and playing with coloured waters is a common sight . Peasants visit homes singing folklore and asking for small tips . The Puranas give different version of the destruction of the she - demon , called as Holika . On the morning of Holi , people have fun with coloured water . Men , women and children all participate in this merry making . A bonfire is lit in the evenings , with an effigy of Holika . This is otherwise known as burning of Kamudu . The religious orthodox circle the fire seven times , reciting religious verses . Folklore and dances are performed around the fire to welcome the new season . In the evening , youngsters play with dry colours and seek elders ' blessings . Assam ( edit ) Holi , also called Phakuwa ( ফাকুৱা ) in Assamese , is celebrated all over Assam . Locally called Dol Jatra , associated with Satras of Barpeta , Holi is celebrated over two days . On the first day , the burning of clay huts are seen in Barpeta and lower Assam which signifies the legends of Holika . On the second day of it , Holi is celebrated with colour powders . The Holi songs in chorus devoted to Lord Krishna are also sung in the regions of Barpeta . Goa ( edit ) Main article : Shigmo Holi is a part of the Goan or Konkani spring festival known as Śigmo or शिगमो in Koṅkaṇī or Śiśirotsava , which lasts for about a month . The colour festival or Holi is a part of longer , more extensive spring festival celebrations . Holi festivities ( but not Śigmo festivities ) include : Holika Puja and Dahan , Dhulvad or Dhuli vandan , Haldune or offering yellow and saffron colour or Gulal to the deity .",
"20": "Maharashtra ( edit ) In Maharashtra , Holi Purnima is also celebrated as Shimga , festivities that last 5 to 7 days . A week before the festival , youngsters go around the community , collecting firewood and money . On the day of Shimga , the firewood is heaped into a huge pile in each neighborhood . In the evening , the fire is lit . Every household brings a meal and dessert , in the honour of the fire god . Puran Poli is the main delicacy and children shout `` Holi re Holi puranachi poli '' . Shimga celebrates the elimination of all evil . The colour celebrations here take place on the day of Rangapanchami , five days after Shimga . During this festival , people are supposed to forget and forgive any rivalries and start new healthy relations with all . Children celebrating Holi at Pune city in Maharashtra Manipur ( edit ) Manipuris celebrate Holi for 6 days . Here , this holiday merges with the festival of Yaosang . Traditionally , the festival commences with the burning of a thatched hut of hay and twigs . Young children go from house to house to collect money , locally known as nakadeng ( or nakatheng ) , as gifts on the first two days . The youths at night perform a group folk dance called Thabal chongba on the full moon night of Lamta ( Phalgun ) , traditionally accompanied by folk songs and rhythmic beats of the indigenous drum , but nowadays by modern bands and fluorescent lamps . In Krishna temples , devotees sing devotional songs , perform dances and celebrate with aber ( gulal ) wearing traditional white and yellow turbans . On the last day of the festival , large processions are taken out to the main Krishna temple near Imphal where several cultural activities are held . In recent decades , Yaosang , a type of Indian sport , has become common in many places of the valley , where people of all ages come out to participate in a number of sports that are somewhat altered for the holiday . Kerala ( edit ) Holi is locally called Ukkuli in Konkani or Manjal Kuli in Malayalam . It is celebrated around the Konkani temple called Gosripuram Thirumala temple .",
"21": "Karnataka ( edit ) Traditionally , in rural Karnataka children collect money and wood in the weeks prior to Holi , and on `` Kamadahana '' night all the wood is put together and lit . The festival is celebrated for two days . People in north Karnataka prepare special food on this day . Holi Celebration in Andhra Pradesh In Sirsi , Karnataka , Holi is celebrated with a unique folk dance called `` Bedara Vesha '' , which is performed during the nights beginning five days before the actual festival day . The festival is celebrated every alternate year in the town , which attracts a large number of tourists from different parts of the India . Telangana ( edit ) As in other parts of India , in rural Telangana , children celebrate kamuda and collect money , rice , Mokkajonna and wood for weeks prior to Holi , and on Kamudha night all the wood is put together and set on fire . Selfie of family celebrating Holi Tamil Nadu ( edit ) Tamil Hindus celebrate Holi as it relates to the legend of Kama Deva . Holi is known by three names : Kamavilas , Kaman Pandigai and Kama - Dahanam Jammu & Kashmir ( edit ) In Jammu & Kashmir , Holi celebrations are much in line with the general definition of Holi celebrations : a high - spirited festival to mark the beginning of the harvesting of the summer crop , with the throwing of coloured water and powder and singing and dancing . Punjab & himachal Pradesh ( edit ) In Punjab , Holi is preceded by Holika Dahan the night before . On the day of Holi , people engage in throwing colours on each other . During Holi in Punjab , walls and courtyards of rural houses are enhanced with drawings and paintings similar to rangoli in South India , mandana in Rajasthan , and rural arts in other parts of India . This art is known as chowk - poorana or chowkpurana in Punjab and is given shape by the peasant women of the state . In courtyards , this art is drawn on cloth . The art includes drawing tree motifs , flowers , ferns , creepers , plants , peacocks , palanquins , geometric patterns along with vertical , horizontal and oblique lines .",
"22": "These arts add to the festive atmosphere . Nepal ( edit ) Preparing for Holika Dahan , Kathamandu , Nepal Locals Celebrating Holi In Kathmandu , Nepal Holi , along with many other Hindu festivals , is celebrated in Nepal as a national festival . It is an important major Nepal - wide festival along with Dashain and Tihar ( Dipawali ) . It is celebrated in the Nepali month of Phagun ( same date as Indian Holi ) , and signifies the legends of the Hindu god Krishna . Newar Buddhists and others worship Saraswati shrine in Vajrayogini temples and celebrate the festival with their Hindu friends . Traditional concerts are held in most cities in Nepal , including Kathmandu , Narayangarh , Pokhara , Hetauda , and Dharan , and are broadcast on television with various celebrity guests . People walk through their neighbourhoods to celebrate Holi by exchanging colours and spraying coloured water on one another . A popular activity is the throwing of water balloons at one another , sometimes called lola ( meaning water balloon ) . Many people mix bhang in their drinks and food , as is also done during Shivaratri . It is believed that the combination of different colours at this festival takes all sorrow away and makes life itself more colourful . Indian diaspora ( edit ) Over the years , Holi has become an important festival in many regions wherever Indian diaspora were either taken as indentured labourers during colonial era , or where they emigrated on their own , and are now present in large numbers such as in Africa , North America , Europe , Latin America , and parts of Asia such as Fiji . Suriname A celebration of Holi Festival in the United States Holi is a national holiday in Suriname . It is called Phagwa festival , and is celebrated to mark the beginning of spring and Hindu mythology . In Suriname , Holi Phagwa is a festival of colour . It is customary to wear old white clothes on this day , be prepared to get them dirty and join in the colour throwing excitement and party . Trinidad and Tobago Phagwa is normally celebrated in Trinidad and Tobago on the Sunday closest to the actual date of Phagwah .",
"23": "It is celebrated with a lot of colour and splendour , along with the singing on traditional Phagwah songs or Chowtal ( gana ) . Guyana Drummers of Indo - Caribbean community celebrating Phagwah ( Holi ) in New York City , 2013 Phagwah is a national holiday in Guyana , and peoples of all races and religions participate in the celebrations . The main celebration in Georgetown is held at the Mandir in Prashad Nagar . Fiji Indo - Fijians celebrate Holi as festival of colours , folksongs and dances . The folksongs sung in Fiji during Holi season are called phaag gaaian . Phagan , also written as Phalgan , is the last month of the Hindu calendar . Holi is celebrated at the end of Phagan . Holi marks the advent of spring and ripening of crops in Northern India . Not only it is a season of romance and excitement , folk songs and dances , it is also an occasion of playing with powder , perfumes and colours . Many of the Holi songs in Fiji are around the theme of love - relationship between Radha and Krishna . Mauritius Holi in Mauritius comes close on the heels of Shivaratri . It celebrates the beginning of spring , commemorating good harvests and the fertile land . Hindus believe it is a time of enjoying spring 's abundant colours and saying farewell to winter . It is considered one of the most exhilarating religious holidays in existence . During this event , participants hold a bonfire , throw coloured powder at each other , and celebrate wildly . Pakistan ( edit ) Holi is celebrated by Pakistani Hindus , in various cities in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh , such as Karachi , Hazara , Rawalpindi , Sindh , Hyderabad , Multan and Lahore . Locals in Multan associate Holi and Prahlada with the Prahlada - Puri Temple . Holi was not a public holiday in Pakistan from 1947 to 2016 . Holi along with Diwali for Hindus , and Easter for Christians , was adopted as public holiday resolution by Pakistan 's parliament in 2016 , giving the local governments and public institutions the right to declare Holi as a holiday and grant leave for its minority communities , for the first time .",
"24": "This decision has been controversial , with some Pakistanis welcoming the decision , while others criticising it , with the concern that declaring Holi a public holiday advertises a Hindu festival to Pakistani children . Traditional sources of colours ( edit ) Flowers of Dhak or Palash are used to make traditional colours The spring season , during which the weather changes , is believed to cause viral fever and cold . The playful throwing of natural coloured powders , called gulal has a medicinal significance : the colours are traditionally made of Neem , Kumkum , Haldi , Bilva , and other medicinal herbs prescribed by Āyurvedic doctors . Many colours are obtained by mixing primary colours . Artisans produce and sell many of the colours from natural sources in dry powder form , in weeks and months preceding Holi . Some of the traditional natural plant based sources of colours are : Orange and red The flowers of palash or tesu tree , also called the flame of the forest , are typical source of bright red and deep orange colours . Powdered fragrant red sandal wood , dried hibiscus flowers , madder tree , radish and pomegranate are alternate sources and shades of red . Mixing lime with turmeric powder creates an alternate source of orange powder , as does boiling saffron ( kesar ) in water . Green Mehendi and dried leaves of gulmohur tree offer a source of green colour . In some areas , the leaves of spring crops and herbs have been used as source of green pigment . Yellow Colours for Holi on sale at a market in Mysore Haldi ( turmeric ) powder is the typical source of yellow colour . Sometimes this is mixed with chickpeas , gram or other flour to get the right shade . Bael fruit , amaltas , species of chrysanthemums , and species of marigold are alternate sources of yellow . Blue Indigo plant , Indian berries , species of grapes , blue hibiscus and jacaranda flowers are traditional sources of blue colour for Holi . Magenta and purple Beetroot is the traditional source of magenta and purple colour . Often these are directly boiled in water to prepare coloured water . Brown Dried tea leaves offer a source of brown coloured water . Certain clays are alternate source of brown .",
"25": "Black Species of grapes , fruits of amla ( gooseberry ) and vegetable carbon ( charcoal ) offer gray to black colours . Holi powder ( edit ) Synthetic colours ( edit ) A young man celebrating Holi Natural colours were used in the past to celebrate Holi safely by applying turmeric , sandalwood paste , extracts of flowers and leaves . As the spring - blossoming trees that once supplied the colours used to celebrate Holi have become more rare , chemically produced industrial dyes have been used to take their place in almost all of urban India . Due to the commercial availability of attractive pigments , slowly the natural colours are replaced by synthetic colours . As a result , it has caused mild to severe symptoms of skin irritation and inflammation . Lack of control over the quality and content of these colours is a problem , as they are frequently sold by vendors who do not know their origin . A 2007 study found that malachite green , a synthetic bluish - green dye used in some colours during Holi festival , was responsible for severe eye irritation in Delhi , if eyes were not washed upon exposure . Though the study found that the pigment did not penetrate through the cornea , malachite green is of concern and needs further study . Another 2009 study reports that some colours produced and sold in India contain metal - based industrial dyes , causing an increase in skin problems to some people in the days following Holi . These colours are produced in India , particularly by small informal businesses , without any quality checks and are sold freely in the market . The colours are sold without labeling , and the consumer lacks information about the source of the colours , their contents , and possible toxic effects . In recent years , several nongovernmental organisations have started campaigning for safe practices related to the use of colours . Some are producing and marketing ranges of safer colours derived from natural sources such as vegetables and flowers . These reports have galvanised a number of groups into promoting more natural celebrations of Holi . Development Alternatives , Delhi and Kalpavriksh , -- Kalpavriksh Environment Action Group , Pune , The CLEAN India campaign and Society for Child Development , through its Avacayam Cooperative Campaign have launched campaigns to help children learn to make their own colours for Holi from safer , natural ingredients .",
"26": "Meanwhile , some commercial companies such as the National Botanical Research Institute have begun to market `` herbal '' dyes , though these are substantially more expensive than the dangerous alternatives . However , it may be noted that many parts of rural India have always resorted to natural colours ( and other parts of festivities more than colours ) due to availability . In urban areas , some people wear nose mask and sun glasses to avoid inhaling pigments and to prevent chemical exposure to eyes . Environmental impact ( edit ) An alleged environmental issue related to the celebration of Holi is the traditional Holika bonfire , which is believed to contribute to deforestation . Activists estimate Holika causes 30,000 bonfires every year , with each one burning approximately 100 kilograms of wood . This represents less than 0.0001 % of 350 million tons of wood India consumes every year , as one of the traditional fuels for cooking and other uses . The use of heavy metal - based pigments during Holi is also reported to cause temporary wastewater pollution , with the water systems recovering to pre-festival levels within 5 days . Flammability ( edit ) In June 2015 , hundreds of concert - goers in Bali District , Taiwan were severely injured in the Formosa Fun Coast explosion , including fifteen who died later in hospital , after three tons of corn starch powder mixed with food colouring was sprayed onto the crowd at a high velocity , causing a massive explosion . The method of powder application at the concert created `` an extremely dense dust cloud over the stage and its immediate vicinity '' . People near the stage were standing ankle deep in coloured corn starch powder and the powder was suspended into the air using air blowers as well as compressed gas canisters . Initial investigations into the explosion showed the ignition of the suspended corn starch powder was likely caused by a cigarette or spark .",
"27": "An Asia One report states that such an explosion can occur , under certain conditions , not just with corn starch but with powder form of any agricultural product such as `` powdered milk , soya flour , cornflour , rice dust , spice powders , sugar , tapioca , cocoa powder , coconut shell dust , coffee dust , garlic powder , grass dust , malted hops , lemon peel dust , oat flour , peanut skins , tea and tobacco '' , and that `` the crucial element is not the composition of the powder itself , but whether it 's deployed under high pressure with a flame nearby . '' According to Williamson , flammable powder or dust suspended in air in high concentrations is explosive . Williamson notes that `` dust cloud explosions can only occur if the dust concentration is within certain limits . In general the lowest concentration of dust that can give a dust explosion is around 50 - 100 g / m3 and the maximum is 2 - 3 kg / m3 . These limits are dependent on the particular chemical in question . It is usually easy to see if a cloud is explosible , as visibility through a dust cloud - even at the lowest concentrations - is impaired . '' During traditional Holi celebrations in India , Rinehart writes , colours are exchanged in person by `` tenderly applying coloured powder to another person 's cheek '' , or by spraying and dousing others with buckets of coloured water . Influence on other cultures ( edit ) Holi celebrations in other cultures UNC South Africa Stanford University Germany Utah , United States New York City Malaysia Netherlands Brazil Russia The festival of Holi is increasingly celebrated in many parts of the world outside India Holi is celebrated as a social event in parts of the United States . For example , at Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple in Spanish Fork , Utah , NYC Holi Hai in Manhattan , New York and Festival of Colors : Holi NYC in New York City , New York , Holi is celebrated as the Festival of Color , where thousands of people gather from all over the United States , play and mingle . Holi - inspired events ( edit ) A number of Holi - inspired social events have also surfaced , particularly in Europe and the United States , often organised by companies as for - profit or charity events with paid admission , and with varying scheduling that does not coincide with the actual Holi festival .",
"28": "These have included Holi - inspired music festivals such as the Festival Of Colours Tour and Holi One ( which feature timed throws of Holi powder ) , and 5K run franchises such as The Color Run , Holi Run and Color Me Rad , in which participants are doused with the powder at per - kilometre checkpoints . There have been concerns that these events appropriate and trivialise aspects of Holi for commercial gain -- downplaying or completely ignoring the cultural and spiritual roots of the celebration . Organisers of these events have argued that the costs are to cover various key aspects of their events , such as safe colour powders , safety and security , and entertainment . See also ( edit ) Hinduism portal Hola Mohalla Holika Holika Dahan Kumauni Holi Midsummer Nowruz Songkran ( Thai festival ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Since ancient times , the Indian subcontinent has had several major Hindu calendars , which places Holi and other festivals on different local months even though they mean the same date . Some Hindu calendars emphasise the solar cycle , some the lunar cycle . Further , the regional calendars feature two traditions of Amanta and Purnimanta systems , wherein the similar sounding months refer to different parts of a lunar cycle , thus further diversifying the nomenclature . The Hindu festival of Holi falls on the first ( full moon ) day of Chaitra lunar month 's dark fortnight in the Purnimanta system , while the same exact day for Holi is expressed in Amanta system as the lunar day of Phalguna Purnima . Both time measuring and dating systems are equivalent ways of meaning the same thing , they continue to be in use in different regions . In regions where the local calendar places it in its Phalguna month , Holi is also called Phaguwa . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The New Oxford Dictionary of English ( 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 861263 - X - p. 874 `` Holi / ' həʊli :/ noun a Hindu spring festival ... '' . ^ Jump up to : Kristi L. Wiley ( 2009 ) . The A to Z of Jainism . Scarecrow . p. 42 .",
"29": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6337 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Bal Gopal Shrestha ( 2012 ) . The Sacred Town of Sankhu : The Anthropology of Newar Ritual , Religion and Society in Nepal . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . pp. 269 -- 271 , 240 -- 241 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4438 - 3825 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Lyford , Chris ( 5 April 2013 ) . `` Hindu spring festivals increase in popularity and welcome non-Hindus '' . The Washington Post . New York City . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Despite what some call the reinvention of Holi , the simple fact that the festival has transcended cultures and brings people together is enough of a reason to embrace the change , others say . In fact , it seems to be in line with many of the teachings behind Holi festivals . ^ Jump up to : Holi : Splashed with colors of friendship Hinduism Today , Hawaii ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Holidays in India , Month of March 2017 '' . Government of India . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Yudit Greenberg , Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions , Volume 1 , ISBN 978 - 1851099801 , page 212 Jump up ^ McKim Marriott ( 2006 ) . John Stratton Hawley and Vasudha Narayanan , ed . The Life of Hinduism . University of California Press . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24914 - 1 . , Quote : `` Holi , he said with a beatific sigh , is the Festival of Love ! '' ^ Jump up to : Ebeling , Karin ( 2010 ) , Holi , an Indian Festival , and its Reflection in English Media ; Die Ordnung des Standard und die Differenzierung der Diskurse : Akten des 41 .",
"30": "Linguistischen Kolloquiums in Mannheim 2006 , 1 , 107 , ISBN 978 - 3631599174 ^ Jump up to : Wendy Doniger ( Editor ) , Merriam - Webster 's Encyclopedia of World Religions , January 2000 , ISBN 978 - 0877790440 , Merriam - Webster , page 455 Jump up ^ `` Date of Holi festival in Nepal and India as of Hindu Vikram Sambat Calendar '' . Jump up ^ `` About Holi - Dhuleti Colorful Spring Festival '' . Holi Dhuleti Celebrations . Jump up ^ Helen Myers ( 1998 ) . Music of Hindu Trinidad : Songs from the India Diaspora . University of Chicago Press . p. 430 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 55453 - 2 . Jump up ^ A Spring Celebration of Love Moves to the Fall -- and Turns Into a Fight Gabriele Steinhauser , The Wall Street Journal ( 3 October 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Holi Festivals Spread Far From India The Wall Street Journal ( 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Holi Festival of Colours Visit Berlin , Germany ( 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : Constance Jones , Holi , in J Gordon Melton ( Editor ) , Religious Celebrations : An Encyclopedia of Holidays Festivals Solemn Observances and Spiritual Commemorations , ISBN 978 - 1598842067 ^ Jump up to : Victoria Williams ( 2016 ) . Celebrating Life Customs around the World . ABC - CLIO . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4408 - 3659 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ayyagari , Shalini ( 2007 ) . `` '' Hori Hai `` : A Festival of Colours ! ! ( review ) '' . Asian Music . Johns Hopkins University Press . 38 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 153 . doi : 10.1353 / amu. 2007.0029 . ^ Jump up to : `` High on Holi with bhang '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 26 March 2014 .",
"31": "Jump up ^ David N. Lorenzen ( 1996 ) . Praises to a Formless God : Nirguni Texts from North India . State University of New York Press . pp. 22 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 2805 - 4 . Jump up ^ Vittorio Roveda ( 2005 ) . Images of the Gods : Khmer Mythology in Cambodia , Thailand and Laos . River Books . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 974 - 9863 - 03 - 9 . ; Sunil Kothari ; Avinash Pasricha ( 2001 ) . Kuchipudi . Abhinav . pp. 66 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 359 - 5 . Jump up ^ Roshen Dalal ( 2010 ) . Hinduism : An Alphabetical Guide . Penguin Books India . p. 275 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 341421 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Holi -- the festival of colours Archived 1 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine . The Indian Express . Jump up ^ The Legend of Radha - Krishna , Society for the Confluence of Festivals in India ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ R Deepta , A.K. Ramanujan 's ' Mythologies ' Poems : An Analysis , Points of View , Volume XIV , Number 1 , Summer 2007 , pp 74 - 81 Jump up ^ Lynn Peppas ( 2010 ) , Holi , Crabtree Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7787 - 4771 - 0 , pp 12 - 15 Jump up ^ The arrival of Phagwa - Holi The Guardian , Trinidad and Tobago ( 12 March 2009 ) Jump up ^ Eat , Pray , Smear Julia Moskin , New York Times ( 22 March 2011 ) Jump up ^ Holi in Mauritius . `` Just as the many other major Hindu festivals , the large Indian majority ... celebrate Holi with a lot of enthusiasm in the island of Mauritius .",
"32": "It is an official holiday in the country ... '' Jump up ^ Robin Rinehart ( 2004 ) . Contemporary Hinduism : Ritual , Culture , and Practice . ABC - CLIO . pp. 135 -- 137 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 905 - 8 . Jump up ^ Michelle Lee ( 2016 ) . Holi . Scobre . pp. 8 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62920 - 572 - 4 . Jump up ^ Usha Sharma ( 2008 ) . Festivals In Indian Society . Mittal Publications . pp. 80 -- 82 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8324 - 113 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Holi India Heritage : Culture , Fairs and Festivals ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ W.H. McLeod ( 2009 ) . The A to Z of Sikhism . Scarecrow Press . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6344 - 6 . Jump up ^ Christian Roy ( 2005 ) . Traditional Festivals : A Multicultural Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 192 -- 193 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 089 - 5 . Jump up ^ James K. Wellman Jr. ; Clark Lombardi ( 2012 ) . Religion and Human Security : A Global Perspective . Oxford University Press . pp. 112 note 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 982775 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nikky - Guninder Kaur Singh ( 2011 ) . Sikhism : An Introduction . I.B. Tauris . pp. 93 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 321 - 8 . Jump up ^ Peter J. Claus ; Sarah Diamond ; Margaret Ann Mills ( 2003 ) . South Asian Folklore : An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan , Bangladesh , India , Nepal , Pakistan , Sri Lanka . Taylor & Francis . p. 552 .",
"33": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93919 - 5 . Jump up ^ Holi on Canvas , The Sunday Tribune Holi on Canvas , Kanwarjit Singh Kang , 13 March 2011 ^ Jump up to : Christopher John Fuller ( 2004 ) . The Camphor Flame : Popular Hinduism and Society in India . Princeton University Press . pp. 291 -- 293 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 69112 - 04 - 85 . Jump up ^ Nachum Dershowitz ; Edward M. Reingold ( 2008 ) . Calendrical Calculations . Cambridge University Press . pp. 123 -- 133 , 275 -- 311 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88540 - 9 . Jump up ^ Javier A. Galván ( 2014 ) . They Do What ? A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from around the World . ABC - CLIO . pp. 137 -- 138 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 342 - 4 . Jump up ^ J. Gordon Melton ; Martin Baumann ( 2010 ) . Religions of the World : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices , 2nd Edition . ABC - CLIO . pp. 1337 -- 1338 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 204 - 3 . Jump up ^ Michelle Lee ( 2016 ) . Holi . Scobre Press . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62920 - 572 - 4 . Jump up ^ Andrew Smith ( 2013 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America . Oxford University Press . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973496 - 2 . Jump up ^ Holi Festival see Play of Colors ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Rangapanchami in Bhopal Los Angeles Times ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Religions -- Hinduism : Holi . BBC . Retrieved 21 March 2011 .",
"34": "^ Jump up to : Rituals of Holi Society for the Confluence of Festivals in India ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Lathmar Holi Festival Lane Turner , Boston Globe , ( 5 March 2012 ) Jump up ^ Holi Festival Rex Li Indrajeet Deshmukh and Marielle Roth , Festival Circle , IDSS 2013 Jump up ^ Holi 2013 Ankita Mehta , International Business Times , ( 22 March 2013 ) Jump up ^ Holi in Dwarka Jump up ^ topnews.in , Holi in Gujarat Jump up ^ `` So drop colors - Holi , Brij Lal was '' . jagran. 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ David Gellner ( 2009 ) . Ethnic Activism and Civil Society in South Asia . SAGE Publications . pp. 27 -- 29 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 321 - 0422 - 3 . Jump up ^ Tradition of Holi , Society for the Confluence of Festivals in India ( 2016 ) Jump up ^ Indo American News , Volume 33 , No. 14 , 4 April 2014 , page 5 Jump up ^ Kumaoni Holi -- Uttaranchal Fairs and Festivals . Euttaranchal.com . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Holi 2014 : Festival Of Colors Celebrates Spring ( SONGS , PHOTOS ) '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Elevation of the black stone arch '' . V&A : Search the Collections . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Object history note : The arch is covered with figures of Vaishnavite gods and hung with rings . A crowd of Hindus are celebrating the festival of the Dol Jatra or Swing festival in which the image of Vishnu and his consort are swung in a throne suspended by chains from the rings of the arch . The celebration is part of the Holi festival and takes place at the full moon of the month of Phalguna ( February to March ) . Jump up ^ Dipti Ray ( 2007 ) .",
"35": "Prataparudradeva , the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa ( A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540 ) . Northern Book Centre . pp. 90 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7211 - 195 - 3 . Jump up ^ Biswamoy Pati ( 1 January 2001 ) . Situating Social History : Orissa , 1800 - 1997 . Orient Blackswan . pp. 74 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2007 - 3 . Jump up ^ Guṅe , Viṭhṭhala Triṃbaka ( 1979 ) . Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa , Daman and Diu : district . 1 . Goa , Daman and Diu ( India ) . Gazetteer Dept . p. 263 . Jump up ^ `` Karnataka '' . The Hindu . 10 March 2009 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ M. Arunachalam ( 1980 ) . Festivals of Tamil Nadu . Gandhi Vidyalayam . pp. 242 -- 244 . Jump up ^ K. Gnanambal ( 1947 ) . Home Life Among the Tamils in the Sangam Age . Central Art Press . p. 98 . Jump up ^ G. Rajagopal ( 2007 ) . Beyond Bhakti : Steps Ahead . B.R. Publishing . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7646 - 510 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Holi in Tamil Nadu '' . holifestival.org . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Parminder Singh Grover and Moga , Davinderjit Singh , Discover Punjab : Attractions of Punjab ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Jasbir Singh Khurana , Punjabiyat : The Cultural Heritage and Ethos of the People of Punjab , Hemkunt Publishers ( P ) Ltd.",
"36": ", ISBN 978 - 81 - 7010 - 395 - 0 Jump up ^ Drawing Designs on Walls , Trisha Bhattacharya ( 13 October 2013 ) , Deccan Herald . Retrieved 7 January 2015 ^ Jump up to : William Brook Northey ; C.J. Morris ( 2001 ) . The Gurkhas : Their Manners , Customs , and Country . Asian Educational Services . pp. 79 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 1577 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bal Gopal Shrestha ( 2012 ) . The Sacred Town of Sankhu : The Anthropology of Newar Ritual , Religion and Society in Nepal . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . pp. 269 , 240 -- 241 , 283 -- 284 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4438 - 3825 - 2 . Jump up ^ Happy Holi week Archived 23 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Nepali Times . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Holi Festival 2013 Archived 24 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . COMMUNITY CENTER OF GUJARATI SAMAJ , New York , USA ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Celebrate Holi : Durban South Africa ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Holi Phagwa Suriname Insider ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Phagwa - Festival of Colors Archived 14 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Independence Square in Paramaribo , Suriname ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Ali , Arif ( ed . ) , Guyana London : Hansib , 2008 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Smock , Kirk , Guyana : the Bradt Travel Guide , 2007 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Holi , festival of colours The Fiji Times ( 15 March 2011 ) Jump up ^ Holi Festival Archived 6 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine .",
"37": "Mauritius ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ html Soaked in mirth and colour , Hindu community celebrates Holi , Sarah Munir ( 28 March 2013 ) Tribune . Retrieved 7 January 2015 Jump up ^ ' Holi ayi , Holi ayi ' : Hindus in Hazara celebrate the arrival of spring , the festival of love ( 17 March 2014 ) Tribune . Retrieved 7 January 2015 Jump up ^ Holi celebrations in Pakistan , ( 17 March 2014 ) Dawn . Retrieved 7 January 2015 Jump up ^ Haroon Khalid , A White Trail : A Journey into the heart of Pakistan 's Religious Minorities Jump up ^ Sohaib Arshad ( 31 December 2010 ) , The Holi Temple , The Friday Times Jump up ^ Temple of Prahladpur Archived 7 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , Department of Archaeology and Museums Survey and Studies for Conversation of Historical Monuments of Multan Jump up ^ Pakistan parliament adopts resolution for Holi , Diwali , Easter holidays , The Times of India ( 16 March 2016 ) Jump up ^ How the public holiday on Holi underscores bigotry in Pakistan , Dawn , SADIA KHATRI ( 12 May 2016 ) , Quote : `` Today we are announcing a public holiday for Holi , tomorrow we will be telling everyone to read Ramayana ! ' '' PSMA Chairman Sharafuz Zaman says. ( ... ) If someone wants to go play holi , they can go ahead , Zaman goes on , but by declaring it a public holiday , we have advertised it in every home . '' Jump up ^ Holi colors Society for the Confluence of Festivals in India ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Celebration powders ( Gulal / Holi ) Purcolor ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Velpandian et al. Ocular hazards of the colours used during the festival - of - colours ( Holi ) in India -- malachite green toxicity , J Hazard Mater. 2007 , 10 January ; 139 ( 2 ) : 204 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , S.K.",
"38": ", Bandyopadhyay , D. , Chatterjee , G. , & Saha , D. ( 2009 ) , The ' holi'dermatoses : Annual spate of skin diseases following the spring festival in India . Indian journal of dermatology. 54 ( 3 ) , 240 Jump up ^ The safe Holi campaign Archived 26 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ CLEAN India campaign Archived 23 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Society For Child Development '' . Sfcdindia.org . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Holi Festival Archived 3 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine . What to wear ? UK ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` No real attempt to save trees '' . The Times of India . 17 March 2003 . Jump up ^ Swaminathan and Varadharaj , The status of firewood in India , IUFRO Symposium Proceedings ( 2003 ) , pp 150 - 156 Jump up ^ Tyagi , V.K. , Bhatia , A. , Gaur , R.Z. , Khan , A.A. , Ali , M. , Khursheed , A. , & Kazmi , A.A. ( 2012 ) , Effects of multi-metal toxicity on the performance of sewage treatment system during the festival of colours ( Holi ) in India , Environmental monitoring and assessment , 184 ( 12 ) , pp 7517 - 7529 Jump up ^ `` Months after water park fire , 15th burn victim dies '' . Focus Taiwan News Channel . 29 November 2015 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Forsythe , Michael . `` Hundreds Treated for Burns After Fire at Taiwan Water Park '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Angelo Young . `` Taiwan Water Park Explodes , Injuring At Least 229 People Attending A ' Color Play ' Party ; Dust Explosion Was Likely Cause '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Heavy dust , heat source may have caused explosion , says official '' .",
"39": "The China Post , Taiwan . 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Water Park Inferno : Details of pre-blaze conditions emerge '' . Taipei Times . 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` When Powders Turn Deadly '' . Asia One . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Williamson , George ( 2002 ) . `` Introduction to Dust Explosions '' . Archived from the original on 23 December 2004 . Retrieved 29 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Williamson , George ( 2002 ) . `` Introduction to Dust Explosions - concentration range '' . Archived from the original on 23 December 2004 . Retrieved 29 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Rinehart , Robin ( 2004 ) . Contemporary Hinduism ritual , culture , and practice . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 905 - 8 . Jump up ^ http://global.unc.edu/event/holi-moli-unc/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 November 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.capetownmagazine.com/cape-town-holi-one Jump up ^ http://stanford.ashanet.org/holi/ Jump up ^ http://www.phagwahparade.us/ ^ Jump up to : `` Festival of Colors - Holi NYC 2016 '' . Festival of Colors : Holi NYC . Jump up ^ `` NYC Holi Hai 2016 '' . NYC Holi Hai 2016 . Jump up ^ Spinelli , Lauren ; Editors , Time Out ( 9 May 2015 ) . `` Check out the multi-colored fun at this year 's Holi party '' . Time Out New York . New York City . Archived from the original on 14 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Ker - pow !",
"40": "Just when you thought spring could n't look any more spectacular , Brooklyn hosted its annual Festival of Colors celebration at the Cultural Performing Arts Center ( May 9 ) . Partygoers flung paint powder around with gleeful abandon while grooving the day and night away , and as you 'll see from our photos , this year 's bash was one of the most gloriously messy spring events in NYC . Jump up ^ Muncy , C.S. ( 4 May 2014 ) . `` PORTRAITS FROM HOLI NYC '' . The Village Voice . New York City . Archived from the original on 1 August 2015 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Holi Hai , also known as the Festival of Colors , celebrates the coming of spring , the joy of friendship , and equality for all . Held on Saturday , May 3 , 2014 at the Yard @ C - PAC ( Cultural Performing Arts Center ) in Brooklyn , thousands of participants joined in to dance and generally cover each other in colored powder . The powders used in Holi represent happiness , love , and the freedom to live vibrantly . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to HOLI ONE '' . Holi One . Birmingham , England . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Thousands of people , dressed in white , come together to share in music , dance , performance art and visual stimulation . Holi One brings this unforgettable experience to cities all around the world . Jump up ^ `` Color Me Rad 5K Run '' . SanJose.com . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hindu Holi festival shows its colours in UK '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Spring Celebration of Love Moves to the Fall -- and Turns Into a Fight '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHoliat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Holi - Festival of Colours Government of Goa , India How to practice safe Holi ,",
"41": "Government of India Holi in pictures from The Guardian Festival of Colors National Geographic Education Festivals in the Hindu calendar Major festivals Chhath Diwali Ganesh Chaturthi Vasant Panchami Holi Galungan ( Bali ) Kartik Purnima Kali Puja Krishna Janmashtami Maha Shivaratri Makar Sankranti Nyepi ( Bali ) Navratri Ayudha Puja Durga Puja Vijayadashami Onam Pongal Rama Navami Thaipusam Vat Purnima Mesha Sankranti Bhratri Dwitiya Dhanteras Ratha - Yatra Dashahara Anant Chaturdashi Guru Purnima Buddha Jayanti Hanuman Jayanti Regional New Year Bihu ( Assamese ) Cheti Chand ( Sindhi ) Gudi Padwa ( Marathi , Konkani ) Nyepi ( Bali ) Pana Sankranti ( Oriya ) Pohela Boishakh ( Bengali ) Puthandu ( Tamil ) Ugadi ( Telugu , Kannada ) Vaisakhi ( North & Central India , Nepal ) Vishu ( Malayali ) Holy days Akshaya Tritiya Amalaka Ekadashi Vaikuntha Ekadashi Kamada Ekadashi Shravana Putrada Ekadashi Shayani Ekadashi Pausha Putrada Ekadashi Varuthini Ekadashi Prabodhini Ekadashi Ekadashi Gowri Habba Karva Chauth Mahalakshmi Vrata Nirjala Ekadashi Raksha Bandhan Sankranti Nag Panchami Savitri Brata Amavasya Sharad Purnima Kartik Purnima Datta Jayanti Pradosha Holy periods Chaturmas Dhanurmas Pitru Paksha",
"42": "Uttarayana Dakshinayana Hindu festivals Hinduism topics Glossary Philosophy Concepts Brahman Om Ishvara Atman Maya Karma Samsara Purusharthas Dharma Artha Kama Moksha Niti Ahimsa Asteya Aparigraha Brahmacharya Satya Dāna Damah Dayā Akrodha Schools Astika : Samkhya Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Mimamsa Vedanta Dvaita Advaita Vishishtadvaita Nastika : Charvaka Texts Classification Śruti Smriti Vedas Rigveda Yajurveda Samaveda Atharvaveda Divisions Samhita Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishad Upanishads Aitareya Kaushitaki Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Maitri Shvetashvatara Chandogya Kena Mundaka Mandukya Prashna Upavedas Ayurveda Dhanurveda Gandharvaveda Sthapatyaveda Vedanga Shiksha Chandas Vyakarana Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha",
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"44": "Festivals Diwali Holi Shivaratri Raksha Bandhan Navaratri Durga Puja Ramlila Vijayadashami ( Dasara ) Ganesh Chaturthi Rama Navami Janmashtami Onam Pongal Makar Sankranti New Year Bihu Gudi Padwa Pahela Baishakh Puthandu Vaisakhi Vishu Ugadi Kumbha Mela Ratha Yatra Teej Vasant Panchami Others Other Svādhyāya Namaste Related Hindu Denominations Law Calendar Criticism Gurus , saints , philosophers Hindu studies Iconography Mythology Nationalism Hindutva Persecution Pilgrimage sites Glossary Hinduism by country Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holi&oldid=819218848 '' Categories : Holi Hindu festivals Public holidays in Nepal Religious festivals in Nepal Nepalese culture Bengali festivals Punjabi festivals Observances set by the Indian National Calendar Spring festivals Religious festivals in India Spring ( season ) events in Nepal Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use Indian English from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2017 Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) Articles containing Sanskrit - language text Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Nepali - language text Articles containing Punjabi - language text Articles containing Kannada - language text Articles containing Assamese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements",
"45": "from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া বাংলা भोजपुरी Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português",
"46": "Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 03 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who developed a set of postulates to prove that specific microorganisms cause disease
|
[
"Robert Koch",
"Friedrich Loeffler",
"Robert Koch",
"Friedrich Loeffler",
"Robert Koch",
"Friedrich Loeffler",
"Robert Koch",
"Friedrich Loeffler",
"Robert Koch",
"Friedrich Loeffler"
] |
{
"0": "Koch 's postulates - wikipedia Koch 's postulates Jump to : navigation , search Robert Hermann Koch ( 11 December 1843 -- 27 May 1910 ) was a German physician who developed Koch 's postulates . Koch 's postulates ( / ˈkɔːx / ) are four criteria designed to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease . The postulates were formulated by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler in 1884 , based on earlier concepts described by Jakob Henle , and refined and published by Koch in 1890 . Koch applied the postulates to describe the etiology of cholera and tuberculosis , but they have been controversially generalized to other diseases . These postulates were generated prior to understanding of modern concepts in microbial pathogenesis that can not be examined using Koch 's postulates , including viruses ( which are obligate cellular parasites ) or asymptomatic carriers . They have largely been supplanted by other criteria such as the Bradford Hill criteria for infectious disease causality in modern public health . Contents ( hide ) 1 The postulates 2 History 3 For the 21st century 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading The postulates ( edit ) Koch 's postulates of disease . Koch 's postulates are the following : The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease , but should not be found in healthy organisms . The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture . The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism . The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated , diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent . However , Koch abandoned the universalist requirement of the first postulate altogether when he discovered asymptomatic carriers of cholera and , later , of typhoid fever .",
"1": "Asymptomatic or subclinical infection carriers are now known to be a common feature of many infectious diseases , especially viruses such as polio , herpes simplex , HIV , and hepatitis C. As a specific example , all doctors and virologists agree that poliovirus causes paralysis in just a few infected subjects , and the success of the polio vaccine in preventing disease supports the conviction that the poliovirus is the causative agent . The second postulate may also be suspended for certain microorganisms or entities that can not ( at the present time ) be grown in pure culture . Viruses also require host cells to grow and reproduce and therefore can not be grown in pure cultures . The third postulate specifies `` should '' , not `` must '' , because as Koch himself proved in regard to both tuberculosis and cholera , not all organisms exposed to an infectious agent will acquire the infection . Noninfection may be due to such factors as general health and proper immune functioning ; acquired immunity from previous exposure or vaccination ; or genetic immunity , as with the resistance to malaria conferred by possessing at least one sickle cell allele . There are a few other exceptions to Koch 's postulates . A single pathogen can cause several disease conditions . Additionally , a single disease condition can be caused by several different microorganisms . Some pathogens can not be cultured in the lab , and some pathogens only cause disease in the human species . In summary , an infectious agent that satisfies Koch 's postulates is necessary but not necessarily sufficient to cause a specific illness . History ( edit ) Koch 's postulates were developed in the 19th century as general guidelines to identify pathogens that could be isolated with the techniques of the day . Even in Koch 's time , it was recognized that some infectious agents were clearly responsible for disease even though they did not fulfill all of the postulates . Attempts to rigidly apply Koch 's postulates to the diagnosis of viral diseases in the late 19th century , at a time when viruses could not be seen or isolated in culture , may have impeded the early development of the field of virology . Koch 's postulates have been recognized as largely obsolete by epidemiologists since the 1950s . Therefore , while Koch 's postulates retain historical importance and continue to inform the approach to microbiologic diagnosis , they are not routinely used to demonstrate causality .",
"2": "Koch 's postulates have also influenced scientists who examine microbial pathogenesis from a molecular point of view . In the 1980s , a molecular version of Koch 's postulates was developed to guide the identification of microbial genes encoding virulence factors . That HIV causes AIDS does not follow from Koch 's postulates , which may have supported HIV / AIDS denialism . Also Oncoviruses causing cancers does not follow Koch 's postulates . For the 21st century ( edit ) This section includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Koch 's postulates have played an important role in microbiology , yet they have major limitations . For example , Koch was well aware that in the case of cholera , the causal agent , Vibrio cholerae , could be found in both sick and healthy people , invalidating his first postulate . Furthermore , viral diseases were not yet discovered when Koch formulated his postulates , and there are many viruses that do not cause illness in all infected individuals , a requirement of the first postulate . Additionally , it was known through experimentation that H. pylori caused mild inflammation of the gastric lining when ingested . As evident as the inflammation was , it still did not immediately convince skeptics that H. pylori was associated with ulcers . Eventually , skeptics were silenced when a newly developed antibiotic treatment eliminated the bacteria and ultimately cured the disease . Contradictions and occurrences such as these have led many to believe that a fifth postulate may be required . If enacted , this postulate would state that sufficient microbial data should allow scientists to treat , cure , or prevent the particular disease . More recently , modern nucleic acid - based microbial detection methods have made Koch 's original postulates even less relevant . These nucleic acid - based methods make it possible to identify microbes that are associated with a disease , but in many cases the microbes are uncultivable . Also , nucleic acid - based detection methods are very sensitive , and they can often detect the very low levels of viruses that are found in healthy people without disease .",
"3": "The use of these new methods has led to revised versions of Koch 's postulates : Fredricks and Relman have suggested the following set of Koch 's postulates for the 21st century : A nucleic acid sequence belonging to a putative pathogen should be present in most cases of an infectious disease . Microbial nucleic acids should be found preferentially in those organs or gross anatomic sites known to be diseased , and not in those organs that lack pathology . Fewer , or no , copies of pathogen - associated nucleic acid sequences should occur in hosts or tissues without disease . With resolution of disease , the copy number of pathogen - associated nucleic acid sequences should decrease or become undetectable . With clinical relapse , the opposite should occur . When sequence detection predates disease , or sequence copy number correlates with severity of disease or pathology , the sequence - disease association is more likely to be a causal relationship . The nature of the microorganism inferred from the available sequence should be consistent with the known biological characteristics of that group of organisms . Tissue - sequence correlates should be sought at the cellular level : efforts should be made to demonstrate specific in situ hybridization of microbial sequence to areas of tissue pathology and to visible microorganisms or to areas where microorganisms are presumed to be located . These sequence - based forms of evidence for microbial causation should be reproducible . These modifications are still controversial in that they do not account well for established disease associations , such as papillomavirus and cervical cancer , nor do they take into account prion diseases , which have no nucleic acid sequences of their own . See also ( edit ) Bradford Hill criteria Causal inference Mill 's Methods Molecular Koch 's postulates Willoughby D. Miller References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Koch , R. ( 1876 ) . `` Untersuchungen über Bakterien : V. Die Ätiologie der Milzbrand - Krankheit , begründet auf die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Bacillus anthracis '' ( Investigations into bacteria : V . The etiology of anthrax , based on the ontogenesis of Bacillus anthracis ) ( PDF ) . Cohns Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen ( in German ) . 2 ( 2 ) : 277 -- 310 .",
"4": "Jump up ^ `` Koch '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Jump up ^ Evans AS ( October 1978 ) . `` Causation and disease : a chronological journey . The Thomas Parran Lecture '' . American Journal of Epidemiology. 108 ( 4 ) : 249 -- 58 . PMID 727194 . ^ Jump up to : Koch , R. ( 1893 ) . `` Ueber den augenblicklichen Stand der bakteriologischen Choleradiagnose '' ( About the instantaneous state of the bacteriological diagnosis of cholera ) . Zeitschrift für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten ( in German ) . 14 : 319 -- 38 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02284324 . Jump up ^ Inglis TJ ( November 2007 ) . `` Principia aetiologica : taking causality beyond Koch 's postulates '' . Journal of Medical Microbiology. 56 ( Pt 11 ) : 1419 -- 22 . PMID 17965339 . doi : 10.1099 / jmm. 0.47179 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Koch Robert ( 1884 ) . `` 2 Die Aetiologie der Tuberkulose '' . Mitt Kaiser Gesundh . pp. 1 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Slonczewski , Joan ; Foster , John ( 2011 ) . Microbiology An Evolving Science Second Edition . New York , N.Y. : W.W. Norton & Company , Inc . pp. 20 -- 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93447 - 2 . Jump up ^ Walker L , Levine H , Jucker M ( 2006 ) . `` Koch 's postulates and infectious proteins . '' . Acta Neuropathol. 112 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 4 . PMID 16703338 . doi : 10.1007 / s00401 - 006 - 0072 - x . Jump up ^ Brock TD ( 1999 ) . Robert Koch : a life in medicine and bacteriology .",
"5": "Washington DC : American Society of Microbiology Press . ISBN 1 - 55581 - 143 - 4 . Jump up ^ Evans AS ( May 1976 ) . `` Causation and disease : the Henle - Koch postulates revisited '' . Yale J Biol Med. 49 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 95 . PMC 2595276 . PMID 782050 . Jump up ^ Huebner , Robert J. ( April 1957 ) . `` Criteria for etiologic association of prevalent viruses with prevalent diseases ; the virologist 's dilemma '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 67 ( 8 ) : 430 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1957NYASA ... 67 ... 430H . PMID 13411978 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1957. tb46066. x . Jump up ^ Evans AS ( December 1995 ) . `` Causation and disease : a chronological journey . The Thomas Parran Lecture. 1978 '' . American Journal of Epidemiology. 142 ( 11 ) : 1126 -- 35 ; discussion 1125 . PMID 7485059 . Jump up ^ Falkow S ( 1988 ) . `` Molecular Koch 's postulates applied to microbial pathogenicity '' . Rev. Infect . Dis. 10 ( Suppl 2 ) : S274 -- 6 . PMID 3055197 . doi : 10.1093 / cid / 10. Supplement_2. S274 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Robin A. ; Jaffe , Harold W. ( 1990 ) . `` Duesberg , HIV and AIDS '' . Nature . 345 ( 6277 ) : 659 -- 60 . Bibcode : 1990Natur. 345 ... 659W . PMID 2163025 . doi : 10.1038 / 345659a0 . Jump up ^ Moore , Patrick S. ; Chang , Yuan ( 2013 ) .",
"6": "`` The conundrum of causality in tumor virology : The cases of KSHV and MCV '' . Seminars in Cancer Biology . doi : 10.1016 / j. semcancer. 2013.11. 001 . Jump up ^ Fredericks DN , Relman DA ( 1996 ) . `` Sequence - based identification of microbial pathogens : a reconsideration of Koch 's postulates '' . Clin Microbiol Rev. 9 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 33 . PMC 172879 . PMID 8665474 . Further reading ( edit ) http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/contagion/koch.html Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koch%27s_postulates&oldid=806045694 '' Categories : Epidemiology Infectious diseases Robert Koch 1884 in biology Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2014 Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Shqip کوردی Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 09 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-4747832956913377153
|
what is the common name for gravitational force
|
[
"Gravity",
"Gravity",
"Gravity, or gravitation"
] |
{
"0": "Gravity - wikipedia Gravity Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Gravity ( disambiguation ) . `` Gravitation '' and `` Law of Gravity '' redirect here . For other uses , see Gravitation ( disambiguation ) and Law of Gravity ( disambiguation ) .",
"1": "Part of a series of articles about Classical mechanics F → = m a → ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \\ vec ( a ) ) ) Second law of motion History Timeline Branches ( show ) Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical Fundamentals ( show ) Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work Formulations ( show ) Newton 's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics Core topics ( show ) Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler 's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion ( linear ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation Newton 's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration Rotation ( show ) Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity Scientists ( show ) Galileo Huygens Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy Play media Hammer and feather drop : astronaut David Scott ( from mission Apollo 15 ) on the Moon enacting the legend of Galileo 's gravity experiment . ( 1.38 MB , ogg / Theora format ) .",
"2": "Gravity , or gravitation , is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass are brought toward ( or gravitate toward ) one another , including objects ranging from atoms and photons , to planets and stars . Since energy and mass are equivalent , all forms of energy ( including light ) cause gravitation and are under the influence of it . On Earth , gravity gives weight to physical objects , and the Moon 's gravity causes the ocean tides . The gravitational attraction of the original gaseous matter present in the Universe caused it to begin coalescing , forming stars -- and for the stars to group together into galaxies -- so gravity is responsible for many of the large scale structures in the Universe . Gravity has an infinite range , although its effects become increasingly weaker on farther objects . Gravity is most accurately described by the general theory of relativity ( proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915 ) which describes gravity not as a force , but as a consequence of the curvature of spacetime caused by the uneven distribution of mass . The most extreme example of this curvature of spacetime is a black hole , from which nothing -- not even light -- can escape once past the black hole 's event horizon . However , for most applications , gravity is well approximated by Newton 's law of universal gravitation , which describes gravity as a force which causes any two bodies to be attracted to each other , with the force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them . Gravity is the weakest of the four fundamental forces of physics , approximately 10 times weaker than the strong force , 10 times weaker than the electromagnetic force and 10 times weaker than the weak force . As a consequence , it has no significant influence at the level of subatomic particles . In contrast , it is the dominant force at the macroscopic scale , and is the cause of the formation , shape and trajectory ( orbit ) of astronomical bodies . For example , gravity causes the Earth and the other planets to orbit the Sun , it also causes the Moon to orbit the Earth , and causes the formation of tides , the formation and evolution of the Solar System , stars and galaxies .",
"3": "The earliest instance of gravity in the Universe , possibly in the form of quantum gravity , supergravity or a gravitational singularity , along with ordinary space and time , developed during the Planck epoch ( up to 10 seconds after the birth of the Universe ) , possibly from a primeval state , such as a false vacuum , quantum vacuum or virtual particle , in a currently unknown manner . Attempts to develop a theory of gravity consistent with quantum mechanics , a quantum gravity theory , which would allow gravity to be united in a common mathematical framework ( a theory of everything ) with the other three forces of physics , are a current area of research . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of gravitational theory 1.1 Scientific revolution 1.2 Newton 's theory of gravitation 1.3 Equivalence principle 1.4 General relativity 1.4. 1 Solutions 1.4. 2 Tests 1.5 Gravity and quantum mechanics 2 Specifics 2.1 Earth 's gravity 2.2 Equations for a falling body near the surface of the Earth 2.3 Gravity and astronomy 2.4 Gravitational radiation 2.5 Speed of gravity 3 Anomalies and discrepancies 4 Alternative theories 4.1 Historical alternative theories 4.2 Modern alternative theories 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History of gravitational theory Main article : History of gravitational theory Scientific revolution Main article : Scientific revolution Modern work on gravitational theory began with the work of Galileo Galilei in the late 16th and early 17th centuries . In his famous ( though possibly apocryphal ) experiment dropping balls from the Tower of Pisa , and later with careful measurements of balls rolling down inclines , Galileo showed that gravitational acceleration is the same for all objects . This was a major departure from Aristotle 's belief that heavier objects have a higher gravitational acceleration . Galileo postulated air resistance as the reason that objects with less mass fall more slowly in an atmosphere . Galileo 's work set the stage for the formulation of Newton 's theory of gravity .",
"4": "Newton 's theory of gravitation Main article : Newton 's law of universal gravitation Sir Isaac Newton , an English physicist who lived from 1642 to 1727 In 1687 , English mathematician Sir Isaac Newton published Principia , which hypothesizes the inverse - square law of universal gravitation . In his own words , `` I deduced that the forces which keep the planets in their orbs must ( be ) reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centers about which they revolve : and thereby compared the force requisite to keep the Moon in her Orb with the force of gravity at the surface of the Earth ; and found them answer pretty nearly . '' The equation is the following : F = G m 1 m 2 r 2 ( \\ displaystyle F = G ( \\ frac ( m_ ( 1 ) m_ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ ) Where F is the force , m and m are the masses of the objects interacting , r is the distance between the centers of the masses and G is the gravitational constant . Newton 's theory enjoyed its greatest success when it was used to predict the existence of Neptune based on motions of Uranus that could not be accounted for by the actions of the other planets . Calculations by both John Couch Adams and Urbain Le Verrier predicted the general position of the planet , and Le Verrier 's calculations are what led Johann Gottfried Galle to the discovery of Neptune . A discrepancy in Mercury 's orbit pointed out flaws in Newton 's theory . By the end of the 19th century , it was known that its orbit showed slight perturbations that could not be accounted for entirely under Newton 's theory , but all searches for another perturbing body ( such as a planet orbiting the Sun even closer than Mercury ) had been fruitless . The issue was resolved in 1915 by Albert Einstein 's new theory of general relativity , which accounted for the small discrepancy in Mercury 's orbit . Although Newton 's theory has been superseded by Einstein 's general relativity , most modern non-relativistic gravitational calculations are still made using Newton 's theory because it is simpler to work with and it gives sufficiently accurate results for most applications involving sufficiently small masses , speeds and energies .",
"5": "Equivalence principle The equivalence principle , explored by a succession of researchers including Galileo , Loránd Eötvös , and Einstein , expresses the idea that all objects fall in the same way , and that the effects of gravity are indistinguishable from certain aspects of acceleration and deceleration . The simplest way to test the weak equivalence principle is to drop two objects of different masses or compositions in a vacuum and see whether they hit the ground at the same time . Such experiments demonstrate that all objects fall at the same rate when other forces ( such as air resistance and electromagnetic effects ) are negligible . More sophisticated tests use a torsion balance of a type invented by Eötvös . Satellite experiments , for example STEP , are planned for more accurate experiments in space . Formulations of the equivalence principle include : The weak equivalence principle : The trajectory of a point mass in a gravitational field depends only on its initial position and velocity , and is independent of its composition . The Einsteinian equivalence principle : The outcome of any local non-gravitational experiment in a freely falling laboratory is independent of the velocity of the laboratory and its location in spacetime . The strong equivalence principle requiring both of the above . General relativity See also : Introduction to general relativity Two - dimensional analogy of spacetime distortion generated by the mass of an object . Matter changes the geometry of spacetime , this ( curved ) geometry being interpreted as gravity . White lines do not represent the curvature of space but instead represent the coordinate system imposed on the curved spacetime , which would be rectilinear in a flat spacetime . Part of a series of articles about General relativity G μ ν + Λ g μ ν = 8 π G c 4 T μ ν ( \\ displaystyle G_ ( \\ mu \\ nu ) + \\ Lambda g_ ( \\ mu \\ nu ) = ( 8 \\ pi G \\ over c ^ ( 4 ) ) T_ ( \\ mu \\ nu ) ) Introduction History Mathematical formulation Tests Fundamental concepts ( show ) Principle of relativity Theory of relativity Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Rest frame Center - of - momentum frame Equivalence principle Mass --",
"6": "energy equivalence Special relativity Doubly special relativity de Sitter invariant special relativity World line Riemannian geometry Phenomena ( show ) Gravitoelectromagnetism Kepler problem Gravity Gravitational field Gravity well Gravitational lensing Gravitational waves Gravitational redshift Redshift Blueshift Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Shapiro time delay Gravitational potential Gravitational compression Gravitational collapse Frame - dragging Geodetic effect Gravitational singularity Event horizon Naked singularity Black hole White hole Spacetime Space Time Spacetime diagrams Minkowski spacetime Closed timelike curve ( CTC ) Wormhole Ellis wormhole Equations Formalisms ( show ) Equations Linearized gravity Einstein field equations Friedmann Geodesics Mathisson -- Papapetrou -- Dixon Hamilton -- Jacobi -- Einstein Curvature invariant ( general relativity ) Lorentzian manifold Formalisms ADM BSSN Post-Newtonian Advanced theory Kaluza -- Klein theory Quantum gravity Supergravity Solutions ( show ) Schwarzschild ( interior ) Reissner -- Nordström Gödel Kerr Kerr -- Newman Kasner Lemaître -- Tolman Taub - NUT Milne Robertson -- Walker pp - wave van Stockum dust Weyl − Lewis − Papapetrou Vacuum solution ( general relativity ) Vacuum solution Scientists ( show ) Einstein Lorentz Hilbert Poincaré",
"7": "Schwarzschild de Sitter Reissner Nordström Weyl Eddington Friedman Milne Zwicky Lemaître Gödel Wheeler Robertson Bardeen Walker Kerr Chandrasekhar Ehlers Penrose Hawking Raychaudhuri Taylor Hulse van Stockum Taub Newman Yau Thorne others In general relativity , the effects of gravitation are ascribed to spacetime curvature instead of a force . The starting point for general relativity is the equivalence principle , which equates free fall with inertial motion and describes free - falling inertial objects as being accelerated relative to non-inertial observers on the ground . In Newtonian physics , however , no such acceleration can occur unless at least one of the objects is being operated on by a force . Einstein proposed that spacetime is curved by matter , and that free - falling objects are moving along locally straight paths in curved spacetime . These straight paths are called geodesics . Like Newton 's first law of motion , Einstein 's theory states that if a force is applied on an object , it would deviate from a geodesic . For instance , we are no longer following geodesics while standing because the mechanical resistance of the Earth exerts an upward force on us , and we are non-inertial on the ground as a result . This explains why moving along the geodesics in spacetime is considered inertial . Einstein discovered the field equations of general relativity , which relate the presence of matter and the curvature of spacetime and are named after him . The Einstein field equations are a set of 10 simultaneous , non-linear , differential equations . The solutions of the field equations are the components of the metric tensor of spacetime . A metric tensor describes a geometry of spacetime . The geodesic paths for a spacetime are calculated from the metric tensor .",
"8": "Solutions Notable solutions of the Einstein field equations include : The Schwarzschild solution , which describes spacetime surrounding a spherically symmetric non-rotating uncharged massive object . For compact enough objects , this solution generated a black hole with a central singularity . For radial distances from the center which are much greater than the Schwarzschild radius , the accelerations predicted by the Schwarzschild solution are practically identical to those predicted by Newton 's theory of gravity . The Reissner - Nordström solution , in which the central object has an electrical charge . For charges with a geometrized length which are less than the geometrized length of the mass of the object , this solution produces black holes with double event horizons . The Kerr solution for rotating massive objects . This solution also produces black holes with multiple event horizons . The Kerr - Newman solution for charged , rotating massive objects . This solution also produces black holes with multiple event horizons . The cosmological Friedmann - Lemaître - Robertson - Walker solution , which predicts the expansion of the Universe . Tests The tests of general relativity included the following : General relativity accounts for the anomalous perihelion precession of Mercury . The prediction that time runs slower at lower potentials ( gravitational time dilation ) has been confirmed by the Pound -- Rebka experiment ( 1959 ) , the Hafele -- Keating experiment , and the GPS . The prediction of the deflection of light was first confirmed by Arthur Stanley Eddington from his observations during the Solar eclipse of 29 May 1919 . Eddington measured starlight deflections twice those predicted by Newtonian corpuscular theory , in accordance with the predictions of general relativity . However , his interpretation of the results was later disputed . More recent tests using radio interferometric measurements of quasars passing behind the Sun have more accurately and consistently confirmed the deflection of light to the degree predicted by general relativity . See also gravitational lens . The time delay of light passing close to a massive object was first identified by Irwin I. Shapiro in 1964 in interplanetary spacecraft signals . Gravitational radiation has been indirectly confirmed through studies of binary pulsars . On 11 February 2016 , the LIGO and Virgo collaborations announced the first observation of a gravitational wave .",
"9": "Alexander Friedmann in 1922 found that Einstein equations have non-stationary solutions ( even in the presence of the cosmological constant ) . In 1927 Georges Lemaître showed that static solutions of the Einstein equations , which are possible in the presence of the cosmological constant , are unstable , and therefore the static Universe envisioned by Einstein could not exist . Later , in 1931 , Einstein himself agreed with the results of Friedmann and Lemaître . Thus general relativity predicted that the Universe had to be non-static -- it had to either expand or contract . The expansion of the Universe discovered by Edwin Hubble in 1929 confirmed this prediction . The theory 's prediction of frame dragging was consistent with the recent Gravity Probe B results . General relativity predicts that light should lose its energy when traveling away from massive bodies through gravitational redshift . This was verified on earth and in the solar system around 1960 . Gravity and quantum mechanics Main articles : Graviton and Quantum gravity In the decades after the discovery of general relativity , it was realized that general relativity is incompatible with quantum mechanics . It is possible to describe gravity in the framework of quantum field theory like the other fundamental forces , such that the attractive force of gravity arises due to exchange of virtual gravitons , in the same way as the electromagnetic force arises from exchange of virtual photons . This reproduces general relativity in the classical limit . However , this approach fails at short distances of the order of the Planck length , where a more complete theory of quantum gravity ( or a new approach to quantum mechanics ) is required . Specifics Earth 's gravity An initially - stationary object which is allowed to fall freely under gravity drops a distance which is proportional to the square of the elapsed time . This image spans half a second and was captured at 20 flashes per second . Main article : Earth 's gravity Every planetary body ( including the Earth ) is surrounded by its own gravitational field , which can be conceptualized with Newtonian physics as exerting an attractive force on all objects . Assuming a spherically symmetrical planet , the strength of this field at any given point above the surface is proportional to the planetary body 's mass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the center of the body .",
"10": "If an object with comparable mass to that of the Earth were to fall towards it , then the corresponding acceleration of the Earth would be observable . The strength of the gravitational field is numerically equal to the acceleration of objects under its influence . The rate of acceleration of falling objects near the Earth 's surface varies very slightly depending on latitude , surface features such as mountains and ridges , and perhaps unusually high or low sub-surface densities . For purposes of weights and measures , a standard gravity value is defined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures , under the International System of Units ( SI ) . That value , denoted g , is g = 9.80665 m / s ( 32.1740 ft / s ) . The standard value of 9.80665 m / s is the one originally adopted by the International Committee on Weights and Measures in 1901 for 45 ° latitude , even though it has been shown to be too high by about five parts in ten thousand . This value has persisted in meteorology and in some standard atmospheres as the value for 45 ° latitude even though it applies more precisely to latitude of 45 ° 32'33 `` . Assuming the standardized value for g and ignoring air resistance , this means that an object falling freely near the Earth 's surface increases its velocity by 9.80665 m / s ( 32.1740 ft / s or 22 mph ) for each second of its descent . Thus , an object starting from rest will attain a velocity of 9.80665 m / s ( 32.1740 ft / s ) after one second , approximately 19.62 m / s ( 64.4 ft / s ) after two seconds , and so on , adding 9.80665 m / s ( 32.1740 ft / s ) to each resulting velocity . Also , again ignoring air resistance , any and all objects , when dropped from the same height , will hit the ground at the same time . According to Newton 's 3rd Law , the Earth itself experiences a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to that which it exerts on a falling object . This means that the Earth also accelerates towards the object until they collide .",
"11": "Because the mass of the Earth is huge , however , the acceleration imparted to the Earth by this opposite force is negligible in comparison to the object 's . If the object does n't bounce after it has collided with the Earth , each of them then exerts a repulsive contact force on the other which effectively balances the attractive force of gravity and prevents further acceleration . The apparent force of gravity on Earth is the resultant ( vector sum ) of two forces : ( a ) The gravitational attraction in accordance with Newton 's universal law of gravitation , and ( b ) the centrifugal force , which results from the choice of an earthbound , rotating frame of reference . The force of gravity is the weakest at the equator because of the centrifugal force caused by the Earth 's rotation and because points on the equator are furthest from the center of the Earth . The force of gravity varies with latitude and increases from about 9.780 m / s at the Equator to about 9.832 m / s at the poles . Equations for a falling body near the surface of the Earth Main article : Equations for a falling body Under an assumption of constant gravitational attraction , Newton 's law of universal gravitation simplifies to F = mg , where m is the mass of the body and g is a constant vector with an average magnitude of 9.81 m / s on Earth . This resulting force is the object 's weight . The acceleration due to gravity is equal to this g . An initially stationary object which is allowed to fall freely under gravity drops a distance which is proportional to the square of the elapsed time . The image on the right , spanning half a second , was captured with a stroboscopic flash at 20 flashes per second . During the first ⁄ of a second the ball drops one unit of distance ( here , a unit is about 12 mm ) ; by ⁄ it has dropped at total of 4 units ; by ⁄ , 9 units and so on . Under the same constant gravity assumptions , the potential energy , E , of a body at height h is given by E = mgh ( or E = Wh , with W meaning weight ) . This expression is valid only over small distances h from the surface of the Earth .",
"12": "Similarly , the expression h = v 2 2 g ( \\ displaystyle h = ( \\ tfrac ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2g ) ) ) for the maximum height reached by a vertically projected body with initial velocity v is useful for small heights and small initial velocities only . Gravity and Astronomy Gravity acts on stars that form the Milky Way . The application of Newton 's law of gravity has enabled the acquisition of much of the detailed information we have about the planets in the Solar System , the mass of the Sun , and details of quasars ; even the existence of dark matter is inferred using Newton 's law of gravity . Although we have not traveled to all the planets nor to the Sun , we know their masses . These masses are obtained by applying the laws of gravity to the measured characteristics of the orbit . In space an object maintains its orbit because of the force of gravity acting upon it . Planets orbit stars , stars orbit galactic centers , galaxies orbit a center of mass in clusters , and clusters orbit in superclusters . The force of gravity exerted on one object by another is directly proportional to the product of those objects ' masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them . The earliest gravity ( possibly in the form of quantum gravity , supergravity or a gravitational singularity ) , along with ordinary space and time , developed during the Planck epoch ( up to 10 seconds after the birth of the Universe ) , possibly from a primeval state ( such as a false vacuum , quantum vacuum or virtual particle ) , in a currently unknown manner . Gravitational radiation Main article : Gravitational wave According to general relativity , gravitational radiation is generated in situations where the curvature of spacetime is oscillating , such as is the case with co-orbiting objects . The gravitational radiation emitted by the Solar System is far too small to measure . However , gravitational radiation has been indirectly observed as an energy loss over time in binary pulsar systems such as PSR B1913 + 16 . It is believed that neutron star mergers and black hole formation may create detectable amounts of gravitational radiation . Gravitational radiation observatories such as the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory ( LIGO ) have been created to study the problem .",
"13": "In February 2016 , the Advanced LIGO team announced that they had detected gravitational waves from a black hole collision . On 14 September 2015 , LIGO registered gravitational waves for the first time , as a result of the collision of two black holes 1.3 billion light - years from Earth . This observation confirms the theoretical predictions of Einstein and others that such waves exist . The event confirms that binary black holes exist . It also opens the way for practical observation and understanding of the nature of gravity and events in the Universe including the Big Bang and what happened after it . Speed of gravity Main article : Speed of gravity In December 2012 , a research team in China announced that it had produced measurements of the phase lag of Earth tides during full and new moons which seem to prove that the speed of gravity is equal to the speed of light . This means that if the Sun suddenly disappeared , the Earth would keep orbiting it normally for 8 minutes , which is the time light takes to travel that distance . The team 's findings were released in the Chinese Science Bulletin in February 2013 . In October 2017 , the LIGO and Virgo detectors received gravitational wave signals within 2 seconds of gamma ray satellites and optical telescopes seeing signals from the same direction . This confirmed that the speed of gravitational waves was the same as the speed of light . Anomalies and discrepancies There are some observations that are not adequately accounted for , which may point to the need for better theories of gravity or perhaps be explained in other ways . Rotation curve of a typical spiral galaxy : predicted ( A ) and observed ( B ) . The discrepancy between the curves is attributed to dark matter . Extra-fast stars : Stars in galaxies follow a distribution of velocities where stars on the outskirts are moving faster than they should according to the observed distributions of normal matter . Galaxies within galaxy clusters show a similar pattern . Dark matter , which would interact through gravitation but not electromagnetically , would account for the discrepancy . Various modifications to Newtonian dynamics have also been proposed . Flyby anomaly : Various spacecraft have experienced greater acceleration than expected during gravity assist maneuvers . Accelerating expansion : The metric expansion of space seems to be speeding up . Dark energy has been proposed to explain this .",
"14": "A recent alternative explanation is that the geometry of space is not homogeneous ( due to clusters of galaxies ) and that when the data are reinterpreted to take this into account , the expansion is not speeding up after all , however this conclusion is disputed . Anomalous increase of the astronomical unit : Recent measurements indicate that planetary orbits are widening faster than if this were solely through the Sun losing mass by radiating energy . Extra energetic photons : Photons travelling through galaxy clusters should gain energy and then lose it again on the way out . The accelerating expansion of the Universe should stop the photons returning all the energy , but even taking this into account photons from the cosmic microwave background radiation gain twice as much energy as expected . This may indicate that gravity falls off faster than inverse - squared at certain distance scales . Extra massive hydrogen clouds : The spectral lines of the Lyman - alpha forest suggest that hydrogen clouds are more clumped together at certain scales than expected and , like dark flow , may indicate that gravity falls off slower than inverse - squared at certain distance scales . Alternative theories Main article : Alternatives to general relativity Historical alternative theories Aristotelian theory of gravity Le Sage 's theory of gravitation ( 1784 ) also called LeSage gravity , proposed by Georges - Louis Le Sage , based on a fluid - based explanation where a light gas fills the entire Universe . Ritz 's theory of gravitation , Ann . Chem. Phys. 13 , 145 , ( 1908 ) pp. 267 -- 71 , Weber - Gauss electrodynamics applied to gravitation . Classical advancement of perihelia . Nordström 's theory of gravitation ( 1912 , 1913 ) , an early competitor of general relativity . Kaluza Klein theory ( 1921 ) Whitehead 's theory of gravitation ( 1922 ) , another early competitor of general relativity .",
"15": "Modern alternative theories Brans -- Dicke theory of gravity ( 1961 ) Induced gravity ( 1967 ) , a proposal by Andrei Sakharov according to which general relativity might arise from quantum field theories of matter ƒ ( R ) gravity ( 1970 ) Horndeski theory ( 1974 ) Supergravity ( 1976 ) String theory In the modified Newtonian dynamics ( MOND ) ( 1981 ) , Mordehai Milgrom proposes a modification of Newton 's second law of motion for small accelerations The self - creation cosmology theory of gravity ( 1982 ) by G.A. Barber in which the Brans - Dicke theory is modified to allow mass creation Loop quantum gravity ( 1988 ) by Carlo Rovelli , Lee Smolin , and Abhay Ashtekar Nonsymmetric gravitational theory ( NGT ) ( 1994 ) by John Moffat Conformal gravity Tensor -- vector -- scalar gravity ( TeVeS ) ( 2004 ) , a relativistic modification of MOND by Jacob Bekenstein Gravity as an entropic force , gravity arising as an emergent phenomenon from the thermodynamic concept of entropy . In the superfluid vacuum theory the gravity and curved space - time arise as a collective excitation mode of non-relativistic background superfluid . Chameleon theory ( 2004 ) by Justin Khoury and Amanda Weltman . Pressuron theory ( 2013 ) by Olivier Minazzoli and Aurélien Hees .",
"16": "See also Angular momentum Anti-gravity , the idea of neutralizing or repelling gravity Artificial gravity Birkeland current Einstein -- Infeld -- Hoffmann equations Escape velocity , the minimum velocity needed to escape from a gravity well g - force , a measure of acceleration Gauge gravitation theory Gauss 's law for gravity Gravitational binding energy Gravitational potential Gravitational wave Gravitational wave background Gravity gradiometry Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Gravity Research Foundation Jovian -- Plutonian gravitational effect Kepler 's third law of planetary motion Lagrangian point Micro-g environment , also called microgravity Mixmaster universe n - body problem Newton 's laws of motion Pioneer anomaly Scalar theories of gravitation Speed of gravity Standard gravitational parameter Weightlessness Footnotes Jump up ^ `` HubbleSite : Black Holes : Gravity 's Relentless Pull '' . hubblesite.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Krebs , Robert E. ( 1999 ) . Scientific Development and Misconceptions Through the Ages : A Reference Guide ( illustrated ed . ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30226 - 8 . Extract of page 133 ^ Jump up to : Staff . `` Birth of the Universe '' . University of Oregon . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . -- discusses `` Planck time '' and `` Planck era '' at the very beginning of the Universe Jump up ^ Ball , Phil ( June 2005 ) . `` Tall Tales '' . Nature News . doi : 10.1038 / news050613 - 10 . Jump up ^ Galileo ( 1638 ) , Two New Sciences , First Day Salviati speaks : `` If this were what Aristotle meant you would burden him with another error which would amount to a falsehood ; because , since there is no such sheer height available on earth , it is clear that Aristotle could not have made the experiment ; yet he wishes to give us the impression of his having performed it when he speaks of such an effect as one which we see . '' Jump up ^ Bongaarts , Peter ( 2014 ) .",
"17": "Quantum Theory : A Mathematical Approach ( illustrated ed . ) . Springer . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 09561 - 5 . Extract of page 11 Jump up ^ * Chandrasekhar , Subrahmanyan ( 2003 ) . Newton 's Principia for the common reader . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ( pp. 1 -- 2 ) . The quotation comes from a memorandum thought to have been written about 1714 . As early as 1645 Ismaël Bullialdus had argued that any force exerted by the Sun on distant objects would have to follow an inverse - square law . However , he also dismissed the idea that any such force did exist . See , for example , Linton , Christopher M. ( 2004 ) . From Eudoxus to Einstein -- A History of Mathematical Astronomy . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82750 - 8 . Jump up ^ M.C.W. Sandford ( 2008 ) . `` STEP : Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle '' . Rutherford Appleton Laboratory . Archived from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Paul S Wesson ( 2006 ) . Five - dimensional Physics . World Scientific . p. 82 . ISBN 981 - 256 - 661 - 9 . Jump up ^ Haugen , Mark P. ; C. Lämmerzahl ( 2001 ) . Principles of Equivalence : Their Role in Gravitation Physics and Experiments that Test Them . Springer . arXiv : gr - qc / 0103067 . Bibcode : 2001LNP ... 562 ... 195H . doi : 10.1007 / 3 - 540 - 40988 - 2_10 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 41236 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Gravity and Warped Spacetime '' . black-holes.org . Archived from the original on 21 June 2011 .",
"18": "Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Dmitri Pogosyan . `` Lecture 20 : Black Holes -- The Einstein Equivalence Principle '' . University of Alberta . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Pauli , Wolfgang Ernst ( 1958 ) . `` Part IV . General Theory of Relativity '' . Theory of Relativity . Courier Dover Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 64152 - 2 . Jump up ^ Max Born ( 1924 ) , Einstein 's Theory of Relativity ( The 1962 Dover edition , page 348 lists a table documenting the observed and calculated values for the precession of the perihelion of Mercury , Venus , and Earth . ) Jump up ^ Dyson , F.W. ; Eddington , A.S. ; Davidson , C.R. ( 1920 ) . `` A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun 's Gravitational Field , from Observations Made at the Total Eclipse of May 29 , 1919 '' . Phil . Trans . Roy . Soc . A. 220 ( 571 -- 581 ) : 291 -- 333 . Bibcode : 1920RSPTA. 220 ... 291D . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1920.0009 ... Quote , p. 332 : `` Thus the results of the expeditions to Sobral and Principe can leave little doubt that a deflection of light takes place in the neighbourhood of the sun and that it is of the amount demanded by Einstein 's generalised theory of relativity , as attributable to the sun 's gravitational field . '' Jump up ^ Weinberg , Steven ( 1972 ) . Gravitation and cosmology . John Wiley & Sons ... Quote , p. 192 : `` About a dozen stars in all were studied , and yielded values 1.98 ± 0.11 '' and 1.61 ± 0.31 `` , in substantial agreement with Einstein 's prediction θ = 1.75 '' . '' Jump up ^ Earman , John ; Glymour , Clark ( 1980 ) .",
"19": "`` Relativity and Eclipses : The British eclipse expeditions of 1919 and their predecessors '' . Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences . 11 : 49 -- 85 . doi : 10.2307 / 27757471 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Steven ( 1972 ) . Gravitation and cosmology . John Wiley & Sons . p. 194 . Jump up ^ See W. Pauli , 1958 , pp. 219 -- 20 Jump up ^ `` NASA 's Gravity Probe B Confirms Two Einstein Space - Time Theories '' . Nasa.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Randall , Lisa ( 2005 ) . Warped Passages : Unraveling the Universe 's Hidden Dimensions . Ecco . ISBN 0 - 06 - 053108 - 8 . Jump up ^ Feynman , R.P. ; Morinigo , F.B. ; Wagner , W.G. ; Hatfield , B. ( 1995 ) . Feynman lectures on gravitation . Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 62734 - 5 . Jump up ^ Zee , A. ( 2003 ) . Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01019 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cantor , G.N. ; Christie , J.R.R. ; Hodge , M.J.S. ; Olby , R.C. ( 2006 ) . Companion to the History of Modern Science . Routledge . p. 448 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 97751 - 2 . Extract of page 448 Jump up ^ Nemiroff , R. ; Bonnell , J. , eds. ( 15 December 2014 ) . `` The Potsdam Gravity Potato '' . Astronomy Picture of the Day . NASA . Jump up ^ Bureau International des Poids et Mesures ( 2006 ) . `` The International System of Units ( SI ) '' ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . )",
"20": ": 131 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 . Unit names are normally printed in Roman ( upright ) type ... Symbols for quantities are generally single letters set in an italic font , although they may be qualified by further information in subscripts or superscripts or in brackets . Jump up ^ `` SI Unit rules and style conventions '' . National Institute For Standards and Technology ( USA ) . September 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 . Variables and quantity symbols are in italic type . Unit symbols are in Roman type . Jump up ^ List , R.J. editor , 1968 , Acceleration of Gravity , Smithsonian Meteorological Tables , Sixth Ed . Smithsonian Institution , Washington , D.C. , p. 68 . Jump up ^ U.S. Standard Atmosphere , 1976 , U.S. Government Printing Office , Washington , D.C. , 1976 . ( Linked file is very large . ) Jump up ^ Hofmann - Wellenhof , B. ; Moritz , H. ( 2006 ) . Physical Geodesy ( 2nd ed . ) . Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 211 - 33544 - 4 . § 2.1 : `` The total force acting on a body at rest on the earth 's surface is the resultant of gravitational force and the centrifugal force of the earth 's rotation and is called gravity . '' Jump up ^ `` Milky Way Emerges as Sun Sets over Paranal '' . www.eso.org . European Southern Obseevatory . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Stuart ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Gravitational waves : scientists announce ' we did it ! ' -- live '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Castelvecchi , Davide ; Witze , Witze ( 11 February 2016 ) . `` Einstein 's gravitational waves found at last '' . Nature News . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2016.19361 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 11 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ `` Scientists announce finding Gravitational Waves confirming Einstein 's theory '' . WorldBreakingNews . Jump up ^ `` WHAT ARE GRAVITATIONAL WAVES AND WHY DO THEY MATTER ? '' . popsci.com . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Chinese scientists find evidence for speed of gravity , astrowatch.com , 12 / 28 / 12 . Jump up ^ TANG , Ke Yun ; HUA ChangCai ; WEN Wu ; CHI ShunLiang ; YOU QingYu ; YU Dan ( February 2013 ) . `` Observational evidences for the speed of the gravity based on the Earth tide '' ( PDF ) . Chinese Science Bulletin . 58 ( 4 - 5 ) : 474 -- 77 . Bibcode : 2013ChSBu ... 58 ... 474T . doi : 10.1007 / s11434 - 012 - 5603 - 3 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GW170817 Press Release '' . LIGO Lab - Caltech . Jump up ^ Dark energy may just be a cosmic illusion , New Scientist , issue 2646 , 7 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Swiss - cheese model of the cosmos is full of holes , New Scientist , issue 2678 , 18 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Chown , Marcus ( 16 March 2009 ) . `` Gravity may venture where matter fears to tread '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Brans , C.H. ( Mar 2014 ) . `` Jordan - Brans - Dicke Theory '' . Scholarpedia. 9 : 31358 . Bibcode : 2014Schpj ... 931358B . doi : 10.4249 / scholarpedia. 31358 . Jump up ^ Horndeski , G.W. ( Sep 1974 ) . `` Second - Order Scalar - Tensor Field Equations in a Four - Dimensional Space '' . International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 88 ( 10 ) : 363 -- 84 .",
"22": "Bibcode : 1974IJTP ... 10 ... 363H . doi : 10.1007 / BF01807638 . Jump up ^ Milgrom , M. ( Jun 2014 ) . `` The MOND paradigm of modified dynamics '' . Scholarpedia. 9 : 31410 . Bibcode : 2014SchpJ ... 931410M . doi : 10.4249 / scholarpedia. 31410 . Jump up ^ `` Einstein gravity from conformal gravity '' ( PDF ) . References Halliday , David ; Robert Resnick ; Kenneth S. Krane ( 2001 ) . Physics v. 1 . New York : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 32057 - 9 . Serway , Raymond A. ; Jewett , John W. ( 2004 ) . Physics for Scientists and Engineers ( 6th ed . ) . Brooks / Cole . ISBN 0 - 534 - 40842 - 7 . Tipler , Paul ( 2004 ) . Physics for Scientists and Engineers : Mechanics , Oscillations and Waves , Thermodynamics ( 5th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 0809 - 4 . Further reading Thorne , Kip S. ; Misner , Charles W. ; Wheeler , John Archibald ( 1973 ) . Gravitation . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 0344 - 0 . External links Look up gravity in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gravitation . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Gravitation . Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Gravitation '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed.",
"23": "( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Gravitation , theory of '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 The fundamental interactions of physics Physical forces Strong interaction Weak interaction Electromagnetism Gravitation Radiations Electromagnetic radiation Gravitational radiation Hypothetical forces Quintessence Weak gravity conjecture Glossary of physics Particle physics Philosophy of physics Universe Weakless Universe Theories of gravitation Standard Newtonian gravity ( NG ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation History of gravitational theory General relativity ( GR ) Introduction History Mathematics Resources Tests Post-Newtonian formalism Linearized gravity ADM formalism Gibbons -- Hawking -- York boundary term Alternatives to general relativity Paradigms Classical theories of gravitation Quantum gravity Theory of everything Classical Einstein -- Cartan Bimetric theories Gauge theory gravity Teleparallelism Composite gravity f ( R ) gravity Infinite derivative gravity Massive gravity Modified Newtonian dynamics ( MOND ) Nonsymmetric gravitation Scalar -- tensor theories Brans -- Dicke Scalar -- tensor -- vector Conformal gravity Scalar theories Nordström Whitehead Geometrodynamics Induced gravity Tensor -- vector -- scalar Chameleon Pressuron Quantisation Euclidean quantum gravity Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler -- DeWitt equation Loop quantum",
"24": "gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory Unification Kaluza -- Klein theory Dilaton Supergravity Unification and quantisation Noncommutative geometry Semiclassical gravity Superfluid vacuum theory Logarithmic BEC vacuum String theory M - theory F - theory Heterotic string theory Type I string theory Type 0 string theory Bosonic string theory Type II string theory Little string theory Twistor theory Twistor string theory Generalisations / extensions of GR Scale relativity Liouville gravity Lovelock theory ( 2 + 1 ) - dimensional topological gravity Gauss -- Bonnet gravity Jackiw -- Teitelboim gravity Pre-Newtonian theories and toy models Aristotelian physics CGHS model RST model Mechanical explanations Fatio -- Le Sage Entropic gravity Gravitational interaction of antimatter LCCN : sh85056558 GND : 4021908 - 2 SUDOC : 027359921 BNF : cb11941885b ( data ) NDL : 00575134 BNE : XX530922 Astronomy portal Cosmology portal Gravitation portal Physics portal Space portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
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{
"0": "March of the penguins - Wikipedia March of the penguins Jump to : navigation , search `` La Marche de l'Empereur '' redirects here . For the soundtrack , see La Marche de l'Empereur ( soundtrack ) . March of the Penguins North American release poster Directed by Luc Jacquet Produced by Yves Darondeau Christophe Lioud Emmanuel Priou Written by Luc Jacquet Michel Fessler Narrated by Amitabh Bachchan Charles Berling Romane Bohringer Jules Sitruk Morgan Freeman Music by Émilie Simon ( France ) Alex Wurman ( US ) Cinematography Laurent Chalet Jérôme Maison Edited by Sabine Emiliani Production company Wild Bunch National Geographic Films Bonne Pioche Distributed by Buena Vista International France ( France ) Warner Independent Pictures ( English ) Release date 26 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 26 ) Running time 80 minutes Country France Language French Budget $8 million Box office $127.4 million March of the Penguins ( French La Marche de l'empereur ; French pronunciation : ( lamaʁʃ dəlɑ̃ˈpʁœʁ ) ) is a 2005 French feature - length nature documentary directed and co-written by Luc Jacquet , and co-produced by Bonne Pioche and the National Geographic Society . The documentary depicts the yearly journey of the emperor penguins of Antarctica . In autumn , all the penguins of breeding age ( five years old and over ) leave the ocean , their normal habitat , to walk inland to their ancestral breeding grounds . There , the penguins participate in a courtship that , if successful , results in the hatching of a chick . For the chick to survive , both parents must make multiple arduous journeys between the ocean and the breeding grounds over the ensuing months . It took one year for the two isolated cinematographers Laurent Chalet and Jérôme Maison to shoot the documentary , which was shot around the French scientific base of Dumont d'Urville in Adélie Land . The documentary won the 2006 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature .",
"1": "The documentary had a 2007 follow - up movie , `` Arctic Tale , '' which only took in at the box office $1.8 million worldwide. A sequel called March of the Penguins 2 : The Call was released in France in 2017 and will be released in the United States on Hulu on March 23rd , 2018 under the name March of the Penguins 2 : The Next Step . Contents ( hide ) 1 Subject matter 2 International versions 3 Releases and responses 4 Production 5 Political and social interpretations 6 Sequel 7 Awards 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Subject matter ( edit ) The emperor penguins use a particular spot as their breeding ground because it is on ice that is solid year round and no danger of the ice becoming too soft to support the colony exists . At the end of Antarctic summer , the breeding ground is only a few hundred meters away from the open water where the penguins can feed . However , by the end of winter , the breeding ground is over 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) away from the nearest open water . To reach it , all the penguins of breeding age must traverse this great distance . The penguins practice serial monogamy within each breeding season . The female lays a single egg , and the co-operation of the parents is needed if the chick is to survive . After the female lays the egg , she transfers it to the feet of the waiting male with minimal exposure to the elements , as the intense cold could kill the developing embryo . The male tends to the egg when the female returns to the sea , now even farther away , both to feed herself and to obtain extra food for feeding her chick when she returns . She has not eaten in two months and by the time she leaves the hatching area , she will have lost a third of her body weight . For an additional two months , the males huddle together for warmth , and incubate their eggs . They endure temperatures approaching − 62 ° C ( − 80 ° F ) , and their only source of water is snow that falls on the breeding ground .",
"2": "When the chicks hatch , the males have only a small meal to feed them , and if the female does not return , they must abandon their chick and return to the sea to feed themselves . By the time they return , they have lost half their weight and have not eaten for four months . The chicks are also at risk from predatory birds such as northern giant petrels . The mother penguins come back and feed their young , while the male penguins go all the way back to sea ( 70 miles ) to feed themselves . This gives the mothers time to feed their young ones and bond with them . Unfortunately , a fierce storm arrives and some of the chicks perish . The death of a chick is tragic , but it does allow the parents to return to the sea to feed for the rest of the breeding season . When a mother penguin loses its young in a fierce storm , it sometimes attempts to steal another mother 's chick . At times , the young are abandoned by one parent , and they must rely on the return of the other parent , which can recognize the chick only from its unique call . Many parents die on the trip , killed by exhaustion or by predators ( such as the leopard seal ) , dooming their chicks back at the breeding ground . The ingenious fight against starvation is a recurring theme throughout the documentary . In one scene , near - starving chicks are shown taking sustenance out of their father 's throat sacs , 11th - hour nourishment in the form of a milky , protein - rich substance secreted from a sac in the father 's throat to feed their chicks in the event that circumstances require . The parents must then tend to the chick for an additional four months , shuttling back and forth to the sea to provide food for their young . As spring progresses , the trip gets progressively easier as the ice melts and the distance to the sea decreases , until finally the parents can leave the chicks to fend for themselves . International versions ( edit ) The style of the documentary differs considerably between the original French version and some of the international versions . The original French - language release features a first - person narrative as if the story is being told by the penguins themselves .",
"3": "The narration alternates between a female ( Romane Bohringer ) and a male ( Charles Berling ) narrator speaking the alternate roles of the female and male penguin , and as the chicks are born , their narration is handled by child actor Jules Sitruk . This style is mimicked in some of the international versions . For example , in the Hungarian version , actors Ákos Kőszegi , Anna Kubik , and Gábor Morvai provide the voices of the penguins , and the German version as seen in German movie theaters ( and in the televised broadcast in April 2007 on channel ProSieben ) uses the voices of Andrea Loewig , Thorsten Michaelis , and Adrian Kilian for the `` dubbed dialog '' of the penguins . This style of narration is also used in the Danish and Cantonese DVD versions . Disney bidded to get US distribution rights to the film , but their bid ultimately failed , the English - language distribution rights were later acquired at the Sundance documentary festival in January 2005 , by Adam Leipzig of National Geographic Films , who had forged a distribution partnership with Warner Independent Pictures . In contrast to the French version , their English release has a third - person narrative by a single voice , actor Morgan Freeman . Similarly , the Austrian channel ORF 1 used for their broadcast in April 2007 , the alternate version available on the German `` Special Edition '' DVD which uses a documentary narration voiceover spoken by the German actor Sky Du Mont . Other releases ' narrators include the Dutch version , narrated by Belgian comedian Urbanus ; the Indian version , narrated in Hindi and English by Indian actor Amitabh Bachchan , is titled Penguins : A Love Story ; the Polish version , narrated by Polish actor Marek Kondrat ; and the Swedish version , narrated by Swedish actor Gösta Ekman . The Tagalog version is narrated by actress Sharon Cuneta ; it is entitled Penguin , Penguin , Paano Ka Ginawa ? ( English : Penguin , Penguin , How Were You Made ? ) with the English title as the subtitle . The Tagalog title is similar to that of a Philippine novel and film , Bata , Bata , Paano Ka Ginawa ? ( English : Child , Child , How Were You Made ? ) Another difference between the various international versions involves the music .",
"4": "The original version uses an original experimental soundtrack by electronic music composer Émilie Simon , whereas the English - language version replaces it with an instrumental score by Alex Wurman . The Hindi version happens to use the music from the French version . Releases and responses ( edit ) The first screening of the documentary was at the Sundance Film Festival in the United States on 21 January 2005 . It was released in France the next week , on 26 January , where it earned a 4 - star rating from AlloCiné , and was beaten at the box office only by The Aviator during its opening week . The original French version was released in Quebec . Subsequently , an English - language version was released in the rest of North America on 24 June 2005 , drawing praise from most critics who found it both informative and charming . It has received a 94 % `` fresh '' rating with the consensus `` Only the hardened soul wo n't be moved by this heartwarming doc '' on the website Rotten Tomatoes , which collects film reviews . The movie - going public apparently agreed with that assessment , as the documentary distinguished itself as one of the most successful documentaries of the season on a per - theatre basis : it became the second most successful documentary released in North America , after Fahrenheit 9 / 11 , grossing over $77 million in the United States and Canada ( in nominal dollars , from 1982 to the present . ) It grossed over $127 million worldwide . It 's the only movie from Warner Independent to be rated G by the MPAA . The documentary was released on DVD in France on 26 July 2005 , and in the United States by Warner Home Video on 29 November 2005 . It was never released on VHS by Warner Home Video , due to A Very Long Engagement being the last VHS by Warner Independent . It however spawned a VHS in French locations , such as French Canadian regions . The DVD extras address some of the criticisms the documentary had attracted , most notably by reframing the documentary as a scientific study and adding facts to what would otherwise have been a family film . This Region 2 release featured no English audio tracks or subtitles .",
"5": "An extra on the DVD issue was the controversial 1948 Bugs Bunny cartoon Frigid Hare , in which Bugs visits the South Pole and meets a young penguin fleeing an Eskimo hunter . The cartoon is not frequently seen because of its stereotypical depiction of the Inuit hunter , but it was included here uncut and uncensored . This is substituted in the American release with 8 Ball Bunny , likewise uncut and uncensored . In November 2006 , the documentary was adapted into a video game by DSI Games for the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance platforms . It features Lemmings - like gameplay . In 2007 , a direct - to - DVD parody written and directed by Bob Saget called Farce of the Penguins was released . It is narrated by Samuel L. Jackson and features other stars providing voice - overs for the penguins . Although the film uses footage from actual nature documentaries about penguins , the parody was not allowed to include footage from March of the Penguins itself . Production ( edit ) The DVD version includes a 54 - minute film entitled Of Penguins and Men made by the film crew Laurent Chalet and Jérôme Mason about the filming of March of the Penguins . Director and film crew spent more than 13 months at the Dumont d'Urville Station , where the Institut polaire français Paul - Émile Victor is based . Although the penguins ' meeting place , one of four in Antarctica , was known to be near , the day on which it occurs is not known , so they had to be ready every day . Fortunately , the gathering that year was huge -- more than 1,200 penguins , compared with the norm of a few hundred . For cameras to operate at − 40 ° , they had to use film and to load all the film for the day , as it was impossible to reload outside . Because of the isolation from any film studios , remembering each shot was necessary to ensure continuity and to make sure that all the necessary sequences were finished . The main challenge of making the documentary was the weather with temperatures between − 50 and − 60 ° C ( − 58 and − 76 ° F ) . At dawn , the film crew would spend half an hour putting on six layers of clothes , and on some days they could not spend more than three hours outside .",
"6": "They worked in winds with gusts up to 125 miles per hour , `` which in some ways is worse than the cold temperatures '' according to director Jaquet . Political and social interpretations ( edit ) The documentary attracted some political and social commentary in which the penguins were viewed anthropomorphically as having similarities with , and even lessons for , human society . Michael Medved praised the documentary for promoting conservative family values by showing the value of stable parenthood . Medved 's comments provoked responses by others , including Andrew Sullivan , who pointed out that the penguins are not in fact monogamous for more than one year , in reality practicing serial monogamy . Matt Walker of New Scientist pointed out that many emperor penguin `` adoptions '' of chicks are in fact kidnappings , as well as behaviours observed in other penguin species , such as ill treatment of weak chicks , prostitution , and ostracism of rare albino penguins . `` For instance , while it is true that emperor penguins often adopt each other 's chicks , they do not always do so in a way the moralisers would approve of . '' Sullivan and Walker both conclude that trying to use animal behavior as an example for human behavior is a mistake . The director , Luc Jacquet , has condemned such comparisons between penguins and humans . Asked by the San Diego Union Tribune to comment on the documentary 's use as `` a metaphor for family values -- the devotion to a mate , devotion to offspring , monogamy , self - denial '' , Jaquet responded : `` I condemn this position . I find it intellectually dishonest to impose this viewpoint on something that 's part of nature . It 's amusing , but if you take the monogamy argument , from one season to the next , the divorce rate , if you will , is between 80 to 90 percent ... the monogamy only lasts for the duration of one reproductive cycle . You have to let penguins be penguins and humans be humans . '' Some of the controversy over this may be media driven . Rich Lowry , editor of National Review , reported in the magazine 's blog that the BBC `` have been harassing me for days over March of the Penguins ... about what , I 'm not sure .",
"7": "I think to see if I would say on air that penguins are God 's instruments to pull America back from the hell - fire , or something like that . As politely as I could I told her , ' Lady , they 're just birds . ' '' Another controversy involves those who feel that the emperor penguin 's behavior can be viewed as an indication of intelligent design , and those who consider it to be an example of evolution by natural selection in action . Steve Jones , professor of genetics at University College London , is quoted as saying , `` Supporters of intelligent design think that if they see something they do n't understand , it must be God ; they fail to recognise that they themselves are part of evolution . It appeals to ignorance , which is why there is a lot of it in American politics at the moment . '' Author Susan Jacoby claims in her 2008 book , The Age of American Unreason ( page 26 ) , that the distributors of the movie deliberately avoided using the word `` evolution '' in order to avoid backlash from the American religious right , and writes , `` As it happens , the emperor penguin is literally a textbook example , cited in college - level biology courses , of evolution by means of natural selection and random mutation ... The financial wisdom of avoiding any mention of evolution was borne out at the box office ... '' Sequel ( edit ) On February 15 , 2017 , Disneynature released a possible follow - up to the film entitled L'Empereur , which has also been named March of the Penguins in some countries , it 's title is also March of The Penguins 2 : The Call , this one is narrated in France by Lambert Wilson , possibly due to the idea of giving the penguins voices in the original not sitting well with audiences . The film will be released in the United States as a Hulu exclusive under the name March of the Penguins 2 - The Next Step with Morgan Freeman reprising his role as narrator .",
"8": "Awards ( edit ) Won -- Academy Award for Documentary Feature Won -- American Cinema Editors , Best Edited Documentary : Sabine Emiliani Nominated -- BAFTA Awards , Best Cinematography : Laurent Chalet , Jérôme Maison Best Editing : Sabine Emiliani Won -- Broadcast Film Critics Association , Best Documentary Won -- César Awards , Best Sound ( Meilleur son ) : Laurent Quaglio , Gérard Lamps Nominated , Best Editing ( Meilleur montage ) : Sabine Emiliani Nominated , Best First Work ( Meilleur premier film ) : Luc Jacquet Nominated , Best Music Written for a Film ( Meilleure musique ) : Émilie Simon Won -- National Board of Review , Best Documentary Nominated -- Online Film Critics Society Awards , Best Documentary Nominated -- Satellite Awards , Outstanding Documentary DVD Nominated , Outstanding Motion Picture , Documentary Won -- Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards , Best Documentary Nominated -- Writers Guild of America , Documentary Screenplay Award : Jordan Roberts ( narration written by ) , Luc Jacquet ( screenplay / story ) , Michel Fessler ( screenplay ) Won -- Rotten Tomatoes ' Golden Tomato Awards -- Best Reviewed Documentary of 2005 , beating Murderball and Enron : The Smartest Guys in the Room Won -- London 's Favourite French Film in 2005 Won -- Victoires de la musique , Original cinema / television soundtrack of 2006 See also ( edit ) Ape and Super-Ape , a 1972 Dutch documentary film by Bert Haanstra about the differences and similarities between humans and animals , which also has extensive footage about the life of penguins on Antarctica , almost 30 years before March Of The Penguins was made . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eller , Claudia ; Dawn C. Chmielewski ( 22 April 2008 ) . `` Disney gets back to nature '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MARCH OF THE PENGUINS ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2005 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ March of the Penguins at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` March of the Penguins '' .",
"9": "Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NY Times : March of the Penguins '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ This bird is unidentified in the documentary itself , but the Region 2 DVD identifies it. Antarctic Skua Jump up ^ Carvajal , Doreen ( 2005 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Compared With Their Filmmakers , the Penguins Have It Easy '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` STORMBLOG : The Adam Leipzig Interview '' . coverageink.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ `` March of the Penguins '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Saget by Anderswolleck - SuicideGirls '' . suicidegirls.com . Jump up ^ Ed Nguyen . `` March of the Penguins , limited edition giftset '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ AATON Super 16 marches with the penguins Archived 2012 - 03 - 21 at the Wayback Machine ... Lemac.com.au . Jump up ^ March of the Penguins : interview with camera operators . Celebritywonder.com . ( accessed in 2012 ) Jump up ^ Jeffrey Rambo . `` The Making of March of the Penguins '' . scholastic.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Miller ( 2005 - 09 - 13 ) . `` March of the Conservatives : Penguin Film as Political Fodder '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Andrew ( 18 September 2005 ) . `` Not - so - picky penguins muddy the morality war '' . London : The Times . Jump up ^ Walker , Matt ( 1 October 2005 ) . Bird - brained : a new film portrays penguins as paragons of virtue . New Scientist . p. 17 .",
"10": "Beware , modeling human behavior on animals is fraught with danger . Jump up ^ ( Gale Cengage Learning , subscription or library card required ) retrieved on 8 September 2008 Jump up ^ `` ' March ' director marches to the tune of ' pure pleasure ' '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . 2005 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Rich . Oh no , the BBC 18 September 2005 . Jump up ^ Smith , David ( 27 September 2005 ) . `` How the penguin 's life story inspired the US religious right '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Jacquet , Luc ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) , March of the Penguins , Thomas Acda , Pif , Dennis Storhøi , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray . `` Hulu Picks Up Second Installment Of ' National Treasure ' ; Adds ' March of the Penguins 2 ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ http://cinemagazine.nl/bij-de-beesten-af-1972-recensie/ Further reading ( edit ) `` How the penguin 's life story inspired the US religious right '' -- David Smith , Guardian Unlimited Film News , 18 September 2005 `` The Unfortunate experience of a Director of Photography '' -- Amelie Zola , IMAGO , European Federation of Cinematographers , March 2007 External links ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : 2006 Oscars handed out at Kodak Theatre Official website March of the Penguins on IMDb March of the Penguins at the TCM Movie Database March of the Penguins at AllMovie March of the Penguins at Box Office Mojo March of the Penguins at Rotten Tomatoes March of the Penguins at Metacritic `` March of the Penguins '' . TV Tropes . Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature 1942 -- 1975 The Battle of Midway / Kokoda Front Line !",
"11": "/ Moscow Strikes Back / Prelude to War ( 1942 ) Desert Victory ( 1943 ) The Fighting Lady ( 1944 ) The True Glory ( 1945 ) None given ( 1946 ) Design for Death ( 1947 ) The Secret Land ( 1948 ) Daybreak in Udi ( 1949 ) The Titan : Story of Michelangelo ( 1950 ) Kon - Tiki ( 1951 ) The Sea Around Us ( 1952 ) The Living Desert ( 1953 ) The Vanishing Prairie ( 1954 ) Helen Keller in Her Story ( 1955 ) The Silent World ( 1956 ) Albert Schweitzer ( 1957 ) White Wilderness ( 1958 ) Serengeti Shall Not Die ( 1959 ) The Horse with the Flying Tail ( 1960 ) Sky Above and Mud Beneath ( 1961 ) Black Fox : The Rise and Fall of Adolf Hitler ( 1962 ) Robert Frost : A Lover 's Quarrel with the World ( 1963 ) World Without Sun ( 1964 ) The Eleanor Roosevelt Story ( 1965 ) The War Game ( 1966 ) The Anderson Platoon ( 1967 ) Journey into Self ( 1968 ) Arthur Rubinstein -- The Love of Life ( 1969 ) Woodstock ( 1970 ) The Hellstrom Chronicle ( 1971 ) Marjoe ( 1972 ) The Great American Cowboy ( 1973 ) Hearts and Minds ( 1974 ) The Man Who Skied Down Everest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Harlan County , USA ( 1976 ) Who Are the DeBolts ? And Where Did They Get Nineteen Kids ? ( 1977 ) Scared Straight !",
"12": "( 1978 ) Best Boy ( 1979 ) From Mao to Mozart : Isaac Stern in China ( 1980 ) Genocide ( 1981 ) Just Another Missing Kid ( 1982 ) He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin ' ( 1983 ) The Times of Harvey Milk ( 1984 ) Broken Rainbow ( 1985 ) Artie Shaw : Time Is All You 've Got / Down and Out in America ( 1986 ) The Ten - Year Lunch ( 1987 ) Hôtel Terminus : The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie ( 1988 ) Common Threads : Stories from the Quilt ( 1989 ) American Dream ( 1990 ) In the Shadow of the Stars ( 1991 ) The Panama Deception ( 1992 ) I Am a Promise : The Children of Stanton Elementary School ( 1993 ) Maya Lin : A Strong Clear Vision ( 1994 ) Anne Frank Remembered ( 1995 ) When We Were Kings ( 1996 ) The Long Way Home ( 1997 ) The Last Days ( 1998 ) One Day in September ( 1999 ) Into the Arms of Strangers : Stories of the Kindertransport ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Murder on a Sunday Morning ( 2001 ) Bowling for Columbine ( 2002 ) The Fog of War ( 2003 ) Born into Brothels ( 2004 ) March of the Penguins ( 2005 ) An Inconvenient Truth ( 2006 ) Taxi to the Dark Side ( 2007 ) Man on Wire ( 2008 ) The Cove ( 2009 ) Inside Job ( 2010 ) Undefeated ( 2011 ) Searching for Sugar Man ( 2012 ) 20 Feet from Stardom ( 2013 ) Citizenfour ( 2014 ) Amy ( 2015 ) O.J.",
"13": ": Made in America ( 2016 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Documentary Feature Crumb ( 1995 ) When We Were Kings ( 1996 ) 4 Little Girls ( 1997 ) Wild Man Blues ( 1998 ) Buena Vista Social Club ( 1999 ) The Life and Times of Hank Greenberg ( 2000 ) n / a ( 2001 ) Bowling for Columbine ( 2002 ) Capturing the Friedmans ( 2003 ) Fahrenheit 9 / 11 ( 2004 ) March of the Penguins ( 2005 ) An Inconvenient Truth ( 2006 ) Sicko ( 2007 ) Man on Wire ( 2008 ) The Cove ( 2009 ) Waiting for `` Superman '' ( 2010 ) George Harrison : Living in the Material World ( 2011 ) Searching for Sugar Man ( 2012 ) 20 Feet from Stardom ( 2013 ) Life Itself ( 2014 ) Amy ( 2015 ) GND : 7525627 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_of_the_Penguins&oldid=821064895 '' Categories : 2005 films French - language films 2000s documentary films French films French documentary films Best Documentary Feature Academy Award winners Documentary films about Antarctica Documentary films about nature Films about penguins French independent films Warner Independent Pictures films Warner Bros.",
"14": "films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 05 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what went wrong on the columbia space shuttle
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[
"a piece of foam insulation broke off from the Space Shuttle external tank and struck the left wing of the orbiter"
] |
{
"0": "Space shuttle Columbia disaster - Wikipedia Space shuttle Columbia disaster Jump to : navigation , search Space Shuttle Columbia disaster STS - 107 flight insignia Date February 1 , 2003 ; 14 years ago ( 2003 - 02 - 01 ) Time 08 : 59 EST ( 13 : 59 UTC ) Location Over Texas and Louisiana Cause Wing damage from debris Outcome Space Shuttle fleet was grounded for more than two years while safety measures were added , including procedures to deal with catastrophic cabin depressurization , better crew restraints , and an automated parachute system . Casualties Rick D. Husband William C. McCool Michael P. Anderson Kalpana Chawla David M. Brown Laurel Clark Ilan Ramon Inquiries Columbia Accident Investigation Board On February 1 , 2003 , the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated upon reentering Earth 's atmosphere , killing all seven crew members . The disaster was the second fatal accident in the Space Shuttle program after Space Shuttle Challenger , which broke apart and killed the seven - member crew 73 seconds after liftoff in 1986 . During the launch of STS - 107 , Columbia 's 28th mission , a piece of foam insulation broke off from the Space Shuttle external tank and struck the left wing of the orbiter . A few previous shuttle launches had seen damage ranging from minor to major from foam shedding , but some engineers suspected that the damage to Columbia was more serious . NASA managers limited the investigation , reasoning that the crew could not have fixed the problem if it had been confirmed . When Columbia re-entered the atmosphere of Earth , the damage allowed hot atmospheric gases to penetrate and destroy the internal wing structure , which caused the spacecraft to become unstable and break apart . After the disaster , Space Shuttle flight operations were suspended for more than two years , as they had been after the Challenger disaster . Construction of the International Space Station ( ISS ) was put on hold ; the station relied entirely on the Russian Roscosmos State Corporation for resupply for 29 months until Shuttle flights resumed with STS - 114 and 41 months for crew rotation until STS - 121 .",
"1": "Several technical and organizational changes were made , including adding a thorough on - orbit inspection to determine how well the shuttle 's thermal protection system had endured the ascent , and keeping a designated rescue mission ready in case irreparable damage was found . Except for one final mission to repair the Hubble Space Telescope , subsequent shuttle missions were flown only to the ISS so that the crew could use it as a haven in case damage to the orbiter prevented safe reentry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Crew 2 Debris strike during launch 3 Flight risk management 4 Re-entry timeline 5 Crew survivability aspects 6 Presidential response 7 Recovery of debris 7.1 Crew cabin video 8 Investigation 8.1 Initial investigation 8.2 Columbia Accident Investigation Board 8.3 Conclusions 8.4 Other contributing factors 8.5 Possible emergency procedures 9 Memorials 10 Effect on space programs 11 Sociocultural aftermath 11.1 Fears of terrorism 11.2 Purple streak image 11.3 2003 Armageddon film hoax 11.4 Music 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Crew ( edit ) The crew of STS - 107 in October 2001 . From left to right : Brown , Husband , Clark , Chawla , Anderson , McCool , Ramon Commander : Rick D. Husband , a U.S. Air Force colonel and mechanical engineer , who piloted a previous shuttle during the first docking with the International Space Station ( STS - 96 ) . Pilot : William C. McCool , a U.S. Navy commander . Payload Commander : Michael P. Anderson , a U.S. Air Force lieutenant colonel , physicist , and mission specialist who was in charge of the science mission . Payload Specialist : Ilan Ramon , a colonel in the Israeli Air Force and the first Israeli astronaut . Mission Specialist : Kalpana Chawla , aerospace engineer who was on her second space mission . Mission Specialist : David M. Brown , a U.S. Navy captain trained as an aviator and flight surgeon . Brown worked on scientific experiments . Mission Specialist : Laurel Blair Salton Clark , a U.S. Navy captain and flight surgeon .",
"2": "Clark worked on biological experiments . Debris strike during launch ( edit ) Columbia lifting off on its final mission . The light - colored triangle visible at the base of the strut near the nose of the orbiter is the Left Bipod Foam Ramp . Video Space Shuttle external tank foam block Close - up of the Left Bipod Foam Ramp that broke off and damaged the Shuttle wing The shuttle 's main fuel tank is covered in thermal insulation foam intended to prevent ice from forming when the tank is full of liquid hydrogen and oxygen . Such ice could damage the shuttle if shed during lift - off . Mission STS - 107 was the 113th Space Shuttle launch . Planned to begin on January 11 , 2001 , the mission was delayed 18 times and eventually launched on January 16 , 2003 , following STS - 113 . ( The Columbia Accident Investigation Board determined that this delay had nothing to do with the catastrophic failure . ) About 82 seconds after launch from Kennedy Space Center 's LC - 39 - A , a suitcase - sized piece of foam broke off from the External Tank ( ET ) , striking Columbia 's left wing reinforced carbon - carbon ( RCC ) panels . As demonstrated by ground experiments conducted by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board , this likely created a 6 - to - 10 - inch ( 15 to 25 cm ) diameter hole , allowing hot gases to enter the wing when Columbia later re-entered the atmosphere . At the time of the foam strike , the orbiter was at an altitude of about 66,000 feet ( 20 km ; 12.5 mi ) , traveling at Mach 2.46 ( 1,626 miles per hour or 727 meters per second ) . The Left Bipod Foam Ramp is an approximately three - foot ( one - meter ) long aerodynamic component made entirely of foam . The foam , not normally considered to be a structural material , is required to bear some aerodynamic loads . Because of these special requirements , the casting - in - place and curing of the ramps may be performed only by a senior technician .",
"3": "The bipod ramp ( having left and right sides ) was originally designed to reduce aerodynamic stresses around the bipod attachment points at the external tank , but it was proven unnecessary in the wake of the accident and was removed from the external tank design for tanks flown after STS - 107 ( another foam ramp along the liquid oxygen line was also later removed from the tank design to eliminate it as a foam debris source , after analysis and tests proved this change safe ) . Bipod Ramp insulation had been observed falling off , in whole or in part , on four previous flights : STS - 7 ( 1983 ) , STS - 32 ( 1990 ) , STS - 50 ( 1992 ) and most recently STS - 112 ( just two launches before STS - 107 ) . All affected shuttle missions completed successfully . NASA management came to refer to this phenomenon as `` foam shedding '' . As with the O - ring erosion problems that ultimately doomed the Space Shuttle Challenger , NASA management became accustomed to these phenomena when no serious consequences resulted from these earlier episodes . This phenomenon was termed `` normalization of deviance '' by sociologist Diane Vaughan in her book on the Challenger launch decision process . As it happened , STS - 112 had been the first flight with the `` ET Cam '' , a video feed mounted on the ET for the purpose of giving greater insight to the foam shedding problem . During that launch a chunk of foam broke away from the ET bipod ramp and hit the SRB - ET Attach Ring near the bottom of the left solid rocket booster ( SRB ) causing a dent four inches wide and three inches deep in it . After STS - 112 , NASA leaders analyzed the situation and decided to press ahead under the justification that `` ( t ) he ET is safe to fly with no new concerns ( and no added risk ) '' of further foam strikes . Video taken during lift - off of STS - 107 was routinely reviewed two hours later and revealed nothing unusual . The following day , higher - resolution film that had been processed overnight revealed the foam debris striking the left wing , potentially damaging the thermal protection on the Space Shuttle . At the time , the exact location where the foam struck the wing could not be determined due to the low resolution of the tracking camera footage . Meanwhile , NASA 's judgment about the risks was revisited .",
"4": "Linda Ham , chair of the Mission Management Team ( MMT ) , said , `` Rationale was lousy then and still is . '' Ham and Shuttle Program Manager Ron Dittemore had both been present at the October 31 , 2002 , meeting where the decision to continue with launches was made . Post-disaster analysis revealed that two previous shuttle launches ( STS - 52 and - 62 ) also had bipod ramp foam loss that went undetected . In addition , Protuberance Air Load ( PAL ) ramp foam had also shed pieces , and there were also spot losses from large - area foams . Flight risk management ( edit ) In a risk - management scenario similar to the Challenger disaster , NASA management failed to recognize the relevance of engineering concerns for safety and suggestions for imaging to inspect possible damage , and failed to respond to engineers ' requests about the status of astronaut inspection of the left wing . Engineers made three separate requests for Department of Defense ( DOD ) imaging of the shuttle in orbit to determine damage more precisely . While the images were not guaranteed to show the damage , the capability existed for imaging of sufficient resolution to provide meaningful examination . NASA management did not honor the requests and in some cases intervened to stop the DOD from assisting . The CAIB recommended subsequent shuttle flights be imaged while in orbit using ground - based or space - based DOD assets . Details of the DOD 's unfulfilled participation with Columbia remain secret ; retired NASA official Wayne Hale stated in 2012 that `` activity regarding other national assets and agencies remains classified and I can not comment on that aspect of the Columbia tragedy '' . Throughout the risk assessment process , senior NASA managers were influenced by their belief that nothing could be done even if damage were detected . This affected their stance on investigation urgency , thoroughness and possible contingency actions . They decided to conduct a parametric `` what - if '' scenario study more suited to determine risk probabilities of future events , instead of inspecting and assessing the actual damage . The investigation report in particular singled out NASA manager Linda Ham for exhibiting this attitude .",
"5": "In 2013 , Hale recalled that Director of Mission Operations Jon C. Harpold shared with him before Columbia 's destruction a mindset which Hale himself later agreed was widespread at the time , even among the astronauts themselves : You know , there is nothing we can do about damage to the TPS ( Thermal Protection System ) . If it has been damaged it 's probably better not to know . I think the crew would rather not know . Do n't you think it would be better for them to have a happy successful flight and die unexpectedly during entry than to stay on orbit , knowing that there was nothing to be done , until the air ran out ? Much of the risk assessment hinged on damage predictions to the thermal protection system . These fall into two categories : damage to the silica tile on the wing lower surface , and damage to the reinforced carbon - carbon ( RCC ) leading - edge panels . The TPS includes a third category of components , thermal insulating blankets , but damage predictions are not typically performed on them . Damage assessments on the thermal blankets can be performed after an anomaly has been observed , and this has been done at least once after the return to flight following Columbia 's loss . Before the flight NASA believed that the RCC was very durable . Charles F. Bolden , who worked on tile - damage scenarios and repair methods early in his astronaut career , said in 2004 that : never did we talk about ( the RCC ) because we all thought that it was impenetrable ... I spent fourteen years in the space program flying , thinking that I had this huge mass that was about five or six inches thick on the leading edge of the wing . And , to find after Columbia that it was fractions of an inch thick , and that it was n't as strong as the Fiberglass on your Corvette , that was an eye - opener , and I think for all of us ... the best minds that I know of , in and outside of NASA , never envisioned that as a failure mode . Damage - prediction software was used to evaluate possible tile and RCC damage . The tool for predicting tile damage was known as `` Crater '' , described by several NASA representatives in press briefings as not actually a software program but rather a statistical spreadsheet of observed past flight events and effects .",
"6": "The `` Crater '' tool predicted severe penetration of multiple tiles by the impact if it struck the TPS tile area , but NASA engineers downplayed this . It had been shown that the model overstated damage from small projectiles , and engineers believed that the model would also overstate damage from larger Spray - On Foam Insulation ( SOFI ) impacts . The program used to predict RCC damage was based on small ice impacts the size of cigarette butts , not larger SOFI impacts , as the ice impacts were the only recognized threats to RCC panels up to that point . Under one of 15 predicted SOFI impact paths , the software predicted an ice impact would completely penetrate the RCC panel . Engineers downplayed this , too , believing that impacts of the less dense SOFI material would result in less damage than ice impacts . In an e-mail exchange , NASA managers questioned whether the density of the SOFI could be used as justification for reducing predicted damage . Despite engineering concerns about the energy imparted by the SOFI material , NASA managers ultimately accepted the rationale to reduce predicted damage of the RCC panels from possible complete penetration to slight damage to the panel 's thin coating . Ultimately the NASA Mission Management Team felt there was insufficient evidence to indicate that the strike was an unsafe situation , so they declared the debris strike a `` turnaround '' issue ( not of highest importance ) and denied the requests for the Department of Defense images . On January 23 , flight director Steve Stich sent an e-mail to Columbia , informing commander Husband and pilot McCool of the foam strike while unequivocally dismissing any concerns about entry safety . During ascent at approximately 80 seconds , photo analysis shows that some debris from the area of the - Y ET Bipod Attach Point came loose and subsequently impacted the orbiter left wing , in the area of transition from Chine to Main Wing , creating a shower of smaller particles . The impact appears to be totally on the lower surface and no particles are seen to traverse over the upper surface of the wing . Experts have reviewed the high speed photography and there is no concern for RCC or tile damage . We have seen this same phenomenon on several other flights and there is absolutely no concern for entry . Edward Tufte , an expert in information design and presentation , remarked on poor modes of communication during the assessment made on the ground , before Columbia 's reentry . NASA and Boeing favored Microsoft PowerPoint for conveying information .",
"7": "PowerPoint uses multi-level bullet points and orients towards single - page - of - information groupings . This is not ideal for complex scientific and engineering reports , and may have caused recipients to draw incorrect conclusions . In particular , the slide format may have emphasized optimistic options and glossed over the more accurate pessimistic viewpoints . Re-entry timeline ( edit ) Columbia was scheduled to land at 9 : 16 a.m. EST . 2 : 30 a.m. EST , February 1 , 2003 : The Entry Flight Control Team began duty in the Mission Control Center ( known today as the Christopher C. Kraft Jr . Mission Control Center ) . The Flight Control Team had not been working on any issues or problems related to the planned de-orbit and re-entry of Columbia . In particular , the team had indicated no concerns about the debris that hit the left wing during ascent , and treated the re-entry like any other . The team worked through the de-orbit preparation checklist and re-entry checklist procedures . Weather forecasters , with the help of pilots in the Shuttle Training Aircraft , evaluated landing - site weather conditions at the Kennedy Space Center . 8 : 00 : Mission Control Center Entry Flight Director LeRoy Cain polled the Mission Control room for a GO / NO - GO decision for the de-orbit burn . All weather observations and forecasts were within guidelines set by the flight rules , and all systems were normal . 8 : 10 : The Capsule Communicator ( CAPCOM ) told the crew that they were GO for de-orbit burn . 8 : 15 : 30 ( EI - 1719 ) : Husband and McCool executed the de-orbit burn using Columbia 's two Orbital Maneuvering System engines . The Orbiter was upside down and tail - first over the Indian Ocean at an altitude of 175 miles ( 282 km ) and speed of 17,500 miles per hour ( 7.8 km / s ) when the burn was executed . A 2 - minute , 38 - second de-orbit burn during the 255th orbit slowed the Orbiter to begin its re-entry into the atmosphere . The burn proceeded normally , putting the crew under about one - tenth gravity . Husband then turned Columbia right side up , facing forward with the nose pitched up .",
"8": "8 : 44 : 09 ( EI + 000 ) : Entry Interface ( EI ) , arbitrarily defined as the point at which the Orbiter entered the discernible atmosphere at 400,000 feet ( 120 km ; 76 mi ) , occurred over the Pacific Ocean . As Columbia descended , the heat of reentry caused wing leading - edge temperatures to rise steadily , reaching an estimated 2,500 ° F ( 1,370 ° C ) during the next six minutes . ( As former Space Shuttle Program Manager Wayne Hale said in a press briefing , about 90 % of this heating is the result of compression of the atmospheric gas caused by the orbiter 's supersonic flight , rather than the result of friction . ) Columbia at about 8 : 57 . Debris is visible coming from the left wing ( bottom ) . The image was taken at Starfire Optical Range at Kirtland Air Force Base . 8 : 48 : 39 ( EI + 270 ) : A sensor on the left wing leading edge spar showed strains higher than those seen on previous Columbia re-entries . This was recorded only on the Modular Auxiliary Data System , which is similar in concept to a flight data recorder , and was not sent to ground controllers or shown to the crew . 8 : 49 : 32 ( EI + 323 ) : Columbia executed a planned roll to the right . Speed : Mach 24.5 . Columbia began a banking turn to manage lift and therefore limit the Orbiter 's rate of descent and heating . 8 : 50 : 53 ( EI + 404 ) : Columbia entered a 10 - minute period of peak heating , during which the thermal stresses were at their maximum . Speed : Mach 24.1 ; altitude : 243,000 feet ( 74 km ; 46.0 mi ) . 8 : 52 : 00 ( EI + 471 ) : Columbia was about 300 miles ( 480 km ) west of the California coastline . The wing leading - edge temperatures usually reached 2,650 ° F ( 1,450 ° C ) at this point . 8 : 53 : 26 ( EI + 557 ) : Columbia crossed the California coast west of Sacramento .",
"9": "Speed : Mach 23 ; altitude : 231,600 feet ( 70.6 km ; 43.86 mi ) . Columbia debris ( in red , orange , and yellow ) detected by National Weather Service radar over Texas and Louisiana The Orbiter 's wing leading edge typically reached more than 2,800 ° F ( 1,540 ° C ) at this point . 8 : 53 : 46 ( EI + 577 ) : Various people on the ground saw signs of debris being shed . Speed : Mach 22.8 ; altitude : 230,200 feet ( 70.2 km ; 43.60 mi ) . The superheated air surrounding the Orbiter suddenly brightened , causing a streak in the Orbiter 's luminescent trail that was quite noticeable in the pre-dawn skies over the West Coast . Observers witnessed four similar events during the following 23 seconds . Dialogue on some of the amateur footage indicates the observers were aware of the abnormality of what they were filming . 8 : 54 : 24 ( EI + 615 ) : The Maintenance , Mechanical , and Crew Systems ( MMACS ) officer told the Flight Director that four hydraulic sensors in the left wing were indicating `` off - scale low '' . In Mission Control , re-entry had been proceeding normally up to this point . `` Off - scale low '' is a reading that falls below the minimum capability of the sensor , and it usually indicates that the sensor has stopped functioning , due to internal or external factors , not that the quantity it measures is actually below the sensor 's minimum response value . 8 : 54 : 25 ( EI + 616 ) : Columbia crossed from California into Nevada airspace . Speed : Mach 22.5 ; altitude : 227,400 feet ( 69.3 km ; 43.07 mi ) . Witnesses observed a bright flash at this point and 18 similar events in the next four minutes . 8 : 55 : 00 ( EI + 651 ) : Nearly 11 minutes after Columbia re-entered the atmosphere , wing leading - edge temperatures normally reached nearly 3,000 ° F ( 1,650 ° C ) . 8 : 55 : 32 ( EI + 683 ) : Columbia crossed from Nevada into Utah .",
"10": "Speed : Mach 21.8 ; altitude : 223,400 feet ( 68.1 km ; 42.31 mi ) . 8 : 55 : 52 ( EI + 703 ) : Columbia crossed from Utah into Arizona . 8 : 56 : 30 ( EI + 741 ) : Columbia began a roll reversal , turning from right to left over Arizona . 8 : 56 : 45 ( EI + 756 ) : Columbia crossed from Arizona to New Mexico . Speed : Mach 20.9 ; altitude : 219,000 feet ( 67 km ; 41.5 mi ) . 8 : 57 : 24 ( EI + 795 ) : Columbia passed just north of Albuquerque . 8 : 58 : 00 ( EI + 831 ) : At this point , wing leading - edge temperatures typically decreased to 2,880 ° F ( 1,580 ° C ) . 8 : 58 : 20 ( EI + 851 ) : Columbia crossed from New Mexico into Texas . Speed : Mach 19.5 ; altitude : 209,800 feet ( 63.9 km ; 39.73 mi ) . At about this time , the Orbiter shed a Thermal Protection System tile , the most westerly piece of debris that has been recovered . Searchers found the tile in a field in Littlefield , Texas , just northwest of Lubbock . 8 : 59 : 15 ( EI + 906 ) : MMACS told the Flight Director that pressure readings had been lost on both left main landing - gear tires . The Flight Director then instructed the Capsule Communicator ( CAPCOM ) to let the crew know that Mission Control saw the messages and was evaluating the indications , and added that the Flight Control Team did not understand the crew 's last transmission . 8 : 59 : 32 ( EI + 923 ) : A broken response from the mission commander was recorded : `` Roger , uh , bu -- ( cut off in mid-word ) ... '' It was the last communication from the crew and the last telemetry signal received in Mission Control . 8 : 59 : 37 ( EI + 928 ) : Hydraulic pressure , which is required to move the flight control surfaces , was lost at about 8 : 59 : 37 .",
"11": "At that time , the Master Alarm would have sounded for the loss of hydraulics , and the shuttle would have begun to lose control , starting to roll and yaw uncontrollably , and the crew would have become aware of the serious problem . 9 : 00 : 18 ( EI + 969 ) : Videos and eyewitness reports by observers on the ground in and near Dallas indicated that the Orbiter had disintegrated overhead , continued to break up into smaller pieces , and left multiple ion trails , as it continued eastward . In Mission Control , while the loss of signal was a cause for concern , there was no sign of any serious problem . Before the orbiter broke up at 9 : 00 : 18 , the Columbia cabin pressure was nominal and the crew was capable of conscious actions . Although the crew module remained mostly intact through the breakup , it was damaged enough that it lost pressure at a rate fast enough to incapacitate the crew within seconds , and was completely depressurized no later than 9 : 00 : 53 . 9 : 00 : 57 ( EI + 1008 ) : The crew module , intact to this point , was seen breaking into small subcomponents . It disappeared from view at 9 : 01 : 10 . The crew , if not already dead , were killed no later than this point . 9 : 05 : Residents of north central Texas , particularly near Tyler , reported a loud boom , a small concussion wave , smoke trails and debris in the clear skies above the counties east of Dallas . 9 : 12 : 39 ( EI + 1710 ) : After hearing of reports of the shuttle being seen to break apart , Entry Flight Director LeRoy Cain declared a contingency ( events leading to loss of the vehicle ) and alerted search - and - rescue teams in the debris area . He called on the Ground Controller to `` lock the doors '' , meaning no one would be permitted to enter or leave until everything needed for investigation of the accident had been secured . Two minutes later , Mission Control put contingency procedures into effect . Crew survivability aspects ( edit ) In 2008 , NASA released a detailed report on survivability aspects of the Columbia reentry . The crew would have had less than a minute between the beginning of orbiter disintegration and depressurization .",
"12": "The structural failure of the left wing set off alarms in the cabin , although they had no way of knowing that the wing had broken apart as the rear of the orbiter could not be seen from the cabin . All evidence indicated that the crew frantically tried to regain control of Columbia as it began to spin out of control , but the loss of the left wing caused the orbiter to yaw to the right , exposing its underside to extreme aerodynamic forces and causing total structural disintegration . The crew cabin separated from the rest of the orbiter and rapidly depressurized , which would have killed or incapacitated the astronauts within seconds . Afterwards , the cabin spun around at high RPM , which caused the seat restraints on their upper bodies to fail . They were thus whipped around violently and pummeled by flying and falling objects from the disintegrating cabin , along with their heads and necks being slammed against the helmets , which were not designed to provide any head protection . Even if the cabin had remained structurally intact and reached a lower altitude where air could refill it , the high altitude depressurization would have been fatal to the astronauts unless they received medical attention within 5 minutes , approximately the amount of time it would take between cerebral hypoxia and brain death . After cabin disintegration , the astronauts ' bodies were released into the upper atmosphere and battered by extreme aerodynamic forces ( close to 14,000 MPH ) and temperatures . The remains of the crew then fell some 200,000 feet to earth , where they were also subjected to burning from aerodynamic heating . The official NASA report omitted some of the more graphic details on the recovery of the remains , however witnesses reported various gruesome finds such as a human heart and parts of femur bones . All evidence indicated that crew error was in no way responsible for the disintegration of the orbiter , and they had acted correctly and according to procedure at the first indication of trouble . Although some of the crew were not wearing gloves or helmets during reentry and some were not properly restrained in their seats , doing these things would have added nothing to their survival chances other than perhaps keeping them alive and conscious another 30 or so seconds .",
"13": "Presidential response ( edit ) President George W. Bush 's address on the Columbia 's destruction , February 1 , 2003 At 14 : 04 EST ( 19 : 04 UTC ) , President George W. Bush said , `` This day has brought terrible news and great sadness to our country ... The Columbia is lost ; there are no survivors '' . Despite the disaster , Bush said , `` The cause in which they died will continue ... Our journey into space will go on '' . Bush later declared East Texas a federal disaster area , allowing federal agencies to help with the recovery effort . Recovery of debris ( edit ) A grid on the floor is used to organize recovered debris Recovered power - head of one of Columbia 's main engines More than 2,000 debris fields were found in sparsely populated areas from Nacogdoches in East Texas , where a large amount of debris fell , to western Louisiana and the southwestern counties of Arkansas . A large amount of debris was recovered between Tyler , Texas and Palestine , Texas . One debris field has been mapped along a path stretching from south of Fort Worth to Hemphill , Texas , as well as into parts of Louisiana . Various notable places that had debris included Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches and several casinos in Shreveport , Louisiana . Along with pieces of the shuttle and bits of equipment , searchers also found human body parts , including arms , feet , a torso , and a heart . In the months after the disaster , the largest - ever organized ground search took place . Thousands of volunteers descended upon Texas to participate in the effort to gather the Shuttle 's remains . According to Mike Ciannilli , Project Manager of the Columbia Research and Preservation Office , `` ( these people ) put their life on hold to help out the nation 's space program , '' showing `` what space means to people . '' NASA issued warnings to the public that any debris could contain hazardous chemicals , that it should be left untouched , its location reported to local emergency services or government authorities , and that anyone in unauthorized possession of debris would be prosecuted . Because of the widespread area , volunteer amateur radio operators accompanied the search teams to provide communications support .",
"14": "A group of small ( 1 mm ) adult Caenorhabditis elegans worms , living in petri dishes enclosed in aluminum canisters , survived reentry and impact with the ground and were recovered weeks after the disaster . The culture was found to be alive on April 28 , 2003 . The worms were part of a biological research in canisters experiment designed to study the effect of weightlessness on physiology ; the experiment was conducted by Cassie Conley , NASA 's planetary protection officer . Debris Search Pilot Jules F. Mier Jr. and Debris Search Aviation Specialist Charles Krenek died in a helicopter crash that injured three others during the search . Some Texas residents recovered some of the debris , ignoring the warnings , and attempted to sell it on the online auction site eBay , starting at $10,000 . The auction was quickly removed , but prices for Columbia merchandise such as programs , photographs and patches , went up dramatically following the disaster , creating a surge of Columbia - related listings . A three - day amnesty offered for `` looted '' shuttle debris brought in hundreds of illegally recovered pieces . About 40,000 recovered pieces of debris have never been identified . The largest pieces recovered include the front landing gear , and a window frame . The glow of reentry as seen out the front windows On May 9 , 2008 , it was reported that data from a disk drive on board Columbia had survived the shuttle accident , and while part of the 340 MB drive was damaged , 99 % of the data was recovered . The drive was used to store data from an experiment on the properties of shear thinning . On July 29 , 2011 , Nacogdoches authorities told NASA that a 4 - foot ( 1.2 m ) diameter piece of debris had been found in a lake . NASA identified the piece as a power reactant storage and distribution ( PRSD ) . All recovered non-human Columbia debris is stored in unused office space at the Vehicle Assembly Building , except for parts of the crew compartment , which are kept separate . Crew cabin video ( edit ) Play media Video taken by the crew of part of re-entry Among the recovered items was a videotape recording made by the astronauts during the start of re-entry . The 13 - minute recording shows the flight crew astronauts conducting routine re-entry procedures and joking with each other .",
"15": "None gives any indication of a problem . In the video , the flight - deck crew puts on their gloves and passes the video camera around to record plasma and flames visible outside the windows of the orbiter ( a normal occurrence ) . The recording , which on normal flights would have continued through landing , ends about four minutes before the shuttle began to disintegrate and 11 minutes before Mission Control lost the signal from the orbiter . Investigation ( edit ) Initial Investigation ( edit ) Mock - up of a Space Shuttle leading edge made with an RCC - panel taken from Discovery . Simulation of known and possible conditions of the foam impact on Columbia 's final launch showed brittle fracture of RCC . NASA Space Shuttle Program Manager Ron Dittemore reported that `` The first indication was loss of temperature sensors and hydraulic systems on the left wing . They were followed seconds and minutes later by several other problems , including loss of tire pressure indications on the left main gear and then indications of excessive structural heating '' . Analysis of 31 seconds of telemetry data which had initially been filtered out because of data corruption within it showed the shuttle fighting to maintain its orientation , eventually using maximum thrust from its Reaction Control System jets . The investigation focused on the foam strike from the very beginning . Incidents of debris strikes from ice and foam causing damage during take - off were already well known , and had damaged orbiters , most noticeably during STS - 45 , STS - 27 , and STS - 87 . After the loss of Columbia , NASA concluded that mistakes during installation were the likely cause of foam loss , and retrained employees at Michoud Assembly Facility in Louisiana to apply foam without defects . Tile damage had also been traced to ablating insulating material from the cryogenic fuel tank in the past . The composition of the foam insulation had been changed in 1997 to exclude the use of freon , a chemical that is suspected to cause ozone depletion ; while NASA was exempted from legislation phasing out CFCs , the agency chose to change the foam nonetheless . STS - 107 used an older `` lightweight tank '' ( a design that was succeeded by the `` superlightweight tank '' , both being upgrades from the original space shuttle external tank ) where the foam was sprayed on to the larger cylindrical surfaces using the newer freon - free foam .",
"16": "However , the bipod ramps were manufactured from BX - 250 foam which was excluded from the EPA regulations and did use the original freon formula . The composition change did not contribute to the accident . In any case , the original formulation had shown frequent foam losses , as discussed earlier in this article . Columbia Accident Investigation Board ( edit ) Main article : Columbia Accident Investigation Board Following protocols established after the loss of Challenger , an independent investigating board was created immediately after the accident . The Columbia Accident Investigation Board , or CAIB , was chaired by retired US Navy Admiral Harold W. Gehman , Jr. , and consisted of expert military and civilian analysts who investigated the accident in detail . Columbia 's flight data recorder was found near Hemphill , Texas , on March 19 , 2003 . Unlike commercial jet aircraft , the space shuttles did not have flight data recorders intended for after - crash analysis . Instead , the vehicle data were transmitted in real time to the ground via telemetry . Since Columbia was the first shuttle , it had a special flight data OEX ( Orbiter EXperiments ) recorder , designed to help engineers better understand vehicle performance during the first test flights . After the initial Shuttle test - flights were completed , the recorder was never removed from Columbia , and it was still functioning on the crashed flight . It recorded many hundreds of parameters , and contained very extensive logs of structural and other data , which allowed the CAIB to reconstruct many of the events during the process leading to breakup . Investigators could often use the loss of signals from sensors on the wing to track how the damage progressed . This was correlated with forensic debris analysis conducted at Lehigh University and other tests to obtain a final conclusion about the probable course of events . Beginning on May 30 , 2003 , foam impact tests were performed by Southwest Research Institute . They used a compressed air gun to fire a foam block of similar size and mass to that which struck Columbia , at the same estimated speed . To represent the leading edge of Columbia 's left wing , RCC panels from NASA stock , along with the actual leading - edge panels from Enterprise , which were fiberglass , were mounted to a simulating structural metal frame . At the beginning of testing , the likely impact site was estimated to be between RCC panel 6 and 9 , inclusive .",
"17": "Over many days , dozens of the foam blocks were shot at the wing leading edge model at various angles . These produced only cracks or surface damage to the RCC panels . During June , further analysis of information from Columbia 's flight data recorder narrowed the probable impact site to one single panel : RCC wing panel 8 . On July 7 , in a final round of testing , a block fired at the side of an RCC panel 8 created a hole 16 by 16.7 inches ( 41 by 42 cm ) in that protective RCC panel . The tests demonstrated that a foam impact of the type Columbia sustained could seriously breach the thermal protection system on the wing leading edge . Conclusions ( edit ) On August 26 , 2003 , the CAIB issued its report on the accident . The report confirmed the immediate cause of the accident was a breach in the leading edge of the left wing , caused by insulating foam shed during launch . The report also delved deeply into the underlying organizational and cultural issues that led to the accident . The report was highly critical of NASA 's decision - making and risk - assessment processes . It concluded the organizational structure and processes were sufficiently flawed and that a compromise of safety was expected no matter who was in the key decision - making positions . An example was the position of Shuttle Program Manager , where one individual was responsible for achieving safe , timely launches and acceptable costs , which are often conflicting goals . The CAIB report found that NASA had accepted deviations from design criteria as normal when they happened on several flights and did not lead to mission - compromising consequences . One of those was the conflict between a design specification stating that the thermal protection system was not designed to withstand significant impacts and the common occurrence of impact damage to it during flight . The board made recommendations for significant changes in processes and organizational culture . On December 30 , 2008 , NASA released a further report , entitled Columbia Crew Survival Investigation Report , produced by a second commission , the Spacecraft Crew Survival Integrated Investigation Team ( SCSIIT ) . NASA had commissioned this group , `` to perform a comprehensive analysis of the accident , focusing on factors and events affecting crew survival , and to develop recommendations for improving crew survival for all future human space flight vehicles . ''",
"18": "The report concluded that : `` The Columbia depressurization event occurred so rapidly that the crew members were incapacitated within seconds , before they could configure the suit for full protection from loss of cabin pressure . Although circulatory systems functioned for a brief time , the effects of the depressurization were severe enough that the crew could not have regained consciousness . This event was lethal to the crew . '' The report also concluded : The crew did not have time to prepare themselves . Some crew members were not wearing their safety gloves , and one crew member was not wearing a helmet . New policies gave the crew more time to prepare for descent . The crew 's safety harnesses malfunctioned during the violent descent . The harnesses on the three remaining shuttles were upgraded after the accident . The key recommendations of the report included that future spacecraft crew survival systems should not rely on manual activation to protect the crew . Other contributing factors ( edit ) Unintended consequences of decisions contributed to the failure : the original tank white paint was removed to save 600 lb ( 270 kg ) , exposing the rust - orange - colored foam ; the tank foam chemical composition was altered to meet Environmental Protection Agency requirements , weakening it ; upgrades to the leading edge proposed in the early 1990s were not funded because NASA was working on the doomed VentureStar single - stage - to - orbit shuttle replacement . Possible emergency procedures ( edit ) One question of special importance was whether NASA could have saved the astronauts had they known of the danger . This would have to involve either rescue or repair -- docking at the International Space Station for use as a haven while awaiting rescue ( or to use the Soyuz to systematically ferry the crew to safety ) would have been impossible due to the different orbital inclination of the vehicles . The CAIB determined that a rescue mission , though risky , might have been possible provided NASA management had taken action soon enough . Normally , a rescue mission is not possible , due to the time required to prepare a shuttle for launch , and the limited consumables ( power , water , air ) of an orbiting shuttle . However , Atlantis was well along in processing for a planned March 1 launch on STS - 114 , and Columbia carried an unusually large quantity of consumables due to an Extended Duration Orbiter package .",
"19": "The CAIB determined that this would have allowed Columbia to stay in orbit until flight day 30 ( February 15 ) . NASA investigators determined that Atlantis processing could have been expedited with no skipped safety checks for a February 10 launch . Hence , if nothing went wrong , there was a five - day overlap for a possible rescue . As mission control could deorbit an empty shuttle , but could not control the orbiter 's reentry and landing , it would likely have sent Columbia into the Pacific Ocean ; NASA later developed the Remote Control Orbiter system to permit mission control to land a shuttle . NASA investigators determined that on - orbit repair by the shuttle astronauts was possible but overall considered `` high risk '' , primarily due to the uncertain resiliency of the repair using available materials and the anticipated high risk of doing additional damage to the Orbiter . Columbia did not carry the Canadarm , or Remote Manipulator System , which would normally be used for camera inspection or transporting a spacewalking astronaut to the wing . Therefore , an unusual emergency extra-vehicular activity ( EVA ) would have been required . While there was no astronaut EVA training for maneuvering to the wing , astronauts are always prepared for a similarly difficult emergency EVA to close the external tank umbilical doors located on the orbiter underside , which is necessary for reentry . Similar methods could have reached the shuttle left wing for inspection or repair . For the repair , the CAIB determined that the astronauts would have to use tools and small pieces of titanium , or other metal , scavenged from the crew cabin . These metals would help protect the wing structure and would be held in place during re-entry by a water - filled bag that had turned into ice in the cold of space . The ice and metal would help restore wing leading edge geometry , preventing a turbulent airflow over the wing and therefore keeping heating and burn - through levels low enough for the crew to survive re-entry and bail out before landing . The CAIB could not determine whether a patched - up left wing would have survived even a modified re-entry , and concluded that the rescue option would have had a considerably higher chance of bringing Columbia 's crew back alive . Memorials ( edit ) On February 4 , 2003 , President George W. Bush and his wife Laura led a memorial service for the astronauts ' families at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center .",
"20": "Two days later , Vice President Dick Cheney and his wife Lynne led a similar service at Washington National Cathedral . Patti LaBelle sang `` Way Up There '' as part of the service . A makeshift memorial at the main entrance to the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston , Texas Columbia Memorial in Arlington National Cemetery Columbia memorial on Mars Exploration Rover `` Spirit '' Space Shuttle Columbia memorial -- Sabine County , Texas On February 2 , 2003 , and throughout March , April , and May 2003 , large memorial Catholic Brazilian masses and Roman Catholic memorial concerts were held in Rio de Janeiro , Sao Paulo , and other cities in Brazil where Brazilian Catholic priest Marcelo Rossi and his concert partner Belo sang a Christian hymn `` Noites Traicoeiras '' ( Treacherous Nights ) as tribute to the seven Columbia astronauts , as well as the other seven crew members who lost their lives in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986 . The concerts were televised to millions throughout Brazil and the world . On March 26 , the United States House of Representatives ' Science Committee approved funds for the construction of a memorial at Arlington National Cemetery for the STS - 107 crew . A similar memorial was built at the cemetery for the last crew of Challenger . On October 28 , 2003 , the names of the astronauts were added to the Space Mirror Memorial at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex . On April 1 , 2003 , the Opening Day of baseball season , the Houston Astros ( named in honor of the U.S. space program ) honored the Columbia crew by having seven simultaneous first pitches thrown by family and friends of the crew . For the National Anthem , 107 NASA personnel , including flight controllers and others involved in Columbia 's final mission , carried a U.S. flag onto the field . In addition , the Astros wore the mission patch on their sleeves and replaced all dugout advertising with the mission patch logo for the entire season . On February 1 , 2004 , the first anniversary of the Columbia disaster , Super Bowl XXXVIII held in Houston 's Reliant Stadium began with a pregame tribute to the crew of the Columbia by singer Josh Groban performing `` You Raise Me Up '' , with the crew of STS - 114 , the first post-Columbia Space Shuttle mission , in attendance .",
"21": "In 2004 , Bush conferred posthumous Congressional Space Medals of Honor to all 14 crew members lost in the Challenger and Columbia accidents . NASA named several places in honor of Columbia and the crew . Seven asteroids discovered in July 2001 at the Mount Palomar observatory were officially given the names of the seven astronauts : 51823 Rickhusband , 51824 Mikeanderson , 51825 Davidbrown , 51826 Kalpanachawla , 51827 Laurelclark , 51828 Ilanramon , 51829 Williemccool . On Mars , the landing site of the rover Spirit was named Columbia Memorial Station , and included a memorial plaque to the Columbia crew mounted on the back of the high gain antenna . A complex of seven hills east of the Spirit landing site was dubbed the Columbia Hills ; each of the seven hills was individually named for a member of the crew , and Husband Hill in particular was ascended and explored by the rover . In 2006 , the IAU approved naming of a cluster of seven small craters in the Apollo basin on the far side of the Moon after the astronauts . Back on Earth , NASA 's National Scientific Balloon Facility was renamed the Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility . Other tributes included the decision by Amarillo , Texas , to rename its airport Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport after the Amarillo native . Washington State Route 904 was renamed Lt. Michael P. Anderson Memorial Highway , as it runs through Cheney , Washington , the town where he graduated from high school . A newly constructed elementary school located on Fairchild Air Force Base near Spokane , Washington , was named Michael Anderson Elementary School . Anderson had attended fifth grade at Blair Elementary , the base 's previous elementary school , while his father was stationed there . A mountain peak near Kit Carson Peak and Challenger Point in the Sangre de Cristo Range was renamed Columbia Point , and a dedication plaque was placed on the point in August , 2003 . Seven dormitories were named in honor of Columbia crew members at the Florida Institute of Technology , Creighton University , The University of Texas at Arlington , and the Columbia Elementary School in the Brevard County School District . The Huntsville City Schools in Huntsville , Alabama , a city strongly associated with NASA , named their most recent high school Columbia High School as a memorial to the crew .",
"22": "A Department of Defense school in Guam was renamed Commander William C. McCool Elementary School . The City of Palmdale , California , the birthplace of the entire shuttle fleet , changed the name of the thoroughfare Avenue M to Columbia Way . In Avondale , Arizona , the Avondale Elementary School where Michael Anderson 's sister worked had sent a T - shirt with him into space . It was supposed to have an assembly when he returned from space . The school was later renamed Michael Anderson Elementary . The first dedicated meteorological satellite launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) on 2 September 2002 , named Metsat - 1 , was later renamed Kalpana - 1 by Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in memory of India - born Kalpana Chawla . In October 2004 , both houses of Congress passed a resolution authored by US Representative Lucille Roybal - Allard and co-sponsored by the entire contingent of California representatives to Congress changing the name of Downey , California 's Space Science Learning Center to the Columbia Memorial Space Science Learning Center . The facility is located at the former manufacturing site of the space shuttles , including Columbia and Challenger . The US Air Force 's Squadron Officer School at Maxwell Air Force Base , Alabama , renamed their auditorium in Husband 's honor . He was a graduate of the program . The US Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base in California named its pilot lounge for Husband . NASA named a supercomputer `` Columbia '' in the crew 's honor in 2004 . It was located at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division at Ames Research Center on Moffett Federal Airfield near Mountain View , California . The first part of the system , built in 2003 , known as `` Kalpana '' was dedicated to Chawla , who worked at Ames prior to joining the Space Shuttle program . A US Navy compound at a major coalition military base in Afghanistan is named Camp McCool . In addition , the athletic field at McCool 's alma mater , Coronado High School in Lubbock , Texas , was renamed the Willie McCool Track and Field . A proposed reservoir in Cherokee County in Eastern Texas is to be named Lake Columbia .",
"23": "Ilan Ramon High School was established in 2006 in Hod HaSharon , Israel , in tribute to the first Israeli astronaut . The school 's symbol shows the planet Earth with an aircraft orbiting around it . The National Naval Medical Center dedicated Laurel Clark Memorial Auditorium on July 11 , 2003 . Gamma Phi Beta sorority , of which Clark was a member , created the Laurel Clark Foundation in her honor . PS 58 in Staten Island , New York , was named Space Shuttle Columbia School in honor of the failed mission . The Challenger Columbia Stadium in League City , Texas is named in honor of the victims of both the Columbia disaster as well as the Challenger disaster in 1986 . Columbia Colles , a range of hills on Pluto discovered by the New Horizons spacecraft in July 2015 , was named in honor of the victims of the disaster . A starship on Star Trek : Enterprise was named U.S.S. Columbia in honor of the Columbia . Effect on Space programs ( edit ) Following the loss of Columbia , the space shuttle program was suspended . The further construction of the International Space Station ( ISS ) was also delayed , as the space shuttles were the only available delivery vehicle for station modules . The station was supplied using Russian unmanned Progress ships , and crews were exchanged using Russian - manned Soyuz spacecraft , and forced to operate on a skeleton crew of two . Less than a year after the accident , President Bush announced the Vision for Space Exploration , calling for the space shuttle fleet to complete the ISS , with retirement by the year 2010 following the completion of the ISS , to be replaced by a newly developed Crew Exploration Vehicle for travel to the Moon and Mars . NASA planned to return the space shuttle to service around September 2004 ; that date was pushed back to July 2005 . On July 26 , 2005 , at 10 : 39 am EST , Space Shuttle Discovery cleared the tower on the `` Return to Flight '' mission STS - 114 , marking the shuttle 's return to space . Overall the STS - 114 flight was highly successful , but a similar piece of foam from a different portion of the tank was shed , although the debris did not strike the Orbiter . Due to this , NASA once again grounded the shuttles until the remaining problem was understood and a solution implemented .",
"24": "After delaying their re-entry by two days due to adverse weather conditions , Commander Eileen Collins and Pilot James M. Kelly returned Discovery safely to Earth on August 9 , 2005 . Later that same month , the external tank construction site at Michoud was damaged by Hurricane Katrina . At the time , there was concern that this would set back further shuttle flights by at least two months and possibly more . The actual cause of the foam loss on both Columbia and Discovery was not determined until December 2005 , when x-ray photographs of another tank showed that thermal expansion and contraction during filling , not human error , caused cracks that led to foam loss . NASA 's Hale formally apologized to the Michoud workers who had been blamed for the loss of Columbia for almost three years . The second `` Return to Flight '' mission , STS - 121 , launched on July 4 , 2006 , at 2 : 37 : 55 pm ( EDT ) , after two previous launch attempts were scrubbed because of lingering thunderstorms and high winds around the launch pad . The launch took place despite objections from its chief engineer and safety head . This mission increased the ISS crew to three . A 5 - inch ( 130 mm ) crack in the foam insulation of the external tank gave cause for concern ; however , the Mission Management Team gave the go for launch . Space Shuttle Discovery touched down successfully on July 17 , 2006 at 9 : 14 : 43 am ( EDT ) on Runway 15 at the Kennedy Space Center . On August 13 , 2006 , NASA announced that STS - 121 had shed more foam than they had expected . While this did not delay the launch for the next mission -- STS - 115 , originally set to lift off on August 27 -- the weather and other technical glitches did , with a lightning strike , Hurricane Ernesto and a faulty fuel tank sensor combining to delay the launch until September 9 . On September 19 , landing was delayed an extra day to examine Atlantis after objects were found floating near the shuttle in the same orbit . When no damage was detected , Atlantis landed successfully on September 21 . The Columbia Crew Survival Investigation Report released by NASA on December 30 , 2008 , made further recommendations to improve a crew 's survival chances on future space vehicles , such as the ( planned ) Orion spacecraft .",
"25": "These included improvements in crew restraints , finding ways to deal more effectively with catastrophic cabin depressurization , more `` graceful degradation '' of vehicles during a disaster so that crews will have a better chance at survival , and automated parachute systems . Sociocultural aftermath ( edit ) Fears of terrorism ( edit ) After the shuttle 's breakup , there were some initial fears that terrorists might have been involved , but no evidence of that has ever surfaced . Security surrounding the launch and landing of the space shuttle had been increased because the crew included the first Israeli astronaut . The Merritt Island launch facility , like all sensitive government areas , had increased security after the September 11 attacks . Purple streak image ( edit ) The San Francisco Chronicle reported that an amateur astronomer had taken a five - second exposure that appeared to show `` a purplish line near the shuttle '' , resembling lightning , during re-entry . The CAIB report concluded that the image was the result of `` camera vibrations during a long - exposure '' . 2003 Armageddon film hoax ( edit ) In response to the disaster , FX canceled its scheduled airing two nights later of the 1998 film Armageddon , in which the space shuttle Atlantis is depicted as being destroyed by asteroid fragments . In a hoax inspired by the destruction of Columbia , some images that were purported to be satellite photographs of the shuttle 's `` explosion '' turned out to be screen captures from the space shuttle destruction scene of Armageddon . Music ( edit ) The 2003 album Bananas by Deep Purple includes `` Contact Lost '' , an instrumental piece written by guitarist Steve Morse in remembrance of the loss . Morse is donating his songwriting royalties to the families of the astronauts . Catherine Faber and Callie Hills ( the folk group known as Echo 's Children ) included a memorial song titled Columbia on their 2004 album From the Hazel Tree . The 2005 album Ultimatum -- EP by The Long Winters contains the song `` The Commander Thinks Aloud '' , which was songwriter / singer John Roderick 's musing on the crew 's perspective of the unexpected catastrophe . In addition , the January 30 , 2015 episode of Hrishikesh Hirway 's Song Exploder podcast presented an interview with John Roderick about the songwriting and recording process for `` The Commander Thinks Aloud '' .",
"26": "Swiss post-rock band The Evpatoria Report used the records of radio communication between Columbia and CAPCOM as a sample for their instrumental song Taijin Kyofusho on their 2005 album Golevka . The Hungarian composer Peter Eötvös wrote a piece named Seven for solo violin and orchestra in 2006 in memory of the crew of Columbia . Seven was premiered in 2007 by violinist Akiko Suwanai , conducted by Pierre Boulez , and it was recorded in 2012 with violinist Patricia Kopatchinskaja and the composer conducting . The 2008 album Columbia : We Dare to Dream by Anne Cabrera was written as a tribute to space shuttle Columbia STS - 107 , the crew , support teams , recovery teams , and the crew 's families . A copy of the album on compact disc was flown aboard space shuttle Discovery mission STS - 131 to the International Space Station by astronaut Clayton Anderson in April 2010 . The Scottish Folk - Rock band Runrig included a song entitled `` Somewhere '' on their album The Story ( 2016 ) ; the song was dedicated to Laurel Clark ( who had become a fan of the band during her Navy service in Scotland ) , and includes a piece of her wake up song , followed by some radio chatter , at the end . See also ( edit ) United States portal Spaceflight portal Texas portal 2000s portal Apollo 1 Criticism of the Space Shuttle program Engineering disasters Expedition 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Columbia Accident Investigation Board ( August 2003 ) . `` 6.1 A History of Foam Anomalies ( page 121 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spaceflight Now STS - 119 Shuttle Report Legendary commander tells story of shuttle 's close call '' . spaceflightnow.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Marcia Dunn ( February 2 , 2003 ) . `` Columbia 's problems began on left wing '' . Associated Press via staugustine.com . Jump up ^ `` Molten Aluminum found on Columbia 's thermal tiles '' . USA Today . Associated Press . March 4 , 2003 .",
"27": "Retrieved August 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Columbia Accident Investigation Board ( August 2003 ) . `` 2.1 Mission Objectives and Their Rationales ( page 28 ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 30 , 2006 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Century of Flight . `` The Columbia space shuttle accident '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Columbia Accident Investigation Board ( August 2003 ) . `` 6.1 A History of Foam Anomalies ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Armando Oliu ; KSC Debris Team ( October 10 , 2002 ) . `` STS - 112 SRB POST FLIGHT / RETRIEVAL ASSESSMENT '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jerry Smelser ( October 31 , 2002 ) . `` STS - 112 / ET - 115 Bipod Ramp Foam Loss , Page 4 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cabbage , Michael & Harwood , William ( 2004 ) . Comm Check . Free Press . p. 94 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 6091 - 0 . Jump up ^ Gehman ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Columbia Accident Investigation Board , Chapter 6 , `` A History of Foam Anomalies '' , pages 125 & 148 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Columbia Accident Investigation Board ( 2003 ) . `` CAIB page 153 ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 16 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Columbia Accident Investigation Board ( 2003 ) . `` CAIB Recommendation R6. 3 - 2 ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) .",
"28": "Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 19 , 2006 . Retrieved January 30 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Hale , Wayne ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) . `` How We Nearly Lost Discovery '' . waynehale.wordpress.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Columbia Accident Investigation Board , ( 2003 ) Volume 1 , Chapter 6 , p. 138 . CAIB Report Volume 1 Part 2 Archived October 6 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. ( pdf ) . Retrieved June 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hale , Wayne ( 2013 - 01 - 13 ) . `` After Ten Years : Working on the Wrong Problem '' . Wayne Hale 's Blog . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bolden , Charles F. ( 2004 - 01 - 06 ) . `` Charles F. Bolden '' . NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project ( Interview ) . Interview with Johnson , Sandra ; Wright , Rebecca ; Ross - Nazzal , Jennifer . Houston , Texas . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` nasa-global.speedera.net '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Email told fatal shuttle it was safe '' . AP / Guardian.co.uk . July 1 , 2003 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Publicly released email exchange between Columbia and mission control ( via Google Docs ) Jump up ^ William Harwood ( June 30 , 2003 ) . `` Foam strike email to shuttle commander released '' . CBS News / spaceflightnow.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yaffa , Joshua . `` The Information Sage '' . Washington Monthly . Jump up ^ `` Edward Tufte forum : PowerPoint Does Rocket Science -- and Better Techniques for Technical Reports '' . www.edwardtufte.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 .",
"29": "^ Jump up to : Columbia Accident Investigation Board ( 2008 ) . `` Columbia Crew Survival Investigation Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Crew Survival Investigation Report '' ( PDF ) . NASA.gov. 2008 . pp. 2 -- 90 . The 51 - L Challenger accident investigation showed that the Challenger CM remained intact and the crew was able to take some immediate actions after vehicle breakup , although the loads experienced were much higher as a result of the aerodynamic loads ( estimated at 16 G to 21 G ). 5 The Challenger crew became incapacitated quickly and could not complete activation of all breathing air systems , leading to the conclusion that an incapacitating cabin depressurization occurred . By comparison , the Columbia crew experienced lower loads ( ~ 3.5 G ) at the CE . The fact that none of the crew members lowered their visors strongly suggests that the crew was incapacitated after the CE by a rapid depressurization . Although no quantitative conclusion can be made regarding the cabin depressurization rate , it is probable that the cabin depressurization rate was high enough to incapacitate the crew in a matter of seconds . Conclusion L1 - 5 . The depressurization incapacitated the crew members so rapidly that they were not able to lower their helmet visors . Jump up ^ Columbia Accident Investigation Board ( 2003 ) . `` Report of Columbia Accident Investigation Board , Volume I '' . Retrieved January 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Harnden , Toby ( 2003 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Searchers stumble on human remains '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/298870main_SP-2008-565.pdf Jump up ^ Bush , George W. ( 2003 ) . `` President Addresses Nation on Space Shuttle Columbia Tragedy '' . The White House . Retrieved January 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Introduction to Emergency Management , Fourth Edition , Butterworth - Heinemann , Burlington , 2010 , p. 166 ^ Jump up to : Columbia Accident Investigation Board , ( 2003 ) Volume 1 , Chapter 2 , p. 41 .",
"30": "Jump up ^ Harnden , Toby ( February 3 , 2003 ) . `` Searchers stumble on human remains '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` In Search Of ... '' Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ramasamy Venugopal . `` The Space Shuttle Columbia Disaster '' . Space Safety Magazine . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ awextra@arrl.org ( 2003 ) . `` Hams Aid Columbia Debris Search in Western States '' . American Radio Relay League , Inc . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2005 . Retrieved February 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Szewczyk , Nathaniel ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Caenorhabditis elegans Survives Atmospheric Breakup of STS - 107 , Space Shuttle Columbia '' . Mary Ann Liebert , Astrobiology . Retrieved November 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Worms survived Columbia disaster '' . BBC News . May 1 , 2003 . Retrieved December 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Worms Survive Shuttle Disaster Archived October 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Fall 2003 Jump up ^ `` The ' Columbia ' Debris Recovery Helo Crash '' . Check-Six.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Shuttle debris offered online '' . BBC News . February 3 , 2003 . Retrieved May 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Debris Amnesty Ends , 9 May Face Looting Charges '' . Associated Press . February 8 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Divers Find Shuttle 's Front Landing Gear '' . Fox News . February 19 , 2003 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NASA begins packing up shuttle debris for storage '' . USA Today . September 10 , 2003 . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fonseca , Brian ( May 7 , 2008 ) .",
"31": "`` Shuttle Columbia 's hard drive data recovered from crash site '' . Computerworld.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Physics of Whipped Cream '' . Science.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2009 . Retrieved September 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Space shuttle Columbia part found in East Texas '' . CNN . August 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shuttle Columbia 's Debris on View at NASA Facility '' . Los Angeles Times . January 31 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Glenn Mahone / Bob Jacobs ( NASA Headquarters ) , Eileen M. Hawley ( Johnson Space Center ) ( February 28 , 2003 ) . `` NASA Releases Columbia Crew Cabin Video '' . NASA . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dittemore , Ron ( 2003 ) . `` CNN Breaking News -- NASA Briefing , Part I '' . CNN . Retrieved January 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Woods , David ( 2004 ) . `` Creating Foresight : Lessons for Enhancing Resilience from Columbia '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 9 , 2005 . Retrieved February 1 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Sparks , Scotty ( 2003 ) . `` Water Absorption by Foam '' ( PDF ) . NASA . Retrieved August 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Columbia Accident Investigation Board ( 2003 ) . `` Board Members '' . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NASA . `` Review of Columbia 's data recorder will begin this weekend '' . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harwood , William ( 19 March 2003 ) . `` Data recorder recovered ; could hold key insights '' . Spaceflight Now . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Howell , Elizabeth .",
"32": "`` Columbia Disaster : What Happened , What NASA Learned '' . Space . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Materials science students prepare to analyze debris recovered from the shuttle Columbia '' . Lehigh University . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2006 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Justin Kerr ( 2003 ) . `` Impact Testing of the Orbiter Thermal Protection System ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 19 , 2006 . Retrieved January 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Columbia Accident Investigation Board ( 2003 ) . `` Report of Columbia Accident Investigation Board , Volume I , chapter 3 , page 78 ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 4 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Layout 1 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Columbia Crew Survival Investigation Report Archived April 7 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ James Albaugh ( Dec 4 , 2017 ) . `` Opinion : Jim Albaugh 's Lessons Of Aerospace Success '' . Aviation Week & Space Technology . Jump up ^ `` The audacious rescue plan that might have saved space shuttle Columbia '' . Ars Technica. 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Columbia Accident Investigation Board ( 2003 ) . `` Decision Making at NASA '' ( PDF ) . CAIB Report , Volume I , chapter 6.4 `` Possibility of Rescue or Repair '' . p. 173ff . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Columbia Accident Investigation Board ( 2003 ) . `` STS - 107 In - Flight Options Assessment '' ( PDF ) . CAIB Report , Volume II , appendix D. 13 . p. 391ff . Retrieved January 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Woodruff , Judy ( February 6 , 2003 ) . `` CNN LIVE EVENT / SPECIAL : Remembering the Columbia 7 : Washington National Cathedral Memorial for Astronauts '' . CNN.com .",
"33": "CNN . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Astros Honor Astronauts At Season Opener '' . NASA . Retrieved September 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Babineck , Mark ( 2004 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Columbia Astronauts Honored at Super Bowl '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` NFL honors shuttle crew in ceremony '' . Amarillo Globe - News . 2004 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Space Medal of Honor '' . NASA History Program Office . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Asteroids Dedicated To Space Shuttle Columbia Crew '' ( Press release ) . NASA . August 6 , 2003 . `` Tribute to the Crew of Columbia '' . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2008 . Retrieved November 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Husband crater , Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature , International Astronomical Union Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature Jump up ^ `` Commander William C. McCool Elementary / Middle School '' . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2006 . Retrieved February 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Barragan , James ( February 14 , 2014 ) `` Downey space museum is struggling to survive '' Archived April 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ `` NASA to Name Supercomputer After Columbia Astronaut '' . Jump up ^ `` The Lake Eastex Water Supply Project '' . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2008 . Retrieved January 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ramon High School - Overview '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` יום הבריאות 4.02. 09 '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Laurel B Clark Auditorium '' . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 .",
"34": "Jump up ^ `` MSU Gammas -- Laurel Clark Foundation '' . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to PS 58 '' . July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Paul . `` Pluto team name features after Dr Who and Star Trek '' . Skymania . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Soyuz TMA Spacecraft '' . NASA . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Reichhardt , Tony ( November 2003 ) . `` Backgrounder : State of the Station '' . Air & Space Magazine . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` President Bush offers new vision for NASA '' . NASA . 14 January 2004 . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ David , Leonard ( 30 August 2005 ) . `` Katrina batters NASA facility '' . Space.com . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Chien , Philip ( June 27 , 2006 ) `` NASA wants shuttle to fly despite safety misgivings . '' Archived January 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . The Washington Times Jump up ^ `` Foam still a key concern for shuttle launch '' . New Scientist SPACE . Retrieved August 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Brooke ; Reynolds , Amy ( 2008 ) . Terrorism and the Press : An Uneasy Relationship . Lang , Peter Publishing , Incorporated . p. 39 . ISBN 0 - 8204 - 9516 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Israel mourns first astronaut 's death '' . CNN . February 1 , 2003 . Retrieved February 24 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Russell , Sabin ( May 2 , 2003 ) . `` Mysterious purple streak is shown hitting Columbia 7 minutes before it disintegrated '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Columbia Accident Investigation Board ( 2003 ) .",
"35": "`` Report of Columbia Accident Investigation Board , Volume III , Part 2 , page 88 ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 25 , 2006 . Retrieved August 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sue Chan ( February 3 , 2003 ) . `` TV Pulls Shuttle Sensitive Material '' . CBS News . Retrieved September 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deep Purple 's Shuttle Connection '' . guitarsite.com . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2007 . Retrieved February 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Echo 's Children CD Page '' . Jump up ^ Roderick , John . `` The Long Winters '' . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Hirway , Hrishikesh . `` Song Exploder , Episode 28 : The Long Winters '' . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Eötvös , Peter . `` Seven '' . Peter Eötvös . Retrieved 16 Nov 2013 . Jump up ^ Cabrera , Anne . `` Columbia : We Dare to Dream '' . Chubby Crow Records Inc . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Clayton . `` Clay Anderson with Columbia CD aboard ISS '' . Anderson . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Skye rockers Runrig prepare for their final album '' . This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Space Shuttle Columbia disaster . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Columbia Settlement Orbiter Wing Leading Edge Protection ( upgrade proposed for 1999 , but cancelled ) NASA 's Space Shuttle Columbia and her crew NASA STS - 107 Crew Memorial web page Columbia Crew Survival Investigation Report PDF Doppler radar animation of the debris after break up President Bush 's remarks at memorial service -- February 4 , 2003 The CBS News Space Reporter 's Handbook STS - 51L / 107 Supplement The 13 - min .",
"36": "Crew cabin video ( subtitled ) . Ends 4 - min . before the shuttle began to disintegrate . photos of recovered debris stored on the 16th floor of the Vehicle Assembly Building at KSC STS - 107 Main articles Space Shuttle Columbia Space Shuttle Columbia disaster Space Shuttle external tank Space Shuttle thermal protection system Crew Husband ( Cmdr ) McCool Brown Chawla Anderson Clark Ramon See also Columbia Accident Investigation Board SpaceHab FREESTAR Hitchhiker Extended Duration Orbiter Space Shuttle Columbia ( OV - 102 ) Flights STS - 1 STS - 2 STS - 3 STS - 4 STS - 5 STS - 9 STS - 61 - C STS - 28 STS - 32 STS - 35 STS - 40 STS - 50 STS - 52 STS - 55 STS - 58 STS - 62 STS - 65 STS - 73 STS - 75 STS - 78 STS - 80 STS - 83 STS - 94 STS - 87 STS - 90 STS - 93 STS - 109 STS - 107 Status Out of service : destroyed 1 February 2003 ( STS - 107 ) See also Columbia Accident Investigation Board STS - 61 - E STS - 61 - H STS - 144 U.S. Space Shuttle missions Completed 1970s 1977 ALT 1980s 1981 STS - 1 STS - 2 1982 STS - 3 STS - 4 STS - 5 STS - 6 STS - 7 STS - 8 STS - 9 1984 STS - 41 - B",
"37": "STS - 41 - C STS - 41 - D STS - 41 - G STS - 51 - A 1985 STS - 51 - C STS - 51 - D STS - 51 - B STS - 51 - G STS - 51 - F STS - 51 - I STS - 51 - J STS - 61 - A STS - 61 - B 1986 STS - 61 - C STS - 51 - L STS - 26 STS - 27 STS - 29 STS - 30 STS - 28 STS - 34 STS - 33 1990s STS - 32 STS - 36 STS - 31 STS - 41 STS - 38 STS - 35 1991 STS - 37 STS - 39 STS - 40 STS - 43 STS - 48 STS - 44 STS - 42 STS - 45 STS - 49 STS - 50 STS - 46 STS - 47 STS - 52 STS - 53 STS - 54 STS - 56 STS - 55 STS - 57 STS - 51 STS - 58 STS - 61 STS - 60 STS - 62 STS - 59 STS - 65 STS - 64 STS - 68 STS - 66 1995 STS - 63 STS - 67",
"38": "STS - 71 STS - 70 STS - 69 STS - 73 STS - 74 STS - 72 STS - 75 STS - 76 STS - 77 STS - 78 STS - 79 STS - 80 STS - 81 STS - 82 STS - 83 STS - 84 STS - 94 STS - 85 STS - 86 STS - 87 1998 STS - 89 STS - 90 STS - 91 STS - 95 STS - 88 1999 STS - 96 STS - 93 STS - 103 2000s 2000 STS - 99 STS - 101 STS - 106 STS - 92 STS - 97 STS - 98 STS - 102 STS - 100 STS - 104 STS - 105 STS - 108 2002 STS - 109 STS - 110 STS - 111 STS - 112 STS - 113 2003 STS - 107 2005 STS - 114 2006 STS - 121 STS - 115 STS - 116 2007 STS - 117 STS - 118 STS - 120 2008 STS - 122 STS - 123 STS - 124 STS - 126 2009 STS - 119 STS - 125",
"39": "STS - 127 STS - 128 STS - 129 2010s STS - 130 STS - 131 STS - 132 2011 STS - 133 STS - 134 STS - 135 Cancelled STS - 41 - F STS - 61 - E STS - 61 - F STS - 61 - G STS - 62 - A STS - 61 - M STS - 61 - H STS - 144 STS - 3xx STS - 400 Others Orbiters Enterprise Columbia disaster Challenger disaster Discovery Atlantis Endeavour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"40": "php?title=Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster&oldid=822137234 '' Categories : Space Shuttle Columbia disaster Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Use mdy dates from June 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from NASA Use American English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 16 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when do new episodes of mindy project air
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[
"November 7, 2017",
"November 14, 2017",
"November 21, 2017",
"November 28, 2017",
"December 5, 2017",
"December 12, 2017",
"December 19, 2017",
"September 12, 2017",
"September 12, 2017"
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{
"0": "List of the Mindy Project episodes - wikipedia List of the Mindy Project episodes Jump to : navigation , search The Mindy Project is an American comedy series which aired on Fox for three seasons from on September 25 , 2012 - March 24 , 2015 . The fourth season began on September 15 , 2015 on Hulu . The series stars Mindy Kaling as Mindy Lahiri , a young OB / GYN , as she navigates through her professional life and romantic relationships . A total of 107 episodes of The Mindy Project have aired over five seasons . On May 6 , 2015 the series was canceled on Fox . On May 15 , 2015 , Hulu announced it had picked up the series for a 26 - episode season 4 , with the option of future seasons . On May 4 , 2016 , Hulu announced it had picked up the series for a 16 - episode season 5 , which was later reduced to 14 .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 24 September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) Fox 22 September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 21 September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 26 September 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 15 ) July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) Hulu 5 14 October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 6 10 September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.",
"2": "viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Charles McDougall Mindy Kaling August 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) ( online ) September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) ( Fox ) 101 4.67 Mindy Lahiri is introduced as an OB / GYN trying to find love in New York City with the help of her eccentric friends and co-workers . `` Hiring and Firing '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling October 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 02 ) 102 3.68 When Dr. Schulman realizes Beverly is a terrible nurse , he assigns Mindy and Danny to hire a new nurse , and they can not agree on whom to hire . Jeremy on the other hand is assigned to fire Beverly and simply can not bring himself to do it . `` In the Club '' Michael Spiller Matt Warburton October 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) 104 3.55 Mindy and the others go clubbing for a night and learn that cold Dr. Castellano is actually a stellar dancer and ladies ' man . Mindy also discovers that Shauna is harboring some hidden feelings for Danny . `` Halloween '' Jesse Peretz Chris McKenna October 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 30 ) 105 3.12 Mindy wrestles with whether or not she should take things one step further with her new beau Josh . Danny and Jeremy visit the DMV to take the driver 's test , a task Danny has failed countless times in the past . 5 5 `` Danny Castellano Is My Gynecologist '' Peter Lauer Mindy Kaling November 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 13 ) 103 3.17 When Mindy 's gynecologist retires , she and Danny bet on who will back out first if Danny were to be her new gynecologist .",
"3": "6 6 `` Thanksgiving '' Michael Spiller Adam Countee November 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 20 ) 107 2.64 Mindy is shocked to learn that Josh may not want to be exclusive with her . Things go even more awry when Mindy runs into an ex and his `` new Indian girlfriend '' at Gwen 's Thanksgiving party . 7 7 `` Teen Patient '' Rob Schrab Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen November 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) 109 2.76 When Mindy encourages a teenager in her building to take things slowly in the romance department , she is forced to reflect on her own relationship with Josh . Danny is concerned about an anonymous complaint he receives at the office . 8 8 `` Two to One '' Peter Lauer Mindy Kaling December 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 04 ) 108 2.68 The practice is being threatened by a midwives center in the same building , so Mindy sets out to win her old patients back and gain more respect from Danny and Jeremy . 9 9 `` Josh and Mindy 's Christmas Party '' Charles McDougall Jeremy Bronson December 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 11 ) 110 3.07 Mindy comes to a shocking realization about her seemingly perfect relationship with Josh at her annual Christmas party . 10 10 `` Mindy 's Brother '' Michael Spiller Chris McKenna January 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 08 ) 112 2.85 Mindy 's brother comes to NYC to visit his older sister and all is well until he informs her that he will be dropping out of Stanford to pursue a rap career . Danny and Jeremy are at odds with their landlord 's successor , his spoiled son .",
"4": "11 11 `` Bunk Bed '' Don Scardino Jeremy Bronson January 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) 106 2.76 When Gwen breaks her arm and has to go to the emergency room , Mindy helps out by watching Gwen 's daughter Riley for the day . Meanwhile , Danny has an interesting experience with another patient in the emergency room lobby and Shauna , Morgan , and Betsy discover the reason Danny and his wife divorced . 12 12 `` Hooking Up Is Hard '' Paul Lieberstein Mindy Kaling January 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) 111 3.05 Mindy starts an interesting , secret relationship with Brendan Deslaurier ( Mark Duplass ) , one of the midwives . Danny and Eye Patch go out on a date . 13 13 `` Harry & Sally '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & B.J. Novak January 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 29 ) 114 3.20 Mindy meets a great guy at a party but has suspicions about his extremely close relationship with his girl best friend . Danny tries to win back Eye Patch after she dumps him for being too self - absorbed . 14 14 `` Harry & Mindy '' Michael Weaver Harper Dill February 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 05 ) 113 3.60 It 's Valentine 's Day and Mindy and Danny find themselves in a love triangle . Morgan turns to Jeremy for help picking up a girl he likes . 15 15 `` Mindy 's Minute '' B.J. Novak Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen February 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 19 ) 116 3.05 Mindy starts doing a new educational segment for taxi cab TV and turns to Danny for on - screen coaching . Beverly returns to the office as a secretary .",
"5": "16 16 `` The One That Got Away '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & Jeremy Bronson February 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) 117 3.26 Mindy is thrilled when her fling from a Jewish summer camp she attended as a kid returns to NYC . However , she soon learns that she only has a day to spend with him before he must leave on a U.S. Army deployment to Afghanistan again . 17 17 `` Mindy 's Birthday '' Claire Scanlon Adam Countee March 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) 115 3.07 Mindy did not want a birthday party , and after her friends throw her an annoying dinner party with insulting gifts , she storms out and ends up on an odyssey involving a table of mean girls and the surprising return of ex-nurse Beverly . Danny and Jeremy both like Mindy 's friend and Danny decides he is not going to step aside and let his handsome colleague simply win the girl . 18 18 `` Danny 's Friend '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Matt Warburton March 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 26 ) 118 2.62 Mindy unknowingly starts seeing Danny 's friend from Staten Island and Danny tries everything he can to stop it when he finds out . 19 19 `` My Cool Christian Boyfriend '' Michael Spiller Jack Burditt April 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 02 ) 120 2.47 A young Christian minister takes an interest in Mindy until he realizes they value different things in life . 20 20 `` Pretty Man '' Rob Schrab Tucker Cawley April 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) 119 3.24 Mindy has an interesting night with a man she meets at a bar , until she realizes he is a male prostitute . Things go awry at Danny 's party as a result . 21 21 `` Santa Fe '' B.J.",
"6": "Novak Tracey Wigfield April 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 09 ) 121 2.66 The associates go to Santa Fe for a medical conference and Mindy gets a chance to find closure with Josh . Things do not go as planned for Jeremy and Morgan 's presentation . 22 22 `` Triathlon '' Wendey Stanzler Jack Burditt April 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 30 ) 122 2.56 Danny fires Morgan from the practice , and consequently loses a member of the team for the triathlon . Mindy volunteers to replace him , and quickly regrets her actions . Meanwhile , Morgan begins working for the Deslaurier Brothers , which further increases the rivalry between the two practices . 23 23 `` Frat Party '' Michael Weaver Tracey Wigfield May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) 123 2.61 Mindy takes on a young medical student to pass on her wisdom to , and soon finds herself at a college frat party , where an encounter with a former flame has disastrous consequences . Meanwhile , Danny and Jeremy go to great lengths to try to get Morgan to return to Shulman & Associates . 24 24 `` Take Me with You '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & Jeremy Bronson May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) 124 2.57 Mindy makes the bold decision to move to Haiti with Casey for a year , much to the amusement of her co-workers . In order to prove that she can survive in rough conditions , Mindy invites herself and Casey on a camping trip with Danny and his ex-wife , Christina , with whom he has recently reconciled . Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.",
"7": "viewers ( millions ) 25 `` All My Problems Solved Forever ... '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) 201 3.83 Mindy returns from Haiti for an emergency surgery . She meets Dr. Paul Leotard ( James Franco ) and must decide what she wants to do : stay in New York or go back to Haiti . 26 `` The Other Dr. L '' Michael Spiller Jack Burditt September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 202 2.94 Mindy challenges Paul for a chance to win back her old office . Danny joins a support group to help him get over his breakup with Christina . 27 `` Music Festival '' Michael Weaver Matt Warburton October 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) 203 2.86 Casey has an identity crisis after returning from Haiti and decides to become a DJ . When Mindy and her colleagues attend a music festival where he is performing , the freewheeling atmosphere leads to one mishap after another . Meanwhile , a new doctor ( Adam Pally ) wants to join the practice . 28 `` Magic Morgan '' Neal Brennan Tracey Wigfield October 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) 204 2.89 Morgan says that anyone who sleeps with him will find the love of their life immediately afterward . Mindy offers to test Morgan 's theory but backs out at the last minute , much to Morgan 's embarrassment . This causes him to hire lawyer , Cliff Gilbert ( Glenn Howerton ) , who files a $200,000 lawsuit against Mindy for sexual harassment . Mindy is reluctantly persuaded by co-workers into having one date with Morgan to end the lawsuit . 29 5 `` Wiener Night '' Michael Weaver Jack Burditt October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 206 2.73 Mindy meets and begins dating an Arts and Culture writer named Jason ( Ben Feldman ) .",
"8": "After Jason discerns that Mindy may not be cultured enough for him , she decides to invite him to Christina 's art show , which features nude photos of Danny . Danny does not want anyone to see these photos , and asks Cliff to figure out a way to shut down the exhibit . 30 6 `` Bro Club for Dudes '' David Rogers Jeremy Bronson October 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 207 2.69 After several failed attempts at bonding with Peter , Mindy joins the other doctors in attending his debut MMA match to show her support . Morgan tries to ask Tamra out on the day of her anniversary with Ray Ron ( Josh Peck ) but is disappointed . 31 7 `` Sk8er Man '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Charlie Grandy November 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) 205 2.88 When Danny tells Mindy she is too picky and judgmental of other people , she tries to prove him wrong by going on a date with her complete opposite : wild and crazy skateboarder Graham ( Timothy Olyphant ) . Jeremy is distressed when his dad ( Alan Dale ) visits the practice and prefers Peter over Jeremy . 32 8 `` You 've Got Sext '' Alex Hardcastle Mindy Kaling November 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 12 ) 208 2.66 Mindy loses her purse at the clinic , and decides to spend the night at Danny 's apartment . She confesses that she is interested in somebody who works on their floor ( Cliff ) , and Danny suspects that she is talking about him . Meanwhile , Morgan and Peter find Mindy 's missing purse and engage in a raunchy text conversation with Cliff using her phone .",
"9": "33 9 `` Mindy Lahiri Is a Racist '' Greg Daniels Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen November 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) 209 2.40 Danny learns that one of his patients is a mommy blogger and allows for her to write a review of Shulman & Associates on her website , but the practice is quickly cast in a racist light after they discover that the review had been posted to a white supremacy blog . Jeremy hires a PR specialist ( Jenna Elfman ) in order to neutralize their image but things get worse . Meanwhile , Morgan seeks Cliff 's forgiveness for not deleting the raunchy texts Cliff sent to Mindy . 34 10 `` Wedding Crushers '' Charles McDougall Lang Fisher November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 211 2.66 Mindy 's philandering ex-boyfriend Josh invites her to his wedding , and in her haste to find a date settles on Peter , who turns out to be an ideal companion -- until he makes one huge blunder which puts Mindy on a tightrope . Meanwhile , Danny 's younger brother pays a visit and a has a big announcement to make . 35 11 `` Christmas Party Sex Trap '' Michael Spiller Tracey Wigfield December 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) 210 2.34 Mindy throws a Christmas bash for all of the building 's businesses so she can spend more time with Cliff , but Brendan 's date zaps Mindy 's holiday spirit with a seductive rendition of `` Santa Baby '' for the guests . 36 12 `` Danny Castellano Is My Personal Trainer '' Rob Schrab Charlie Grandy January 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) 212 2.62 With Danny as her fitness coach , Mindy is determined to get in shape for her winter getaway . Jeremy begins using some of his leftover sick days and places Peter in charge as managing partner in his absence . 37 13 `` L.A. ''",
"10": "Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & Tracey Wigfield January 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 214 2.47 Jeremy sends the rest of the team to an L.A. seminar to get certified for treating a wider , more vain audience . While Danny is concerned about running into his dad during the trip , Mindy bumps into her ex-fiancé , Casey . 38 14 `` The Desert '' Marco Fargnoli Tracey Wigfield & Mindy Kaling January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) 215 3.02 Mindy is determined to fly back to New York immediately to win Cliff back , but is dragged along by a persistent Danny to visit his distant father . Having returned to the office early , Peter and Morgan come across Cliff , who appears to be equally heartbroken . 39 15 `` French Me , You Idiot '' Paul Lieberstein Jack Burditt April 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) 216 1.88 Now that she has chosen to pursue her feelings with Danny , Mindy must figure out how to gently end her recently rekindled relationship with Cliff . Peter steps up as a representative for Shulman & Associates in an attempt to take in Lincoln Center dancers as new patients . 40 16 `` Indian BBW '' Michael Spiller Jeremy Bronson April 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) 217 1.87 Just as Mindy begins to settle into her relationship with Danny , an old sex tape between her and Tom surfaces online . Danny becomes ill with meningitis . 41 17 `` Be Cool '' Rob Schrab Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen April 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 08 ) 218 2.26 Danny urges Mindy to keep their romance a secret , which makes her begin to question his intentions . Morgan temporarily moves in with Mindy after learning that her apartment was robbed .",
"11": "42 18 `` Girl Crush '' David Rogers Chris Schleicher April 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 08 ) 213 2.33 Mindy deals with her break - up with Danny . Feeling undervalued at Shulman & Associates , Mindy meets famous OB / GYN Sheila Hamilton ( Anna Gunn ) and flirts with the idea of working at her fancy practice , which caters to rich celebrities and upper class women . Jeremy rents out a medical bus to perform free breast exams for women on the streets of East Harlem . 43 19 `` Think Like a Peter '' Ken Whittingham Charlie Grandy April 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 15 ) 219 1.95 Peter convinces Mindy to tag along with him to a bar to help her overcome her recent heartbreak . Feeling shunned by Mindy , Danny seeks someone new to talk to at work and turns to Morgan and Tamra after finding out about their scandalous secret . 44 20 `` An Officer and a Gynecologist '' David Rogers Jack Burditt & Lang Fisher April 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) 220 2.14 Mindy clashes with a police officer when she gives his daughter birth - control pills . Meanwhile , a rabbi thinks Danny is Jewish when he refers his congregation to the practice . 45 21 `` Girl Next Door '' Michael Weaver Tracey Wigfield & Alina Mankin April 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 29 ) 221 2.20 Mindy is on the hunt to buy her own apartment space so that she can be completely self - reliant . She agrees to try out Danny 's second place , which is right next door to him , but their friendship is put to the test when Mindy decides to have Charlie ( Tim Daly ) visit . Tired of dating mundane and uncultured women , Peter agrees to stop by Jeremy 's place to meet and mingle with his friends .",
"12": "46 22 `` Danny and Mindy '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 222 2.48 Mindy thinks she has met the man of her dreams after he writes a description of their encounter in a New York newspaper . After a failed attempt at meeting each other , Mindy once again spots whom she believes to be her mystery man but is left with an even bigger reveal . Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` We 're a Couple Now , Haters ! '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) 301 2.68 Mindy finds it difficult to keep the details of her and Danny 's relationship private from the office , especially after she discovers a surprising secret from Danny 's past . Peter grows suspicious of his girlfriend Lauren 's ( Tracey Wigfield ) behavior when she begins organizing a charity event with Jeremy . Morgan 's cousin , Lou Tookers ( Rob McElhenney ) , stops by the practice . 48 `` Annette Castellano Is My Nemesis '' Marco Fargnoli Tracey Wigfield September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) 303 2.10 Danny 's mother , Annette ( Rhea Perlman ) , is in town , and Mindy is determined to win her approval . Meanwhile , Peter convinces Morgan to be more assertive in his relationship with Tamra . 49 `` Crimes & Misdemeanors & Ex-BFs '' Michael Weaver Matt Warburton September 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 30 ) 302 2.35 After it is revealed that Mindy has been committing tax fraud for years , she seeks Cliff 's help to clear her name and save the practice . Peter faces off against Jeremy to win back Lauren 's affection .",
"13": "50 `` I Slipped '' Lynn Shelton Charlie Grandy October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 304 2.19 Danny tries something new in bed that horrifies Mindy , and she begins to worry she is not exciting enough sexually . Morgan is disappointed when none of his coworkers show up to celebrate his graduation from the nurse practitioner 's program . Jeremy finds out everyone in the office is `` Team Peter '' with regards to their falling out over Lauren . 51 5 `` The Devil Wears Lands ' End '' Michael Spiller Jeremy Bronson October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 305 2.21 After first getting the practice into big trouble with Dr. Jean Fishman ( Niecy Nash ) , the new head of obstetrics , Mindy makes matters even worse when the two spend time alone together . Despite their ongoing feud , Peter must learn to work with Jeremy when he realizes his beer pong skills will be a necessity for an upcoming Dartmouth Alumni matchup against Shonda Rhimes . 52 6 `` Caramel Princess Time '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Charlie Grandy & Mindy Kaling November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 306 2.84 Danny 's plan to teach Mindy the importance of being on time backfires when Dr. Fishman steps in . Tamra and Morgan set Peter up on a blind date with Tamra 's `` twin , '' Abby ( Allison Tolman ) . 53 7 `` We Need to Talk About Annette '' Michael Weaver Alina Mankin November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 307 2.47 Mindy catches Danny 's mom shoplifting and must figure out how to bring this to his attention . Mindy accidentally accusing Annette about stealing the jacket to gives to Danny . Peter struggles to find balance between his adult life and his new laid back friend , Abby .",
"14": "54 8 `` Diary of a Mad Indian Woman '' Alex Hardcastle Lang Fisher November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 308 2.37 Mindy 's plan to have Danny stay at her place are interrupted when Dr. Fishman asserts that she must begin mentoring the residents at the hospital . Left to his own devices , Danny stumbles upon Mindy 's diary and gets himself into a tough situation . 55 9 `` How to Lose a Mom in Ten Days '' David Rogers Tracey Wigfield November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 309 2.33 Mindy is tired of Annette hovering around her relationship with Danny and decides to set her up on a date with Dr. Ledreau , an older practitioner from their building . Jeremy also has his eyes on this soon - to - be-retired doctor , as he is hoping for the practice to receive his patient list . Saddened by his breakup with Tamra , Morgan is convinced by Peter to set up an online dating profile . 56 10 `` What About Peter ? '' David Stassen Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 310 2.45 Appalled by Peter 's living situation , Mindy convinces him to move next door to Danny 's second apartment space . Danny , however , has other plans with the room . Jeremy 's parenting skills are put to the test when he and Morgan are responsible for looking after Lauren 's baby boy . 57 11 `` Christmas '' Paul Lieberstein Charlie Grandy December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 311 2.55 Mindy questions whether or not Danny will propose to her by Christmas time and is presented with the opportunity to apply to a medical fellowship at Stanford . Meanwhile , Danny 's plan to set Peter up on a date with Dr. Jessica Lieberstein ( Julia Stiles ) go astray when she mistakenly takes Morgan out instead .",
"15": "58 12 `` Stanford '' Michael Spiller Tracey Wigfield January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 312 2.24 Mindy has to overcome multiple bad impressions and a lack of confidence when she arrives at Stanford to start her fellowship , but things get crazy when Danny offers to help with a hostile doctor who was a friend of his in med school . Back in New York , a basketball game becomes a battleground between exes Tamra and Morgan . 59 13 `` San Francisco Bae '' Michael Spiller Chris Schleicher January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) 314 2.42 On a night out in San Francisco , Mindy runs into the man whose virginity she took , Alex ( Lee Pace ) . He is now very successful and she contemplates how things who have been if she were with him and not Danny . Back in New York , Morgan and Danny try to spy on Peter next door as they suspect Lauren cheating on Jeremy with Peter . 60 14 `` No More Mr. Noishe Guy '' Michael Weaver Jeremy Bronson February 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 03 ) 313 2.22 Mindy contemplates starting a fertility clinic in San Francisco with Rob , but talking to Danny becomes a problem especially when he buys a brownstone for the two of them in New York . Meanwhile Lauren 's move to Texas encourages Peter to follow her , but it would mean him having to leave the practice . 61 15 `` Dinner at the Castellanos '' David Rogers Charlie Grandy February 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 315 2.33 Mindy has big news to tell Danny , however this is delayed due to the arrival of Danny 's father and half - sister , leading to an awkward dinner .",
"16": "62 16 `` Lahiri Family Values '' Marco Fargnoli Tracey Wigfield February 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 316 2.47 Danny promises to move to San Francisco with Mindy and tries to tell the practice , but they are confused and concerned about his motives . In California , Mindy reconnects with her little brother when she discovers he has damaged her credit , leaving her unable to get a business loan . 63 17 `` Danny Castellano Is My Nutritionist '' Lynn Shelton Mindy Kaling & Matt Warburton February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 317 2.28 Mindy and Danny pressure each other to be healthier in preparation for parenthood , the goal being for Mindy to eat less junk food and for Danny to quit smoking . The practice is busy and needs to hire an additional doctor , so they focus on impressing Dr. Phillips ( Vanessa L. Williams ) , a glamorous former professor of Mindy 's who is bored with retirement . 64 18 `` Fertility Bites '' Nisha Ganatra Jeremy Bronson & Chris Schleicher March 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) 318 2.13 Mindy 's fertility clinic finally opens , but she struggles to attract patients due to her lack of experience in helping women conceive . Morgan , Tamra , and Beverly butt heads with Dr. Bergdahl ( Dan Bakkedahl ) , leaving Jeremy caught in the middle of the feud . 65 19 `` Confessions of a Catho - holic '' Ike Barinholtz Jack Burditt March 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) 319 1.76 Mindy pretends to be Catholic in order to win the approval of the strict new priest at Danny 's church ( Stephen Colbert ) , who is also a reformed bad boy from Danny 's old neighborhood . Morgan helps Jeremy prepare for his one - man show about his early life and emigration to America .",
"17": "66 20 `` What to Expect When You 're Expanding '' Michael Weaver Tracey Wigfield & Lang Fisher March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) 320 2.00 Tamra 's cousin Sheena ( Laverne Cox ) , a stylist , tries to help Mindy regain her lost self - confidence as she gains pregnancy weight . Jeremy gets back into the dating game when he meets Whitney ( Cristin Milioti ) who shuts down a loud singles party . 67 21 `` Best Man '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 321 2.05 Mindy questions Danny 's commitment when he fails to meet her parents , who are about to move back to India for a year . Everyone prepares to attend Peter 's wedding in Texas . Meanwhile , Morgan believes he has overheard shocking information about the paternity of Mindy 's baby . Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 68 `` While I Was Sleeping '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling September 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 15 ) 402 Mindy dreams of how her life would have been different had she not fallen in love with Danny . Meanwhile , Danny meets Mindy 's parents in India . 69 `` C Is for Coward '' Alex Hardcastle Matt Warburton September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 401 Mindy wants a scheduled C - section , but Danny is in favor of a natural birth . However , when Mindy 's water breaks on the way to an expo , Danny races to be there in time for their son 's birth . 70 `` Leo Castellano Is My Son '' Alex Reid Charlie Grandy September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 403 As Danny heads back to work after the birth of their son , Mindy finds herself a bit stir crazy .",
"18": "Morgan finds romance with Mindy and Danny 's neighbour , Chelsea . Tamra convinces Jeremy that his new girlfriend , Whitney , is cheating on him . 71 `` The Bitch Is Back '' Michael Weaver Tracey Wigfield October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) 404 As Mindy prepares to go back to work after her maternity leave , she visits the office with Leo and meets her new coworkers . Mindy 's instant dislike for the new doctor in the office makes her debate returning to work at all . 72 5 `` Stay at Home MILF '' Rachel Goldenberg Chris Schleicher October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) 405 Mindy realizes being a stay - at - home mom is harder than she anticipated . After Danny patronizes her efforts , Mindy challenges Danny to be a stay - at - home dad . At the office , Morgan pretends to be Colette 's boyfriend so her brother , Jody , does not find out that she is gay . 73 6 `` Road Trip '' David Stassen David Stassen October 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 20 ) 407 After his dad has a heart attack , Danny heads to California with Morgan in tow on a cross-country road trip . They make a pit stop in Oklahoma , where Danny is hiding a dark secret . 74 7 `` Mindy and Nanny '' Roger Kumble Lang Fisher October 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) 406 Mindy must fire Annette and hire a new nanny while Danny is away . Meanwhile , Jody helps Jeremy see Whitney is not all she seems . 75 8 `` Later , Baby '' Ryan Case Tracey Wigfield November 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) 411 When Mindy learns her fertility practice is struggling financially , Jody offers to help . Meanwhile , Peter 's unexpected visit to NYC forces him to hash out his friendship issues with Jeremy .",
"19": "76 9 `` Jody Kimball - Kinney Is My Husband '' Marco Fargnoli Chris Schleicher November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 412 While Danny is away , Mindy pretends Jody is her husband in order to get Leo into an elite preschool . In return , Mindy pretends to be Jody 's girlfriend for a dinner with Jody 's sister - in - law . 77 10 `` The Departed '' Claire Scanlon Lang Fisher November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 413 With Danny still away , Mindy accidentally joins a bereavement group while trying to sell her apartment . Elsewhere , Morgan and Colette attend Tamra 's open mic performance against her will . 78 11 `` The Lahiris and the Castellanos '' Kate Dennis Charlie Grandy November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) 408 Finally back from California , Danny and Mindy begin to plan their wedding . The Lahiri and Castellano families meet at their engagement party and cause drama . During the party Mindy tells an unhappy Danny about her new business venture . 79 12 `` The Parent Trap '' David Rogers Matt Warburton December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 410 Business is going well at The Lahiri Fertility Clinic with Mindy 's first patient about to give birth . However , Mindy 's relationship with Danny is strained when she finds out he is trying to intentionally impregnate her without her knowledge . 80 13 `` When Mindy Met Danny '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & Matt Warburton December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) 409 Mindy and Danny continue to argue with Christmas approaching , so Mindy reflects on meeting Danny on her first day of work at Shulman & Associates .",
"20": "81 14 `` Will They or Wo n't They '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & Matt Warburton April 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) 414 Mindy deals with the fallout after her breakup with Danny while trying to deal with her spring break Later , Baby clients . 82 15 `` So You Think You Can Finance '' Ryan Case Landon Young April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) ( AU ) April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) ( US ) 415 Mindy realizes she needs help to get her finances in order so she enlists the help of Whitney , Jeremy 's ex-girlfriend . Meanwhile , Jeremy begins dating a much older woman . 83 16 `` Mindy Lahiri is DTF '' Alex Reid Charlie Grandy May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 417 In search of a no - strings - attached hookup , Mindy dabbles with online dating . After a few embarrassing encounters , she steps up and asks for what she wants . Jody accidentally invites everyone over for a viewing party of the office 's favorite TV show . 84 17 `` 2 Fast 2 Serious '' Ike Barinholtz Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 416 After her breakup with Danny , Mindy begins to date again . Meanwhile , Colette finds it difficult to tell Jody that she is moving in with Morgan . 85 18 `` Bernardo & Anita '' David Rogers Mindy Kaling & Matt Warburton May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 418 Mindy tries to get in touch with her heritage when a date implies she is more white than Indian . Morgan and Jody vie for the attention of the same girl , a virgin , but realize they are not capable of being abstinent for her .",
"21": "86 19 `` Baby Got Backslide '' Geeta V. Patel Chris Schleicher May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 421 Casey returns to New York and Mindy must fight the temptation to reignite a relationship with her former flame . 87 20 `` The Greatest Date in the World '' Michael Weaver Tracey Wigfield May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 420 Mindy starts dating Casey 's friend Marcus ( Ne - Yo ) , whose trendy hipsterism clashes with Mindy 's love of the familiar . 88 21 `` Under the Texan Sun '' David Stassen Lang Fisher May 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 31 ) 419 Mindy visits Peter and his wife , Lauren , in Texas and ends up in the middle of their problems . 89 22 `` Princeton Charming '' David Rogers Guy Branum June 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 07 ) 422 Mindy , Morgan , and Jody head to Mindy 's alma mater , Princeton University , for a presentation , but things get complicated when Jody 's new girlfriend decides to come along . 90 23 `` There 's No Crying in Softball '' Michael Weaver Jonathan Green & Gabe Miller June 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 14 ) 423 Mindy is roped into playing in a softball tournament with her coworkers while her new boyfriend visits for the weekend . 91 24 `` My Kid Stays in the Picture '' Marco Fargnoli Guy Branum June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) 424 Mindy auditions Leo for a role on a soap opera . The nurses try to switch the doctors they work for at the practice . Jody 's brother Forbes comes by .",
"22": "92 25 `` Freedom Tower Women 's Health '' Linda Mendoza Jonathan Green & Gabe Miller June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 425 Morgan and Jeremy visit Danny at his new office , and Mindy ends up getting a mysterious new patient . Meanwhile , a dirty secret threatens to derail her budding romance . 93 26 `` Homewrecker '' Michael Spiller Lang Fisher & Chris Schleicher July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 426 Mindy and Danny reconnect while trapped on an elevator at Leo 's school . Meanwhile , Jody breaks into Mindy 's apartment to apologize through a grand gesture . Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 94 `` Decision 2016 '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) 501 After Jody tries to win Mindy 's heart by buying her an apartment , Mindy is torn between her old love , Danny , and a relationship with Jody . Tamra is suspicious about Mindy 's trip to Miami so she and Colette go undercover to figure out what really happened . 95 `` Nurses ' Strike '' David Rogers Matt Warburton October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 502 While Mindy struggles to take care of a sick Leo , Shulman and Associates is rocked by a nurses ' strike led by Ben , a handsome male nurse . Meanwhile , Jody tries to sell the upstairs apartment and Brendan comes to Mindy seeking help . 96 `` Margaret Thatcher '' Alex Reid Charlie Grandy October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 503 The nurses ' strike continues , while Mindy finds herself having romantic feelings for the enemy - Ben , the leader of the nurses . As the doctors and nurses try to stay strong , Jeremy finds that the stress is taking a serious toll on his health .",
"23": "97 `` Mindy Lahiri Is a Misogynist '' Ike Barinholtz Lang Fisher October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) 504 As Jeremy recovers from his heart attack , the practice needs another doctor . Jeremy and Jody want to hire a woman , but Mindy is not sure about sharing the spotlight . Meanwhile , she and Ben are getting serious . 98 5 `` Leland Breakfast Is the Miracle Worker '' David Stassen Chris Schleicher November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 505 When Mindy discovers that her new boyfriend is not being exclusive , she goes on a date with a famous actor aka `` the bad boy of London theater . '' The nurses try to cheer up Jody , who 's lost his mojo , and discover he might be planning something drastic . 99 6 `` Concord '' Michael Spiller Guy Branum November 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 08 ) 506 Mindy escapes to her childhood home in Massachusetts and discovers that her mom is using dubious methods to further her acting career in local theater . As Mindy and Rishi try to intervene , she learns that Danny is having doubts about marrying Sarah . 100 7 `` Revenge of the Nurse '' Michael Spiller Josh Bycel & Jonathan Fener November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 507 Mindy is afraid that she and Ben do not have similar desires for their futures ; a former fling of Mindy 's returns with an interesting new job . 101 8 `` Hot Mess Time Machine '' David Rogers Matt Warburton February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 508 Still reeling from her breakup with Ben , Mindy finds herself living the same day over and over again , and realizes that the only way to break the spell is to make things right with Ben .",
"24": "102 9 `` Bat Mitzvah '' Kate Dennis Josh Bycel & Jonathan Fener February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 509 Mindy panics when her new boyfriend Ben does not invite her to his daughter 's bat - mitzvah . Meanwhile , Jody , claiming he is over his heartache , dates Mindy 's doppelgänger . 103 10 `` Take My Ex-Wife , Please '' Daniella Eisman Chris Schleicher February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 510 Mindy acts out after learning that Ben 's attractive ex-wife is in town visiting him . Anna , having trouble at home , begrudgingly asks her coworkers for help . 104 11 `` Dibs '' Michael Spiller Lang Fisher March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 511 A heartbroken Anna grieves her breakup at Mindy 's place , while Jody and Jeremy compete for her affection . Morgan , trying to jump - start his dating life , blows up at Colette 's new girlfriend , Karen , when she accidentally interrupts his make out session . 105 12 `` Mindy Lahiri Is a White Man '' Marco Fargnoli Lang Fisher March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 512 Mindy is unfairly passed over for a promotion and goes to bed wishing things were different . She wakes up in the body of a handsome white man and quickly discovers the perks that supposedly come with white male privilege . 106 13 `` Mindy 's Best Friend '' Geeta V. Patel Guy Branum March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) 513 Mindy 's world is turned upside down when her cool friend from childhood moves to New York and starts dating Morgan . Meanwhile , Ben has to cover his tracks after the nurses spot him in a provocative situation .",
"25": "107 14 `` A Decent Proposal '' Michael Spiller Charlie Grandy March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 514 Mindy hears that Ben might be planning to propose , just as she decides she never wants to get married . Colette and Karen get engaged , but Colette immediately gets cold feet . Jeremy and Anna 's friendship is tested when Anna 's ex-husband comes back . Season 6 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 108 `` Is That All There Is ? '' David Stassen Mindy Kaling & Sonia Kharkar September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 601 As Mindy adjusts to married life with Ben , Jeremy tries to take things to the next level with Anna , while Tamra makes a life - changing decision . 109 `` A Romantical Decouplement '' Lang Fisher Lang Fisher September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) 602 Anna and Jeremy break up , despite still having feelings for one another . Mindy and Ben decide to get divorced . 110 `` May Divorce Be With You '' Linda Mendoza Matt Warburton & Jennifer Vierck September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 603 Mindy turns to her ex Cliff for help navigating her messy divorce . But Peter is back in town to help pull Mindy out of her slump with an epic office karaoke party ! 111 `` Leo 's Girlfriend '' Ike Barinholtz Charlie Grandy & Meredith Dawson October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 604 Mindy goes toe to toe with a cliquey mom ( Julie Bowen ) at Leo 's school . Meanwhile , Tamra fends off the advances of an ex she never thought she would backslide with .",
"26": "112 5 `` Jeremy & Anna 's Meryl Streep Costume Party '' Geeta V. Patel Mackenzie Dohr October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 605 Jeremy 's hosting a party the office is actually excited for ! Adding to the intrigue , Mindy invites a handsome stranger ( Yassir Lester ) who has an unexpected interest in Shulman and Associates . Jody competes with a beautiful doctor ( Ana Ortiz ) after she steals one of his patients . 113 6 `` The Midwife 's Tale '' Daniela Eisman Chris Schleicher October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 606 Shulman and Associates is turned upside down when Mindy hires Brendan after he considered suicide . Meanwhile , rumors fly about who is the father of Tamra 's baby . 114 7 `` Girl Gone Wild '' David Rogers Miranda Berman October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 607 Mindy reluctantly goes on the honeymoon she never went on by herself . During a hike , she gets trapped 127 Hours - style and gets visited by a hallucination of Reese Witherspoon ( playing herself ) .",
"27": "115 8 `` TBA '' TBA TBA October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 608 116 9 `` Danny in Real Life '' Michael Spiller Matt Warburton & Mindy Kaling November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 609 117 10 `` TBA '' TBA TBA November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 610 118 11 `` TBA '' TBA TBA November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 611 119 12 `` TBA '' TBA TBA November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) 612 120 13 `` TBA '' TBA TBA December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 613 121 14 `` TBA '' TBA TBA December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 614 122 15 `` Happily Ever After '' TBA TBA December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) 615 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Mindy Project ' Cancelled by FOX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Mindy Project Renewed for Super-Sized Season 4 at Hulu After Fox Cancellation '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu Renews The Mindy Project for Season Five '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 .",
"28": "Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Hulu 's Mid-Season Programming Slate '' . www.thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt7030468/?ref_=ttep_ep10// Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' New Girl ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , & ' Ben & Kate ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Special Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' , ' Vegas ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Hart of Dixie ' , ' NCIS : LA ' & ' DWTS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Parenthood ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' , ' Hart of Dixie ' , ' Happy Endings ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2012 ) .",
"29": "`` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Private Practice ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' ' Happy Endings ' & ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Parenthood ' , ' Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ' , ' The Voice ' , & ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up ; ' Hart of Dixie ' and ' Go On ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' & ' Take It All ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Betty White 's Off Their Rockers ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Off Their Rockers ' & ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Parenthood ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Taste ' , ' Hart of Dixie ' & ' Emily Owens M.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 .",
"30": "Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Raising Hope ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Go On ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Smash ' , ' New Girl ' & ' The Bachelor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Betty White 's 2nd Annual 90th Birthday Special ' and ' Vegas ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Golden Boy ' , ' The New Normal ' or ' Smash ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl , ' NCIS ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; ' Smash ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' NCIS ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Splash ' , ' Dancing with the Stars ' Adjusted Up , ' The New Normal ' ' Body of Proof ' & `` Go On ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2013 ) .",
"31": "`` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' Dancing with the Stars ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up , ' The New Normal ' , ' The Mindy Project ' & ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The Office ' , & ' Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' NCIS : LA ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ready for Love ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Grimm ' or ' New Girl ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dads ' , ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? '",
"32": "& ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up ; ' Capture ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice , ' NCIS ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Lucky 7 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : NCIS , Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D , The biggest Loser , Dads & Person of Interest Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 .",
"33": "Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Chicago Fire ' or ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' '' . TV by the Numbers .",
"34": "Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' About a Boy ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '",
"35": ", ' Glee ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Forever ' , ' The Voice ' , and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Selfie ' , ' Manhattan Love Story ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Forever ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Selfie ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' New Girl ' , & ' The Flash ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' .",
"36": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E. LD . ' , ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' About a Boy ' & ' Selfie ' Adjusted Down + Final Election Coverage Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' , & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' .",
"37": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Agent Carter ' , ' Person of Interest ' or ' Forever ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Person of Interest ' & ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Marry Me ' , ' The Mindy Project ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' About a Boy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' New Girl ' & ' TV 's Hottest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '",
"38": "'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Fresh Off The Boat ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' Undateable ' & ' One Big Happy ' Slide , ' The Mindy Project ' Finale Hits New Low + ' Forever ' Matches Low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Mindy Project episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Mindy_Project_episodes&oldid=807200450 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 15 : 05 . About Wikipedia",
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[
"Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel",
"Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel",
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"Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel"
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{
"0": "Judith Keppel - wikipedia Judith Keppel Jump to : navigation , search Judith Keppel Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel ( 1942 - 08 - 18 ) 18 August 1942 ( age 75 ) Wolverhampton , Staffordshire , England Known for First winner of the British television game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , Eggheads Spouse ( s ) Desmond Leon Corcoran ( 1964 -- 80 ) ( divorced ) Neil Shand ( 1985 -- 87 ) ( separated ) Children Sibylla Monacella Corcoran ( born 1966 ) Alexander Martin Desmond Corcoran ( born 1968 ) Aline Rose Corcoran ( born 1972 ) Parent ( s ) Walter Arnold Crispin Keppel ( father ) Relatives Arnold Keppel , 8th Earl of Albemarle ( great - grandfather ) Walter , 9th Earl of Albemarle ( grandfather ) Camilla , Duchess of Cornwall ( third cousin ) Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel ( born 18 August 1942 ) was the first one - million - pound winner on the television game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? in the United Kingdom . She is also the only woman in the United Kingdom to have won it and also the first person to win a million pounds or more on a British television game show . She has appeared on the BBC Two quiz show Eggheads since 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 3 References 4 External links Personal life ( edit ) Keppel 's father Hon Walter Arnold Crispian Keppel ( 1914 -- 1996 ) was a lieutenant commander in the Fleet Air Arm , who moved with the family to various naval postings around Britain until they settled in London when she was 17 . She took A-levels at St Mary 's School , Wantage , and completed a secretarial course , and married her first husband Desmond Corcoran , an art dealer . The couple went on to have three children , Sibylla , Alexander , and Rosie , but divorced in 1980 . In 1985 she married comedy script writer Neil Shand .",
"1": "They separated in 1987 . Keppel is the granddaughter of Walter , 9th Earl of Albemarle . Her great - grandfather , the 8th Earl , was brother - in - law of Alice Keppel , the mistress of King Edward VII , and was the great - granduncle of Camilla , Duchess of Cornwall . The Duchess of Cornwall is therefore her third cousin . Through the noble lineage of her aforementioned grandfather , her ancestry can be traced back to Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II of England , who were the subjects of her million - pound question on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( edit ) £ 1 million ( 15 of 15 ) Which King was married to Eleanor of Aquitaine ? A : Henry I B : Henry II C : Richard I D: Henry V Keppel 's £ 1 million question Keppel appeared on the 20 November 2000 episode of the UK edition of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , becoming the 12th winner in the world and the first in the UK to win one million pounds . At the time , she was a garden designer living in Fulham and was `` struggling for money '' . Nonetheless , she had spent about £ 100 phoning the quiz show more than 50 times to secure a place . `` BT rang me up and said , ' Do you realise your telephone bills are rising ? ' '' There was speculation at the time that the win was leaked to the press so that ITV would draw ratings away from BBC One which was showing the last episode of One Foot in the Grave in the same timeslot . However , the Independent Television Commission cleared Celador and ITV of the allegations . Keppel now appears on the BBC Two quiz show Eggheads , where she and four other quiz champions are pitted against members of the public . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ' West Midlands ' county did not exist prior to 1st April 1974 . ' Staffordshire ' is correct Jump up ^ Charles Mosley ( ed . )",
"2": ", Burke 's Peerage , Baronetage & Knightage ( London : Burke 's Peerage , 1999 ) Jump up ^ http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/233b6186-52c8-11e3-8586-00144feabdc0.html#axzz4115VmSpl Jump up ^ Woods , Judith ( 4 August 2001 ) . `` Thank God , I do n't have to move to France '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Sir William Coutts Keppel , 7th Earl of Albemarle thePeerage.com Jump up ^ `` My secret to winning Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Being single '' . Daily Telegraph . 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cool , calm , and collector of quiz show 's first million : But first the adverts as viewers wait for response to the final question '' . Herald Scotland . 21 November 2000 . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire ? cleared of ratings ' fix ' '' . BBC News . 15 January 2001 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . External links ( edit ) Preceded by First winner Top prize winner on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( UK ) 20 November 2000 Succeeded by David Edwards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judith_Keppel&oldid=808001452 '' Categories : 1942 births Contestants on British game shows Living people People from Fulham Keppel family People educated at Heathfield School , Ascot People of United Empire Loyalist descent Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 08 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-1937309298763023705
|
where's the pro bowl going to be this year
|
[
"Camping World Stadium, Orlando, Florida",
"Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida",
"Camping World Stadium in Orlando"
] |
{
"0": "2018 Pro Bowl - wikipedia 2018 Pro Bowl Jump to : navigation , search 2018 Pro Bowl NFC AFC 23 24 Head coach : Sean Payton ( New Orleans Saints ) Head coach : Mike Tomlin ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Total NFC 7 13 0 23 AFC 0 14 7 24 Date January 28 , 2018 Stadium Camping World Stadium , Orlando , Florida Offensive MVP Delanie Walker ( Tennessee Titans ) Defensive MVP Von Miller ( Denver Broncos ) Referee Walt Anderson Attendance 51,019 Ceremonies National anthem Jordan Fisher Coin toss Derrick Brooks Warrick Dunn Jason Taylor LaDainian Tomlinson Halftime show Jordan Fisher TV in the United States Network ESPN / ABC Announcers Sean McDonough , Matt Hasselbeck , Lisa Salters and Louis Riddick Radio in the United States Network Westwood One Announcers Kevin Kugler ( play - by - play ) Steve Tasker ( analyst ) Laura Okmin ( sideline reporter ) ← 2017 Pro Bowl 2019 → The 2018 Pro Bowl was the National Football League 's all - star game for the 2017 season , which was played at Camping World Stadium in Orlando , Florida on January 28 , 2018 . For the first time since 2008 , the game started during afternoon hours instead of primetime hours for U.S. Mainland viewers with a 3 : 00 PM ET start . It marked the second year the game was played in Orlando . It was televised nationally by ESPN and simulcasted on ABC . The roster was announced on December 19 on NFL Network . The AFC team won the game 24 -- 23 , the second straight year the Pro Bowl was won by the AFC .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Host selection process 1.2 Side events 2 Game format 2.1 Rule changes 3 Summary 3.1 Box score 4 AFC rosters 4.1 Offense 4.2 Defense 4.3 Special teams 5 NFC rosters 5.1 Offense 5.2 Defense 5.3 Special teams 6 Number of selections per team 7 Broadcasting 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Host selection process ( edit ) Under a three - year deal that began in 2017 , the Pro Bowl will once again be hosted by Camping World Stadium in Orlando . Side events ( edit ) The Pro Bowl Skills Challenge was held on January 25 at the Walt Disney World Resort and its ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex . Game format ( edit ) Rule changes ( edit ) The game format was the same as for 2017 , highlighted by : Forty - four players were assigned to each team , up from 43 in 2016 ( a regular game - day active roster has 46 ) . The two - minute warning that was given in the first and third quarters ( in addition to the second and fourth quarters ) in previous years was eliminated , and the ball did not change hands after the first and third quarters . The coin toss determined which team was awarded possession first . There were no kickoffs ; the ball was placed on the 25 - yard line at the start of each half and after scoring plays . Defenses were now permitted to play cover two and press coverage . Prior to 2014 , only man coverage was allowed , except for goal line situations . A 38 - second / 25 - second play clock was used instead of the usual 40 - second / 25 - second clock , and up from 35 - second / 25 - second clock in 2016 . Replay reviews will be allowed ; previously there was replay in the Pro Bowl only when new equipment tests were being conducted . There are no intentional grounding rules . Only defensive ends and tackles may rush on passing plays , but those must be on the same side of the ball . The defense is not permitted to blitz .",
"2": "All blindside blocks and blocks below the waist are illegal . A tight end and running back must be in every formation . No more than two wide receivers on either side of the ball . Deep middle safety must be aligned inside the hash marks . Play is stopped the moment a defender wraps his arms around the ball carrier . ( This rule only applies to the quarterback in the backfield during regular NFL play . ) Summary ( edit ) Box score ( edit ) 2018 Pro Bowl : American Football Conference vs National Football Conference Total NFC 7 13 0 23 AFC 0 14 7 24 at Camping World Stadium in Orlando , Florida Date : January 28 , 2018 Game time : 3 : 00 p.m. ET Game weather : 78 ° F ( 26 ° C ) , Rain showers Game attendance : 51,019 Referee : Walt Anderson TV announcers ( ESPN ) : Sean McDonough , Matt Hasselbeck , Lisa Salters and Louis Riddick Recap , Game Book ( show ) Game information First quarter NFC -- Adam Thielen 8 - yard pass from Drew Brees ( Graham Gano kick ) , 7 : 50 . NFC 7 -- 0 . Drive : 13 plays , 75 yards , 7 : 10 . AFC -- Chris Boswell 41 - yard field goal , 0 : 43 . NFC 7 -- 3 . Drive : 12 plays , 52 yards , 7 : 07 . Second quarter NFC -- Graham Gano 43 - yard field goal , 12 : 08 . NFC 10 -- 3 . Drive : 4 plays , − 4 yards , 1 : 56 . NFC -- Harrison Smith 79 - yard interception return ( Graham Gano kick ) , 7 : 18 . NFC 17 -- 3 . NFC -- Graham Gano 40 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . NFC 20 -- 3 . Drive : 11 plays , 58 yards , 1 : 53 .",
"3": "Third quarter AFC -- Delanie Walker 4 - yard pass from Alex Smith ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 11 : 20 . NFC 20 -- 10 . Drive : 5 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 40 . AFC -- LeSean McCoy 2 - yard run ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 5 : 36 . NFC 20 -- 17 . Drive : 5 plays , 53 yards , 3 : 07 . Fourth quarter NFC -- Graham Gano 38 - yard field goal , 14 : 09 . NFC 23 -- 17 . Drive : 13 plays , 55 yards , 6 : 27 . AFC -- Delanie Walker 18 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 1 : 31 . AFC 24 -- 23 . Drive : 7 plays , 47 yards , 2 : 13 . Top passers NFC -- Jared Goff -- 10 / 18 , 86 yards AFC -- Alex Smith -- 7 / 10 , 131 yards , TD , INT Top rushers NFC -- Mark Ingram -- 5 rushes , 21 yards AFC -- LeSean McCoy -- 3 rushes , 7 yards , TD Top receivers NFC -- Kyle Rudolph -- 7 receptions , 70 yards AFC -- T.Y. Hilton -- 4 receptions , 98 yards AFC rosters ( edit ) The following players were selected to represent the AFC : Offense ( edit ) Position Starter ( s ) Reserve ( s ) Alternate ( s ) Quarterback 12 Tom Brady , New England 7 Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh 17 Philip Rivers , LA Chargers 11 Alex Smith , Kansas City 4 Derek Carr , Oakland Running back 26 Le'Veon Bell , Pittsburgh 25 LeSean McCoy , Buffalo 27 Kareem Hunt , Kansas City Fullback 46 James Develin , New England 45 Roosevelt Nix , Pittsburgh Wide receiver 10 DeAndre Hopkins , Houston 84 Antonio Brown , Pittsburgh 13 Keenan Allen , LA Chargers 18 A.J. Green , Cincinnati 13 T.Y.",
"4": "Hilton , Indianapolis 14 Jarvis Landry , Miami Tight end 87 Travis Kelce , Kansas City 87 Rob Gronkowski , New England 82 Delanie Walker , Tennessee 84 Jack Doyle , Indianapolis Offensive tackle 77 Taylor Lewan , Tennessee 78 Alejandro Villanueva , Pittsburgh 72 Donald Penn , Oakland 76 Russell Okung , LA Chargers Offensive guard 66 David DeCastro , Pittsburgh 70 Kelechi Osemele , Oakland 64 Richie Incognito , Buffalo Center 53 Maurkice Pouncey , Pittsburgh 61 Rodney Hudson , Oakland Defense ( edit ) Position Starter ( s ) Reserve ( s ) Alternate ( s ) Defensive end 93 Calais Campbell , Jacksonville 99 Joey Bosa , LA Chargers 52 Khalil Mack , Oakland 54 Melvin Ingram , LA Chargers 97 Cameron Heyward , Pittsburgh 91 Yannick Ngakoue , Jacksonville Defensive tackle 97 Geno Atkins , Cincinnati 99 Jurrell Casey , Tennessee 97 Malik Jackson , Jacksonville Outside linebacker 58 Von Miller , Denver 90 Jadeveon Clowney , Houston 55 Terrell Suggs , Baltimore 50 Telvin Smith , Jacksonville Inside linebacker 57 C.J. Mosley , Baltimore 50 Ryan Shazier , Pittsburgh 53 Joe Schobert , Cleveland Cornerback 20 Jalen Ramsey , Jacksonville 21 A.J.",
"5": "Bouye , Jacksonville 21 Aqib Talib , Denver 26 Casey Hayward , LA Chargers Free safety 32 Eric Weddle , Baltimore 31 Kevin Byard , Tennessee Strong safety 20 Reshad Jones , Miami 23 Micah Hyde , Buffalo Special teams ( edit ) Position Starter Alternate ( s ) Punter 6 Brett Kern , Tennessee Placekicker 9 Chris Boswell , Pittsburgh Return specialist 10 Tyreek Hill , Kansas City Special teamer 18 Matthew Slater , New England 41 Brynden Trawick , Tennessee Long snapper 46 Clark Harris , Cincinnati Nfc rosters ( edit ) The following players were selected to represent the NFC : Offense ( edit ) Position Starter ( s ) Reserve ( s ) Alternate ( s ) Quarterback 11 Carson Wentz , Philadelphia 3 Russell Wilson , Seattle 9 Drew Brees , New Orleans 16 Jared Goff , LA Rams Running back 30 Todd Gurley , LA Rams 22 Mark Ingram , New Orleans 41 Alvin Kamara , New Orleans Fullback 44 Kyle Juszczyk , San Francisco Wide receiver 11 Julio Jones , Atlanta 19 Adam Thielen , Minnesota 11 Larry Fitzgerald , Arizona 13 Michael Thomas , New Orleans 17 Davante Adams , Green Bay 89 Doug Baldwin , Seattle Tight end 86 Zach Ertz , Philadelphia 88 Jimmy Graham , Seattle 82 Jason Witten , Dallas 82 Kyle Rudolph , Minnesota Offensive tackle 71 Trent Williams , Washington 77 Tyron Smith , Dallas 65 Lane Johnson , Philadelphia 77 Andrew Whitworth , LA Rams 74 Joe Staley , San Francisco 76 Duane Brown , Seattle Offensive guard 70 Zack Martin , Dallas 79 Brandon Brooks , Philadelphia 75 Brandon Scherff , Washington 70 Trai Turner , Carolina 76 T.J.",
"6": "Lang , Detroit 67 Larry Warford , New Orleans Center 51 Alex Mack , Atlanta 72 Travis Frederick , Dallas Defense ( edit ) Position Starter ( s ) Reserve ( s ) Alternate ( s ) Defensive end 90 DeMarcus Lawrence , Dallas 97 Everson Griffen , Minnesota 94 Cameron Jordan , New Orleans 72 Michael Bennett , Seattle Defensive tackle 91 Fletcher Cox , Philadelphia 99 Aaron Donald , LA Rams 93 Gerald McCoy , Tampa Bay 76 Mike Daniels , Green Bay 98 Linval Joseph , Minnesota Outside linebacker 55 Chandler Jones , Arizona 91 Ryan Kerrigan , Washington 55 Anthony Barr , Minnesota 58 Thomas Davis Sr. , Carolina Inside linebacker 59 Luke Kuechly , Carolina 54 Bobby Wagner , Seattle 45 Deion Jones , Atlanta 58 Kwon Alexander , Tampa Bay Cornerback 21 Patrick Peterson , Arizona 29 Xavier Rhodes , Minnesota 23 Marshon Lattimore , New Orleans 23 Darius Slay , Detroit Free safety 29 Earl Thomas , Seattle Strong safety 21 Landon Collins , NY Giants 27 Malcolm Jenkins , Philadelphia 22 Keanu Neal , Atlanta 22 Harrison Smith , Minnesota Special teams ( edit ) Position Starter Alternate ( s ) Punter 6 Johnny Hekker , LA Rams Placekicker 4 Greg Zuerlein , LA Rams 9 Graham Gano , Carolina Return specialist 10 Pharoh Cooper , LA Rams Special teamer 36 Budda Baker , Arizona Long snapper 44 Jake McQuaide , LA Rams Notes : Players must have accepted their invitations as alternates to be listed ; those who declined are not considered Pro Bowlers .",
"7": "bold player who participated in game ( C ) signifies the player has been selected as a captain Replacement Player selection due to injury or vacancy Injured / suspended player ; selected but did not participate Replacement starter ; selected as reserve Selected but did not play because his team advanced to Super Bowl LII ( see Pro Bowl `` Player Selection '' section ) Number of selections per team ( edit ) American Football Conference Team Selections Pittsburgh Steelers 10 Jacksonville Jaguars 6 Los Angeles Chargers 6 Tennessee Titans 6 Oakland Raiders 5 New England Patriots Kansas City Chiefs Baltimore Ravens Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Denver Broncos Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Miami Dolphins Cleveland Browns New York Jets 0 National Football Conference Team Selections Los Angeles Rams 8 Seattle Seahawks 7 Minnesota Vikings 7 New Orleans Saints 7 Philadelphia Eagles 6 Dallas Cowboys 5 Arizona Cardinals Carolina Panthers Atlanta Falcons Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers Detroit Lions San Francisco 49ers Tampa Bay Buccaneers New York Giants Chicago Bears 0 Broadcasting ( edit ) The 2018 Pro Bowl was televised nationally by ABC , ESPN , and ESPN Deportes . The simulcast marked the game 's return to broadcast television , as well as its return to ABC for the first time since 2003 . To accommodate the return to broadcast television , the game moved from primetime to an afternoon start time to avoid interfering with ABC 's Primetime Lineup . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walt Anderson is the referee for the 2018 Pro Bowl Jump up ^ `` NFL 's pro bowl moves to Orlando '' . Chicago Tribune . Tronc . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alex Smith added to AFC Pro Bowl roster '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders QB Derek Carr Selected To Third Consecutive Pro Bowl '' . Raiders.com . January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Nix is Pro Bowl bound '' . Steelers.com .",
"8": "^ Jump up to : `` Dolphins receiver Jarvis Landry named to Pro Bowl as alternate '' . Sun-Sentinel.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Andrew . `` T.Y. Hilton Selected To Fourth Straight Pro Bowl '' . Colts.com . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delanie Walker in , Travis Kelce out for Pro Bowl '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walker , Andrew ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jack Doyle Named To First - Career Pro Bowl '' . Colts.com . ^ Jump up to : Elwood , Hayley ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Russell Okung Named to 2018 Pro Bowl '' . Chargers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Ngakoue and Smith added to Pro Bowl roster '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chargers OLB Melvin Ingram named to 2018 NFL Pro Bowl '' . USAToday.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Varley , Teresa ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Heyward headed to the Pro Bowl '' . Steelers.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Schobert added to AFC Pro Bowl team '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com. 2018 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Titans FS Kevin Byard , ST Brynden Trawick Named to Pro Bowl '' . TitansOnline.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Bengals long snapper Clark Harris selected for Pro Bowl '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Myles ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Jared Goff Named to 2018 Pro Bowl '' . TheRams.com .",
"9": "^ Jump up to : Western , Evan ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Packers ' Davante Adams added to 2018 Pro Bowl roster '' . SBNation . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Charean ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Doug Baldwin replaces Larry Fitzgerald on Pro Bowl roster '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Linval Joseph , Kyle Rudolph , Harrison Smith Named to 2018 Pro Bowl '' . Vikings.com . January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eatman , Nick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Witten Added to Pro Bowl Roster ; Ties Franchise Record With 11 Appearances '' . DallasCowboys.com . ^ Jump up to : Alper , Josh ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Andrew Whitworth will go to the Pro Bowl '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . ^ Jump up to : `` T Joe Staley Named to 2018 Pro Bowl '' . 49ers.com . January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyle , John ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Seahawks Left Tackle Duane Brown Named To Pro Bowl Roster '' . Seahawks.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Graham Gano , Trai Turner named to Pro Bowl roster '' . panthers.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Twentyman , Tim ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` T.J. Lang named to 2018 Pro Bowl '' . DetroitLions.com . Jump up ^ Alper , Josh ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Larry Warford will join Saints coaches at the Pro Bowl '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . ^ Jump up to : Boyle , John ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Seahawks Defensive End Michael Bennett Named To 2018 Pro Bowl Roster '' . Seahawks.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Packers DT Mike Daniels named to Pro Bowl '' . packers.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 .",
"10": "^ Jump up to : `` Thomas Davis named to Pro Bowl roster '' . Panthers.com . January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deion Jones added to Pro Bowl roster '' . nbcsports.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kwon Alexander Headed to the Pro Bowl ! '' . buccaneers.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Conway , Kelsey ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Falcons ' safety Keanu Neal selected to 2018 Pro Bowl roster '' . AtlantaFalcons.com . Jump up ^ Klein , Gary ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Rams snapper Jake McQuaide named to Pro Bowl for second year in a row '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NFL 's Pro Bowl Back on ABC '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved 24 May 2017 .",
"11": "External links ( edit ) Official website 2017 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina LA Rams New England Cleveland Jacksonville LA Chargers Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee Oakland Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL playoffs NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl LII National Football League Pro Bowl All - Star Games 1939 1940 ( Jan ) 1940 ( Dec ) 1942 ( Jan ) 1942 ( Dec ) NFL Pro Bowls 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 AFC -- NFC Pro Bowls 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2017 2018 Draft Pro Bowls 2014 2015 2016 Aloha Stadium Camping World Stadium Broadcasters Playoff Bowl broadcasters AFL All - Star Game broadcasters ESPN Monday Night Football Related programs ESPN Sunday Night Football ( Results ,",
"12": "1987 -- 2005 ) NFL Draft NFL on ABC Sports Football Sunday on ESPN Radio Studio programs The Blitz Monday Night Countdown NFL Matchup NFL Primetime Sunday NFL Countdown NFL Live NFL Insiders Other football programs Arena Football League on ESPN CFL on TSN ESPN College Football USFL on ESPN Related articles History of Monday Night Football NFL on television ( history ) Commentators Joe Tessitore Play - by - play TBA Color commentary Lisa Salters Sideline reporter Former commentators Bonnie Bernstein Mike Ditka Jon Gruden Ron Jaworski Suzy Kolber Tony Kornheiser Sean McDonough Michele Tafoya Joe Theismann Mike Tirico Dick Vermeil Steve Young Lore televised by ESPN ESPN takes over MNF 2005 Saints -- Giants / Cowboys -- Redskins Doubleheader 2006 Bears -- Cardinals Comeback Fail Mary Sunday Night Football era American Bowl ( 1990 - 2005 ) Fútbol Americano Pro Bowls broadcast on ESPN 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 2005 2006 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Music Edd Kalehoff Johnny Pearson Hank Williams , Jr .",
"13": "Songs `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' `` Heavy Action '' `` Start Me Up '' `` The Party 's Over '' Yearly results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 1970 -- 1989 1990 -- 2009 2010 -- present NFL on ABC Related programs Monday Night Football ESPN Sunday Night Football American Football League on ABC Pro Football Highlights Non-NFL programs College Football on ABC USFL on ABC World League of American Football on ABC Related articles History of Monday Night Football NFL on television ( history ) Monday Night Mayhem ( film ) ABC Monday Night Football ( video game ) Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) Chicago Bears ( home games ) 1953 1954 1955 Chicago Cardinals ( home games ) 1953 1954 1955 Los Angeles Rams ( Pacific Time Zone affiliates ) 1955 San Francisco 49ers ( Pacific Time Zone affiliates ) 1955 Washington Redskins ( home games ) 1954 Commentators AFL All - Star Game American Bowl Pro Bowl World Bowl Postseason commentators AFL Championship Game NFL Championship Game Super Bowl Lore televised by ABC `` Body Bag Game '' Death of John Lennon Brett Favre wins one for his father `` Monday Night Miracle '' Montana outduels Elway `` Snowball Game '' Joe Theismann 's career - ending sack `` The Night That Courage Wore Orange '' World Bowl ' 91 Postseason lore `` Music City Miracle '' `` One Yard Short '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' ( Whitney Houston recording ) `` Wide Right '' Music Charles Fox Edd Kalehoff Johnny Pearson Hank Williams , Jr .",
"14": "Songs `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' `` Heavy Action '' `` The Party 's Over '' NFL Championship 1948 1950 Super Bowl XIX ( 1984 ) XXII ( 1987 ) XXV ( 1990 ) XXIX ( 1994 ) XXXIV ( 1999 ) XXXVII ( 2002 ) XL ( 2005 ) Pro Bowl 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2018 AFL Championship 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 Results and standings Yearly results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 1970 -- 1989 1990 -- 2009 2010 -- present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Pro_Bowl&oldid=836804736 '' Categories : Pro Bowl 2017 National Football League season 2018 in American football 2018 in sports in Florida 2010s in Orlando , Florida American football in Orlando , Florida January 2018 sports events in the United States Sports competitions in Orlando , Florida Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 23 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who sang raindrops keep fallin on my head
|
[
"B. J. Thomas",
"B. J. Thomas",
"B. J. Thomas",
"B. J. Thomas"
] |
{
"0": "Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head - wikipedia Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head Jump to : navigation , search For the albums , see Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head ( Andy Williams album ) , Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head ( Johnny Mathis album ) , and Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head ( Mel Tormé album ) . `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' From the motion picture Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Single by B.J. Thomas from the album Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head B - side `` Never Had It So Good '' Released October 1969 Length 2 : 57 Label Scepter Records Songwriter ( s ) Hal David ( credited as Mack David ) and Burt Bacharach ( later as Luther Dixon ) Producer ( s ) Hal David and Burt Bacharach B.J. Thomas singles chronology `` Pass the Apple Eve '' ( 1969 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' ( 1969 ) `` Everybody 's Out of Town '' ( 1970 ) `` Pass the Apple Eve '' ( 1969 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' ( 1969 ) `` Everybody 's Out of Town '' ( 1970 ) Gold record presented to backup singer Linda November for her work on `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' is a song written by Hal David and Burt Bacharach for the 1969 film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid . It won an Academy Award for Best Original Song . David and Bacharach also won Best Original Score . The song was recorded by B.J. Thomas in seven takes , after Bacharach expressed dissatisfaction with the first six . In the film version of the song , Thomas had been recovering from laryngitis , which made his voice sound hoarser than in the 7 - inch release . The film version featured a separate vaudeville - style instrumental break in double time while Paul Newman performed bicycle stunts . The single by B.J.",
"1": "Thomas reached number 1 on charts in the United States , Canada , Norway and reached number 38 in the UK Singles Chart . It topped the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks in January 1970 and was also the first American number - one hit of the 1970s . The song also spent seven weeks atop the Billboard adult contemporary chart . Billboard ranked it as the No. 4 song of 1970 . According to Billboard magazine , Thomas ' single had sold over 2 million copies by March 14 , 1970 , with eight - track and cassette versions also climbing the charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly singles charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Covers 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) Ray Stevens was first offered the opportunity to record it for the film , but turned it down . He chose instead to record the song `` Sunday Morning Coming Down '' , written by Kris Kristofferson . Bob Dylan is supposed to have been approached for the song , but he , too , reportedly declined . The trumpet solos in the song are performed by Chuck Findley . In 2004 , it finished at number 23 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . In 2008 , the single was ranked 85th on Billboard 's Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs and placed 95th in the 55th Anniversary edition of the All - Time Hot 100 list in 2013 . Billboard Magazine also ranked the song 15th on its Top 50 Movie Songs of All Time list in 2014 . The song , initially when it came out , I believe it was October of 69 , the movie did n't come out until December , it did get some bad reviews . It was a very unique and different sounding song , Bacharach and David never had any qualms about trying to do anything different , or push the envelope so to speak . So nowadays , it sounds pretty tame , but back then , radio resisted it to some degree . But , when the movie came out it hit hugely and sold about 200,000 to 300,000 records a day ( and continued selling ) for about three years . -- B.J.",
"2": "Thomas , Interview , Pods o ' Pop ( August 22 , 2011 ) On December 3 , 2013 , the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences announced that the single would be inducted into the 2014 Grammy Hall Of Fame . `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' was used in the film Spy Hard , which parodied the scene in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid . Police Constable Pan-Am sings the opening lines at the end of his appearance in Series 2 , Episode 4 of Monty Python 's Flying Circus . It is on the soundtracks to Forrest Gump and Spider - Man 2 , in the latter accentuating Peter Parker 's blissful mood after abandoning his Spider - Man identity and its responsibilities . It was used in the Kevin Smith film Clerks II . The first episode of the second season of the popular medical drama Grey 's Anatomy is named after the song . It is also used in The Simpsons , episode 16 of the fourth season , called `` Duffless '' , at the end of the episode , while credits are presented . It was also used in a season 1 episode of Arrested Development entitled `` Altar Egos '' . It was also used in the 2003 film The In - Laws starring Michael Douglas and Albert Brooks , which was a remake of the 1979 Peter Falk / Alan Arkin film . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) B.J.",
"3": "Thomas version Chart ( 1969 - 70 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 20 Austria Top 40 11 Canadian RPM Top Singles Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Dutch Top 40 28 French Singles Chart 56 German Singles Chart 40 Irish Singles Chart 9 Italian Singles Chart 31 Norwegian Singles Chart New Zealand Singles Chart South African Singles Chart UK Singles Chart 38 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening US Cash Box Top 100 Johnny Farnham version Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box 13 Covers ( edit ) The song has been covered numerous times . In 1969 , Craig Douglas released a version produced by Tony Hatch . From January 24 to March 13 , 1970 , it was a number - one hit ( for seven weeks ) in Australia on the Go - Set National Top 40 for local pop singer , Johnny Farnham . In 1970 , it was also covered by Dionne Warwick on her album I 'll Never Fall in Love Again , by Engelbert Humperdinck on his album We Made It Happen , Johnny Mathis on his album Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head , Perry Como on his album It 's Impossible , The Four Tops on their album Changing Times , Andy Williams on his album , Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head , and The Free Design on their album Stars / Time / Bubbles / Love . Portuguese - born television and radio presenter Pedro Biker released a Danish version re-entitled `` Regndråber Drypper I Mit Hår '' in 1970 . A Swedish version was also made in 1970 , `` Regnet det bara öser ner '' sung by Siw Malmkvist . Genesis referenced the song title in their lyrics of In the Cage '' in 1974 .",
"4": "It has been covered in French by French singer Sacha Distel , whose version Toute La Pluie Tombe Sur Moi was a number 10 hit in the UK Singles Chart , and number 13 in Ireland , as well as number 10 in France . Distel also recorded a version with the original English lyrics , and another in Italian , Gocce Di Pioggia Su Di Me . Bobbie Gentry 's version reached number 40 in the UK chart . Paul Mauriat recorded it with his Grand Orchestra it 1973 . It was the only known cover in the USSR . The Welsh rock band Manic Street Preachers cover version is credited with adding greater nuance to the song , the Financial Times citing their recording as transforming the song from carefree optimism to `` an exhortation to keep going in the face of tragedy '' and noting that Bradfield 's voice `` added grit to the facile lyric '' . The group often spent their downtime on the tour bus watching the film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid , and incorporated the song into live sets . After the disappearance of lyricist Richey Edwards , the band decided to continue rather than split up . Having booked studio time in France to record their fourth album , Everything Must Go , they were invited to record for the War Child album The Help Album . The project required all songs to be recorded in one day . While band biographer Simon Price has described the recording and release of the record as a `` coded message '' that the band still existed , Bradfield recalls the events differently : `` ... us putting it out was n't planned as us saying ' We 're OK , guys ! ' , but the deadline was the next day after we 'd arrived in this place , for some kind of new beginning . '' The band 's recorded version of the song contains the first recorded instance of drummer Sean Moore performing on trumpet , and also appears on their 2003 B - sides and rarities compilation album Lipstick Traces ( A Secret History of Manic Street Preachers ) . The Manics further reference the film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid with the B - side `` Sepia '' . The Barry Sisters covered the song in a Yiddish version ( `` Trop'ns Fin Regen Oif Mein Kop '' ) on their 1973 album Our Way .",
"5": "Lisa Miskovsky covered the song in the extended version of her self - titled ( 2004 ) album . Preceded by `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' by Diana Ross & the Supremes Billboard Hot 100 number - one single January 3 -- 24 , 1970 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I Want You Back '' by The Jackson Five See also ( edit ) 1960s portal Pop music portal List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1970s List of RPM number - one singles of 1970 List of number - one hits in Norway List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1969 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1970 ( U.S. ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1970 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Audio Single : Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head - B.J. Thomas ( October 1969 ) '' . SHS - secondhandsongs . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 136 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 6th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1970 Jump up ^ `` Photo caption '' . Billboard. 14 March 1970 . p. 1 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ A Song A Day - Raindrops Keeps Falling On My Head , Music Aloud Jump up ^ `` Herb Alpert FAQ Herb Alpert / Tijuana Brass Discography and Collector Resource '' . Tijuanabrass.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs ( 90 - 81 ) Archived September 29 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine .",
"6": "Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 2 August 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Dan , Reilly ( 27 February 2014 ) . `` Top 50 Movie Songs Of All Time '' . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ B.J. Thomas ( 2011 ) . Pods o ' Pop - BJ Thomas Interview and Songs ( MP3 ) . Pods o ' Pop . Event occurs at 34m 18s . Archived from the original ( Audio ) on December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Grammy Hall of Fame '' . Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on my Head . THE RECORDING ACADEMY. 3 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Nimmervoll , Ed ( January 24 , 1970 ) . `` National Top 40 '' . Go - Set . Waverley Press . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Note : Australian pop singer , Johnny Farnham 's cover version sits at No. 1 ( first week ) , while B.J. Thomas ' version is at No. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Flavour of New Zealand '' . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nimmervoll , Ed . `` Go - Set Australian Charts -- Top Records for the Year of 1970 : Number One Singles 1970 '' . Go - Set . Waverley Press . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1970 / Top 100 Songs of 1970 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 26 , 1970 Jump up ^ Farnham , John ( 1969 ) . `` Raindrops keep fallin ' on my head / Bacharach - David ; ( performed by ) Johnny Farnham . Two / ( written and performed by ) Johnny Farnham '' . National Library of Australia . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Sydney : Columbia ( 1969 ) , DO - 8965 7XCT3526 7XCT3527 Jump up ^ `` Pedro Biker - Regndråber Drypper I Mit Hår / Sjælens Karrusel '' . Discogs. 1970 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Polydor - 2054 005 , Denmark Jump up ^ Aspden , Peter ( 22 May 2015 ) . `` The Life of a Song : ' Raindrops Keep Fallin ' On My Head ' '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Price , Simon ( 2 June 2016 ) . `` And If You Need An Explanation : Manic Street Preachers interviewed '' . Quietus . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Price , Simon ( 1999 ) . Everything ( A Book About Manic Street Preachers ) . Virgin . pp. 199 -- 200 . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0139 - 2 . Jump up ^ Price , Simon ( 1999 ) . Everything ( A Book About Manic Street Preachers ) . Virgin . p. 220 . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0139 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Our Way '' . Album Cover Notes . Stereophonic . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Our Way '' . MTV . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Label : Reboot Stereophonic Jump up ^ `` Lisa Miskovsky - Lisa Miskovsky ( New Version ) '' . Discogs. 2004 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 .",
"8": "Stockholm Records - 986 737 - 6 B.J. Thomas Albums On My Way Longhorns & Londonbridges Reunion You Gave Me Love ( When Nobody Gave Me a Prayer ) Love Shines The Living Room Sessions Singles `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` Hooked on a Feeling '' `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' `` Most of All '' `` Long Ago Tomorrow '' `` Rock and Roll Lullaby '' `` ( Hey Wo n't You Play ) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song '' `` Do n't Worry Baby '' `` I Recall a Gypsy Woman '' `` Whatever Happened to Old - Fashioned Love '' `` New Looks from an Old Lover '' `` Two Car Garage '' `` Night Life '' `` As Long As We Got Each Other '' Book : B.J. Thomas Burt Bacharach Albums Hit Maker ! : Burt Bacharach plays the Burt Bacharach Hits Woman Painted from Memory ( with Elvis Costello ) At This Time Film scores What 's New Pussycat ?",
"9": "After the Fox Casino Royale Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Lost Horizon Arthur Compositions A-M `` Alfie '' `` Another Tear Falls '' `` Any Day Now '' `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' `` Are You There ( With Another Girl ) '' `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' `` Baby It 's You '' `` Back at You '' `` Blue Guitar '' `` Blue on Blue '' `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` Do n't Say Goodbye Girl '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` God Give Me Strength '' `` Heartlight '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' `` I Want You '' `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' `` Living Together , Growing Together '' `` Long Ago Tomorrow '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Love Power '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Make It Easy on Yourself '' `` Making Love '' `` Message to Michael '' `` My Little Red Book '' N-Z `` On My Own '' `` One Less Bell to Answer '' `` Only Love Can Break a Heart '' `` Please Stay '' `` Rain on Me '' `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' `` Reach Out for Me '' `` Slow Jamz '' `` The Story of My Life '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' `` ( They Long to Be ) Close to You '' `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' `` Three Wheels on My Wagon '' `` Tower of Strength '' `` Trains and Boats and Planes '' `` Turkey Lurkey Time '' `` Twenty Four Hours from Tulsa '' `` Walk On By '' `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' `` What 's New Pussycat ? ''",
"10": "`` The Windows of the World '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Wives and Lovers '' Tribute albums Connie Francis Sings Bacharach & David Sings the Music of Bacharach & Kaempfert Four Bacharach & David Songs One Amazing Night To Hal and Bacharach Back to Bacharach When Ronan Met Burt ( also produced by Bacharach ) Related articles Back to Bacharach and David Hal David The Look of Love ( musical ) Promises , Promises ( musical ) John Farnham Studio albums Sadie Everybody Oughta Sing a Song Looking Through a Tear Christmas Is ... Johnny Farnham Johnny Together Johnny Farnham Sings the Shows Hits Magic & Rock ' N Roll Johnny Farnham Sings Hits from the Movies J.P. Farnham Sings Uncovered Whispering Jack Age of Reason Chain Reaction Then Again ... Romeo 's Heart 331⁄3 The Last Time I Remember When I Was Young : Songs from the Great Australian Songbook Jack Friends for Christmas Live albums Johnny Farnham Sings The Big Hits Of ' 73 Live ! Full House Live At The Regent Theatre Highlights from The Main Event John Farnham & Tom Jones -- Together in Concert The Acoustic Chapel Sessions Two Strong Hearts Live Compilation albums The Best of Johnny Farnham Johnny Farnham 's Greatest Hits Anthology 1 : Greatest Hits 1986 -- 1997 Anthology 2 : Classic Hits 1967 -- 1985 ( Recorded Live ) Anthology 3 : Rarities Love Songs One Voice : The Greatest Hits The Essential The Essential 3.0 Videos & DVDs The Main Event Anthology - The Videos An Audience with John Farnham The Last Time One Voice : The Greatest Clips John Farnham & Tom Jones -- Together in Concert Classic Jack Live !",
"11": "Chain Reaction Live in Concert With The Sydney Symphony Live at the Sydney Opera House Two Strong Hearts Live EPs & Singles `` Sadie ( The Cleaning Lady ) '' `` Underneath the Arches '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` One '' `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' `` Help ! '' `` You 're the Voice '' `` Pressure Down '' `` A Touch of Paradise '' `` Reasons '' `` Age Of Reason '' `` Two Strong Hearts '' `` Beyond the Call '' `` When Something Is Wrong with My Baby '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` Everytime You Cry '' `` The Last Time '' `` We Will Rock You '' `` Downhearted '' `` Even When I 'm Sleeping '' Related articles Discography Awards Little River Band Darryl Sambell Glenn Wheatley Bobbie Gentry Studio albums Ode to Billie Joe The Delta Sweete Local Gentry Bobbie Gentry and Glen Campbell Touch ' Em with Love Fancy Patchwork Way Down South All I Have to Do Is Dream Singles `` Ode to Billie Joe '' `` Let It Be Me '' `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' `` Fancy '' `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y.",
"12": "Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be ,",
"13": "Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B.",
"14": "Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance .",
"15": "What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You ( Disney song ) '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem ,",
"16": "Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) LCCN : n2011077568 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raindrops_Keep_Fallin%27_on_My_Head&oldid=838427280 '' Categories : 1969 singles 1970 singles Songs with lyrics by Hal David Songs with music by Burt Bacharach B.J.",
"17": "Thomas songs John Farnham songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Bobbie Gentry songs Andy Williams songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Norway Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients 1969 songs Number - one singles in Mexico Scepter Records singles Songs written for films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 23 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
[
8,
1,
17,
6,
3,
0,
9,
10,
12,
15,
13,
11,
2,
5,
14,
7,
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[
8,
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-3221472232775496553
|
the sons of liberty who were they and what did they do
|
[
"an organization that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies",
"to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government"
] |
{
"0": "Sons of Liberty - wikipedia Sons of Liberty Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Sons of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . 1st row : Samuel Adams Benedict Arnold John Hancock Patrick Henry James Otis , Jr. 2nd row : Paul Revere James Swan Alexander McDougall Benjamin Rush Charles Thomson 3rd row : Joseph Warren Marinus Willett Oliver Wolcott Christopher Gadsden Haym Salomon Not pictured : Hercules Mulligan , Thomas Melvill , Isaac Sears Sons and Daughters of Harem Motto No taxation without representation Formation 1765 Dissolved 1776 Type Patriot , paramilitary , political organizations Legal status defunct Location Boston , Province of Massachusetts Bay , New York City , Province of New York , Providence , Rhode Island , Province of Rhode Island , Newport , Rhode Island , Province of New Hampshire , Province of New Jersey , Province of Maryland , Virginia Colony A 1765 broadside , regarding the `` Sons of Liberty '' organizations and their principles Nine stripe Sons of Liberty flag The Sons of Liberty was an organization that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies . The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government . They played a major role in most colonies in battling the Stamp Act in 1765 . The group officially disbanded after the Stamp Act was repealed . However , the name was applied to other local separatist groups during the years preceding the American Revolution . In the popular imagination , the Sons of Liberty was a formal underground organization with recognized members and leaders . More likely , the name was an underground term for any men resisting new Crown taxes and laws . The well - known label allowed organizers to make or create anonymous summons to a Liberty Tree , `` Liberty Pole '' , or other public meeting - place . Furthermore , a unifying name helped to promote inter-Colonial efforts against Parliament and the Crown 's actions . Their motto became `` No taxation without representation . ''",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 New York 2 Flags 3 Notable Sons of Liberty 4 Later societies 5 Modern references 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 18th Century Sons 8.2 Later groups 9 External links History ( edit ) The Bostonian Paying the Excise - Man , 1774 British propaganda print , referring to the tarring and feathering , of Boston Commissioner of Customs John Malcolm four weeks after the Boston Tea Party . The men also poured hot tea down Malcolm 's throat ; note the noose hanging on the Liberty Tree and the Stamp Act posted upside - down In 1765 , the British government needed money to afford the 10,000 officers and soldiers living in the colonies , and intended that the colonists living there should contribute . The British passed a series of taxes aimed at the colonists , and many of the colonists refused to pay certain taxes ; they argued that they should not be held accountable for taxes which were decided upon without any form of their consent through a representative . This became commonly known as `` No Taxation without Representation . '' Parliament insisted on its right to rule the colonies despite the fact that the colonists had no representative in Parliament . The most incendiary tax was the Stamp Act of 1765 , which caused a firestorm of opposition through legislative resolutions ( starting in the colony of Virginia ) , public demonstrations , threats , and occasional hurtful losses . The organization spread hour by hour , after independent starts in several different colonies . In August 1765 , the group was founded in Boston , Massachusetts . By November 6 , a committee was set up in New York to correspond with other colonies . In December , an alliance was formed between groups in New York and Connecticut . January bore witness to a correspondence link between Boston and New York City , and by March , Providence had initiated connections with New York , New Hampshire , and Newport , Rhode Island . March also marked the emergence of Sons of Liberty organizations in New Jersey , Maryland , and Virginia . In Boston , another example of violence could be found in their treatment of local stamp distributor Andrew Oliver . They burned his effigy in the streets . When he did not resign , they escalated to burning down his office building .",
"2": "Even after he resigned , they almost destroyed the whole house of his close associate Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson . It is believed that the Sons of Liberty did this to excite the lower classes and get them actively involved in rebelling against the authorities . Their actions made many of the stamp distributors resign in fear . Early in the American Revolution , the former Sons of Liberty generally joined more formal groups , such as the Committee of Safety . The Sons of Liberty popularized the use of tar and feathering to punish and humiliate offending government officials starting in 1767 . This method was also used against British Loyalists during the American Revolution . This punishment had long been used by sailors to punish their mates . New York ( edit ) In December 1773 , a new group calling itself the Sons of Liberty issued and distributed a declaration in New York City called the Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York , which formally stated that they were opposed to the Tea Act and that anyone who assisted in the execution of the act was `` an enemy to the liberties of America '' and that `` whoever shall transgress any of these resolutions , we will not deal with , or employ , or have any connection with him '' . After the end of the American Revolutionary War , Isaac Sears , Marinus Willet , and John Lamb in New York City revived the Sons of Liberty . In March 1784 , they rallied an enormous crowd that called for the expulsion of any remaining Loyalists from the state starting May 1 . The Sons of Liberty were able to gain enough seats in the New York assembly elections of December 1784 to have passed a set of punitive laws against Loyalists . In violation of the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , they called for the confiscation of the property of Loyalists . Alexander Hamilton defended the Loyalists , citing the supremacy of the treaty . Flags ( edit ) In 1767 , the Sons of Liberty adopted a flag called the rebellious stripes flag with nine vertical stripes , four white and five red . A flag having 13 horizontal red and white stripes was used by Commodore Esek Hopkins ( Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Navy ) and by American merchant ships during the war . This flag was also associated with the Sons of Liberty .",
"3": "Red and white were common colors of the flags , although other color combinations were used , such as green and white or yellow and white . Notable Sons of Liberty ( edit ) Samuel Adams -- political writer , tax collector , cousin of John Adams , fire warden . Founded the Sons Of Liberty , Boston Joseph Allicocke -- One of the leaders of the Sons in New York , and possibly of African ancestry . Benedict Arnold -- businessman , later General in the Continental Army and then the British Army Timothy Bigelow -- blacksmith , Worcester John Brown -- business leader of Providence , Rhode Island John Crane -- carpenter , Colonel in command of the 3rd Continental Artillery Regiment , Braintree Benjamin Edes -- journalist / publisher Boston Gazette , Boston Christopher Gadsden -- merchant , Charleston , South Carolina John Hancock -- merchant , smuggler , fire warden , Boston Patrick Henry -- lawyer , Virginia John Lamb -- trader , New York City Alexander McDougall -- captain of privateers , New York City Hercules Mulligan -- tailor , spy under George Washington for the Continental Army , friend of Alexander Hamilton James Otis -- lawyer , Massachusetts Charles Willson Peale -- portrait painter and saddle maker , Annapolis , Maryland Paul Revere -- silversmith , fire warden , Boston Benjamin Rush -- physician , Philadelphia Isaac Sears -- captain of privateers , New York City Haym Salomon -- financial broker , New York and Philadelphia James Swan -- American patriot and financier , Boston Isaiah Thomas -- printer , Boston then Worcester , first to read Declaration of Independence in Massachusetts Charles Thomson -- tutor , secretary , Philadelphia Joseph Warren -- doctor , soldier , Boston Thomas Young -- doctor , Boston Marinus Willett -- cabinetmaker , soldier , New York Oliver Wolcott -- lawyer , Connecticut Later societies ( edit ) At various times , small secret organizations took the name `` sons of liberty '' . They generally left very few records . The name was also used during the American Civil War . By 1864 , the Copperhead group the Knights of the Golden Circle set up an offshoot called Order of the Sons of Liberty . They both came under federal prosecution in 1864 for treason , especially in Indiana . A radical wing of the Zionist movement launched a boycott in the U.S.",
"4": "against British films in 1948 , in response to British policies in Palestine . It called itself the `` Sons of Liberty . '' Modern references ( edit ) The patriotic spirit of the Sons of Liberty has been used by Walt Disney Pictures through their 1957 film adaptation of Esther Forbes ' novel Johnny Tremain . Within the movie , the Sons of Liberty sing a rousing song titled `` The Liberty Tree '' . This song raises the Liberty Tree to a national icon in a manner similar to the way in which George M. Cohan 's `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' revitalized respect for the American flag in the early twentieth century . In the 1995 alternative history novel The Two Georges , the Sons of Liberty are depicted as a nativist terrorist organisation whose aim is to make the North American Union independent of the British Empire ; their attempts include the theft of the titular portrait for a fifty million pound ransom and two assassination attempts on King - Emperor Charles III . The flag used by the Sons of Liberty and the Independence Party alike is a variation of the North American Jack and Stripes with the Union Jack in the canton being replaced by a bald eagle . The Sons of Liberty are referred to in the 2001 video game Metal Gear Solid 2 : Sons of Liberty . It refers to them in the title , and a group within the game calls itself the Sons of Liberty and models itself after them . In 2015 , a three - part mini-series aired on the History Channel with the same name . The Sons of Liberty are referred to in the 2015 Broadway show Hamilton . In the song `` Yorktown ( The World Turned Upside Down ) , '' the character Hercules Mulligan sings , `` I am runnin ' with the Sons of Liberty and I am lovin ' it . '' In an episode of the Claymation children 's TV show Gumby , entitled `` Son of Liberty '' ( first aired in 1966 ) , Gumby becomes a member of the Sons of Liberty . See also ( edit ) Loyal Nine , precursor to the Sons of Liberty Daughters of Liberty Stamp Act Congress Patriot ( American Revolution ) Sons of Liberty ( miniseries ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John Phillips Resch , ed.",
"5": ", Americans at war : society , culture , and the homefront ( MacMillan Reference Library , 2005 ) 1 : 174 - 75 Jump up ^ Alan Axelrod ( 2000 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the American Revolution . Alpha Books . p. 89 . ISBN 9780028633794 . Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes , Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies ( 2007 ) 1 : 688 Jump up ^ Frank Lambert ( 2005 ) . James Habersham : loyalty , politics , and commerce in colonial Georgia . U. of Georgia Press . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 2539 - 2 . Jump up ^ John C. Miller , Origins of the American Revolution ( Boston , 1943 ) p. 74 . Jump up ^ John C. Miller , Origins of the American Revolution ( Boston , 1943 ) Jump up ^ Such as by the local judges and Frederick , Maryland . See Thomas John Chew Williams ( 1979 ) . History of Frederick County , Maryland . Genealogical Publishing Co. pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 9780806379739 . Jump up ^ Miller , Origins of the American Revolution pp. 121 , 129 -- 130 Jump up ^ Anger , p. 135 Jump up ^ Benjamin H. Irvin , `` Tar , feathers , and the enemies of American liberties , 1768 - 1776 . '' New England Quarterly ( 2003 ) : 197 - 238 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ T.H. Breen ( 2004 ) . The Marketplace of Revolution : How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence . Oxford UP . p. 446 . ISBN 9780199840113 . Jump up ^ Schecter , pg. 382 Jump up ^ Colonial and Revolutionary War Flags ( U.S. ) Jump up ^ Liberty Flags ( U.S. ) Jump up ^ Ansoff , Peter . ( 2004 ) . The First Navy Jack .",
"6": "Raven : A Journal of Vexillology , 11 Jump up ^ Donald A. Grinde Jr , `` Joseph Allicocke : African - American Leader of the Sons of Liberty . '' Afro - Americans in New York Life and History 14 #. 2 ( 1990 ) : 61 - 69 . Jump up ^ Dave R. Plamer ( 2010 ) . George Washington and Benedict Arnold : A Tale of Two Patriots . Regnery Publishing . p. 3 . ISBN 9781596981645 . Jump up ^ Ira Stoll ( 2008 ) . Samuel Adams : A Life . Free Press . pp. 76 -- 77 . ISBN 9781416594567 . Jump up ^ David H. Fischer ( 1995 ) . Paul Revere 's ride . Oxford University Press . p. 22 . ISBN 9780195098310 . Jump up ^ Paul Della Valle ( 2009 ) . Massachusetts Troublemakers : Rebels , Reformers , and Radicals from the Bay State . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 57 . ISBN 9780762757954 . Jump up ^ Chris Alexander ( 2010 ) . Two Truths Two Justices . Xulon Press . p. 146 . ISBN 9781612154527 . Jump up ^ Daniel Elbridge Wager ( 1891 ) . Col. Marinus Willett , the Hero of Mohawk Valley . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Baker , pg. 341 Jump up ^ David C. Keehn ( 2013 ) . Knights of the Golden Circle : Secret Empire , Southern Secession , Civil War . Louisiana State UP . p. 173 . ISBN 9780807150047 . Jump up ^ Kerry Segrave ( 2004 ) . Foreign Films in America : A History . McFarland . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8162 - 0 .",
"7": "Further reading ( edit ) 18th century Sons ( edit ) Becker , Carl ( 1901 ) , `` Growth of Revolutionary Parties and Methods in New York Province 1765 -- 1774 '' , American Historical Review , 7 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 76 , doi : 10.2307 / 1832532 , ISSN 0002 - 8762 , JSTOR 1832532 Carson , Clayborne , Jake Miller , and James Miller . `` Sons of Liberty . '' in Civil Disobedience : An Encyclopedic History of Dissidence in the United States ( 2015 ) : 276 + Champagne , Roger J. ( 1967 ) , `` Liberty Boys and Mechanics of New York City , 1764 -- 1774 '' , Labor History , 8 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 135 , ISSN 0023 - 656X Champagne , Roger J. ( 1964 ) , `` New York 's Radicals and the Coming of Independence '' , Journal of American History , 51 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 40 , doi : 10.2307 / 1917932 , ISSN 0021 - 8723 , JSTOR 1917932 Dawson , Henry Barton . The Sons of Liberty in New York ( 1859 ) 118 pages ; online edition Foner , Philip Sheldon . Labor and the American Revolution ( 1976 ) Westport , CN : Greenwood. 258 pages . Hoffer , Peter Charles ( 2006 ) , Seven Fires : The Urban Infernos The Reshaped America , New York : Public Affairs , ISBN 1 - 58648 - 355 - 2 Irvin , Benjamin H. ( 2003 ) , `` Tar , Feathers , and the Enemies of American Liberties , 1768 -- 1776 '' , New England Quarterly , 76 ( 2 ) : 197 -- 238 , doi : 10.2307 / 1559903 , ISSN 0028 - 4866 , JSTOR 1559903 Labaree , Benjamin Woods . The Boston Tea Party ( 1964 ) .",
"8": "Maier , Pauline ( 1972 ) , From Resistance to Revolution : Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain , 1765 -- 1776 , New York : W.W. Norton Maier , Pauline . `` Reason and Revolution : The Radicalism of Dr. Thomas Young , '' American Quarterly Vol. 28 , No. 2 , ( Summer 1976 ) , pp. 229 -- 249 in JSTOR Middlekauff , Robert ( 2005 ) , The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 019531588X Miller , John C. ( 1943 ) , Origins of the American Revolution , Boston : Little , Brown and Company Morais , Herbert M. ( 1939 ) , `` The Sons of Liberty in New York '' , in Morris , Richard B. , The Era of the American Revolution , pp. 269 -- 289 , a Marxist interpretation Nash , Gary B. ( 2005 ) , The Unknown Revolution : The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America , London : Viking , ISBN 0 - 670 - 03420 - 7 Schecter , Barnet ( 2002 ) , The Battle of New York , New York : Walker , ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1374 - 2 Unger , Harlow ( 2000 ) , John Hancock : Merchant King and American Patriot , Edison , NJ : Castle Books , ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2026 - 4 Walsh , Richard . Charleston 's Sons of Liberty : A Study of the Artisans , 1763 -- 1789 ( 1968 ) Warner , William B. Protocols of Liberty : Communication Innovation and the American Revolution ( University of Chicago Press , 2013 ) Later groups ( edit ) Baker , Jean ( 1983 ) , Affairs of Party : The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century , Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press , ISBN 0 - 8014 - 1513 - 6 Churchill , Robert . `` Liberty , conscription , and a party divided - The Sons of Liberty conspiracy , 1863 - 1864 . ''",
"9": "Prologue - Quarterly of the National Archives 30 # 4 ( 1998 ) : 294 - 303 . Rodgers , Thomas E. `` Copperheads or a Respectable Minority : Current Approaches to the Study of Civil War - Era Democrats . '' Indiana Magazine of History 109 # 2 ( 2013 ) : 114 - 146 . in JSTOR External links ( edit ) The Sons of Liberty , ushistory.org The Sons of Liberty , u-s-history.com Albany Sons of Liberty Constitution Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York , December 15 , 1773 New York in the American Revolution 1765 Sons of Liberty First Liberty Poles erected Stamp Act Congress 1770 Battle of Golden Hill 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Invasion of Canada 1776 New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Long Island New York Prison Ships Begin Submarine attack in New York Harbor Staten Island Peace Conference Landing at Kip 's Bay Battle of Harlem Heights Great Fire of New York Execution of Nathan Hale Battle of Valcour Island Battle of Pell 's Point Battle of White Plains Battle of Fort Washington 1777 Meigs Raid Saratoga campaign Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Fort Anne Siege of Fort Stanwix Battle of Oriskany Battle of Bennington Battle of Setauket Battle of Staten Island Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( 1st Saratoga ) Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery Battle of Bemis Heights ( 2nd Saratoga ) 1778 Setauket Spy Ring Launched Battle of Cobleskill West Point established Attack on German Flatts Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga Carleton 's Raid Cherry Valley massacre 1779 Battle of Stony Point Battle of Minisink Sullivan Expedition Battle of Newtown Boyd and Parker ambush 1780 Battle of Young 's House First Purple Heart Arnold -- André conspiracy exposed Battle of Klock 's Field Battle of Fort St.",
"10": "George 1781 HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York Battle of Fort Slongo Battle of Johnstown 1782 Washington 's Headquarters at Newburgh Newburgh letter 1783 Newburgh Conspiracy British Evacuate New York Washington 's Farewell to His Officers ( hide ) American Revolutionary War Origins of the American Revolution Philosophy American Enlightenment John Locke Colonial history Liberalism Republicanism Freedom of religion Rights of Englishmen Common Sense Spirit of ' 76 `` All men are created equal '' `` Life ,",
"11": "Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Royalists Pitt -- Newcastle ministry Bute ministry Grenville ministry First Rockingham ministry Chatham ministry Grafton ministry North ministry Second Rockingham ministry Shelburne ministry Fox -- North coalition Loyalists Black Loyalist Related British Acts of Parliament Navigation Iron Molasses Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Currency Quartering Stamp Declaratory Townshend Tea Quebec Intolerable Conciliatory Resolution Restraining Proclamation of Rebellion Prohibitory Colonials Stamp Act Congress Declaration of Rights and Grievances Virginia Association Sons of Liberty Patriots Committees of correspondence Committees of safety Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Massachusetts Circular Letter First Continental Congress Continental Association Minutemen Second Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation Events French and Indian War Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) Boston Massacre Gaspee Affair Hutchinson Letters Affair Boston Tea Party Powder Alarm Combatants Campaigns Theaters Battles Events Colonies Combatants Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Army Navy Marines Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament British Army Royal Navy German allies Colonial allies France army navy Hortalez et Cie Campaigns and theaters Boston Canada New York and New Jersey Saratoga Philadelphia Northern Southern Western Yorktown Naval battles Major battles Lexington and Concord Boston Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Bunker Hill Quebec Valcour Island Long Island Harlem Heights Fort Washington Trenton Assunpink Creek Princeton Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Bennington Saratoga Brandywine Germantown Monmouth St. Lucia Grenada Stony Point Sullivan Expedition Savannah Gibraltar Cape St.",
"12": "Vincent Charleston Springfield Camden Kings Mountain Cowpens Guilford Court House Lochry 's Defeat Yorktown Saintes Cuddalore Other events Staten Island Peace Conference `` First Salute '' Washington 's crossing of the Delaware River Conway Cabal Valley Forge Entry of France into war Carlisle Peace Commission Gordon Riots Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781 Sint Eustatius Newburgh Conspiracy Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Related conflicts Cherokee -- American wars Fourth Anglo - Dutch War Second Anglo - Mysore War Involvement ( by colony or location ) Rebel colonies Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Virginia Loyal colonies East Florida Nova Scotia Quebec West Florida Leaders British Military Arbuthnot Brant Burgoyne Campbell Carleton Clinton Cornwallis Fraser Gage Graves Richard Howe William Howe Knyphausen Rodney Civilian King George III Amherst Barrington Germain North Rockingham Sandwich Shelburne Colonial Military Washington Alexander Allen Arnold Barry Claghorn Clark Duportail Gates Greene Hamilton Hopkins Jones de Kalb Knox Lafayette Charles Lee Lincoln Mercer Montgomery Nicholson Putnam Rodney St.",
"13": "Clair Schuyler von Steuben Sullivan Ward Wayne Civilian John Adams Samuel Adams Carroll Dickinson Franklin Hancock Hanson Henry Huntington Jay Jefferson Laurens Richard Henry Lee McKean Morris Revere Rush Witherspoon Colonial allies French Louis XVI Beaumarchais d'Estaing de Grasse de Guichen Luzerne de Rochambeau Suffren Vergennes Aftermath Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Constitutional Convention Constitution Bill of Rights The Federalist Papers Shays ' Rebellion Jay Treaty Related topics Categories Related topics Military Prisoners Society of the Cincinnati The Turtle Political Founding Fathers Diplomacy Liberty Tree Yankee Doodle Other topics African Americans Timeline Women Categories Casualties Diplomacy Films Flags Military operations Military personnel Military units and formations Museums Novels Ships Sites Sister projects American Revolutionary War at Wiktionary Source texts at Wikisource Textbooks at Wikibooks Images and media at the Commons Quotations at Wikiquote News stories at Wikinews American Revolutionary War Portal Samuel Adams 4th Governor of Massachusetts , 1794 -- 1797 Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1781 First Continental Congress , 1774 Clerk of the Massachusetts House of Representatives , 1766 -- 1774 United States founding events The Independent Advertiser Boston Caucus 1764 Sugar Act response protests 1768 Massachusetts Circular Letter Probable author , 1768 -- 1769 `` Journal of Occurrences '' Arranged Christopher Seider funeral , 1770 Co-author , 1772 Boston Pamphlet Boston Committee of Correspondence , 1772 Hutchinson Letters Affair Co-inspired and publicized , Boston Tea Party Signed , 1774 Continental Association Massachusetts Provincial Congress Co-author , 1776 Letter to the inhabitants of Canada Signed , United States Declaration of Independence Signed , Articles of Confederation 1788 Massachusetts Compromise Life Early life Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Sons of Liberty 1789 U.S.",
"14": "House election 1796 presidential election Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule Granary Burying Ground Related American republicanism Boston Gazette American Revolution patriots Founding Father Faneuil Hall Old South Meeting House Legacy Samuel Adams ( Whitney ) Adams , Massachusetts Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Family John Adams ( second cousin ) John Hancock 1st and 3rd Governor of Massachusetts , 1780 -- 1785 , 1787 -- 1793 President , 2nd Continential Congress , 1775 -- 1777 Boston Board of Selectmen , 1766 -- 1775 United States Founding events HMS Liberty confiscation Sons of Liberty Co-inspired , Boston Tea Party 1774 Massacre Day speech President , Massachusetts Provincial Congress Chairman , Massachusetts Committee of Safety Presided over , signed , United States Declaration of Independence signing Dunlap broadside Signed , Articles of Confederation Life Early life Hancock - Clarke House Hancock Manor Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Boston Cadets Co-founder , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 Granary Burying Ground Related American Revolution patriots Founding Father Syng inkstand Legacy USS Hancock , 1775 USS Hancock , 1776 Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) John Hancock Tower John Hancock Center Family Dorothy Quincy ( wife ) John Hancock Jr. ( father ) Thomas Hancock ( uncle ) John Hancock , Sr.",
"15": "( grandfather ) Edmund Quincy ( father - in - law ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&oldid=817877421 '' Categories : 1765 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies American Revolution National liberation movements New York ( state ) in the American Revolution Patriotic societies Patriots in the American Revolution American secret societies Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 02 : 47 . About Wikipedia",
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when is if loving you is wrong coming back season 4
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{
"0": "List of If Loving You is Wrong episodes - wikipedia List of If Loving You is Wrong episodes Jump to : navigation , search If Loving You Is Wrong is an American primetime television soap opera , created , executive produced , written and directed by Tyler Perry . The show premiered September 9 , 2014 , on the Oprah Winfrey Network . If Loving You Is Wrong is loosely based on Perry 's 2014 film , The Single Moms Club . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 1.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 1.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 1.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 1.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 2 References 3 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 September 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) May 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 26 ) 22 September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 22 September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 18 September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) `` A Twisted Affair '' September 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) 1.93 Alex takes a pregnancy test because everyone thinks she 's pregnant . Her husband Brad loves his job more than he loves her , but wants to make up for it . Esperanza deals with her ex-husband . Kelly wants to buy a house for her boyfriend Travis and her son Justice .",
"1": "Note : The character Esperanza ( played by Zulay Henao ) is based on the character of the same name ( also played by Zulay Henao ) from the feature film The Single Moms Club . The character Natalie is based on the character Lytia Wright from The Single Moms Club . Differences from the movie : ( 1 ) The girls meet because their kids are on the same sports team ; unlike the movie , where their kids got into trouble in school . ( 2 ) Esperanza 's character and storyline is rebooted and her ex-husband is more aggressive . `` Shots Fired '' September 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) 1.92 Kelly buys a home in Alex and Marcie 's neighborhood ; meanwhile , the identification of Esperanza 's new lover , is revealed to Edward . `` Alex Is Pregnant '' September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) 1.80 Brad and Alex help Kelly move into her new house , his suspicions of Alex 's infidelity are put on hold after she reveals she is pregnant . `` The Colombian '' September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) 1.64 Travis comes back from his mission trip to Haiti and drops a bombshell on Kelly . Meanwhile , Esperanza finds out that Julius ' father is the head of a Colombian cartel . 5 5 `` The War Begins '' September 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 30 ) 1.54 Kelly 's world is rocked when Travis reveals that he is engaged to another woman . Meanwhile , Alex tries to confirm that Brad is the father of her child . 6 6 `` Game Night '' October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 1.80 After Eddie 's house gets sprayed with gunfire , Lushion finally has an interview at the police station . Travis goes to see Kelly with the hopes of remaining in her life . During game night at Alex and Brad 's house , a game of truth with Randall and Marcie leads to some awkward moments for everyone .",
"2": "7 7 `` After Heartbreak '' October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 1.65 Kelly makes plans to sell her house . Marcie and Brad become more suspicious of their spouses . 8 8 `` 14 Weeks '' October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) 1.68 Alex finds out that she 's further along in her pregnancy than she originally thought . 9 9 `` Peppa '' October 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 28 ) 1.74 Natalie points the finger at Joey when Burger Fast is robbed . Marcie finds out Randall is sneaking around with a woman named `` Peppa '' . 10 10 `` Look Closely '' November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 1.87 In need of a distraction from her own drama , Kelly helps Marcie find `` Peppa 's '' true identity . 11 11 `` The Lady Next Door '' March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 2.99 Marcie has discovered the truth about Randall 's affair ; she makes a scene at Brad 's birthday party . Everyone is thinking it was Kelly who was having the affair with Randall . It is later revealed that it was Alex who is `` Peppa '' . Brad and Edward both attack Randall and beat him up for the deception . 12 12 `` Girlfriends '' March 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) 2.53 After , Alex 's affair with Randall is exposed . Kelly , Natalie and Esperanza try to comfort her . Brad and Eddie talk over what to do about the affair . Kelly gets a visit from Travis , who claims to still be in with her . Joey has a run - in with some guys from his old gang . Brad pulls a gun on Alex . 13 13 `` Fatherless Boys '' April 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 07 ) 2.02 Brad is looking for Randall .",
"3": "Travis tells Justice that he is not his biological father , at the same time his mother comes to apologize to Kelly . Marcie is looking for a place to stay and comes to Kelly for comfort . Joey wants to work at a chemical plant but Natalie does n't want him to work there . Meanwhile , things are getting heated between Eddie and Lushion . 14 14 `` Who Knew '' April 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) 2.28 Brad questions all of the girls about the affair . The police come to Randall 's house after getting reports of gunfire . Eddie arrests Randall . Lushion stands up to Eddie . Marcie becomes unstable when showing a house to an interracial couple . 15 15 `` Marcie & Brad '' April 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 21 ) 2.21 Marcie tries to hold it together when she confronts Alex . Randall hires a lawyer specializing in discrimination . Joey is still trying to get a job but things are n't looking up . Lushion and Natalie discuss living arraignments . Meanwhile , Marcie and Brad plot to have sex to get back at Alex and Randall . 16 16 `` Whose Baby ? '' April 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 28 ) 1.97 Marcie and Brad find out they have more in common than they expected . Alex experiences contraction - like symptoms . Brad demands that Alex get a paternity test from the doctor . 17 17 `` The Randall Connection '' May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) 1.95 Randall tells Marcie he 's the father of Alex 's unborn child . Alex and Brad 's kids see him sleeping on the couch and question their parents . Eddie feels uneasy , so he tries to make things right with Lushion . Joey gets some helpful advice from Faun but things go wrong when Quan shows up , to threaten his family . Randall finds out Eddie 's secret and uses it against him .",
"4": "18 18 `` The Debt '' May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 2.07 Edward is targeted in an act of revenge for taking money from Quan . Marcie confronts Alex about her sexual history . Esperanza gets a visit from Randall 's lawyer . Meanwhile , being a stay - at - home mom has its disadvantages , when Randall shows up at Alex 's front door . Quan struggles to pay back the debt he owes Julius . 19 19 `` Nine P.M. '' May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 2.21 Eddie is rushed to the hospital after getting shot in the last episode . While struggling for his life , Esperanza is distraught but things worsen when Eddie 's wife shows up . Travis comes to Kelly 's job and she finds herself tempted . Brad helps Peter with his Mother 's Day homework . Peter gets suspicious over Brad 's behavior . 20 20 `` Alex 's Baby '' May 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 26 ) 2.05 Marcie tells the neighbors about the Randall - Alex affair and Brad threatens Randall . Alex goes into labor ; Natalie begs Lushion to quit the force ; Edward confesses his feelings for Esperanza . Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 21 `` Miss Louise '' September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 2.90 Kelly , Esperanza , and Natalie try to calm down Brad when he discovers that he is n't the father of Alex 's newborn baby boy ; As Marcie struggles with her and Randal 's relationship a surprise lies ahead , a visit from her mother - in - law , Louise . 22 `` The Beauty That Is '' September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 2.32 The ladies show their support for Alex as she deals with giving birth with Randal 's child .",
"5": "23 `` The Painter '' October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) 2.05 Alex dreams of how her affair with Randal started . 24 `` Blonde Hair , Blue Eyes '' October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) 1.96 Louise gives up information about Randal attraction to blonde women with blue eyes , making Marcie jealous . 25 5 `` The Shed '' October 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 20 ) 2.01 Randal finds out karma does exists . Natalie catches Joey and Faun having sex at her restaurant . 26 6 `` Being a Woman '' October 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) 2.44 Randal 's wife and mother deal with their conflicted feelings . 27 7 `` Joey and Faun '' November 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) 2.28 Marcie gains an unexpected ally ; Faun tries to reconcile with Natalie . 28 8 `` The Tape '' November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 2.43 Eddie and Ben go forward with plans to take down their enemies . 29 9 `` He 's Beautiful '' November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 2.23 Brad surprises Alex with something terrible . 30 10 `` Time For A Cigar '' November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) 2.19 Because of his betrayal , Brad taunts Randal , causing a fight between the two at the hospital . 31 11 `` Out of Control '' December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 2.51 Edward plans out something vicious . Alex gets released from the hospital .",
"6": "32 12 `` Mortal & Fifth '' March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 2.47 A horrible ambush ends in catastrophe . 33 13 `` The Last Word '' March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 2.20 Randal confronts his wife about her infidelity . 34 14 `` Backfired '' March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 2.19 Kelly does her best to protect Alex . 35 15 `` Randal 's Wicked Web '' April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 1.99 Randal comes for Alex and Brad . 36 16 `` A Mother 's Love '' April 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) 2.19 Alex realizes the debts of Randal 's evil 37 17 `` Betting on Tina '' April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 2.20 Eddie finds that a nurse is his most formidable opponent . The ladies spend the night at Alex 's house . 38 18 `` The Brown Paper Bag '' April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) 2.05 Lushion searches high and low for a piece of evidence . Kelly and Esperanza talk Alex into letting Randal see the baby . 39 19 `` For Pete '' May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 2.30 Lushion takes a stand against corruption . Alex agrees to let Randal see the baby . 40 20 `` The Will '' May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 2.37 Julius faces a shocking blow . 41 21 `` An Evil Alliance '' May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 2.28 An alliance is formed .",
"7": "Alex receives custody notices from Randal . 42 22 `` The Wicked Soul '' May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 2.39 Lushion confesses a secret . Alex begs her parents for help with Randal . Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 43 `` Watch Your Back '' September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) 2.94 In the Season 3 premiere , Alex discovers a terrible scene . 44 `` 911 Emergency '' September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 2.33 In a fit of desperation , Alex leaves home and takes matters into her own hands . 45 `` Boiling Point '' September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) 2.16 Natalie waits for news about Joey while the police try to locate Alex 's baby . 46 `` You 're The Boss '' October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) 2.06 Edward oversteps his authority in front of Steven and is reminded who the boss really is . 47 5 `` An Unlikely Suspect '' October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 2.25 A crime shocks the town of Maxine ; the police identify a suspect . 48 6 `` The Power Of Love '' October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 2.03 Police interrogate their top suspect in the crime that has shocked the town . 49 7 `` The Wages Of Sin '' October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) 2.08 The police question Brad as Joey fights for his life .",
"8": "50 8 `` Keeping Watch '' November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 1.89 Edward tries to wake Louise while she is unconscious in an effort to see what she knows about Brad ; Lushion scolds an agent who was n't keeping tabs on Pete 's room . 51 9 `` A Room For You '' November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 2.05 Alex and Andrew wait for backup on a quiet country road ; things are not quiet at the hospital . 52 10 `` Every Minute Counts '' November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 2.00 Marcie learns life - altering news and her life will never be the same . 53 11 `` Rusty 's Brand Of Justice '' November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 2.41 On the mid-season finale , Rusty issues his brand of justice . 54 12 `` A Neighborhood In Crisis '' March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) 1.96 Kelly learns the shocking whereabouts of her neighbor Ramsey and Alex finally saves her baby . 55 13 `` Sui Ling Mai '' March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 1.97 Pete takes on an alias to keep himself out of Edward 's grasp . Kelly attempts to distance herself from Travis . Marcie and Brad confess their love for each other . 56 14 `` A Fatal Attraction '' April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 1.89 Travis loses his mind and becomes a crazed predator . Alex and Randall face off in court . 57 15 `` The Missing Person '' April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 2.03 The police are searching for the missing Andrew . Alex reveals shocking news .",
"9": "58 16 `` The Mail Man '' April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 1.87 Kelly panics when she learns the crime Travis has committed . 59 17 `` Tippa Haynes '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 1.92 Randal questions the paternity of Alex 's baby . Marcie struggles of telling Brad about her pregnancy . 60 18 `` The Party Just Arrived '' May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 1.85 Dianne confronts and bullies Kelly with outrageous demands , while Randal warns Natalie that Lushion is cheating on her . 61 19 `` Do n't Lose Your Deposit '' May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) N / A Louise gives Marcie advice about Brad . Marcie taunts Alex . 62 20 `` No One Is Safe '' May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) N / A Kelly finds herself in an all - to - familiar predicament with a man she just ca n't get rid of . 63 21 `` Angry Men '' May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) N / A Travis acts on his vengeful impulses . 64 22 `` Sound The Alarm '' May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) N / A In the Season 3 finale , Kelly learns a new way to protect herself from Travis , Alex is finally granted custody of her baby , and Eddie gets taken down . Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S.",
"10": "viewers ( million ) 65 `` A Difficult Path '' September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) 1.89 In the Season 4 premiere , the Maxine community is left unsteady after an incident endangers the lives of all the children in the neighborhood . 66 `` Justice '' September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 1.70 Kelly finds herself in legal trouble that endangers her freedom . Randal continues to antagonize Marcie and Brad . 67 `` In Distress '' October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 1.93 Lushion tries to get Kelly out of a horrible situation . 68 `` Enemy Secrets '' October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 1.81 Kelly gets help for her legal troubles . Eddie declares war against Steven and Lushion . 69 5 `` A Taste Of Freedom '' October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 1.84 Randall continues his intensified harassment on all his neighbors , especially those of Brad and Alex . 70 6 `` Falling '' October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 1.79 Brad seeks revenge against Randall , almost injuring him seriously . Much to Randall 's dismay , it 's not giving him much help by calling the police . 71 7 `` Something Is Rotten '' November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 1.72 Randall secretly undermines Marcie in her attempts to seek legal counsel against him ; Also , Eddie surprises Esperanza and is shocked in anger by his discovery . 72 8 `` Dark Intentions '' November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 1.79 Lushion comes to Kelly 's aid by going after Travis ; Steven reveals his true feelings to Esperanza .",
"11": "73 9 `` Chains , Guns , and Automobiles '' November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 1.77 Larry , the attorney , mistakenly breaks Marcie 's confidence , leaving Marcie in great peril . Travis goes after Kelly in the dead of night . 74 10 `` A Dame In Distress '' January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) 1.39 Randall enacts a terrible game of vengeance against Eddie ; Eddie must depend on Lushion to call for help . 75 11 `` The Porch Light '' January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 1.60 Lushion reluctantly comes to Eddie 's rescue ; and Eddie vows revenge against Randall and his attorney , Larry . 76 12 `` The Papers '' January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) 1.55 Kelly finds out she has been betrayed by her lawyer , Ian ; Steven continues his pursuit of Esperanza . 77 13 `` Hanging in the Balance '' January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 1.47 Eddie seeks out vengeance against attorney Larry . 78 14 `` The Battleground State '' February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 1.52 Randall schemes up a plan to destroy Marcie so he gets some high - maintenance assistance ; Kelly 's son , Justice , becomes traumatized by his mother 's legal troubles . 79 15 `` Golfer '' February 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 1.46 Marcie finds a lawyer , who she hopes to be a strong ally in her fight against her devious husband Randal ; Brad gives Alex an ultimatum that forces her to make a promise she will have a difficult time keeping .",
"12": "80 16 `` Rock Solid '' February 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) 1.49 Randal sounds alarm bells informing the police and law firm that Larry may be missing and in danger . 81 17 `` In God 's Hands '' February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) 1.53 Lushion confronts Eddie about Larry 's whereabouts ; Randal confronts Dr. Raston with a criminal accusation . 82 18 `` Behind Enemy Lines '' March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 1.55 In the Season 4 finale , the sins of the neighborhood come to a head in catastrophic events across the city . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' If Loving You is Wrong ' is Most Watched Series Premiere in OWN History With 1.93 Million Viewers '' . Archived from the original on 11 September 2014 . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Face Off ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' Finding Carter ' & More '' . September 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 20 September 2014 . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Little People , Big World ' , ' Ink Master ' & More '' . Archived from the original on 25 September 2014 . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - if loving you is wrong on own '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , MLB Wildcard , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Face Off ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2014 .",
"13": "Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' Tosh. 0 ' , MLB Baseball , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' & More '' . Archived from the original on 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' BET Hip Hop Awards ' , ' Chrisley Knows Best ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Face Off ' & More '' . Archived from the original on 17 October 2014 . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Ink Master ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' & More '' . Archived from the original on 24 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' 19 Kids & Counting ' , ' Ink Master ' , ' Face Off ' , ' Awkward ' & More '' . Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , Election Coverage & More '' . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` If Loving You is Wrong - Facebook '' . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' If Loving You is Wrong ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' 19 Kids and Counting ' Wins Night , ' Real Housewives ' , ' Justified ' , ' Finding Carter ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 3 June 2015 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Tosh. 0 ′ & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' Justified ' , ' Being Mary Jane ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Tops Night + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Tosh. 0 ′ & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 4.28. 2015 '' . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , NHL Hockey & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 5.12. 2015 '' . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 5.19. 2015 '' . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 5.26. 2015 '' . Retrieved 3 June 2015 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' If Loving You is Wrong ' , ' Ink Master ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 470596 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . October 13 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . October 20 , 2015 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EXPANDED SHOWBUZZDAILY Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.17. 2015 '' . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.24. 2015 '' . Retrieved 26 November 2015 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.1. 2015 '' . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 3.15. 2016 '' . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 3.22. 2016 '' . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 3.29. 2016 '' . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 4.5. 2016 '' . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/13/tuesday-cable-ratings-april-12-2016/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/20/tuesday-cable-ratings-april-19-2016/ Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.26. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.3. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.10. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.17. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.24. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.13. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.20. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.27. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.4. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.11. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.18. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.25. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily .",
"18": "Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.1. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.29. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 12 , 2017 ) .",
"19": "`` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily .",
"20": "Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.10. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` If loving you is wrong Episode Guide '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 11 2017 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.17. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily .",
"21": "Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.24. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 .",
"22": "External links ( edit ) Episodes of If Loving You Is Wrong on TV Guide Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_If_Loving_You_Is_Wrong_episodes&oldid=837773915 '' Categories : American television soap operas Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of soap opera episodes 2014 American television seasons 2015 American television seasons 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 23 : 41 . About Wikipedia",
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[
21,
11,
19,
9,
20,
16,
18,
17,
10,
6,
8,
12,
5,
2,
4,
7,
14,
22,
3,
0,
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[
21,
11,
19,
9,
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-5574999151866581512
|
how many wars held between india and pakistan
|
[
"four wars, including one undeclared war",
"four",
"four",
"four"
] |
{
"0": "Indo - Pakistani wars and conflicts - wikipedia Indo - Pakistani wars and conflicts Jump to : navigation , search Indo - Pakistani conflicts Kashmir conflict War of 1947 War of 1965 War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001 -- 02 standoff 2008 standoff Border skirmishes 2011 2013 2014 -- 15 2016 -- present Since the partition of British India in 1947 and creation of modern states of India and Pakistan , the two South Asian countries have been involved in four wars , including one undeclared war , and many border skirmishes and military stand - offs . The Kashmir issue has been the main cause , whether direct or indirect , of all major conflicts between the two countries with the exception of the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 where conflict originated due to turmoil in erstwhile East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Wars 2.1 Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 2.2 Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 2.3 Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 2.4 Indo - Pakistani War of 1999 3 Other armed engagements 3.1 Standing armed conflicts 3.2 Past skirmishes and standoffs 4 Incidents 5 Nuclear - arms race 6 Annual celebrations 7 Involvement of other nations 8 In popular culture 8.1 Indian films 8.2 Pakistani films 8.3 Pakistani miniseries and dramas 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : Indian independence movement , Pakistan Movement , and Partition of India Four nations ( India , Pakistan , Dominion of Ceylon and Union of Burma ) that gained independence in 1947 and 1948 The Partition of British India came about in the aftermath of World War II , when both Great Britain and British India were dealing with the economic stresses caused by the war and its demobilisation . It was the intention of those who wished for a Muslim state to come from British India to have a clean partition between independent and equal `` Pakistan '' and `` Hindustan '' once independence came .",
"1": "The partition itself , according to leading politicians such as Mohammed Ali Jinnah , leader of the All India Muslim League , and Jawaharlal Nehru , leader of the Indian National Congress , should have resulted in peaceful relations . As the Hindu and Muslim populations were scattered unevenly in the whole country , the partition of British India into India and Pakistan in 1947 was not possible along religious lines . Nearly one third of the Muslim population of British India remained in India . Inter-communal violence between Hindus , Sikhs and Muslims resulted in between 500,000 and 1 million casualties . Princely - ruled territories , such as Kashmir and Hyderabad , were also involved in the Partition . Rulers of these territories had the choice of joining India or Pakistan . Both India and Pakistan laid claim on Kashmir and thus it became the main point of conflict . The ruler of Kashmir , which had a Muslim majority population , joined India by signing the Instrument of Accession . Wars ( edit ) Refugees awaiting evacuation by IAF Dakota on Poonch Airstrip , December 1947 . Indo - Pakistani war of 1947 ( edit ) Main article : Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 Indian soldiers during the 1947 -- 1948 war . The war , also called the First Kashmir War , started in October 1947 when Pakistan feared that the Maharaja of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu would accede to India . Following partition , states were left to choose whether to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent . Jammu and Kashmir , the largest of the princely states , had a predominantly Muslim population ruled by the Hindu Maharaja Hari Singh . Tribal forces with support from the army of Pakistan attacked and occupied parts of the princely state forcing the Maharaja to sign the Instrument of Accession of the princely state to the Dominion of India to receive Indian military aid . The UN Security Council passed Resolution 47 on 22 April 1948 . The fronts solidified gradually along what came to be known as the Line of Control . A formal cease - fire was declared at 23 : 59 on the night of 1 January 1949 .",
"2": "India gained control of about two - thirds of the state including ( Kashmir valley , Jammu and Ladakh ) whereas Pakistan gained roughly a third of Kashmir ( Azad Kashmir and Gilgit -- Baltistan ) , Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 ( edit ) Main article : Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 This war started following Pakistan 's Operation Gibraltar , which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India . India retaliated by launching a full - scale military attack on West Pakistan . The seventeen - day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and witnessed the largest engagement of armored vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II . The hostilities between the two countries ended after a ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and USA and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration . Both India and Pakistan claimed victory . Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 ( edit ) Main articles : Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi , the commander of Pakistan Eastern Command , signing the instrument of surrender in Dhaka on 16 Dec 1971 , in the presence of India 's Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora . Pakistan 's PNS Ghazi , the Pakistani submarine which sank off during the 1971 Indo - Pakistani War under mysterious circumstances on the Visakhapatnam coast . This war was unique in the way that it did not involve the issue of Kashmir , but was rather precipitated by the crisis created by the political battle brewing in erstwhile East Pakistan between Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , Leader of East Pakistan , and Yahya Khan and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , leaders of West Pakistan . This would culminate in the declaration of Independence of Bangladesh from the state system of Pakistan . Following Operation Searchlight and the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities , about 10 million Bengalis in East Pakistan took refuge in neighbouring India . India intervened in the ongoing Bangladesh liberation movement . After a large scale pre-emptive strike by Pakistan , full - scale hostilities between the two countries commenced . Pakistan attacked at several places along India 's western border with Pakistan , but the Indian Army successfully held their positions .",
"3": "The Indian Army quickly responded to the Pakistan Army 's movements in the west and made some initial gains , including capturing around 5,795 square miles ( 15,010 km ) of Pakistan territory ( land gained by India in Pakistani Kashmir , Pakistani Punjab and Sindh sectors but gifted it back to Pakistan in the Simla Agreement of 1972 , as a gesture of goodwill ) . Within two weeks of intense fighting , Pakistani forces in East Pakistan surrendered to the joint command of Indian and Bangladeshi forces following which the People 's Republic of Bangladesh was created . This war saw the highest number of casualties in any of the India - Pakistan conflicts , as well as the largest number of prisoners of war since the Second World War after the surrender of more than 90,000 Pakistani military and civilians . In the words of one Pakistani author , `` Pakistan lost half its navy , a quarter of its air force and a third of its army '' . Indo - Pakistani war of 1999 ( edit ) Main article : Kargil War Commonly known as the Kargil War , this conflict between the two countries was mostly limited . During early 1999 , Pakistani troops infiltrated across the Line of Control ( LoC ) and occupied Indian territory mostly in the Kargil district . India responded by launching a major military and diplomatic offensive to drive out the Pakistani infiltrators . Two months into the conflict , Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges that were encroached by the infiltrators . according to official count , an estimated 75 % -- 80 % of the intruded area and nearly all high ground was back under Indian control . Fearing large - scale escalation in military conflict , the international community , led by the United States , increased diplomatic pressure on Pakistan to withdraw forces from remaining Indian territory . Faced with the possibility of international isolation , the already fragile Pakistani economy was weakened further . The morale of Pakistani forces after the withdrawal declined as many units of the Northern Light Infantry suffered heavy casualties . The government refused to accept the dead bodies of many officers , an issue that provoked outrage and protests in the Northern Areas . Pakistan initially did not acknowledge many of its casualties , but Nawaz Sharif later said that over 4,000 Pakistani troops were killed in the operation and that Pakistan had lost the conflict .",
"4": "By the end of July 1999 , organized hostilities in the Kargil district had ceased . Other Armed engagements ( edit ) Apart from the aforementioned wars , there have been skirmishes between the two nations from time to time . Some have bordered on all - out war , while others were limited in scope . The countries were expected to fight each other in 1955 after warlike posturing on both sides , but full - scale war did not break out . Standing Armed conflicts ( edit ) Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir : An insurgency in Indian - administered Kashmir has been a cause for heightened tensions . India has also accused Pakistan - backed militant groups of executing several terrorist attacks across India . Siachen conflict : In 1984 , India launched Operation Meghdoot capturing all of the Siachen Glacier . Further clashes erupted in the glacial area in 1985 , 1987 and 1995 as Pakistan sought , without success , to oust India from its stronghold . Sir Creek : The dispute lies in the interpretation of the maritime boundary line between Kutch and Sindh . Before India 's independence , the provincial region was a part of Bombay Presidency of British India . After India 's independence in 1947 , Sindh became a part of Pakistan while Kutch became a part of India . Pakistan lays claim to the entire creek as per paras 9 and 10 of the Bombay Government Resolution of 1914 signed between the then Government of Sindh and Rao Maharaj of Kutch . India -- Pakistan maritime trespassing : frequent trespassing and violation of respective national territorial waters of India and Pakistan in peacetime occurs commonly by Pakistani and Indian fishermen operating along the coastline of the Indian state of Gujarat and the Pakistani province of Sindh . Most violations occur due to the absence of a physical boundary and lack of navigational tools for small fishermen . Hundreds of fishermen are arrested by the Coast Guards of both nations , but obtaining their release is difficult and long - winded owing to the hostile relations between the two nations . Past skirmishes and standoffs ( edit ) Indian integration of Junagadh : The princely state of Junagadh , which had a Hindu majority and a Muslim ruler acceded to Pakistan on 15 September 1947 , claiming a connection by sea .",
"5": "Pakistan 's acceptance of the Instrument of Accession was seen as a strategy to get a plebiscite held in Kashmir which had a Muslim majority and a Hindu ruler . Following communal tensions Indian military entered the territory which was protested by Pakistan as a violation of International law . Later a plebiscite was held and the accession was reversed for the state to join India . Operation Brasstacks : ( the largest of its kind in South Asia ) , conducted by India between November 1986 and March 1987 , and Pakistani mobilisation in response , raised tensions and fears that it could lead to another war between the two neighbours . 2001 -- 2002 India -- Pakistan standoff : The terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament on 13 December 2001 , which India blamed on the Pakistan - based terrorist organisations , Lashkar - e-Taiba and Jaish - e-Mohammed , prompted the 2001 -- 2002 India -- Pakistan standoff and brought both sides close to war . 2008 India Pakistan standoff : a stand - off between the two nations following the 2008 Mumbai attacks which was defused by diplomatic efforts . Following ten coordinated shooting and bombing attacks across Mumbai , India 's largest city , tensions heightened between the two countries since India claimed interrogation results alleging Pakistan 's ISI supporting the attackers while Pakistan denied it . Pakistan placed its air force on alert and moved troops to the Indian border , voicing concerns about proactive movements of the Indian Army and the Indian government 's possible plans to launch attacks on Pakistani soil . The tension defused in short time and Pakistan moved its troops away from border . 2016 India - Pakistan military confrontation : On 18 September 2016 , militants attacked the Indian Army 's brigade headquarters at Uri , killing 19 soldiers . The attack came after two months of extreme unrest in Kashmir , caused due to the killing of Hizbul Mujahideen commander Burhan Wani in an encounter with Indian security forces . Amid high tensions and risk of escalation along the Line of Control , ten days after the attack , on 29 September 2016 , the Indian Army carried out a military raid in Pakistan - Administered - Kashmir , targeting launchpads along the LoC , the de facto border between India and Pakistan .",
"6": "An Indian soldier was captured by the Pakistan Army the very next day , but it was claimed that he had inadvertently crossed the border and that his capture was unrelated to the ' surgical strikes ' conducted the night before . The soldier was eventually released as a goodwill gesture from the Pakistani side , and ceasefire violations stopped on either side as tensions were defused and normalcy returned to the Kashmir valley . In 2016 , An Indian army official claimed that over 4,500 Indian soldiers have been killed in ceasefire violation related incidents since 2001 . Incidents ( edit ) Atlantique Incident : Pakistan Navy 's Naval Air Arm Breguet Atlantique patrol plane , carrying 16 people on board , was shot down by the Indian Air Force for alleged violation of airspace . The episode took place in the Rann of Kutch on 10 August 1999 , just a month after the Kargil War , creating a tense atmosphere between India and Pakistan . Foreign diplomats noted that the plane fell inside Pakistani territory , although it may have crossed the border . However , they also believe that India 's reaction was unjustified . Pakistan later lodged a compensation claim at the International Court of Justice , accusing India for the incident , but the Court dismissed the case in a split decision ruling the Court did not have jurisdiction . The 2011 India -- Pakistan border shooting incident took place between 30 August and 1 September 2011 across the Line of Control in Kupwara District / Neelam Valley , resulting in five Indian soldiers and three Pakistani soldiers being killed . Both countries gave different accounts of the incident , each accusing the other of initiating the hostilities . 2013 India -- Pakistan border incident in the Mendhar sector of Jammu & Kashmir , due to the beheading of an Indian soldier . A total of 22 soldiers ( 12 Indian and 10 Pakistani ) died . 2014 -- 16 India -- Pakistan border skirmishes in Arnia sector of Jammu & Kashmir due to killing of 1 soldier of Border Security Force and injured 3 soldiers and 4 civilians by Pakistan Rangers .",
"7": "Nuclear - arms race ( edit ) The nuclear conflict between both countries is of passive strategic nature with nuclear doctrine of Pakistan stating a first strike policy , although the strike would only be initiated if and only if , the Pakistan Armed Forces are unable to halt an invasion ( as for example in 1971 war ) or a nuclear strike is launched against Pakistan , whereas India has a declared policy of no first use . Pokhran - I ( Smiling Buddha ) : On 18 May 1974 India detonated an 8 - kiloton nuclear device at Pokhran Test Range , becoming the first nation to become nuclear capable outside the five permanent members of United Nations Security Council as well as dragging Pakistan along with it into a nuclear arms race with the Pakistani prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto swearing to reciprocate India quoting `` My countrymen would prefer having a nuclear bomb even if they have to eat grass '' . The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ( PAEC ) Chairman Munir Ahmed Khan said that the test would force Pakistan to test its own nuclear bomb . Kirana - I : In 1980s a series of 24 different cold tests were conducted by PAEC , led by chairman Munir Ahmad Khan under extreme secrecy . The tunnels at Kirana Hills , Sargodha , are reported to have been bored after the Chagai nuclear test sites , it is widely believed that the tunnels were constructed sometime between 1979 and 1983 . As in Chagai , the tunnels at Kirana Hills had been bored and then sealed and this task was also undertaken by PAEC 's DTD . Later due to excessive US intelligence and satellite focus on the Kirana Hills site , it was abandoned and nuclear weapons testing was shifted to the Kala Chitta Range . Pokhran - II ( Operation Shakti ) : On 11 May 1998 India detonated another 5 nuclear devices at Pokhran Test Range . With jubilation and large scale approval from the Indian society came International sanctions as a reaction to this test , the most vehement reaction of all coming from Pakistan . Great ire was raised in Pakistan , which issued a stern statement claiming that India was instigating a nuclear arms race in the region . Pakistan vowed to match India 's nuclear capability with statements like : `` We are in a headlong arms race on the subcontinent '' .",
"8": "Chagai - I : ( Youm - e-Takbir ) Within half a month of Pokhran - II , on 28 May 1998 Pakistan detonated 5 nuclear devices to reciprocate India in the nuclear arms race . Pakistani public , like the Indian , reacted with a celebration and heightened sense of nationalism for responding to India in kind and becoming the only Muslim nuclear power . The day was later given the title Youm - e-Takbir to further proclaim such . Chagai - II : Two days later , on 30 May 1998 , Pakistan detonated a 6th nuclear device completing its own series of underground tests with this being the last the two nations have carried out to date . Annual celebrations ( edit ) 28 May ( since 1998 ) as Youm - e-Takbir ( The day of Greatness ) in Pakistan . 26 July ( since 1999 ) as Kargil Vijay Diwas ( Kargil Victory Day ) in India . 6 September ( since 1965 ) as Defence Day ( Youm - e-Difa ) in Pakistan . 7 September ( since 1965 ) as Air Force Day ( Youm - e-Fizaya ) in Pakistan . 8 September ( since 1965 ) as Victory Day / Navy Day ( Youm - e-Bahr'ya ) in Pakistan . 4 December ( since 1971 ) as Navy Day in India . 16 December ( since 1971 ) as Vijay Diwas ( Victory Day ) in India . 16 December ( since 1971 ) as Bijoy Dibosh ( Victory Day ) in Bangladesh . Involvement of other nations ( edit ) Soviet Union : The USSR remained neutral during the 1965 war and played a pivotal role in negotiating the peace agreement between India and Pakistan . The Soviet Union provided diplomatic and military assistance to India during the 1971 war . In response to the US and UK 's deployment of the USS Enterprise and the HMS Eagle aircraft carriers , Moscow sent nuclear submarines and warships with anti-ship missiles in the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean , respectively . United States : The US had not given any military aid to Pakistan in the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 .",
"9": "The United States provided diplomatic and military support to Pakistan during the 1971 war by sending the USS Enterprise into the Indian Ocean . The United States did not support Pakistan during the Kargil War , and successfully pressured the Pakistani government to end hostilities . China : China had helped Pakistan in various wars with diplomatic support . Russia : Russia maintained a non-belligerent policy for both sides . Russia helped negotiate peace in 2001 -- 02 and helped divert the 2008 crisis . In popular culture ( edit ) These wars have provided source material for both Indian and Pakistani film and television dramatists , who have adapted events of the war for the purposes of drama and to please target audiences in their nations . Indian films ( edit ) Hindustan Ki Kasam , a 1973 Hindi war film based on Operation Cactus Lilly of the 1971 Indo - Pakistani War , directed by Chetan Anand . Aakraman , a 1975 Hindi war film based on the 1971 Indo - Pakistan war , directed by J. Om Prakash . Vijeta , a 1982 Hindi film based on the 1971 Indo - Pakistan war , produced by Shashi Kapoor and directed by Govind Nihalani . Param Vir Chakra , a 1995 Hindi film based on Indo - Pakistani War , directed by Ashok Kaul . Border , a 1997 Hindi war film based on the Battle of Longewala of the 1971 Indo - Pakistan war , directed by J.P. Dutta . LOC Kargil , a 2003 Hindi war film based on the Kargil War , directed by J.P. Dutta . Deewaar , a 2004 Hindi film starring Amitabh Bachchan based on the POW of the 1971 Indo - Pakistan war , directed by Milan Luthria . Lakshya , a 2004 Hindi film partially based on the events of the Kargil War , directed by Farhan Akhtar . 1971 , 2007 Hindi war film based on a true story of prisoners of war after the Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 , directed by Amrit Sagar . Kurukshetra , a 2008 Malayalam film starring Mohanlal based on Kargil War , directed by Major Ravi .",
"10": "Tango Charlie , a 2005 Hindi film starring Ajay Devgan , and Bobby Deol based on Kargil Conflict , directed by Mani Shankar . War Chhod Na Yaar , a 2013 comedy film , directed by Faraz Haider . The Ghazi attack , a 2017 Hindi film based on sinking of PNS Ghazi . 1971 : Beyond Borders , a 2017 Malayalam film , directed by Major Ravi . Pakistani films ( edit ) Waar , a 2013 Pakistani English action movie surrounding Pakistan 's role in war on terror and Indian involvement against Pakistan , directed by Bilal Lashari . Pakistani miniseries and dramas ( edit ) Angaar Waadi , an Urdu drama serial based on the Kashmir conflict , directed by Rauf Khalid Laag , an Urdu drama serial based on the Kashmir conflict , directed by Rauf Khalid Operation Dwarka , 1965 , an Urdu drama based on the naval Operation Dwarka of 1965 , directed by Qasim Jalali PNS Ghazi ( Shaheed ) , an Urdu drama based on sinking of PNS Ghazi , ISPR Alpha Bravo Charlie , an Urdu drama serial based on three different aspects of Pakistan Army 's involvement in action , directed by Shoaib Mansoor Shahpar , an Urdu drama serial based on Pakistan Air Force , directed by Qaisar Farooq & Syed Shakir Uzair Sipahi Maqbool Hussain , an Urdu drama serial based on a 1965 war POW , directed by Haider Imam Rizvi See also ( edit ) Military of India portal Military of Pakistan portal United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan India -- Pakistan relations Two nation theory Patriotic hacking List of wars involving India List of wars involving Pakistan References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Khan , Yasmin ( 18 September 2007 ) . The great Partition : the making of India and Pakistan . Yale University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12078 - 3 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Ambedkar , B.R. ( 1946 ) .",
"11": "Pakistan , or Partition of India ( 2 ed . ) . AMS Press Inc. p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 404 - 54801 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dixit , Jyotindra Nath ( 2002 ) . India - Pakistan in War & Peace . Routledge . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30472 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Unspecified author ( 6 November 2008 ) . `` Q&A : Kashmir dispute '' . BBC News -- South Asia . BBC . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Prasad , S.N. ; Dharm Pal ( 1987 ) . History of Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947 -- 1948 . New Delhi : History Department , Ministry of Defence , Government of India . ( printed at Thomson Press ( India ) Limited ) . p. 418 . Jump up ^ Hagerty , Devin ( 2005 ) . South Asia in World Politics . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 161 . ISBN 9780742525870 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ The Kingfisher History Encyclopedia . Kingfisher. 2004 . p. 460 . ISBN 9780753457849 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Defence Quarterly , Issues 24 - 29 . New Zealand . Ministry of Defence. 1999 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Raju ( 1992 ) . Perspectives on Kashmir : the roots of conflict in South Asia . Westview Press . p. 25 . ISBN 9780813383439 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ David R. Higgins 2016 . Jump up ^ Rachna Bisht 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lyon , Peter ( 2008 ) . Conflict between India and Pakistan : an encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 82 .",
"12": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 712 - 2 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan : : The Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 '' . Library of Congress Country Studies , United States of America . April 1994 . Retrieved 2 October 2010 . Quote : Losses were relatively heavy -- on the Pakistani side , twenty aircraft , 200 tanks , and 3,800 troops . Pakistan 's army had been able to withstand Indian pressure , but a continuation of the fighting would only have led to further losses and ultimate defeat for Pakistan . Jump up ^ Hagerty , Devin . South Asia in world politics . Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2587 - 2 . Quote : The invading Indian forces outfought their Pakistani counterparts and halted their attack on the outskirts of Lahore , Pakistan 's second - largest city . By the time United Nations intervened on 22 September , Pakistan had suffered a clear defeat . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 2005 ) . India ( 3rd ed. with a new preface . ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 235 . ISBN 0520246969 . Quote : India , however , was in a position to inflict grave damage to , if not capture , Pakistan 's capital of the Punjab when the cease - fire was called , and controlled Kashmir 's strategic Uri - Poonch bulge , much to Ayub 's chagrin . Jump up ^ Kux , Dennis ( 1992 ) . India and the United States : Estranged democracies , 1941 - 1991 . Washington , DC : National Defense University Press . p. 238 . ISBN 0788102796 . Quote : India had the better of the war . Jump up ^ `` Asia : Silent Guns , Wary Combatants '' . Time . 1 October 1965 . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Quote : India , by contrast , is still the big gainer in the war .",
"13": "Alternate link : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Dennis Kux 's `` India and the United States estranged democracies '' , 1941 -- 1991 , ISBN 1 - 4289 - 8189 - 6 , DIANE Publishing , Pg 238 Jump up ^ Dijkink , Gertjan . National identity and geopolitical visions : maps of pride and pain . Routledge , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 13934 - 1 . Jump up ^ Praagh , David . The greater game : India 's race with destiny and China . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2639 - 0 . Jump up ^ Till , Geoffrey ( 2004 ) . Seapower : a guide for the twenty - first century . Great Britain : Frank Cass Publishers . p. 179 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8436 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Christophe Jaffrelot , Gillian Beaumont . A History of Pakistan and Its Origins . Anthem Press , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 84331 - 149 - 6 . ISBN 9781843311492 . Jump up ^ Times Staff and Wire Reports ( 30 March 2002 ) . `` Gen. Tikka Khan , 87 ; ' Butcher of Bengal ' Led Pakistani Army '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Syed Badrul Ahsan ( 15 July 2011 ) . `` A Lamp Glows for Indira Gandhi '' . Volume 10 , Issue 27 . The Daily Star . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Nawaz , Shuja ( 2008 ) . Crossed Swords : Pakistan , Its Army , and the Wars Within . Oxford University Press . p. 329 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 547697 - 2 . Jump up ^ Chitkara , M. G ( 1996 ) . Benazir , a Profile -- M.G.",
"14": "Chitkara . ISBN 9788170247524 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Victoria ( 18 January 2003 ) . Kashmir in Conflict : India , Pakistan and the Unending War -- Victoria Schofield . ISBN 9781860648984 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Thomas ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the developing world . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 97662 - 6 . Jump up ^ Unspecified author . `` The 1971 war '' . India -- Pakistan : Troubled relations . BBC . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Ali , Tariq ( 1997 ) . Can Pakistan Survive ? The Death of a State . Verso Books . ISBN 0 - 86091 - 949 - 8 . ISBN 9780860919490 . ^ Jump up to : Wolpert , Stanley ( 14 Aug 2010 ) . `` Recent Attempts to Resolve the Conflict '' . India and Pakistan : Continued Conflict or Cooperation ? . University of California Press . p. 73 . ISBN 9780520271401 . Jump up ^ Ali , Tariq . `` Bitter Chill of Winter '' . London Review of Books = . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Colonel Ravi Nanda ( 1999 ) . Kargil : A Wake Up Call . Vedams Books . ISBN 81 - 7095 - 074 - 0 . Online summary of the Book Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kargil : where defence met diplomacy Archived 16 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine . - India 's then Chief of Army Staff VP Malik , expressing his views on Operation Vijay . Hosted on Daily Times ; The Fate of Kashmir By Vikas Kapur and Vipin Narang Stanford Journal of International Relations ; Book review of `` The Indian Army : A Brief History by Maj Gen Ian Cardozo '' Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine .",
"15": "- Hosted on IPCS ^ Jump up to : R. Dettman , Paul ( 2001 ) . `` Kargil War Operations '' . India Changes Course : Golden Jubilee to Millennium . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 119 -- 120 . ISBN 9780275973087 . Jump up ^ Samina Ahmed . `` Diplomatic Fiasco : Pakistan 's Failure on the Diplomatic Front Nullifies its Gains on the Battlefield '' ( Belfer Center for International Affairs , Kennedy School of Government ) Jump up ^ Daryl Lindsey and Alicia Montgomery . `` Coup d'itat : Pakistan gets a new sheriff '' . salon.com . Archived from the original on 20 December 2009 . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` War in Kargil - The CCC 's summary on the war '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 February 2004 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Samina Ahmed . `` A Friend for all Seasons . '' ( Belfer Center for International Affairs , Kennedy School of Government ) Jump up ^ `` Rediff On The NeT : Pakistan refuses to take even officers ' bodies '' . rediff.com . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` press release issued in New Delhi regarding bodies of two Pakistan Army Officers '' Archived 15 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Second - Class Citizens by M. Ilyas Khan , The Herald ( Pakistan ) , July 2000 . Online scanned version of the article ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Musharraf and the truth about Kargil - The Hindu 25 September 2006 Jump up ^ `` Over 4000 soldier 's killed in Kargil : Sharif '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kapur , S. Paul ( 2007 ) . Dangerous Deterrent : Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia ( 23rd ed . ) . Stanford University Press . p. 227 . ISBN 978 - 0804755498 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ Wirsing , Robert ( 15 February 1998 ) . India , Pakistan , and the Kashmir dispute : on regional conflict and its resolution . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 17562 - 7 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India - Pakistan talks : Sir Creek '' . Embassy of India . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dialogue on Sir Creek begins '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` India to stop fishermen from straying into Pakistan '' . In.reuters.com. 7 April 2008 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Raman , Sunil ( 8 April 2008 ) . `` India tracks stray fishing boats '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Plight of ants '' . Rediff.com. 7 August 2002 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ History introduction Archived 26 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . at hellojunagadh.com : `` On September 15 , 1947 , Nawab Mohammad Mahabat Khanji III of Junagadh , a princely state located on the south - western end of Gujarat and having no common border with Pakistan , chose to accede to Pakistan ignoring Mountbatten 's views , arguing that Junagadh adjoined Pakistan by sea . The rulers of two states that were subject to the suzerainty of Junagadh Mangrol and Babariawad reacted by declaring their independence from Junagadh and acceding to India . '' Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan ( 1991 ) . Patel : A Life . India : Navajivan . p. 292 . ASIN B0006EYQ0A . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan ( 1991 ) . Patel : A Life . India : Navajivan . p. 438 . ASIN B0006EYQ0A . Jump up ^ A.G. NOORANI .",
"17": "`` Of Jinnah and Junagadh '' . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Steven R. ( 6 March 1987 ) . `` On India 's border , a huge mock war '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Unspecified author ( 12 January 2002 ) . `` Musharraf declares war on extremism '' . South Asia . BBC . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Freeze , Colin ( 11 April 2011 ) . `` Accused in India massacre claims ties to Pakistani secret service -- The Globe and Mail '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Rana , Headley implicate Pak , ISI in Mumbai attack during ISI chief 's visit to US '' . The Times of India . 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Diplomat denies Pakistan role in Mumbai attacks '' . The Independent . London . 31 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Khan , Zarar ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` Pakistan Denies Government Involvement in Mumbai Attacks '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ King , Laura ( 7 January 2009 ) . `` Pakistan denies official involvement in Mumbai attacks '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Indian jets violating Pakistani airspace ' technical incursion ' , says Zardari ( Fourth Lead ) -- Thaindian News '' . Thaindian.com. 14 December 2008 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pak might soon move troops from border with India '' . The Times of India . 16 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Over 4,500 soldiers killed along LoC in Pak firing since 2001 : Army '' . Indian express . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Pakistani plane `` may have crossed border '' 13 August 1999 BBC Retrieved 23 July 2007 Jump up ^ `` The Case concerning the Aerial Incident of 10th August , 1999 -- Summaries of Judgments and Orders '' . International Court of Justice .",
"18": "21 June 2000 . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In 2011 five security men were martyred , according to the Indian Sources '' . IBN Live . Jump up ^ `` Kashmir border deaths spark India and Pakistan row '' . BBC . 1 September 2011 . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LoC : Three Pakistani soldiers died in attack by Indian forces '' . The Express Tribune . 1 September 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pak troops kill two jawans , behead , mutilate one of them - The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ `` India and Pakistan exchange fire along border in Kashmir '' . Jump up ^ `` India 's Nuclear Weapons Program -- Smiling Buddha : 1974 '' . Nuclear Weapon Archive . Jump up ^ `` India 's Nuclear Weapons Program -- Smiling Buddha : 1974 '' . Nuclearweaponarchive.org . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ APP and Pakistan Television ( PTV ) , Prime minister Secretariat Press Release ( 18 May 1974 ) . `` India 's so - called Peaceful Nuclear Explosion ( PNE ) is tested and designed to intimidate and establish `` Indian hegemony in the subcontinent '' , most particularly Pakistan ... Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , past Prime minister of Pakistan , on May of 1974 `` . Statement published on Associated Press of Pakistan and the on - aired on Pakistan Television ( PTV ) . Archived from the original on 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Khan , Munir Ahmad ( 18 May 1974 ) . `` India 's nuclear explosion : Challenge and Response '' . Munir Ahmad Khan , Chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission , and former director of the IAEA Reactor Division . International Atomic Energy Agency and Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Koh Kambaran ( Ras Koh Hills ) '' . Pakistan Paedia . Jump up ^ `` Rediff on the NeT : It was ' Operation Shakti ' on Budh Purnima '' . Rediff.com. 16 May 1998 .",
"19": "Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Herald Exclusive By Pervez Hoodbhoy 16 February 2011 ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` Herald exclusive : Pakistan 's nuclear bayonet Pakistan '' . Dawn.Com . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Army Chief Kayani wants SC to probe memo '' . Thenews.com.pk. 22 February 1923 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan 's Nuclear Weapons Program -- 1998 : The Year of Testing '' . Nuclearweaponarchive.org . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Nuclear Weapons '' . Fas.org . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dunya News : Pakistan : - 13th Youm - e-Takbeer to be observed today '' . Dunyanews.tv. 28 May 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Youm - e-Takbeer today Pakistan News Newspaper Daily English Online '' . Nation.com.pk. 28 May 2009 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Battle for Pakistan : the air war of 1965 -- John Fricker -- Google Boeken . Google Books . 1 January 1979 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7110 - 0929 - 5 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Asymmetric Conflicts By T.V. Paul Cambridge University Press 1994 ISBN 0 - 521 - 46621 - 0 , pp119 Jump up ^ See : Tashkent Agreement Jump up ^ `` 1971 India Pakistan War : Role of Russia , China , America and Britain '' . The World Reporter . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cold war games '' . Bharat Rakshak . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Birth of a nation . Indianexpress.com ( 11 December 2009 ) .",
"20": "Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` United States -- Pakistan Alliance '' . Library of Congress Country Studies , United States of America . April 1994 . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ John P. Lewis ( 9 December 1971 ) . `` Mr. Nixon and South Asia '' . The New York Times . p. 47 . The Nixon Administration 's South Asia policy ... is beyond redemption Jump up ^ 1971 War : How the US tried to corner India . Rediff.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Burne , Lester H. ( 2003 ) . Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations : 1932 -- 1988 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93916 - X . ISBN 9780415939164 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - South Asia - Kashmir : Dialogue call amid fresh fighting '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Bill Clinton ( 2004 ) . My Life . Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41457 - 6 . , Pg 865 Jump up ^ Pakistan and India Play With Nuclear Fire By Jonathan Power Archived 13 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . The Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research Jump up ^ `` India and Pakistan : Over the Edge '' . Time Magazine . 13 December 1971 . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Naqvi , Javed ( 29 December 2001 ) . `` Pressure mounts to stall war rhetoric '' . Dawn archives . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Agencies ( 4 October 2012 ) . `` Pakistan , Russia renewing ties '' . Dawn Newspapers . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Param Vir Chakra ( 1995 ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : APP 25 November 2011 ( 25 November 2011 ) .",
"21": "`` Prominent writer , actor , Rauf Khalid dies in road accident Entertainment '' . Dawn.Com . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) David R. Higgins ( 20 January 2016 ) , M48 Patton vs Centurion : Indo - Pakistan War 1965 , Osprey Publishing , p. 103 , ISBN 978 - 14 - 7281 - 094 - 6 Rachna Bisht ( 15 August 2015 ) , 1965 : Stories from the Second Indo - Pakistan War , Penguin UK , p. 60 , ISBN 978 - 93 - 5214 - 129 - 6 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indo - Pakistani wars . Nuclear Proliferation in India and Pakistan from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Kashmir conflict Timeline of the Kashmir conflict 1846 -- 1946 1947 -- present Wars & conflicts Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001 -- 02 India -- Pakistan standoff 2008 Indo - Pakistani standoff Border skirmishes 2011 2013 2014 -- 15 2016 -- present 2016 Uri attack 2016 Baramulla attack 2016 Nagrota army base attack Operations 1947 Poonch Rebellion Operation Gibraltar Operation Grand Slam Operation Tupac Operation Bison Operation Eraze Operation All Out Operation Sarp Vinash Operation Sadbhavana ( Goodwill ) Operation Calm Down Negotiations Jinnah -- Mountbatten talks UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute Simla Agreement Related Kashmir region Jammu and Kashmir ( princely state ) 1947",
"22": "Jammu massacres Rape during the Kashmir conflict India -- Pakistan relations Diplomacy High Commission of India to Pakistan High Commissioner of India to Pakistan High Commission of Pakistan to India High Commissioner of Pakistan to India Treaties and summits Jinnah -- Mountbatten Talks ( 1947 ) Karachi Agreement ( 1949 ) Liaquat - Nehru Treaty ( 1950 ) Indus Waters Treaty ( 1960 ) Tashkent Declaration ( 1965 ) Simla Agreement ( 1972 ) Delhi Agreement ( 1974 ) Islamabad Agreement ( 1988 ) Lahore summit ( 1999 ) Agra Summit ( 2001 ) Events and conflicts Partition of India Kashmir conflict Integration of Junagadh 1947 - 1948 War Sir Creek Operation Gibraltar 1965 War 1971 War Bangladesh Liberation War Pokhran -- I Kirana -- I Nuclear race Line of Control Maritime trespassing Siachen conflict Operation Brasstacks Pokhran - II / Chagai - I / Chagai - II Violence against Muslims in India Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Balochistan conflict Kargil conflict Atlantique incident Iran -- Pakistan -- India gas pipeline 2001 Indian Parliament attack 2001 -- 2002 military standoff 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings 2008 Mumbai attacks 2008 military standoff 2011 border skirmishes 2013 border skirmishes Sarabjit / Sanaullah murder incidents 2013 Pakistan Embassy attack 2014 - 2015 border skirmishes 2016 Kulbhushan Jadhav interception 2016 -- 17 unrest",
"23": "in Jammu and Kashmir 2016 Uri attack 2016 military confrontation Initiatives Aman ki Asha Hotline Transport Samjhauta Express Delhi -- Lahore Bus Srinagar -- Muzaffarabad Bus Thar Express Indo - Pak Confederation Indo - Pak Joint Judicial Committee Hindi in Pakistan Sports India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry India -- Pakistan field hockey rivalry Related templates Foreign relations of India Foreign relations of Pakistan Military of India Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Minister of Defence Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - Pakistani wars 1947 1965 1971 Operation Polo Congo Crisis Operation Vijay Operation Trident Sino - Indian War Cho La incident Siachen conflict Blue Star Woodrose 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War Operation Cactus Kargil War Kashmir insurgency Operation Parakram Piracy off the coast of Somalia Category Army Navy Air Force Pakistan Armed Forces Joint services and administrative Cabinet Committee on National",
"24": "Security Chief of General Staff Commander - in - Chief President of Pakistan Inter-Services Public Relations Inter-Services Selection Board Inter-Services Intelligence Director General of the Inter-Services Intelligence Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee Joint Staff Headquarters Judge Advocate General Branch Military Lands and Cantonments Department Ministry of Defence Minister of Defence National Command Authority Missiles Nuclear doctrine Strategic Plans Division Force Weapons of mass destruction National Defence University National Security Council Army Army Museum Army ranks and insignia Chief of Army Staff replaced Commander - in - Chief of the Army Corps , commands and regiments I Corps II Corps IV Corps V Corps X Corps XI Corps XII Corps XXX Corps XXXI Corps Air Defence Corps Armoured Corps Army Strategic Forces Command Aviation Corps Azad Kashmir Regiment Baloch Regiment Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Corps of Engineers Engineer - in - Chief Frontier Works Organisation Corps of Military Police Corps of Signals Force Command Northern Areas Frontier Force Regiment Medical Corps Military Intelligence Northern Light Infantry Regiment Punjab Regiment Regiment of Artillery Sind Regiment Special Services Group Education and training Army Medical College Army Public Schools and Colleges System Cadet colleges College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Command and Staff College Military Academy Military College of Engineering Military College of Signals Parachute Training School Equipment General Headquarters Hospitals Serving Generals Air Force Air Force Museum Air Force ranks and insignia Air Headquarters Aircraft Bases Chief of Air Staff Education and training Air Force Academy Air War College College of Aeronautical Engineering College of Flying Training Combat Commanders School Fazaia Schools and Colleges System",
"25": "Hospitals Squadrons and commands Air Force Strategic Command Air Intelligence Special Service Wing Squadrons Serving Air Marshals Navy Bases Ahsan Naval Base Akram Naval Base Hameed Naval Base Iqbal Naval Base Jinnah Naval Base Kalmat Naval Base Karachi Naval Dockyard Mehran Naval Base Qasim Naval Base Chief of Naval Staff Education and training Naval Academy Navy Engineering College Navy run basic education schools Navy School of Logistics and Management Navy War College PNS Karsaz Hospitals PNS Darmaan Jah PNS Rahat PNS Shifa Maritime Museum Naval Headquarters Naval ranks and insignia Squadrons and commands Marines Naval Air Arm Naval Intelligence Naval Strategic Forces Command Navy Hydrographic Department Navy Northern Command Navy Punjab Command Navy Western Command Special Services Group Navy Vessels Serving Admirals Paramilitary forces Airports Security Force Coast Guards Frontier Constabulary Frontier Corps Bajaur Scouts Chagai Militia Chitral Scouts Gilgit Baltistan Scouts Kharan Rifles Khyber Rifles Zhob Militia Maritime Security Agency National Guard Rangers Wars and conflicts India - Pakistan War ( s ) of 1947 - 1948 / 1965 / 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War 1967 Israeli - Arab war 1973 Israeli - Arab war Jordan - Palestine Liberation Organization conflict 1970s Baloch insurgency Grand Mosque in Saudi Arabia seizure Soviet - Afghan war Siachen conflict 1991 Gulf War Kargil conflict War in North - West Pakistan Related Awards and decorations Defence Housing Authority Defence industry of Pakistan Air",
"26": "Weapons Complex Defence Science and Technology Organisation Heavy Industries Taxila Institute of Optronics Integrated Dynamics Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works Khan Research Laboratories National Development Complex National Engineering and Scientific Commission Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Pakistan Ordnance Factories Wah Metallurgical Laboratory Military history Air Force history Foreign deployments of the Pakistan Armed Forces Involvement in UN peacekeeping missions Military coups Khyber Border Coordination Center Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces Category Army Air Force Navy Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"27": "php?title=Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts&oldid=838494922 '' Categories : Indo - Pakistani wars India -- Pakistan relations Independent India Post-independence history of Pakistan Wars involving India Wars involving Pakistan Geopolitical rivalry Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from March 2013 Use British English from March 2013 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Dansk Español 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული മലയാളം 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 11 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Geocentric model - wikipedia Geocentric model Jump to : navigation , search `` Geocentric '' redirects here . For orbits around Earth , see Geocentric orbit . Figure of the heavenly bodies -- An illustration of the Ptolemaic geocentric system by Portuguese cosmographer and cartographer Bartolomeu Velho , 1568 ( Bibliothèque Nationale , Paris ) In astronomy , the geocentric model ( also known as geocentrism , or the Ptolemaic system ) is a superseded description of the universe with Earth at the center . Under the geocentric model , the Sun , Moon , stars , and planets all orbited Earth . The geocentric model served as the predominant description of the cosmos in many ancient civilizations , such as those of Aristotle and Ptolemy . Two observations supported the idea that Earth was the center of the Universe . First , from the view on Earth , the Sun appears to revolve around Earth once per day . While the Moon and the planets have their own motions , they also appear to revolve around Earth about once per day . The stars appeared to be on a celestial sphere , rotating once each day along an axis through the north and south geographic poles of Earth . Second , Earth does not seem to move from the perspective of an Earth - bound observer ; it appears to be solid , stable , and unmoving . Ancient Greek , ancient Roman and medieval philosophers usually combined the geocentric model with a spherical Earth . It is not the same as the older flat Earth model implied in some mythology . The ancient Jewish Babylonian uranography pictured a flat Earth with a dome - shaped , rigid canopy called the firmament placed over it ( רקיע - rāqîa ' ) . However , the ancient Greeks believed that the motions of the planets were circular and not elliptical , a view that was not challenged in Western culture until the 17th century through the synthesis of theories by Copernicus and Kepler . The astronomical predictions of Ptolemy 's geocentric model were used to prepare astrological and astronomical charts for over 1500 years .",
"1": "The geocentric model held sway into the early modern age , but from the late 16th century onward , it was gradually superseded by the Heliocentric model of Copernicus , Galileo and Kepler . There was much resistance to the transition between these two theories . Christian theologians were reluctant to reject a theory that agreed with Bible passages ( e.g. `` Sun , stand you still upon Gibeon '' , Joshua 10 : 12 ) . Others felt a new , unknown theory could not subvert an accepted consensus for geocentrism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient Greece 2 Ptolemaic model 2.1 Ptolemaic system 2.2 Islamic astronomy and geocentrism 3 Geocentrism and rival systems 3.1 Copernican system 4 Gravitation 5 Relativity 6 Religious and contemporary adherence to geocentrism 6.1 Historical positions of the Roman Catholic hierarchy 6.2 Orthodox Judaism 6.3 Islam 7 Planetariums 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Ancient Greece ( edit ) Illustration of Anaximander 's models of the universe . On the left , daytime in summer ; on the right , nighttime in winter . The geocentric model entered Greek astronomy and philosophy at an early point ; it can be found in pre-Socratic philosophy . In the 6th century BC , Anaximander proposed a cosmology with Earth shaped like a section of a pillar ( a cylinder ) , held aloft at the center of everything . The Sun , Moon , and planets were holes in invisible wheels surrounding Earth ; through the holes , humans could see concealed fire . About the same time , Pythagoras thought that the Earth was a sphere ( in accordance with observations of eclipses ) , but not at the center ; they believed that it was in motion around an unseen fire . Later these views were combined , so most educated Greeks from the 4th century BC on thought that the Earth was a sphere at the center of the universe . In the 4th century BC , two influential Greek philosophers , Plato and his student Aristotle , wrote works based on the geocentric model .",
"2": "According to Plato , the Earth was a sphere , stationary at the center of the universe . The stars and planets were carried around the Earth on spheres or circles , arranged in the order ( outwards from the center ) : Moon , Sun , Venus , Mercury , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , fixed stars , with the fixed stars located on the celestial sphere . In his `` Myth of Er '' , a section of the Republic , Plato describes the cosmos as the Spindle of Necessity , attended by the Sirens and turned by the three Fates . Eudoxus of Cnidus , who worked with Plato , developed a less mythical , more mathematical explanation of the planets ' motion based on Plato 's dictum stating that all phenomena in the heavens can be explained with uniform circular motion . Aristotle elaborated on Eudoxus ' system . In the fully developed Aristotelian system , the spherical Earth is at the center of the universe , and all other heavenly bodies are attached to 47 -- 55 transparent , rotating spheres surrounding the Earth , all concentric with it . ( The number is so high because several spheres are needed for each planet . ) These spheres , known as crystalline spheres , all moved at different uniform speeds to create the revolution of bodies around the Earth . They were composed of an incorruptible substance called aether . Aristotle believed that the moon was in the innermost sphere and therefore touches the realm of Earth , causing the dark spots ( macula ) and the ability to go through lunar phases . He further described his system by explaining the natural tendencies of the terrestrial elements : Earth , water , fire , air , as well as celestial aether . His system held that Earth was the heaviest element , with the strongest movement towards the center , thus water formed a layer surrounding the sphere of Earth . The tendency of air and fire , on the other hand , was to move upwards , away from the center , with fire being lighter than air . Beyond the layer of fire , were the solid spheres of aether in which the celestial bodies were embedded . They , themselves , were also entirely composed of aether . Adherence to the geocentric model stemmed largely from several important observations . First of all , if the Earth did move , then one ought to be able to observe the shifting of the fixed stars due to stellar parallax .",
"3": "In short , if the Earth was moving , the shapes of the constellations should change considerably over the course of a year . If they did not appear to move , the stars are either much farther away than the Sun and the planets than previously conceived , making their motion undetectable , or in reality they are not moving at all . Because the stars were actually much further away than Greek astronomers postulated ( making movement extremely subtle ) , stellar parallax was not detected until the 19th century . Therefore , the Greeks chose the simpler of the two explanations . The lack of any observable parallax was considered a fatal flaw in any non-geocentric theory . Another observation used in favor of the geocentric model at the time was the apparent consistency of Venus ' luminosity , which implies that it is usually about the same distance from Earth , which in turn is more consistent with geocentrism than heliocentrism . In reality , that is because the loss of light caused by Venus ' phases compensates for the increase in apparent size caused by its varying distance from Earth . Objectors to heliocentrism noted that terrestrial bodies naturally tend to come to rest as near as possible to the center of the Earth . Further barring the opportunity to fall closer the center , terrestrial bodies tend not to move unless forced by an outside object , or transformed to a different element by heat or moisture . Atmospheric explanations for many phenomena were preferred because the Eudoxan -- Aristotelian model based on perfectly concentric spheres was not intended to explain changes in the brightness of the planets due to a change in distance . Eventually , perfectly concentric spheres were abandoned as it was impossible to develop a sufficiently accurate model under that ideal . However , while providing for similar explanations , the later deferent and epicycle model was flexible enough to accommodate observations for many centuries . Ptolemaic model ( edit ) The basic elements of Ptolemaic astronomy , showing a planet on an epicycle with an eccentric deferent and an equant point . The Green shaded area is the celestial sphere which the planet occupies . Although the basic tenets of Greek geocentrism were established by the time of Aristotle , the details of his system did not become standard .",
"4": "The Ptolemaic system , developed by the Hellenistic astronomer Claudius Ptolemaeus in the 2nd century AD finally standardised geocentrism . His main astronomical work , the Almagest , was the culmination of centuries of work by Hellenic , Hellenistic and Babylonian astronomers . For over a millennium European and Islamic astronomers assumed it was the correct cosmological model . Because of its influence , people sometimes wrongly think the Ptolemaic system is identical with the geocentric model . Ptolemy argued that the Earth was a sphere in the center of the universe , from the simple observation that half the stars were above the horizon and half were below the horizon at any time ( stars on rotating stellar sphere ) , and the assumption that the stars were all at some modest distance from the center of the universe . If the Earth was substantially displaced from the center , this division into visible and invisible stars would not be equal . Ptolemaic system ( edit ) Pages from 1550 Annotazione on Sacrobosco 's Tractatus de Sphaera , showing the Ptolemaic system . In the Ptolemaic system , each planet is moved by a system of two spheres : one called its deferent ; the other , its epicycle . The deferent is a circle whose center point , called the eccentric and marked in the diagram with an X , is removed from the Earth . The original purpose of the eccentric was to account for the differences of the lengths of the seasons ( autumn is the shortest by a week or so ) , by placing the Earth away from the center of rotation of the rest of the universe . Another sphere , the epicycle , is embedded inside the deferent sphere and is represented by the smaller dotted line to the right . A given planet then moves around the epicycle at the same time the epicycle moves along the path marked by the deferent . These combined movements cause the given planet to move closer to and further away from the Earth at different points in its orbit , and explained the observation that planets slowed down , stopped , and moved backward in retrograde motion , and then again reversed to resume normal , or prograde , motion .",
"5": "The deferent - and - epicycle model had been used by Greek astronomers for centuries along with the idea of the eccentric ( a deferent which is slightly off - center from the Earth ) , which was even older . In the illustration , the center of the deferent is not the Earth but the spot marked X , making it eccentric ( from the Greek ἐκ ec - meaning `` from , '' and κέντρον kentron meaning `` center '' ) , from which the spot takes its name . Unfortunately , the system that was available in Ptolemy 's time did not quite match observations , even though it was considerably improved over Hipparchus ' system . Most noticeably the size of a planet 's retrograde loop ( especially that of Mars ) would be smaller , and sometimes larger , than expected , resulting in positional errors of as much as 30 degrees . To alleviate the problem , Ptolemy developed the equant . The equant was a point near the center of a planet 's orbit which , if you were to stand there and watch , the center of the planet 's epicycle would always appear to move at uniform speed ; all other locations would see non-uniform speed , like on the Earth . By using an equant , Ptolemy claimed to keep motion which was uniform and circular , although it departed from the Platonic ideal of uniform circular motion . The resultant system , which eventually came to be widely accepted in the west , seems unwieldy to modern astronomers ; each planet required an epicycle revolving on a deferent , offset by an equant which was different for each planet . It predicted various celestial motions , including the beginning and end of retrograde motion , to within a maximum error of 10 degrees , considerably better than without the equant . The model with epicycles is in fact a very good model of an elliptical orbit with low eccentricity . The well known ellipse shape does not appear to a noticeable extent when the eccentricity is less than 5 % , but the offset distance of the `` center '' ( in fact the focus occupied by the sun ) is very noticeable even with low eccentricities as possessed by the planets .",
"6": "To summarize , Ptolemy devised a system that was compatible with Aristotelian philosophy and managed to track actual observations and predict future movement mostly to within the limits of the next 1000 years of observations . The observed motions and his mechanisms for explaining them include : The Ptolemaic System Object ( s ) Observation Modeling mechanism Stars Motion of entire sky E to W in ~ 24 hrs ( `` first motion '' ) Stars : Daily motion E to W of sphere of stars , carrying all other spheres with it ; normally ignored ; other spheres have additional motions Sun Motion yearly W to E along ecliptic Motion of Sun 's sphere W to E in year Sun Non-uniform rate along ecliptic ( uneven seasons ) Eccentric orbit ( Sun 's deferent center off Earth ) Moon Monthly motion W to E compared to stars Monthly W to E motion of Moon 's sphere The 5 planets General motion W to E through zodiac Motion of deferents W to E ; period set by observation of planet going around the ecliptic Planets Retrograde motion Motion of epicycle in same direction as deferent . Period of epicycle is time between retrograde motions ( synodic period ) . Planets Variations in speed through the zodiac Eccentric per planet Planets Variations in retrograde timing Equants per planet ( Copernicus used a pair of epicycles instead ) Planets Size of deferents , epicycles Only ratio between radius of deferent and associated epicycle determined ; absolute distances not determined in theory Interior planets Average greatest elongations of 23 ° ( Mercury ) and 46 ° ( Venus ) Size of epicycles set by these angles , proportional to distances Interior planets Limited to movement near the Sun Center their deferent centers along the Sun -- Earth line Exterior planets Retrograde only at opposition , when brightest Radii of epicycles aligned to Sun -- Earth line The geocentric model was eventually replaced by the heliocentric model . The earliest heliocentric model , Copernican heliocentrism , could remove Ptolemy 's epicycles because the retrograde motion could be seen to be the result of the combination of Earth and planet movement and speeds .",
"7": "Copernicus felt strongly that equants were a violation of Aristotelian purity , and proved that replacement of the equant with a pair of new epicycles was entirely equivalent . Astronomers often continued using the equants instead of the epicycles because the former was easier to calculate , and gave the same result . It has been determined , in fact , that the Copernican , Ptolemaic and even the Tychonic models provided identical results to identical inputs . They are computationally equivalent . It was n't until Kepler demonstrated a physical observation that could show that the physical sun is directly involved in determining an orbit that a new model was required . The Ptolemaic order of spheres from Earth outward is : Moon Mercury Venus Sun Mars Jupiter Saturn Fixed Stars Primum Mobile ( `` First Moved '' ) Ptolemy did not invent or work out this order , which aligns with the ancient Seven Heavens religious cosmology common to the major Eurasian religious traditions . It also follows the decreasing orbital periods of the moon , sun , planets and stars . Islamic astronomy and geocentrism ( edit ) Main articles : Maragheh observatory , Astronomy in medieval Islam , and Islamic cosmology Muslim astronomers generally accepted the Ptolemaic system and the geocentric model , but by the 10th century texts appeared regularly whose subject matter was doubts concerning Ptolemy ( shukūk ) . Several Muslim scholars questioned the Earth 's apparent immobility and centrality within the universe . Some Muslim astronomers believed that the Earth rotates around its axis , such as Abu Sa'id al - Sijzi ( d. circa 1020 ) . According to al - Biruni , Sijzi invented an astrolabe called al - zūraqī based on a belief held by some of his contemporaries `` that the motion we see is due to the Earth 's movement and not to that of the sky . '' The prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states : According to the geometers ( or engineers ) ( muhandisīn ) , the Earth is in constant circular motion , and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the Earth and not the stars .",
"8": "Early in the 11th century Alhazen wrote a scathing critique of Ptolemy 's model in his Doubts on Ptolemy ( c. 1028 ) , which some have interpreted to imply he was criticizing Ptolemy 's geocentrism , but most agree that he was actually criticizing the details of Ptolemy 's model rather than his geocentrism . In the 12th century , Arzachel departed from the ancient Greek idea of uniform circular motions by hypothesizing that the planet Mercury moves in an elliptic orbit , while Alpetragius proposed a planetary model that abandoned the equant , epicycle and eccentric mechanisms , though this resulted in a system that was mathematically less accurate . Alpetragius also declared the Ptolemaic system as an imaginary model that was successful at predicting planetary positions but not real or physical . His alternative system spread through most of Europe during the 13th century . Fakhr al - Din al - Razi ( 1149 -- 1209 ) , in dealing with his conception of physics and the physical world in his Matalib , rejects the Aristotelian and Avicennian notion of the Earth 's centrality within the universe , but instead argues that there are `` a thousand thousand worlds ( alfa alfi ' awalim ) beyond this world such that each one of those worlds be bigger and more massive than this world as well as having the like of what this world has . '' To support his theological argument , he cites the Qur'anic verse , `` All praise belongs to God , Lord of the Worlds , '' emphasizing the term `` Worlds . '' The `` Maragha Revolution '' refers to the Maragha school 's revolution against Ptolemaic astronomy . The `` Maragha school '' was an astronomical tradition beginning in the Maragha observatory and continuing with astronomers from the Damascus mosque and Samarkand observatory . Like their Andalusian predecessors , the Maragha astronomers attempted to solve the equant problem ( the circle around whose circumference a planet or the center of an epicycle was conceived to move uniformly ) and produce alternative configurations to the Ptolemaic model without abandoning geocentrism .",
"9": "They were more successful than their Andalusian predecessors in producing non-Ptolemaic configurations which eliminated the equant and eccentrics , were more accurate than the Ptolemaic model in numerically predicting planetary positions , and were in better agreement with empirical observations . The most important of the Maragha astronomers included Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi ( d . 1266 ) , Nasīr al - Dīn al - Tūsī ( 1201 -- 1274 ) , Qutb al - Din al - Shirazi ( 1236 -- 1311 ) , Ibn al - Shatir ( 1304 -- 1375 ) , Ali Qushji ( c. 1474 ) , Al - Birjandi ( d . 1525 ) , and Shams al - Din al - Khafri ( d . 1550 ) . Ibn al - Shatir , the Damascene astronomer ( 1304 -- 1375 AD ) working at the Umayyad Mosque , wrote a major book entitled Kitab Nihayat al - Sul fi Tashih al - Usul ( A Final Inquiry Concerning the Rectification of Planetary Theory ) on a theory which departs largely from the Ptolemaic system known at that time . In his book , Ibn al - Shatir , an Arab astronomer of the fourteenth century , E.S. Kennedy wrote `` what is of most interest , however , is that Ibn al - Shatir 's lunar theory , except for trivial differences in parameters , is identical with that of Copernicus ( 1473 -- 1543 AD ) . '' The discovery that the models of Ibn al - Shatir are mathematically identical to those of Copernicus suggests the possible transmission of these models to Europe . At the Maragha and Samarkand observatories , the Earth 's rotation was discussed by al - Tusi and Ali Qushji ( b . 1403 ) ; the arguments and evidence they used resemble those used by Copernicus to support the Earth 's motion . However , the Maragha school never made the paradigm shift to heliocentrism . The influence of the Maragha school on Copernicus remains speculative , since there is no documentary evidence to prove it .",
"10": "The possibility that Copernicus independently developed the Tusi couple remains open , since no researcher has yet demonstrated that he knew about Tusi 's work or that of the Maragha school . Geocentrism and rival systems ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints . Please improve the article or discuss the issue . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This drawing from an Icelandic manuscript dated around 1750 illustrates the geocentric model . Not all Greeks agreed with the geocentric model . The Pythagorean system has already been mentioned ; some Pythagoreans believed the Earth to be one of several planets going around a central fire . Hicetas and Ecphantus , two Pythagoreans of the 5th century BC , and Heraclides Ponticus in the 4th century BC , believed that the Earth rotated on its axis but remained at the center of the universe . Such a system still qualifies as geocentric . It was revived in the Middle Ages by Jean Buridan . Heraclides Ponticus was once thought to have proposed that both Venus and Mercury went around the Sun rather than the Earth , but this is no longer accepted . Martianus Capella definitely put Mercury and Venus in orbit around the Sun . Aristarchus of Samos was the most radical . He wrote a work , which has not survived , on heliocentrism , saying that the Sun was at the center of the universe , while the Earth and other planets revolved around it . His theory was not popular , and he had one named follower , Seleucus of Seleucia . Copernican system ( edit ) Main article : Copernican heliocentrism In 1543 , the geocentric system met its first serious challenge with the publication of Copernicus ' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres ) , which posited that the Earth and the other planets instead revolved around the Sun . The geocentric system was still held for many years afterwards , as at the time the Copernican system did not offer better predictions than the geocentric system , and it posed problems for both natural philosophy and scripture .",
"11": "The Copernican system was no more accurate than Ptolemy 's system , because it still used circular orbits . This was not altered until Johannes Kepler postulated that they were elliptical ( Kepler 's first law of planetary motion ) . With the invention of the telescope in 1609 , observations made by Galileo Galilei ( such as that Jupiter has moons ) called into question some of the tenets of geocentrism but did not seriously threaten it . Because he observed dark `` spots '' on the moon , craters , he remarked that the moon was not a perfect celestial body as had been previously conceived . This was the first time someone could see imperfections on a celestial body that was supposed to be composed of perfect aether . As such , because the moon 's imperfections could now be related to those seen on Earth , one could argue that neither was unique : rather , they were both just celestial bodies made from Earth - like material . Galileo could also see the moons of Jupiter , which he dedicated to Cosimo II de ' Medici , and stated that they orbited around Jupiter , not Earth . This was a significant claim as it would mean not only that not everything revolved around Earth as stated in the Ptolemaic model , but also showed a secondary celestial body could orbit a moving celestial body , strengthening the heliocentric argument that a moving Earth could retain the Moon . Galileo 's observations were verified by other astronomers of the time period who quickly adopted use of the telescope , including Christoph Scheiner , Johannes Kepler , and Giovan Paulo Lembo . Phases of Venus In December 1610 , Galileo Galilei used his telescope to observe that Venus showed all phases , just like the Moon . He thought that while this observation was incompatible with the Ptolemaic system , it was a natural consequence of the heliocentric system . However , Ptolemy placed Venus ' deferent and epicycle entirely inside the sphere of the Sun ( between the Sun and Mercury ) , but this was arbitrary ; he could just as easily have swapped Venus and Mercury and put them on the other side of the Sun , or made any other arrangement of Venus and Mercury , as long as they were always near a line running from the Earth through the Sun , such as placing the center of the Venus epicycle near the Sun .",
"12": "In this case , if the Sun is the source of all the light , under the Ptolemaic system : If Venus is between Earth and the Sun , the phase of Venus must always be crescent or all dark . If Venus is beyond the Sun , the phase of Venus must always be gibbous or full . But Galileo saw Venus at first small and full , and later large and crescent . In this depiction of the Tychonic system , the objects on blue orbits ( the moon and the sun ) revolve around the Earth . The objects on orange orbits ( Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter , and Saturn ) revolve around the sun . Around all is a sphere of stars , which rotates . This showed that with a Ptolemaic cosmology , the Venus epicycle can be neither completely inside nor completely outside of the orbit of the Sun . As a result , Ptolemaics abandoned the idea that the epicycle of Venus was completely inside the Sun , and later 17th century competition between astronomical cosmologies focused on variations of Tycho Brahe 's Tychonic system ( in which the Earth was still at the center of the universe , and around it revolved the Sun , but all other planets revolved around the Sun in one massive set of epicycles ) , or variations on the Copernican system . Gravitation ( edit ) Johannes Kepler analysed Tycho Brahe 's famously accurate observations and afterwards constructed his three laws in 1609 and 1619 , based on a heliocentric view where the planets move in elliptical paths . Using these laws , he was the first astronomer to successfully predict a transit of Venus ( for the year 1631 ) . The change from circular orbits to elliptical planetary paths dramatically improved the accuracy of celestial observations and predictions . Because the heliocentric model by Copernicus was no more accurate than Ptolemy 's system , new observations were needed to persuade those who still held on to the geocentric model . However , Kepler 's laws based on Brahe 's data became a problem which geocentrists could not easily overcome . In 1687 , Isaac Newton stated the law of universal gravitation , described earlier as a hypothesis by Robert Hooke and others .",
"13": "His main achievement was to mathematically derive Kepler 's laws of planetary motion from the law of gravitation , thus helping to prove the latter . This introduced gravitation as the force that both kept the Earth and planets moving through the heavens and also kept the air from flying away . The theory of gravity allowed scientists to construct a plausible heliocentric model for the solar system quickly . In his Principia , Newton explained his system of how gravity , previously thought of as an occult force ( that is , an unexplained force ) , directed the movements of celestial bodies , and kept our solar system in its working order . His descriptions of centripetal force were a breakthrough in scientific thought which used the newly developed differential calculus , and finally replaced the previous schools of scientific thought , i.e. those of Aristotle and Ptolemy . However , the process was gradual . Several empirical tests of Newton 's theory , explaining the longer period of oscillation of a pendulum at the equator and the differing size of a degree of latitude , gradually became available over the period 1673 -- 1738 . In addition , stellar aberration was observed by Robert Hooke in 1674 and tested in a series of observations by Jean Picard over ten years finishing in 1680 . However , it was not explained until 1729 when James Bradley provided an approximate explanation in terms of the Earth 's revolution about the sun . In 1838 , astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel measured the parallax of the star 61 Cygni successfully , and disproved Ptolemy 's claim that parallax motion did not exist . This finally confirmed the assumptions made by Copernicus , provided accurate , dependable scientific observations , and displayed truly how far away stars were from Earth . A geocentric frame is useful for many everyday activities and most laboratory experiments , but is a less appropriate choice for solar - system mechanics and space travel . While a heliocentric frame is most useful in those cases , galactic and extra-galactic astronomy is easier if the sun is treated as neither stationary nor the center of the universe , but rotating around the center of our galaxy , and in turn our galaxy is also not at rest in the cosmic background .",
"14": "Relativity ( edit ) Albert Einstein and Leopold Infeld wrote in The Evolution of Physics ( 1938 ) : `` Can we formulate physical laws so that they are valid for all CS ( = coordinate systems ) , not only those moving uniformly , but also those moving quite arbitrarily , relative to each other ? If this can be done , our difficulties will be over . We shall then be able to apply the laws of nature to any CS . The struggle , so violent in the early days of science , between the views of Ptolemy and Copernicus would then be quite meaningless . Either CS could be used with equal justification . The two sentences , ' the sun is at rest and the Earth moves ' , or ' the sun moves and the Earth is at rest ' , would simply mean two different conventions concerning two different CS . Could we build a real relativistic physics valid in all CS ; a physics in which there would be no place for absolute , but only for relative , motion ? This is indeed possible ! '' Despite giving more respectability to the geocentric view than Newtonian physics does , relativity is not geocentric . Rather , relativity states that the Sun , the Earth , the Moon , Jupiter , or any other point for that matter could be chosen as a center of the solar system with equal validity . For this reason Robert Sungenis , a modern geocentrist , spent much of Volume I of his book Galileo Was Wrong : The Church Was Right critiquing and trying to unravel the Special and General theories of Relativity . Relativity agrees with Newtonian predictions that regardless of whether the Sun or the Earth are chosen arbitrarily as the center of the coordinate system describing the solar system , the paths of the planets form ( roughly ) ellipses with respect to the Sun , not the Earth . With respect to the average reference frame of the fixed stars , the planets do indeed move around the Sun , which due to its much larger mass , moves far less than its own diameter and the gravity of which is dominant in determining the orbits of the planets . ( In other words , the center of mass of the solar system is near the center of the Sun . )",
"15": "The Earth and Moon are much closer to being a binary planet ; the center of mass around which they both rotate is still inside the Earth , but is about 4,624 km ( 2,873 mi ) or 72.6 % of the Earth 's radius away from the centre of the Earth ( thus closer to the surface than the center ) . What the principle of relativity points out is that correct mathematical calculations can be made regardless of the reference frame chosen , and these will all agree with each other as to the predictions of actual motions of bodies with respect to each other . It is not necessary to choose the object in the solar system with the largest gravitational field as the center of the coordinate system in order to predict the motions of planetary bodies , though doing so may make calculations easier to perform or interpret . A geocentric coordinate system can be more convenient when dealing only with bodies mostly influenced by the gravity of the Earth ( such as artificial satellites and the Moon ) , or when calculating what the sky will look like when viewed from Earth ( as opposed to an imaginary observer looking down on the entire solar system , where a different coordinate system might be more convenient ) . Religious and contemporary adherence to geocentrism ( edit ) Map of the Square and Stationary Earth , by Orlando Ferguson ( 1893 ) The Ptolemaic model of the solar system held sway into the early modern age ; from the late 16th century onward it was gradually replaced as the consensus description by the heliocentric model . Geocentrism as a separate religious belief , however , never completely died out . In the United States between 1870 and 1920 , for example , various members of the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod published articles disparaging Copernican astronomy , and geocentrism was widely taught within the synod during that period . However , in the 1902 Theological Quarterly , A.L. Graebner claimed that the synod had no doctrinal position on geocentrism , heliocentrism , or any scientific model , unless it were to contradict Scripture . He stated that any possible declarations of geocentrists within the synod did not set the position of the church body as a whole .",
"16": "Articles arguing that geocentrism was the biblical perspective appeared in some early creation science newsletters pointing to some passages in the Bible , which , when taken literally , indicate that the daily apparent motions of the Sun and the Moon are due to their actual motions around the Earth rather than due to the rotation of the Earth about its axis . For example , in Joshua 10 : 12 , the Sun and Moon are said to stop in the sky , and in Psalms the world is described as immobile . Psalms 93 : 1 says in part `` the world is established , firm and secure '' . ) Contemporary advocates for such religious beliefs include Robert Sungenis ( president of Bellarmine Theological Forum and author of the 2006 book Galileo Was Wrong ) . These people subscribe to the view that a plain reading of the Bible contains an accurate account of the manner in which the universe was created and requires a geocentric worldview . Modern geocentrism has been called pseudoscientific , and most contemporary creationist organizations reject such perspectives . After all , Copernicanism was the first major victory of science over religion , so it 's inevitable that some folks would think that everything that 's wrong with the world began there . -- Steven Dutch of the University of Wisconsin -- Madison Morris Berman quotes a 2006 survey that show currently some 20 % of the U.S. population believe that the sun goes around the Earth ( geocentricism ) rather than the Earth goes around the sun ( heliocentricism ) , while a further 9 % claimed not to know . Polls conducted by Gallup in the 1990s found that 16 % of Germans , 18 % of Americans and 19 % of Britons hold that the Sun revolves around the Earth . A study conducted in 2005 by Jon D. Miller of Northwestern University , an expert in the public understanding of science and technology , found that about 20 % , or one in five , of American adults believe that the Sun orbits the Earth . According to 2011 VTSIOM poll , 32 % of Russians believe that the Sun orbits the Earth . Historical positions of the Roman Catholic hierarchy ( edit ) The famous Galileo affair pitted the geocentric model against the claims of Galileo .",
"17": "In regards to the theological basis for such an argument , two Popes addressed the question of whether the use of phenomenological language would compel one to admit an error in Scripture . Both taught that it would not . Pope Leo XIII ( 1878 -- 1903 ) wrote : we have to contend against those who , making an evil use of physical science , minutely scrutinize the Sacred Book in order to detect the writers in a mistake , and to take occasion to vilify its contents ... There can never , indeed , be any real discrepancy between the theologian and the physicist , as long as each confines himself within his own lines , and both are careful , as St. Augustine warns us , `` not to make rash assertions , or to assert what is not known as known '' . If dissension should arise between them , here is the rule also laid down by St. Augustine , for the theologian : `` Whatever they can really demonstrate to be true of physical nature , we must show to be capable of reconciliation with our Scriptures ; and whatever they assert in their treatises which is contrary to these Scriptures of ours , that is to Catholic faith , we must either prove it as well as we can to be entirely false , or at all events we must , without the smallest hesitation , believe it to be so . '' To understand how just is the rule here formulated we must remember , first , that the sacred writers , or to speak more accurately , the Holy Ghost `` Who spoke by them , did not intend to teach men these things ( that is to say , the essential nature of the things of the visible universe ) , things in no way profitable unto salvation . '' Hence they did not seek to penetrate the secrets of nature , but rather described and dealt with things in more or less figurative language , or in terms which were commonly used at the time , and which in many instances are in daily use at this day , even by the most eminent men of science . Ordinary speech primarily and properly describes what comes under the senses ; and somewhat in the same way the sacred writers - as the Angelic Doctor also reminds us -- `` went by what sensibly appeared '' , or put down what God , speaking to men , signified , in the way men could understand and were accustomed to .",
"18": "-- Providentissimus Deus 18 Maurice Finocchiaro , author of a book on the Galileo affair , notes that this is `` a view of the relationship between biblical interpretation and scientific investigation that corresponds to the one advanced by Galileo in the `` Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina '' . Pope Pius XII ( 1939 -- 1958 ) repeated his predecessor 's teaching : The first and greatest care of Leo XIII was to set forth the teaching on the truth of the Sacred Books and to defend it from attack . Hence with grave words did he proclaim that there is no error whatsoever if the sacred writer , speaking of things of the physical order `` went by what sensibly appeared '' as the Angelic Doctor says , speaking either `` in figurative language , or in terms which were commonly used at the time , and which in many instances are in daily use at this day , even among the most eminent men of science '' . For `` the sacred writers , or to speak more accurately -- the words are St. Augustine 's -- the Holy Spirit , Who spoke by them , did not intend to teach men these things -- that is the essential nature of the things of the universe -- things in no way profitable to salvation '' ; which principle `` will apply to cognate sciences , and especially to history '' , that is , by refuting , `` in a somewhat similar way the fallacies of the adversaries and defending the historical truth of Sacred Scripture from their attacks '' . -- Divino afflante Spiritu , 3 In 1664 , Pope Alexander VII republished the Index Librorum Prohibitorum ( List of Prohibited Books ) and attached the various decrees connected with those books , including those concerned with heliocentrism . He stated in a Papal Bull that his purpose in doing so was that `` the succession of things done from the beginning might be made known ( quo rei ab initio gestae series innotescat ) '' . The position of the curia evolved slowly over the centuries towards permitting the heliocentric view . In 1757 , during the papacy of Benedict XIV , the Congregation of the Index withdrew the decree which prohibited all books teaching the Earth 's motion , although the Dialogue and a few other books continued to be explicitly included .",
"19": "In 1820 , the Congregation of the Holy Office , with the pope 's approval , decreed that Catholic astronomer Giuseppe Settele was allowed to treat the Earth 's motion as an established fact and removed any obstacle for Catholics to hold to the motion of the Earth : The Assessor of the Holy Office has referred the request of Giuseppe Settele , Professor of Optics and Astronomy at La Sapienza University , regarding permission to publish his work Elements of Astronomy in which he espouses the common opinion of the astronomers of our time regarding the Earth 's daily and yearly motions , to His Holiness through Divine Providence , Pope Pius VII . Previously , His Holiness had referred this request to the Supreme Sacred Congregation and concurrently to the consideration of the Most Eminent and Most Reverend General Cardinal Inquisitor . His Holiness has decreed that no obstacles exist for those who sustain Copernicus ' affirmation regarding the Earth 's movement in the manner in which it is affirmed today , even by Catholic authors . He has , moreover , suggested the insertion of several notations into this work , aimed at demonstrating that the above mentioned affirmation ( of Copernicus ) , as it has come to be understood , does not present any difficulties ; difficulties that existed in times past , prior to the subsequent astronomical observations that have now occurred . ( Pope Pius VII ) has also recommended that the implementation ( of these decisions ) be given to the Cardinal Secretary of the Supreme Sacred Congregation and Master of the Sacred Apostolic Palace . He is now appointed the task of bringing to an end any concerns and criticisms regarding the printing of this book , and , at the same time , ensuring that in the future , regarding the publication of such works , permission is sought from the Cardinal Vicar whose signature will not be given without the authorization of the Superior of his Order .",
"20": "In 1822 , the Congregation of the Holy Office removed the prohibition on the publication of books treating of the Earth 's motion in accordance with modern astronomy and Pope Pius VII ratified the decision : The most excellent ( cardinals ) have decreed that there must be no denial , by the present or by future Masters of the Sacred Apostolic Palace , of permission to print and to publish works which treat of the mobility of the Earth and of the immobility of the sun , according to the common opinion of modern astronomers , as long as there are no other contrary indications , on the basis of the decrees of the Sacred Congregation of the Index of 1757 and of this Supreme ( Holy Office ) of 1820 ; and that those who would show themselves to be reluctant or would disobey , should be forced under punishments at the choice of ( this ) Sacred Congregation , with derogation of ( their ) claimed privileges , where necessary . The 1835 edition of the Catholic Index of Prohibited Books for the first time omits the Dialogue from the list . In his 1921 papal encyclical , In praeclara summorum , Pope Benedict XV stated that , `` though this Earth on which we live may not be the center of the universe as at one time was thought , it was the scene of the original happiness of our first ancestors , witness of their unhappy fall , as too of the Redemption of mankind through the Passion and Death of Jesus Christ '' . In 1965 the Second Vatican Council stated that , `` Consequently , we can not but deplore certain habits of mind , which are sometimes found too among Christians , which do not sufficiently attend to the rightful independence of science and which , from the arguments and controversies they spark , lead many minds to conclude that faith and science are mutually opposed . '' The footnote on this statement is to Msgr . Pio Paschini 's , Vita e opere di Galileo Galilei , 2 volumes , Vatican Press ( 1964 ) . Pope John Paul II regretted the treatment which Galileo received , in a speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1992 . The Pope declared the incident to be based on a `` tragic mutual miscomprehension '' .",
"21": "He further stated : Cardinal Poupard has also reminded us that the sentence of 1633 was not irreformable , and that the debate which had not ceased to evolve thereafter , was closed in 1820 with the imprimatur given to the work of Canon Settele ... The error of the theologians of the time , when they maintained the centrality of the Earth , was to think that our understanding of the physical world 's structure was , in some way , imposed by the literal sense of Sacred Scripture . Let us recall the celebrated saying attributed to Baronius `` Spiritui Sancto mentem fuisse nos docere quomodo ad coelum eatur , non quomodo coelum gradiatur '' . In fact , the Bible does not concern itself with the details of the physical world , the understanding of which is the competence of human experience and reasoning . There exist two realms of knowledge , one which has its source in Revelation and one which reason can discover by its own power . To the latter belong especially the experimental sciences and philosophy . The distinction between the two realms of knowledge ought not to be understood as opposition . Orthodox Judaism ( edit ) A few Orthodox Jewish leaders maintain a geocentric model of the universe based on the aforementioned Biblical verses and an interpretation of Maimonides to the effect that he ruled that the Earth is orbited by the sun . The Lubavitcher Rebbe also explained that geocentrism is defensible based on the theory of Relativity , which establishes that `` when two bodies in space are in motion relative to one another , ... science declares with absolute certainty that from the scientific point of view both possibilities are equally valid , namely that the Earth revolves around the sun , or the sun revolves around the Earth '' , although he also went on to refer to people who believed in geocentrism as `` remaining in the world of Copernicus '' . The Zohar implies : `` The entire world and those upon it , spin round in a circle like a ball '' , both those at the bottom of the ball and those at the top . All God 's creatures , wherever they live on the different parts of the ball , look different ( in color , in their features ) because the air is different in each place , but they stand erect as all other human beings .",
"22": "Therefore , there are places in the world where , when some have light , others have darkness ; when some have day , others have night . While geocentrism is important in Maimonides ' calendar calculations , the great majority of Jewish religious scholars , who accept the divinity of the Bible and accept many of his rulings as legally binding , do not believe that the Bible or Maimonides command a belief in geocentrism . Islam ( edit ) Prominent cases of modern geocentrism in Islam are very isolated . Very few individuals promoted a geocentric view of the universe . One of them was Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi , a Sunni scholar of Indian subcontinent . He rejected the heliocentric model and wrote a book that explains the movement of sun , moon and other planets around the Earth . The Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1993 to 1999 , Ibn Baz also promoted the geocentric view between 1966 and 1985 . Planetariums ( edit ) The geocentric ( Ptolemaic ) model of the solar system is still of interest to planetarium makers , as , for technical reasons , a Ptolemaic - type motion for the planet light apparatus has some advantages over a Copernican - type motion . The celestial sphere , still used for teaching purposes and sometimes for navigation , is also based on a geocentric system which in effect ignores parallax . However this effect is negligible at the scale of accuracy that applies to a planetarium . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Cosmology portal Celestial spheres Firmament Flat Earth Religious cosmology Sphere of fire Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Egyptian universe was substantially similar to the Babylonian universe ; it was pictured as a rectangular box with a north - south orientation and with a slightly concave surface , with Egypt in the center . A good idea of the similarly primitive state of Hebrew astronomy can be gained from Biblical writings , such as the Genesis creation story and the various Psalms that extol the firmament , the stars , the sun , and the earth . The Hebrews saw the earth as an almost flat surface consisting of a solid and a liquid part , and the sky as the realm of light in which heavenly bodies move .",
"23": "The earth rested on cornerstones and could not be moved except by Jehovah ( as in an earthquake ) . According to the Hebrews , the sun and the moon were only a short distance from one another Jump up ^ The picture of the universe in Talmudic texts has the Earth in the center of creation with heaven as a hemisphere spread over it . The Earth is usually described as a disk encircled by water . Interestingly , cosmological and metaphysical speculations were not to be cultivated in public nor were they to be committed to writing . Rather , they were considered as `` secrets of the Torah not to be passed on to all and sundry '' ( Ketubot 112a ) . While study of God 's creation was not prohibited , speculations about `` what is above , what is beneath , what is before , and what is after '' ( Mishnah Hagigah : 2 ) were restricted to the intellectual elite . Jump up ^ `` firmament -- The division made by God , according to the P account of creation , to restrain the cosmic water and form the sky ( Genesis 1 : 6 -- 8 ) . Hebrew cosmology pictured a flat earth , over which was a dome - shaped firmament , supported above the earth by mountains , and surrounded by waters . Holes or sluices ( windows , Gen. 7 : 11 ) allowed the water to fall as rain . The firmament was the heavens in which God set the sun ( Psalms 19 : 4 ) and the stars ( Genesis 1 : 4 ) on the fourth day of the creation . There was more water under the earth ( Genesis 1 : 7 ) and during the Flood the two great oceans joined up and covered the earth ; sheol was at the bottom of the earth ( Isa. 14 : 9 ; Num. 16 : 30 ) . '' Jump up ^ The cosmographical structure assumed by this text is the ancient , traditional flat earth model that was common throughout the Near East and that persisted in Jewish tradition because of its place in the religiously authoritative biblical materials . Jump up ^ `` The term `` firmament '' ( רקיע - rāqîa ' ) denotes the atmosphere between the heavenly realm and the earth ( Gen.",
"24": "1 : 6 -- 7 , 20 ) where the celestial bodies move ( Gen. 1 : 14 -- 17 ) . It can also be used as a synonym for `` heaven '' ( Gen. 1 : 8 ; Ps. 19 : 2 ) . This `` firmament is part of the heavenly structure whether it is the equivalent of ' heaven / sky ' or is what separates it from the earth ... The ancient Israelites also used more descriptive terms for how God created the celestial realm , and based on the collection of these more specific and illustrative terms , I would propose that they had two basic ideas of the composition of the heavenly realm . First is the idea that the heavenly realm was imagined as a vast cosmic canopy . The verb used to describe metaphorically how God stretched out this canopy over earth is הטנ ( nātāh ) ' stretch out ' , or ' spread ' . ' I made the earth , and created humankind upon it ; it was my hands that stretched out the heavens , and I commanded all their host ( Isa. 45 : 12 ) . ' In the Bible this verb is used to describe the stretching out ( pitching ) of a tent . Since the texts that mention the stretching out of the sky are typically drawing on creation imagery , it seems that the figure intends to suggest that the heavens are Yahweh 's cosmic tent . One can imagine ancient Israelites gazing up to the stars and comparing the canopy of the sky to the roofs of the tents under which they lived . In fact , if one were to look up at the ceiling of a dark tent with small holes in the roof during the daytime , the roof , with the sunlight shining through the holes , would look very much like the night sky with all its stars . The second image of the material composition of the heavenly realm involves a firm substance . The term רקיע ( răqîa ' ) , typically translated ' firmament ' , indicates the expanse above the earth . The root רקע means ' stamp out ' or ' forge ' . The idea of a solid , forged surface fits well with Ezekiel 1 where God 's throne rests upon the רקיע ( răqîa ' ) .",
"25": "According to Genesis 1 , the רקיע ( rāqîa ' ) is the sphere of the celestial bodies ( Gen. 1 : 6 -- 8 , 14 -- 17 ; cf . ben Sira 43 : 8 ) . It may be that some imagined the עיקר to be a firm substance on which the celestial bodies rode during their daily journeys across the sky . '' Jump up ^ In the course of the Second Temple Period Jews , and eventually Christians , began to describe the universe in new terms . The model of the universe inherited form the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East of a flat earth completely surrounded by water with a heavenly realm of the gods arching above from horizon to horizon became obsolete . In the past the heavenly realm was for gods only . It was the place where all events on earth were determined by the gods , and their decisions were irrevocable . The gulf between the gods and humans could not have been greater . The evolution of Jewish cosmography in the course of the Second Temple Period followed developments in Hellenistic astronomy . Jump up ^ What is described in Genesis 1 : 1 to 2 : 3 was the commonly accepted structure of the universe from at least late in the second millennium BCE to the fourth or third century BCE . It represents a coherent model for the experiences of the people of Mesopotamia through that period . It reflects a world - view that made sense of water coming from the sky and the ground as well as the regular apparent movements of the stars , sun , moon , and planets . There is a clear understanding of the restrictions on breeding between different species of animals and of the way in which human beings had gained control over what were , by then , domestic animals . There is also recognition of the ability of humans to change the environment in which they lived . This same understanding occurred also in the great creation stories of Mesopotamia ; these stories formed the basis for the Jewish theological reflections of the Hebrew Scriptures concerning the creation of the world . The Jewish priests and theologians who constructed the narrative took accepted ideas about the structure of the world and reflected theologically on them in the light of their experience and faith .",
"26": "There was never any clash between Jewish and Babylonian people about the structure of the world , but only about who was responsible for it and its ultimate theological meaning . The envisaged structure is simple : Earth was seen as being situated in the middle of a great volume of water , with water both above and below Earth . A great dome was thought to be set above Earth ( like an inverted glass bowl ) , maintaining the water above Earth in its place . Earth was pictured as resting on foundations that go down into the deep . These foundations secured the stability of the land as something that is not floating on the water and so could not be tossed about by wind and wave . The waters surrounding Earth were thought to have been gathered together in their place . The stars , sun , moon , and planets moved in their allotted paths across the great dome above Earth , with their movements defining the months , seasons , and year . Jump up ^ From Myth to Cosmos : The earliest speculations about the origin and nature of the world took the form of religious myths . Almost all ancient cultures developed cosmological stories to explain the basic features of the cosmos : Earth and its inhabitants , sky , sea , sun , moon , and stars . For example , for the Babylonians , the creation of the universe was seen as born from a primeval pair of human - like gods . In early Egyptian cosmology , eclipses were explained as the moon being swallowed temporarily by a sow or as the sun being attacked by a serpent . For the early Hebrews , whose account is preserved in the biblical book of Genesis , a single God created the universe in stages within the relatively recent past . Such pre-scientific cosmologies tended to assume a flat Earth , a finite past , ongoing active interference by deities or spirits in the cosmic order , and stars and planets ( visible to the naked eye only as points of light ) that were different in nature from Earth . Jump up ^ This argument is given in Book I , Chapter 5 , of the Almagest . Jump up ^ Donald B. DeYoung , for example , states that `` Similar terminology is often used today when we speak of the sun 's rising and setting , even though the earth , not the sun , is doing the moving . Bible writers used the ' language of appearance , ' just as people always have .",
"27": "Without it , the intended message would be awkward at best and probably not understood clearly . When the Bible touches on scientific subjects , it is entirely accurate . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawson , Russell M. ( 2004 ) . Science in the Ancient World : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 29 -- 30 . ISBN 1851095349 . Jump up ^ Kuhn 1957 , pp. 5 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Abetti , Giorgio ( 2012 ) . `` Cosmology '' . Encyclopedia Americana ( Online ed . ) . Grolier . Jump up ^ Tirosh - Samuelson , Hava ( 2003 ) . `` Topic Overview : Judaism '' . In van Huyssteen , J. Wentzel Vrede . Encyclopedia of Science and Religion . 2 . New York : Macmillan Reference USA . pp. 477 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Gandz , Solomon ( 1953 ) . `` The distribution of land and sea on the Earth 's surface according to Hebrew sources '' . Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research . 22 : 23 -- 53 . Like the Midrash and the Talmud , the Targum does not think of a globe of the spherical earth , around which the sun revolves in 24 hours , but of a flat disk of the earth , above which the sun completes its semicircle in an average of 12 hours . Jump up ^ Browning , W.R.F. ( 1997 ) . `` firmament '' . Dictionary of the Bible ( Oxford Reference Online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Wright , J. Edward ( 2000 ) . The Early History Of Heaven . Oxford University Press . p. 155 . Jump up ^ Wright 2000 , pp. 55 -- 6 Jump up ^ Wright 2000 , p. 201 Jump up ^ Selley , Richard C. ; Cocks , L. Robin M. ; Plimer , Ian R. , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Biblical Geology '' . Encyclopedia of Geology. 1 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .",
"28": "p. 253 -- via Gale Virtual Reference Library . Jump up ^ Applebaum , Wilbur ( 2009 ) . `` Astronomy and Cosmology : Cosmology '' . In Lerner , K. Lee ; Lerner , Brenda Wilmoth . Scientific Thought : In Context. 1 . Detroit : Gale . pp. 20 -- 31 -- via Gale Virtual Reference Library . Jump up ^ Fraser , Craig G. ( 2006 ) . The Cosmos : A Historical Perspective . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Hetherington , Norriss S. ( 2006 ) . Planetary Motions : A Historical Perspective . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Crowe 1990 , pp. 60 -- 2 Jump up ^ Goldstein , Bernard R. ( 1967 ) . `` The Arabic version of Ptolemy 's planetary hypothesis '' . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society . 57 ( pt. 4 ) : 6 . JSTOR 1006040 . Jump up ^ A.I. Sabra , `` Configuring the Universe : Aporetic , Problem Solving , and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy , '' Perspectives on Science 6.3 ( 1998 ) : 288 -- 330 , at pp. 317 -- 18 : All Islamic astronomers from Thabit ibn Qurra in the ninth century to Ibn al - Shatir in the fourteenth , and all natural philosophers from al - Kindi to Averroes and later , are known to have accepted ... the Greek picture of the world as consisting of two spheres of which one , the celestial sphere ... concentrically envelops the other . Jump up ^ Hoskin , Michael ( 1999 - 03 - 18 ) . The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy . Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 9780521576000 . ^ Jump up to : Ragep , F. Jamil ( 2001 ) . `` Tusi and Copernicus : The Earth 's motion in context '' . Science in Context . Cambridge University Press . 14 ( 1 - 2 ) : 145 -- 163 .",
"29": "doi : 10.1017 / s0269889701000060 . ^ Jump up to : Ragep , F. Jamil ( 2001 ) . `` Freeing astronomy from philosophy : An aspect of Islamic influence on science '' . Osiris . 2nd Series . 16 ( Science in Theistic Contexts : Cognitive Dimensions ) : 49 -- 64 , 66 -- 71 . doi : 10.1086 / 649338 . ^ Jump up to : Setia , Adi ( 2004 ) . `` Fakhr Al - Din Al - Razi on physics and the nature of the physical world : A preliminary survey '' . Islam & Science . 2 . Jump up ^ Alessandro Bausani ( 1973 ) . `` Cosmology and Religion in Islam '' . Scientia / Rivista di Scienza. 108 ( 67 ) : 762 . ^ Jump up to : Young , M.J.L. , ed. ( 2006 - 11 - 02 ) . Religion , Learning and Science in the ' Abbasid Period . Cambridge University Press . p. 413 . ISBN 9780521028875 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 1993 - 01 - 01 ) . An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines . SUNY Press . p. 135 . ISBN 9781438414195 . Jump up ^ Qadir ( 1989 ) , p. 5 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Nicolaus Copernicus , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Rufus , W.C. ( May 1939 ) . `` The influence of Islamic astronomy in Europe and the far east '' . Popular Astronomy . Vol. 47 no . 5 . pp. 233 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1939PA ... 47 ... 233R . Jump up ^ Hartner , Willy ( 1955 ) . `` The Mercury horoscope of Marcantonio Michiel of Venice '' . Vistas in Astronomy . 1 : 118 -- 22 . Bibcode : 1955VA ... 1 ... 84H .",
"30": "doi : 10.1016 / 0083 - 6656 ( 55 ) 90016 - 7 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Bernard R. ( 1972 ) . `` Theory and observation in medieval astronomy '' . Isis. 63 ( 1 ) : 41 . doi : 10.1086 / 350839 . Jump up ^ `` Ptolemaic Astronomy , Islamic Planetary Theory , and Copernicus 's Debt to the Maragha School '' . Science and Its Times . Thomson Gale. 2006 . Jump up ^ Samsó , Julio ( 1970 -- 80 ) . `` Al - Bitruji Al - Ishbili , Abu Ishaq '' . Dictionary of Scientific Biography . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 684 - 10114 - 9 . Jump up ^ Saliba , George ( 1994 ) . A History of Arabic Astronomy : Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam . New York University Press . pp. 233 -- 234 , 240 . ISBN 0814780237 . Jump up ^ Dallal , Ahmad ( 1999 ) . `` Science , Medicine and Technology '' . In Esposito , John . The Oxford History of Islam . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 171 . Jump up ^ Guessoum , N. ( June 2008 ) . `` Copernicus and Ibn Al - Shatir : Does the Copernican revolution have Islamic roots ? '' . The Observatory . 128 : 231 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2008Obs ... 128 ... 231G . ^ Jump up to : Huff , Toby E. ( 2003 ) . The Rise of Early Modern Science : Islam , China and the West . Cambridge University Press . p. 58 . ISBN 9780521529945 . Jump up ^ Kirmani , M. Zaki ; Singh , Nagendra Kr ( 2005 ) . Encyclopaedia of Islamic Science and Scientists : A-H . Global Vision . ISBN 9788182200586 . Jump up ^ Johansen , K.F.",
"31": "; Rosenmeier , H. ( 1998 ) . A History of Ancient Philosophy : From the Beginnings to Augustine . p. 43 . Jump up ^ Sarton , George ( 1953 ) . Ancient Science Through the Golden Age of Greece . p. 290 . Jump up ^ Eastwood , B.S. ( 1992 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Heraclides and heliocentrism -- Texts diagrams and interpretations '' . Journal for the History of Astronomy . 23 : 233 . Bibcode : 1992JHA ... 23 ... 233E . Jump up ^ Lindberg , David C. ( 2010 ) . The Beginnings of Western Science : The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical , Religious , and Institutional Context , Prehistory to A.D. 1450 ( 2nd ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . p. 197 . ISBN 9780226482040 . Jump up ^ Lawson 2004 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Russell , Bertrand ( 2013 ) ( 1945 ) . A History of Western Philosophy . Routledge . p. 215 . ISBN 9781134343676 . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro , Maurice A. ( 2008 ) . The Essential Galileo . Indianapolis , IL : Hackett . p. 49 . Jump up ^ `` Galileo and the Telescope '' . Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Lattis , James L. ( 1995 ) . Between Copernicus and Galileo : Christoph Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology , University of Chicago Press , pgs 186 - 190 Jump up ^ Densmore , Dana , ed. ( 2004 ) . Selections from Newton 's Principia . Green Lion Press . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Einstein , Albert ( 1938 ) . The Evolution of Physics ( 1966 ed . ) . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 212 .",
"32": "ISBN 0 - 671 - 20156 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hoyle , Fred ( 1973 ) . Nicolaus Copernicus : An Essay On His Life and Work . New York : Harper and Row . p. 87 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 011971 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hoyle , Fred ( 1973 ) . Nicolaus Copernicus : An Essay On His Life and Work . London : Heineman Educational Books Ltd. p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 435 - 54425 - X . Jump up ^ Sungenis , Robert ( 2007 ) . Galileo Was Wrong : The Church Was Right . Vol I. State Line , PA : Catholic Apologetics International Publishing . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9779640 - 5 - 5 . Jump up ^ Babinski , E.T. , ed. ( 1995 ) . `` Excerpts from Frank Zindler 's ' Report from the center of the universe ' and ' Turtles all the way down ' '' . TalkOrigins Archive . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Graebner , A.L. ( 1902 ) . `` Science and the church '' . Theological Quarterly . St. Louis , MO : Lutheran Synod of Missouri , Ohio and other states , Concordia Publishing . 6 : 37 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Numbers , Ronald L. ( 1993 ) . The Creationists : The Evolution of Scientific Creationism . University of California Press . p. 237 . ISBN 0520083938 . Jump up ^ Sefton , Dru ( 2006 - 03 - 30 ) . `` In this world view , the sun revolves around the earth '' . Times - News . Hendersonville , NC . p. 5A . Jump up ^ Modern Geocentrism : A Case Study of Pseudoscience in Astronomy Jump up ^ DeYoung , Donald B. ( 1997 - 11 - 05 ) .",
"33": "`` Astronomy and the Bible : Selected questions and answers excerpted from the book '' . Answers in Genesis . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Geocentrism lives Jump up ^ Berman , Morris ( 2006 ) . Dark Ages America : The Final Phase of Empire . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 9780393058666 . Jump up ^ Crabtree , Steve ( 1999 - 07 - 06 ) . `` New Poll Gauges Americans ' General Knowledge Levels '' . Gallup . Jump up ^ `` Jon D. Miller '' . Northwestern University website . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dean , Cornelia ( 2005 - 08 - 30 ) . `` Scientific savvy ? In U.S. , not much '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ ' СОЛНЦЕ -- СПУТНИК ЗЕМЛИ ' , ИЛИ РЕЙТИНГ НАУЧНЫХ ЗАБЛУЖДЕНИЙ РОССИЯН ( ' Sun - earth ' , or rating scientific fallacies of Russians ) ( in Russian ) ( Пресс - выпуск No 1684 ( Press release no . 1684 ) ) , ВЦИОМ ( All - Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ) , 2011 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Finocchiaro , Maurice A. ( 1989 ) . The Galileo Affair : A Documentary History . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 307 . ISBN 9780520066625 . Jump up ^ Index librorum prohibitorum Alexandri VII ( in Latin ) . Rome : Ex typographia Reurendae Camerae Apostolicae. 1664 . p. v . Jump up ^ `` Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Religion and Science '' . Jump up ^ Fantoli , Annibale ( 1996 ) . Galileo : For Copernicanism and For the Church . University of Notre Dame .",
"34": "p. 475 . ISBN 0268010323 . Jump up ^ `` In Praeclara Summorum : Encyclical of Pope Benedict XV on Dante to Professors and Students of Literature and Learning in the Catholic World '' . Rome . 1921 - 04 - 30 . § 4 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World ' Gaudium Et Spes ' Promulgated by His Holiness , Pope Paul IV on December 7 , 1965 '' . § 36 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pope John Paul II ( 1992 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Faith can never conflict with reason '' . L'Osservatore Romano. 44 ( 1264 ) . ( Published English translation ) . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Alexander ( 2007 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Orthodox Jews & science : An empirical study of their attitudes toward evolution , the fossil record , and modern geology '' . Skeptic Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Nussbaum , Alexander ( January -- April 2002 ) . `` Creationism and geocentrism among Orthodox Jewish scientists '' . Reports of the National Center for Science Education : 38 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Schneersohn , Menachem Mendel ; Gotfryd , Arnie ( 2003 ) . Mind over Matter : The Lubavitcher Rebbe on Science , Technology and Medicine . Shamir . pp. 76ff. ; cf . xvi - xvii , 69 , 100 -- 1 , 171 -- 2 , 408ff . ISBN 9789652930804 . Jump up ^ `` Sefer Zemanim : Kiddush HaChodesh : Chapter 11 '' . Mishneh Torah . Translated by Touger , Eliyahu . Chabad - Lubavitch Media Center . Halacha 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , Avi ( 1987 ) .",
"35": "`` EgoCentrism and GeoCentrism ; Human Significance and Existential Despair ; Bible and Science ; Fundamentalism and Skepticalism '' . Science & Religion . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Published in Branover , Herman ; Attia , Ilana Coven , eds. ( 1994 ) . Science in the Light of Torah : A B'Or Ha'Torah Reader . Jason Aronson . ISBN 9781568210346 . Jump up ^ `` Fauz e Mubeen Dar Radd e Harkat e Zamin '' . Jump up ^ Hort , William Jillard ( 1822 ) . A General View of the Sciences and Arts . p. 182 . Jump up ^ Kaler , James B. ( 2002 ) . The Ever - changing Sky : A Guide to the Celestial Sphere . p. 25 . Bibliography ( edit ) Crowe , Michael J. ( 1990 ) . Theories of the World from Antiquity to the Copernican Revolution . Mineola , NY : Dover Publications . ISBN 0486261735 . Dreyer , J.L.E. ( 1953 ) . A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler . New York : Dover Publications . Evans , James ( 1998 ) . The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy . New York : Oxford University Press . Grant , Edward ( 1984 - 01 - 01 ) . `` In Defense of the Earth 's Centrality and Immobility : Scholastic Reaction to Copernicanism in the Seventeenth Century '' . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society . New Series . 74 ( 4 ) : 1 -- 69 . doi : 10.2307 / 1006444 . ISSN 0065 - 9746 . JSTOR 1006444 . Heath , Thomas ( 1913 ) . Aristarchus of Samos . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Hoyle , Fred ( 1973 ) . Nicolaus Copernicus . Koestler , Arthur ( 1986 ) ( 1959 ) .",
"36": "The Sleepwalkers : A History of Man 's Changing Vision of the Universe . Penguin Books . ISBN 014055212X. 1990 reprint : ISBN 0140192468 . Kuhn , Thomas S. ( 1957 ) . The Copernican Revolution . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674171039 . Linton , Christopher M. ( 2004 ) . From Eudoxus to Einstein -- A History of Mathematical Astronomy . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521827508 . Walker , Christopher , ed. ( 1996 ) . Astronomy Before the Telescope . London : British Museum Press . ISBN 0714117463 .",
"37": "External links ( edit ) Another demonstration of the complexity of observed orbits when assuming a geocentric model of the solar system Geocentric Perspective animation of the Solar System in 150AD Ptolemy 's system of astronomy The Galileo Project -- Ptolemaic System ( hide ) Ancient Greek astronomy Astronomers Aglaonice Agrippa Anaximander Andronicus Apollonius Aratus Aristarchus Aristyllus Attalus Autolycus Bion Callippus Cleomedes Cleostratus Conon Eratosthenes Euctemon Eudoxus Geminus Heraclides Hicetas Hipparchus Hippocrates of Chios Hypsicles Menelaus Meton Oenopides Philip of Opus Philolaus Posidonius Ptolemy Pytheas Seleucus Sosigenes of Alexandria Sosigenes the Peripatetic Strabo Thales Theodosius Theon of Alexandria Theon of Smyrna Timocharis Works Almagest ( Ptolemy ) On Sizes and Distances ( Hipparchus ) On the Sizes and Distances ( Aristarchus ) On the Heavens ( Aristotle ) Instruments Antikythera mechanism Armillary sphere Astrolabe Dioptra Equatorial ring Gnomon Mural instrument Triquetrum Concepts Callippic cycle Celestial spheres Circle of latitude Counter-Earth Deferent and epicycle Equant Geocentrism Heliocentrism Hipparchic cycle Metonic cycle Octaeteris Solstice Spherical Earth Sublunary sphere Zodiac Influences Babylonian astronomy Egyptian astronomy Influenced Medieval European science Indian astronomy Medieval Islamic astronomy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geocentric_model&oldid=815925406 '' Categories : Ancient Greek astronomy Celestial coordinate system Obsolete scientific theories Scientific modeling Early scientific cosmologies Copernican Revolution Hidden categories :",
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"39": "Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 03 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 film ) - wikipedia Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Charlotte 's Web Theatrical release poster Directed by Charles A. Nichols Iwao Takamoto Produced by Joseph Barbera William Hanna Story by Earl Hamner Jr . Based on Charlotte 's Web by E.B. White Starring Debbie Reynolds Paul Lynde Henry Gibson Narrated by Rex Allen Music by Irwin Kostal Cinematography Dick Blundell Ralph Migliori Roy Wade Dennis Weaver Edited by Larry C. Cowan Pat Foley Production company Hanna - Barbera Productions Sagittarius Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date February 22 , 1973 ( 1973 - 02 - 22 ) ( Premiere - New York City ) March 1 , 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 94 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $2.4 million ( rentals ) Charlotte 's Web is a 1973 American animated musical drama film produced by Hanna - Barbera Productions and Sagittarius Productions and based upon the 1952 children 's book of the same name by E.B. White . The film , like the book , is about a pig named Wilbur who befriends an intelligent spider named Charlotte who saves him from being slaughtered . Released to theaters by Paramount Pictures , Charlotte 's Web features a song score of music and lyrics written by the Sherman Brothers , who had previously written music for family films like Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) , The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) , and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) . It is the first of only three Hanna - Barbera features not to be based upon one of their famous television cartoons , Heidi 's Song ( 1982 ) and Once Upon a Forest ( 1993 ) being the other two . Charlotte 's Web was recorded in 1972 and released on February 22 , 1973 , to moderate critical and commercial success .",
"1": "The film has developed a devoted following over the following years due to television and VHS ; in 1994 it surprised the marketplace by becoming one of the best - selling titles of the year , 21 years after its first premiere . No other non-Disney musical animated film has enjoyed such a comeback in popularity , prompting a direct - to - video sequel , Charlotte 's Web 2 : Wilbur 's Great Adventure , which Paramount released in the US on March 18 , 2003 ( Universal released it internationally ) , followed by a live - action film version of the original story , which was released on December 15 , 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 E.B. White 's reaction 6 Sequel 7 Soundtrack 7.1 `` Zuckerman 's Famous Pig '' 8 2018 CD Release 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot Early one morning , Fern Arable prevents her father John from slaughtering a piglet as the runt of the litter . Deciding to let Fern deal with nurturing the piglet , John allows Fern to raise it as a pet . She nurtures it lovingly , naming it Wilbur . Six weeks later , Wilbur , due to being a spring pig , has matured , and John tells Fern that Wilbur has to be sold ( his siblings were already sold ) . Fern sadly says good - bye to Wilbur as he is sold down the street to her uncle , Homer Zuckerman . At Homer 's farm , a goose coaxes a sullen Wilbur to speak his first words . Although delighted at this new ability , Wilbur still yearns for companionship . He attempts to get the goose to play with him , but she declines on the condition that she has to hatch her eggs . Wilbur also tries asking a rat named Templeton to play with him , but Templeton 's only interests are spying , hiding , and eating . Wilbur then wants to play with a lamb , but the lamb 's father says sheep do not play with pigs because it is only a matter of time before they are slaughtered and turned into smoked bacon and ham .",
"2": "Horrified at this depressing discovery , Wilbur reduces himself to tears until a mysterious voice tells him to `` chin up '' , and wait until morning to reveal herself to him . The following morning , she reveals herself to be a spider named Charlotte A. Cavatica , living on a web on a corner of Homer 's barn overlooking Wilbur 's pig pen . She tells him that she will come up with a plan guaranteed to spare his life . Later , the goose 's goslings hatch . One of them , named Jeffrey , befriends Wilbur . Eventually , Charlotte reveals her plan to `` play a trick on Zuckerman '' , and consoles Wilbur to sleep . The next morning , Homer 's farmhand , Lurvy , sees the words , SOME PIG , spun within Charlotte 's web . The incident attracts publicity among Homer 's neighbors who deem the praise to be a miracle . The publicity eventually dies down , and Charlotte requests the barn animals to devise a new word to spin within her web . After several suggestions , the goose suggests the phrase , TERRIFIC ! TERRIFIC ! TERRIFIC ! , though Charlotte decides to shorten it to one TERRIFIC . The incident becomes another media sensation , though Homer still desires to slaughter Wilbur . For the next message , Charlotte then employs Templeton to pull a word from a magazine clipping at the dump for inspiration , in which he returns the word RADIANT ripped from a soap box to spin within her web . Following this , Homer decides to enter Wilbur in the county fair for the summer . Charlotte reluctantly decides to accompany him , though Templeton at first has no interest in doing so until the goose tells him about all the food there . After one night there , Charlotte sends Templeton to the trash pile on another errand to gather another word for her next message , in which he returns with the word , HUMBLE . The next morning , Wilbur awakens to find Charlotte has spun an egg sac containing her unborn offspring , and the following afternoon , the word , HUMBLE , is spun . However , Fern 's brother , Avery , discovers another pig named Uncle has won first place , though the county fair staff decides to hold a celebration in honor of Homer 's miraculous pig , and rewards him $ 25 and a gold medal .",
"3": "He then announces that he will allow Wilbur to `` live to a ripe old age '' . Exhausted from laying eggs and writing words , Charlotte tells Wilbur she will remain at the fair to die . Not willing to let her children be abandoned , Wilbur has Templeton retrieve her egg sac to take back to the farm , just before she dies . Once he returns to Homer 's farm , he guards the egg sac until the winter . The next spring , Charlotte 's 514 children are hatched , but leave the farm , causing Wilbur to become saddened to the point of wanting to run away . Just as he is about to do so , the ram points out that three of them did not fly away . Pleased at finding new friends , he names them Joy , Nellie , and Aranea , but as much as he loves them , they will never replace the memory of Charlotte . Voice cast Henry Gibson as Wilbur , a pig who was almost killed due to being a runt . Over time , however , he grows so much that one would never have known he was once a runt . When he learns of his fate of being slaughtered , Wilbur instantly breaks down into tears , until Charlotte tells him that she will do whatever it takes to save him . Wilbur is a friendly pig , but also prone to anxiety . Debbie Reynolds as Charlotte A. Cavatica , a spider who lives on a web in a corner of Homer 's barn above Wilbur 's pig pen . She is very loving and motherly , but sometimes grows frustrated at Wilbur 's anxiety issues . At the end of the film , she dies after laying 514 eggs , but three of them decide to stay with Wilbur . Paul Lynde as Templeton , a care - free , egotistical rat who lives at Homer 's farm . He helps Charlotte get new ideas for her webs on the condition that he is promised food . At the end of the film , as well as the sequel , he has four bratty children of his own : Henrietta , Lester , Ralphie , and Junior . Agnes Moorehead as the Goose , an unnamed goose who is the one that encourages Wilbur to speak for the first time . Her seven goslings later hatch , although there were actually eight eggs ( one was rotten ) .",
"4": "In the sequel , she was named Gwen . Don Messick as Jeffrey , a young , undersized gosling whom Wilbur befriends shortly after his birth . He initially lives , eats , and sleeps with Wilbur rather than his mother and siblings . At one point , Avery remarks that he sounds more like a pig than a gosling , which pleases Jeffrey . When Wilbur is loaded into a crate destined for the fair , Jeffrey casually walks in to join him , amusing the humans but they still remove and restrain him nevertheless . International VHS releases show a deleted scene in which Jeffrey is briefly seen riding with Avery in the back of the Arables ' truck , until it stops so Avery can put him down in the middle of the road . Distressed at being separated from Wilbur , Jeffrey tries to catch up with the truck to no avail , leaving him heartbroken . His mother gently directs him to the pond to join his siblings . Despite his previous insistence that they be friends forever , Jeffrey does not reunite with Wilbur when the latter returns from the fair nor does he appear in the rest of the film . Herb Vigran as Lurvy , Homer 's farmhand who is the first to notice the messages in Charlotte 's webs . Pamelyn Ferdin as Fern Arable , John 's daughter who convinces him to spare Wilbur 's life . Martha Scott as Mrs. Arable , Fern 's mother who first tells her of what was going to happen to Wilbur . Bob Holt as Homer Zuckerman , Mrs. Arable 's brother and Fern 's uncle . John Stephenson as John Arable , Fern 's father . He was about to `` do away '' with Wilbur until she intervened . Danny Bonaduce as Avery Arable , Fern 's older brother . William B. White as Henry Fussy , a boy of about Fern 's age , whom she soon starts spending time with while Wilbur is at the fair . Dave Madden as the Ram , one of the first animals Wilbur meets at Homer 's farm . He is the first to tell Wilbur that it is a pig 's fate to be slaughtered and turned into smoked bacon and ham . Madden also voiced other characters in the film .",
"5": "Joan Gerber as Edith Zuckerman , Homer 's wife . She comes up with the idea of giving Wilbur a buttermilk bath . Gerber also voiced Mrs. Fussy , Henry 's stern mother who never lets him have fun . Rex Allen as the Narrator Five members of the cast ( Henry Gibson , Paul Lynde , Agnes Moorehead , Danny Bonaduce , and Dave Madden ) had previously appeared on the ABC television sitcom Bewitched ( 1964 - 1972 ) . Hanna - Barbera also animated the opening credits of the show . However , Bonaduce and Madden are better known for their roles on another ABC - TV sitcom , The Partridge Family ( 1970 -- 1974 ) , which was still in production when the film was made . Ferdin and Lynde also both appeared on The Paul Lynde Show , another ABC sitcom created to fill the contract of Bewitched . Bonaduce , Lynde , Gerber , Messick , and Stephenson had previously worked for Hanna - Barbera in their television shows : Lynde appeared in The Perils of Penelope Pitstop ( uncredited ) , Bonaduce and Gerber were stars in Partridge Family 2200 A.D. , and Stephenson and Messick were Hanna - Barbera regulars who regularly lent their voices to many of their shows . Production This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2015 ) After the studio decided to make the film in 1972 , Joe Barbera visited E.B. White in Maine . White highlighted parts of the book he did not want to change , and parts `` subject to discussion . '' Barbera wrote that Debbie Reynolds called him and said that she was willing to join the project even without being paid . Czech painter Mirko Hanák produced unused artwork of the film before dying of leukemia . Release hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"6": "( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film was released to theaters on March 1 , 1973 , by Paramount Pictures in the United States . It had a limited release on February 22 , 1973 , in New York City , and also released in West Germany on March 30 , 1973 , as well as August 11 in Sweden , August 25 in Japan , and September 4 , 1981 , in Australia . Home media Charlotte 's Web VHS release , 2001 The film was first released on VHS in 1979 , followed by three more releases in 1988 , 1993 , and 1996 . It made its DVD debut in 2001 . A second DVD release of the film was released in 2006 . Reception Charlotte 's Web received generally positive reviews . Review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes reported that it has a 76 % approval rating based on 21 reviews , with an average score of 6.6 / 10 . Craig Butler of All - Movie Guide criticized the animation and the musical score , but called it a faithful adaptation , noting that `` no attempt has been made to soften the existential sadness at the story 's core '' . Dan Jardine criticized the songs and the `` Saturday morning cartoon quality '' of the animation , but also says that Hamner `` retains just enough of White 's elegant prose in the dialogue and narration to keep the film from being simply a painfully well - intended experiment . '' Christopher Null of Filmcritic.com stated that the animation is sometimes `` downright bad '' , but that White 's classic fable needs little to make it come to life . TV Guide reviewed the film with generally positive remarks , stating that `` The voices of Reynolds , Lynde , Gibson , and all the rest are perfectly cast , and the songs by the Sherman brothers are solid , although none of them became hits like those they wrote for such Disney movies as MARY POPPINS . '' When it was reissued on DVD it was awarded an Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Gold Award .",
"7": "The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Animation Film E.B. White 's reaction According to Gene Deitch , White wrote the following words in a 1977 letter , `` We have never ceased to regret that your version of ' Charlotte 's Web ' never got made . The Hanna - Barbera version has never pleased either of us ... a travesty ... '' White himself wrote of the film , `` The story is interrupted every few minutes so that somebody can sing a jolly song . I do n't care much for jolly songs . The Blue Hill Fair , which I tried to report faithfully in the book , has become a Disney World , with 76 trombones . But that 's what you get for getting embroiled in Hollywood . '' White had previously turned down Disney when they offered to make a film based on his book . According to the film 's writer , Earl Hamner Jr. , White -- who sometimes offered advice and suggestions to the filmmakers -- would have preferred the music of Mozart in the film , rather than the music of the Sherman Brothers . Sequel Main article : Charlotte 's Web 2 : Wilbur 's Great Adventure A direct - to - video sequel titled Charlotte 's Web 2 : Wilbur 's Great Adventure was released in 2003 . The sequel centers on Wilbur 's relationship with a lonely lamb named Cardigan and also shows Charlotte 's children as adolescents . Reviews for the sequel were generally unfavorable , with critics panning its animation and plot . Soundtrack `` There Must Be Something More '' `` I Can Talk ! '' `` Chin Up ! '' `` We 've Got Lots in Common '' `` Deep in the Dark / Charlotte 's Web '' `` Mother Earth and Father Time '' `` A Veritable Smorgasbord '' `` Zuckerman 's Famous Pig '' `` Zuckerman 's famous pig '' `` Zuckerman 's Famous Pig '' is the title that saves Wilbur from being slaughtered in the story . It is the theme of the finale song in the film .",
"8": "It was written by the Sherman Brothers and arranged as a barbershop quartet by Irwin Kostal , in keeping with the time and place of the story . It was covered by the Brady Kids and was chosen for release on their first single taken from The Brady Bunch Phonographic Album by producer Jackie Mills . 2018 CD release In March 2018 the Original Cast Soundtrack was released on CD by the Varese Sarabande record label . This is the first time the soundtrack had enjoyed any re-release ( digitally or otherwise ) since its original pressing . See also Film in the United States portal 1970s portal Cartoon portal List of American films of 1973 References Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Films of 1973 '' , Variety , January 9 , 1974 , pg 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057733/fullcredits#cast Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0068118/ ^ Jump up to : Barbera , Joseph ( 1994 ) . My Life in ' toons : From Flatbrush to Bedrock in Under a Century . Atlanta , GA : Turner Publishing . pp. 228 -- 29 . ISBN 1 - 57036 - 042 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gene Deitch ( 2001 ) . `` How to Succeed in Animation : Chapter 30 : Charlotte 's Web Graphics '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Butler , Craig . `` Charlotte 's Web : Review '' . All - Movie Guide . Macrovision Corporation . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jardine , Dan . `` Charlotte 's Web '' . Apollo Guide . Apollo Communications Ltd . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Null , Christopher ( 2001 ) . `` Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) '' . Filmcritic.com .",
"9": "Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte 's Web - Movie Reviews and Ratings '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Early School Years : Feature - Length Films '' . Oppenheim Toy Portfolio . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Gene Deitch ( 2001 ) . `` How to Succeed in Animation : Chapter 28 : A Tangled Web '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved September 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( December 10 , 2006 ) . `` Bard of the barn '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved September 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Clark , Beverly Lyon ( 2003 ) . Kiddie Lit : The Cultural Construction of Children 's Literature in America . The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 178 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8170 - 6 . Jump up ^ Holleran , Scott ( December 22 , 2006 ) . `` Interview : Earl Hamner '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Richard Chigley Lynch ( June 26 , 1989 ) . Movie Musicals on Record . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 26540 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kim Cooper ; David Smay ; Jake Austen ( June 1 , 2001 ) . Bubblegum Music is the Naked Truth . ISBN 978 - 0 - 922915 - 69 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` For The First Time On CD , Varese Sarabande Records To Release The Charlotte 's Web Soundtrack '' . top40-charts.com .",
"10": "T4C . Retrieved 9 March 2018 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 film ) Charlotte 's Web on IMDb Charlotte 's Web at the TCM Movie Database Charlotte 's Web at AllMovie Charlotte 's Web at The Big Cartoon DataBase Charlotte 's Web at Rotten Tomatoes Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) - deleted scene ( Swedish version ) on YouTube E.B. White 's Charlotte 's Web ( 1952 ) Films Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Charlotte 's Web 2 : Wilbur 's Great Adventure Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) Other Charlotte 's Web ( video game ) Charlotte 's Web ( musical ) The Sherman Brothers Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Motion pictures The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) Greyfriars Bobby ( 1961 ) Bon Voyage ! ( 1962 ) A Symposium on Popular Songs ( 1962 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Big Red ( 1962 ) Moon Pilot ( 1962 ) Summer Magic ( 1963 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) The Moon - Spinners ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Those Calloways ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat !",
"11": "( 1965 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Follow Me Boys ( 1966 ) The Happiest Millionaire ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin ( 1967 ) The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band ( 1968 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Goldilocks ( 1971 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Snoopy , Come Home ( 1972 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Magic of Lassie ( 1978 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1992 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Stage musicals and musical revues Victory Canteen ( 1971 ) Over Here !",
"12": "( 1974 ) Dawgs ( 1983 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Busker Alley ( 1994 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2002 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) Merry - Go - Round workshop ( 2007 ) A Spoonful of Sherman ( 2014 ) Theme park attractions Golden Horseshoe Revue ( 1955 ) King Arthur Carrousel ( 1955 ) Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room ( 1963 ) It 's a Small World ( 1966 ) Adventure Thru Inner Space ( 1967 ) Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress ( 1967 ) Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1972 ) America Sings ( 1974 ) America on Parade ( 1975 ) CommuniCore ( 1982 ) Imagination ! ( 1982 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) The World Showcase March ( 1982 ) Japan ( Epcot ) ( 1982 ) Journey into Imagination ( 1983 ) Meet the World ( 1983 ) Innoventions ( 1998 ) Rocket Rods ( 1998 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1999 ) Disneyland Forever ( 2015 ) Books Walt 's Time : from before to beyond ( 1998 ) Moose : Chapters From My Life ( 2013 ) Related The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story ( 2009 ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Theatrical feature films produced by or based upon works by Hanna - Barbera Hey There , It 's Yogi Bear ! ( 1964 ) The Man Called Flintstone ( 1966 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) C.H.O.M.P.S.",
"13": "( 1979 ) Heidi 's Song ( 1982 ) GoBots : Battle of the Rock Lords ( 1986 ) Rock Odyssey ( 1987 ) Jetsons : The Movie ( 1990 ) Tom and Jerry : The Movie ( 1992 ) Once Upon a Forest ( 1993 ) The Flintstones ( 1994 ) The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) Yogi Bear ( 2010 ) Top Cat : The Movie ( 2011 ) Top Cat Begins ( 2015 ) Scooby ( 2020 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlotte%27s_Web_(1973_film)&oldid=835907999 '' Categories : 1973 films English - language films 1973 animated films 1970s American animated films 1970s drama films 1970s fantasy films 1970s musical films American films American animated fantasy films American children 's animated films American children 's fantasy films American musical fantasy films Animated duos Animated films about animals Animated films about death Animated films about friendship Animated films based on novels Animated musical films Films about pigs Films about spiders Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Hanna - Barbera animated films Musicals by the Sherman Brothers Paramount Pictures animated films Films directed by Charles August Nichols Films directed by Iwao Takamoto Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2015 Articles lacking reliable references from December 2017 Articles to be expanded from August 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from February 2012 All articles needing additional references",
"14": "Articles to be expanded from February 2012 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk",
"15": "Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 75 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 14 : 14 . About Wikipedia",
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"Jurassic Park III (2001)",
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"Jurassic Park III (2001)",
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{
"0": "Jurassic Park - wikipedia Jurassic Park Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the whole franchise . For the film , see Jurassic Park ( film ) . For the novel by Michael Crichton , see Jurassic Park ( novel ) . For other uses , see Jurassic Park ( disambiguation ) . Jurassic Park Original film series logo Created by Michael Crichton Original work Jurassic Park ( 1990 ) Print publications Novel ( s ) Jurassic Park ( 1990 ) The Lost World ( 1995 ) Survivor ( 2001 ) Prey ( 2001 ) Flyers ( 2002 ) Comics See the comic books section Films and television Film ( s ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Jurassic Park III ( 2001 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) Untitled film ( 2021 ) Short film ( s ) Lego Jurassic World : The Indominus Escape ( 2016 ) Lego Jurassic World : Employee Safety Video ( 2016 ) Animated series See the cancelled animated series section Games Video game ( s ) See list of Jurassic Park video games Audio Soundtrack ( s ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Jurassic Park III ( 2001 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) Miscellaneous Theme park attractions Jurassic Park : The Ride ( 1996 ) Canopy Flyer ( 2010 ) Dino - Soarin ' ( 2010 ) Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure ( 2010 ) The Flying Dinosaur ( 2016 ) Official website http://www.jurassicworld.com/ Jurassic Park is an American science fiction media franchise centered on a disastrous attempt to create a theme park of cloned dinosaurs who escape confinement and terrorize the human characters . It began in 1990 when Universal Studios bought the rights to the novel by Michael Crichton before it was even published .",
"1": "The book was successful , as was Steven Spielberg 's 1993 film adaptation , which led to three sequels , although the third and fourth films were not based on novels as the first two were . Numerous video games based on the franchise have been created by various software developers since the release of the 1993 film . The Jurassic Park Ultimate Trilogy was released on DVD and Blu - ray on October 25 , 2011 , in North America . The first film was re-released in 3D on April 5 , 2013 . Since 1996 , several water rides based on the series have been opened at various Universal theme parks . On June 1 , 2016 , the first three films in the franchise were added to the Netflix streaming service , but were removed on September 1 , 2016 . The fourth film , Jurassic World , was initially scheduled to be released in the summer of 2005 , but was delayed numerous times and was ultimately released in June 2015 . It became the first film that grossed over $500 million worldwide in its opening weekend , and has grossed over $1.6 billion through the course of its theatrical run , making it the fourth highest - grossing film of all time . When adjusted for monetary inflation , however , this film is the second highest grossing in the franchise after Jurassic Park . An animated film , Lego Jurassic World : The Indominus Escape , was released on October 18 , 2016 with the home media release of Jurassic World , alongside a short film , Employee Safety Video . A fifth film , Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , is scheduled to be released on June 22 , 2018 . A sixth film , tentatively titled Jurassic World 3 , is scheduled to be released on June 11 , 2021 . As of 2000 , the franchise had generated $5 billion in revenue , making it one of the highest - grossing media franchises of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Novels 2 InGen 3 Film series 3.1 Feature films 3.1. 1 Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) 3.1. 2 The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) 3.1. 3 Jurassic Park III ( 2001 ) 3.1.",
"2": "4 Jurassic World ( 2015 ) 3.1. 5 Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) 3.1. 6 Jurassic World 3 ( 2021 ) 3.2 Animated shorts 3.2. 1 Lego Jurassic World : The Indominus Escape ( 2016 ) 3.2. 2 Lego Jurassic World : Employee Safety Video ( 2016 ) 3.3 Cast and crew 3.3. 1 Principal cast 3.3. 2 Crew 3.4 Reception 3.4. 1 Box office performance 3.4. 2 Critical and public response 3.4. 3 Academy Awards 3.4. 4 Grammy Awards 4 Comic books 4.1 Topps Comics 4.2 IDW Comics 5 Cancelled animated series 5.1 Escape from Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) 5.2 Jurassic Park : Chaos Effect ( 1997 ) 6 Video games 6.1 Jurassic Park : Operation Genesis 6.2 Jurassic Park : The Game 6.3 Lego Jurassic World 6.4 Jurassic World Evolution 7 Theme park rides 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Novels ( edit ) Main articles : Jurassic Park ( novel ) and The Lost World ( Crichton novel ) Michael Crichton originally conceived a screenplay about a pterosaur being cloned from fossil DNA . After wrestling with this idea for a while , he came up with the idea of Jurassic Park . Crichton worked on the idea for several years ; he decided his first draft would have a theme park for the setting and a young boy as the main character . Response was extremely negative , so Crichton rewrote the story to make it from an adult 's point of view , which resulted in more positive feedback . Steven Spielberg learned of the novel in October 1989 while he and Crichton were discussing a screenplay that would become the TV series ER . Before the book was published , Crichton put up a non-negotiable fee for $1.5 million as well as a substantial percentage of the gross . Universal further paid Crichton $500,000 to adapt his own novel .",
"3": "Warner Bros. and Tim Burton , Columbia Pictures and Richard Donner , and 20th Century Fox and Joe Dante also bid for the rights , but in May 1990 , Universal eventually decided on Spielberg making the adaptation . Universal desperately needed money to keep their company alive , and partially succeeded with Jurassic Park , as it became a critical and commercial success . After Jurassic Park was released to home video , Crichton was pressured from many sources for a sequel novel . Crichton declined all offers until Spielberg himself told him that he would be keen to direct a movie adaptation of the sequel , if one were written . Crichton began work almost immediately and in 1995 published The Lost World . Crichton confirmed that his novel had elements taken from the novel of the same name by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . The book was also an outstanding success , both with professional and amateur critics . The film adaptation , The Lost World : Jurassic Park began production in September 1996 . InGen ( edit ) In the novels , the fictional company InGen ( International Genetic Technologies , Inc . ) is based in Palo Alto , California and has one location in Europe . Nevertheless , most of InGen 's research took place on the fictional islands of Isla Sorna and Isla Nublar , near Costa Rica . While the first novel indicated InGen was just one of any number of small 1980s genetic engineering start - ups , the events of the novel and film revealed to a select group that InGen had discovered a method of cloning dinosaurs and other animals ( including a quagga ) using blood extracted from mosquitoes trapped in amber during various periods in time , ranging from the Mesozoic era to the 1800s . Beacham 's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction describe InGen as comparable to another `` sleazy organization '' . Other sources reference the company 's receiving the baby T. rex as an allusion to other exploitative entrepreneurs depicted in King Kong . Ken Gelder describes InGen as `` resolutely secretive , just like the firm in Grisham 's novel '' . Film series ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) ( edit ) Main article : Jurassic Park ( film ) Theatrical poster for the 3D re-release of Jurassic Park .",
"4": "Before Crichton 's book was even published , studios such as Warner Bros. , Columbia , TriStar , 20th Century Fox , and Universal had already begun bidding to acquire the picture rights . Spielberg , with the backing of Universal Studios , acquired the rights to the novel before its publication in 1990 , and Crichton was hired by Universal Studios for an additional US $500,000 to adapt the novel into a proper screenplay . Malia Scotch Marmo , who was a writer on Spielberg 's Hook , wrote the next draft of Jurassic Park but is not credited . David Koepp wrote the final draft , which left out much of the novel 's exposition and violence , and made numerous changes to the characters . The film is set on Isla Nublar , the location of the theme park . When an incident results in the death of an employee , Jurassic Park owner John Hammond ( Richard Attenborough ) brings in three specialists to sign off on the park to calm investors . The specialists , paleontologist Alan Grant ( Sam Neill ) , paleobotanist Ellie Sattler ( Laura Dern ) , and chaos theorist Ian Malcolm ( Jeff Goldblum ) are surprised to see the island park 's main attraction are living , breathing dinosaurs , created with a mixture of fossilized DNA and genetic cross-breeding / cloning . However , when lead programmer Dennis Nedry ( Wayne Knight ) shuts down the park 's power to sneak out with samples of the dinosaur embryos to sell to a corporate rival , the dinosaurs break free , and the survivors are forced to find a way to turn the power back on and make it out alive . The film also stars Bob Peck , Martin Ferrero , B.D. Wong , Ariana Richards , Joseph Mazzello , and Samuel L. Jackson . Jurassic Park is regarded as a landmark in the use of computer - generated imagery and received positive reviews from critics , who praised the effects , though reactions to other elements of the picture , such as character development , were mixed . During its release , the film grossed more than $914 million worldwide , becoming the most successful film released up to that time ( surpassing E.T.",
"5": "the Extra-Terrestrial and surpassed 4 years later by Titanic ) , and it is currently the 17th highest grossing feature film ( taking inflation into account , it is the 20th - highest - grossing film in North America ) . It is the most financially successful film for NBCUniversal and Steven Spielberg . Jurassic Park had two re-releases : The first on September 23 , 2011 , in the United Kingdom and the second in which it was converted into 3D on April 5 , 2013 , for its 20th Anniversary , which resulted in the film passing the $1 billion mark at the worldwide box office . The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Lost World : Jurassic Park As soon as the novel was published , a film was in pre-production , with a target release date of mid-1997 . The film was a commercial success , breaking many box - office records when released . The film had mixed reviews , similar to its predecessor in terms of characterization . Much like the first film , The Lost World made a number of changes to the plot and characters from the book , replacing the corporate rivals with an internal power struggle and changing the roles / characterizations of several protagonists . When a vacationing family stumbles upon the dinosaurs of Isla Sorna , a secondary island where the animals were bred en masse and allowed to grow before being transported to the park , Ian Malcolm ( Jeff Goldblum ) is called in by John Hammond ( Richard Attenborough ) to lead a team to document the island to turn it into a preserve , where the animals can roam free without interference from the outside world . Malcolm agrees to go when he discovers his girlfriend , paleontologist Sarah Harding ( Julianne Moore ) is already on the island , while at the same time Hammond 's nephew , Peter Ludlow ( Arliss Howard ) , has taken over his uncle 's company and leads a team of hunters to capture the creatures and bring them back to a theme park in San Diego . The two groups clash and are ultimately forced to work together to evade the predatory creatures and survive the second island . The film also stars Pete Postlethwaite , Richard Schiff , Vince Vaughn , Vanessa Lee Chester , Peter Stormare , and a young Camilla Belle .",
"6": "Jurassic Park III ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : Jurassic Park III Joe Johnston had been interested in directing the sequel to Jurassic Park and approached his friend Steven Spielberg about the project . While Spielberg wanted to direct the first sequel , he agreed that if there was ever a third film , Johnston could direct . Spielberg , nevertheless , stayed involved in this film by becoming its executive producer . Production began on August 30 , 2000 , with filming in California , and the Hawaiian islands of Kauai , Oahu , and Molokai . It is the first Jurassic Park film not to be based on a novel . The film was a financial success but received mixed to negative reviews from critics . Most were split on whether the third installment was better or worse than its predecessor . The film once again suffered reviews mentioning little to no characterization . When their son goes missing while parasailing at Isla Sorna , the Kirbys ( William H. Macy and Téa Leoni ) hire Alan Grant ( Sam Neill ) under false pretenses to help them navigate the island . Believing it to be nothing more than sight - seeing , and that he will act as a dinosaur guide from the safety of their plane , he 's startled to find them landing on the ground , where they are stalked by a super-predator , the Spinosaurus , which destroys their plane . As they search for the Kirbys ' son , the situation grows dire as Velociraptors ( more intelligent than ever ) hunt their group and they must find a way off the island . The film also stars Alessandro Nivola , Michael Jeter , Trevor Morgan , Mark Harelik , and Laura Dern . Jurassic World ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Jurassic World Steven Spielberg devised a story idea for a fourth film in 2001 , during production of Jurassic Park III . In 2002 , William Monahan was hired to write the script , with the film 's release scheduled for 2005 . Monahan finished the first draft of the script in 2003 , with the film 's plot revolving around dinosaurs escaping to the mainland . Sam Neill and Richard Attenborough were set to reprise their characters , while Keira Knightley was in talks for two separate roles .",
"7": "In 2004 , John Sayles wrote two drafts of the script . Sayles ' first draft involved a team of Deinonychus being trained for use in rescue missions . His second draft involved genetically modified dinosaur - human mercenaries . Both drafts were scrapped . In 2006 , a new script was being worked on . Laura Dern was contacted to reprise her role , with the film expected for release in 2008 . The film was further delayed by the 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike . Mark Protosevich wrote two film treatments in 2011 , which were rejected . Rise of the Planet of the Apes screenwriters Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver were hired in 2012 to write an early draft of the script . In 2013 , Colin Trevorrow was announced as a director and co-writer , with the film scheduled for release on June 12 , 2015 . The film was shot in 3D , and received positive reviews from critics and audience alike . The film features a new park , Jurassic World , built on the remains of the original park on Isla Nublar . The film sees the park run by Simon Masrani ( Irrfan Khan ) and Masrani Corp , and features the return of Dr. Henry Wu ( B.D. Wong ) from the first film , who harbors a grudge against his former employer . Chris Pratt , Bryce Dallas Howard , and Jake Johnson star , while Vincent D'Onofrio portrayed the main antagonist , Vic Hoskins . The cast also includes Lauren Lapkus , Ty Simpkins , Nick Robinson , Omar Sy , and Judy Greer . The primary dinosaur antagonist is Indominus rex , a genetically - modified hybrid of Tyrannosaurus rex and several other species , including Velociraptor , cuttlefish , and tree frog . Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom A sequel to Jurassic World is scheduled for release on June 22 , 2018 . The film is being directed by J.A. Bayona , with a script written by Trevorrow and Connelly . Frank Marshall , Pat Crowley , and Belén Atienza are producing the film , with Trevorrow and Spielberg as executive producers .",
"8": "Óscar Faura is the film 's cinematographer . The film stars Chris Pratt , Bryce Dallas Howard , B.D. Wong , James Cromwell , Ted Levine , Justice Smith , Geraldine Chaplin , Daniella Pineda , Toby Jones , Rafe Spall , and Isabella Sermon , with Jeff Goldblum reprising his role as Dr. Ian Malcolm . In the film , former Jurassic World manager Claire Dearing creates an organization to save the dinosaurs of Isla Nublar from a volcanic eruption . During early conversations on Jurassic World , Spielberg told Trevorrow that he was interested in having several more films made . In April 2014 , Trevorrow announced that sequels to Jurassic World had been discussed : `` We wanted to create something that would be a little bit less arbitrary and episodic , and something that could potentially arc into a series that would feel like a complete story . '' Trevorrow , who said he would direct the film if asked , later told Spielberg that he would only focus on directing one film in the series . In May 2015 , Trevorrow announced that he would not direct another film in the series : `` I would be involved in some way , but not as director . '' Trevorrow felt that different directors could bring different qualities to future films . In June 2015 , Trevorrow stated that Jurassic World left story possibilities open for the sequel 's director that could potentially allow the film to take place in a different location , rather than on an island . Trevorrow hinted that the next film could involve dinosaurs being used by other companies for non-entertainment purposes , possibly in agriculture , medicine , and war : `` I really like the idea that this group of geneticists are n't the only people who can make a dinosaur ( ... ) when you think of the differences between Apple and PC -- the minute something goes open - source , there are all kinds of entities and interests that may be able to utilise that technology . '' Trevorrow later confirmed that the film would not involve `` a bunch of dinosaurs chasing people on an island . That 'll get old real fast '' . Trevorrow also spoke of the film 's possible open - source storyline : `` It 's almost like InGen is Mac , but what if PC gets their hands on it ?",
"9": "What if there are 15 different entities around the world who can make a dinosaur ? '' Bayona was announced as director in April 2016 . Spielberg , Marshall , and Kathleen Kennedy had been impressed by Bayona 's 2012 film , The Impossible , and initially considered having him direct Jurassic World , but he declined as he felt there was not enough time for production . During pre-production , Bayona said he was reading all of Michael Crichton 's novels , including Jurassic Park and The Lost World , `` to try to immerse myself in Crichton 's mind '' . Filming began in February 2017 . Filming took place in Hawaii , and at Pinewood Studios in England . Filming was also planned to take place at Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales . Filming concluded on July 8 , 2017 . Jurassic World 3 ( 2021 ) ( edit ) In September 2015 , Trevorrow said that Bryce Dallas Howard 's character would evolve the most over the course of the Jurassic World trilogy that , in turn , is expected to conclude the storyline that began with the previous five films . In October 2015 , Frank Marshall confirmed plans for a sixth film in the series . In November 2015 , Universal Pictures chairman Donna Langley said that Trevorrow and Spielberg have a story idea for the sixth film . In September 2016 , Bayona further confirmed that Trevorrow has plans for a Jurassic World trilogy . That month , Trevorrow was asked how much planning he had put into a new trilogy while he was filming Jurassic World in 2014 : `` I knew the end . I knew where I wanted it to go . '' Trevorrow later said that planning the beginning , middle , and end of the trilogy ahead of time `` is crucial to a franchise like this if you really want to bring people along with you and make sure they stay interested . It needs to be thought through on that level . It ca n't be arbitrary ( ... ) the earlier Jurassic Park movies had pretty clear definitive endings . They were much more episodic . '' In March 2017 , Laura Dern commented , `` As I said to the people who are making the new series , ' If you guys make a last one , you got ta let Ellie Sattler come back . '",
"10": "'' In February 2018 , it was announced that an untitled film , unofficially known as Jurassic World 3 , would be released on June 11 , 2021 . It was also announced that Trevorrow would write the script with Emily Carmichael , based on a story by Trevorrow and Connolly ; and that Trevorrow and Spielberg would serve as executive producers for the film , with Marshall and Crowley as producers . On March 30 , 2018 , it was announced that Trevorrow would also direct the film , at the request of Spielberg . Trevorrow and Carmichael were writing the script as of April 2018 . At the time , Trevorrow said that Pratt and Howard would reprise their roles from the previous films , and that `` there 's other characters who we 'll meet in Fallen Kingdom you 'll realize are major characters . '' Additionally , Trevorrow said that Jurassic World 3 would be a `` science thriller , '' describing it as being the Jurassic World film that would most closely match the tone of Spielberg 's original 1993 Jurassic Park film . Animated shorts ( edit ) Cover of the home media release of Jurassic World / Lego Jurassic World 2 - Pack , containing The Indominus Escape and Employee Safety Video . Lego Jurassic World : the Indominus Escape ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Over the course of five days from October 3 , 2016 to October 7 , 2016 , an untitled five - part animated series based on Lego Jurassic World was released on the YouTube channels of Jurassic World and LEGO . In October 2016 , the series was released as a 24 - minute animated film entitled Lego Jurassic World : The Indominus Escape as part of a Jurassic World DVD bundle set , receiving shared billing alongside the 2015 film . The film marks the first time an animated film spin - off of Jurassic Park has been released . The film is a prequel to Jurassic World , and features most of the primary adult characters on the island ( with the exception of Barry and Zara ) attempting to capture a hotdog - loving Indominus rex . Zachary Levi and Sendhil Ramamurthy joined Jake Johnson , Lauren Lapkus , Bryce Dallas Howard and B.D. Wong as voice actors .",
"11": "The film is directed by Michael D. Black , and The film received a 36 % audience score on Rotten Tomatoes . Lego Jurassic World : Employee Safety video ( 2016 ) ( edit ) With the home media release of The Indominus Escape , a short film , Lego Jurassic World : Employee Safety Video , was released , featuring B.D. Wong , David Gunning , Jake Johnson and Lauren Lapkus reprising their roles from The Indominus Escape . Like The Indominus Escape , the short is set before the events of Jurassic World . Cast and crew ( edit ) Principal Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Jurassic Park characters List indicator ( s ) This table shows the recurring characters and the actors who have portrayed them throughout the franchise . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film , or that the character 's presence in the film has not yet been announced . A indicates an appearance through photographs and / or likeness . A indicates a voice - only role . Characters Films Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Untitled sixth film 1993 1997 2001 2015 2018 2021 Dr. Alan Grant Sam Neill Sam Neill Dr. Ellie Sattler Laura Dern Laura Dern Dr. Ian Malcolm Jeff Goldblum Jeff Goldblum Jeff Goldblum John Hammond Richard Attenborough Richard Attenborough Dr. Henry Wu B.D. Wong B.D. Wong Lex Murphy Ariana Richards Tim Murphy Joseph Mazzello Mr. DNA Greg Burson Colin Trevorrow Owen Grady Chris Pratt Claire Dearing Bryce Dallas Howard Dennis Nedry Wayne Knight Robert Muldoon Bob Peck Ray Arnold Samuel L. Jackson Donald Gennaro Martin Ferrero Dodgson Cameron Thor Dr. Harding Jerry Molen Dr.",
"12": "Sarah Harding Julianne Moore Kelly Curtis Vanessa Lee Chester Nick van Owen Vince Vaughn Roland Tembo Pete Postlethwaite Peter Ludlow Arliss Howard Ajay Sidhu Harvey Jason Dr. Robert Burke Thomas F. Duffy Dieter Stark Peter Stormare Carter Thomas Rosales , Jr . Eddie Carr Richard Schiff Paul Kirby William H. Macy Amanda Kirby Téa Leoni Billy Brennan Alessandro Nivola Eric Kirby Trevor Morgan Udesky Michael Jeter Nash Bruce A. Young Cooper John Diehl Ben Hildebrand Mark Harelik Gray Mitchell Ty Simpkins Zach Mitchell Nick Robinson Vic Hoskins Vincent D'Onofrio Simon Masrani Irrfan Khan Lowery Cruthers Jake Johnson Vivian Lauren Lapkus Barry Omar Sy Hamada Brian Tee Karen Mitchell Judy Greer Scott Mitchell Andy Buckley Zara Young Katie McGrath Benjamin Lockwood James Cromwell Ken Wheatley Ted Levine Franklin Webb Justice Smith TBA Geraldine Chaplin Zia Rodriguez Daniella Pineda Gunnar Eversol Toby Jones Eli Mills Rafe Spall Maisie Lockwood Isabella Sermon See also : List of cloned animals in Jurassic Park Crew ( edit ) Role Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Jurassic World 3 1993 1997 2001 2015 2018 2021 Director Steven Spielberg Joe Johnston Colin Trevorrow J.A. Bayona Colin Trevorrow Producer Kathleen Kennedy Colin Wilson Kathleen Kennedy Larry J. Franco Frank Marshall Patrick Crowley Belén Atienza Frank Marshall Patrick Crowley Frank Marshall Patrick Crowley Gerald R.",
"13": "Molen Screenplay Michael Crichton David Koepp David Koepp Peter Buchman Alexander Payne Jim Taylor Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Derek Connolly Colin Trevorrow Derek Connolly Colin Trevorrow Emily Carmichael Colin Trevorrow Composer John Williams Don Davis Michael Giacchino TBA John Williams ( original themes ) TBA Editor Michael Kahn Robert Dalva Kevin Stitt Bernat Vilaplana TBA Cinematographer Dean Cundey Janusz Kamiński Shelly Johnson John Schwartzman Óscar Faura TBA Production designer Rick Carter Edward Verreaux Andy Nicholson TBA Based on Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton The Lost World by Michael Crichton Characters by Michael Crichton Production companies Amblin Entertainment Legendary Entertainment Amblin Entertainment Amblin Entertainment Distributor Universal Pictures Running time 127 minutes 129 minutes 92 minutes 124 minutes TBA Released June 11 , 1993 May 23 , 1997 July 18 , 2001 June 12 , 2015 June 22 , 2018 June 11 , 2021 Reception ( edit ) Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Budget Box office gross Box office ranking Reference North America Other territories Worldwide All - time North America All - time worldwide Jurassic Park June 11 , 1993 $63 million $402,453,882 $626,700,000 $1,029,153,882 # 28 # 27 The Lost World : Jurassic Park May 23 , 1997 $73 million $229,086,679 $389,552,320 $618,638,999 # 139 # 131 Jurassic Park III July 18 , 2001 $93 million $181,171,875 $187,608,934 $368,780,809 # 229 # 303 Jurassic World June 12 , 2015 $150 million $652,270,625 $1,018,130,012 $1,",
"14": "670,400,637 # 5 # 4 Total $379 million $1,464,766,552 $2,221,991,266 $3,686,974,327 Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Jurassic Park 92 % ( 120 reviews ) 68 ( 20 reviews ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park 53 % ( 68 reviews ) 59 ( 18 reviews ) B+ Jurassic Park III 50 % ( 162 reviews ) 42 ( 30 reviews ) B - Jurassic World 71 % ( 311 reviews ) 59 ( 49 reviews ) Academy Awards ( edit ) Award Film Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Sound Editing Won Sound Mixing Won Visual Effects Won Nominated Grammy Awards ( edit ) Award Film Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Best Score Soundtrack Nominated Nominated Comic Books ( edit ) Topps comics ( edit ) From June 1993 to August 1997 the now - defunct Topps Comics published comic adaptions of Jurassic Park and The Lost World : Jurassic Park , as well as several tie - in series . Jurassic Park # 0 -- 4 ( June -- September 1993 ) . Adaptation of the film , adapted by Walter Simonson and pencilled by Gil Kane . Each issue had two covers -- a main cover by Gil Kane , with the variant by Dave Cockrum . Issue # 0 features two prequel stories to the film , and was only available with the trade paperback of the film adaption . Jurassic Park : Raptor # 1 -- 2 ( November -- December 1993 ) . Written by Steve Englehart and pencilled by Armando Gil and Dell Barras . Jurassic Park : Raptors Attack # 1 -- 4 ( March -- June 1994 ) . Written by Steve Englehart , pencilled by Armando Gil ( # 1 ) and Chaz Truog , with covers by Michael Golden . Jurassic Park : Raptors Hijack # 1 -- 4 ( July -- October 1994 ) .",
"15": "Written by Steve Englehart , pencilled by Neil Vokes , with covers by Michael Golden . Jurassic Park : Annual # 1 ( May 1995 ) . Featuring two stories , one being a sequel and one being a prequel . Written by Bob Almond , Michael Golden and Renée Witterstaetter , pencilled by Claude St. Aubin and Ed Murr , with a cover by Michael Golden . Return to Jurassic Park # 1 -- 9 ( April 1995 -- February 1996 ) . Ongoing series . The first four issues were written by Steve Englehart and pencilled by Joe Staton . The next four issues were written by Tom Bierbaum and Mary Bierbaum , being drawn by Armando Gil . The first 8 issues had covers by Michael Golden . The ninth and final issue was a jam book written by Keith Giffen and Dwight Jon Zimmerman , featuring artwork by such acclaimed artists as Jason Pearson , Adam Hughes , Paul Gulacy , John Byrne , Kevin Maguire , Mike Zeck , George Pérez and Paul Chadwick , with a cover by John Bolton . The Lost World : Jurassic Park # 1 -- 4 ( May -- August 1997 ) . Adaptation of the second film . Adapted by Don McGregor and pencilled by Jeff Butler ( # 1 -- 2 ) and Claude St. Aubin ( # 3 -- 4 ) . Each issue of the series featured two covers -- one by Walter Simonson and a photo cover . IDW comics ( edit ) Beginning in June 2010 , IDW Publishing began publishing Jurassic Park comics . They also acquired the rights to reprint the issues published by Topps in the 1990s , which they began to do in trade paperback format starting in November 2010 . After a four - year hiatus , IDW announced a comic series based on Jurassic World that was to be released in 2017 . Jurassic Park : Redemption # 1 -- 5 ( June 2010 -- October 2010 ) . Five - issue series written by Bob Schreck with art by Nate van Dyke . Each issue has a main cover penciled by Tom Yeates , with variant covers by Frank Miller , Arthur Adams , Paul Pope , Bernie Wrightson , and Bill Stout , respectively .",
"16": "Jurassic Park : The Devils in the Desert # 1 -- 4 ( January 2011 -- April 2011 ) Four - issue series written and illustrated by John Byrne . Jurassic Park : Dangerous Games # 1 -- 5 ( September 2011 -- January 2012 ) Five - issue series written by Greg Bear and Erik Bear , with art by Jorge Jiménez and a variant cover by Geof Darrow . This series has been collected in the following trade paperbacks : Title Material collected No. of Pages ISBN Jurassic Park Jurassic Park # 1 -- 4 1 - 85286 - 502 - 4 The Lost World : Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park # 1 -- 4 1 - 85286 - 885 - 6 Jurassic Park Vol. 1 : Redemption Jurassic Park Redemption # 1 -- 5 120 pages 1 - 60010 - 850 - 4 Jurassic Park : The Devils in the Desert Jurassic Park : The Devils in the Desert # 1 -- 4 104 pages 1 - 60010 - 923 - 3 Jurassic Park : Dangerous Games Jurassic Park : Dangerous Games # 1 -- 5 112 pages 1 - 61377 - 002 - 2 Classic Jurassic Park Volume 1 Jurassic Park # 1 -- 4 104 pages 1 - 60010 - 760 - 5 Classic Jurassic Park Volume 2 : Raptors ' Revenge Juassic Park # 0 , Jurassic Park : Raptor # 1 -- 2 , Jurassic Park : Raptors Attack # 1 -- 4 192 pages 1 - 60010 - 885 - 7 Classic Jurassic Park Volume 3 : Amazon Adventure !",
"17": "Jurassic Park : Raptors Hijack # 1 -- 4 , Jurassic Park : Annual # 1 124 pages 1 - 61377 - 042 - 1 Classic Jurassic Park Volume 4 : Return to Jurassic Park , Part 1 Return to Jurassic Park # 1 -- 4 128 pages 1 - 61377 - 117 - 7 Classic Jurassic Park Volume 5 : Return to Jurassic Park , Part 2 Return to Jurassic Park # 5 -- 9 108 pages 978 - 1613775332 Classic Jurassic Park Volume 6 : The Lost World The Lost World : Jurassic Park # 1 -- 4 104 pages 978 - 1613779156 Cancelled animated series ( edit ) Escape from Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) ( edit ) In June 1993 , after the theatrical release of Jurassic Park , spokesmen for Amblin and MCA confirmed that an animated series based on the film was in development and awaiting Spielberg 's final approval . The series , titled Escape from Jurassic Park , would have consisted of 23 episodes for its first season . The series would have centered on John Hammond 's attempts to finish Jurassic Park and open it to the public , while InGen 's corporate rival Biosyn is simultaneously planning to open their own dinosaur theme park in Brazil , which ultimately ends with their dinosaurs escaping into the jungles . If produced , it was believed that the project would be the most expensive animated series up to that time . Jeff Segal , president of Universal Cartoon Studios , said , `` We are developing a TV series that we anticipate would be computer animated and very sophisticated . However , Spielberg has not had a chance yet to look at either the material or the format for the series . '' Segal said Universal was considering the possibility of developing the series for prime time . Segal said about the series ' storyline , `` It would essentially pick up from the closing moments of the movie and it would continue the story in a very dramatic way . The intention would be to continue with the primary characters and also introduce new characters . '' Segal also said the series would be aimed specifically at the same target audience as the film , while hoping that it would also appeal to young children .",
"18": "Animation veteran and comic artist Will Meugniot ( then working at Universal Cartoon Studios for various projects , including Exosquad ) contacted artist William Stout to ask if he would be interested in designing the animated series . According to Stout , `` This was not going to be a kiddy show ( although kids of all ages , including myself , could enjoy it ) . They wanted the show to be a mature prime time series with top writers and state - of - the - art television animation augmented with quite a bit of CG animation . '' Universal Animation Studios wanted the show to have the look of a graphic novel . Stout was hired to work on the series and subsequently made a trailer to demonstrate how the series would look , and how it would combine traditional animation with computer animation . The series required Spielberg 's final approval before it could go into production . However , Spielberg had grown tired of the massive promotion and merchandise revolving around the film , and never watched the trailer . On July 13 , 1993 , Margaret Loesch , president of the Fox Children 's Network , confirmed that discussions had been held with Spielberg about an animated version of the film . Loesch also said , `` At least for now and in the foreseeable future , there will not be an animated Jurassic Park . That 's Steven Spielberg 's decision , and we respect that decision . '' Jurassic Park : Chaos Effect ( 1997 ) ( edit ) Part three of the four - part comic adaptation of The Lost World : Jurassic Park , published by Topps Comics in July 1997 , confirmed to readers that a cartoon series based on the film was in development . In November 1997 , it was reported that the cartoon would be accompanied by Jurassic Park : Chaos Effect , a series of dinosaur toys produced by Kenner and based on a premise that scientists had created dinosaur hybrids consisting of DNA from different creatures . The new toys were based on the upcoming cartoon . That month , it was also reported that the cartoon could be ready by March 1998 , as a mid-season replacement . The Chaos Effect toyline was released in June 1998 , but the animated series was never produced , for unknown reasons . In the short - lived toyline , the dinosaurs in this line are the results of scientists combining the DNA of dinosaurs with other dinosaurs and modern day animals .",
"19": "The following dinosaurs are in this category : Amargospinus -- A hybrid dinosaur created from the DNA of an Amargasaurus and a Spinosaurus . Ankyloranodon -- A hybrid dinosaur created from the DNA of an Ankylosaurus and a Pteranodon . Compstegnathus -- A hybrid dinosaur created from the DNA of a Compsognathus , a Stegosaurus , and an African tree frog . Deinonycanis -- A hybrid dinosaur created from the DNA of a Deinonychus and a dire wolf . Its toy was not released when the toyline stopped production . Dilophospinus -- A hybrid dinosaur created from the DNA of a Dilophosaurus and a Spinosaurus . Its toy was not released when the toyline stopped production . Omega T - Rex -- A genetically - advanced Tyrannosaurus where it does not have any of the Tyrannosaurus weaknesses . Pachysaurolophus -- A hybrid dinosaur created from the DNA of a Pachycephalosaurus and a Parasaurolophus . Its toy was not released when the toyline stopped production . Paradeinonychus -- A hybrid dinosaur created from the DNA of a Parasaurolophus and a Deinonychus . Raptor Alpha -- A genetically - advanced Velociraptor that specializes in hunting at night due to its camouflage ability working best at night . Stegospinus -- A hybrid dinosaur created from the DNA of a Stegosaurus and a Spinosaurus . Its toy was not released when the toyline stopped production . Tanaconda -- A hybrid dinosaur created from the DNA of a Tanystropheus and an anaconda . Thrasher T - Rex -- A genetically - advanced Tyrannosaurus that is similar to Omega T - Rex . Tyrannonops -- A hybrid dinosaur created from the DNA of a Tyrannosaurus and a Lycaenops . Ultimasaurus -- A hybrid dinosaur that has the upper jaw of a Triceratops , the lower jaw and body of a Tyrannosaurus , the arms and legs of a Velociraptor , the back armor of an Ankylosaurus , and the spike - tipped tail of a Stegosaurus .",
"20": "Velociraptoryx -- A hybrid dinosaur created from the DNA of a Velociraptor and an Archaeopteryx . Video games ( edit ) Main article : List of Jurassic Park video games When the first film was released in 1993 , two different video game publishers were given the rights to publish games based on it , Sega and Ocean Software . Both produced several different games based on the film for several different game systems , including the NES and Sega Genesis . In 1994 , Ocean Software produced a sequel to the first game in the series for the Game Boy and SNES systems . Universal Interactive also produced an interactive game for the ill - fated 3DO system . For the second film in the franchise , DreamWorks Interactive released five games for the most popular systems at the time . The third film had the biggest marketing push , spawning seven video games for PC and Game Boy Advance . A number of lightgun arcade games were also released for all three films . Jurassic Park : Operation Genesis ( edit ) Main article : Jurassic Park : Operation Genesis Jurassic Park : Operation Genesis is a tycoon - style video game . The objective of the game is to fulfill Hammond 's dream of building a five - star theme park with dinosaurs . It was released 2003 for the Xbox , PlayStation 2 and PC . Jurassic Park : the game ( edit ) Main article : Jurassic Park : The Game Jurassic Park : The Game is an episodic video game based on the Jurassic Park franchise , bridging the story of the first two films developed by Telltale Games in a deal with Universal . It was released on November 15 , 2011 to a mixed reception , with reviewers praising the story but criticizing the characters and gameplay . The game takes place during and after the events of the original film , and follows a new group of survivors trying to escape Isla Nublar . The game features several creatures from the film , as well as new additions like Troodon and a Tylosaurus . The game is available on PC , Mac , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , and iPad . Lego Jurassic World ( edit ) Main article : Lego Jurassic World Lego Jurassic World is a 2015 Lego action - adventure video game developed by Traveller 's Tales and published by Warner Bros.",
"21": "Interactive Entertainment , for the PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita , Nintendo 3DS , Wii U , Xbox One , Xbox 360 , and Microsoft Windows . It followed the plots of the series ' four films , including Jurassic Park , and was released on June 12 , 2015 . Jurassic World Evolution ( edit ) Main article : Jurassic World Evolution Jurassic World Evolution is an upcoming business simulation game developed and published by Frontier Developments . The game tasks players with constructing and managing their own Jurassic World theme park . The game features the series ' fictional Muertes Archipelago , including Isla Nublar and Isla Sorna . Jurassic World Evolution is slated for release on June 12 , 2018 . Theme Park rides ( edit ) On June 21 , 1996 , Universal Studios Hollywood opened Jurassic Park : The Ride . Universal Studios Japan later opened this attraction , and Universal 's Islands of Adventure opened Jurassic Park River Adventure . The rides are heavily themed on the first three films . Another ride based on the series has also been opened at Universal Studios Singapore ( Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure ) . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : As described in the novels . Jump up ^ As described in the films , Jurassic Park and The Lost World : Jurassic Park . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park Re-release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Universal . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ McFarland , K. ( 1 June 2016 ) . `` 8 New Things You Gotta Watch on Netflix This Month '' . Wired . Jump up ^ Cobb , Kayla ( 1 June 2016 ) . `` Here 's Everything New on Netflix June 2016 : ' Jurassic Park ' , ' Orange is the New Black ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , and More '' . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park Trilogy Will Leave Netflix on September 1st - Whats On Netflix '' . August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' is the first movie ever to crack $500 million in its opening weekend '' . Business Insider .",
"22": "Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ginnekin , Van . `` Screening Difference : How Hollywood 's Blockbuster Films Imagine Race '' . p. 11 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic Park '' . MichaelCrichton.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Crichton ( 2001 ) . Michael Crichton on the Jurassic Park Phenomenon ( DVD ) . Universal . Jump up ^ Appelo , Tim ( December 7 , 1990 ) . `` Leaping Lizards '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jurassic Park DVD Production Notes Jump up ^ Jurassic Park -- Movie Reviews , Trailers , Pictures -- Rotten Tomatoes . Rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . ^ Jump up to : The Lost World : Jurassic Park DVD Special Features -- Production Notes Jump up ^ The Lost World . MichaelCrichton.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirk H. Beetz , Beacham 's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction : biography & resources ( Beacham Pub. , 1996 ) , 2238 . Jump up ^ Nigel Morris , The Cinema of Steven Spielberg : Empire of Light ( Wallflower Press , 2007 ) , 249 . Jump up ^ Ken Gelder , Popular Fiction : The Logics and Practices of a Literary Field ( Routledge , 2004 ) , 113 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic Park ' to be re-released in 3D '' . NME . March 17 , 2012 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Jurassic Park 3D Coming To Theaters In July 2013 '' .",
"23": "Cinema Blend . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' Jurassic Park 3D ' coming in 2013 '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Making of Jurassic Park III ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Universal Pictures . 2005 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Tim ( August 25 , 2000 ) . `` Cameras roll soon for Jurassic Park III '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park III production notes : Dinos Everywhere '' . CinemaReview.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park IV Update : '' . TheZReview.co.uk . June 12 , 2002 . Archived from the original on 2002 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( November 7 , 2002 ) . `` Jurassic Park IV Goes Ahead '' . IGN . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ; Diorio , Carl ( December 22 , 2002 ) . `` Early - bird specials '' . Variety . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic IV Draft Done '' . Sci Fi Wire . July 13 , 2003 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` More on JPIV '' . IGN.com . January 30 , 2003 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park 4 plot details ? '' . MovieWeb.com . January 31 , 2003 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson , Paul ( July 11 , 2003 ) . `` Sam Neill Confirms Jurassic Park IV '' . IGN.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ `` Jurass Park Quattro -- Guess who will be back ! '' . AintItCool.com . September 19 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Knightly in Boxoffice via `` Knightley Confirms JP4 Talks ? '' . CountingDown.com . July 14 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 07 - 03 . There were actually two roles in ' Jurassic Park IV ' Steven thought I might fit . First there was the granddaughter part , which was n't all that big a role ; she was only in it at the beginning . The other part he was considering for me was substantially larger , but I wo n't go into any details in case I make Steven angry ( laughs ) ... I truly do n't know if I 'll end up getting either part or not . The script is pretty much locked down , but I think they 're still working on final drafts at the moment . Jump up ^ Otto , Jeff . `` Exclusive Interview with John Sayles '' . Reelz.com . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Garth ( May 12 , 2004 ) . `` News Bites : Wednesday , May 12th 2004 '' . DarkHorizons.com . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moriarty ( August 17 , 2004 ) . `` AICN Exclusive ! ! Moriarty 's Been to ' Jurassic Park 4 ' and Returns to Tell the Tale ! ! '' . AintItCool.com . Archived from the original on 2005 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park IV shooting script ( first draft by John Sayles ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bruder , Jessica ( May 30 , 2005 ) . `` Sayles ' people '' . The New York Observer .",
"25": "Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` Check out the Humanosaurus Concept Art for Scrapped Jurassic Park 4 Script '' . Collider . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Humanosaurus , a cross between human being and dinosaur '' . Stan Winston School of Character Arts . June 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2015 . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Image : conceptual artwork by creature designer Carlos Huante for JURASSIC PARK 4 , drawn early in project 's development . Jump up ^ `` Jack Horner on the state of Jurassic Park 4 ! ! ! '' . AintItCool.com . January 28 , 2006 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Marshall On Eight Below , Indy IV and Jurassic Park '' . Empire . April 2006 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Holleran , Scott ( June 24 , 2006 ) . `` Interview : Producer and Director Frank Marshall '' . BoxOfficeMojo.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic Park IV ' News '' . Collider.com. April 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paul Davidson ( February 21 , 2006 ) . `` Jurassic Park IV Script Ready '' . IGN . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( December 6 , 2007 ) . `` Frank Marshall on Indy 4 ... and Bourne 4 ? ? ? '' . ComingSoon.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Porsa , Dan ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Talking OLDBOY With Mark Protosevich at NYCC '' . This is Infamous .",
"26": "Archived from the original on November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bettinger , Brendan ( n.d. ) . `` ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' Writers Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver to Script ' Jurassic Park 4 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park 4 Gets a Director ( Hint : It 's Not Steven Spielberg ) '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park 4 to be directed by Colin Trevorrow '' . March 15 , 2013 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Jurassic World ' to Hit Theaters in June 2015 '' . TheWrap. 2013 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Jurassic Park 4 Targeted for 2015 , to be Shot in 3D '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic Park 4 ′ Titled ' Jurassic World ' ; Gets Summer 2015 Release Date '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic World ' Director Offers Filming Details and Confirms Returning Character '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Totally Laime '' . Elizabeth Laime. 2014 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Gross , Rachel E. ( 16 June 2016 ) . `` How Impossible , Actually , Is the Dinosaur DNA Splicing in Jurassic World ? '' . Slate . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World Sequel Opening in UK Cinemas Before US '' . IGN . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 .",
"27": "^ Jump up to : Rebecca Ford ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Set for 2018 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colin Trevorrow Talks Jurassic World 2 and More ! ( Surprise Guest : J.A. Bayona ! ) '' . Jurassic Outpost . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Sequel Finds Its Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Happy to confirm that Oscar Faura will be the Cinematographer for the Jurassic World Sequel '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Connor ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Is Bringing Back A Favorite Character '' . CinemaBlend.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Cromwell Joins ' Jurassic World ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Sequel Adds ' Silence of the Lambs ' Actor Ted Levine '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Casts ' Get Down ' Star Justice Smith ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Full ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Trailer Teases a Darker Sequel '' . Collider . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 23 , 2017 ) .",
"28": "`` ' Jurassic World ' : ' The Detour ' Actress Daniella Pineda Lands Key Role in Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain . `` Life Finds a Way as Jeff Goldblum Returns for Jurassic World 2 '' . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Plot Details Emerge ... and They 're Bonkers '' . Collider . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World : Colin Trevorrow Talks Building a Foundation for Future Installments '' . Collider.com. 4 : 30 -- 7 : 58 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Phil de Semlyen ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Jurassic World Sequels Planned '' . Empire . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Trevorrow Not Directing the Next Jurassic Park Film '' . ComingSoon.net . May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World sequel could see Apple vs Microsoft - style dinosaur tech race '' . Radio Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rundle , Michael ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Jurassic World 2 may be off - island , with open - source dinos '' . Wired UK . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Steven Spielberg , Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall on How to Win in Hollywood Today '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JA Bayona studying Michael Crichton Jurassic Park novels to prepare for Jurassic World Sequel ! '' . JurassicWorld.org. April 26 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 .",
"29": "Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Starts Filming '' . GameSpot.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Untitled Jurassic World Sequel ' Officially Starts Filming '' . Collider . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( December 2016 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Shoots This February in London , New Details Emerge '' . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 to film in the Brecon Beacons , director reveals '' . Media Wales . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` This is a wrap for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ! What a journey ! Thank you to everyone that made it possible ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Which ' Jurassic Park ' Quote Inspired ' Jurassic World ' ? Which One Will Inspire ' Jurassic World 2 ' ? '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Marshall Interview - Jurassic World ( Jurassic Cast ep 22 ) '' . YouTube.com . Jurassic Cast Podcast . October 19 , 2015 . 2 : 35 -- 3 : 09 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Masters , Kim ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Studio Chiefs Unleashed : 6 Top Execs Spar Over Gender Pay , Sony Hack and ' Star Wars ' Box Office '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Jurassic World Confirmed as a Trilogy '' . LRM Online .",
"30": "Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( December 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Is n't a Retread of ' The Lost World ' , Will Set Up ' Jurassic World 3 ' '' . / Film . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Laura Dern Wants to Return in Final Jurassic World Sequel '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Life Continues to Find a Way as ' Jurassic World 3 ' is Already Dated for Release ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Variety is reporting that Jurassic World 3 , which surely wo n't actually be the official title , will be hitting theaters on June 11 , 2021 , three years after Fallen Kingdom . Jump up ^ `` Universal launches plans for third ' Jurassic World ' film '' . ABC . Associated Press . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 3 ' to Hit Theaters in June 2021 '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 rampaging toward 2021 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg confirms Colin Trevorrow will direct third Jurassic World '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 will be a ' science thriller , ' says Colin Trevorrow '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` New LEGO Jurassic World DVD film ' The Indominus Escape ' releasing in October ! '' . Jurassic Outpost .",
"31": "August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Watch The Animated ' Jurassic World ' Prequel Short Film ' LEGO Jurassic World : The Indominus Escape ' '' . / Film . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Jurassic World : The Indominus Escape ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Jurassic World - Employee Safety Video '' . British Board of Film Classification . Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Excited to announce that my longtime collaborator @ BernatVilaplana will be the editor for the new Jurassic film '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Film Releases '' . Variety . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park III ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park '' .",
"32": "Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park III '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park III '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park Comic Books '' . GamePro . July 1993 . p. 39 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Jurassic World comes to comics '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Jurassic ' series ? '' . The San Bernardino Sun . June 17 , 1993 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Escape from Jurassic Park -- 1993 animated series detailed '' . JurassicOutpost.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Art and Story Details from Cancelled ' Jurassic Park ' Animated Series Finally Surface '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Canceled Jurassic Park Animated Series Full Season Details Revealed '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` The Entire First Season of the Cancelled Jurassic Park Television Series Revealed ( Exclusive ) '' . Jurassic Outpost . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stout , William ( April 26 , 2014 ) . `` My Top Ten Favorite Dinosaur Films -- Part One '' . WilliamStout.com .",
"33": "Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Mike ( July 15 , 1993 ) . `` Dinosaur TV ' toons are extinct for now '' . The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Dan ( July 20 , 1997 ) . `` What 's New '' . Dan 's The Lost World Page . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Dan ( July 22 , 1997 ) . `` What 's New '' . Dan 's The Lost World Page . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Finkelstein , Dan ( November 11 , 1997 ) . `` Chaos Effect '' . Dan 's The Lost World Page . Archived from the original on September 9 , 1999 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chaos Effect '' . JPToys.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview With Tim Bradley '' . JPToys.com . March 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kollar , Phil ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Telltale Creating Episodic Jurassic Park Game '' . GameInformer.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Lucy ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution Gets Official Digital , Physical Release Date : Life finds a way on June 12 and July 3 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 .",
"34": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jurassic Park Official website Official Dinosaur Protection Group website Jurassic Park Novels Jurassic Park The Lost World Films Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Music Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Spin - off novels Jurassic Park Adventures : Survivor Jurassic Park Adventures : Prey Jurassic Park Adventures : Flyers Theme park attractions Jurassic Park : The Ride Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure Canopy Flyer Dino - Soarin ' The Flying Dinosaur Amber Rock Climb Related Cloned animals Characters Video games Song Isla Nublar Jurassic Park video games Jurassic Park NES Super NES Genesis CD PC Rampage Edition Arcade Pinball Interactive 2 : The Chaos Continues The Lost World Console Chaos Island Handheld Genesis Arcade Pinball Trespasser Jurassic Park III Arcade III : Danger Zone ! III : Dino Defender III : The DNA Factor III : Park Builder III : Island Attack Scan Command Survival ( cancelled ) Jurassic World Lego Jurassic World Jurassic World Evolution Other games Warpath Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure Operation Genesis The Game Builder Jurassic Park Arcade Works by Michael Crichton Novels The Andromeda Strain ( 1969 ) The Terminal Man ( 1972 ) The Great Train Robbery ( 1975 ) Eaters of the Dead ( 1976 ) Congo ( 1980 ) Sphere ( 1987 ) Jurassic Park ( 1990 ) Rising Sun ( 1992 ) Disclosure ( 1994 ) The Lost World ( 1995 ) Airframe ( 1996 ) Timeline ( 1999 ) Prey ( 2002 ) State of Fear ( 2004 ) Next ( 2006",
"35": ") Pirate Latitudes ( 2009 ) Micro ( 2011 ) Dragon Teeth ( 2017 ) Novels written under pseudonyms Odds On ( 1966 ) Scratch One ( 1967 ) Easy Go ( 1968 ) A Case of Need ( 1968 ) Zero Cool ( 1969 ) The Venom Business ( 1969 ) Drug of Choice ( 1970 ) Dealing : or the Berkeley - to - Boston Forty - Brick Lost - Bag Blues ( 1970 ) Grave Descend ( 1970 ) Binary ( 1972 ) Non-fiction Five Patients ( 1970 ) Jasper Johns ( 1977 ) Electronic Life ( 1983 ) Travels ( 1988 ) Films directed Pursuit ( 1972 ) Westworld ( 1973 ) Coma ( 1978 ) The First Great Train Robbery ( 1979 ) Looker ( 1981 ) Runaway ( 1984 ) Physical Evidence ( 1989 ) Films written Extreme Close - Up ( 1973 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Rising Sun ( 1993 ) Twister ( 1996 ) Television series Beyond Westworld ( 1980 ) ER ( 1994 -- 2009 ) Westworld ( 2016 -- present ) Adaptations The Andromeda Strain ( 1971 ) Dealing : Or the Berkeley - to - Boston Forty - Brick Lost - Bag Blues ( 1972 ) The Carey Treatment ( 1972 ) Pursuit ( 1972 ) The Terminal Man ( 1974 ) The First Great Train Robbery ( 1979 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Rising Sun ( 1993 ) Disclosure ( 1994 ) Congo ( 1995 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997",
"36": ") Sphere ( 1998 ) The 13th Warrior ( 1999 ) Timeline ( 2003 ) The Andromeda Strain ( 2008 ) Video games Amazon ( 1984 ) Timeline ( 2000 ) Franchises Westworld ( 1973 -- present ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurassic_Park&oldid=838031148 '' Categories : Jurassic Park Dinosaurs in fiction Film series introduced in 1993 Films set in amusement parks Universal Studios franchises Cloning in fiction Genetic engineering in fiction Science fiction films by series Techno - thriller films Amusement parks in fiction Films adapted into video games Films adapted into comics Book series introduced in 1989 American book series American film series Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi తెలుగు 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 14 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"a piece of Wall Sina crumbles, revealing the face of a Titan within the wall"
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"0": "List of Attack on Titan episodes - wikipedia List of Attack on Titan episodes Jump to : navigation , search The logo of Attack on Titan Attack on Titan is an anime series adapted from the manga of the same title by Hajime Isayama . It is set in a world where humanity lives inside cities surrounded by enormous walls due to the Titans , gigantic humanoid beings who devour humans seemingly without reason . The story follows the adventures of Eren Yeager , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman , and their friend Armin Arlert , whose lives are changed forever after a Colossal Titan breaches the wall of their home town . Vowing revenge and to reclaim the world from the Titans , Eren and his friends join the Scout Regiment , an elite group of soldiers who fight Titans . Produced by IG Port 's Wit Studio and directed by Tetsurō Araki , Attack on Titan was broadcast on the Mainichi Broadcasting System from April 7 to September 29 , 2013 , and later aired on Tokyo MX , FBS , TOS , HTB , TVA and BS11 . Both Funimation and Crunchyroll have streamed the series with subtitles on their respective websites . Funimation has also licensed the anime for home video release in 2014 . Episode 1 of the English version premiered at Anime Boston , with other episodes put on Funimation 's subscription services . On television of the series has broadcast weekly on Adult Swim 's Toonami block on May 3 , 2014 , starting at 11 : 30 p.m. EST . From episode 1 to 13 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Feuerroter Pfeil und Bogen '' ( 紅蓮 の 弓矢 , Guren no Yumiya , lit . `` Crimson Bow and Arrow '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Utsukushiki Zankoku na Sekai '' ( 美しき 残酷 な 世界 , lit . `` A Beautiful Cruel World '' ) by Yōko Hikasa . From episode 14 to 25 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Die Flügel der Freiheit '' ( 自由 の 翼 , Jiyū no Tsubasa , lit .",
"1": "`` The Wings of Freedom '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` great escape '' by Cinema Staff . The opening themes were collected on Linked Horizon 's single `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' which sold over 100 thousand copies in its first week of sales . A second season aired from April 1 to June 17 , 2017 on MBS and other television networks . Funimation and Crunchyroll streamed the second season on their respective websites , with Adult Swim aired a dubbed version . The opening theme song is `` Opfert eure Herzen ! '' ( 心臓 を 捧げよ ! , Shinzō o Sasageyo ! , lit . `` Dedicate Your Hearts ! '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Yūgure no Tori '' ( 夕暮れ の 鳥 ) by Shinsei Kamattechan . On June 17 , 2017 , a third season was announced at the close of the second season 's final episode , with a release date slated for July 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Special episodes 3.1 OVA episodes 3.2 Bonus shorts 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 12 April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No.",
"2": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate `` To You , in 2000 Years : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 1 '' `` Ni - sen Nen - go no Kimi e - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 1 ) - '' ( 二 千 年 後 の 君 へ ― シガンシナ 陥落 1 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi April 7 , 2013 May 3 , 2014 For over a century , humans have been living in settlements surrounded by three gigantic walls , which prevent the Titans , giant humanoid creatures who eat humans , from entering . Eren Jaeger , of the town called the Shiganshina District , wishes to see the outside world by joining the Scout Regiment , as he likens living in the cities to livestock . Despite this , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackermann and their mother Carla Jaeger are against him joining the Scouts . Even after seeing the Scouts return home with large casualties , Eren expresses his interest to join , which impresses his father Grisha Jaeger . After Eren and Mikasa rescue their friend Armin Arlelt from a group of delinquents due to his views that the walls will not protect them forever , the Colossal Titan suddenly appears and knocks down the gate to the Shiganshina District , which lies in the outer edge of Wall Maria , allowing smaller Titans to enter . As the town erupts into mass panic , Eren and Mikasa rush back to Carla , only to see her pinned under their collapsed house . Carla begs them to flee , but they refuse until city guard Hannes arrives and takes them away . Eren watches in horror as a Smiling Titan eats Carla .",
"3": "`` That Day : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 2 '' `` Sono Hi - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 2 ) - '' ( その日 ― シガンシナ 陥落 2 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Yasuko Kobayashi April 14 , 2013 May 10 , 2014 Hannes apologizes to Eren for not saving his mother , admitting he was afraid of the Smiling Titan and that both Eren and Mikasa are still weak children . Some of townsfolk of the Shiganshina District escape to the inner Wall Maria , while the soldiers try to hold off the Titans . The soldiers try to close the gate , but the Armored Titan rams the gate , breaching the inner Wall Maria , and causing those inside to retreat even further inside Wall Rose . Some time later , Eren has a strange dream in which his grieving father forcefully gives him an injection and his key before being woken up by Mikasa . Eren grows disgusted with the people of Wall Rose as the latter do not like sharing their food or homes with the refugees . During the next year , as a food shortage becomes apparent , the government orders the refugees to either work on the farms or fight to reclaim Wall Maria . About 250,000 people , 20 % of the populace , choose to fight , only to be wiped out by the Titans . Eren vows revenge and joins the army along with Mikasa and Armin . `` A Dim Light Amid Despair : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 1 '' `` Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 1 ) - '' ( 絶望 の 中 で 鈍く 光る ― 人類 の 再起 1 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko April 21 , 2013 May 17 , 2014 The drill instructor Keith Sadies inspects the new recruits of the 104th Cadet Corps and provides a barrage of verbal insults . When he comes across Sasha Braus , who is eating a potato , he punishes her by having her run around the camp until sunset and not giving her any food or drink .",
"4": "Eren develops a rivalry with Jean Kirschtein , who desires a safe and easy position in the Military Police Regiment within the inner city walls . The recruits train on an omni - directional mobility gear apparatus , where they have to balance themselves while suspended on cables . After Eren has trouble balancing , he asks Reiner Braun and Bertholdt Hoover for help and discover they too are among the few who have personally encountered Titans . The next day , Eren balances on the apparatus but falls , but Keith discovers that Eren 's apparatus was defective and passes him after a retry with different equipment . `` The Night of the Closing Ceremony : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 2 '' `` Kaisan Shiki no Yoru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 2 ) - '' ( 解散 式 の 夜 ― 人類 の 再起 2 ― ) Makoto Bessho Yasuko Kobayashi April 28 , 2013 May 24 , 2014 Five years since Wall Maria fell , Keith evaluates the recruits for their strengths and weaknesses . After training in hand - to - hand combat with Reiner and Annie Leonhart , Eren learns later that night that Jean and several other recruits hope to join the Military Police Regiment to avoid having to fight Titans . On graduation day , Eren and Mikasa rank among the top ten of their class . They are eligible to join the Military Police Regiment , but Eren declines and announces that he is joining the Scout Regiment on the front lines , leading Armin and Mikasa to join him . They are assigned to the Trost District , one of the cities which is at the outer edge of Wall Rose , where they discover other classmates have joined . The Colossal Titan appears and breaches the gate . Once Eren regains his composure , he takes command and orders a counterattack .",
"5": "5 5 `` First Battle : The Struggle for Trost , Part 1 '' `` Uijin - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 1 ) - '' ( 初陣 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 1 ― ) Shinpei Ezaki Hiroshi Seko May 5 , 2013 May 31 , 2014 The Colossal Titan destroys the wall 's cannons , but it vanishes into a burst of stream before Eren prepares to attack its weak point . The Military Police Regiment scrambles to evacuate the people of the Trost District and set up defenses before the Titans enter the city . Assigned by Commander Kitts Woerman of the Garrison Regiment to different squads , Mikasa helps with the evacuation , while Eren and Armin provide backup at the front lines . With the Titans now in the city , Eren recalls his lessons that in order to kill a Titan , they must strike the nape of its neck . As Eren and Armin 's squad attack , their comrades are killed or eaten by the Titans one by one , with Eren himself losing his left leg . Armin , paralyzed with fear upon seeing his comrades ' fates , is picked up by a Bearded Titan and almost swallowed . Eren , recalling when he and Armin wished to see the world outside the walls , manages to drag and toss Armin out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth at the last moment . He reaches for Armin with his left arm out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth , but the Bearded Titan closes its jaws , severing Eren 's arm and swallowing him . 6 6 `` The World the Girl Saw : The Struggle for Trost , Part 2 '' `` Shōjo ga Mita Sekai - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 2 ) - '' ( 少女 が 見 た 世界 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 2 ― ) Tomomi Ikeda Hiroshi Seko May 12 , 2013 June 7 , 2014 Armin awakens to find himself surrounded by Conny Springer , Christa Lenz and Ymir .",
"6": "As Armin heads back to the rearguard , he blames himself not being strong enough to save Eren . Meanwhile , an Abnormal Titan approaches the city 's exit gate , which is crowded by refugees . Once Mikasa kills the Abnormal Titan , she threatens a greedy merchant holding cargo to let the refugees pass first . After she is thanked by a mother and daughter , Mikasa has a flashback . In the year 844 , a year before the fall of Wall Maria , Mikasa was targeted by three slave traders , who murdered her parents in a struggle . After Grisha and Eren discovered the corpses while making a visit , Eren secretly tracked down the slave traders to a nearby hut and killed two of them in an attempt to save Mikasa . However , the third slave trader appeared and began strangling Eren . Encouraged by Eren , Mikasa overcame her fear and gained resolve to kill the third slave trader . After the children are found by the Military Police Regiment , Mikasa was invited to live with Eren and Grisha . Back in the present , Mikasa slays more Titans and goes to help the other squads evacuate . 7 7 `` Small Blade : The Struggle for Trost , Part 3 '' `` Chiisana Yaiba - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 3 ) - '' ( 小さな 刃 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 3 ― ) Yuzuru Tachikawa Hiroshi Seko May 19 , 2013 June 14 , 2014 The surviving squads , unable to reach the inner walls due to their omni - directional mobility gear being low on gas , lose their fighting spirit as the nearby supply depot is overrun by Titans . Mikasa seems unfazed after learning from Armin that his entire squad perished , including Eren . She rallies the others to reclaim the supply depot , inspiring them to join her in the attack , but Mikasa ends up running out of gas midair and falls into an alleyway . Jean assumes command , but he loses his nerve when he sees some of his comrades being eaten by Titans .",
"7": "As a blonde Titan approaches Mikasa , she prepares to attack with her remaining broken blade , but a Mysterious Titan appears behind her and brutally kills the blonde Titan , much to her confusion . Armin and Conny show up , shocked to witness the Mysterious Titan not only fighting other Titans , but also showing knowledge of their weak point and using hand - to - hand combat techniques , while completely ignoring the humans . Armin gives Mikasa his gas tanks and blades so that she can support the others at the supply depot . Mikasa , however , refuses to leave him behind and ponders on the Mysterious Titan 's strange behavior . 8 8 `` I Can Hear His Heartbeat : The Struggle for Trost , Part 4 '' `` Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 4 ) - '' ( 心臓 の 鼓動 が 聞こえる ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 4 ― ) Satonobu Kikuchi Shinpei Ezaki Tatsuma Minamikawa Noboru Takagi May 26 , 2013 June 21 , 2014 With the supply depot swarming with Titans , Armin has the idea of using the Mysterious Titan to defeat them . Mikasa and Conny agree with his plan and defeat the Titans attacking it , before rushing to the supply depot . Meanwhile , Jean and the others reach the supply depot despite suffering more casualties on the way , with Armin , Mikasa and Conny arriving soon after . Armin 's plan works , but while the Mysterious Titan is able to attract the enemies outside , seven smaller Titans remain in the fuel storage area . With their equipment out of fuel , Armin devises another plan . The survivors draw the Titans ' attention to an elevator and shoot them in the eyes to blind them , while seven of them jump from the ceiling to finish them off . Sasha and Conny fail to kill their targets but are saved by Mikasa and Annie . Having successfully replenished their fuel , the soldiers prepare to retreat . As they see the Mysterious Titan defeating all of the other Titans before collapsing , they are shocked to watch Eren emerge from its body .",
"8": "Mikasa reaches Eren and cries upon confirming that he is alive , while Armin notices that Eren 's severed leg and arm have somehow regenerated as well . 9 9 `` Whereabouts of His Left Arm : The Struggle for Trost , Part 5 '' `` Hidariude no Yukue - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 5 ) - '' ( 左腕 の 行方 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 5 ― ) Yoshiyuki Fujiwara Yasuko Kobayashi June 2 , 2013 June 28 , 2014 Captain Levi of the Scout Regiment and his squad successfully retake a town from the Titans until they are called to an emergency at the Trost District as the Titans have invaded the city . When Eren was eaten and swallowed by the Bearded Titan , he found himself in its stomach along with the bodies of its victims . His rage at the Titans caused him to burst out of the Bearded Titan 's stomach by transforming himself into the Mysterious Titan and going on a rampage against them . Although Eren 's comrades saw him emerge from the Mysterious Titan , they all agreed to keep it a secret and bring him back inside Wall Rose . However , Kitts also witnessed this and has his men aim their weapons at Eren . Armin and Mikasa try to defend Eren , but to no avail . As Kitts fearfully orders the cannons to fire on the three of them , Eren recalls hazy memories of his father giving him an injection , telling him to reclaim Wall Maria and go to their home 's basement with his key . In order to protect Mikasa and Armin from the cannons , Eren partially transforms himself into the Mysterious Titan , sheltering them inside his ribs .",
"9": "10 10 `` Response : The Struggle for Trost , Part 6 '' `` Kotaeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 6 ) - '' ( 応える ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 6 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko June 9 , 2013 July 12 , 2014 Eren climbs out of the partially transformed Titan , telling Mikasa and Armin about the basement in his former house . He believes that it holds the secret to mankind 's preservation and the key to destroying the Titans . Kitts once again orders the cannon to be loaded out of fear . Eren comes up with two plans of escape . The first is for Eren to retreat as the Mysterious Titan and criminalize himself in the eyes of humanity , and the second is to have Armin convince Kitts that Eren is an asset rather than a danger . Armin comes to the conclusion that he can still defend his friends despite being cowardice , deciding to try and talk their way out of being executed . Armin tentatively convinces Kitts , only to have him be overcome by fear and give the order to fire once more . The order is halted when Commander Dot Pyxis and his men intervene , sparing their lives . In return , Pyxis asks Eren if he will transform himself to block the gap in Wall Rose to prevent more Titans from getting in . Eren agrees , regardless of whether or not he will be able to control himself as the Mysterious Titan . 11 11 `` Idol : The Struggle for Trost , Part 7 '' `` Gūzō - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 7 ) - '' ( 偶像 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 7 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko June 16 , 2013 July 19 , 2014 As Armin helps Pyxis 's subordinates coordinate a plan , morale among the troops begin to drop , as some want to desert and be with their families .",
"10": "Pyxis silences everyone by reminding them that if they abandon this chance to finally win against the Titans , they will be subjecting their families to their terror , which convinces the troops to stay . Claiming that Eren is the result of a secret project to turn humans into Titans , Pyxis plans to have most of the troops gather at a far corner of the Trost District to lure most of the Titans away while Eren as the Mysterious Titan carries the giant boulder to seal the hole . Along with Mikasa , Eren will be guarded during the mission by three of the best elites of the Garrison , them being Ian Dietrich , Rico Brzenska and Mitabi Jarnach . As they approach the giant boulder , Rico , who is doubtful of the mission 's success and does not completely trust Eren , reminds him that many lives are at stake . Finally reaching the boulder , Eren transforms himself into a Titan , only to suddenly attack Mikasa . 12 12 `` Wound : The Struggle for Trost , Part 8 '' `` Kizu - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 8 ) - '' ( 傷 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 8 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Noboru Takagi June 23 , 2013 July 26 , 2014 Mikasa tries to reason with Eren in as the Mysterious Titan , but to no avail . Eren continues his attack and accidentally incapacitates himself , slumping to the ground . The squad protecting Eren sends up a red flare to signal that the plan has failed , much to the dismay of the troops observing from the wall . As Armin heads toward Eren to investigate , the elite squadron argues and eventually agrees to protect Eren instead of abandoning him , still recognizing him as a valuable military asset . During the operation , Jean is separated from Connie and Annie after his omni - directional mobility gear malfunctions , forcing him to hide from two Titans in a building . Armin reaches the unconscious Eren , but Mikasa calls to him , warning that he is in a dangerous state . Armin plunges his sword into the side of Eren 's neck , which briefly awakens him .",
"11": "As Armin speaks to him of the outside world and reminds him of his promise to kill all the Titans , Eren leaves his dreamlike state and regains control . 13 13 `` Primal Desire : The Struggle for Trost , Part 9 '' `` Genshoteki Yokkyū - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 9 ) - '' ( 原初 的 欲求 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 9 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Noboru Takagi June 30 , 2013 August 2 , 2014 Jean manages to acquire another set of omni - directional mobility gear from a dead soldier and escapes , thanks to Annie , Conny and Marco Bott distracting the Titans . With Eren as the Mysterious Titan carrying the boulder towards the gate , Ian orders everyone to protect Eren from the Titans at all costs . Eren finally blocks the open gate with the boulder , and Rico fires a yellow flare to signal that the operation was a success . As Armin tries to pull Eren from his Titan body , they are cornered by two Titans , but Levi saves them in the nick of time . All Titans remaining in the Trost Districts are eliminated except two , which are captured for research . Jean , Sasha and Annie all mourn the deaths of their fellow comrades among several casualties . Meanwhile , Eren is chained in a cell guarded by the Military Police Regiment , where he is visited by Levi and Commander Erwin Smith of the Scout Regiment . After listening to his story and reasons for wanting the Titans dead , Levi allows Eren to join his squad under his command , though Eren is warned that Levi would personally kill him if he ever betrays the squad or loses control again . 13.5 13.5 `` Since That Day '' `` Ano Hi kara '' ( あの 日 から ) Hiroyuki Tanaka -- July 7 , 2013 -- This is a recap episode of the events during the first thirteen episodes .",
"12": "14 14 `` Ca n't Look Into His Eyes Yet : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 1 '' `` Mada Me o Mirenai - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 1 ) - '' ( まだ 目 を 見れ ない ― 反撃 前夜 1 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Shinpei Ezaki Yasuko Kobayashi July 14 , 2013 August 9 , 2014 The populace is divided over whether Eren is their savior or their end . Eren is brought to a military tribunal to be judged by Commander - in - Chief Dhalis Zachary , who will decide whether Eren should be given to the Military Police Regiment or the Scout Regiment , both of whom have their own reasons for wanting him . The Military Police Regiment wants Eren killed as he is seen by them as a menace , while the Scout Regiment wants to use him to retake Wall Maria . Becoming furious upon hearing from a merchant that Mikasa is accused of being a Titan as well , Eren calls out the Military Police Regiment and their supporters for their cowardice . Levi brutally beats down Eren in retaliation , but Eren does not transform into the Mysterious Titan . Levi uses this to show to the court that the Scout Regiment can control Eren , and proposes that Eren is to be made part of his squad . In the end , Zachary gives Eren to the Scout Regiment , where Erwin and Hange Zoë welcome him . As Eren is getting treatment for his wounds , they discover that he grew back a tooth knocked out after being beaten down by Levi .",
"13": "15 15 `` Special Operations Squad : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 2 '' `` Tokubetsu Sakusen - han - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 2 ) - '' ( 特別 作戦 班 ― 反撃 前夜 2 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko July 21 , 2013 August 16 , 2014 Levi and his Special Operations Squad , composed of Eld Gin , Oruo Bozad , Petra Rall and Günther Schultz , bring Eren to the old Scout Regiment headquarters , where Eren will learn to control his Titan powers under their watch . As Levi orders the castle to be cleaned , Petra assures Eren that Levi does care about the people under his command despite his rude and harsh demeanor . Meanwhile , Erwin and Miche Zacharius discuss the new recruits joining the Scout Regiment and how they must prove Eren 's usefulness to Military Command within a month . Hange asks Eren to help her in her experiments with the two Titans they have captured , which she named Sawney and Beane . She has an obsession with Titans where she treats them like people despite the many times she puts herself in danger . It is revealed that the Titans need sunlight to survive and their bodies are disproportionately light despite their size . The next day , the Scout Regiment discover that Sawney and Beane have been killed . As Hange mourns for them , the Scout Regiment deduce that the culprit is a soldier who escaped using their omni - directional mobility gear , which makes Eren wonder who their true enemy is .",
"14": "16 16 `` What Needs to be Done Now : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 3 '' `` Ima , Nani o Subeki ka - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 3 ) - '' ( 今 、 何 を すべ きか ― 反撃 前夜 3 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Yasushi Muroya Yasuko Kobayashi July 28 , 2013 August 23 , 2014 As the recruits are investigated over Sawney and Beane 's deaths , Annie , who will be joining the Military Police Regiment later , gives advice to Armin and Conny that it is their choice to decide on which military division they should join . The 104th Cadets are later greeted by Erwin at the Decision Ceremony , where he tells them that the goal of the Scout Regiment 's expedition on the following month is to reclaim the Shiganshina District and find the secret hidden in Eren 's home basement . After telling the recruits of the Scout Regiment 's high mortality rate during each expedition , Erwin tells the recruits that they may stay and join them or leave to join the other branches . Most recruits leave , but Jean joins the Scout Regiment in honor of Marco with others joining him as well including Mikasa , Armin , Reiner , Bertholdt , Conny , Sasha , Christa and Ymir , despite their fears . As the Scout Regiment prepare themselves for the expedition , Eren is reunited with his friends and learns what happened to the others . Jean questions whether Eren can truly control his Titan powers as they are risking their lives for him . With everything ready , the Scout Regiment begin their 57th Expedition beyond the walls .",
"15": "17 17 `` Female Titan : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 1 '' `` Megata no Kyojin - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 1 ) - '' ( 女 型 の 巨人 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 1 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Hiroshi Seko August 4 , 2013 September 6 , 2014 As the 57th Expedition gets underway , the Scout Regiment assemble into their Long - Range Scouting Formation , wherein the Scouts spread out around the main wagon train and report by flare gun if Titans are nearby so the group can steer to avoid conflict with them if possible . After Armin 's squad manages to kill an Abnormal Titan , a Female Titan suddenly appears from the right flank at high speed . Much to Armin 's shock , the Female Titan 's body can withstand their blades and is intelligent enough to kill his seniors easily . The Female Titan captures Armin , but after removing his hood and seeing his face , she leaves him alive and continues running . Armin is picked up by Reiner and Jean , who reveals that their right flank was wiped out by the Titans , which makes Armin realize not only was it the Female Titan 's work , but also is she possibly another Titan Shifter like Eren . When the three of them give conflicting sources on where Eren is in the formation , they realize the Female Titan 's target is Eren and they must stop her . Despite their failed attempts to attack , she leaves them and heads towards the center group .",
"16": "18 18 `` Forest of Giant Trees : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 2 '' `` Kyodaiju no Mori - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 2 ) - '' ( 巨大 樹 の 森 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 2 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Shin Wakabayashi Hiroshi Seko August 11 , 2013 September 13 , 2014 Armin , Reiner and Jean are left stranded after their encounter with the Female Titan leaves them with only one horse , but they are soon saved by Christa , who arrives with extra horses . They wait for the order to withdraw , but to their surprise , they discover that their operation is continuing albeit heading in a different direction . Meanwhile , news reaches the center group about their right flank being annihilated by the Female Titan as the latter continues to wreak havoc within the formation . The whole formation soon reaches the Forest of Giant Trees with only the center row entering it , while the rest defend the forest from Titans . Eren realizes something is wrong when his squad has no idea what Erwin 's orders are and what Levi is doing . As the Female Titan chases them at their heels , the squad desperately await Levi 's command to attack , but Levi instead tells his squad to cover their ears as he fires his flare gun . 19 19 `` Bite : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 3 '' `` Kamitsuku - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 3 ) - '' ( 噛み付く ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 3 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Tomomi Ikeda Noboru Takagi August 18 , 2013 September 20 , 2014 Levi fires a noise round and tells the squad to keep moving forward . With more of the rearguard getting killed by the Female Titan , Eren begs his squad to let him fight , but they tell him to trust Levi 's decision . Eren starts remembering when he was unable to transform into the Mysterious Titan for experimental purposes in front of Hange , Levi and his squad .",
"17": "During a break when he tried to pick up a teaspoon , Eren suddenly partially transformed , leading Hange to deduce that Eren is able to transform into a Titan not by solely injuring himself but also due to his desire to fulfill his goals . The squad apologized to Eren and told him they should trust each other . Remembering this , Eren decides to trust his squad 's plan . It is then revealed that Levi 's squad is bait to lure the Female Titan into an ambush , where Erwin and his men fire hundreds of grappling hooks to trap the Female Titan . Levi leaves his squad to meet up with Erwin to find out the identity of the Female Titan . 20 20 `` Erwin Smith : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 4 '' `` Eruvin Sumisu - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 4 ) '' ( エルヴィン ・ スミス ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 4 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Yasuko Kobayashi August 25 , 2013 September 27 , 2014 With the Female Titan restrained , Erwin and Levi try to figure out its identity with no success as it is able to crystallize its skin to prevent them from cutting out the human inside . Armin , Jean and the rest of Levi 's squad realize it was Erwin 's plan to use Eren as bait to draw out the mole within the army who joined them after the Walls fell and only told his real plan to those who were part of the Scout Regiment before the fall . Meanwhile , the others wonder about what is happening inside the forest , and Levi taunts the Female Titan , prompting her to give a loud scream that draws all Titans in the vicinity to her . Despite the Scout Regiment 's attempt to stop them , the Titans ignore the humans and eat the Female Titan 's body in a frenzy , which makes Erwin call off the expedition . However , knowing that there is no confirmation that the mole has also been eaten by the Titans , Erwin orders Levi to regroup with his squad , while the mole , disguised as a cloaked Scout Regiment member , attacks Levi 's squad and kills Günther .",
"18": "21 21 `` Crushing Blow : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 5 '' `` Tettsui - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 5 ) - '' ( 鉄槌 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 5 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasushi Muroya Noboru Takagi September 1 , 2013 October 4 , 2014 Erwin tells Hange that it was a mistake to think all Titan Shifters are like Eren , since the Female Titan has unique abilities far beyond that of a novice . Elsewhere , the mole transforms into the Female Titan and chases after Levi 's squad . Armin theorizes that the mole is someone who had seen Eren transform during the invasion of the Trost District . Eren wants to transform into the Mysterious Titan , but the squad tells him to trust in their skills and keep moving forward . Eld , Oruo and Petra manage to blind the Female Titan and attempt to cut off her arms . However , the Female Titan quickly regenerates her right eye and kills the three . Seeing his comrades dead , a grieving Eren transforms into the Mysterious Titan . Believing his comrades and squad 's death could have been avoided if he had transformed in the first place , Eren fights the Female Titan in a long battle . The Female Titan finally defeats Eren by taking off his head and swallowing his human body . Mikasa attempts to stop the Female Titan , but to no avail . She is later joined by Levi , who tells her to keep their distance , as the Female Titan is getting tired .",
"19": "22 22 `` Defeated : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 6 '' `` Haisha - tachi - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 6 ) - '' ( 敗者 達 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 6 ― ) Makoto Bessho Shinpei Ezaki Noboru Takagi September 8 , 2013 October 11 , 2014 While Mikasa distracts the Female Titan in order to get Eren back , Levi debilitates the Female Titan at high speeds , but Levi injures his leg when saving Mikasa from leaving herself vulnerable . Mikasa then goes with Levi , who retrieves Eren from inside the mouth of the Female Titan , leaving it badly wounded and slumped against a tree . The Scout Regiment retrieve the corpses of their fallen comrades , with Erwin ordering that the lost corpses be reported missing in action . One their way back into town , the Scouts are chased two Titans , one of which are killed by Mikasa . They outrun the other Titan after Levi reluctantly orders to dispose some of the corpses in order to lighten the wagon 's load . Later , Eren wakes up from a dream of his past and finds himself and the Scout Regiment back at town safely behind Wall Sina . The townspeople not only berate the Scout Regiment 's ineptitude , but also become enraged and upset at Erwin over the failure of the mission and the casualties that were sustained . As a result of the failed expedition , Erwin and his subordinates are summoned to the capital , where the final decision of Eren 's custody will be made . 23 23 `` Smile : Assault on Stohess , Part 1 '' `` Hohoemi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 1 ) - '' ( 微笑み ― ストヘス 区 急襲 1 ― ) Hirokazu Yamada Hiroshi Seko September 15 , 2013 October 18 , 2014 Annie has a dream of being trained by her father before waking up . In the Stohess District , the Military Police Regiment are ordered to escort the Scout Regiment convoy once they enter the capital .",
"20": "Annie 's colleagues Hitch Dreyse and Marlo Sand joined the Military Police Regiment for opposite reasons , one for its current corruption and the other its possible reformation . After the convoy has entered the Stohess District , Annie is secretly called by Armin in the alleyways . Armin begs for her help , as he is helping Eren escape the capital , and the one riding in the convoy is actually Jean in disguise . Although declining at first , she finally agrees when Armin believes that she is a good person . Armin leads Eren , Mikasa and Annie to an underground tunnel , but Annie refuses to enter . Armin finally reveals his suspicion that Annie is the Female Titan , noting that she used Marco 's omni - directional mobility gear to kill Sawney and Beane and that the Female Titan did not kill him during the 57th Expedition . After Eren and Armin beg Annie to prove them wrong by following them , she laughs and soon transforms using the spike in her ring . 24 24 `` Mercy : Assault on Stohess , Part 2 '' `` Jihi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 2 ) - '' ( 慈悲 ― ストヘス 区 急襲 2 ― ) Akitoshi Yokoyama Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi September 22 , 2013 October 25 , 2014 A few days before Eren is escorted to the capital , Erwin and Armin told him about a plan to capture Annie , the person shockingly believed to be the Female Titan . Back in the present , Eren , Mikasa and Armin manage to escape a tunnel collapse while being hunted by Annie as the Female Titan . Eren tries to transform but is unable to , and Mikasa suspects that his feelings for Annie are preventing him to do so . When Eren is trapped in another tunnel collapse , Mikasa and Armin distract Annie away from Eren . Meanwhile , Commander Nile Dawk of the Military Police Regiment demands an explanation from Erwin on what is happening as his men hold him at gunpoint . Mikasa and the rest of the Scout Regiment distract and try to capture Annie , while Armin and Jean attempt to free Eren from the rubble .",
"21": "Armin tells Eren that he has to fight Annie as anyone who refuses to sacrifice can never change anything . As Eren thinks about what Armin said , he remembers his hatred for the Smiling Titan who killed his mother . Eren finally transforms into the Mysterious Titan and charges at Annie in a rage , smashing into a cathedral . 25 25 `` Wall : Assault on Stohess , Part 3 '' `` Kabe - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 3 ) - '' ( 壁 ― ストヘス 区 急襲 3 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Shintaro Itoga Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi September 29 , 2013 November 1 , 2014 Inside the cathedral , a group of worshipers are crushed to their deaths , leaving the surviving priest awestruck . Eren and Annie fight each other in their Titan forms throughout the Stohess District , causing destruction and civilian deaths . Erwin , who accepts responsibility for the damage his plan has caused , is arrested by Nile , who orders the Military Police Regument to help evacuate the civilians . After exchanging several blows , Annie is overpowered by Eren and attempts to escape by climbing up Wall Sina , but Mikasa cuts off Annie 's fingers and sends her falling . Eren prepares to eat Annie , but he stops when she starts to cry . Her body starts encasing itself in crystal before he recuperates in human form . Erwin attends a government inquiry to clear his name , explaining that he kept his plans secret to prevent leaks , despite the casualties during his plans . His new plan is to find Titan Shifters and use them to launch a counterattack against the Titans . Eren stays with the Scout Regiment , and Annie is put under the custody of the Scout Regiment . In the epilogue , a piece of Wall Sina crumbles , revealing the face of a Titan within the wall . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No.",
"22": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate 26 `` Beast Titan '' `` Kemono no Kyojin '' ( 獣 の 巨人 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi April 1 , 2017 April 22 , 2017 Hange Zoë and her team discover the Wall Titan sealed inside the wall . Pastor Nick of the Wall Cult arrives and urges the team to cover it from sunlight with sheets . However , Pastor Nick refuses to tell Hange why it is there , even after she threatens to kill him , leading Hange to suspect that there are more Wall Titans hidden within the walls . Meanwhile , Erwin Smith is informed that Wall Rose was breached and Titans are roaming inside . Twelve hours earlier , the rest of the 104th Cadets are stationed at an outpost when Titans are seen advancing from the south . Miche Zacharius orders the soldiers and cadets to spread out and inform the nearby villages and the capital about the Titans while he stays behind to delay them . Miche buys enough time and prepares to escape , but is captured by a Beast Titan , which is apelike in appearance and capable of speaking . Miche hesitates to respond when the Beast Titan inquires him about his omni - directional mobility gear , so the Beast Titan strips Miche of his omni - directional mobility gear and leaves him to be eaten by the other Titans . 27 `` I 'm Home '' `` Tadaima '' ( ただいま ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi April 8 , 2017 April 29 , 2017 Armin Arlelt and Hange each deduce that the Wall Titans sealed within the walls provide its strength . The Scout Regiment depart from the Stohess District to deal with the Titans that appeared inside Wall Rose , and Hange takes Pastor Nick along , intending to gain more information from him . Meanwhile , Sasha Braus rushes to Dauper in order to warn her father and the villagers . She arrives to find the entire village deserted except for a woman being eaten by a Titan , and her daughter nearby in a state of shock . Sasha takes the girl and flees , but they are chased by the Titan .",
"23": "Deciding to stay and fight while urging the girl to run away , Sasha succeeds in blinding the Titan with her arrows just as a group of villagers , including her father and the girl , return to pick her up . Meanwhile , Conny Springer and his group arrive at Ragako , only to find that it had already been attacked by Titans . Upon reaching his house , Conny discovers a Titan on its back trapped inside , and he wonders how it was able to travel so far from the walls since its legs seem too feeble to support its body . 28 `` Southwestward '' `` Nansei e '' ( 南西 へ ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko April 15 , 2017 May 6 , 2017 Conny learns from Lynne and Gelgar that his family could still be alive since there are no traces of carnage , but before Conny rejoins his group to find the breach in the wall , he is startled when the Titan in his house faintly speaks and welcomes him back home . Elsewhere , Christa Lenz tells Ymir not to worry about her when the latter asks Nanaba and Henning to allow the two to leave their group . Both groups eventually meet up at nighttime , discovering that no breaches occurred at the walls and deciding to rest up at Castle Utgard . Meanwhile , Eren Jaeger learns from Hange he could learn how to seal the breach in the Shiganshina District , seeing as the crystallized skin from Annie Leonhart as the Female Titan is the same material from the walls . Pastor Nick eventually reveals to Hange that Christa is the key to finding all the answers . Soon after , Sasha arrives and hands Hange a scroll from Erwin , advising Hange and the Scouts to head to Castle Utgard . In the meantime , the Beast Titan leads the other Titans to attack Castle Utgard . This prompts Nanaba , Henning , Lynne and Gelgar to defend the 104th Cadets . 29 `` Soldier '' `` Heishi '' ( 兵士 ) Hitomi Ezoe Hiroshi Seko April 22 , 2017 May 13 , 2017 Two hours before the attack by the Titans at Castle Utgard , the 104th Cadets rest as their seniors keep watch .",
"24": "Conny mentions that the Titan he encountered at Ragako resembled his mother , but Ymir plays it off . Reiner Braun becomes suspicious when Ymir is able to read the unknown language on a food can labeled herring . The Titans soon appear , and the senior soldiers hold them off from the outside while the 104th Cadets defend themselves against smaller Titans that have breached the castle . In the process , Reiner has his arm badly injured after it is bitten by a Titan . After clearing the area of Titans , the Beast Titan throws chunks of Wall Rose at the castle , killing the group 's horses . A second wave of Titans subsequently attack the castle , and the senior soldiers are soon overwhelmed and killed . As the Titans surround the tower which the unarmed 104th Cadets are on , Ymir jumps off the tower and transforms into a Titan in order to honor a promise that she made with Christa . 30 5 `` Historia '' `` Hisutoria '' ( ヒストリア ) Tetsuya Wakano Yasuko Kobayashi April 29 , 2017 May 20 , 2017 In the past , Christa and Ymir became lost in a blizzard during their winter training in the mountains as cadets , while trying to save fellow cadet Daz . Ymir accused Christa of having a death wish rather than saving Daz for selfless reasons . She was also aware that Christa is an unwanted illegitimate daughter of a nobleman 's mistress who was forced by the Wall Cult to change her name and join the army . Ymir then made Christa promise that she must live her own life if she ever reveals her true name . Back in the present , Ymir transforms into the Dancing Titan and fights off the other Titans . Christa tells Ymir to destroy the tower in order to crush the Titans . As the tower begins to collapse , Ymir orders Christa and the others to grab on to her . Despite this effort , the Titans overwhelm Ymir , but Hange and the other Scouts arrive on time to save the 104th Cadets . With the battle over , Christa attends a gravely injured Ymir as the rest of the 104th Cadets learn that Ymir is a Titan Shifter .",
"25": "Just before Ymir loses consciousness , Christa reveals that her real name is Historia Reiss . 31 6 `` Warrior '' `` Senshi '' ( 戦士 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko May 6 , 2017 June 3 , 2017 The Scouts prepare to take the comatose Ymir to the Trost District for medical attention . Later , Hannes comes with his vanguard and reports that the walls were never breached . Before leaving for the Trost District , Eren learns that Reiner and Bertholdt are the Armored Titan and the Colossal Titan , respectively . Reiner explains that the mission to destroy all of humanity can be avoided if Eren would simply join them . Twelve hours earlier in the Ehrmich District , Hange explained that the scroll received from Sasha contained a background report on Annie , suggesting a connection with Reiner and Bertholdt , as all three are from the same area but otherwise have little information available . The Scouts eventually realized that they may have helped Annie find Eren 's location within the formation during the 57th Expedition . Therefore , Hange ordered the others to keep an eye on Reiner and Bertholdt without raising undue suspicion . Back in the present , Reiner and Bertholdt both shift into their Titan forms , despite a quick intervention by Mikasa Ackermann . The Armored Titan grabs Eren and slides down the wall as the Colossal Titan grabs Ymir . Feeling betrayed , Eren shifts into the Mysterious Titan and begins to fight the Armored Titan . 32 7 `` Close Combat ( Strike ・ Throw ・ Submit ) '' `` Da - Tō - Kyoku '' ( 打 ・ 投 ・ 極 ) Takayuki Hirao Hiroshi Seko May 13 , 2017 June 10 , 2017 As Eren and the Armored Titan engage in battle , the Colossal Titan consumes Ymir and another Scout . Hange and the other Scouts move in for an attack , but the Colossal Titan releases an enormous amount of steam , wounding several Scouts and preventing further attacks . The Armored Titan gains the upper hand in his fight against Eren , and the situation seems desperate even with assistance from Mikasa .",
"26": "However , Eren uses hand - to - hand combat techniques that he learned from Annie during their recruit training , enabling him to give serious damage to the Armored Titan . Eren obliges when Armin implores him to fall back to the wall for his own safety . As the Armored Titan charges Eren once more , Eren utilizes grappling techniques advised by Hange in order to overcome his strength disadvantage and regain the upper hand . Eren is nearly successful at beheading the Armored Titan and extracting Reiner from within , only to be foiled when the Armored Titan roars for assistance . The Colossal Titan begins to deteriorate and plummets towards Eren and the Armored Titan . 33 8 `` The Hunters '' `` Oumono '' ( 迫 う 者 ) Yūmi Kawai Yasuko Kobayashi May 20 , 2017 June 17 , 2017 The Colossal Titan hits the ground , releasing a massive amount of steam . The Armored Titan frees itself from being grasped and extracts Eren from the Mysterious Titan , while Bertholdt carries the still unconscious Ymir and uses stolen omni - directional mobility gear to leave with the Armored Titan . Five hours later in the Trost District , the military divisions are informed about the recent battle that took place . Back at the walls , an unconscious Mikasa has a dream about the past , wherein she tried to protect Eren from the neighborhood delinquents , but she is distraught to find him gone when she awakes . Armin tells Mikasa that Eren and Ymir were captured , but nothing can be done in their current state . Hannes reminds Mikasa and Armin that Eren has a steadfast resolve . As Erwin soon arrives with reinforcements , Hange posits that Reiner and Bertholdt may seek the Forest of Giant Trees nearby to safely rest until nightfall , assuming that their goal is to relocate outside of Wall Maria . Eren and Ymir are shown waking in the forest as their bodies begin to regenerate their limbs , while Reiner and Bertholdt watch over them . The Scouts depart from Wall Rose to mount a rescue operation .",
"27": "34 9 `` Opening '' `` Kaikō '' ( 開口 ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi May 27 , 2017 June 24 , 2017 As Erwin leads the expedition away from Wall Rose , Hange requests a horseback ride to Ragako to see the immobilized Titan , but Moblit decides to go in her stead since she is badly injured . Meanwhile , in the Forest of Giant Trees , as Eren and Ymir continue to regenerate their limbs , Ymir points out that not only are they are surrounded by Titans , but also Reiner and Bertholdt stole their omni - directional mobility gear . Reiner and Bertholdt plan to take Eren and Ymir to their hometown , but are waiting until nightfall when the surrounding Titans can not move . Eren is reminded by Ymir that they are in no position to fight or flee until they regenerate . Reiner begins to ramble about his duty as a soldier and as a warrior , which Ymir deduces that there is confusion between his undercover and real personas . Ymir is highly concerned about the Beast Titan , who caused the recent Titan invasion and may be their real enemy . Reiner then uses Ymir 's concern for Christa 's safety as leverage to drive a wedge between Eren and Ymir . The discussion is interrupted by the sound of flare guns , signalling the arrival of the Scouts . 35 10 `` Children '' `` Kodomotachi '' ( 子供 達 ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko June 3 , 2017 July 8 , 2017 Moblit arrives at Ragako and recognizes the disabled Titan as Conny 's mother after seeing a portrait of Conny 's parents . At the Forest of Giant Trees , after Eren is restrained , Ymir says that Reiner and Bertholdt must take Christa with them . In a flashback , Ymir was worshiped by a cult as a child under supposed royalty . The cult was later apprehended and punished by soldiers , in which Ymir was injected with something and thrown off a wall , resulting in her transforming into the Dancing Titan .",
"28": "Ymir spent the next sixty years as a Titan , and she ate Marcel , a childhood friend of Reiner , Bertholdt and Annie , before returning to human form . She realized that her freedom of accepting her true identity was why she developed such empathy with Christa . In the present , Ymir convinces Reiner and Bertholdt to allow her to transform into the Dancing Titan and take Christa with them . When the Scouts enter the forest , Ymir finds and swallows Christa before rejoining Reiner and Bertholdt . Reiner transforms as the Armored Titan , while Bertholdt , Eren and Ymir climb on its shoulders , as they flee at the edge of the forest with the Scouts in hot pursuit . 36 11 `` Charge '' `` Totsugeki '' ( 突撃 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuhiro Akamatsu Hiroshi Seko June 10 , 2017 July 15 , 2017 As the Armored Titan flees , Ymir regurgitates Christa and exits her Titan form in order to explain her seemingly selfish actions to Christa . The Scouts close in on the Armored Titan , but Mikasa is foiled when the Armored Titan blocks her from attacking Bertholdt and saving Eren . The other 104th Cadets arrive to reason with Bertholdt , but he professes that there is no turning back from their mission , despite being their comrade . Erwin uses himself as bait to lure a group of Titans charging towards the Scouts chasing the Armored Titan , and the Scouts are ordered to scatter their formation and charge at the Titans . The Armored Titan is consequently attacked by the Titans , forcing it to defend itself and release Eren and Bertholdt . Armin , Erwin and Mikasa work together to distract Bertholdt , cut Eren free and rescue Eren . Conny and Sasha retrieve Christa and explain that Ymir is lying about her recent actions . The Scouts are hampered from retreating when the Armored Titan throws Titans at them , knocking Eren and Mikasa off their horse . Eren and Mikasa then come face - to - face with the Smiling Titan , the same one that ate Carla Jaeger .",
"29": "37 12 `` Scream '' `` Sakebi '' ( 叫び ) Satonobu Kikuchi Takayuki Hirao Tetsurō Araki Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi June 17 , 2017 July 22 , 2017 The Scouts are at a loss as more Titans thrown by the Armored Titan surround their position . Hannes sacrifices himself protecting Eren and Mikasa from the Smiling Titan . After Eren breaks down from failing to transform , he rekindles his spirit by vowing to protect Mikasa , activating an unknown power within him that causes the surrounding Titans to devour the Smiling Titan . Ymir realizes that Reiner and Bertholdt want Eren because he possesses the Coordinate , the ability to control other Titans . The surviving Scouts escape after Eren causes the Titans to go after the Armored Titan . Ymir decides to leave Christa in order to save the Armored Titan and Bertholdt from the Titans . A week later , Hange and Conny give a report to Erwin , Levi and Dot Pyxis , which reveals that the Titans that appeared within Wall Rose were the citizens of Ragako . Remembering how many died to rescue him , Eren vows to use his new power to help humanity , while Erwin is determined to learn more of the truth behind the Titans . Elsewhere , the Beast Titan looks out from atop Wall Maria , as a mysterious blonde man with glasses emerges from its back uttering the words , `` not just yet '' . Special episodes ( edit ) Ova episodes ( edit ) For the No Regrets OVAs , see Attack on Titan : No Regrets . The following bonus original video animation episodes were released alongside select volumes of the manga . No .",
"30": "Title Original air date 3.5 `` Ilse 's Notebook : Memoirs of a Recon Corps Member '' `` Iruze no Techō - Aru Chōsa Heidan'in no Shuki - '' ( イルゼ の 手帳 ― ある 調査 兵 団員 の 手記 ― ) December 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) In the year 850 , whilst Eren and the others are in training , the Recon Corps go on a mission , with Hange deciding to pursue a Titan spotted in the forest in the hopes she can capture it . Curiously , as Hange gets the Titan to chase after her , it suddenly retreats to the forest . Hange follows it to the center of the forest , where she finds it banging its head against a certain tree . The Titan turns hostile when Hange gets close to it , but Levi and the others arrive and kill it , much to Hange 's dismay . Upon inspecting the scene , they discover the decapitated body of Ilse Langnar , a soldier from the 34th Recon Corps division , resting inside of the tree , and find a notebook belonging to her lying on the ground . The notebook details Ilse 's records , as she escaped on foot after her squad was killed by Titans . She eventually became cornered by a Titan , but instead of killing her right away , it started to speak to her in the human language , calling her `` Ymir '' . Ilse attempted to communicate with the Titan , but it inevitably became hostile again and bit off her head , curiously choosing not to devour her body but instead rest it inside the tree . Having read through all of Ilse 's notes , Hange uses the notebook as leverage to convince Erwin to approve of operations to capture Titans alive and study them , before returning Ilse 's belongings to her grief - stricken family .",
"31": "3.25 `` The Sudden Visitor : The Torturous Curse of Youth '' `` Totsuzen no Raihōsha - Sainamareru Seishun no Noroi - '' ( 突然 の 来訪 者 ― 苛ま れる 青春 の 呪い ― ) April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) In the year 849 , Jean returns home after two years in training . After Jean gets into a dispute with Sasha following a training exercise , Commander Pyxis suggests they settle things in a cooking contest . With Armin and Annie joining Jean 's team and Reiner and Conny teaming up with Sasha , the two groups head into the forest in search of a notorious giant boar to use as meat . Sasha 's group come across the boar first and engage it in battle , with Sasha managing to kill it and claim it for her group . Later , after Jean is visited by his mother , shouting at her when he feels she is embarrassing him , he concocts a plan to steal some quality beef from the office so he can beat Sasha , but Armin and Annie refuse to help him . After inevitably giving up on his plan , Jean opens a lunchbox his mother left him containing an omelette , remembering all the times his mother stood by him . The cooking contest soon takes place , with Sasha presenting a prime boar steak whilst Jean presents a humble omelette . Although wowed by the taste of the steak , Pyxis declares Jean the winner as he showed more skill in cooking . Content with his victory , Jean considers paying a visit to his mother . 3.75 `` Distress '' `` Konnan '' ( 困難 ) August 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) In the year 848 , the recruits are split into two groups for a wilderness exercise to learn how to sustain themselves in times of peace . Marco has trouble leading his group due to the arrogance of both Eren and Jean . Meanwhile , Mikasa 's group learns of the presence of a gang of thieves , who managed to steal their omni - directional mobility gear . That night , the thieves ambush Eren 's group , taking Christa hostage along with their equipment .",
"32": "Putting aside their petty squabbles in order to rescue her , the group discover the thieves ' hideout , using each of their talents to come up with a plan to ambush them . After Eren and Jean manage to recover the group 's maneuver equipment and put a stop to the thieves ' wagons , the thieves hold Christa at knifepoint , but she is rescued by the arrival of Mikasa and Annie after Armin had signalled for help . As the thieves are arrested , with no casualties taken , Armin wonders if the thieves ' attack was part of the exercise all along . Bonus shorts ( edit ) Chibi Theater : Fly , Cadets , Fly ! ( ち み キャラ 劇場 と んで け ! 訓練 兵団 , Chimi Kyara Gekijō -- Tondeke ! Kunren Heidan ) is a series of flash animated gag shorts included with the Blu - ray Disc / DVD releases , featuring the characters in chibi form based on designs by Yuupon . No . Title Original air date `` Day 01 / Day 02 '' `` Ichinichime / Futsukame '' ( 01 日 目 / 02 日 目 ) July 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 17 ) Eren has trouble getting to school on time , before he and Armin find themselves in the nurse 's office . `` Day 03 / Day 04 '' `` Mikkame / Yokkame '' ( 03 日 目 / 04 日 目 ) August 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) Eren tries to make a strong impression before his instructor , whilst Jean becomes jealous of Eren 's closeness with Mikasa . `` Day 05 / Day 06 / Day 07 '' `` Itsukame / Muikame / Nanokame '' ( 05 日 目 / 06 日 目 / 07 日 目 ) September 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) Sasha is accused of a crime she did n't commit , whilst Armin finds a rather dubious book . Later , Eren and Mikasa try to learn about the Titan 's weakness .",
"33": "`` Day 08 / Day 09 / Day 10 '' `` Yōkame / Kokonokame / Tōkame '' ( 8 日 目 / 9 日 目 / 10 日 目 ) October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) Eren accidentally stumbles into the classroom as the girls were taking off their clothes , Mikasa competes against Ymir for Eren 's pudding , Christa and Ymir discuss who they should spend the day with . 5 `` Day 11 / Day 12 / Day 13 '' `` Jūichinichime / Jūninichime / Jūsannichime '' ( 11 日 目 / 12 日 目 / 13 日 目 ) November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) Eren attempts to improve his body by following Reiner 's every move , Bertholdt tries to improve his confidence , Mikasa and Annie compete to see who can inflict more pain on Eren . 6 `` Day 14 / Day 15 / Day 16 '' `` Jūyokkame / Jūgonichime / Jūrokunichime '' ( 14 日 目 / 15 日 目 / 16 日 目 ) December 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 18 ) Conny and Sasha attempt to prank Shadis , Eren decides to shave his hair , Armin tutors Eren , Sasha , and Conny when they failed their test . 7 `` Day 17 / Day 18 / Day 19 '' `` Jūshichinichime / Jūhachinichime / Jūkunichime '' ( 17 日 目 / 18 日 目 / 19 日 目 ) January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) Eren struggles to balance himself on the omni - directional mobility gear , Jean gets lost during training , Marco sneaks into the Girl 's Dormitory to return a lost pink bag .",
"34": "8 `` Day 20 / Day 21 / Day 22 '' `` Nijūnichime / Nijūichinichime / Nijūninichime '' ( 20 日 目 / 21 日 目 / 22 日 目 ) February 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 19 ) Franz and Hannah try to help Eren reconcile with Mikasa after an argument , Mikasa tries to act on her feelings with Eren , and Hange tries to communicate with a Titan . 9 `` Day 23 / Day 24 / Day 25 '' `` Nijūsannichime / Nijūyonnichime / Nijūgonichime '' ( 23 日 目 / 24 日 目 / 25 日 目 ) March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) Erwin tries to change his appearance to appeal to cadets , Levi analyzes himself from another 's point of view , and the graduation ceremony of the 104th Cadet Corps takes place . See also ( edit ) Anime and manga portal List of Attack on Titan chapters List of Attack on Titan light novels Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Eren 's surname as Jaeger . Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Mikasa 's surname as Ackermann . Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Armin 's surname as Arlelt . References ( edit ) Sources `` Japanese dates '' . Tokyo MX ( in Japanese ) . `` List of Attack on Titan episode titles '' . Shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2013 . `` Attack of Titan Anime Episodes '' . Funimation . References ^ Jump up to : Ferreira , Mike ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Attack on Titan 's Netflix Debut Hit by Translation Woes '' . Anime Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : 「 進撃 の 巨人 」 製作 委員 会 . `` 放送 情報 '' ( Broadcast Information ) .",
"35": "shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . `` MBS 4 月 6 日 より 毎週 土曜 25 時 58 分 ~ ※ 4 月 13 日 は 26 時 10 分 ~ '' See rest of article for other broadcasting times . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Streams Attack on Titan TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream `` Attack on Titan '' Anime `` . Crunchyroll. April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Plans Attack on Titan on Home Video in 2014 '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan English Dub Premiere at Anime Boston '' . Funimation . February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Funimation ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` FUNimation - Thank you all for your patience ! Attack on ... '' Facebook . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan to Run on Adult Swim 's Toonami Block '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Opening CD Sells 129,000 in 1st Week '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 2nd Season 's New Visual , Linked Horizon Song Revealed '' . Anime News Network . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toonami Premieres Attack on Titan Season 2 on April 22 '' . Anime News Network . April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 .",
"36": "Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll Streams Attack on Titan Season 2 Anime ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV アニメ 「 進撃 の 巨人 」 Season 3 '' . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 作品 情報 ( シリーズ ) -- 進撃 の 巨人 attack on titan '' ( Work information ( series ) -- Attack on Titan ) . Media Arts Database ( in Japanese ) . Japan : Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` July 5th Line Up - Space Dandy Season 2 Premiere ! '' . Toonami Tumblr . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Know When to Watch - Schedule - Adult Swim '' . AdultSwim.com . Turner Broadcasting System . August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Season2 ( Attack on Titan Season 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Mainichi Broadcasting System . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga 's 2nd Anime DVD Bundle Listed '' . Anime News Network . November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 .",
"37": "External links ( edit ) Attack on Titan on Funimation Attack on Titan on Crunchyroll ( hide ) Attack on Titan by Hajime Isayama Media Chapters Episodes Before the Fall Junior High Lost Girls No Regrets Spoof on Titan Harsh Mistress of the City Films Live - action film Video games Humanity in Chains Attack on Titan Related Characters Eren Yeager `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' by Linked Horizon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Attack_on_Titan_episodes&oldid=821546319 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Attack on Titan Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Use mdy dates from June 2014 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 04 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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in the dynastic cycle what is the right to rule called
|
[
"Mandate of Heaven",
"Mandate of Heaven",
"Mandate of Heaven",
"the Mandate of Heaven"
] |
{
"0": "Dynastic cycle - wikipedia Dynastic cycle Jump to : navigation , search Dynastic cycle ( traditional Chinese : 朝代 循環 ; simplified Chinese : 朝代 循环 ; pinyin : Cháodài Xúnhuán ) is an important political theory in Chinese history . According to this theory , each dynasty rises to a political , cultural , and economic peak and then , because of moral corruption , declines , loses the Mandate of Heaven , and falls , only to be replaced by a new dynasty . The cycle then repeats under a surface pattern of repetitive motifs . It sees a continuity in Chinese history from early times to the present by looking at the succession of empires or dynasties , implying that there is little basic development or change in social or economic structures . John K. Fairbank expressed the doubts of many historians when he wrote that `` the concept of the dynastic cycle ... has been a major block to the understanding of the fundamental dynamics of Chinese history . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 The cycle 2 Significance 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Citations 4.2 Sources 5 External links The cycle ( edit ) The cycle appears as follows : A new ruler unites China , founds a new dynasty , and gains the Mandate of Heaven . China , under the new dynasty , achieves prosperity . The population increases . Corruption becomes rampant in the imperial court , and the empire begins to enter decline and instability . A natural disaster wipes out farm land . The disaster normally would not have been a problem ; however , together with the Corruption and overpopulation , it causes famine . The famine causes the population to rebel and a civil war ensues . The ruler loses the Mandate of Heaven . The population decreases because of the violence . China goes through a warring states period . One state emerges victorious . The state starts a new empire . The empire gains the Mandate of Heaven . ( The cycle repeats itself . ) The Mandate of Heaven was the idea that the Emperor was favored by Heaven to rule over China . The Mandate of Heaven explanation was championed by the Chinese philosopher Mencius during the Warring States period . It has 3 main phases : The first is the beginning of the dynasty .",
"1": "The second is at the middle of the dynasty 's life and is the peak of the dynasty . The last period is the decline of the dynasty , both politically and economically , until it finally collapses . Significance ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chinese history is traditionally represented in terms of dynastic cycles . Through its long history , the Chinese have been ruled not by one dynasty , but by a succession of different dynasties . The first dynasty in China to be described in ancient historical records such as Records of the Grand Historian and Bamboo Annals is the Xia , which was succeeded by the Shang , although concrete existence of the Xia is yet to be archaeologically proven . Among these dynasties the Han and Tang are often considered as particularly strong periods , although other dynasties are famous for cultural and other achievements ( for instance , the Song dynasty is sometimes associated with rapid economic development ) . Han and Tang , as well as other long , stable dynasties were followed by periods of disorder and the break - up of China into small regimes . Out of disorder a leader eventually arose who unified the country and imposed strong central authority . For example , after the Han various dynasties ruled parts of China until Yang Jian reunited the country and established the Sui dynasty . The Sui set the scene for the long and prosperous Tang . After the fall of Tang , China again saw a period of political upheaval . There is a famous Chinese proverb expressed in the 16th century novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms that says `` After a long split , a union will occur ; after a long union , a split will occur '' ( 分久必合 , 合 久 必 分 ) . Each of these rulers would claim the Mandate of Heaven to legitimize their rule . Although this well - known dynastic periodization of China is more or less based on traditional Sinocentric ideology , it also applies to non-native rulers who sought to gain the Mandate of Heaven .",
"2": "While most ruling dynasties in Chinese history were founded by native Chinese , there were also non-native or Conquest Dynasties established by non-Han Chinese people beyond the traditional border of central part of China dominated by Han Chinese people ( also known as China proper ) . These include the Yuan founded by Mongols and the Qing founded by Manchus , who later conquered the central part of China and assumed the title of Emperor of China . See also ( edit ) History of China Mandate of Heaven Social cycle theory Kyklos Sexagenary cycle Dialectic Cliodynamics Asabiyyah Strauss -- Howe generational theory References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Edwin O. Reischauer , `` The Dynastic Cycle , '' in John Meskill , The Pattern of Chinese History , ( Boston : D.C. Heath and Company , 1965 ) , pp. 31 - 33 . Jump up ^ `` Dynastic cycle , '' in Dillon , Michael ( 1998 ) . China : A Historical and Cultural Dictionary . Richmond , Surrey : Curzon . ISBN 0700704396 . , p. 87 Jump up ^ John K. Fairbank and Edwin O. Reischauer , East Asia : The GreatTradition ( Boston , 1960 ) , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Fairbank ( 1979 ) , p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : Ching , Frank . Ancestors : 900 Years in the Life of a Chinese Family . New York : William Morrow and Company , 1974 . p 78 . ^ Jump up to : Wills , John E. Mountain of Fame : Portraits in Chinese History . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1994 - p. 35 Sources ( edit ) Ching , Frank . Ancestors : 900 Years in the Life of a Chinese Family . New York : William Morrow and Company , 1974 . Wills , John E. Mountain of Fame : Portraits in Chinese History . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1994 Ch 4 , `` Alien Rule and Dynastic Cycles '' , Fairbank , John King ( 1979 ) . The United States and China .",
"3": "Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674924355 . , pp. 80 -- 104 . External links ( edit ) Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dynastic_cycle&oldid=820421764 '' Categories : History of Imperial China Theories of history Hidden categories : Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 January 2018 , at 17 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who sings i don't want to be lonely
|
[
"Ronnie Dyson"
] |
{
"0": "Just Do n't Want to Be Lonely - wikipedia Just Do n't Want to Be Lonely Jump to : navigation , search `` Just Do n't Want to Be Lonely '' Single by Ronnie Dyson from the album One Man Band B - side `` Point of No Return '' Released August 1973 Format 7 '' Genre Rhythm and blues , soul Length 3 : 11 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bobby Eli , John Freeman , Vinnie Barrett Producer ( s ) Thom Bell , Stan Vincent , Billy Jackson Ronnie Dyson singles chronology `` One Man Band ( Plays All Alone ) '' ( 1973 ) `` Just Do n't Want to Be Lonely '' ( 1973 ) `` We Can Make It Last Forever '' ( 1974 ) `` One Man Band ( Plays All Alone ) '' ( 1973 ) `` Just Do n't Want to Be Lonely '' ( 1973 ) `` We Can Make It Last Forever '' ( 1974 ) `` Just Do n't Want to Be Lonely '' Single by The Main Ingredient from the album Euphrates River B - side `` Goodbye My Love '' Released January 1974 Genre R&B Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Bobby Eli John Freeman Vinnie Barrett `` Just Do n't Want to Be Lonely '' is a song written by Bobby Eli , John Freeman and Vinnie Barrett , originally recorded in 1973 by Ronnie Dyson and popularized internationally by The Main Ingredient . Dyson 's version reached No. 60 in the US Pop chart , No. 30 Adult Contemporary , and No. 29 in the US R&B chart . Its flipside was `` Point of No Return , '' a song written by Tom Bell & Linda Creed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart history 2 The Main Ingredient cover 2.1 Chart history 2.1. 1 Weekly charts 2.1.",
"1": "2 Year - end charts 3 Other cover versions 4 References Chart history ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 60 US Billboard Easy Listening 30 US Billboard Soul Singles 29 US Cash Box Top 100 70 The Main Ingredient cover ( edit ) The Main Ingredient 's version of the song released in 1974 on RCA Victor and reached No. 10 in the US , No. 8 in US R&B and No. 42 in US AC . It reached number seven in Canada . The recording was arranged by Bert de Coteaux . It became a gold record . Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Top Singles 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) 20 UK ( OCC ) 27 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Billboard Easy Listening 42 US Billboard Soul Singles 8 US Cash Box Top 100 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Canada 111 US Billboard Hot 100 36 US Cash Box 55 Other cover versions ( edit ) Freddie McGregor recorded the song in a reggae version and released in 1987 . Consisted of Robbie Lyn on keyboards , synthesizer and drum programming and Dean Frazer on saxophone . Engineered by Errol Thompson and produced by Donovan Germain . McGregor 's version reached # 9 in the UK . In 1996 , Filipino singer Regine Velasquez covered the song for her album Retro . Other artists who covered this song include Horace Andy , The Blues Busters , Little John , Marcia Griffiths , Sanchez and Blue Magic . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ronnie Dyson - Just Do n't Want to Be Lonely '' . Discogs . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronnie Dyson US albums chart history '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 01 .",
"2": "Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` The Main Ingredient - Just Do n't Want to Be Lonely '' . Discogs . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Top Singles - Volume 21 , No. 13 , May 18 1974 Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Just Do n't Want to be Lonely '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Official Charts , 29 June 1974 Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , May 11 , 1974 Jump up ^ Bac-lac.gc.ca Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 28 , 1974 Jump up ^ UK Official Charts , 20 June 1987 Jump up ^ `` Marcia Griffiths - I Just Do n't Want to Be Lonely '' . www.allmusic.com . Allmusic . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ( hide ) Ronnie Dyson Studio albums One Man Band The More You Do It Singles `` ( If You Let Me Make Love to You Then ) Why Ca n't I Touch You ? ''",
"3": "`` Just Do n't Want to Be Lonely '' `` All Over Your Face '' Cover Songs `` A Song for You '' `` Girl Do n't Come '' `` Jive Talkin ' '' `` Love Wo n't Let Me Wait '' `` Something '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Don%27t_Want_to_Be_Lonely&oldid=817917692 '' Categories : 1973 songs 1973 singles Songs written by Vinnie Barrett Songs written by Bobby Eli Ronnie Dyson songs The Main Ingredient ( band ) songs Blue Magic ( band ) songs Columbia Records singles RCA Victor singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 09 : 06 . About Wikipedia",
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who was the successful commanding general of the northern forces in the civil war
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"George B. McClellan"
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{
"0": "George B. McClellan - wikipedia George B. McClellan Jump to : navigation , search For other people with the same name , see George McClellan ( disambiguation ) . George B. McClellan 1861 photograph by Mathew Brady 24th Governor of New Jersey In office January 15 , 1878 -- January 18 , 1881 Preceded by Joseph D. Bedle Succeeded by George C. Ludlow 4th Commanding General of the United States Army In office November 1 , 1861 -- March 11 , 1862 Preceded by Winfield Scott Succeeded by Henry Halleck Personal details George Brinton McClellan ( 1826 - 12 - 03 ) December 3 , 1826 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania October 29 , 1885 ( 1885 - 10 - 29 ) ( aged 58 ) Orange , New Jersey Political party Democratic Spouse ( s ) Mary Ellen Marcy ( `` Nelly '' ) McClellan Parents George McClellan Mary ( Brinton ) McClellan Alma mater United States Military Academy , West Point , New York Profession Soldier ( General ) Politician Signature Military service Nickname ( s ) Little Mac The Young Napoleon Allegiance United States Union Service / branch United States Army Union Army Years of service 1846 -- 1857 1861 -- 1864 Rank Major General Commands Department of the Ohio Army of the Potomac Battles / wars Mexican -- American War ( 1846 - 1848 ) American Civil War ( 1861 - 1865 ) Battle of Rich Mountain Peninsula Campaign Seven Days Battles Maryland Campaign Battle of South Mountain Battle of Antietam A portion of the Julian Scott portrait of McClellan in the National Portrait Gallery in Washington , D.C. George Brinton McClellan ( December 3 , 1826 -- October 29 , 1885 ) was an American soldier , civil engineer , railroad executive , and politician .",
"1": "A graduate of West Point , McClellan served with distinction during the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 - 1848 ) , and later left the Army to work in railroads until the outbreak of the American Civil War ( 1861 - 1865 ) . Early in the war , McClellan was appointed to the rank of major general and played an important role in raising a well - trained and organized army , which would become the Army of the Potomac in the Eastern Theater ; he served a brief period ( November 1861 to March 1862 ) as general - in - chief of the United States Army / Union Army . Although McClellan was meticulous in his planning and preparations , these very characteristics hampered his ability to challenge aggressive opponents in a fast - moving battlefield environment . He chronically overestimated the strength of enemy units and was reluctant to apply principles of mass , frequently leaving large portions of his army unengaged at decisive points . McClellan organized and led the Union army in the Peninsula Campaign in southeastern Virginia from March through July 1862 . It was the first large - scale offensive in the Eastern Theater . Making an amphibious clockwise turning movement around the Confederate States Army in northern Virginia , McClellan 's forces turned west to move up the Virginia Peninsula , between the James and York Rivers landing from the Chesapeake Bay , with the Confederate capital , Richmond , as their objective . Initially , McClellan was somewhat successful against the equally cautious General Joseph E. Johnston , but the military emergence of General Robert E. Lee to command the Army of Northern Virginia turned the subsequent Seven Days Battles into a partial Union defeat . General McClellan failed to maintain the trust of 16th President Abraham Lincoln . He did not trust his commander - in - chief and was privately derisive of him . He was removed from command in November after failing to decisively pursue Lee 's Army following the tactically inconclusive but strategic Union victory at the Battle of Antietam outside Sharpsburg , Maryland and never received another field command . McClellan went on to become the unsuccessful Democratic Party nominee in the 1864 presidential election against Lincoln 's reelection . The effectiveness of his campaign was damaged when he repudiated his party 's platform , which promised an end to the war and negotiations with the southern Confederacy .",
"2": "He served as the 24th Governor of New Jersey from 1878 to 1881 . He eventually became a writer , and vigorously defended his Civil War conduct . Most modern authorities have assessed McClellan as a poor battlefield general . Some historians view him as a highly capable commander whose reputation suffered unfairly at the hands of pro-Lincoln partisans who made him a scapegoat for the Union 's military setbacks . After the war , subsequent commanding general and 18th President Ulysses S. Grant was asked for his opinion of McClellan as a general ; he replied , `` McClellan is to me one of the mysteries of the war . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 1.1 Mexican -- American War 1.2 Peacetime service 1.3 Civilian pursuits 2 Civil War 2.1 Ohio and strategy 2.2 Western Virginia 2.3 Building an army 2.4 General - in - chief 2.5 Peninsula Campaign 2.6 Maryland Campaign 2.6. 1 Battle of South Mountain 2.6. 2 Battle of Antietam 3 The 1864 Presidential election 4 Postbellum years 5 Legacy 6 Electoral history 7 Selected works 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early Life and career ( edit ) George Brinton McClellan was born in Philadelphia , the son of a prominent surgeon , Dr. George McClellan , the founder of Jefferson Medical College . His father 's family was of Ulster Scots heritage . His mother was Elizabeth Sophia Steinmetz Brinton McClellan ( 1800 -- 1889 ) , daughter of a leading Pennsylvania family , a woman noted for her `` considerable grace and refinement '' . The couple had five children : a daughter , Frederica ; then three sons , John , George , and Arthur ; and finally a second daughter , Mary . McClellan was the great - grandson of Revolutionary War general Samuel McClellan , of Woodstock , Connecticut . He attended the University of Pennsylvania in 1840 at age 13 , resigning himself to the study of law .",
"3": "After two years , he changed his goal to military service . With the assistance of his father 's letter to President John Tyler , young George was accepted at the United States Military Academy in 1842 , the academy having waived its normal minimum age of 16 . At West Point , he was an energetic and ambitious cadet , deeply interested in the teachings of Dennis Hart Mahan and the theoretical strategic principles of Antoine - Henri Jomini . His closest friends were aristocratic Southerners such as James Stuart , Dabney Maury , Cadmus Wilcox , and A.P. Hill . These associations gave McClellan what he considered to be an appreciation of the Southern mind and an understanding of the political and military implications of the sectional differences in the United States that led to the Civil War . He graduated in 1846 , second in his class of 59 cadets , losing the top position to Charles Seaforth Stewart only because of poor drawing skills . He was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Mexican -- American War ( edit ) McClellan 's first assignment was with a company of engineers formed at West Point , but he quickly received orders to sail for the Mexican -- American War . He arrived near the mouth of the Rio Grande in October 1846 , well prepared for action with a double - barreled shotgun , two pistols , a saber , a dress sword , and a Bowie knife . He complained that he had arrived too late to take any part in the American victory at Monterrey in September . During a temporary armistice in which the forces of Gen. Zachary Taylor awaited action , McClellan was stricken with dysentery and malaria , which kept him in the hospital for nearly a month . The malaria would recur in later years -- he called it his `` Mexican disease . '' He served as an engineering officer during the war , was frequently subject to enemy fire , and was appointed a brevet first lieutenant for his services at Contreras and Churubusco and to captain for his service at Chapultepec . He performed reconnaissance missions for Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott , a close friend of McClellan 's father . McClellan 's experiences in the war would shape his military and political life .",
"4": "He learned that flanking movements ( used by Scott at Cerro Gordo ) are often better than frontal assaults , and the value of siege operations ( Veracruz ) . He witnessed Scott 's success in balancing political with military affairs , and his good relations with the civil population as he invaded , enforcing strict discipline on his soldiers to minimize damage to property . McClellan also developed a disdain for volunteer soldiers and officers , particularly politicians who cared nothing for discipline and training . Peacetime service ( edit ) McClellan returned to West Point to command his engineering company , which was attached to the academy for the purpose of training cadets in engineering activities . He chafed at the boredom of peacetime garrison service , although he greatly enjoyed the social life . In June 1851 he was ordered to Fort Delaware , a masonry work under construction on an island in the Delaware River , 40 miles ( 64 km ) downriver from Philadelphia . In March 1852 he was ordered to report to Capt . Randolph B. Marcy at Fort Smith , Arkansas , to serve as second - in - command on an expedition to discover the sources of the Red River . By June the expedition reached the source of the north fork of the river and Marcy named a small tributary McClellan 's Creek . Upon their return to civilization on July 28 , they were astonished to find that they had been given up for dead . A sensational story had reached the press that the expedition had been ambushed by 2,000 Comanches and killed to the last man . McClellan blamed the story on `` a set of scoundrels , who seek to keep up agitation on the frontier in order to get employment from the Govt. in one way or other . '' In the fall of 1852 , McClellan published a manual on bayonet tactics that he had translated from the original French . He also received an assignment to the Department of Texas , with orders to perform a survey of Texas rivers and harbors . In 1853 he participated in the Pacific Railroad surveys , ordered by Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , to select an appropriate route for the planned transcontinental railroad . McClellan surveyed the western portion of the northern corridor along the 47th and 49th parallels from St.",
"5": "Paul to the Puget Sound . In so doing he demonstrated a tendency for insubordination toward senior political figures . Isaac Stevens , governor of the Washington Territory , became dissatisfied with McClellan 's performance in scouting passes across the Cascade Range . McClellan selected Yakima Pass without a thorough reconnaissance and refused the governor 's order to lead a party through it in winter conditions , relying on faulty intelligence about the depth of snow pack in that area . In so doing , he missed three greatly superior passes in the near vicinity , which would be the ones eventually used for railroads and interstate highways . The governor ordered McClellan to turn over his expedition logbooks , but McClellan steadfastly refused , most likely because of embarrassing personal comments that he had made throughout . Returning to the East , McClellan began courting his future wife , Mary Ellen Marcy ( 1836 -- 1915 ) , the daughter of his former commander . Ellen , or Nelly , refused McClellan 's first proposal of marriage , one of nine that she received from a variety of suitors , including his West Point friend , A.P. Hill . Ellen accepted Hill 's proposal in 1856 , but her family did not approve and he withdrew . In June 1854 , McClellan was sent on a secret reconnaissance mission to Santo Domingo at the behest of Jefferson Davis . McClellan assessed local defensive capabilities for the secretary . ( The information was not used until 1870 , when President Ulysses S. Grant unsuccessfully attempted to annex the Dominican Republic . ) Davis was beginning to treat McClellan almost as a protégé , and his next assignment was to assess the logistical readiness of various railroads in the United States , once again with an eye toward planning for the transcontinental railroad . In March 1855 , McClellan was promoted to captain and assigned to the 1st U.S. Cavalry regiment . Because of his political connections and his mastery of French , McClellan received the assignment to be an official observer of the European armies in the Crimean War in 1855 . Traveling widely , and interacting with the highest military commands and royal families , McClellan observed the siege of Sevastopol .",
"6": "Upon his return to the United States in 1856 he requested assignment in Philadelphia to prepare his report , which contained a critical analysis of the siege and a lengthy description of the organization of the European armies . He also wrote a manual on cavalry tactics that was based on Russian cavalry regulations . Like other observers , though , McClellan did not appreciate the importance of the emergence of rifled muskets in the Crimean War , and the fundamental changes in warfare tactics it would require . The Army adopted McClellan 's cavalry manual and also his design for a saddle , dubbed the McClellan Saddle , which he claimed to have seen used by Hussars in Prussia and Hungary . It became standard issue for as long as the U.S. horse cavalry existed and is still used for ceremonies . Civilian pursuits ( edit ) George B. McClellan and Mary Ellen Marcy ( Nelly ) McClellan McClellan resigned his commission January 16 , 1857 , and , capitalizing on his experience with railroad assessment , became chief engineer and vice president of the Illinois Central Railroad , and then president of the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad in 1860 . He performed well in both jobs , expanding the Illinois Central toward New Orleans and helping the Ohio and Mississippi recover from the Panic of 1857 . Despite his successes and lucrative salary ( $10,000 per year ) , he was frustrated with civilian employment and continued to study classical military strategy assiduously . During the Utah War against the Mormons , he considered rejoining the Army . He also considered service as a filibuster in support of Benito Juárez in Mexico . Before the outbreak of the Civil War , McClellan became active in politics , supporting the presidential campaign of Democrat Stephen A. Douglas in the 1860 election . He claimed to have defeated an attempt at vote fraud by Republicans by ordering the delay of a train that was carrying men to vote illegally in another county , enabling Douglas to win the county . In October 1859 McClellan was able to resume his courtship of Mary Ellen , and they were married in Calvary Church , New York City , on May 22 , 1860 .",
"7": "Civil War ( edit ) Ohio and strategy ( edit ) At the start of the American Civil War , McClellan 's knowledge of what was called `` big war science '' and his railroad experience suggested he might excel at military logistics . This placed him in great demand as the Union mobilized . The governors of Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York , the three largest states of the Union , actively pursued him to command their states ' militia . Ohio Governor William Dennison was the most persistent , so McClellan was commissioned a major general of volunteers and took command of the Ohio militia on April 23 , 1861 . Unlike some of his fellow Union officers who came from abolitionist families , he was opposed to federal interference with slavery . For this reason , some of his Southern colleagues approached him informally about siding with the Confederacy , but he could not accept the concept of secession . On May 3 McClellan re-entered federal service as commander of the Department of the Ohio , responsible for the defense of the states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , and , later , western Pennsylvania , western Virginia , and Missouri . On May 14 , he was commissioned a major general in the regular army . At age 34 , he outranked everyone in the Army except Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott , the general - in - chief . McClellan 's rapid promotion was partly due to his acquaintance with Salmon P. Chase , Treasury Secretary and former Ohio governor and senator . As McClellan scrambled to process the thousands of men who were volunteering for service and to set up training camps , he also applied his mind to grand strategy . He wrote a letter to Gen. Scott on April 27 , four days after assuming command in Ohio , that presented the first proposal for a strategy for the war . It contained two alternatives , each envisioning a prominent role for himself as commander . The first would use 80,000 men to invade Virginia through the Kanawha Valley toward Richmond . The second would use the same force to drive south instead , crossing the Ohio River into Kentucky and Tennessee . Scott rejected both plans as logistically unfeasible .",
"8": "Although he complimented McClellan and expressed his `` great confidence in your intelligence , zeal , science , and energy '' , he replied by letter that the 80,000 men would be better used on a river - based expedition to control the Mississippi River and split the Confederacy , accompanied by a strong Union blockade of Southern ports . This plan , which would require considerable patience of the Northern public , was derided in newspapers as the Anaconda Plan , but eventually proved to be the outline of the successful prosecution of the war . Relations between the two generals became increasingly strained over the summer and fall . Western Virginia ( edit ) McClellan 's first military operations were to occupy the area of western Virginia that wanted to remain in the Union and subsequently became the state of West Virginia . He had received intelligence reports on May 26 that the critical Baltimore and Ohio Railroad bridges in that portion of the state were being burned . As he quickly implemented plans to invade the region , he triggered his first serious political controversy by proclaiming to the citizens there that his forces had no intentions of interfering with personal property -- including slaves . `` Notwithstanding all that has been said by the traitors to induce you to believe that our advent among you will be signalized by interference with your slaves , understand one thing clearly -- not only will we abstain from all such interference but we will on the contrary with an iron hand , crush any attempted insurrection on their part . '' He quickly realized that he had overstepped his bounds and apologized by letter to President Lincoln . The controversy was not that his proclamation was diametrically opposed to the administration 's policy at the time , but that he was so bold in stepping beyond his strictly military role . His forces moved rapidly into the area through Grafton and were victorious at the tiny skirmish called the Battle of Philippi , arguably the first land conflict of the war . His first personal command in battle was at Rich Mountain , which he also won , but only after displaying a strong sense of caution and a reluctance to commit reserve forces that would be his hallmark for the rest of his career . His subordinate commander , William S. Rosecrans , bitterly complained that his attack was not reinforced as McClellan had agreed . Nevertheless , these two minor victories propelled McClellan to the status of national hero . The New York Herald entitled an article about him `` Gen.",
"9": "McClellan , the Napoleon of the Present War . '' Building an Army ( edit ) Patriotic cover honoring the arrival of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan in Washington , D.C. , on July 26 , 1861 After the defeat of the Union forces at Bull Run on July 21 , 1861 , Lincoln summoned McClellan from western Virginia , where McClellan had given the North the only engagements bearing a semblance of victory . He traveled by special train on the main Pennsylvania line from Wheeling through Pittsburgh , Philadelphia , and Baltimore , and on to Washington , D.C. , and was greeted by enthusiastic crowds that met his train along the way . Carl Sandburg wrote , `` McClellan was the man of the hour , pointed to by events , and chosen by an overwhelming weight of public and private opinion . '' On July 26 , the day he reached the capital , McClellan was appointed commander of the Military Division of the Potomac , the main Union force responsible for the defense of Washington . On August 20 , several military units in Virginia were consolidated into his department and he immediately formed the Army of the Potomac , with himself as its first commander . He reveled in his newly acquired power and influence : I find myself in a new and strange position here -- Presdt , Cabinet , Genl Scott & all deferring to me -- by some strange operation of magic I seem to have become the power of the land ... I almost think that were I to win some small success now I could become Dictator or anything else that might please me -- but nothing of that kind would please me -- therefore I wo n't be Dictator . Admirable self - denial ! -- George B. McClellan , letter to Ellen , July 26 , 1861 General George B. McClellan with staff & dignitaries ( from left to right ) : Gen. George W. Morell , Lt. Col. A.V. Colburn , Gen. McClellan , Lt. Col. N.B.",
"10": "Sweitzer , Prince de Joinville ( son of King Louis Phillippe of France ) , and on the very right -- the prince 's nephew , Count de Paris During the summer and fall , McClellan brought a high degree of organization to his new army , and greatly improved its morale with frequent trips to review and encourage his units . It was a remarkable achievement , in which he came to personify the Army of the Potomac and reaped the adulation of his men . He created defenses for Washington that were almost impregnable , consisting of 48 forts and strong points , with 480 guns manned by 7,200 artillerists . The Army of the Potomac grew in number from 50,000 in July to 168,000 in November , becoming the largest military force the United States had raised until that time . But this was also a time of tension in the high command , as he continued to quarrel frequently with the government and the general - in - chief , Lt. Gen. Scott , on matters of strategy . McClellan rejected the tenets of Scott 's Anaconda Plan , favoring instead an overwhelming grand battle , in the Napoleonic style . He proposed that his army should be expanded to 273,000 men and 600 guns and `` crush the rebels in one campaign . '' He favored a war that would impose little impact on civilian populations and require no emancipation of slaves . McClellan 's antipathy to emancipation added to the pressure on him , as he received bitter criticism from Radical Republicans in the government . He viewed slavery as an institution recognized in the Constitution , and entitled to federal protection wherever it existed ( Lincoln held the same public position until August 1862 ) . McClellan 's writings after the war were typical of many Northerners : `` I confess to a prejudice in favor of my own race , & ca n't learn to like the odor of either Billy goats or niggers . '' But in November 1861 , he wrote to his wife , `` I will , if successful , throw my sword onto the scale to force an improvement in the condition of those poor blacks . ''",
"11": "He later wrote that had it been his place to arrange the terms of peace , he would have insisted on gradual emancipation , guarding the rights of both slaves and masters , as part of any settlement . But he made no secret of his opposition to the radical Republicans . He told Ellen , `` I will not fight for the abolitionists . '' This put him in opposition with officials of the administration who believed he was attempting to implement the policies of the opposition party . The immediate problem with McClellan 's war strategy was that he was convinced the Confederates were ready to attack him with overwhelming numbers . On August 8 , believing that the Confederacy had over 100,000 troops facing him ( in contrast to the 35,000 they had actually deployed at Bull Run a few weeks earlier ) , he declared a state of emergency in the capital . By August 19 , he estimated 150,000 rebel soldiers on his front . McClellan 's subsequent campaigns were strongly influenced by the overblown enemy strength estimates of his secret service chief , detective Allan Pinkerton , but in August 1861 , these estimates were entirely McClellan 's own . The result was a level of extreme caution that sapped the initiative of McClellan 's army and dismayed the government . Historian and biographer Stephen W. Sears observed that McClellan 's actions would have been `` essentially sound '' for a commander who was as outnumbered as McClellan thought he was , but McClellan in fact rarely had less than a two - to - one advantage over the armies that opposed him in 1861 and 1862 . That fall , for example , Confederate forces ranged from 35,000 to 60,000 , whereas the Army of the Potomac in September numbered 122,000 men ; in early December 170,000 ; by year end , 192,000 . The dispute with Scott became increasingly personal . Scott ( as well as many in the War Department ) was outraged that McClellan refused to divulge any details about his strategic planning , or even such basic information as the strengths and dispositions of his units . McClellan claimed he could not trust anyone in the administration to keep his plans secret from the press , and thus the enemy .",
"12": "In the course of a disagreement about defensive forces on the Potomac River , McClellan wrote to his wife on August 10 : `` Genl Scott is the great obstacle -- he will not comprehend the danger & is either a traitor , or an incompetent . I have to fight my way against him . '' Scott became so disillusioned with the young general that he offered his resignation to President Lincoln , who initially refused to accept it . Rumors traveled through the capital that McClellan might resign , or instigate a military coup , if Scott were not removed . Lincoln 's Cabinet met on October 18 and agreed to accept Scott 's resignation for `` reasons of health . '' However , the subsequently formed Army of the Potomac had high morale and was extremely proud of their general , some even referring to McClellan as the saviour of Washington . He prevented the army 's morale from collapsing at least twice , in the aftermath of the First and Second Battles of Bull Run . Many historians argue that he was talented in this aspect . General - in - chief ( edit ) `` Quaker guns '' ( logs used as ruses to imitate cannons ) in former Confederate fortifications at Manassas Junction On November 1 , 1861 , Winfield Scott retired and McClellan became general - in - chief of all the Union armies . The president expressed his concern about the `` vast labor '' involved in the dual role of army commander and general - in - chief , but McClellan responded , `` I can do it all . '' Lincoln , as well as many other leaders and citizens of the northern states , became increasingly impatient with McClellan 's slowness to attack the Confederate forces still massed near Washington . The Union defeat at the minor Battle of Ball 's Bluff near Leesburg in October added to the frustration and indirectly damaged McClellan . In December , the Congress formed a Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War , which became a thorn in the side of many generals throughout the war , accusing them of incompetence and , in some cases , treason . McClellan was called as the first witness on December 23 , but he contracted typhoid fever and could not attend .",
"13": "Instead , his subordinate officers testified , and their candid admissions that they had no knowledge of specific strategies for advancing against the Confederates raised many calls for McClellan 's dismissal . McClellan further damaged his reputation by his insulting insubordination to his commander - in - chief . He privately referred to Lincoln , whom he had known before the war as a lawyer for the Illinois Central , as `` nothing more than a well - meaning baboon '' , a `` gorilla '' , and `` ever unworthy of ... his high position . '' On November 13 , he snubbed the president , who had come to visit McClellan 's house , by making him wait for 30 minutes , only to be told that the general had gone to bed and could not receive him . On January 10 , Lincoln met with top generals ( McClellan did not attend ) and directed them to formulate a plan of attack , expressing his exasperation with General McClellan with the following remark : `` If General McClellan does not want to use the army , I would like to borrow it for a time . '' On January 12 , 1862 , McClellan was summoned to the White House , where the Cabinet demanded to hear his war plans . For the first time , he revealed his intentions to transport the Army of the Potomac by ship to Urbanna , Virginia , on the Rappahannock River , outflanking the Confederate forces near Washington , and proceeding 50 miles ( 80 km ) overland to capture Richmond . He refused to give any specific details of the proposed campaign , even to his friend , newly appointed War Secretary Edwin M. Stanton . On January 27 , Lincoln issued an order that required all of his armies to begin offensive operations by February 22 , Washington 's birthday . On January 31 , he issued a supplementary order for the Army of the Potomac to move overland to attack the Confederates at Manassas Junction and Centreville . McClellan immediately replied with a 22 - page letter objecting in detail to the president 's plan and advocating instead his Urbanna plan , which was the first written instance of the plan 's details being presented to the president .",
"14": "Although Lincoln believed his plan was superior , he was relieved that McClellan finally agreed to begin moving , and reluctantly approved . On March 8 , doubting McClellan 's resolve , Lincoln again interfered with the army commander 's prerogatives . He called a council of war at the White House in which McClellan 's subordinates were asked about their confidence in the Urbanna plan . They expressed their confidence to varying degrees . After the meeting , Lincoln issued another order , naming specific officers as corps commanders to report to McClellan ( who had been reluctant to do so prior to assessing his division commanders ' effectiveness in combat , even though this would have meant his direct supervision of twelve divisions in the field ) . Two more crises would confront McClellan before he could implement his plans . The Confederate forces under General Joseph E. Johnston withdrew from their positions before Washington , assuming new positions south of the Rappahannock , which completely nullified the Urbanna strategy . McClellan revised his plans to have his troops disembark at Fort Monroe , Virginia , and advance up the Virginia Peninsula to Richmond , an operation that would be known as the Peninsula Campaign . Then , however , McClellan came under extreme criticism in the press and Congress when it was learned that Johnston 's forces had not only slipped away unnoticed , but had for months fooled the Union Army with logs painted black to appear as cannons , nicknamed Quaker Guns . Congress 's joint committee visited the abandoned Confederate lines and radical Republicans introduced a resolution demanding the dismissal of McClellan , but it was narrowly defeated by a parliamentary maneuver . The second crisis was the emergence of the Confederate ironclad CSS Virginia , which threw Washington into a panic and made naval support operations on the James River seem problematic . On March 11 , 1862 , Lincoln removed McClellan as general - in - chief , leaving him in command of only the Army of the Potomac , ostensibly so that McClellan would be free to devote all his attention to the move on Richmond . Lincoln 's order was ambiguous as to whether McClellan might be restored following a successful campaign . In fact , the general - in - chief position was left unfilled .",
"15": "Lincoln , Stanton , and a group of officers who formed the `` War Board '' directed the strategic actions of the Union armies that spring . Although McClellan was assuaged by supportive comments Lincoln made to him , in time he saw the change of command very differently , describing it as a part of an intrigue `` to secure the failure of the approaching campaign . '' Peninsula campaign ( edit ) Peninsula Campaign , map of events up to the Battle of Seven Pines Confederate Union Seven Days Battles , June 25 -- July 1 , 1862 McClellan 's army began to sail from Alexandria on March 17 . It was an armada that dwarfed all previous American expeditions , transporting 121,500 men , 44 artillery batteries , 1,150 wagons , over 15,000 horses , and tons of equipment and supplies . An English observer remarked that it was the `` stride of a giant . '' The army 's advance from Fort Monroe up the Virginia Peninsula proved to be slow . McClellan 's plan for a rapid seizure of Yorktown was foiled when he discovered that the Confederates had fortified a line across the Peninsula , causing him to decide on a siege of the city , which required considerable preparation . McClellan continued to believe intelligence reports that credited the Confederates with two or three times the men they actually had . Early in the campaign , Confederate General John B. `` Prince John '' Magruder defended the Peninsula against McClellan 's advance with a vastly smaller force . He created a false impression of many troops behind the lines and of even more troops arriving . He accomplished this by marching small groups of men repeatedly past places where they could be observed at a distance or were just out of sight , accompanied by great noise and fanfare . During this time , General Johnston was able to provide Magruder with reinforcements , but even then there were far fewer troops than McClellan believed were opposite him . After a month of preparation , just before he was to assault the Confederate works at Yorktown , McClellan learned that Johnston had withdrawn up the Peninsula towards Williamsburg . McClellan was thus required to give chase without any benefit of the heavy artillery so carefully amassed in front of Yorktown .",
"16": "The Battle of Williamsburg on May 5 is considered a Union victory -- McClellan 's first -- but the Confederate army was not destroyed and a bulk of their troops were successfully moved past Williamsburg to Richmond 's outer defenses while the battle was waged and for several days thereafter . McClellan had also placed hopes on a simultaneous naval approach to Richmond via the James River . That approach failed following the Union Navy 's defeat at the Battle of Drewry 's Bluff , about 7 miles ( 11 km ) downstream from the Confederate capital , on May 15 . Basing artillery on a strategic bluff high above a bend in the river , and sinking boats to create an impassable series of obstacles in the river itself , the Confederates effectively blocked this potential approach to Richmond . McClellan 's army cautiously inched towards Richmond over the next three weeks , coming to within four miles ( 6 km ) of it . He established a supply base on the Pamunkey River ( a navigable tributary of the York River ) at White House Landing where the Richmond and York River Railroad extending to Richmond crossed , and commandeered the railroad , transporting steam locomotives and rolling stock to the site by barge . On May 31 , as McClellan planned an assault , his army was surprised by a Confederate attack . Johnston saw that the Union army was split in half by the rain - swollen Chickahominy River and hoped to defeat it in detail at Seven Pines and Fair Oaks . McClellan was unable to command the army personally because of a recurrence of malarial fever , but his subordinates were able to repel the attacks . Nevertheless , McClellan received criticism from Washington for not counterattacking , which some believed could have opened the city of Richmond to capture . Johnston was wounded in the battle , and General Robert E. Lee assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia . McClellan spent the next three weeks repositioning his troops and waiting for promised reinforcements , losing valuable time as Lee continued to strengthen Richmond 's defenses . At the end of June , Lee began a series of attacks that became known as the Seven Days Battles . The first major battle , at Mechanicsville , was poorly coordinated by Lee and his subordinates and resulted in heavy casualties for little tactical gain .",
"17": "However the battle had a significant impact on McClellan 's nerve . The surprise appearance of Maj. Gen. Stonewall Jackson 's troops in the battle ( when they had last been reported to be many miles away in the Shenandoah Valley ) convinced McClellan that he was even more outnumbered than he had thought . He reported to Washington that he faced 200,000 Confederates ( the actual number was 85,000 . ) Federal troops under heavy attack at the Battle of Gaines 's Mill , sketched by Alfred R. Waud and published in Harper 's Weekly , July 26 , 1862 As Lee continued his offensive at Gaines 's Mill to the east , McClellan played a passive role , taking no initiative and waiting for events to unfold . He kept two thirds of his army out of action , fooled again by Magruder 's theatrical diversionary tactics . That night , he decided to withdraw his army to a safer base , well below Richmond , on a portion of the James River that was under control of the Union Navy . In doing so , he may have unwittingly saved his army . Lee had assumed that the Union army would withdraw to the east toward its existing supply base and McClellan 's move to the south delayed Lee 's response for at least 24 hours . But McClellan was also tacitly acknowledging that he would no longer be able to invest Richmond , the object of his campaign ; the heavy siege artillery required would be almost impossible to transport without the railroad connections available from his original supply base on the York River . In a telegram to Secretary of War Edwin Stanton , reporting on these events , McClellan blamed the Lincoln administration for his reversals . `` If I save this army now , I tell you plainly I owe no thanks to you or to any other persons in Washington . You have done your best to sacrifice this army . '' Fortunately for McClellan , Lincoln never saw that inflammatory statement ( at least at that time ) because it was censored by the War Department telegrapher .",
"18": "Wounded men after the Battle of Savage 's Station , one of the Seven Days Battles McClellan was also fortunate that the failure of the campaign left his army mostly intact , because he was generally absent from the fighting and neglected to name any second - in - command who might direct his retreat . Military historian Stephen W. Sears wrote , `` When he deserted his army on the Glendale and Malvern Hill battlefields during the Seven Days , he was guilty of dereliction of duty . Had the Army of the Potomac been wrecked on either of these fields ( at Glendale the possibility had been real ) , that charge under the Articles of War would likely have been brought against him . '' In the battle of Glendale , McClellan was five miles ( 8 km ) away behind Malvern Hill , without telegraph communications and too distant to command his army . In the battle of Malvern Hill , he was on a gunboat , the U.S.S. Galena , which at one point was ten miles ( 16 km ) away , down the James River . In both battles , effective command of the army fell to his friend and V Corps commander Brigadier General Fitz John Porter . When the public heard about the Galena , it was yet another great embarrassment , comparable to the Quaker Guns at Manassas . Editorial cartoons published in the course of the 1864 presidential campaign lampooned McClellan for having preferred the safety of a ship while a battle was fought in the distance . McClellan was reunited with his army at Harrison 's Landing on the James . Debates were held as to whether the army should be evacuated or attempt to resume an offensive toward Richmond . McClellan maintained his estrangement from Abraham Lincoln with his repeated call for reinforcements and by writing a lengthy letter in which he proposed strategic and political guidance for the war , continuing his opposition to abolition or seizure of slaves as a tactic . He concluded by implying he should be restored as general - in - chief , but Lincoln responded by naming Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck to the post without consulting , or even informing , McClellan . Lincoln and Stanton also offered command of the Army of the Potomac to Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside , who refused the appointment .",
"19": "Back in Washington , a reorganization of units created the Army of Virginia under Maj. Gen. John Pope , who was directed to advance toward Richmond from the northeast . McClellan resisted calls to reinforce Pope 's army and delayed return of the Army of the Potomac from the Peninsula enough so that the reinforcements arrived while the Northern Virginia Campaign was already underway . He wrote to his wife before the battle , `` Pope will be thrashed ... & be disposed of ( by Lee ) ... Such a villain as he is ought to bring defeat upon any cause that employs him . '' Lee had assessed McClellan 's defensive nature and gambled on removing significant units from the Peninsula to attack Pope , who was beaten decisively at Second Bull Run in August . Maryland campaign ( edit ) McClellan riding through Frederick , Maryland , September 12 , 1862 ( From Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper ) Maryland Campaign , actions September 3 -- 15 , 1862 After the defeat of Pope at Second Bull Run , President Lincoln reluctantly returned to the man who had mended a broken army before . He realized that McClellan was a strong organizer and a skilled trainer of troops , able to recombine the units of Pope 's army with the Army of the Potomac faster than anyone . On September 2 , 1862 , Lincoln named McClellan to command `` the fortifications of Washington , and all the troops for the defense of the capital . '' The appointment was controversial in the Cabinet , a majority of whom signed a petition declaring to the president `` our deliberate opinion that , at this time , it is not safe to entrust to Major General McClellan the command of any Army of the United States . '' The president admitted that it was like `` curing the bite with the hair of the dog . '' But Lincoln told his secretary , John Hay , `` We must use what tools we have . There is no man in the Army who can man these fortifications and lick these troops of ours into shape half as well as he . If he ca n't fight himself , he excels in making others ready to fight . '' Northern fears of a continued offensive by Robert E. Lee were realized when he launched his Maryland Campaign on September 4 , hoping to arouse pro-Southern sympathy in the slave state of Maryland .",
"20": "McClellan 's pursuit began on September 5 . He marched toward Maryland with six of his reorganized corps , about 84,000 men , while leaving two corps behind to defend Washington . McClellan 's reception in Frederick , Maryland , as he marched towards Lee 's army , was described by the correspondent for Harper 's Magazine : The General rode through the town on a trot , and the street was filled six or eight deep with his staff and guard riding on behind him . The General had his head uncovered , and received gracefully the salutations of the people . Old ladies and men wept for joy , and scores of beautiful ladies waved flags from the balconies of houses upon the street , and their joyousness seemed to overcome every other emotion . When the General came to the corner of the principal street the ladies thronged around him . Bouquets , beautiful and fragrant , in great numbers were thrown at him , and the ladies crowded around him with the warmest good wishes , and many of them were entirely overcome with emotion . I have never witnessed such a scene . The General took the gentle hands which were offered to him with many a kind and pleasing remark , and heard and answered the many remarks and compliments with which the people accosted him . It was a scene which no one could forget -- an event of a lifetime . Lee divided his forces into multiple columns , spread apart widely as he moved into Maryland and also maneuvered to capture the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry . This was a risky move for a smaller army , but Lee was counting on his knowledge of McClellan 's temperament . He told one of his generals , `` He is an able general but a very cautious one . His army is in a very demoralized and chaotic condition , and will not be prepared for offensive operations -- or he will not think it so -- for three or four weeks . Before that time I hope to be on the Susquehanna . '' This was not a completely accurate assessment , but McClellan 's army was moving lethargically , averaging only 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) a day . However , McClellan soon received a miraculous break of fortune . Union soldiers accidentally found a copy of Lee 's orders dividing his army , wrapped around a package of cigars in an abandoned camp .",
"21": "They delivered the order to McClellan 's headquarters in Frederick on September 13 . Upon realizing the intelligence value of this discovery , McClellan threw up his arms and exclaimed , `` Now I know what to do ! '' He waved the order at his old Army friend , Brig. Gen. John Gibbon , and said , `` Here is a paper with which if I can not whip Bobbie Lee , I will be willing to go home . '' He telegraphed President Lincoln : `` I have the whole rebel force in front of me , but I am confident , and no time shall be lost . I think Lee has made a gross mistake , and that he will be severely punished for it . I have all the plans of the rebels , and will catch them in their own trap if my men are equal to the emergency ... Will send you trophies . '' Battle of South Mountain ( edit ) Battle of South Mountain Despite this show of bravado , McClellan continued his cautious line . After telegraphing to the president at noon on September 13 , rather than ordering his units to set out for the South Mountain passes immediately , he ordered them to depart the following morning . The 18 hours of delay allowed Lee time to react , because he received intelligence from a Confederate sympathizer that McClellan knew of his plans . ( The delay also doomed the federal garrison at Harpers Ferry because the relief column McClellan sent could not reach them before they surrendered to Stonewall Jackson . ) In the Battle of South Mountain , McClellan 's army was able to punch through the defended passes that separated them from Lee , but also gave Lee enough time to concentrate many of his men at Sharpsburg , Maryland . The Battle of South Mountain presented McClellan with an opportunity for one of the great theatrical moments of his career , as historian Sears describes : The mountain ahead was wreathed in smoke eddies of battle smoke in which the gun flashes shone like brief hot sparks .",
"22": "The opposing battle lines on the heights were marked by heavier layers of smoke , and columns of Federal troops were visible winding their way up the mountainside , each column ... looking like a ' monstrous , crawling , blue - black snake ' ... McClellan posed against this spectacular backdrop , sitting motionless astride his warhorse Dan Webster with his arm extended , pointing Hooker 's passing troops toward the battle . The men cheered him until they were hoarse ... and some broke ranks to swarm around the martial figure and indulge in the ' most extravagant demonstrations ' . The Union army reached Antietam Creek , to the east of Sharpsburg , on the evening of September 15 . A planned attack on September 16 was put off because of early morning fog , allowing Lee to prepare his defenses with an army less than half the size of McClellan 's . Battle of Antietam ( edit ) Overview of the Battle of Antietam Lincoln with McClellan and staff after the Battle of Antietam . Notable figures ( from left ) are 5 . Alexander S. Webb , Chief of Staff , V Corps ; 6 . McClellan ;. 8 . Dr. Jonathan Letterman ; 10 . Lincoln ; 11 . Henry J. Hunt ; 12 . Fitz John Porter ; 15 . Andrew A. Humphreys ; 16 . Capt . George Armstrong Custer The Battle of Antietam on September 17 , 1862 , was the single bloodiest day in American military history . The outnumbered Confederate forces fought desperately and well . Despite significant advantages in manpower , McClellan was unable to concentrate his forces effectively , which meant that Lee was able to shift his defenders to parry each of three Union thrusts , launched separately and sequentially against the Confederate left , center , and finally the right . McClellan was also unwilling , due to Porter 's opinion , to employ his ample reserve forces to capitalize on localized successes . Historian James M. McPherson has pointed out that the two corps McClellan kept in reserve were in fact larger than Lee 's entire force . The reason for McClellan 's reluctance was that , as in previous battles , he was convinced he was outnumbered .",
"23": "Lincoln in McClellan 's tent after the Battle of Antietam The battle was tactically inconclusive , although Lee technically was defeated because he withdrew first from the battlefield and retreated back to Virginia . McClellan wired to Washington , `` Our victory was complete . The enemy is driven back into Virginia . '' Yet there was obvious disappointment that McClellan had not crushed Lee , who was fighting with a smaller army with its back to the Potomac River . Although McClellan 's subordinates can claim their share of responsibility for delays ( such as Ambrose Burnside 's misadventures at Burnside Bridge ) and blunders ( Edwin V. Sumner 's attack without reconnaissance ) , these were localized problems from which the full army could have recovered . As with the decisive battles in the Seven Days , McClellan 's headquarters were too far to the rear to allow his personal control over the battle . He made no use of his cavalry forces for reconnaissance . He did not share his overall battle plans with his corps commanders , which prevented them from using initiative outside of their sectors . And he was far too willing to accept cautious advice about saving his reserves , such as when a significant breakthrough in the center of the Confederate line could have been exploited , but Fitz John Porter is said to have told McClellan , `` Remember , General , I command the last reserve of the last Army of the Republic . '' Despite being a tactical draw , Antietam is considered a turning point of the war and a victory for the Union because it ended Lee 's strategic campaign ( his first invasion of the North ) and it allowed President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation on September 22 , taking effect on January 1 , 1863 . Although Lincoln had intended to issue the proclamation earlier , he was advised by his Cabinet to wait until a Union victory to avoid the perception that it was issued out of desperation . The Union victory and Lincoln 's proclamation played a considerable role in dissuading the governments of France and Britain from recognizing the Confederacy ; some suspected they were planning to do so in the aftermath of another Union defeat . McClellan had no prior knowledge that the plans for emancipation rested on his battle performance .",
"24": "Because McClellan failed to pursue Lee aggressively after Antietam , Lincoln ordered that he be removed from command on November 5 , 1862 . Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside assumed command of the Army of the Potomac on November 9 , 1862 . McClellan wrote to his wife , `` Those in whose judgment I rely tell me that I fought the battle splendidly and that it was a masterpiece of art ... I feel I have done all that can be asked in twice saving the country ... I feel some little pride in having , with a beaten & demoralized army , defeated Lee so utterly ... Well , one of these days history will I trust do me justice . '' The 1864 presidential election ( edit ) Further information : United States presidential election , 1864 An anti-McClellan poster from Harper 's Weekly , drawn by Thomas Nast , showing rioters assaulting children , slave - catchers chasing runaway slaves , and a woman being sold at a slave auction Currier and Ives print of the McClellan -- Pendleton Democratic presidential party ticket , 1864 . Lithograph with watercolor . Secretary Stanton ordered McClellan to report to Trenton , New Jersey , for further orders , although none were issued . As the war progressed , there were various calls to return McClellan to an important command , following the Union defeats at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville , as Robert E. Lee moved north at the start of the Gettysburg Campaign , and as Jubal Early threatened Washington in 1864 . When Ulysses S. Grant became general - in - chief , he discussed returning McClellan to an unspecified position . But all of these opportunities were impossible , given the opposition within the administration and the knowledge that McClellan posed a potential political threat . McClellan worked for months on a lengthy report describing his two major campaigns and his successes in organizing the Army , replying to his critics and justifying his actions by accusing the administration of undercutting him and denying him necessary reinforcements . The War Department was reluctant to publish his report because , just after completing it in October 1863 , McClellan openly declared his entrance to the political stage as a Democrat .",
"25": "Cartoon of McClellan used by his political opponents in 1864 presidential campaign McClellan was nominated by the Democrats to run against Abraham Lincoln in the 1864 U.S. presidential election . Following the example of Winfield Scott , he ran as a U.S. Army general still on active duty ; he did not resign his commission until election day , November 8 , 1864 . McClellan supported continuation of the war and restoration of the Union ( but not the abolition of slavery ) , but the party platform , written by Copperhead leader Clement Vallandigham of Ohio , was opposed to this position . The platform called for an immediate cessation of hostilities and a negotiated settlement with the Confederacy . McClellan was forced to repudiate the platform , which made his campaign inconsistent and difficult . He also was not helped by the party 's choice for vice president , George H. Pendleton , a peace candidate from Ohio . The deep division in the party , the unity of the Republicans ( running under the label `` National Union Party '' ) , the absence of a large portion of the Democrats ' base ( the South ) from the voter pool , and the military successes by Union forces in the fall of 1864 doomed McClellan 's candidacy . Lincoln won the election handily , with 212 Electoral College votes to 21 and a popular vote of 2,218,388 to 1,812,807 or 55 % to 45 % . For all his popularity with the troops , McClellan failed to secure their support and the military vote went to Lincoln nearly 3 -- 1 . Lincoln 's share of the vote in the Army of the Potomac was 70 % . Postbellum years ( edit ) At the conclusion of the war , McClellan and his family went to Europe ( not returning until 1868 ) , during which he did not participate in politics . When he returned , the Democratic Party expressed some interest in nominating him for president again , but when it became clear that Ulysses S. Grant would be the Republican candidate , this interest died . McClellan worked on engineering projects in New York City and was offered the position of president of the newly formed University of California .",
"26": "McClellan photographed by William S. Warren , circa 1880 McClellan was appointed chief engineer of the New York City Department of Docks in 1870 . Evidently the position did not demand his full - time attention because , starting in 1872 , he also served as the president of the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad . He and his family then embarked on another three - year stay in Europe ( 1873 -- 75 ) In March 1877 , McClellan was nominated by Governor Lucius Robinson to be the first Superintendent of Public Works but was rejected by the New York State Senate as being `` incompetent for the position . '' In 1877 , McClellan was nominated by the Democrats for Governor of New Jersey , an action that took him by surprise because he had not expressed an interest in the position . He accepted the nomination , was elected , and served a single term from 1878 to 1881 , a tenure marked by careful , conservative executive management and minimal political rancor . The concluding chapter of his political career was his strong support in 1884 for the election of Grover Cleveland . He sought the position of secretary of war in Cleveland 's cabinet , for which he was well qualified , but political rivals from New Jersey were able to block his nomination . McClellan 's final years were devoted to traveling and writing , including his memoirs McClellan 's Own Story ( published posthumously in 1887 ) , in which he stridently defended his conduct during the war . He died unexpectedly of a heart attack at age 58 at Orange , New Jersey , after suffering from chest pains for a few weeks . His final words , at 3 a.m. , October 29 , 1885 , were , `` I feel easy now . Thank you . '' He was buried at Riverview Cemetery , Trenton , New Jersey . McClellan 's son , George B. McClellan Jr. ( 1865 -- 1940 ) , was born in Dresden , Kingdom of Saxony , during the family 's first trip to Europe . Known within the family as Max , he was also a politician , serving as a United States Representative from New York State and as Mayor of New York City from 1904 to 1909 .",
"27": "McClellan 's daughter , Mary ( `` May '' ) ( 1861 -- 1945 ) , married a French diplomat and spent much of her life abroad . McClellan 's wife , Ellen , died in Nice , France , while visiting May at her home `` Villa Antietam '' . Neither Max nor May had any children of their own . Legacy ( edit ) Major General George B. McClellan on Connecticut Avenue in Washington , D.C. McClellan statue in front of Philadelphia City Hall The New York Evening Post commented in McClellan 's obituary , `` Probably no soldier who did so little fighting has ever had his qualities as a commander so minutely , and we may add , so fiercely discussed . '' This fierce discussion has continued for over a century . McClellan is usually ranked in the lowest tier of Civil War generals . However , the debate over McClellan 's ability and talents remains the subject of much controversy among Civil War and military historians . He has been universally praised for his organizational abilities and for his very good relations with his troops . They referred to him affectionately as `` Little Mac '' ; others sometimes called him the `` Young Napoleon '' . It has been suggested that his reluctance to enter battle was caused in part by an intense desire to avoid spilling the blood of his men . Ironically , this led to failing to take the initiative against the enemy and therefore passing up good opportunities for decisive victories , which could have ended the war early , and thereby could have spared thousands of soldiers who died in those subsequent battles . Generals who proved successful in the war , such as Lee and Grant , tended to be more aggressive and more willing to risk a major battle even when all preparations were not perfect . McClellan himself summed up his cautious nature in a draft of his memoirs : It has always been my opinion that the true course in conducting military operations , is to make no movement until the preparations are as complete as circumstances permit , & never to fight a battle without some definite object worth the probable loss . McClellan 's reluctance to press his enemy aggressively was probably not a matter of personal courage , which he demonstrated well enough by his bravery under fire in the Mexican -- American War .",
"28": "However , his initiative on the battlefield was not so decisive , as Stephen Sears wrote , There is indeed ample evidence that the terrible stresses of commanding men in battle , especially the beloved men of his beloved Army of the Potomac , left his moral courage in tatters . Under the pressure of his ultimate soldier 's responsibility , the will to command deserted him . Glendale and Malvern Hill found him at the peak of his anguish during the Seven Days , and he fled those fields to escape the responsibility . At Antietam , where there was nowhere for him to flee to , he fell into a paralysis of indecision . Seen from a longer perspective , General McClellan could be both comfortable and successful performing as executive officer , and also , if somewhat less successfully , as grand strategist ; as battlefield commander , however , he was simply in the wrong profession . One of the reasons that McClellan 's reputation has suffered is his own memoirs . Historian Allan Nevins wrote , `` Students of history must always be grateful McClellan so frankly exposed his own weaknesses in this posthumous book . '' Doris Kearns Goodwin claims that a review of his personal correspondence during the war reveals a tendency for self - aggrandizement and unwarranted self - congratulation . His original draft was completed in 1881 , but the only copy was destroyed by fire . He began to write another draft of what would be published posthumously , in 1887 , as McClellan 's Own Story . However , he died before it was half completed and his literary executor , William C. Prime , editor of the pro-McClellan New York Journal of Commerce , included excerpts from some 250 of McClellan 's wartime letters to his wife , in which it had been his habit to reveal his innermost feelings and opinions in unbridled fashion . Robert E. Lee , on being asked ( by his cousin , and recorded by his son ) who was the ablest general on the Union side during the late war , replied emphatically : `` McClellan , by all odds ! ''",
"29": "While McClellan 's reputation has suffered over time , especially over the later half of the 20th century , there is a small but intense cadre of American Civil War historians who believe that the general has been poorly served in at least four regards . First , McClellan proponents say that because the general was a conservative Democrat with great personal charisma , radical Republicans fearing his political potential deliberately undermined his field operations . Second , that as the radical Republicans were the true winners coming out of the American Civil War , they were able to write its history , placing their principal political rival of the time , McClellan , in the worst possible light . Third , that historians eager to jump on the bandwagon of Lincoln as America 's greatest political icon worked to outdo one another in shifting blame for early military failures from Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton to McClellan . And fourth , that Lincoln and Stanton deliberately undermined McClellan because of his conciliatory stance towards the South , which might have resulted in a less destructive end to the war had Richmond fallen as a result of the Peninsula Campaign . Proponents of this school claim that McClellan is criticized more for his admittedly abrasive personality than for his actual field performance . Several geographic features and establishments have been named for George B. McClellan . These include Fort McClellan in Alabama , McClellan Butte in the Mount Baker - Snoqualmie National Forest , where he traveled while conducting the Pacific Railroad Survey in 1853 , and a bronze equestrian statue honoring General McClellan in Washington , D.C. Another equestrian statue honors him in front of Philadelphia City Hall , while the McClellan Gate at Arlington National Cemetery is dedicated to him and displays his name . McClellan Park in Milbridge , Maine , was donated to the town by the general 's son with the stipulation that it be named for the general . The Fire Department of New York operated a fireboat named George B. McClellan from 1904 to 1954 . While this vessel is sometimes said to be named after the General , it was actually named after his son , who was Mayor of New York City , when the vessel was launched .",
"30": "Electoral History ( edit ) 1864 Democratic National Convention : George B. McClellan -- 174 ( 77.3 % ) Thomas H. Seymour -- 38 ( 16.9 % ) Horatio Seymour -- 12 ( 5.3 % ) Charles O'Conor -- 1 ( 0.4 % ) United States presidential election , 1864 Abraham Lincoln / Andrew Johnson ( National Union ) -- 2,218,388 ( 55.0 % ) and 212 electoral votes George B. McClellan / George H. Pendleton ( Democratic ) -- 1,812,807 ( 45.0 % ) and 21 electoral votes ( 3 states carried ) New Jersey gubernatorial election , 1877 : George B. McClellan ( D ) -- 97,837 ( 51.7 % ) William Augustus Newell ( R ) -- 85,094 ( 44.9 % ) Selected works ( edit ) The Mexican War Diary of George B. McClellan ( William Starr Myers , Editor ) . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1917 . Bayonet Exercise , or School of the Infantry Soldier , in the Use of the Musket in Hand - to - Hand Conflicts ( translated from the French of Gomard ) , 1852 . Reissued as Manual of Bayonet Exercise , Prepared for the Use of the Army of the United States . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott & Co. , 1862 . The Report of Captain George B. McClellan , One of the Officers Sent to the Seat of War in Europe , in 1855 and 1856 , 1857 . Reissued as The Armies of Europe , Comprising Descriptions in Detail of the Military Systems of England , France , Russia , Prussia , Austria , and Sardinia . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott & Co. , 1861 . European Cavalry , Including Details of the Organization of the Cavalry Service Among the Principal Nations of Europe . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott & Co. , 1861 . Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana in the Year 1852 ( with Randolph B. Marcy ) .",
"31": "Washington : A.O.P. Nicholson , 1854 . Regulations and Instructions for the Field Service of the United States Cavalry in Time of War , 1861 . Reissued as Regulations and Instructions for the Field Service of the U.S. Cavalry in Time of War . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott & Co. , 1862 . McClellan 's Own Story : The War for the Union , The Soldiers Who Fought It , The Civilians Who Directed It and His Relations to It and to Them ( William C. Prime , Editor ) . New York : Charles L. Webster & Company , 1887 . The Life , Campaigns , and Public Services of General George B McClellan . Philadelphia : T.B. Peterson & Brothers , 1864 . The Democratic Platform , General McClellan 's Letter of Acceptance . New York : Democratic National Committee , 1864 . The Army of the Potomac , General McClellan 's Report of Its Operations While Under His Command . New York : G.P. Putnam , 1864 . Report of Major General George B McClellan , Upon the Organization of the Army of the Potomac and Its campaigns in Virginia and Maryland . Boston : Boston Courier , 1864 . Letter of the Secretary of War by George Brinton McClellan . Washington : Government Printing Office , 1864 . West Point Battle Monument , History of the Project to the Dedication of the Site ( Oration of Major - General McClellan ) . New York : Sheldon & Co. , 1864 . See also ( edit ) List of American Civil War generals ( Union ) Biography portal United States Army portal American Civil War portal Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eicher , p. 371 . Jump up ^ Wilson , James Grant , ed. ( 1888 ) . `` McClellan , Samuel '' . Appleton 's Cyclopædia of American Biography. 4 . Jump up ^ Partial Genealogy of the McClellans , CLP Research Jump up ^ Rowland , Leaders , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , p.",
"32": "3 ; Rafuse , pp. 10 , 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Rowland , Leaders , p. 260 ; Rafuse , p. 36 . McClellan 's friend James Stuart was a South Carolinian killed skirmishing with Indians in 1851 . Jump up ^ Rowland , Leaders , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , pp. 47 -- 49 ; Rowland , Leaders , pp. 260 -- 61 ; Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 46 -- 49 . Jump up ^ McClellan Saddle . The saddle was actually more likely based on the Spanish Tree saddle , of Mexican origin , that had been in use for some time in the United States . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 66 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 89 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Beagle , p. 1274 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Sears , Young Napoleon , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Sandburg , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Beatie , p. 480 . Eicher , pp. 372 , 856 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , p. 111 .",
"33": "^ Jump up to : Sears , Young Napoleon , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Tried by War , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 116 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 101 -- 04 , 110 . Jump up ^ Beatie , pp. 471 -- 72 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , Battle Cry , p. 360 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Battle Cry , p. 364 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 132 -- 33 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Tried by War , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 140 -- 41 , 149 , 160 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 168 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 164 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 167 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Forward to Richmond , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Forward to Richmond , pp. 107 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Forward to Richmond , pp. 128 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Sears , Gates , pp. 103 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 192 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 211 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Beagle , p. 1275 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Sears , Controversies , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Sears , Gates , pp. 280 , 309 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , p. 235 .",
"34": "Jump up ^ McPherson , Battle Cry , p. 525 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , p. 260 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey , Bloodiest Day , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Harper 's Weekly , Saturday , October 4 , 1862 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Bailey , Bloodiest Day , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Bloodiest Day , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Sears , Landscape , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Sears , Landscape , pp. 120 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Sears , The Young Napoleon , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Bloodiest Day , pp. 61 -- 64 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Crossroads , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Bloodiest Day , p. 141 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Crossroads , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 238 -- 41 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Battle Cry , p. 545 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 353 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 372 -- 74 ; John Buescher , `` Civil War Peace Offers Archived 2010 - 12 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Teachinghistory.org , accessed September 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Battle Cry , p. 805 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 385 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Sears , Controversies , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 388 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , p. 393 . Jump up ^ New York Times , March 16 , 1877 ( nomination ) , New York Times , January 5 , 1878 ( rejected ) . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 397 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , pp. 400 -- 401 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , p. 404 . Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , p. 401 .",
"35": "Jump up ^ Sears , Young Napoleon , p. 293 . Jump up ^ Sears , Controversies , pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Nevins , pp. 294 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , pp. 378 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Sears , Controversies , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 416 . Jump up ^ Eckenrode & Conrad , pp. 46 -- 47 , 170 . Jump up ^ Eckenrode & Conrad , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Rowland , McClellan and Civil War History , pp. 46 , 50 . Jump up ^ Eckenrode & Conrad , p. 238 ; Rowland , McClellan and Civil War History , pp. 97 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Rowland , McClellan and Civil War History , pp. 7 -- 8 ; Rowland , Leaders , pp. 268 -- 70 , provides a concise historiography of McClellan 's legacy , stating that `` McClellan has had few supporters in the literature over the last half - century . '' Rafuse , pp. 384 -- 96 , presents an analysis of McClellan that is more sympathetic than the majority of current works , focusing not only on his military strategy , but how his Whig political heritage affected the way he proposed to wage war in a manner that would promote reconciliation with the South . Jump up ^ `` Milbridge Historical Society Presentation '' . milbridgehistoricalsociety.org . Jump up ^ Clarence E. Meek ( July 1954 ) . `` Fireboats Through The Years '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Brian J. Cudahy ( 1997 ) . `` Around Manhattan Island and Other Maritime Tales of New York '' . Fordham Univ Press . pp. 85 , 88 , 95 , 100 , 119 , 200 , 252 , 249 . ISBN 9780823217618 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Our Campaigns -- US President -- D Convention Race -- Aug 29 , 1864 '' .",
"36": "ourcampaigns.com . Jump up ^ `` Our Campaigns -- NJ Governor Race -- Nov 06 , 1877 '' . ourcampaigns.com . References ( edit ) Bailey , Ronald H. , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . The Bloodiest Day : The Battle of Antietam . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4740 - 1 . Bailey , Ronald H. , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . Forward to Richmond : McClellan 's Peninsular Campaign . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4720 - 7 . Beagle , Jonathan M. `` George Brinton McClellan . '' In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History , edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . Beatie , Russel H. Army of the Potomac : McClellan Takes Command , September 1861 -- February 1862 . New York : Da Capo Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81252 - 5 . Eckenrode , H.J. , and Col. Bryan Conrad . George B. McClellan : The Man Who Saved the Union . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1941 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 548 - 14788 - 7 . Eicher , John H. , and David J. Eicher . Civil War High Commands . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3641 - 3 . Goodwin , Doris Kearns . Team of Rivals , New York : Simon & Schuster , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82490 - 1 . Lee , Robert E. Jr . Recollections and Letters of General Robert E. Lee . St.",
"37": "Petersburg , FL : Red and Black Publishers , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934941 - 13 - 3 . First published 1904 by Doubleday , Page & Co . McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . McPherson , James M. Crossroads of Freedom : Antietam , The Battle That Changed the Course of the Civil War . New York : Oxford University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513521 - 0 . McPherson , James M. Tried by War : Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief . New York : Penguin Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 191 - 2 . Nevins , Allan . The War for the Union . vol. 1 , The Improvised War 1861 -- 1862 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1959 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 10426 - 1 . Rafuse , Ethan S. McClellan 's War : The Failure of Moderation in the Struggle for the Union . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34532 - 4 . Rowland , Thomas J. `` George Brinton McClellan . '' In Leaders of the American Civil War : A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary . Edited by Charles F. Ritter and Jon L. Wakelyn . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29560 - 3 . Rowland , Thomas J. George B. McClellan and Civil War History : In the Shadow of Grant and Sherman . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 603 - 5 . Sandburg , Carl . Storm Over the Land : A Profile of the Civil War . New York : Harcourt Brace and Company , 1942 .",
"38": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 8317 - 1433 - 8 . Sears , Stephen W. Controversies & Commanders : Dispatches from the Army of the Potomac . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 86760 - 6 . Sears , Stephen W. George B. McClellan : The Young Napoleon . New York : Da Capo Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80913 - 3 . Sears , Stephen W. Landscape Turned Red : The Battle of Antietam . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 89919 - 172 - X . Sears , Stephen W. To the Gates of Richmond : The Peninsula Campaign . Ticknor and Fields , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 89919 - 790 - 6 . Bonekemper , Edward H. McClellan and failure . McFarland & Co , 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2894 - 6 Further reading ( edit ) Beatie , Russel H. Army of the Potomac : McClellan Takes Command , September 1861 -- February 1862 . New York : Da Capo Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81252 - 5 . Beatie , Russel H. Army of the Potomac : McClellan 's First Campaign , March -- May 1862 . New York : Savas Beatie , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 25 - 8 . Burton , Brian K. Extraordinary Circumstances : The Seven Days Battles . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 33963 - 4 . Cutrer , Thomas W . The Mexican War Diary and Correspondence of George B. McClellan . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3451 - 1 .",
"39": "Davis , Jefferson , and McClellan , George B. Report of the Secretary of War Communicating the Report of Captain George B McClellan , One of the Officers Sent to the Seat of War in Europe in 1855 and 1856 . Washington : A.O.P. Nicholson , 1857 . Hearn , Chester G. Lincoln and McClellan at War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 4552 - 4 . Hillard , George S. Life and Campaigns of George B. McClellan , Major - General U.S. Army . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott & Co. , 1864 . Leigh , Philip `` Lee 's Lost Dispatch and Other Civil War Controversies '' . Yardley , Penna. : Westholme Publishing , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59416 - 226 - 8 . Melville , Herman . Battle - Pieces and Aspects of the War : The Victor of Antietam . New York : Harper & Brothers , 1866 . Ridgway , James M. , Jr . Little Mac : Demise of an American Hero . Xlibris , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7388 - 0579 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to George B. McClellan . Wikisource has original works written by or about : George B. McClellan George B. McClellan Society George B. McClellan at Find a Grave George B. McClellan in Encyclopedia Virginia Georgia 's Blue and Gray Trail McClellan timeline Lincoln and Lee at Antietam Mr.",
"40": "Lincoln and New York : George B. McClellan National Park Service Biography Harper 's Weekly political cartoon , October 27 , 1877 , `` All Quiet on the Hudson '' , McClellan caricature in the campaign for governor of New Jersey Marcy , Randolph B , assisted by McClellan , George B. , Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana , in the year 1852 hosted by the Portal to Texas History McClellan 's May 30th , 1885 Decoration Day Oration ( Lowell Daily Courier , June 5 , 1885 ) Biography of George B. McClellan , New Jersey State Library New Jersey Governor George Brinton McClellan , National Governors Association `` L'il Mac '' George McClellan Song parody American Heritage on George McClellan 's appointment The Mexican War diary of George B. McClellan at archive.org Abraham Lincoln and George B. McClellan Newspaper articles about reaction to Lincoln appointing McClellan head of the Army of the Potomac Political offices Preceded by Joseph D. Bedle Governor of New Jersey January 15 , 1878 -- January 18 , 1881 Succeeded by George C. Ludlow Party political offices Preceded by Stephen A. Douglas John C. Breckinridge 1 Democratic nominee for President of the United States 1864 Succeeded by Horatio Seymour Preceded by Joseph D. Bedle New Jersey Democratic nominee for Governor 1877 Succeeded by George C. Ludlow Military offices Preceded by Irvin McDowell Commander of the Army of the Potomac August 20 , 1861 -- November 9 , 1862 Succeeded by Ambrose Burnside Preceded by Winfield Scott Commanding General of the United States Army November 1861 -- March 1862 Succeeded by Henry W. Halleck Notes and references 1 . The Democratic party split in 1860 , producing two presidential candidates . Douglas was nominated by Northern Democrats ; Breckinridge was nominated by Southern Democrats .",
"41": "United States Democratic Party Chairpersons of the DNC Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis White Manatt Kirk Brown Wilhelm DeLee Dodd / Fowler Romer / Grossman Rendell / Andrew McAuliffe Dean Kaine Wasserman Schultz Perez Presidential tickets Jackson / Calhoun Jackson / Van Buren Van Buren / R. Johnson Van Buren / None Polk / Dallas Cass / Butler Pierce / King Buchanan / Breckinridge Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) McClellan / Pendleton Seymour / Blair Greeley / Brown Tilden / Hendricks Hancock / English Cleveland / Hendricks Cleveland / Thurman Cleveland / Stevenson I W. Bryan / Sewall W. Bryan / Stevenson I Parker / H. Davis W. Bryan / Kern Wilson / Marshall ( twice ) Cox / Roosevelt J. Davis / C. Bryan Smith / Robinson Roosevelt / Garner ( twice ) Roosevelt / Wallace Roosevelt / Truman Truman / Barkley Stevenson II / Sparkman Stevenson II / Kefauver Kennedy / L. Johnson L. Johnson / Humphrey Humphrey / Muskie McGovern / ( Eagleton , Shriver ) Carter / Mondale ( twice ) Mondale / Ferraro Dukakis / Bentsen B. Clinton / Gore ( twice ) Gore / Lieberman Kerry / Edwards Obama / Biden ( twice ) H. Clinton / Kaine State / Territorial Parties Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland",
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"43": "2012 ( Charlotte ) 2016 ( Philadelphia ) Affiliated groups Fundraising Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee Democratic Governors Association Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee National Conference of Democratic Mayors Sectional College Democrats of America Democrats Abroad National Federation of Democratic Women Stonewall Democrats Young Democrats of America High School Democrats of America Related articles History Primaries Debates Party factions Superdelegate 2005 chairmanship election 2017 chairmanship election Liberalism portal Governors of New Jersey Proprietary Province Carteret East New Jersey Carteret Barclay Hamilton Basse Hamilton West New Jersey Byllynge Coxe Hamilton Basse Hamilton Dominion of New England ( 1688 -- 89 ) Andros Royal Governors Viscount Cornbury Baron Lovelace Ingoldesby ( Lt. Gov . ) Hunter Burnet Montgomerie Morris ( acting ) Cosby Anderson ( acting ) Hamilton ( acting ) Lord De La Warr Morris Hamilton ( acting ) Reading ( acting ) Belcher Reading ( acting ) Pownall ( Lt. Gov . ) Reading ( acting ) Bernard Boone Hardy Franklin Post-Colonial Livingston Paterson Howell Bloomfield Ogden W.S.",
"44": "Pennington M. Dickerson Williamson Vroom Southard Seeley Vroom P. Dickerson W. Pennington Haines Stratton Haines G. Fort Price Newell Olden Parker Ward Randolph Parker Bedle McClellan Ludlow Abbett Green Abbett Werts Griggs Voorhees F. Murphy Stokes J. Fort Wilson Fielder Edge Edwards Silzer Moore Larson Moore Hoffman Moore Edison Edge Driscoll Meyner Hughes Cahill Byrne Kean Florio Whitman DiFrancesco McGreevey Codey Corzine Christie P. Murphy ( elect ) Book : Governors of New Jersey Leaders of the United States Army Senior Officer / Commanding General Washington Knox Doughty Harmar St. Clair Wayne Wilkinson Washington Hamilton Wilkinson Dearborn J. Brown Macomb W. Scott McClellan Halleck Grant Sherman Sheridan Schofield Miles Chiefs of Staff Young Chaffee Bates Bell Wood Wotherspoon H. Scott Bliss March Pershing Hines Summerall MacArthur Craig Marshall Eisenhower Bradley Collins Ridgway Taylor Lemnitzer Decker Wheeler Johnson Westmoreland B. Palmer Abrams Weyand Rogers Meyer Wickham Vuono Sullivan Reimer Shinseki Schoomaker Casey Dempsey Odierno Milley Vice Chiefs of Staff Collins Haislip Hull Bolte W. Palmer Lemnitzer Decker Eddleman Hamlett Abrams Haines B. Palmer Haig Weyand Kerwin Kroesen Vessey Wickham Thurman A.",
"45": "Brown RisCassi Sullivan Reimer Peay Tilelli Griffith Crouch Shinseki Keane Casey Cody Chiarelli Austin Campbell Allyn McConville ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J.",
"46": "Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AK AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Price Semmes E.K.",
"47": "Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S.",
"48": "Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Daughters of the Confederacy Monuments and memorials Union List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Confederate List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women 's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham , North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S.",
"49": "Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Music Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission ( 1860 ← ) United States presidential election , 1864 ( 1868 → ) National Union Party Convention Nominee Abraham Lincoln VP nominee Andrew Johnson Candidates Benjamin Butler Daniel S. Dickinson Hannibal Hamlin Lovell Rousseau Democratic Party Convention Nominee George B. McClellan VP nominee George H. Pendleton Candidates George W. Cass Augustus C. Dodge Thomas H. Seymour Daniel W.",
"50": "Voorhees Other 1864 elections : House Senate VIAF : 5231446 LCCN : n50014834 ISNI : 0000 0000 6660 0798 GND : 118865757 SUDOC : 060840935 BNF : cb153649184 ( data ) ULAN : 500373115 NLA : 36529160 IATH : w6wm1bgw Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&oldid=817797892 '' Categories : 1826 births 1885 deaths Politicians from Philadelphia Union Army generals Democratic Party ( United States ) presidential nominees United States presidential candidates , 1864 Governors of New Jersey United States Army generals People of New Jersey in the American Civil War People of Ohio in the American Civil War People from Orange , New Jersey People from West Orange ,",
"51": "New Jersey American Presbyterians United States Military Academy alumni American people of Scottish descent American military personnel of the Mexican -- American War Members of the Aztec Club of 1847 New York State Superintendents of Public Works New Jersey Democrats Democratic Party state governors of the United States McClellan family New Jersey gubernatorial candidates Burials in New Jersey Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 17 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where is salamis in ancient greece on a map
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[
"in the Saronic Gulf, about 1 nautical mile (2 km) off-coast from Piraeus and about 16 kilometres (10 miles) west of Athens",
"about 1 nautical mile (2 km) off-coast from Piraeus and about 16 kilometres (10 miles) west of Athens",
"1 nautical mile (2 km) off-coast from Piraeus and about 16 kilometres (10 miles) west of Athens",
"in the Saronic Gulf, about 1 nautical mile (2 km) off-coast from Piraeus and about 16 kilometres (10 miles) west of Athens",
"about 1 nautical mile (2 km) off-coast from Piraeus and about 16 kilometres (10 miles) west of Athens"
] |
{
"0": "Salamis island - wikipedia Salamis island Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Salamis . Salamis Σαλαμίνα View of Salamina Salamis Location within the region ( show ) Coordinates : 37 ° 56 ′ N 23 ° 30 ′ E / 37.933 ° N 23.500 ° E / 37.933 ; 23.500 Coordinates : 37 ° 56 ′ N 23 ° 30 ′ E / 37.933 ° N 23.500 ° E / 37.933 ; 23.500 Country Greece Administrative region Attica Regional unit Islands Government Mayor Ioannis Tsavaris ( Ind . ) Area Municipality 96.16 km ( 37.13 sq mi ) Population ( 2011 ) Municipality 39,283 Municipality density 410 / km ( 1,100 / sq mi ) Time zone EET ( UTC + 2 ) Summer ( DST ) EEST ( UTC + 3 ) Postal code 189 xx Area code ( s ) 21 Vehicle registration Y Website www.salamina.gr Salamis ( / ˈsæləmɪs / ; Greek : Σαλαμίνα Salamína , Ancient and Katharevousa : Σαλαμίς Salamís ) , is the largest Greek island in the Saronic Gulf , about 1 nautical mile ( 2 km ) off - coast from Piraeus and about 16 kilometres ( 10 miles ) west of Athens . The chief city , Salamina , lies in the west - facing core of the crescent on Salamis Bay , which opens into the Saronic Gulf . On the Eastern side of the island is its main port , Paloukia , in size second in Greece only to Piraeus , the port of Athens .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 3 Geography 4 Municipality 5 Population 6 Villages in the municipal unit of Salamina 6.1 Paloukia 6.2 Aianteio 6.3 Batsi 6.4 Kaki Vigla 6.5 Agios Georgios 6.6 Peristeria 6.7 Psili Ammos 6.8 Steno 6.9 Vasilika 6.10 Xeno 7 Villages in the municipal unit of Ampelakia 7.1 Kynosoura 7.2 Selinia 8 Culture 8.1 Education 8.2 Recreational areas 8.3 Sports 8.4 Local newspapers and magazines 9 Landmarks 10 Noted people 10.1 Mythological and ancient people 10.2 Modern people 11 Twin towns / sister cities 12 Gallery 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Name ( edit ) The traditional etymology of Salamis derives it from the eponymous nymph Salamis , the mother of Cychreus , the legendary first king of the island . A more modern theory considers `` Salamis '' to come from the root sal ' salt ' and - amis ' middle ' ; thus Salamis would be the place amid salt water . Some scholars connect it to the Semitic root Š - L-M ' health , safety , peace ' , because of the well - sheltered harbor . From at least the 13th century until the 19th century , the town , the island , and the bay of Salamis were called Koulouri ( Κουλούρι ) , presumably because it was round like the bread called ' koulouri ' . The ancient name was revived in the 19th century . The name Koulouri is still used informally for the town . History ( edit ) Coin of Salamis , 339 -- 318 BC . Obverse : Female head . Reverse : Boeotian shield ( shield of Ajax ) and sword in sheath Salamis is mentioned in Homer 's writings .",
"2": "Salamis was probably first colonised by Aegina and later occupied by Megara , but became an Athenian possession in the time of Solon or Peisistratos , following the war between Athens and Megara around 600 BC . According to Strabo , the ancient capital was at the south of the island ; in classical times it was to the east , on the Kamatero Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Salamis ; in modern times it is on the west . According to Homer 's Iliad , Salamis took part in the Trojan War with twelve ships under the leadership of Ajax ( Aias ) . Salamis island is known for the Battle of Salamis , the decisive naval victory of the allied Greek fleet , led by Themistocles , over the Persian Empire in 480 BC . It is said to be the birthplace of Ajax and Euripides , the latter 's birth being popularly placed on the day of the battle . In modern times , it is home to Salamis Naval Base , headquarters for the Hellenic Navy . The oldest known counting board was discovered on Salamis Island in 1899 . It is thought to have been used by the Babylonians in about 300 BC and is more of a gaming board rather than a calculating device . It is marble , about 150 cm × 75 cm × 4.5 cm ( 59 in × 30 in × 2 in ) , and has carved Greek symbols and parallel grooves . During the German invasion of Greece in World War II , the harbor was bombed by the Luftwaffe on April 23 , 1941 , sinking the Greek battleships Kilkis and Lemnos . In the 1960s and 1970s , during the military junta period , changes in land legislation allowed the subdivision of land plots . This opened the island to massive unplanned and unregulated urban and suburban development , including many weekend homes , especially along the northern and eastern coasts . The lack of corresponding investment in infrastructure , combined with heavy industry , has led to sea and beach pollution on this side of the island . There are , however , ongoing initiatives such as help from the European Union 's Cohesion Fund toward improving sewerage by 2008 .",
"3": "Salamis island map An oil spill occurred off the coast of Salamis Island in September 2017 . Geography ( edit ) Salamis has an area of 36 square miles ( 93 km ) ; its highest point is Mavrovouni at 1,325 feet ( 404 metres ) . A significant part of Salamis Island is rocky and mountainous . On the southern part of the island a pine forest is located , which is unusual for western Attica . Unfortunately , this forest is often a target for fires . While the inland inhabitants are mainly employed within the agricultural sector , the majority of Salamis ' inhabitants work in maritime occupations ( fishing , ferries , and the island 's shipyards ) or commute to work in Athens . The maritime industry is focused on the north - east coast of the island at the port of Paloukia ( Παλούκια ) , where ferries to mainland Greece are based , and in the dockyards of Ampelakia and the north side of the Kynosoura peninsula . Salamis Island is very popular for holiday and weekend visits from the Athens and Piraeus area ; its population rises to 300,000 in peak season of which c. 31,000 are permanent inhabitants . This supports a strong service industry sector , with many cafes , bars , ouzeries , tavernas and consumer goods shops throughout the island . On the south of the island , away from the port , there are a number of less developed areas with good swimming beaches including those of Aianteio , Maroudi , Perani , Peristeria , Kolones , Saterli , Selenia and Kanakia . Municipality ( edit ) Salamis Island belongs to the Islands regional unit of the Attica region . Since the 2011 local government reform the island is administered as one municipality .",
"4": "Before , the island was divided into two municipalities , that became municipal units at the reform : Salamina Ampelakia In the municipal unit of Salamina , which has a land area of 80.992 square kilometres ( 31.271 sq mi ) and a 2011 census population of 31,776 , the chief population centre is the city of Salamina ( also called Salamis , Salamis City or Koulouris , pop . 25,888 in 2011 ) , consisting of the districts Alonia , Agios Minas , Agios Dimitrios , Agios Nikolaos , Boskos , Nea Salamina , Tsami and Vourkari . Its second - largest town is Aiánteio ( pop . 5,888 ) . In the municipal unit of Ampelakia , which has a land area of 15.169 square kilometres ( 5.857 sq mi ) and a population of 7,507 , the largest towns are Ampelakia ( pop. 4,998 ) and Selinia ( 2,509 ) . Population ( edit ) As of the mid-20th century , the majority of the inhabitants were Arvanite ; a thing that changed during the past 20 years due to settlement of a lot of Athenians on the island to the degree that nowadays Arvanites are a fraction of the population , living mainly in Salamina town , Ampelakia and Moulki ( Aianteion ) . The island is known in Arvanitika as Κȣλλȣρι ( `` Koullouri '' ) .",
"5": "Year Salamina ( town ) Salamina ( municipal unit ) Salamis ( island ) 1981 20,807 25,215 30,402 1991 22,567 27,582 34,342 25,730 30,962 38,022 2011 25,888 31,776 39,283 Villages in the municipal unit of Salamina ( edit ) Salamis Naval Base Batsi beach Paloukia ( edit ) Paloukia ( Greek : Παλούκια , population 1,695 ) is located in the northeast of the island . Many ferryboats , fishing vessels and port police craft dock in this harbor . Paloukia is the base for the port police department of Salamina . Most visitors who come to Salamina first arrive at Paloukia via ferryboats that run between Paloukia and Perama or Piraeus . The area is adjacent to the Salamis Naval Base ( in Greek Nafstathmos ) , which is a major base of the Hellenic Navy . Aianteio ( edit ) Aianteio ( Greek : Αιάντειο , population 4,860 as of March 16 , 2011 ) is a large village in the southwestern part of Salamis Island and is named after Ajax , `` King of the Salamis '' , from Homer 's Iliad . The village was known as Moulki ( Μούλκι ) until 1915 . In the region , there are churches from the 11th and 12th centuries such as Saint John and Saint Dimitrios . Interesting places to visit are : the oldest church in the island , Saint John the `` Kalyvitis '' , which dates back to the 10th century and has remarkable hagiographies the monastery of Saint Nicolas which dates back to the 18th century and is situated in a forest .",
"6": "Batsi ( edit ) Batsi ( Greek : Μπατσί ) is a little community ( population 212 ) in the north of Salamis , in the municipality of Salamis , located at the foot of a piney mountain , about 6 to 8 km ( 4 to 5 mi ) east of Megara . In the mountain , there is a cave of archeological interest that has not been investigated yet . In the winter there are few tourists ; it is more popular with vacationers from Athens during the summer months . Kaki Vigla ( edit ) The Stone Lighthouse , 1901 , Peristeria Kaki Vigla ( Greek : Κακή Βίγλα ) is a small community ( population 236 ) located at the south of Salamis Island , near Aianteio . The beaches of Kaki Vigla are relatively clean and the area has pine and olive trees near the shore . Agios Georgios ( edit ) A new village , founded in 1960 . Peristeria ( edit ) Peristeria ( Greek : Περιστέρια , population 456 ) is a small village in the southeast of the island 45 km ( 28 mi ) from Salamis City . It took its name from the bird of peace , the dove ( Greek : περιστέρι ) , because it is a calm , peaceful and isolated place , away from the cars and from noise . Another interpretation says that its name may be derived from the doves which were living and had nests in the area . View of Salamina The area has a marina , which has yachts and fishing boats . The beaches of Peristeria are the cleanest of Salamis . The village is near the Cave of Euripides , associated with the famous ancient playwright . Psili Ammos ( edit ) Psili Ammos ( Greek : Ψιλή Άμμος , population 271 ) , which means Fine Sand is so named because it is covered with sand . The area is located at the northwest of the island opposite of Elefsina . In the area there is one of the oldest landmarks , the chantry of Saint Grigorios ( Saint Gregory ) .",
"7": "Steno ( edit ) Steno ( Greek : Στενό , population 985 ) , which means Narrow in Greek , is a small community in the northwest of Salamis Island . The area is separated from Fanaromeni Monastery by a hill with shrubs and pine trees . The area is adjacent to the bay of Agios Georgios . Steno has wide and well - planned roads . Aianteio Beach Vasilika ( edit ) Vasilika ( Greek : Βασιλικά , population 4,264 ) which means Royal is a big village located in the northwest of the island . Vasilika is the third largest area in Salamis by population after Salamis City and Aianteio . Vasilika has a sandy large beach apt for swimming . Xeno ( edit ) Xeno ( Greek : Ξένο `` foreign '' , population 786 ) is located in the northwest corner of the island . The area was so named because the first residents were not from Salamis but from nearby Piraeus . Villages in the municipal unit of Ampelakia ( edit ) Ruins of ancient classical city and the port of Salamis ( 5th to 2nd BC ) Ampelakia Main article : Ampelakia Kynosoura ( edit ) Kynosoura ( Greek : Κυνόσουρα ) ( Greek : κυνός - ουρά `` dog 's tail '' ) is a small peninsula located in the east of the island . The name probably comes from the shape of the peninsula , long and thin and pointed at the end . In the south are a few houses ( population 69 ) . In the north are the remains of an ancient tumulus thought to be the burial site of Greek warriors in the Battle of Salamis . Nearby is a dockyard , which constructs and fixes ships including oil tankers and containers . Selinia ( edit ) Selinia ( Greek : Σελήνια , population 2.523 ) is a resort located a few kilometers southeast of Salamis city . Selinia once was the weekend resort of many Athenians due to its proximity to Piraeus and Athens .",
"8": "Selinia also features restaurants and taverns Folklore Museum & Salamina Municipal Library . In the Municipal building . ( Town Hall ) Culture ( edit ) Education ( edit ) Salamis island has eleven primary schools ( ten public and one private ) , four high schools , and four lycees . The majority of students are proficient in school , and the pupils ( above 13 years ) usually have acquired diplomas and certificates in English , in French , or in German such as ECCE , FCE , CPE , and ECPE . Many students from Salamis island also possess many computer skills . Many students also study abroad in countries such as the United States , the United Kingdom , Germany , and France . In the 1960s , 1970s , and 1980s , the pupils went to Italy for studies since it was close to Greece . Recreational areas ( edit ) In Salamis Bay , a visitor can find many bars , cafeterias , beaches , and shops . The main cafeterias and bars are based in Agios Nikolaos , which is located in the western suburbs of Salamis city . The district is named for the church . Taverns and inns , which are located throughout the island , feature local food and dishes . The shops -- which sell appliances , computers , clothing , souvenirs , and vehicles -- are opened from 8 : 00 a.m. to 2 : 00 p.m. and from 5 : 30 p.m. to 9 : 00 p.m. on weekdays ; from 9 : 00 a.m. to 1 : 30 p.m. and 6 : 00 p.m to 8 : 30 p.m. on Saturdays . Sports ( edit ) Salamis island has four football teams : Aias ( Ajax ) Salaminas , Ampelakiakos F.C. , A.E. Salaminas and Salaminomachoi .",
"9": "Local newspapers and magazines ( edit ) Salamina - Press 30 Imeres tis Salaminas ( 30 Days of Salamina ) Anatropes ( Tippings ) Apopsi ( Opinion ) Athlitikoi Palmoi ( Athletic Vibrations ) I Enotita tis Salaminas ( The Unity of Salamis ) I Nea Salamina ( The New Salamis ) I Foni tis Salaminas ( The Voice of Salamis ) Neo Ithos tis Salaminas ( New Morale of Salamis ) Palmos tis Salaminas ( Pulse of Salamis ) Politis me dikaioma ( Citizen With Rights ) Salaminiaki Protoporia ( Salaminian Vanguard ) Sports Week Salamina Mycenaean acropolis at Kanakia 13th century BC Source : Landmarks ( edit ) Monument for the Battle of Salamis , Kynosoura peninsula by sculptor Achilles Vasileiou . Archaeological Museum of Salamis Circular funerary , 4th century BC in Kolones Landmark Year of construction Location Faneromeni Monastery 15th century Faneromeni Chantry of Saint George around 1250 Agios Georgios Mycenaean city of Salamis 13th century BC Kanakia Ancient city and port of Salamis 5th -- 1st centuries BC Ampelakia Fighters tomb of the naval Battle of Salamis 5th century BC Ampelakia ,",
"10": "Kynosoura Circular funerary 4th century BC Kolones Euripideio Theatre in suburbs of Salamis City ( in hill Patris ) Church of Saint Dimitrios 1806 center of Salamis City ( in hononymous district ) The Cave of Euripides 450 BC at south Salamis Island ( near Peristeria ) The Cottage of Angelos Sikelianos 1935 Faneromeni The Stone Lighthouse 1901 Peristeria The bust of Georgios Karaiskakis 1982 center of Salamis City ( in Vourkari district ) The Windmills 19th century in suburbs of Salamis City ( in a hill ) Chantry of Prophet Elias early of 20th century Salamis City ( in a stone hill ) Chantry of Saint Grygorios 12th century Psili Ammos The Stony small Theater Selinia The City Hall of Salamis 2000 Salamis City The Monastery of Saint Nicolaos 17th century at south Salamis Island ( near Kanakia ) The Church of Saint John the Kalyvitis 11th century at south Salamis Island ( near Kanakia ) The Folklore Museum 2000 lodging at Salamis City Hall Archaeological museum of Salamis 2013 Salamis City The Mansion of Galeos Family 19th century at Salamis center ( at Agios Minas district ) The Church of Saint Minas 1869 at Salamis City ( at Agios Minas district ) Noted people ( edit ) Ajax the Great Euripides Mythological and ancient people ( edit ) Ajax the Great , the legendary king of Salamis island , son of Telamon and half - brother of Teucer Cychreus , the first king of Salamis Island Euripides , tragedian ( 480 BC -- 406 BC ) Moerocles , orator ( 4th century BC ) Telamon , the king of Salamis Island , father of Ajax the Great and Teucer Teucer ,",
"11": "the half - brother of Ajax the Great , son of Telamon , warrior of Trojan War , and founder of the city - state of Salamis , Cyprus . Modern people ( edit ) Georgios Karaiskakis ( c. 1780 -- 1827 ) , Greek War of Independence hero , is buried on Salamis . Polychronis Lempesis ( 1848 -- 1913 ) , painter Memos Mpegnis ( 1974 - ) , actor Dimitrios Mpogris ( 1890 -- 1964 ) , playwright Giorgos Papasideris ( 1902 -- 1977 ) , country singer , composer and lyricist Angelos Sikelianos ( 1884 -- 1951 ) , poet and playwright , whose cottage was near the Monastery of Faneromeni . Twin towns / sister cities ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece Salamis Island is twinned with Famagusta , Cyprus ( 1998 ) Gallery ( edit ) Kaki Vigla beach Kaki Vigla beach Kaki Vigla Gulf The historic monastery of Faneromeni Nicolas Lemonia monastery 17th century AD , on the road between the villages Aianteio and Kanakia Kanakia beach See also ( edit ) Trojan War Greek Revolution Aeacus References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011 . ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός '' ( in Greek ) . Hellenic Statistical Authority . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Robert E. ( 1988 ) . Place Names in Classical Mythology : Greece . ABC - CLIO Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87436 - 507 - 8 . Jump up ^ Martin Bernal , Black Athena , p. 492 Jump up ^ William Miller , The Latins in the Levant , a history of Frankish Greece ( 1204 -- 1566 ) , New York , 1908 , p.",
"12": "18 Jump up ^ Peter Mackridge , Language and National Identity in Greece , 1766 - 1976 , Oxford University Press , 2010 , p. 22 Jump up ^ `` Salamis '' , Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World , Ed . John Roberts . Oxford University Press , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rossiter , Stuart ; Benn , Ernest ( 1981 ) . Greece -- Blue Guide series . Jump up ^ Homer . The Iliad . Jump up ^ `` salamis '' . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kilkis ( Battleship , 1914 -- 1941 ) '' . Naval Historical Center . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lemnos ( Battleship , 1914 -- 1941 ) '' . Naval Historical Center . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One - sixth of houses are for vacation use '' . Kathimerini. April 19 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Polyxeni Athanassoulia ( September 7 , 2006 ) . `` Salamina , so near yet so unknown '' . Kathimerini . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/greek-island-bay-black-oil-spill-salamis-selinia-taker-sinks-ecological-disaster-athens-a7944291.html Jump up ^ `` Salamis '' . Howstuffworks . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Salamis official website '' . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Salamina '' ( in Greek ) . Anatropes . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kallikratis law '' ( PDF ) . Greece Ministry of Interior .",
"13": "( in Greek ) ^ Jump up to : `` Population & housing census 2001 ( incl . area and average elevation ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Greek ) . National Statistical Service of Greece . Jump up ^ Jochalas , Titos P. ( 1971 ) : Über die Einwanderung der Albaner in Griechenland : Eine zusammenfassene Betrachtung ( `` On the immigration of Albanians to Greece : A summary '' ) . München : Trofenik . Jump up ^ `` Settlements ( Dímos Salamínas , Municipality ) '' . citypopulation.de . Jump up ^ `` Name changes of settlements in Greece '' . Jump up ^ `` Εφημερίδες & Περιοδικά '' ( in Greek ) . Archived from the original on 30 April 2009 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Salamis ( Greece ) .",
"14": "Official website of Municipality of Salamina ( in English ) ( in Greek ) Official website of Municipality of Ampelakia ( in Greek ) Articles and topics related to Salamis Island Argo - Saronic Islands Major islands Salamina Aegina Hydra Poros Spetses Agistri Dokos Minor islands Psyttaleia Leros Salaminos Revythoussa Moni Aiginas Spetsopoula Romvi Plateia Agios Georgios Patroklos Fleves Agios Georgios Salaminos Ypsili Diaporion Ypsili Argolidos Agios Thomas Diaporion Agios Ioannis Diaporion Plateia Aiginis Laousses Islets Kyra Aiginis Trikeri Hydras Alexandros Hydras Stavronisi Hydras Velopoula Falkonera Psili Administrative division of the Attica Region Area 3,808 km ( 1,470 sq mi ) Population 3,827,624 ( as of 2011 ) Municipalities 66 ( since 2011 ) Capital Athens Regional unit of Central Athens Athens Dafni - Ymittos Filadelfeia - Chalkidona Galatsi Ilioupoli Kaisariani Vyronas Zografou Regional unit of North Athens Agia Paraskevi Chalandri Filothei - Psychiko Irakleio Kifissia Lykovrysi - Pefki Marousi Metamorfosi Nea Ionia Papagou - Cholargos Penteli Vrilissia Regional unit of West Athens Agia Varvara Agioi Anargyroi - Kamatero Aigaleo Chaidari Ilion Peristeri Petroupoli Regional unit of South",
"15": "Athens Agios Dimitrios Alimos Elliniko - Argyroupoli Glyfada Kallithea Moschato - Tavros Nea Smyrni Palaio Faliro Regional unit of Piraeus Keratsini - Drapetsona Korydallos Nikaia - Agios Ioannis Rentis Perama Piraeus Regional unit of East Attica Acharnes Dionysos Kropia Lavreotiki Marathon Markopoulo Oropos Paiania Pallini Rafina - Pikermi Saronikos Spata - Artemida Vari - Voula - Vouliagmeni Regional unit of West Attica Aspropyrgos Eleusis Fyli Mandra - Eidyllia Megara Regional unit of Islands Aegina Agistri Hydra Kythira Poros Salamis Spetses Troizinia - Methana Regional governor Rena Dourou ( since 2014 ) Decentralized Administration Attica Subdivisions of the municipality of Salamis Municipal unit of Ampelakia Ampelakia Selinia Municipal unit of Salamina ( city ) Aianteio Salamina ( city ) Aegean Sea General Countries Greece Turkey Other Aegean civilizations Aegean dispute Aegean Islands Aegean Islands Cyclades",
"16": "Amorgos Anafi Andros Antimilos Antiparos Delos Despotiko Donousa Folegandros Gyaros Ios Irakleia Kardiotissa Kea Keros Kimolos Koufonisia Kythnos Milos Mykonos Naxos Paros Polyaigos Rineia Santorini Schoinoussa Serifopoula Serifos Sifnos Sikinos Syros Therasia Tinos Vous Dodecanese Agathonisi Arkoi Armathia Alimia Astakida Astypalaia Çatalada Chamili Farmakonisi Gaidaros Gyali Halki Imia / Kardak Kalolimnos Kalymnos Kandelioussa Kara Ada Karpathos Kasos Kinaros Kos Küçük Tavşan Adası Leipsoi ( Lipsi ) Leros Levitha ( Lebynthos ) Nimos Nisyros Pacheia Patmos Platy Pserimos Rhodes Salih Ada Saria Symi Syrna Telendos Tilos Zaforas North Aegean Agios Efstratios Agios Minas Ammouliani Ayvalık Islands Büyük Ada Chios Chryse Cunda Foça Islands Fournoi Korseon Icaria Imbros Koukonesi Lemnos Lesbos Metalik Ada Nisiopi Oinousses Pasas Psara",
"17": "Samiopoula Samos Samothrace Tenedos Thasos Thymaina Uzunada Zourafa Saronic Aegina Agios Georgios Agistri Dokos Hydra Poros Psyttaleia Salamis Spetses Sporades Adelfoi Islets Agios Georgios Skopelou Alonnisos Argos Skiathou Dasia Erinia Gioura Grammeza Kyra Panagia Lekhoussa Peristera Piperi Psathoura Repi Sarakino Skandili Skantzoura Skiathos Skopelos Skyropoula Skyros Tsoungria Valaxa Cretan Afentis Christos Agia Varvara Agioi Apostoloi Agioi Pantes Agioi Theodoroi Agios Nikolaos Anavatis Arnaouti Aspros Volakas Avgo Crete Daskaleia Dia Diapori Dionysades Elasa Ftena Trachylia Glaronisi Gramvousa Grandes Kalydon ( Spinalonga ) Karavi Karga Katergo Kavallos Kefali Kolokythas Koursaroi Kyriamadi Lazaretta Leon Mavros Mavros Volakas Megatzedes Mochlos Nikolos Palaiosouda Peristeri Peristerovrachoi Petalida Petalouda Pontikaki Pontikonisi Praso ( Prasonisi )",
"18": "Prosfora Pseira Sideros Souda Valenti Vryonisi Other Antikythera Euboea Kythira Makronisos GND : 4105212 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"19": "php?title=Salamis_Island&oldid=801317315 '' Categories : Populated places in Islands ( regional unit ) Salamis Island Aegean islands Islands of Attica Landforms of Islands ( regional unit ) Municipalities of Attica Ports and harbours of Greece Athenian colonies Megarian colonies Islands of Greece Saronic Gulf Hidden categories : CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) Articles with Greek - language external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 23 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.",
"20": ", a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who sang the original song send in the clowns
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{
"0": "Send in the Clowns - wikipedia Send in the Clowns Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by Stephen Sondheim . For other uses , see Send In the Clowns ( disambiguation ) . This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( September 2017 ) `` Send In the Clowns '' is a song written by Stephen Sondheim for the 1973 musical A Little Night Music , an adaptation of Ingmar Bergman 's film Smiles of a Summer Night . It is a ballad from Act Two , in which the character Desirée reflects on the ironies and disappointments of her life . Among other things , she looks back on an affair years earlier with the lawyer Fredrik , who was deeply in love with her but whose marriage proposals she had rejected . Meeting him after so long , she realizes she is in love with him and finally ready to marry him , but now it is he who rejects her : he is in an unconsummated marriage with a much younger woman . Desirée proposes marriage to rescue him from this situation , but he declines , citing his dedication to his bride . Reacting to his rejection , Desirée sings this song . The song is later reprised as a coda after Fredrik 's young wife runs away with his son , and Fredrik is finally free to accept Desirée 's offer . Sondheim wrote the song specifically for the actress Glynis Johns , who created the role of Desirée on Broadway . The song is structured with four verses and a bridge , and uses a complex compound meter . It became Sondheim 's most popular song after Frank Sinatra recorded it in 1973 and Judy Collins ' version charted in 1975 and 1977 . Subsequently , numerous other artists recorded the song , and it has become a jazz standard .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Meaning of title 2 Context 3 Score 3.1 History 3.2 Lyrics 3.3 Meter and key 4 Styles 5 Popular success 6 Other versions and parodies 7 References 8 External links Meaning of title ( edit ) The `` clowns '' in the title do not refer to circus clowns . Instead , they symbolize fools , as Sondheim explained in a 1990 interview : I get a lot of letters over the years asking what the title means and what the song 's about ; I never thought it would be in any way esoteric . I wanted to use theatrical imagery in the song , because she 's an actress , but it 's not supposed to be a circus ( ... ) ( I ) t 's a theater reference meaning `` if the show is n't going well , let 's send in the clowns '' ; in other words , `` let 's do the jokes . '' I always want to know , when I 'm writing a song , what the end is going to be , so `` Send in the Clowns '' did n't settle in until I got the notion , `` Do n't bother , they 're here '' , which means that `` We are the fools . '' In a 2008 interview , Sondheim further clarified : As I think of it now , the song could have been called `` Send in the Fools '' . I knew I was writing a song in which Desirée is saying , `` are n't we foolish '' or `` are n't we fools ? '' Well , a synonym for fools is clowns , but `` Send in the Fools '' does n't have the same ring to it . Context ( edit ) Main article : A Little Night Music Judi Dench , who performed the role of Desirée in London , commented on the context of the song during an interview with Alan Titchmarsh .",
"2": "The play is `` a dark play about people who , at the beginning , are with wrong partners and in the end it is hopefully going to become right , and she ( Desirée ) mistimes her life in a way and realizes when she re-meets the man she had an affair with and had a child by ( though he does not know that ) , that she loves him and he is the man she wants . '' Some years before the play begins , Desirée was a young , attractive actress , whose passions were the theater and romance . She lived her life dramatically , flitting from man to man . Fredrik was one of her many lovers and fell deeply in love with Desirée , but she declined to marry him . The play implies that when they parted Desirée may have been pregnant with his child . A few months before the play begins , Fredrik married a beautiful young woman who at 18 years old was much younger than he . In Act One , Fredrik meets Desirée again , and is introduced to her daughter , a precocious adolescent suggestively named Fredrika . Fredrik explains to Desirée that he is now married to a young woman he loves very much , but that she is still a virgin , continuing to refuse to have sex with him . Desirée and Fredrik then make love . Act Two begins days later , and Desirée realizes that she truly loves Fredrik . She tells Fredrik that he needs to be rescued from his marriage , and she proposes to him . Fredrik explains to Desirée that he has been swept off the ground and is `` in the air '' in love with his beautiful , young wife , and apologizes for having misled her . Desirée remains sitting on the bed ; depending on the production , Fredrik walks across the room or stays seated on the bed next to her . Desirée -- feeling both intense sadness and anger , at herself , her life and her choices -- sings `` Send in the Clowns '' . She is , in effect , using the song `` to cover over a moment when something has gone wrong on stage .",
"3": "Midway through the second Act she has deviated from her usual script by suggesting to Fredrik the possibility of being together seriously and permanently , and , having been rejected , she falters as a show - person , finds herself bereft of the capacity to improvise and wittily cover . If Desirée could perform at this moment -- revert to the innuendos , one - liners and blithe self - referential humour that constitutes her normal character -- all would be well . She can not , and what follows is an exemplary manifestation of Sondheim 's musico - dramatic complexity , his inclination to write music that performs drama . That is , what needs to be covered over ( by the clowns sung about in the song ) is the very intensity , ragged emotion and utter vulnerability that comes forward through the music and singing itself , a display protracted to six minutes , wrought with exposed silences , a shocked Fredrik sitting so uncomfortably before Desirée while something much too real emerges in a realm where he -- and his audience -- felt assured of performance . '' Not long thereafter , Fredrik 's young wife runs away with his son , so he is free to accept Desirée 's proposal , and the song is reprised as a coda . Score ( edit ) History ( edit ) Sondheim wrote the lyrics and music over a two - day period during rehearsals for the play 's Broadway debut , specifically for the actress Glynis Johns , who created the role of Desirée . According to Sondheim , `` Glynis had a lovely , crystal voice , but sustaining notes was not her thing . I wanted to write short phrases , so I wrote a song full of questions '' and the song 's melody is within a small music range : We hired Glynis Johns to play the lead , though she had a nice little silvery voice . But I 'd put all the vocal weight of the show on the other characters because we needed somebody who was glamorous , charming and could play light comedy , and pretty , and to find that in combination with a good voice is very unlikely , but she had all the right qualities and a nice little voice . So I did n't write much for her and I did n't write anything in the second act .",
"4": "And the big scene between her and her ex-lover , I had started on a song for him because it 's his scene . And Hal Prince , who directed it , said he thought that the second act needed a song for her , and this was the scene to do it in . And so he directed the scene in such a way that even though the dramatic thrust comes from the man 's monologue , and she just sits there and reacts , he directed it so you could feel the weight going to her reaction rather than his action . And I went down and saw it and it seemed very clear what was needed , and so that made it very easy to write . And then I wrote it for her voice , because she could n't sustain notes . Was n't that kind of singing voice . So I knew I had to write things in short phrases , and that led to questions , and so again , I would n't have written a song so quickly if I had n't known the actress ... I wrote most of it one night and finished part of the second chorus , and I 'd gotten the ending ... ( T ) he whole thing was done in two days . Lyrics ( edit ) The lyrics of the song are written in four verses and a bridge and sung by Desirée . As Sondheim explains , Desirée experiences both deep regret and furious anger : `` Send in the Clowns '' was never meant to be a soaring ballad ; it 's a song of regret . And it 's a song of a lady who is too upset and too angry to speak -- meaning to sing for a very long time . She is furious , but she does n't want to make a scene in front of Fredrik because she recognizes that his obsession with his 18 - year - old wife is unbreakable . So she gives up ; so it 's a song of regret and anger , and therefore fits in with short - breathed phrases . Meter and key ( edit ) The song was originally performed in the key of D flat major . The song uses an unusual and complex meter , which alternates between 12 / 8 and 9 / 8 . These are two complex compound meters that evoke the sense of a waltz used throughout the score of the show .",
"5": "Sondheim tells the story : When I worked with Leonard Bernstein on West Side Story , one of the things I learned from him was not always necessarily to think in terms of 2 - , 4 - and 8 - bar phrases . I was already liberated enough before I met him not to be sticking to 32 - bar songs , but I tend to think square . I tend to think ... it 's probably because I was brought up on mid-19th and late - 19th Century music , and you know it 's fairly square ; there are not an awful lot of meter changes . You often will shorten or lengthen a bar for rhythmic purposes and for energy , but ... when you switch in the middle ( of a song ) , particularly when it 's a modest song , when you 're not writing an aria , you know ... ( I mean , ) if you 're writing something like Sweeney Todd , where people sing at great length , you expect switches of meter , because it helps variety . But in a little 36 - or 40 - bar song , to switch meters around is almost perverse , because the song does n't get a chance to establish its own rhythm . But the problem is , what would you do ? : Would you go , `` Is n't it rich ? ( two , three ) Are we a pair ? ( two , three ) Me here at last on the ground ( three ) , you in mid-air . '' Lenny ( Bernstein ) taught me to think in terms of , `` Do you really need the extra beat ( after ' ground ' ) or not . '' Just because you 've got four bars of four , if you come across a bar that does n't need the extra beat , then put a bar of three in . So ... the 9 ( beat bars ) and 12 ( beat bars ) that alternate in that song were not so much consciously arrived at as they were by the emotionality of the lyric . Styles ( edit ) `` Send in the Clowns '' is performed in two completely different styles : dramatic and lyric . The dramatic style is the theatrical performance by Desirée , and this style emphasizes Desirée 's feelings of anger and regret , and the dramatic style acts as a cohesive part of the play .",
"6": "The lyric style is the concert performance , and this style emphasizes the sweetness of the melody and the poetry of the lyrics . Most performances are in concert , so they emphasize the beauty of the melody and lyrics . Sondheim teaches both dramatic and lyric performers several important elements for an accurate rendition : The dramatic performer must take on the character of Desirée : a woman who finally realizes that she has misspent her youth on the shallow life . She is both angry and sad , and both must be seen in the performance . Two important examples are the contrast between the lines , `` Quick , send in the clowns '' and `` Well , maybe next year . '' Sondheim teaches that the former should be steeped in self - loathing , while the latter should emphasize regret . Thus , the former is clipped , with a break between `` quick '' and `` send , '' while the latter `` well '' is held pensively . Sondheim himself apologizes for flaws in his composition . For example , in the line , `` Well , maybe next year , '' the melodic emphasis is on the word year but the dramatic emphasis must be on the word next : The word `` next '' is important : `` Maybe next year '' as opposed to `` this year '' . ( Desirée means , ) `` All right , I 've screwed it up this year . Maybe next year I 'll do something right in my life . '' So ( it 's ) `` well , maybe next year '' even though it is n't accented in the music . This is a place where the lyric and the music are n't as apposite as they might be , because the important word is `` next '' , and yet the accented word is `` year '' . That 's my fault , but ( something the performer must ) overcome . Another example arises from Sondheim 's roots as a speaker of American rather than British English : The line `` Do n't you love farce ? '' features two juxtaposed labiodental fricative sounds ( the former ( v ) voiced , the latter ( f ) devoiced ) . American concert and stage performers will often fail to `` breathe '' and / or `` voice '' between the two fricatives , leading audiences familiar with British slang to hear `` Do n't you love arse ?",
"7": ", '' misinterpreting the lyric or at the least perceiving an unintended double entendre . Sondheim agrees that `` ( i ) t 's an awkward moment in the lyric , but that v and that f should be separated . '' In the line of the fourth verse , `` I thought that you 'd want what I want . Sorry , my dear , '' the performer must communicate the connection between the `` want '' and the `` sorry '' . Similarly , Sondheim insists that performers separately enunciate the adjacent t 's in the line , `` There ought to be clowns . '' Popular success ( edit ) The musical , with the song , debuted on Broadway in 1973 . The song became popular with theater audiences but had not become a pop hit . Sondheim explained how the song became a hit : First of all , it was n't a hit for two years . I mean , the first person to sing it was Bobby Short , who happened to see the show in Boston , and it was exactly his kind of song : He 's a cabaret entertainer . And then my memory is that Judy Collins picked it up , but she recorded it in England ; Sinatra heard it and recorded it . And between the two of them , they made it a hit . Frank Sinatra recorded `` Send in the Clowns '' in 1973 for his comeback album Ol ' Blue Eyes Is Back , which attained gold status . Gordon Jenkins arranged the song . It was also released as a single , with `` Let Me Try Again '' on side B . Two years later , in 1975 , Judy Collins recorded `` Send in the Clowns '' and included it on her album Judith . The song was released as a single , which soon became a major pop hit . It remained on the Billboard Hot 100 for 11 weeks in 1975 , reaching Number 36 . Then , in 1977 , the song again reached the Billboard Hot 100 , where it remained for 16 weeks and reached Number 19 . At the Grammy Awards of 1976 , the Judy Collins performance of the song was named `` Song of the Year '' . After Sinatra and Collins recorded the song , it was recorded by Bing Crosby ( for his album That 's What Life Is All About ) , Kenny Rogers , Lou Rawls and many others .",
"8": "In 1985 , Sondheim added a verse for Barbra Streisand to use in her concert performances and recording , which was featured on The Broadway Album . In 1986 , her version became a Number 25 Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary hit . The song has become a jazz standard with performances by Count Basie , Sarah Vaughan , the Stan Kenton Orchestra and many others . The song appears on over 900 records by hundreds of performers in a wide variety of arrangements . Other versions and parodies ( edit ) In 1993 , Krusty the Clown ( played by Dan Castellaneta ) performs the song on he Simpsons episode `` Krusty Gets Kancelled '' . It includes some altered lyrics : `` Send in those soulful and doleful , schmaltz - by - the - bowlful clowns '' . This version was later included on the soundtrack album Songs in the Key of Springfield . Stars of the Lid recorded a version called `` Do n't Bother They 're Here '' for their 2007 album And Their Refinement of the Decline . A snippet of `` Send In the Clowns '' appears as part of the song `` The Electric Co . '' on the U2 release Under A Blood Red Sky . However , the band did not have the appropriate licensing and did not pay the required royalties and were fined $50,000 ( US ) and had to make sure any further pressings of the release removed the snippet . The song figures prominently in a plotline in the daytime soap opera Ryan 's Hope in October 1988 , when villain Max Dubujax plants a bomb in a music box that plays the tune . Before he dies from a gunshot wound , he tells his ex-wife Siobhan Ryan , the intended victim , about `` losing my timing so late in my career '' . The bomb detonates in November 1988 , killing Siobhan 's husband Joe Novak . Tichina Arnold sings a version of the song that is used throughout the storyline . Comedian Will Ferrell performed the song on the Late Show with David Letterman on 2 August 2010 . The song is performed on an episode of the US sitcom Newhart , leading the dim - witted character of George Utley ( Tom Poston ) to say , `` I never realized what that song was really about !",
"9": "It 's about clowns , and when to send them in . '' In December 2010 , Stephen Colbert wrote and performed an `` extended ending '' to `` Send in the Clowns '' to composer Stephen Sondheim when he appeared on Colbert 's program , The Colbert Report . `` Where are the clowns ? / I booked them for eight / Oh wait that 's them on the phone / Saying they 're late / Traffic was bad / The tunnel 's a mess / All twelve of them came in one car / They lost my address / You just ca n't trust clowns / That 's why they 're called clowns . '' In 2011 , Paul Harper adapted the lyrics as a parody of bad English usage for Glam Jam , A West End Show , entitled `` Send in the Nouns '' . The song is featured in the film Starsky & Hutch during the duo 's undercover mission at a bat mitzvah . Madonna opened both her ' Tears Of a Clown ' concerts in 2015 with her own rendition of the song . in the October 1976 issue of MAD Magazine ( issue # 186 ) the song is parodied as ' Send In The Crew ' in the parody musical ' Keep On Trekkin ' : The MAD Star Trek Musical ' , with the lyrics of the song ( for the main cast members ) being a reflection that the cast has to come back to be on a Star Trek TV show ( Leonard Nimoy as Spock : `` Is n't it strange / After eight years / Him ( meaning William Shatner ) playing Captain again / Me with my ears / Send in the crew '' ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Synopsis '' mtishows.com , accessed April 16 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : An Interview with Stephen Sondheim ( Video Interview ) . Broadcast live from the New York City Opera during the production of A Little Night Music , in either 1990 or 1993 , when Sally Ann Howes opened the opera season : Live from Lincoln Center . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Gussow , Mel ( 2008 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Send In the Sondheim ; City Opera Revives ' Night Music , ' as Composer Dotes '' . The New York Times .",
"10": "Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ An Interview of Dame Judi Dench by Alan Titchmarsh ( Video Interview ) . BBC . 1996 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Graham ( June 2014 ) . `` Sondheim 's A Little Night Music : Reconciling the Comic and the Sublime '' . Studies in Musical Theatre . 8 ( 2 ) : 143 -- 157 . doi : 10.1386 / smt. 8.2. 143_1 . ^ Jump up to : Academy of Achievement ( 2005 - 07 - 05 ) . `` An Interview with Stephen Sondheim '' ( Video Interview ) . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Sondheim : A Little Night Music - Music on Google Play '' . play.google.com . Google . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Sondheim Teaches at Guildhall School of Music , Part 2 ( Video Class ) . Guildhall School of Music , London : Guildhall School of Music . 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Sondheim Teaches at Guildhall School of Music , Part 1 ( Video Class ) . Guildhall School of Music , London : Guildhall School of Music . 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . Send in the Clowns , by Judy Collins . Asylum Records . 1975 . Archived from the original ( Album ) on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Send in the Clowns , by Judy Collins . 1975 - 08 - 30 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Send in the Clowns , by Judy Collins . 1977 - 11 - 19 .",
"11": "Archived from the original on March 14 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Grammy Award Winner , Song of the Year '' . Send in the Clowns , written by Stephen Sondheim , performed by Judy Collins . 1975 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard '' ( Search Results ) . Send in the Clowns . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Barbra Streisand in Concert ( Video Concert ) . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks '' . Send in the Clowns , by Barbra Streisand. 1986 - 03 - 29 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Matt McGee and Aaron Sams . `` U2 : U2faqs.com - History FAQ - Three to Under a Blood Red Sky '' . U2faqs.com . Archived from the original on 2002 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Sondheim interview by Steven Colbert '' , Comedy Central , December 12 , 2010 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Sondheim.com Sondheim Guide to the Play Sondheim Review Notes to the Play Upcoming Performances of the Play Guide to Musical Theater for the Play Send in the Clowns Lyrics Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Volare '' -- Domenico Modugno ( songwriter ) ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Jimmy Driftwood ( songwriter ) ( 1960 ) `` Theme from Exodus '' -- Ernest Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1962 ) `` What Kind of Fool Am I ? ''",
"12": "-- Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley ( songwriters ) ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1964 ) `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Jerry Herman ( songwriter ) ( 1965 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' -- Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel ( songwriters ) ( 1966 ) `` Michelle '' -- John Lennon & Paul McCartney ( songwriters ) ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up , and Away '' -- Jimmy Webb ( songwriter ) ( 1968 ) `` Little Green Apples '' -- Bobby Russell ( songwriter ) ( 1969 ) `` Games People Play '' -- Joe South ( songwriter ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Paul Simon ( songwriter ) ( 1971 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' -- Carole King ( songwriter ) ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Ewan MacColl ( songwriter ) ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox ( songwriters ) ( 1974 ) `` The Way We Were '' -- Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch ( songwriters ) ( 1975 ) `` Send in the Clowns '' -- Stephen Sondheim ( songwriter ) ( 1976 ) `` I Write the Songs '' -- Bruce Johnston ( songwriter ) ( 1977 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams ( songwriters ) / `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Joe Brooks ( songwriter ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Billy Joel ( songwriter ) ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' -- Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald ( songwriters ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' -- Christopher Cross ( songwriter ) ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon ( songwriters ) ( 1982 ) `` Always on My Mind '' -- Johnny Christopher ,",
"13": "Mark James & Wayne Carson ( songwriters ) ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Sting ( songwriter ) ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Graham Lyle & Terry Britten ( songwriters ) ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' -- Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie ( songwriters ) ( 1986 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager ( songwriters ) ( 1987 ) `` Somewhere Out There '' -- James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil ( songwriters ) ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin ( songwriter ) ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar ( songwriters ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' -- Julie Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' -- Irving Gordon ( songwriter ) ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' -- Eric Clapton & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' -- Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' -- Bruce Springsteen ( songwriter ) ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' -- Seal ( songwriter ) ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' -- Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims ( songwriters ) ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' -- Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal ( songwriters ) ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- James Horner & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' -- Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas ( songwriters ) ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans ,",
"14": "Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2001 ) `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys ( songwriter ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Jesse Harris ( songwriter ) ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' -- Richard Marx & Luther Vandross ( songwriters ) ( 2004 ) `` Daughters '' -- John Mayer ( songwriter ) ( 2005 ) `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson ( songwriters ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' -- Amy Winehouse ( songwriter ) ( 2008 ) `` Viva la Vida '' -- Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin ( songwriters ) ( 2009 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart ( songwriters ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' -- Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott ( songwriters ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth ( songwriters ) ( 2012 ) `` We Are Young '' -- Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess ( songwriters ) ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' -- Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor ( songwriters ) ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) -- James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith ( songwriters ) ( 2015 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' -- Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge ( songwriters ) ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' -- Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin ( songwriters ) ( 2017 ) `` That 's What I Like '' -- Christopher Brody Brown , James Fauntleroy , Philip Lawrence , Bruno Mars , Ray Charles McCullough II , Jeremy Reeves ,",
"15": "Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip ( songwriters ) ( 2018 ) Ingmar Bergman 's Smiles of a Summer Night Adaptations A Little Night Music ( 1973 musical ) A Little Night Music ( 1977 film ) A Midsummer Night 's Sex Comedy ( 1982 film ) Songs `` Send in the Clowns '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Send_In_the_Clowns&oldid=828456466 '' Categories : Songs from musicals 1970s jazz standards Barbra Streisand songs Songs written by Stephen Sondheim Grammy Award for Song of the Year Judy Collins songs Frank Sinatra songs 1973 songs 1975 singles 1977 singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles needing cleanup from September 2017 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia list cleanup from September 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 17 : 26 . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "Bigg Boss Tamil - Wikipedia Bigg Boss Tamil Jump to : navigation , search Bigg Boss Season 1 logo Presented by Kamal Hassan Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Tamil No. of seasons No. of episodes 97 ( remaining 3 ? ) Production Location ( s ) Chennai Running time 90 minutes Production company ( s ) Endemol India Release Original release 25 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 25 ) Bigg Boss Tamil is the Tamil - language version of the reality TV programme Bigg Boss broadcast in India . It follows the Big Brother format , which was first developed by Endemol in the Netherlands . Kamal Haasan hosted the first season of Bigg Boss Tamil launched on 25 June 2017 on Star Vijay . In October 2017 , Bigg Boss Tamil 2 was confirmed by Star Vijay and will be aired in 2018 Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 The House 1.2 Rules 1.3 Broadcast 2 Eviction 3 Contestants Season 1 4 Contestants Season 2 5 Series Details 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Bigg Boss Tamil is a reality show based on the Hindi show Bigg Boss which too was based on the original Dutch Big Brother format developed by John de Mol Jr . A number of contestants ( known as `` housemates '' ) live in a purpose - built house and are isolated from the rest of the world . Each week , housemates nominate two of their fellow housemates for eviction , and the housemates who receives the most nominations would face a public vote . Eventually , one housemate would leave after being `` evicted '' from the House . In the final week , there will be five housemates remaining , and the public will vote for who they wanted to win . Unlike other versions of Big Brother , the Tamil version uses celebrities as housemates , not members of the general public . The House ( edit ) The house is well - furnished and decorated . It has all kinds of modern amenities , but just two bedrooms , living area , kitchen , store room , smoking room , and four toilet bath rooms .",
"1": "There is a garden , pool , activity area and gym in the House . There is also a Confession Room , where the housemates may be called in by Bigg Boss for any kind of conversation , and for the nomination process . The House has no TV connection , no telephones , and no Internet connection . Rules ( edit ) They are not supposed to tamper with any of the electronic equipment or any other thing in the House . They can not leave the House premises at any time except when permitted to . They can not discuss the nomination process with anyone . They can not sleep in the day time . Sometimes , the housemates may be nominated for other reasons , such as nomination by a person who has achieved special privileges ( via tasks or other things ) , for breaking rules or something else . If something is very serious , a contestant may be evicted directly . All the rules have never been told to the audience , the most prominent ones are clearly seen . The inmates are not permitted to talk in any other language than the language Tamil . Broadcast ( edit ) Bigg Boss Tamil is aired on Star Vijay and also Vijay Super from 9 to 10 : 30 ( IST ) on weekdays and 8 : 30 to 10 ( IST ) on weekends . Everyday 's episodes contain the main happenings of the previous day . Every weekend episode mainly focuses on an interview of the evicted contestant by the host . Eviction ( edit ) Contestants are nominated every week by their housemates . Viewers cast their vote in favour of the contestants they would like to save from eviction . Each viewer is entitled to 50 votes per day . The contestant with the least number of votes is evicted from the house .",
"2": "Contestants Season 1 ( edit ) Arav ( Nafeez Kizar ) , Oviya ( Helen Nelson ) , Gayathri Raguram , Vaiyapuri ( Ramakrishnan ) , Ganja Karuppu ( Karuppu Raja ) , Shakthi Vasudevan , Sri ( Sriram Natarajan ) , Anuya Bhagwat , Raiza Wilson , Aarathi Ganesh , Ganesh Venkatraman , Snehan ( Sivaselvam ) , Julie marina , Namitha , Bharani , Bindu Madhavi , Kajal , Harish Kalyan and Suja Varunee Contestants Season 2 ( edit ) Rakshan ( VJ Anchor ) , manjma mohan ( Actress ) , Ashna Zaveri ( Actress ) , Megha Akash ( Actress ) , Rio Raj ( Actor and Vijay TV Anchor ) , Dheena ( Comedian ) , Gayatri Jayaraman ( actress ) Confirmed so far for Season 2 of Big Boss Tamil ... Series Details ( edit ) Season Main host Launch date End date Day Winner Runner - Up Second Runner - Up Season 1 Kamal Haasan 25 June 2017 30 September 2017 100 Arav Snehan Harish Season 2 2018 2018 N / A TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kamal Haasan all set to host Tamil Big Boss '' . www.thehindu.com . Jump up ^ `` கமல் தொகுத்து வழங்கும் , விஜய் டிவியின் ' பிக் பாஸ் ' '' . www.vikatan.com . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Tamil : Kamal Haasan 's new reality show and its 15 contestants '' . Techie Wheels. 2017 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Vijay TV Bigg Boss Online Voting and Missed Call details ; Nomination and Eviction List '' .",
"3": "Techie Wheels. 2017 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Bigg Boss Tamil winner at TamilGlitz Official Website at Hotstar Big Brother Africa Africa Angola Nigeria South Africa Location of different versions of Big Brother . Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Québec Colombia Ecuador Mexico Pacific Panama Peru United States Celebrity Over the Top Spanish Asia - Pacific Arab States Australia China India Hindi Kannada Bangla Tamil Telugu Indonesia Israel Celebrity Philippines Thailand Vietnam Europe Albania Belgium Bulgaria Celebrity Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Celebrity Greece Hungary TV2 RTL II Italy Celebrity Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Celebrity Sweden Sweden and Norway Switzerland United Kingdom Celebrity Ukraine Turkey Virtual Second Life ( hide ) Programs broadcast by Star Vijay Reality show Kings of Dance ( season 2 ) Mrs. Chinnathirai Yes or No ( TV shows ) Soap opera serials Chinna Thambi Mouna Ragam Neeli Nenjam Marappathillai Pagal Nilavu Raja Rani Saravanan Meenatchi ( season 3 ) Tamil Kadavul Murugan Talk shows Neeya Naana Samayal Samayal with Venkatesh Bhat Dubbed serials Chandra Nandini Sitcoms & Game shows Adhu Idhu Edhu ( season 2 ) Kalakka Povathu Yaaru ? ( season 7 ) Kalakka Povathu Yaaru ?",
"4": "Champions Ready Steady Po Reality television shows in India Adventure Fear Factor India ( Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi ) Survivor India Comedy Comedy Circus Comedy Nights Bachao Comedy Nights Live Comedy Nights with Kapil Majaa Talkies Comedy Superstars Laugh India Laugh Lunars Comedy Express Mirakkel The Great Indian Laughter Challenge The Kapil Sharma Show Dance D 4 Dance Dance Bangla Dance Dance India Dance Dance Plus Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Jodi Number One Just Dance Nach Baliye Food Dhe Chef Foodistan MasterChef India Game 10 Ka Dum India Poochega Sabse Shaana Kaun ? Kaiyil Oru Kodi - Are You Ready ? Kannadada Kotyadhipati Kaun Banega Crorepati Minute To Win It Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran Music Antakshari Intercollegiate Championship Bol Baby Bol Asianet Super Voice Quiz Bournvita Quiz Contest Dadagiri Unlimited Disney Q Family Mastermind Jabab Kinte Chai Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain ?",
"5": "Quizzing in India Sell Me the Answer Thatt Antha Heli Singing Airtel Super Singer Airtel Super Singer Junior Idea Star Singer Indian Idol Sa Re Ga Ma Pa ( Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs ) Voice of India Others Bigg Boss Bigg Boss Bangla Bigg Boss Tamil Bigg Boss Kannada Bigg Boss Telugu Biggest Loser Jeetega Lead India Malayalee House National Bingo Night Roadies Sacch Ka Saamna Zee 20 Cricket League Defunct Ad Mad Show Antakshari -- The Great Challenge Baazi Kiski Biggest Loser Jeetega Boogie Woogie Champions of the World Dance Premier League Deal Ya No Deal Fame X Idea Star Singer India 's Magic Star Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star Junoon Lead India Mastermind India National Bingo Night Sawaal Dus Crore Ka Titan Antakshari Zee Cinestars Zor Ka Jhatka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bigg_Boss_Tamil&oldid=807170474 '' Categories : Indian reality television series Indian game shows Vijay TV television series Tamil reality television series Tamil game shows 2010s Tamil television series 2017 Tamil - language television series debuts Tamil - language television programs Bigg Boss 2017 Tamil - language television series endings Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2017 Use Indian English from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 10 : 25 . About Wikipedia",
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2
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-6366894099372457979
|
what is a live well in a boat
|
[
"a tank found on many fishing boats that is used to keep bait and caught fish alive",
"a tank found on many fishing boats that is used to keep bait and caught fish alive",
"a tank found on many fishing boats that is used to keep bait and caught fish alive"
] |
{
"0": "Livewell - wikipedia Livewell Jump to : navigation , search `` Live well '' redirects here . For the television network , see Live Well Network . For the financial services company , see Live Well Financial . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A wooden livewell ( container for live bait ) , towed by fishing boat . Exposition in Fisheries Museum in Hel ( branch of National Maritime Museum in Gdańsk ) A livewell is a tank found on many fishing boats that is used to keep bait and caught fish alive . It works by pumping fresh water from the surrounding body into the tank , as well as keeping the water aerated . A rule of thumb for determining the necessitated size of a livewell is that every one inch of fish needs a gallon of water if it is desired to keep the fish alive for a prolonged period of time . Besides size and water circulation , two other key factors of the functionality of a livewell are maintaining proper temperature and removing metabolic waste . Water temperatures should be below 75 ° F ( 24 ° C ) ; ice can be used as a coolant . Oxygen levels ( edit ) It is very important to maintain adequate oxygen levels in the livewell . It should be above 5 parts per million . Electric aeration systems are often used to do this . These often work by creating a spray that increases the surface area of the water , or by passing it through a Venturi . A livewell is a box used to transport live aquatic animals ; shrimp , baitfish and mature fish , saltwater or freshwater species . A livewell should be made of materials that are non - toxic to aquatic animals . The shape may be square , rectangular , oval or round . The box may be insulated , portable , have a drain and lid . Maintaining minimal safe water quality standards in livewell water is essential and necessary to insure a safe habitat for all the captive animals during transport . When transporting baitfish , shrimp or mature fish , maintaining dissolved oxygen saturation ( DO Sat ) is the single most important water quality parameter that must be controlled .",
"1": "Livewell oxygen -- injection systems and LOX systems insure O2 enriched livewell water . Pure 100 % compressed welding oxygen is injected into the water with a precision dose adjustable high - pressure oxygen regulator , oxygen tube and diffuser . Commercial and sport fishing oxygen - injection systems are designed to insure 100 % DO Saturation or greater whether the bait or fish load is 1 lb or > 1000 lbs . Minimal safe EPA water quality standards for steady state environments ( rivers , lakes , ponds , etc . ) is 5 ppm DO . Dissolved oxygen is the single most important factor for keeping bass alive , and an understanding of factors that affect oxygen levels will better enable anglers to keep their fish ( aquatic animals ) alive . At a moderate water temperature of 70 _̊ F , 100 percent oxygen saturation is 8.8 mg / l of oxygen , whereas at the higher temperature of 80 _̊ F , 100 percent saturation is 7.9 mg / l . Both of these 100 percent saturation oxygen levels are suitable for keeping bass alive . Without injecting oxygen into the livewell , it is very difficult to supply enough oxygen to keep alive heavier tournament limits . Oxygen injection has long been used by Texas Parks and Wildlife Department ( TPWD ) hatcheries to maintain the health of fish being stocked into reservoirs . Fisheries staff regularly transport or hold fish in ratios equal to or greater than one pound of fish to a gallon of water . However , boat manufactures do not offer oxygen injection system options ... Proper installation and operation of an oxygen injection system will ensure oxygen levels remain above the preferred level of 7 mg / l even when livewells contain heavy limits . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Live Well With Livewells nccoastalfishing.com Jump up ^ Keeping Bass Alive Livewell Archived 2009 - 08 - 22 at the Wayback Machine .",
"2": "massbass.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livewell&oldid=818570172 '' Categories : Fishing equipment Fishkeeping Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Dansk Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 09 : 05 . About Wikipedia",
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6207806205046746204
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who was the movie citizen kane based on
|
[
"based in part upon the American newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst, Chicago tycoons Samuel Insull and Harold McCormick, and aspects of Welles's own life",
"William Randolph Hearst",
"William Randolph Hearst"
] |
{
"0": "Citizen Kane - wikipedia Citizen Kane Jump to : navigation , search Citizen Kane Theatrical release poster Directed by Orson Welles Produced by Orson Welles Screenplay by Herman J. Mankiewicz Orson Welles Starring Orson Welles Joseph Cotten Dorothy Comingore Everett Sloane Ray Collins George Coulouris Agnes Moorehead Paul Stewart Ruth Warrick Erskine Sanford William Alland Music by Bernard Herrmann Cinematography Gregg Toland Edited by Robert Wise Production company Mercury Productions Distributed by RKO Radio Pictures Release date May 1 , 1941 ( 1941 - 05 - 01 ) ( Palace Theatre ) September 5 , 1941 ( 1941 - 09 - 05 ) ( United States ) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $839,727 Box office $1.6 million ( 1991 re-release ) Citizen Kane is a 1941 American mystery drama film by Orson Welles , its producer , co-screenwriter , director and star . The picture was Welles 's first feature film . Nominated for Academy Awards in nine categories , it won an Academy Award for Best Writing ( Original Screenplay ) by Herman J. Mankiewicz and Welles . Considered by many critics , filmmakers , and fans to be the greatest film of all time , Citizen Kane was voted as such in five consecutive British Film Institute Sight & Sound polls of critics , until it was displaced by Vertigo in the 2012 poll . It topped the American Film Institute 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies list in 1998 , as well as its 2007 update . Citizen Kane is particularly praised for its cinematography , music , editing and narrative structure , which have been considered innovative and precedent - setting . The quasi-biographical film examines the life and legacy of Charles Foster Kane , played by Welles , a character based in part upon the American newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst , Chicago tycoons Samuel Insull and Harold McCormick , and aspects of Welles 's own life . Upon its release , Hearst prohibited mention of the film in any of his newspapers .",
"1": "Kane 's career in the publishing world is born of idealistic social service , but gradually evolves into a ruthless pursuit of power . Narrated principally through flashbacks , the story is told through the research of a newsreel reporter seeking to solve the mystery of the newspaper magnate 's dying word : `` Rosebud '' . After the Broadway successes of Welles 's Mercury Theatre and the controversial 1938 radio broadcast `` The War of the Worlds '' on The Mercury Theatre on the Air , Welles was courted by Hollywood . He signed a contract with RKO Pictures in 1939 . Unusually for an untried director , he was given the freedom to develop his own story , to use his own cast and crew , and to have final cut privilege . Following two abortive attempts to get a project off the ground , he wrote the screenplay for Citizen Kane , collaborating on the effort with Herman Mankiewicz . Principal photography took place in 1940 and the film received its American release in 1941 . While a critical success , Citizen Kane failed to recoup its costs at the box office . The film faded from view after its release but was subsequently returned to the public 's attention when it was praised by such French critics as André Bazin and given an American revival in 1956 . The film was released on Blu - ray on September 13 , 2011 , for a special 70th anniversary edition .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Pre-production 3.1 Development 3.2 Screenplay 4 Sources 5 Production 5.1 Casting 5.2 Filming 5.3 Post-production 5.4 Trailer 6 Style 6.1 Storytelling techniques 6.2 Cinematography 6.3 Sound 6.4 Make - up 6.5 Sets 6.6 Special effects 6.7 Music 6.8 Editing 7 Themes 7.1 Political themes 8 Reception 8.1 Pre-release controversy 8.2 Hearst 's response 8.3 Release 8.4 Contemporary responses 8.5 Awards 9 Legacy 9.1 Release in Europe 9.2 Re-evaluation 9.3 Influence 9.4 Film memorabilia 10 Rights and home media 10.1 Colorization controversy 11 See also 12 Bibliography 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Plot ( edit ) Favored to win election as governor , Kane makes a campaign speech at Madison Square Garden The affair between Kane and Susan Alexander ( Dorothy Comingore ) is exposed by his political opponent , Boss Jim W. Gettys ( Ray Collins ) In a mansion in Xanadu , a vast palatial estate in Florida , the elderly Charles Foster Kane is on his deathbed . Holding a snow globe , he utters a word , `` Rosebud '' , and dies ; the globe slips from his hand and smashes on the floor . A newsreel obituary tells the life story of Kane , an enormously wealthy newspaper publisher . Kane 's death becomes sensational news around the world , and the newsreel 's producer tasks reporter Jerry Thompson with discovering the meaning of `` Rosebud '' . Thompson sets out to interview Kane 's friends and associates . He approaches Kane 's second wife , Susan Alexander Kane , now an alcoholic who runs her own nightclub , but she refuses to talk to him . Thompson goes to the private archive of the late banker Walter Parks Thatcher .",
"3": "Through Thatcher 's written memoirs , Thompson learns that Kane 's childhood began in poverty in Colorado . In 1871 , after a gold mine is discovered on her property , Kane 's mother Mary Kane sends Charles away to live with Thatcher so that he would be properly educated . It is also implied that Kane 's father could be violent towards his son and that is another reason she would like to send him away . While Thatcher and Charles ' parents discuss arrangements inside , the young Kane plays happily with a sled in the snow outside his parents ' boarding - house and protests being sent to live with Thatcher . Furious at the prospect of exile from his own family to live with a man he does not know , the boy strikes Thatcher with his sled and attempts to run away . Years later , after gaining full control over his trust fund at the age of 25 , Kane enters the newspaper business and embarks on a career of yellow journalism . He takes control of the New York Inquirer and starts publishing scandalous articles that attack Thatcher 's business interests . After the stock market crash in 1929 , Kane is forced to sell controlling interest of his newspaper empire to Thatcher . Back in the present , Thompson interviews Kane 's personal business manager , Mr. Bernstein . Bernstein recalls how Kane hired the best journalists available to build the Inquirer 's circulation . Kane rose to power by successfully manipulating public opinion regarding the Spanish -- American War and marrying Emily Norton , the niece of a President of the United States . Thompson interviews Kane 's estranged best friend , Jedediah Leland , in a retirement home . Leland recalls how Kane 's marriage to Emily disintegrates more and more over the years , and he begins an affair with amateur singer Susan Alexander while he is running for Governor of New York . Both his wife and his political opponent discover the affair and the public scandal ends his political career . Kane marries Susan and forces her into a humiliating operatic career for which she has neither the talent nor the ambition . Back in the present , Susan now consents to an interview with Thompson , and recalls her failed opera career . Kane finally allows her to abandon her singing career after she attempts suicide . After years spent dominated by Kane and living in isolation at Xanadu , Susan leaves Kane .",
"4": "Kane 's butler Raymond recounts that , after Susan leaves him , Kane begins violently destroying the contents of her bedroom . He suddenly calms down when he sees a snow globe and says , `` Rosebud '' . Back at Xanadu , Kane 's belongings are being cataloged or discarded . Thompson concludes that he is unable to solve the mystery and that the meaning of Kane 's last word will forever remain an enigma . As the film ends , the camera reveals that `` Rosebud '' is the trade name of the sled on which the eight - year - old Kane was playing on the day that he was taken from his home in Colorado . Thought to be junk by Xanadu 's staff , the sled is burned in a furnace . Cast ( edit ) Harry Shannon , George Coulouris and Agnes Moorehead Joseph Cotten , Orson Welles and Everett Sloane Dorothy Comingore and Orson Welles Ray Collins , Dorothy Comingore , Orson Welles and Ruth Warrick The beginning of the film 's ending credits state that `` Most of the principal actors in Citizen Kane are new to motion pictures . The Mercury Theatre is proud to introduce them . '' The cast is listed in the following order : Joseph Cotten as Jedediah Leland , Kane 's best friend and a reporter for The Inquirer . Cotten also appears ( hidden in darkness ) in the News on the March screening room . Dorothy Comingore as Susan Alexander Kane , Kane 's mistress and second wife . Agnes Moorehead as Mary Kane , Kane 's mother . Ruth Warrick as Emily Monroe Norton Kane , Kane 's first wife . Ray Collins as Jim W. Gettys , Kane 's political rival and the incumbent governor of New York . Erskine Sanford as Herbert Carter , editor of The Inquirer . Sanford also appears ( hidden in darkness ) in the News on the March screening room . Everett Sloane as Mr. Bernstein , Kane 's friend and employee at The Inquirer . William Alland as Jerry Thompson , a reporter for News on the March . Alland also voices the narrator of the News on the March newsreel . Paul Stewart as Raymond , Kane 's butler .",
"5": "George Coulouris as Walter Parks Thatcher , a banker who becomes Kane 's legal guardian . Fortunio Bonanova as Signor Matiste , vocal coach of Susan Alexander Kane . Gus Schilling as John , headwaiter at the El Rancho nightclub . Schilling also appears ( hidden in darkness ) in the News on the March screening room . Philip Van Zandt as Mr. Rawlston , News on the March producer . Georgia Backus as Bertha Anderson , attendant at the library of Walter Parks Thatcher . Harry Shannon as Jim Kane , Kane 's father . Sonny Bupp as Charles Foster Kane III , Kane 's son . Buddy Swan as Charles Foster Kane , age eight . Orson Welles as Charles Foster Kane , a wealthy newspaper publisher . Additionally , Charles Bennett appears as the entertainer at the head of the chorus line in the Inquirer party sequence , and cinematographer Gregg Toland makes a cameo appearance as an interviewer depicted in part of the News on the March newsreel . Actor Alan Ladd makes a cameo appearance as a reporter smoking a pipe at the end of the film . Preproduction ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Welles 's 1938 radio broadcast of `` The War of the Worlds '' caught the attention of RKO Hollywood had shown interest in Welles as early as 1936 . He turned down three scripts sent to him by Warner Bros. In 1937 , he declined offers from David O. Selznick , who asked him to head his film company 's story department , and William Wyler , who wanted him for a supporting role in Wuthering Heights . `` Although the possibility of making huge amounts of money in Hollywood greatly attracted him , '' wrote biographer Frank Brady , `` he was still totally , hopelessly , insanely in love with the theater , and it is there that he had every intention of remaining to make his mark . '' Following `` The War of the Worlds '' broadcast of his CBS radio series The Mercury Theatre on the Air , Welles was lured to Hollywood with a remarkable contract . RKO Pictures studio head George J. Schaefer wanted to work with Welles after the notorious broadcast , believing that Welles had a gift for attracting mass attention .",
"6": "RKO was also uncharacteristically profitable and was entering into a series of independent production contracts that would add more artistically prestigious films to its roster . Throughout the spring and early summer of 1939 , Schaefer constantly tried to lure the reluctant Welles to Hollywood . Welles was in financial trouble after failure of his plays Five Kings and The Green Goddess . At first he simply wanted to spend three months in Hollywood and earn enough money to pay his debts and fund his next theatrical season . Welles first arrived on July 20 , 1939 and on his first tour , he called the movie studio `` the greatest electric train set a boy ever had '' . Welles signed his contract with RKO on August 21 . This legendary contract stipulated that Welles would act in , direct , produce and write two films . Mercury would get $100,000 for the first film by January 1 , 1940 , plus 20 % of profits after RKO recouped $500,000 , and $125,000 for a second film by January 1 , 1941 , plus 20 % of profits after RKO recouped $500,000 . The most controversial aspect of the contract was granting Welles complete artistic control of the two films so long as RKO approved both project 's stories and so long as the budget did not exceed $500,000 . RKO executives would not be allowed to see any footage until Welles chose to show it to them , and no cuts could be made to either film without Welles 's approval . Welles was allowed to develop the story without interference , select his own cast and crew , and have the right of final cut . Granting final cut privilege was unprecedented for a studio since it placed artistic considerations over financial investment . The contract was deeply resented in the film industry , and the Hollywood press took every opportunity to mock RKO and Welles . Schaefer remained a great supporter and saw the unprecedented contract as good publicity . Film scholar Robert L. Carringer wrote : `` The simple fact seems to be that Schaefer believed Welles was going to pull off something really big almost as much as Welles did himself . ''",
"7": "Orson Welles at his Hollywood home in 1939 , during the long months it took to launch his first film project Welles spent the first five months of his RKO contract trying to get his first project going , without success . `` They are laying bets over on the RKO lot that the Orson Welles deal will end up without Orson ever doing a picture there , '' wrote The Hollywood Reporter . It was agreed that Welles would film Heart of Darkness , previously adapted for The Mercury Theatre on the Air , which would be presented entirely through a first - person camera . After elaborate pre-production and a day of test shooting with a hand - held camera -- unheard of at the time -- the project never reached production because Welles was unable to trim $50,000 from its budget . Schaefer told Welles that the $500,000 budget could not be exceeded ; as war loomed , revenue was declining sharply in Europe by the fall of 1939 . He then started work on the idea that became Citizen Kane . Knowing the script would take time to prepare , Welles suggested to RKO that while that was being done -- `` so the year would n't be lost '' -- he make a humorous political thriller . Welles proposed The Smiler with a Knife , from a novel by Cecil Day - Lewis . When that project stalled in December 1939 , Welles began brainstorming other story ideas with screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz , who had been writing Mercury radio scripts . `` Arguing , inventing , discarding , these two powerful , headstrong , dazzlingly articulate personalities thrashed toward Kane '' , wrote biographer Richard Meryman . Screenplay ( edit ) Main article : Screenplay for Citizen Kane Herman J. Mankiewicz co-wrote the script in early 1940 . He and Welles separately re-wrote and revised each other 's work until Welles was satisfied with the finished product . Pauline Kael 's controversial essay `` Raising Kane '' was published in The New Yorker and in The Citizen Kane Book ( 1971 ) . One of the long - standing controversies about Citizen Kane has been the authorship of the screenplay . Welles conceived the project with screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz , who was writing radio plays for Welles 's CBS Radio series , The Campbell Playhouse .",
"8": "Mankiewicz based the original outline on the life of William Randolph Hearst , whom he knew socially and came to hate after being exiled from Hearst 's circle . In February 1940 Welles supplied Mankiewicz with 300 pages of notes and put him under contract to write the first draft screenplay under the supervision of John Houseman , Welles 's former partner in the Mercury Theatre . Welles later explained , `` I left him on his own finally , because we 'd started to waste too much time haggling . So , after mutual agreements on storyline and character , Mank went off with Houseman and did his version , while I stayed in Hollywood and wrote mine . '' Taking these drafts , Welles drastically condensed and rearranged them , then added scenes of his own . The industry accused Welles of underplaying Mankiewicz 's contribution to the script , but Welles countered the attacks by saying , `` At the end , naturally , I was the one making the picture , after all -- who had to make the decisions . I used what I wanted of Mank 's and , rightly or wrongly , kept what I liked of my own . '' The terms of the contract stated that Mankiewicz was to receive no credit for his work , as he was hired as a script doctor . Before he signed the contract Mankiewicz was particularly advised by his agents that all credit for his work belonged to Welles and the Mercury Theatre , the `` author and creator '' . As the film neared release , however , Mankiewicz began threatening Welles to get credit for the film -- including threats to place full - page ads in trade papers and to get his friend Ben Hecht to write an exposé for The Saturday Evening Post . Mankiewicz also threatened to go to the Screen Writers Guild and claim full credit for writing the entire script by himself . After lodging a protest with the Screen Writers Guild , Mankiewicz withdrew it , then vacillated . The question was resolved in January 1941 when the studio , RKO Pictures , awarded Mankiewicz credit . The guild credit form listed Welles first , Mankiewicz second .",
"9": "Welles 's assistant Richard Wilson said that the person who circled Mankiewicz 's name in pencil , then drew an arrow that put it in first place , was Welles . The official credit reads , `` Screenplay by Herman J. Mankiewicz and Orson Welles '' . Mankiewicz 's rancor toward Welles grew over the remaining 12 years of his life . Questions over the authorship of the Citizen Kane screenplay were revived in 1971 by influential film critic Pauline Kael , whose controversial 50,000 - word essay `` Raising Kane '' was commissioned as an introduction to the shooting script in The Citizen Kane Book , published in October 1971 . The book - length essay first appeared in February 1971 , in two consecutive issues of The New Yorker magazine . In the ensuing controversy Welles was defended by colleagues , critics , biographers and scholars , but his reputation was damaged by its charges . The essay was later discredited and Kael 's own scholarship was called into question . Any question of authorship was resolved with Carringer 's 1978 essay , `` The Scripts of Citizen Kane '' . Carringer studied the collection of script records -- `` almost a day - to - day record of the history of the scripting '' -- that was then still intact at RKO . He reviewed all seven drafts and concluded that `` the full evidence reveals that Welles 's contribution to the Citizen Kane script was not only substantial but definitive . '' Sources ( edit ) Main article : Sources for Citizen Kane Although various sources were used as a model for Kane , William Randolph Hearst was the primary inspiration . Hearst was disturbed by the film 's supposed depiction of Marion Davies , but Welles always denied that Susan Alexander Kane was based on Davies . Welles never confirmed a principal source for the character of Charles Foster Kane . Houseman wrote that Kane is a synthesis of different personalities , with Hearst 's life used as the main source . Some events and details were invented , and Houseman wrote that he and Mankiewicz also `` grafted anecdotes from other giants of journalism , including Pulitzer , Northcliffe and Mank 's first boss , Herbert Bayard Swope . '' Welles said , `` Mr.",
"10": "Hearst was quite a bit like Kane , although Kane is n't really founded on Hearst in particular , many people sat for it so to speak '' . He specifically acknowledged that aspects of Kane were drawn from the lives of two business tycoons familiar from his youth in Chicago -- Samuel Insull and Harold Fowler McCormick . The character of Jedediah Leland was based on drama critic Ashton Stevens , George Stevens 's uncle and Welles 's close boyhood friend . Some detail came from Mankiewicz 's own experience as a drama critic in New York . The assumption that the character of Susan Alexander Kane was based on Marion Davies was a major reason Hearst tried to destroy Citizen Kane . Welles denied that the character was based on Davies , whom he called `` an extraordinary woman -- nothing like the character Dorothy Comingore played in the movie . '' He cited Insull 's building of the Chicago Opera House , and McCormick 's lavish promotion of the opera career of his second wife , Ganna Walska , as direct influences on the screenplay . The character of political boss Jim W. Gettys is based on Charles F. Murphy , a leader in New York City 's infamous Tammany Hall political machine . Welles credited `` Rosebud '' to Mankiewicz . Biographer Richard Meryman wrote that the symbol of Mankiewicz 's own damaged childhood was a treasured bicycle , stolen while he visited the public library and not replaced by his family as punishment . He regarded it as the prototype of Charles Foster Kane 's sled . In his 2015 Welles biography , Patrick McGilligan reported that Mankiewicz himself stated that the word `` Rosebud '' was taken from the name of a famous racehorse , Old Rosebud . Mankiewicz had a bet on the horse in the 1914 Kentucky Derby , which he won , and McGilligan wrote that `` Old Rosebud symbolized his lost youth , and the break with his family '' . In testimony for the Lundberg suit , Mankiewicz said , `` I had undergone psycho - analysis , and Rosebud , under circumstances slightly resembling the circumstances in ( Citizen Kane ) , played a prominent part . '' Other modern claims that the term was a nickname Hearst used for Davies ' clitoris were rejected by Houseman and dismissed by Brady .",
"11": "The News on the March sequence that begins the film satirizes the journalistic style of The March of Time , the news documentary and dramatization series presented in movie theaters by Time Inc . From 1935 to 1938 Welles was a member of the uncredited company of actors that presented the original radio version . Houseman claimed that banker Walter P. Thatcher was loosely based on J.P. Morgan . Bernstein was named for Dr. Maurice Bernstein , appointed Welles 's guardian ; Sloane 's portrayal was said to be based on Bernard Herrmann . Herbert Carter , editor of The Inquirer , was named for actor Jack Carter . Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) The Mercury Theatre was an independent repertory theatre company founded by Orson Welles and John Houseman in 1937 . The company produced theatrical presentations , radio programs , films , promptbooks and phonographic recordings . Citizen Kane was a rare film in that its principal roles were played by actors new to motion pictures . Ten were billed as Mercury Actors , members of the skilled repertory company assembled by Welles for the stage and radio performances of the Mercury Theatre , an independent theater company he founded with Houseman in 1937 . `` He loved to use the Mercury players , '' wrote biographer Charles Higham , `` and consequently he launched several of them on movie careers . '' The film represents the feature film debuts of William Alland , Ray Collins , Joseph Cotten , Agnes Moorehead , Erskine Sanford , Everett Sloane , Paul Stewart , and Welles himself . Despite never having appeared in feature films , some of the cast members were already well known to the public . Cotten had recently become a Broadway star in the hit play The Philadelphia Story with Katharine Hepburn and Sloane was well known for his role on the radio show The Goldbergs. Mercury actor George Coulouris was a star of the stage in New York and London . Not all of the cast came from the Mercury Players . Welles cast Dorothy Comingore , an actress who played supporting parts in films since 1934 using the name `` Linda Winters '' , as Susan Alexander Kane .",
"12": "A discovery of Charlie Chaplin , Comingore was recommended to Welles by Chaplin , who then met Comingore at a party in Los Angeles and immediately cast her . Welles had met stage actress Ruth Warrick while visiting New York on a break from Hollywood and remembered her as a good fit for Emily Norton Kane , later saying that she looked the part . Warrick told Carringer that she was struck by the extraordinary resemblance between herself and Welles 's mother when she saw a photograph of Beatrice Ives Welles . She characterized her own personal relationship with Welles as motherly . `` He trained us for films at the same time that he was training himself , '' recalled Agnes Moorehead . `` Orson believed in good acting , and he realized that rehearsals were needed to get the most from his actors . That was something new in Hollywood : nobody seemed interested in bringing in a group to rehearse before scenes were shot . But Orson knew it was necessary , and we rehearsed every sequence before it was shot . '' When The March of Time narrator Westbrook Van Voorhis asked for $25,000 to narrate the News on the March sequence , Alland demonstrated his ability to imitate Van Voorhis and Welles cast him . Welles later said that casting character actor Gino Corrado in the small part of the waiter at the El Rancho broke his heart . Corrado had appeared in many Hollywood films , often as a waiter , and Welles wanted all of the actors to be new to films . Other uncredited roles went to Thomas A. Curran as Teddy Roosevelt in the faux newsreel ; Richard Baer as Hillman , a man at Madison Square Garden , and a man in the News on the March screening room ; and Alan Ladd , Arthur O'Connell and Louise Currie as reporters at Xanadu . When Kathryn Trosper Popper died on March 6 , 2016 , at the age of 100 she was reported to be the last surviving actor to appear in Citizen Kane . Jean Forward , a soprano who dubbed the singing voice of Susan Alexander , was the last surviving performer from the film before her death in 2016 . Warrick was the last surviving member of the principal cast at the time of her death in 2005 .",
"13": "Sonny Bupp , who played Kane 's young son , was the last surviving credited cast member of Citizen Kane when he died in 2007 . Filming ( edit ) Sound stage entrance , as seen in the Citizen Kane trailer Production advisor Miriam Geiger quickly compiled a handmade film textbook for Welles , a practical reference book of film techniques that he studied carefully . He then taught himself filmmaking by matching its visual vocabulary to The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari , which he ordered from the Museum of Modern Art , and films by Frank Capra , René Clair , Fritz Lang , King Vidor and Jean Renoir . The one film he genuinely studied was John Ford 's Stagecoach , which he watched 40 times . `` As it turned out , the first day I ever walked onto a set was my first day as a director , '' Welles said . `` I 'd learned whatever I knew in the projection room -- from Ford . After dinner every night for about a month , I 'd run Stagecoach , often with some different technician or department head from the studio , and ask questions . ' How was this done ? ' ' Why was this done ? ' It was like going to school . '' Welles 's cinematographer for the film was Gregg Toland , described by Welles as `` just then , the number - one cameraman in the world . '' To Welles 's astonishment , Toland visited him at his office and said , `` I want you to use me on your picture . '' He had seen some of the Mercury stage productions ( including Caesar ) and said he wanted to work with someone who had never made a movie . RKO hired Toland on loan from Samuel Goldwyn Productions in the first week of June 1940 . `` And he never tried to impress us that he was doing any miracles , '' Welles recalled . `` I was calling for things only a beginner would have been ignorant enough to think anybody could ever do , and there he was , doing them . '' Toland later explained that he wanted to work with Welles because he anticipated the first time director 's inexperience and reputation for audacious experimentation in the theater would allow the cinematographer to try new and innovative camera techniques that typical Hollywood films would never have allowed him to do .",
"14": "Unaware of filmmaking protocol , Welles adjusted the lights on set as he was accustomed to doing in the theater ; Toland quietly re-balanced them , and was angry when one of the crew informed Welles that he was infringing on Toland 's responsibilities . During the first few weeks of June , Welles had lengthy discussions about the film with Toland and art director Perry Ferguson in the morning , and in the afternoon and evening he worked with actors and revised the script . Cinematographer Gregg Toland wanted to work with Welles for the opportunity of trying experimental camera techniques that other films did not allow . On June 29 , 1940 -- a Saturday morning when few inquisitive studio executives would be around -- Welles began filming Citizen Kane . After the disappointment of having Heart of Darkness cancelled , Welles followed Ferguson 's suggestion and deceived RKO into believing that he was simply shooting camera tests . `` But we were shooting the picture , '' Welles said , `` because we wanted to get started and be already into it before anybody knew about it . '' At the time RKO executives were pressuring him to agree to direct a film called The Men from Mars , to capitalize on `` The War of the Worlds '' radio broadcast . Welles said that he would consider making the project but wanted to make a different film first . At this time he did not inform them that he had already begun filming Citizen Kane . The early footage was called `` Orson Welles Tests '' on all paperwork . The first `` test '' shot was the News on the March projection room scene , economically filmed in a real studio projection room in darkness that masked many actors who appeared in other roles later in the film . `` At $809 Orson did run substantially beyond the test budget of $528 -- to create one of the most famous scenes in movie history , '' wrote Barton Whaley . The next scenes were the El Rancho nightclub scenes and the scene in which Susan attempts suicide . Welles later said that the nightclub set was available after another film had wrapped and that filming took 10 to 12 days to complete . For these scenes Welles had Comingore 's throat sprayed with chemicals to give her voice a harsh , raspy tone . Other scenes shot in secret included those in which Thompson interviews Leland and Bernstein , which were also shot on sets built for other films .",
"15": "During production , the film was referred to as RKO 281 . Most of the filming took place in what is now Stage 19 on the Paramount Pictures lot in Hollywood . There was some location filming at Balboa Park in San Diego and the San Diego Zoo . In the end of July , RKO approved the film and Welles was allowed to officially begin shooting , despite having already been filming `` tests '' for several weeks . Welles leaked stories to newspaper reporters that the tests had been so good that there was no need to re-shoot them . The first official scene to be shot was the breakfast montage sequence between Kane and his first wife Emily . To strategically save money and appease the RKO executives who opposed him , Welles rehearsed scenes extensively before actually shooting and filmed very few takes of each shot set - up . Welles never shot master shots for any scene after Toland told him that Ford never shot them . To appease the increasingly curious press , Welles threw a cocktail party for selected reporters , promising that they could watch a scene being filmed . When the journalists arrived Welles told them they had `` just finished '' shooting for the day but still had the party . Welles told the press that he was ahead of schedule ( without factoring in the month of `` test shooting '' ) , thus discrediting claims that after a year in Hollywood without making a film he was a failure in the film industry . Welles fell ten feet while shooting the scene in which Kane shouts at the departing Boss Jim W. Gettys ; his injuries required him to direct from a wheelchair for two weeks . Welles usually worked 16 to 18 hours a day on the film . He often began work at 4 a.m. since the special effects make - up used to age him for certain scenes took up to four hours to apply . Welles used this time to discuss the day 's shooting with Toland and other crew members . The special contact lenses used to make Welles look elderly proved very painful , and a doctor was employed to place them into Welles 's eyes . Welles had difficulty seeing clearly while wearing them , which caused him to badly cut his wrist when shooting the scene in which Kane breaks up the furniture in Susan 's bedroom .",
"16": "While shooting the scene in which Kane shouts at Gettys on the stairs of Susan Alexander 's apartment building , Welles fell ten feet ; an X-ray revealed two bone chips in his ankle . The injury required him to direct the film from a wheelchair for two weeks . He eventually wore a steel brace to resume performing on camera ; it is visible in the low - angle scene between Kane and Leland after Kane loses the election . For the final scene , a stage at the Selznick studio was equipped with a working furnace , and multiple takes were required to show the sled being put into the fire and the word `` Rosebud '' consumed . Paul Stewart recalled that on the ninth take the Culver City Fire Department arrived in full gear because the furnace had grown so hot the flue caught fire . `` Orson was delighted with the commotion '' , he said . When `` Rosebud '' was burned , Welles choreographed the scene while he had composer Bernard Herrmann 's cue playing on the set . Unlike Schaefer , many members of RKO 's board of governors did not like Welles or the control that his contract gave him . However such board members as Nelson Rockefeller and NBC chief David Sarnoff were sympathetic to Welles . Throughout production Welles had problems with these executives not respecting his contract 's stipulation of non-interference and several spies arrived on set to report what they saw to the executives . When the executives would sometimes arrive on set unannounced the entire cast and crew would suddenly start playing softball until they left . Before official shooting began the executives intercepted all copies of the script and delayed their delivery to Welles . They had one copy sent to their office in New York , resulting in it being leaked to press . Principal shooting wrapped October 24 . Welles then took several weeks off of the film for a lecture tour , during which he also scouted additional locations with Toland and Ferguson . Filming resumed November 15 with some re-shoots . Toland had to leave due to a commitment to shoot Howard Hughes ' The Outlaw , but Toland 's camera crew continued working on the film and Toland was replaced by RKO cinematographer Harry J. Wild . The final day of shooting on November 30 was Kane 's death scene .",
"17": "Welles boasted that he only went 21 days over his official shooting schedule , without factoring in the month of `` camera tests . '' According to RKO records , the film cost $839,727 . Its estimated budget had been $723,800 . Post-production ( edit ) Citizen Kane was edited by Robert Wise and assistant editor Mark Robson . Both would become successful film directors . Wise was hired after Welles finished shooting the `` camera tests '' and began officially making the film . Wise said that Welles `` had an older editor assigned to him for those tests and evidently he was not too happy and asked to have somebody else . I was roughly Orson 's age and had several good credits . '' Wise and Robson began editing the film while it was still shooting and said that they `` could tell certainly that we were getting something very special . It was outstanding film day in and day out . '' Welles gave Wise detailed instructions and was usually not present during the film 's editing . The film was very well planned out and intentionally shot for such post-production techniques as slow dissolves . The lack of coverage made editing easy since Welles and Toland edited the film `` in camera '' by leaving few options of how it could be put together . Wise said the breakfast table sequence took weeks to edit and get the correct `` timing '' and `` rhythm '' for the whip pans and over-lapping dialogue . The News on the March sequence was edited by RKO 's newsreel division to give it authenticity . They used stock footage from Pathé News and the General Film Library . During post-production Welles and special effects artist Linwood G. Dunn experimented with an optical printer to improve certain scenes that Welles found unsatisfactory from the footage . Whereas Welles was often immediately pleased with Wise 's work , he would require Dunn and post-production audio engineer James G. Stewart to re-do their work several times until he was satisfied . Welles hired Bernard Herrmann to compose the film 's score . Where most Hollywood film scores were written quickly , in as few as two or three weeks after filming was completed , Herrmann was given 12 weeks to write the music . He had sufficient time to do his own orchestrations and conducting , and worked on the film reel by reel as it was shot and cut .",
"18": "He wrote complete musical pieces for some of the montages , and Welles edited many of the scenes to match their length . Trailer ( edit ) Main article : Citizen Kane trailer Written and directed by Welles at Toland 's suggestion , the theatrical trailer for Citizen Kane differs from other trailers in that it did not feature a single second of footage of the actual film itself , but acts as a wholly original , tongue - in - cheek , pseudo-documentary piece on the film 's production . Filmed at the same time as Citizen Kane itself , it offers the only existing behind - the - scenes footage of the film . The trailer , shot by Wild instead of Toland , follows an unseen Welles as he provides narration for a tour around the film set , introductions to the film 's core cast members , and a brief overview of Kane 's character . The trailer also contains a number of trick shots , including one of Everett Sloane appearing at first to be running into the camera , which turns out to be the reflection of the camera in a mirror . At the time , it was almost unprecedented for a film trailer to not actually feature anything of the film itself ; and while Citizen Kane is frequently cited as a ground - breaking , influential film , Simon Callow argues its trailer was no less original in its approach . Callow writes that it has `` great playful charm ... it is a miniature documentary , almost an introduction to the cinema ... Teasing , charming , completely original , it is a sort of conjuring trick : without his face appearing once on the screen , Welles entirely dominates its five ( sic ) minutes ' duration . '' Style ( edit ) Film scholars and historians view Citizen Kane as Welles 's attempt to create a new style of filmmaking by studying various forms of film making , and combining them all into one . However , Welles stated that his love for cinema began only when he started the work on the film . When asked where he got the confidence as a first - time director to direct a film so radically different from contemporary cinema , he responded , `` Ignorance , ignorance , sheer ignorance -- you know there 's no confidence to equal it . It 's only when you know something about a profession , I think , that you 're timid or careful . ''",
"19": "David Bordwell wrote that `` The best way to understand Citizen Kane is to stop worshiping it as a triumph of technique . '' Bordwell argues that the film did not invent any of its famous techniques such as deep focus cinematography , shots of the ceilings , chiaroscuro lighting and temporal jump - cuts , and many of these stylistics had been used in German Expressionist films of the 1920s , such as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari . But Bordwell asserts that the film did put them all together for the first time and perfected the medium in one single film . In a 1948 interview D.W. Griffith said `` I loved Citizen Kane and particularly loved the ideas he took from me . '' Arguments against the film 's cinematic innovations were made as early as 1946 when French historian Georges Sadoul wrote that `` the film is an encyclopedia of old techniques . '' Sadoul pointed out such examples as compositions that used both the foreground and the background in the films of Auguste and Louis Lumière , special effects used in the films of Georges Méliès , shots of the ceiling in Erich von Stroheim 's Greed and newsreel montages in the films of Dziga Vertov . French film critic André Bazin defended the film and wrote that `` In this respect , the accusation of plagiarism could very well be extended to the film 's use of panchromatic film or its exploitation of the properties of gelatinous silver halide . '' Bazin disagreed with Sadoul 's comparison to Lumière 's cinematography since Citizen Kane used more sophisticated lenses , but acknowledged that the film had similarities to such previous works as The 49th Parallel and The Power and the Glory . Bazin stated that `` even if Welles did not invent the cinematic devices employed in Citizen Kane , one should nevertheless credit him with the invention of their meaning . '' Bazin championed the techniques in the film for its depiction of heightened reality , but Bordwell believes that the film 's use of special effects contradict some of Bazin 's theories . Storytelling techniques ( edit ) Citizen Kane eschews the traditional linear , chronological narrative , and tells Kane 's story entirely in flashback using different points of view , many of them from Kane 's aged and forgetful associates , the cinematic equivalent of the unreliable narrator in literature .",
"20": "Welles also dispenses with the idea of a single storyteller and uses multiple narrators to recount Kane 's life . The use of multiple narrators was unheard of in Hollywood films . Each narrator recounts a different part of Kane 's life , with each story partly overlapping . The film depicts Kane as an enigma , a complicated man who , in the end , leaves viewers with more questions than answers as to his character , such as the newsreel footage where he is attacked for being both a communist and a fascist . The technique of using flashbacks had been used in earlier films -- most notably in The Power and the Glory ( 1933 ) -- but no film was as immersed in this technique as Citizen Kane . The use of the reporter Thompson acts as a surrogate for the audience , questioning Kane 's associates and piecing together his life . At that time films typically had an `` omniscient perspective '' , which Marilyn Fabe says give the audience the `` illusion that we are looking with impunity into a world which is unaware of our gaze , Hollywood movies give us a feeling of power . '' The film begins in this fashion up until the News on the March sequence , after which we the audience see the film through the perspectives of others . The News on the March sequence gives an overview of Kane 's entire life ( and the film 's entire story ) at the beginning of the film , leaving the audience without the typical suspense of wondering how it will end . Instead the film 's repetitions of events compels the audience to analyze and wonder why Kane 's life happened the way that it did , under the pretext of finding out what `` Rosebud '' means . The film then returns to the omniscient perspective in the final scene , when only the audience discovers what `` Rosebud '' is . Cinematography ( edit ) Welles and cinematographer Gregg Toland prepare to film the post-election confrontation between Kane and Leland , shot from an extremely low angle that required cutting into the set floor . Welles placed Toland 's credit with his own to acknowledge the cinematographer 's contributions . The most innovative technical aspect of Citizen Kane is the extended use of deep focus . In nearly every scene in the film , the foreground , background and everything in between are all in sharp focus . Cinematographer Toland did this through his experimentation with lenses and lighting .",
"21": "Toland described the achievement , made possible by the sensitivity of modern speed film , in an article for Theatre Arts magazine : New developments in the science of motion picture photography are not abundant at this advanced stage of the game but periodically one is perfected to make this a greater art . Of these I am in an excellent position to discuss what is termed `` Pan-focus '' , as I have been active for two years in its development and used it for the first time in Citizen Kane . Through its use , it is possible to photograph action from a range of eighteen inches from the camera lens to over two hundred feet away , with extreme foreground and background figures and action both recorded in sharp relief . Hitherto , the camera had to be focused either for a close or a distant shot , all efforts to encompass both at the same time resulting in one or the other being out of focus . This handicap necessitated the breaking up of a scene into long and short angles , with much consequent loss of realism . With pan-focus , the camera , like the human eye , sees an entire panorama at once , with everything clear and lifelike . Both this article and a May 1941 Life magazine article with illustrated examples helped popularize deep focus cinematography and Toland 's achievements on the film . Another unorthodox method used in the film was the way low - angle shots were used to display a point of view facing upwards , thus allowing ceilings to be shown in the background of several scenes . Breaking with studio convention , every set was built with a ceiling -- many constructed of fabric that ingeniously concealed microphones . Welles felt that the camera should show what the eyes see , and that it was a bad theatrical convention to pretend there was no ceiling -- `` a big lie in order to get all those terrible lights up there , '' he said . He became fascinated with the look of low angles , which made even dull interiors look interesting . One extremely low angle is used to photograph the encounter between Kane and Leland after Kane loses the election . A hole was dug for the camera , which required drilling into the concrete floor . Welles credited Toland on the same title card as himself and said `` It 's impossible to say how much I owe to Gregg . He was superb . '' He called Toland `` the best director of photography that ever existed . ''",
"22": "Sound ( edit ) Citizen Kane 's sound was recorded by Bailey Fesler and re-recorded in post-production by audio engineer James G. Stewart , both of whom had worked in radio . Stewart said that Hollywood films never deviated from a basic pattern of how sound could be recorded or used , but with Welles `` deviation from the pattern was possible because he demanded it . '' Although the film is known for its complex soundtrack , much of the audio is heard as it was recorded by Fesler and without manipulation . Welles used techniques from radio like overlapping dialogue . The scene in which characters sing `` Oh , Mr. Kane '' was especially complicated and required mixing several soundtracks together . He also used different `` sound perspectives '' to create the illusion of distances , such as in scenes at Xanadu where characters speak to each other at far distances . Welles experimented with sound in post-production , creating audio montages , and chose to create all of the sound effects for the film instead of using RKO 's library of sound effects . Welles used an aural technique from radio called the `` lightning - mix '' . Welles used this technique to link complex montage sequences via a series of related sounds or phrases . For example , Kane grows from a child into a young man in just two shots . As Thatcher hands eight - year - old Kane a sled and wishes him a Merry Christmas , the sequence suddenly jumps to a shot of Thatcher fifteen years later , completing the sentence he began in both the previous shot and the chronological past . Other radio techniques include using a number of voices , each saying a sentence or sometimes merely a fragment of a sentence , and splicing the dialogue together in quick succession , such as the projection room scene . The film 's sound cost $16,996 , but was originally budgeted at $7,288 . Film critic and director François Truffaut wrote that `` Before Kane , nobody in Hollywood knew how to set music properly in movies . Kane was the first , in fact the only , great film that uses radio techniques ... A lot of filmmakers know enough to follow Auguste Renoir 's advice to fill the eyes with images at all costs , but only Orson Welles understood that the sound track had to be filled in the same way . ''",
"23": "Cedric Belfrage of The Clipper wrote `` of all of the delectable flavours that linger on the palate after seeing Kane , the use of sound is the strongest . '' Make - up ( edit ) The make - up for Citizen Kane was created and applied by Maurice Seiderman ( 1907 -- 1989 ) , a junior member of the RKO make - up department . Seiderman 's family came to the United States from Russia in 1920 , escaping persecution . As a child Seiderman had won a drawing competition and received an apprenticeship at the Moscow Art Theatre , where his father was a wigmaker and make - up artist . In New York his uncle was a theatrical scenic painter , and he helped Seiderman get into the union . He worked on Max Reinhardt 's 1924 production of The Miracle and with the Yiddish Art Theatre , and he studied the human figure at the Art Students League of New York . After he moved to Los Angeles he was hired first by Max Factor and then by RKO . Seiderman had not been accepted into the union , which recognized him as only an apprentice , but RKO nevertheless used him to make up principal actors . `` Apprentices were not supposed to make up any principals , only extras , and an apprentice could not be on a set without a journeyman present , '' wrote make - up artist Dick Smith , who became friends with Seiderman in 1979 . `` During his years at RKO I suspect these rules were probably overlooked often . '' By 1940 Seiderman 's uncredited film work included Winterset , Gunga Din , The Hunchback of Notre Dame , Swiss Family Robinson and Abe Lincoln in Illinois . `` Seiderman had gained a reputation as one of the most inventive and creatively precise up - and - coming makeup men in Hollywood , '' wrote biographer Frank Brady . On an early tour of RKO , Welles met Seiderman in the small make - up lab he created for himself in an unused dressing room . `` Welles fastened on to him at once , '' wrote biographer Charles Higham .",
"24": "`` With his great knowledge of makeup -- indeed , his obsession with it , for he hated his flat nose -- Welles was fascinated ... Seiderman had an intimate knowledge of anatomy and the process of aging and was acquainted with every line , wrinkle and accretion of fat in aging men and women . Impatient with most makeup methods of his era , he used casts of his subjects in order to develop makeup methods that ensured complete naturalness of expression -- a naturalness unrivaled in Hollywood . '' `` When Kane came out in script form , Orson told all of us about the picture and said that the most important aspect was the makeup , '' Seiderman recalled . `` I felt that I was being given an assignment that was unique -- so I worked accordingly . And there was a lot of work to do . Straight makeups were done in the makeup department by staff , but all the trick stuff and the principal characters were my personal work ; nobody else ever touched them . They could not have handled it . '' Seiderman developed a thorough plan for aging the principal characters , first making a plaster cast of the face of each of the actors who aged , except Joseph Cotten who was unavailable at that time . He made a plaster mold of Welles 's body down to the hips . `` My sculptural techniques for the characters ' aging were handled by adding pieces of white modeling clay , which matched the plaster , onto the surface of each bust , '' Seiderman told visual arts historian Norman Gambill . When Seiderman achieved the desired effect he cast the clay pieces in a soft plastic material that he formulated himself . These appliances were then placed onto the plaster bust and a four - piece mold was made for each phase of aging . The castings were then fully painted and paired with the appropriate wig for evaluation . Before the actors went before the cameras each day , the pliable pieces were applied directly to their faces to recreate Seiderman 's sculptural image . Welles was allergic to Max Factor 's gum , so Seiderman invented an alternative that also photographed more realistically . The facial surface was underpainted in a flexible red plastic compound ; Cotten recalled being instructed to puff out his cheeks during this process .",
"25": "Later , seeing the results in the mirror , Cotten told Seiderman , `` I am acting the part of a nice old gentleman , not a relief map of the Rocky Mountains . '' Seiderman replied , `` You 'd be surprised at what the camera does n't see unless we place it within its view . How about some more coffee ? '' The red ground resulted in a warmth of tone that was picked up by the sensitive panchromatic film . Over that was applied liquid greasepaint , and then finally a colorless translucent talcum . Seiderman created the effect of skin pores on Kane 's face by stippling the surface with a negative cast he made from an orange peel . Welles was just as heavily made up as young Kane as he was for old Kane , and he often arrived on the set at 2 : 30 a.m. Application of the sculptural make - up for the oldest incarnation of the character took three - and - a-half hours . The make - up included appliances to age Welles 's shoulders , breast and stomach . `` In the film and production photographs , you can see that Kane had a belly that overhung , '' Seiderman said . `` That was not a costume , it was the rubber sculpture that created the image . You could see how Kane 's silk shirt clung wetly to the character 's body . It could not have been done any other way . '' Seiderman worked with Charles Wright on the wigs . These went over a flexible skull cover that Seiderman created and sewed into place with elastic thread . When he found the wigs too full he untied one hair at a time to alter their shape . Kane 's mustache was inserted into the makeup surface a few hairs at a time , to realistically vary the color and texture . Seiderman made scleral lenses for Welles , Dorothy Comingore , George Coulouris and Everett Sloane , to dull the brightness of their young eyes . The lenses took a long time to fit properly , and Seiderman began work on them before devising any of the other makeup . `` I painted them to age in phases , ending with the blood vessels and the Aurora Senilis of old age . ''",
"26": "`` Cotten was the only principal for whom I had not made any sculptural casts , wigs or lenses , '' Seiderman said . When Cotten 's old - age scenes needed to be shot out of sequence due to Welles 's injured ankle , Seiderman improvised with appliances made for Kane 's make - up . A sun visor was chosen to conceal Cotten 's low hairline and the lenses he wore -- hastily supplied by a Beverly Hills ophthalmologist -- were uncomfortable . Kane ages convincingly in the breakfast montage , make - up artist Maurice Seiderman 's tour de force . Seiderman 's tour de force , the breakfast montage , was shot all in one day . `` Twelve years , two years shot at each scene , '' he said . `` Please realize , by the way , that a two - year jump in age is a bit harder to accomplish visually than one of 20 years . '' As they did with art direction , the major studios gave screen credit for make - up to only the department head . When RKO make - up department head Mel Berns refused to share credit with Seiderman , who was only an apprentice , Welles told Berns that there would be no make - up credit . Welles signed a large advertisement in the Los Angeles newspaper : THANKS TO EVERYBODY WHO GETS SCREEN CREDIT FOR `` CITIZEN KANE '' AND THANKS TO THOSE WHO DON 'T TO ALL THE ACTORS , THE CREW , THE OFFICE , THE MUSICIANS , EVERYBODY AND PARTICULARLY TO MAURICE SEIDERMAN , THE BEST MAKE - UP MAN IN THE WORLD `` To put this event in context , remember that I was a very low man , '' Seiderman recalled . `` I was n't even called a make - up man . I had started their laboratory and developed their plastic appliances for make - up . But my salary was $25 a week . And I had no union card . '' Seiderman told Gambill that after Citizen Kane was released , Welles was invited to a White House dinner where Frances Perkins was among the guests . Welles told her about the Russian immigrant who did the make - up for his film but could not join the union .",
"27": "Seiderman said the head of the union received a call from the Labor Department the next day , and in November 1941 he was a full union member . Sets ( edit ) Although credited as an assistant , the film 's art direction was done by Perry Ferguson . Welles and Ferguson got along during their collaboration . In the weeks before production began Welles , Toland and Ferguson met regularly to discuss the film and plan every shot , set design and prop . Ferguson would take notes during these discussions and create rough designs of the sets and story boards for individual shots . After Welles approved the rough sketches , Ferguson made miniature models for Welles and Toland to experiment on with a periscope in order to rehearse and perfect each shot . Ferguson then had detailed drawings made for the set design , including the film 's lighting design . The set design was an integral part of the film 's overall look and Toland 's cinematography . In the original script the Great Hall at Xanadu was modeled after the Great Hall in Hearst Castle and its design included a mixture of Renaissance and Gothic styles . `` The Hearstian element is brought out in the almost perverse juxtaposition of incongruous architectural styles and motifs , '' wrote Carringer . Before RKO cut the film 's budget , Ferguson 's designs were more elaborate and resembled the production designs of early Cecil B. DeMille films and Intolerance . The budget cuts reduced Ferguson 's budget by 33 percent and his work cost $58,775 total , which was below average at that time . To save costs Ferguson and Welles re-wrote scenes in Xanadu 's living room and transported them to the Great Hall . A large staircase from another film was found and used at no additional cost . When asked about the limited budget , Ferguson said `` Very often -- as in that much - discussed ' Xanadu ' set in Citizen Kane -- we can make a foreground piece , a background piece , and imaginative lighting suggest a great deal more on the screen than actually exists on the stage . '' According to the film 's official budget there were 81 sets built , but Ferguson said there were between 106 and 116 . Still photographs of Oheka Castle in Huntington , New York , were used in the opening montage , representing Kane 's Xanadu estate .",
"28": "Ferguson also designed statues from Kane 's collection with styles ranging from Greek to German Gothic . The sets were also built to accommodate Toland 's camera movements . Walls were built to fold and furniture could quickly be moved . The film 's famous ceilings were made out of muslin fabric and camera boxes were built into the floors for low angle shots . Welles later said that he was proud that the film production value looked much more expensive than the film 's budget . Although neither worked with Welles again , Toland and Ferguson collaborated in several films in the 1940s . Special effects ( edit ) The film 's special effects were supervised by RKO department head Vernon L. Walker . Welles pioneered several visual effects to cheaply shoot things like crowd scenes and large interior spaces . For example , the scene in which the camera in the opera house rises dramatically to the rafters , to show the workmen showing a lack of appreciation for Susan Alexander Kane 's performance , was shot by a camera craning upwards over the performance scene , then a curtain wipe to a miniature of the upper regions of the house , and then another curtain wipe matching it again with the scene of the workmen . Other scenes effectively employed miniatures to make the film look much more expensive than it truly was , such as various shots of Xanadu . Some shots included rear screen projection in the background , such as Thompson 's interview of Leland and some of the ocean backgrounds at Xanadu . Bordwell claims that the scene where Thatcher agrees to be Kane 's guardian used rear screen projection to depict young Kane in the background , despite this scene being cited as a prime example of Toland 's deep focus cinematography . A special effects camera crew from Walker 's department was required for the extreme close - up shots such as Kane 's lips when he says `` Rosebud '' and the shot of the typewriter typing Susan 's bad review . Optical effects artist Dunn claimed that `` up to 80 percent of some reels was optically printed . '' These shots were traditionally attributed to Toland for years . The optical printer improved some of the deep focus shots . One problem with the optical printer was that it sometimes created excessive graininess , such as the optical zoom out of the snow globe .",
"29": "Welles decided to superimpose snow falling to mask the graininess in these shots . Toland said that he disliked the results of the optical printer , but acknowledged that `` RKO special effects expert Vernon Walker , ASC , and his staff handled their part of the production -- a by no means inconsiderable assignment -- with ability and fine understanding . '' Any time deep focus was impossible -- as in the scene in which Kane finishes a negative review of Susan 's opera while at the same time firing the person who began writing the review -- an optical printer was used to make the whole screen appear in focus , visually layering one piece of film onto another . However , some apparently deep - focus shots were the result of in - camera effects , as in the famous scene in which Kane breaks into Susan 's room after her suicide attempt . In the background , Kane and another man break into the room , while simultaneously the medicine bottle and a glass with a spoon in it are in closeup in the foreground . The shot was an in - camera matte shot . The foreground was shot first , with the background dark . Then the background was lit , the foreground darkened , the film rewound , and the scene re-shot with the background action . Music ( edit ) Incidental music includes the publisher 's theme , `` Oh , Mr. Kane '' , a tune by Pepe Guízar with special lyrics by Herman Ruby . The film 's music was composed by Bernard Herrmann . Herrmann had composed for Welles for his Mercury Theatre radio broadcasts . Because it was Herrmann 's first motion picture score , RKO wanted to pay him only a small fee , but Welles insisted he be paid at the same rate as Max Steiner . The score established Herrmann as an important new composer of film soundtracks and eschewed the typical Hollywood practice of scoring a film with virtually non-stop music . Instead Herrmann used what he later described as ' `` radio scoring '' , musical cues typically 5 -- 15 seconds in length that bridge the action or suggest a different emotional response . The breakfast montage sequence begins with a graceful waltz theme and gets darker with each variation on that theme as the passage of time leads to the hardening of Kane 's personality and the breakdown of his first marriage .",
"30": "Herrmann realized that musicians slated to play his music were hired for individual unique sessions ; there was no need to write for existing ensembles . This meant that he was free to score for unusual combinations of instruments , even instruments that are not commonly heard . In the opening sequence , for example , the tour of Kane 's estate Xanadu , Herrmann introduces a recurring leitmotiv played by low woodwinds , including a quartet of alto flutes . For Susan Alexander Kane 's operatic sequence , Welles suggested that Herrmann compose a witty parody of a Mary Garden vehicle , an aria from Salammbô . `` Our problem was to create something that would give the audience the feeling of the quicksand into which this simple little girl , having a charming but small voice , is suddenly thrown , '' Herrmann said . Writing in the style of a 19th - century French Oriental opera , Herrmann put the aria in a key that would force the singer to strain to reach the high notes , culminating in a high D , well outside the range of Susan Alexander . Soprano Jean Forward dubbed the vocal part for Comingore . Houseman claimed to have written the libretto , based on Jean Racine 's Athalie and Phedre , although some confusion remains since Lucille Fletcher remembered preparing the lyrics . Fletcher , then Herrmann 's wife , wrote the libretto for his opera Wuthering Heights . Music enthusiasts consider the scene in which Susan Alexander Kane attempts to sing the famous cavatina `` Una voce poco fa '' from Il barbiere di Siviglia by Gioachino Rossini with vocal coach Signor Matiste as especially memorable for depicting the horrors of learning music through mistakes . In 1972 , Herrmann said , `` I was fortunate to start my career with a film like Citizen Kane , it 's been a downhill run ever since ! '' Welles loved Herrmann 's score and told director Henry Jaglom that it was 50 percent responsible for the film 's artistic success . Some incidental music came from other sources . Welles heard the tune used for the publisher 's theme , `` Oh , Mr. Kane '' , in Mexico . Called `` A Poco No '' , the song was written by Pepe Guízar and special lyrics were written by Herman Ruby .",
"31": "`` In a Mizz '' , a 1939 jazz song by Charlie Barnet and Haven Johnson , bookends Thompson 's second interview of Susan Alexander Kane . `` I kind of based the whole scene around that song , '' Welles said . `` The music is by Nat Cole -- it 's his trio . '' Later -- beginning with the lyrics , `` It ca n't be love '' -- `` In a Mizz '' is performed at the Everglades picnic , framing the fight in the tent between Susan and Kane . Musicians including bandleader Cee Pee Johnson ( drums ) , Alton Redd ( vocals ) , Raymond Tate ( trumpet ) , Buddy Collette ( alto sax ) and Buddy Banks ( tenor sax ) are featured . All of the music used in the newsreel came from the RKO music library , edited at Welles 's request by the newsreel department to achieve what Herrmann called `` their own crazy way of cutting '' . The News on the March theme that accompanies the newsreel titles is `` Belgian March '' by Anthony Collins , from the film Nurse Edith Cavell . Other examples are an excerpt from Alfred Newman 's score for Gunga Din ( the exploration of Xanadu ) , Roy Webb 's theme for the film Reno ( the growth of Kane 's empire ) , and bits of Webb 's score for Five Came Back ( introducing Walter Parks Thatcher ) . Editing ( edit ) Orson Welles and Ruth Warrick in the breakfast montage One of the editing techniques used in Citizen Kane was the use of montage to collapse time and space , using an episodic sequence on the same set while the characters changed costume and make - up between cuts so that the scene following each cut would look as if it took place in the same location , but at a time long after the previous cut . In the breakfast montage , Welles chronicles the breakdown of Kane 's first marriage in five vignettes that condense 16 years of story time into two minutes of screen time . Welles said that the idea for the breakfast scene `` was stolen from The Long Christmas Dinner of Thornton Wilder ... a one - act play , which is a long Christmas dinner that takes you through something like 60 years of a family 's life . ''",
"32": "The film often uses long dissolves to signify the passage of time and its psychological effect of the characters , such as the scene in which the abandoned sled is covered with snow after the young Kane is sent away with Thatcher . Welles was influenced by the editing theories of Sergei Eisenstein by using jarring cuts that caused `` sudden graphic or associative contrasts '' , such as the cut from Kane 's deathbed to the beginning of the News on the March sequence and a sudden shot of a shrieking bird at the beginning of Raymond 's flashback . Although the film typically favors mise - en - scène over montage , the scene in which Kane goes to Susan Alexander 's apartment after first meeting her is the only one that is primarily cut as close - ups with shots and counter shots between Kane and Susan . Fabe says that `` by using a standard Hollywood technique sparingly , ( Welles ) revitalizes its psychological expressiveness . '' Themes ( edit ) Political themes ( edit ) In her 1992 monograph for the British Film Institute , critic Laura Mulvey explored the anti-fascist themes of Citizen Kane . The News on the March newsreel presents Kane keeping company with Hitler and other dictators while he smugly assures the public there will be no war . Mulvey wrote that the film reflects `` the battle between intervention and isolationism '' then being waged in the United States ; the film was released six months before the attack on Pearl Harbor , while President Franklin D. Roosevelt was laboring to win public opinion for entering World War II . `` Not only was the war in Europe the burning public issue of the time , '' Mulvey wrote , `` it was of passionate personal importance to Orson Welles ... In the rhetoric of Citizen Kane , the destiny of isolationism is realised in metaphor : in Kane 's own fate , dying wealthy and lonely , surrounded by the detritus of European culture and history . '' Journalist Ignacio Ramonet has cited the film as an early example of mass media manipulation of public opinion and the power that media conglomerates have on influencing the democratic process . Ramonet believes that this early example of a media mogul influencing politics is outdated and that `` today Citizen Kane would be a dwarf . He owned a few papers in one country . The forces that dominate today have integrated image with text and sound and the world is their market .",
"33": "There are media groups with the power of a thousand Citizen Kanes . '' Media mogul Rupert Murdoch is sometimes labeled as a latter - day Citizen Kane . Reception ( edit ) Pre-release controversy ( edit ) To ensure that Citizen Kane 's influence from Hearst 's life was a secret , Welles limited access to dailies and managed the film 's publicity . A December 1940 feature story in Stage magazine compared the film 's narrative to Faust and made no mention of Hearst . The film was scheduled to premiere at RKO 's flagship theater Radio City Music Hall on February 14 , but in early January 1941 Welles was not finished with post-production work and told RKO that it still needed its musical score . Writers for national magazines had early deadlines and so a rough cut was previewed for a select few on January 3 , 1941 for such magazines as Life , Look and Redbook . Gossip columnist Hedda Hopper ( and Parsons ' arch rival ) showed up to the screening uninvited . Most of the critics at the preview said that they liked the film and gave it good advanced reviews . Hopper wrote negatively about it , calling the film a `` vicious and irresponsible attack on a great man '' and criticizing its corny writing and old fashioned photography . Friday magazine ran an article drawing point - by - point comparisons between Kane and Hearst and documented how Welles had led on Parsons , Hollywood correspondent for Hearst papers . Up until this Welles had been friendly with Parsons . The magazine quoted Welles as saying that he could n't understand why she was so nice to him and that she should `` wait until the woman finds out that the picture 's about her boss . '' Welles immediately denied making the statement and the editor of Friday admitted that it may be false . Welles apologized to Parsons and assured her that he had never made that remark . Film columnist and Hearst employee Louella Parsons was humiliated by Citizen Kane and made numerous threats to prevent the film 's release . Shortly after Friday 's article , Hearst sent Parsons an angry letter complaining that he had learned about Citizen Kane from Hopper and not her . The incident made a fool of Parsons and compelled her to start attacking Welles and the film .",
"34": "Parsons demanded a private screening of the film and personally threatened Schaefer on Hearst 's behalf , first with a lawsuit and then with a vague threat of consequences for everyone in Hollywood . On January 10 Parsons and two lawyers working for Hearst were given a private screening of the film . James G. Stewart was present at the screening and said that she walked out of the film . Soon after , Parsons called Schaefer and threatened RKO with a lawsuit if they released Kane . She also contacted the management of Radio City Music Hall and demanded that they not screen it . The next day , the front page headline in Daily Variety read , `` HEARST BANS RKO FROM PAPERS . '' Hearst began this ban by suppressing promotion of RKO 's Kitty Foyle , but in two weeks the ban was lifted for everything except Kane . When Schaefer did not submit to Parsons she called other studio heads and made more threats on behalf of Hearst to expose the private lives of people throughout the entire film industry . Welles was threatened with an exposé about his romance with the married actress Dolores del Rio , who wanted the affair kept secret until her divorce was finalized . In a statement to journalists Welles denied that the film was about Hearst . Hearst began preparing an injunction against the film for libel and invasion of privacy , but Welles 's lawyer told him that he doubted Hearst would proceed due to the negative publicity and required testimony that an injunction would bring . The Hollywood Reporter ran a front - page story on January 13 that Hearst papers were about to run a series of editorials attacking Hollywood 's practice of hiring refugees and immigrants for jobs that could be done by Americans . The goal was to put pressure on the other studios to force RKO to shelve Kane . Many of those immigrants had fled Europe after the rise of fascism and feared losing the safe haven of the United States . Soon afterwards , Schaefer was approached by Nicholas Schenck , head of Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 's parent company , with an offer on the behalf of Louis B. Mayer and other Hollywood executives to RKO Pictures of $805,000 to destroy all prints of the film and burn the negative .",
"35": "Once RKO 's legal team reassured Schaefer , the studio announced on January 21 that Kane would be released as scheduled , and with one of the largest promotional campaigns in the studio 's history . Schaefer brought Welles to New York City for a private screening of the film with the New York corporate heads of the studios and their lawyers . There was no objection to its release provided that certain changes , including the removal or softening of specific references that might offend Hearst , were made . Welles agreed and cut the running time from 122 minutes to 119 minutes . The cuts satisfied the corporate lawyers . Hearst 's response ( edit ) Hearing about Citizen Kane enraged Hearst so much that he banned any advertising , reviewing , or mentioning of it in his papers , and had his journalists libel Welles . Welles used Hearst 's opposition as a pretext for previewing the film in several opinion - making screenings in Los Angeles , lobbying for its artistic worth against the hostile campaign that Hearst was waging . A special press screening took place in early March . Henry Luce was in attendance and reportedly wanted to buy the film from RKO for $1 million to distribute it himself . The reviews for this screening were positive . A Hollywood Review headline read , `` Mr. Genius Comes Through ; ' Kane ' Astonishing Picture '' . The Motion Picture Herald reported about the screening and Welles 's intention to sue RKO . Time magazine wrote that `` The objection of Mr. Hearst , who founded a publishing empire on sensationalism , is ironic . For to most of the several hundred people who have seen the film at private screenings , Citizen Kane is the most sensational product of the U.S. movie industry . '' A second press screening occurred in April . When Schaefer rejected Hearst 's offer to suppress the film , Hearst banned every newspaper and station in his media conglomerate from reviewing -- or even mentioning -- the film . He also had many movie theaters ban it , and many did not show it through fear of being socially exposed by his massive newspaper empire . The Oscar - nominated documentary The Battle Over Citizen Kane lays the blame for the film 's relative failure squarely at the feet of Hearst .",
"36": "The film did decent business at the box office ; it went on to be the sixth highest grossing film in its year of release , a modest success its backers found acceptable . Nevertheless , the film 's commercial performance fell short of its creators ' expectations . Hearst 's biographer David Nasaw points out that Hearst 's actions were not the only reason Kane failed , however : the innovations Welles made with narrative , as well as the dark message at the heart of the film ( that the pursuit of success is ultimately futile ) meant that a popular audience could not appreciate its merits . Hearst 's attacks against Welles went beyond attempting to suppress the film . Welles said that while he was on his post-filming lecture tour a police detective approached him at a restaurant and advised him not to go back to his hotel . A 14 - year - old girl had reportedly been hidden in the closet of his room , and two photographers were waiting for him to walk in . Knowing he would be jailed after the resulting publicity , Welles did not return to the hotel but waited until the train left town the following morning . `` But that was n't Hearst , '' Welles said , `` that was a hatchet man from the local Hearst paper who thought he would advance himself by doing it . '' In March 1941 Welles directed a Broadway version of Richard Wright 's Native Son ( and , for luck , used a `` Rosebud '' sled as a prop ) . Native Son received positive reviews , but Hearst - owned papers used the opportunity to attack Welles as a communist . The Hearst papers vociferously attacked Welles after his April 1941 radio play , `` His Honor , the Mayor '' , produced for The Free Company radio series on CBS . Welles described his chance encounter with Hearst in an elevator at the Fairmont Hotel on the night Citizen Kane opened in San Francisco . Hearst and Welles 's father were acquaintances , so Welles introduced himself and asked Hearst if he would like to come to the opening . Hearst did not respond . `` As he was getting off at his floor , I said , ' Charles Foster Kane would have accepted . ' No reply '' , recalled Welles . `` And Kane would have you know .",
"37": "That was his style -- just as he finished Jed Leland 's bad review of Susan as an opera singer . '' In 1945 Hearst journalist Robert Shaw wrote that the film got `` a full tide of insensate fury '' from Hearst papers , `` then it ebbed suddenly . With one brain cell working , the chief realized that such hysterical barking by the trained seals would attract too much attention to the picture . But to this day the name of Orson Welles is on the official son - of - a-bitch list of every Hearst newspaper . '' Despite Hearst 's attempts to destroy the film , since 1941 references to his life and career have usually included a reference to Citizen Kane , such as the headline ' Son of Citizen Kane Dies ' for the obituary of Hearst 's son . In 2012 the Hearst estate agreed to screen the film at Hearst Castle in San Simeon , breaking Hearst 's ban on the film . Release ( edit ) Radio City Music Hall 's management refused to screen Citizen Kane for its premiere . A possible factor was Parsons 's threat that The American Weekly would run a defamatory story on the grandfather of major RKO stockholder Nelson Rockefeller . Other exhibitors feared being sued for libel by Hearst and refused to show the film . In March Welles threatened the RKO board of governors with a lawsuit if they did not release the film . Schaefer stood by Welles and opposed the board of governors . When RKO still delayed the film 's release Welles offered to buy the film for $1 million and the studio finally agreed to release the film on May 1 . Schaefer managed to book a few theaters willing to show the film . Hearst papers refused to accept advertising . RKO 's publicity advertisements for the film erroneously promoted it as a love story . Kane opened at the RKO Palace Theatre on Broadway in New York on May 1 , 1941 , in Chicago on May 6 , and in Los Angeles on May 8 . Welles said that at the Chicago premiere that he attended the theater was almost empty . It did well in cities and larger towns but fared poorly in more remote areas . RKO still had problems getting exhibitors to show the film .",
"38": "For example , one chain controlling more than 500 theaters got Welles 's film as part of a package but refused to play it , reportedly out of fear of Hearst . Hearst 's disruption of the film 's release damaged its box office performance and , as a result , it lost $160,000 during its initial run . The film earned $23,878 during its first week in New York . By the ninth week it only made $7,279 . Overall it lost money in New York , Boston , Chicago , Los Angeles , San Francisco and Washington , D.C. , but made a profit in Seattle . Contemporary responses ( edit ) Citizen Kane received good reviews from several critics . New York Daily News critic Kate Cameron called it `` one of the most interesting and technically superior films that has ever come out of a Hollywood studio '' . New York World - Telegram critic William Boehnel said that the film was `` staggering and belongs at once among the greatest screen achievements '' . Time magazine wrote that `` it has found important new techniques in picture - making and story - telling . '' Life magazine 's review said that `` few movies have ever come from Hollywood with such powerful narrative , such original technique , such exciting photography . '' John C. Mosher of The New Yorker called the film 's style `` like fresh air '' and raved `` Something new has come to the movie world at last . '' Anthony Bower of The Nation called it `` brilliant '' and praised the cinematography and performances by Welles , Comingore and Cotten . John O'Hara 's Newsweek review called it the best picture he 'd ever seen and said Welles was `` the best actor in the history of acting . '' Welles called O'Hara's review `` the greatest review that anybody ever had . '' The day following the premiere of Citizen Kane , The New York Times critic Bosley Crowther wrote that `` ... it comes close to being the most sensational film ever made in Hollywood . '' Count on Mr. Welles : he does n't do things by halves ... Upon the screen he discovered an area large enough for his expansive whims to have free play . And the consequence is that he has made a picture of tremendous and overpowering scope , not in physical extent so much as in its rapid and graphic rotation of thoughts . Mr.",
"39": "Welles has put upon the screen a motion picture that really moves . In the UK C.A. Lejeune of The Observer called it `` The most exciting film that has come out of Hollywood in twenty - five years '' and Dilys Powell of The Sunday Times said the film 's style was made `` with the ease and boldness and resource of one who controls and is not controlled by his medium . '' Edward Tangye Lean of Horizon praised the film 's technical style , calling it `` perhaps a decade ahead of its contemporaries . '' A few reviews were mixed . Otis Ferguson of The New Republic said it was `` the boldest free - hand stroke in major screen production since Griffith and Bitzer were running wild to unshackle the camera '' , but also criticized its style , calling it a `` retrogression in film technique '' and stating that `` it holds no great place '' in film history . Ferguson reacted to some of the film 's celebrated visual techniques by calling them `` just willful dabbling '' and `` the old shell game . '' In a rare film review , filmmaker Erich von Stroheim criticized the film 's story and non-linear structure , but praised the technical style and performances , and wrote `` Whatever the truth may be about it , Citizen Kane is a great picture and will go down in screen history . More power to Welles ! '' Some prominent critics wrote negative reviews . In his 1941 review for Sur , Jorge Luis Borges famously called the film `` a labyrinth with no center '' and predicted that its legacy would be a film `` whose historical value is undeniable but which no one cares to see again . '' The Argus Weekend Magazine critic Erle Cox called the film `` amazing '' but thought that Welles 's break with Hollywood traditions was `` overdone . '' Tatler 's James Agate called it `` the well - intentioned , muddled , amateurish thing one expects from high - brows '' and `` a quite good film which tries to run the psychological essay in harness with your detective thriller , and does n't quite succeed . '' Eileen Creelman of The New York Sun called it `` a cold picture , unemotional , a puzzle rather than a drama '' . Other people who disliked the film were W.H. Auden and James Agee .",
"40": "Awards ( edit ) The National Board of Review recognized both Welles and George Coulouris for their performances in Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) , which was also voted the year 's best film . Citizen Kane received the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Picture . The National Board of Review voted it Best Film of 1941 , and recognized Welles and Coulouris for their performances . Citizen Kane received nine nominations at the 1941 Academy Awards : Outstanding Motion Picture -- Mercury Best Director -- Orson Welles Best Actor -- Orson Welles Best Writing ( Original Screenplay ) -- Herman J. Mankiewicz , Orson Welles Best Art Direction ( Black - and - White ) -- Perry Ferguson , Van Nest Polglase , Al Fields , Darrell Silvera Best Cinematography ( Black - and - White ) -- Gregg Toland Best Film Editing -- Robert Wise Best Music ( Music Score of a Dramatic Picture ) -- Bernard Herrmann Best Sound Recording -- John Aalberg It was widely believed the film would win most of its Oscar nominations , but it received only the award for Best Writing ( Original Screenplay ) , shared by Welles and Mankiewicz . Variety reported that block voting by screen extras deprived Citizen Kane of Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Actor ( Welles ) , and similar prejudices were likely to have been responsible for the film receiving no technical awards . Legacy ( edit ) Citizen Kane was the only film made under Welles 's original contract with RKO Pictures , which gave him complete creative control . Welles 's new business manager and attorney permitted the contract to lapse . In July 1941 , Welles reluctantly signed a new and less favorable deal with RKO under which he produced and directed The Magnificent Ambersons ( 1942 ) , produced Journey into Fear ( 1943 ) , and began It 's All True , a film he agreed to do without payment . In the new contract Welles was an employee of the studio and lost the right to final cut , which later allowed RKO to modify and re-cut The Magnificent Ambersons over his objections . In June 1942 Schaefer resigned the presidency of RKO Pictures and Welles 's contract was terminated by his successor .",
"41": "Release in Europe ( edit ) During World War II , Citizen Kane was not seen in most European countries . It was shown in France for the first time on July 10 , 1946 at the Marbeuf theatre in Paris . Initially most French film critics were influenced by the negative reviews of Jean - Paul Sartre in 1945 and Georges Sadoul in 1946 . At that time many French intellectuals and filmmakers shared Sartre 's negative opinion that Hollywood filmmakers were uncultured . Sartre criticized the film 's flashbacks for its nostalgic and romantic preoccupation with the past instead of the realities of the present and said that `` the whole film is based on a misconception of what cinema is all about . The film is in the past tense , whereas we all know that cinema has got to be in the present tense . '' Film theorist André Bazin ( author of Qu'est - ce que le cinéma ? ) based many of his theories around the film and has been called the most influential person to enhance its reputation . André Bazin , a little - known film critic working for Sartre 's Les Temps modernes , was asked to give an impromptu speech about the film after a screening at the Colisée Theatre in the autumn of 1946 and changed the opinion of much of the audience . This speech led to Bazin 's 1947 article `` The Technique of Citizen Kane '' , which directly influenced public opinion about the film . Carringer wrote that Bazin was `` the one who did the most to enhance the film 's reputation . '' Both Bazin 's critique of the film and his theories about cinema itself centered around his strong belief in mise en scène . These theories were diametrically opposed to both the popular Soviet montage theory and the politically Marxist and anti-Hollywood beliefs of most French film critics at that time . Bazin believed that a film should depict reality without the filmmaker imposing their `` will '' on the spectator , which the Soviet theory supported . Bazin wrote that Citizen Kane 's mise en scène created a `` new conception of filmmaking '' and that the freedom given to the audience from the deep focus shots was innovative by changing the entire concept of the cinematic image .",
"42": "Bazin wrote extensively about the mise en scène in the scene where Susan Alexander attempts suicide , which was one long take while other films would have used four or five shots in the scene . Bazin wrote that the film 's mise en scène `` forces the spectator to participate in the meaning of the film '' and creates `` a psychological realism which brings the spectator back to the real conditions of perception . '' In his 1950 essay `` The Evolution of the Language of Cinema '' , Bazin placed Citizen Kane center stage as a work which ushered in a new period in cinema . One of the first critics to defend motion pictures as being on the same artistic level as literature or painting , Bazin often used the film as an example of cinema as an art form and wrote that `` Welles has given the cinema a theoretical restoration . He has enriched his filmic repertory with new or forgotten effects that , in today 's artistic context , take on a significance we did n't know they could have . '' Bazin also compared the film to Roberto Rossellini 's Paisà for having `` the same aesthetic concept of realism '' and to the films of William Wyler shot by Toland ( such as The Little Foxes and The Best Years of Our Lives ) , all of which used deep focus cinematography that Bazin called `` a dialectical step forward in film language . '' Bazin 's praise of the film went beyond film theory and reflected his own philosophy towards life itself . His metaphysical interpretations about the film reflected humankind 's place in the universe . Bazin believed that the film examined one person 's identity and search for meaning . It portrayed the world as ambiguous and full of contradictions , whereas films up until then simply portrayed people 's actions and motivations . Bazin 's biographer Dudley Andrew wrote that : The world of Citizen Kane , that mysterious , dark , and infinitely deep world of space and memory where voices trail off into distant echoes and where meaning dissolves into interpretation , seemed to Bazin to mark the starting point from which all of us try to construct provisionally the sense of our lives . Bazin went on to co-found Cahiers du cinéma , whose contributors ( including future film directors François Truffaut and Jean - Luc Godard ) also praised the film .",
"43": "The popularity of Truffaut 's auteur theory helped the film 's and Welles 's reputation . Re-evaluation ( edit ) By 1942 Citizen Kane had run its course theatrically and , apart from a few showings at big city arthouse cinemas , it largely vanished and both the film 's and Welles 's reputation fell among American critics . In 1949 critic Richard Griffith in his overview of cinema , The Film Till Now , dismissed Citizen Kane as `` ... tinpot if not crackpot Freud . '' In the United States , it was neglected and forgotten until its revival on television in the mid-1950s . Three key events in 1956 led to its re-evaluation in the United States : first , RKO was one of the first studios to sell its library to television , and early that year Citizen Kane started to appear on television ; second , the film was re-released theatrically to coincide with Welles 's return to the New York stage , where he played King Lear ; and third , American film critic Andrew Sarris wrote `` Citizen Kane : The American Baroque '' for Film Culture , and described it as `` the great American film '' and `` the work that influenced the cinema more profoundly than any American film since Birth of a Nation . '' Carringer considers Sarris 's essay as the most important influence on the film 's reputation in the US . During Expo 58 , a poll of over 100 film historians named Kane one of the top ten greatest films ever made ( the group gave first - place honors to The Battleship Potemkin ) . When a group of young film directors announced their vote for the top six , they were booed for not including the film . In the decades since , its critical status as the greatest film ever made has grown , with numerous essays and books on it including Peter Cowie 's The Cinema of Orson Welles , Ronald Gottesman 's Focus on Citizen Kane , a collection of significant reviews and background pieces , and most notably Kael 's essay , `` Raising Kane '' , which promoted the value of the film to a much wider audience than it had reached before . Despite its criticism of Welles , it further popularized the notion of Citizen Kane as the great American film . The rise of art house and film society circuits also aided in the film 's rediscovery .",
"44": "David Thomson said that the film ' grows with every year as America comes to resemble it . '' The British magazine Sight & Sound has produced a Top Ten list surveying film critics every decade since 1952 , and is regarded as one of the most respected barometers of critical taste . Citizen Kane was a runner up to the top 10 in its 1952 poll but was voted as the greatest film ever made in its 1962 poll , retaining the top spot in every subsequent poll until 2012 , when Vertigo displaced it . The film has also ranked number one in the following film `` best of '' lists : Julio Castedo 's The 100 Best Films of the Century , Cahiers du cinéma 's 100 films pour une cinémathèque idéale , Kinovedcheskie Zapiski , Time Out magazine 's Top 100 Films ( Centenary ) , The Village Voice 's 100 Greatest Films , and The Royal Belgian Film Archive 's Most Important and Misappreciated American Films . Roger Ebert called Citizen Kane the greatest film ever made : `` But people do n't always ask about the greatest film . They ask , ' What 's your favorite movie ? ' Again , I always answer with Citizen Kane . '' In 1989 , the United States Library of Congress deemed the film `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry . Citizen Kane was one of the first 25 films inducted into the registry . On February 18 , 1999 , the United States Postal Service honored Citizen Kane by including it in its Celebrate the Century series . The film was honored again February 25 , 2003 , in a series of U.S. postage stamps marking the 75th anniversary of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Art director Perry Ferguson represents the behind - the - scenes craftsmen of filmmaking in the series ; he is depicted completing a sketch for Citizen Kane . Citizen Kane was ranked number one in the American Film Institute 's polls of film industry artists and leaders in 1998 and 2007 . `` Rosebud '' was chosen as the 17th most memorable movie quotation in a 2005 AFI poll .",
"45": "The film 's score was one of 250 nominees for the top 25 film scores in American cinema in another 2005 AFI poll . In 2012 , the Motion Picture Editors Guild published a list of the 75 best - edited films of all time based on a survey of its membership . Citizen Kane was listed second . The film currently has a 100 % rating at Rotten Tomatoes , based on 75 reviews by approved critics , with an average rating of 9.4 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` Orson Welles 's epic tale of a publishing tycoon 's rise and fall is entertaining , poignant , and inventive in its storytelling , earning its reputation as a landmark achievement in film . '' Influence ( edit ) Citizen Kane has been called the most influential film of all time . Richard Corliss has asserted that Jules Dassin 's 1941 film The Tell - Tale Heart was the first example of its influence and the first pop culture reference to the film occurred later in 1941 when the spoof comedy Hellzapoppin ' featured a `` Rosebud '' sled . The film 's cinematography was almost immediately influential and in 1942 American Cinematographer wrote `` without a doubt the most immediately noticeable trend in cinematography methods during the year was the trend toward crisper definition and increased depth of field . '' The cinematography influenced John Huston 's The Maltese Falcon . Cinematographer Arthur Edeson used a wider - angle lens than Toland and the film includes many long takes , low angles and shots of the ceiling , but it did not use deep focus shots on large sets to the extent that Citizen Kane did . Edeson and Toland are often credited together for revolutionizing cinematography in 1941 . Toland 's cinematography influenced his own work on The Best Years of Our Lives . Other films influenced include Gaslight , Mildred Pierce and Jane Eyre . Cinematographer Kazuo Miyagawa said that his use of deep focus was influenced by `` the camera work of Gregg Toland in Citizen Kane '' and not by traditional Japanese art .",
"46": "Its cinematography , lighting , and flashback structure influenced such film noirs of the 1940s and 1950s as The Killers , Keeper of the Flame , Caught , The Great Man and This Gun for Hire . David Bordwell and Kristin Thompson have written that `` For over a decade thereafter American films displayed exaggerated foregrounds and somber lighting , enhanced by long takes and exaggerated camera movements . '' However , by the 1960s filmmakers such as those from the French New Wave and Cinéma vérité movements favored `` flatter , more shallow images with softer focus '' and Citizen Kane 's style became less fashionable . American filmmakers in the 1970s combined these two approaches by using long takes , rapid cutting , deep focus and telephoto shots all at once . Its use of long takes influenced films such as The Asphalt Jungle , and its use of deep focus cinematography influenced Gun Crazy , The Whip Hand , The Devil 's General and Justice Is Done . The flashback structure in which different characters have conflicting versions of past events influenced La commare secca and Man of Marble . The film 's structure influenced the biographical films Lawrence of Arabia and Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters -- which begin with the subject 's death and show their life in flashbacks -- as well as Welles 's thriller Mr. Arkadin . Rosenbaum sees similarities in the film 's plot to Mr. Arkadin , as well as the theme of nostalgia for loss of innocence throughout Welles 's career , beginning with Citizen Kane and including The Magnificent Ambersons , Mr. Arkadin and Chimes at Midnight . Rosenbaum also points out how the film influenced Warren Beatty 's Reds . The film depicts the life of Jack Reed through the eyes of Louise Bryant , much as Kane 's life is seen through the eyes of Thompson and the people who he interviews . Rosenbaum also compared the romantic montage between Reed and Bryant with the breakfast table montage in Citizen Kane . Akira Kurosawa 's Rashomon is often compared to the film due to both having complicated plot structures told by multiple characters in the film . Welles said his initial idea for the film was `` Basically , the idea Rashomon used later on , '' however Kurosawa had not yet seen the film before making Rashomon in 1950 .",
"47": "Nigel Andrews has compared the film 's complex plot structure to Rashomon , Last Year at Marienbad , Memento and Magnolia . Andrews also compares Charles Foster Kane to Michael Corleone in The Godfather , Jake LaMotta in Raging Bull and Daniel Plainview in There Will Be Blood for their portrayals of `` haunted megalomaniac ( s ) , presiding over the shards of ( their ) own ( lives ) . '' The films of Paul Thomas Anderson have been compared to it . Variety compared There Will Be Blood to the film and called it `` one that rivals Giant and Citizen Kane in our popular lore as origin stories about how we came to be the people we are . '' The Master has been called `` movieland 's only spiritual sequel to Citizen Kane that does n't shrivel under the hefty comparison '' and the film 's loose depiction of L. Ron Hubbard has been compared to Citizen Kane 's depiction of Hearst . The Social Network has been compared to the film for its depiction of a media mogul and by the character Erica Albright being similar to `` Rosebud '' . The controversy of the Sony hacking before the release of The Interview brought comparisons of Hearst 's attempt to suppress the film . The film 's plot structure and some specific shots influenced Todd Haynes 's Velvet Goldmine . Abbas Kiarostami 's The Traveler has been called `` the Citizen Kane of the Iranian children 's cinema . '' The film 's use of overlapping dialogue has influenced the films of Robert Altman and Carol Reed . Reed 's films Odd Man Out , The Third Man ( in which Welles and Cotten appeared ) and Outcast of the Islands were also influenced by the film 's cinematography . Many directors have listed it as one of the greatest films ever made , including Woody Allen , Michael Apted , Les Blank , Kenneth Branagh , Paul Greengrass , Michel Hazanavicius , Michael Mann , Sam Mendes , Jiri Menzel , Paul Schrader , Martin Scorsese , Denys Arcand , Gillian Armstrong , John Boorman , Roger Corman , Alex Cox , Milos Forman , Norman Jewison , Richard Lester , Richard Linklater , Paul Mazursky , Ronald Neame , Sydney Pollack and Stanley Kubrick .",
"48": "Yasujirō Ozu said it was his favorite non-Japanese film and was impressed by its techniques . François Truffaut said that the film `` has inspired more vocations to cinema throughout the world than any other '' and recognized its influence in The Barefoot Contessa , Les Mauvaises Rencontres , Lola Montès , and 8 1 / 2 . Truffaut 's Day for Night pays tribute to the film in a dream sequence depicting a childhood memory of the character played by Truffaut stealing publicity photos from the film . Numerous film directors have cited the film as influential on their own films , including Theo Angelopoulos , Luc Besson , the Coen brothers , Francis Ford Coppola , Brian De Palma , John Frankenheimer , Stephen Frears , Sergio Leone , Michael Mann , Ridley Scott , Martin Scorsese , Bryan Singer and Steven Spielberg . Ingmar Bergman disliked the film and called it `` a total bore . Above all , the performances are worthless . The amount of respect that movie has is absolutely unbelievable ! '' William Friedkin said that the film influenced him and called it `` a veritable quarry for filmmakers , just as Joyce 's Ulysses is a quarry for writers . '' The film has also influenced other art forms . Carlos Fuentes 's novel The Death of Artemio Cruz was partially inspired by the film and the rock band The White Stripes paid unauthorized tribute to the film in the song `` The Union Forever '' . Film Memorabilia ( edit ) In 1982 , film director Steven Spielberg bought a `` Rosebud '' sled for $60,500 ; it was one of three balsa sleds used in the closing scenes and the only one that was not burned . After the Spielberg purchase , it was reported that retiree Arthur Bauer claimed to own another `` Rosebud '' sled . In early 1942 when Bauer was 12 he won an RKO publicity contest and selected the hardwood sled as his prize . In 1996 , Bauer 's estate offered the painted pine sled at auction through Christie 's . Bauer 's son told CBS News that his mother had once wanted to paint the sled and use it as a plant stand , but Bauer told her to `` just save it and put it in the closet . '' The sled was sold to an anonymous bidder for $233,500 .",
"49": "Welles 's Oscar for Best Original Screenplay was believed to be lost until it was rediscovered in 1994 . It was withdrawn from a 2007 auction at Sotheby 's when bidding failed to reach its estimate of $800,000 to $1.2 million . Owned by the charitable Dax Foundation , it was auctioned for $861,542 in 2011 to an anonymous buyer . Mankiewicz 's Oscar was sold at least twice , in 1999 and again in 2012 , the latest price being $588,455 . In 1989 , Mankiewicz 's personal copy of the Citizen Kane script was auctioned at Christie 's . The leather - bound volume included the final shooting script and a carbon copy of American that bore handwritten annotations -- purportedly made by Hearst 's lawyers , who were said to have obtained it in the manner described by Kael in `` Raising Kane '' . Estimated to bring $70,000 to $90,000 , it sold for a record $231,000 . In 2007 , Welles 's personal copy of the last revised draft of Citizen Kane before the shooting script was sold at Sotheby 's for $97,000 . A second draft of the script titled American , marked `` Mr. Welles ' working copy '' , was auctioned by Sotheby 's in 2014 for $164,692 . A collection of 24 pages from a working script found in Welles 's personal possessions by his daughter Beatrice Welles was auctioned in 2014 for $15,000 . In 2014 , a collection of approximately 235 Citizen Kane stills and production photos that had belonged to Welles was sold at auction for $7,812 . Rights and Home media ( edit ) The composited camera negative of Citizen Kane was destroyed in a New Jersey film laboratory fire in the 1970s . Subsequent prints were derived from a master positive ( a fine - grain preservation element ) made in the 1940s and originally intended for use in overseas distribution . Modern techniques were used to produce a pristine print for a 50th Anniversary theatrical reissue in 1991 which Paramount released for then - owner Turner Broadcasting System , which earned $1.6 million in North America .",
"50": "In 1955 , RKO sold the American television rights to its film library , including Citizen Kane , to C&C Television Corp . In 1960 , television rights to the pre-1956 RKO library were acquired by United Artists . RKO kept the non-broadcast television rights to its library . In 1976 , when home video was in its infancy , entrepreneur Snuff Garrett bought cassette rights to the RKO library for what United Press International termed `` a pittance . '' In 1978 The Nostalgia Merchant released the film through Media Home Entertainment . By 1980 the 800 - title library of The Nostalgia Merchant was earning $2.3 million a year . `` Nobody wanted cassettes four years ago , '' Garrett told UPI . `` It was n't the first time people called me crazy . It was a hobby with me which became big business . '' RKO Home Video released the film on VHS and Betamax in 1985 . In 1984 , The Criterion Collection released the film as its first LaserDisc . It was made from a fine grain master positive provided by the UCLA Film and Television Archive . When told about the then - new concept of having an audio commentary on the disc , Welles was skeptical but said `` theoretically , that 's good for teaching movies , so long as they do n't talk nonsense . '' In 1992 Criterion released a new 50th Anniversary Edition LaserDisc . This version had an improved transfer and additional special features , including the documentary The Legacy of Citizen Kane and Welles 's early short The Hearts of Age . Turner Broadcasting System acquired broadcast television rights to the RKO library in 1986 and the full worldwide rights to the library in 1987 . The RKO Home Video unit was reorganized into Turner Home Entertainment that year . In 1991 Turner released a 50th Anniversary Edition on VHS and as a collector 's edition that includes the film , the documentary Reflections On Citizen Kane , Harlan Lebo 's 50th anniversary album , a poster and a copy of the original script . In 1996 , Time Warner acquired Turner and Warner Home Video absorbed Turner Home Entertainment . Today , Time Warner 's Warner Bros. unit has distribution rights for the film .",
"51": "In 2001 , Warner Home Video released a 60th Anniversary Collectors Edition DVD . The two - disc DVD included feature - length commentaries by Roger Ebert and Peter Bogdanovich , as well as The Battle Over Citizen Kane . It was simultaneously released on VHS . The DVD was criticized for being `` too bright , too clean ; the dirt and grime had been cleared away , but so had a good deal of the texture , the depth , and the sense of film grain . '' In 2003 , Welles 's daughter Beatrice Welles sued Turner Entertainment , claiming the Welles estate is the legal copyright holder of the film . She claimed that Welles 's deal to terminate his contracts with RKO meant that Turner 's copyright of the film was null and void . She also claimed that the estate of Orson Welles was owed 20 % of the film 's profits if her copyright claim was not upheld . In 2007 she was allowed to proceed with the lawsuit , overturning the 2004 decision in favor of Turner Entertainment on the issue of video rights . In 2011 , it was released on Blu - ray Disc and DVD in a 70th anniversary box set . The San Francisco Chronicle called it `` the Blu - ray release of the year . '' Supplements included everything available on the 2001 Warner Home Video release , as well as RKO 281 and packaging extras that include a hardcover booklet and a folio containing a reproduction of the original souvenir program , miniature lobby cards and other memorabilia . The Blu - ray DVD was scanned as 4K resolution from three different 35mm prints and rectified the quality issues of the 2001 DVD . Colorization controversy ( edit ) In the 1980s , Citizen Kane became a catalyst in the controversy over the colorization of black - and - white films . One proponent of film colorization was Ted Turner , whose Turner Entertainment Company owned the RKO library . A Turner Entertainment spokesperson initially stated that Citizen Kane would not be colorized , but in July 1988 Turner said , `` Citizen Kane ? I 'm thinking of colorizing it . '' In early 1989 it was reported that two companies were producing color tests for Turner Entertainment .",
"52": "Criticism increased when filmmaker Henry Jaglom stated that shortly before his death Welles had implored him `` do n't let Ted Turner deface my movie with his crayons . '' In February 1989 , Turner Entertainment president Roger Mayer announced that work to colorize the film had been stopped due to provisions in Welles 's 1939 contract with RKO that `` could be read to prohibit colorization without permission of the Welles estate . '' Mayer added that Welles 's contract was `` quite unusual '' and `` other contracts we have checked out are not like this at all . '' Turner had only colorized the final reel of the film before abandoning the project . In 1991 one minute of the colorized test footage was included in the BBC Arena documentary The Complete Citizen Kane . The colorization controversy was a factor in the passage of the National Film Preservation Act in 1988 which created the National Film Registry the following year . ABC News anchor Peter Jennings reported that `` one major reason for doing this is to require people like the broadcaster Ted Turner , who 's been adding color to some movies and re-editing others for television , to put notices on those versions saying that the movies have been altered '' . See also ( edit ) List of films considered the best List of films with a 100 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , a film review aggregator website RKO 281 , a made - for - television film based on the making of Citizen Kane Bibliography ( edit ) Bazin , André . The Technique of Citizen Kane . Paris , France : Les Temps modernes 2 , number 17 , 1947 . pages 943 -- 949 . Biskind , Peter ( ed . ) , Jaglom , Henry and Welles , Orson . My Lunches with Orson : Conversations between Henry Jaglom and Orson Welles . New York : Metropolitan Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 9725 - 2 . Bogdanovich , Peter and Welles , Orson . This is Orson Welles . HarperPerennial 1992 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 092439 - X Bogdanovich , Peter and Welles , Orson ( uncredited ) .",
"53": "`` The Kane Mutiny '' , in Esquire , October 1972 . Brady , Frank . Citizen Welles : A Biography of Orson Welles . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 26759 - 2 . Callow , Simon . Orson Welles : The Road to Xanadu . London : Jonathan Cape , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 224 - 03852 - 4 Carringer , Robert L. The Making of Citizen Kane . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 05367 - 2 hardcover ; 1996 revised and updated edition ISBN 0 - 520 - 20567 - 7 paperback Carringer , Robert L. `` The Scripts of Citizen Kane '' , in Critical Inquiry No. 5 , 1978 . Cook , David A . A History of Narrative Film . W.W. Norton Company , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 97868 - 0 Gottesman , Ronald ( ed . ) . Focus on Citizen Kane . Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice - Hall , 1976 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 949214 - 3 Gottesman , Ronald ( ed . ) . Perspectives on Citizen Kane . New York : G.K. Hall & Co. , 1996 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8161 - 1616 - 4 Heylin , Clinton . Despite the System : Orson Welles Versus the Hollywood Studios , Chicago Review Press , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 547 - 8 Howard , James . The Complete Films of Orson Welles . New York : Carol Publishing Group , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 1241 - 5 . Kael , Pauline , Welles , Orson and Mankiewicz , Herman J. The Citizen Kane Book . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1971 . Leaming , Barbara . Orson Welles , A Biography .",
"54": "New York : Viking Press , 1985 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 15446 - 3 . Meryman , Richard . Mank : The Wit , World and Life of Herman Mankiewicz . New York : William Morrow and Company , 1978 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 688 - 03356 - 9 . Mulvey , Laura . Citizen Kane . London : British Film Institute , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 339 - 9 Naremore , James ( ed . ) . Orson Welles 's Citizen Kane : A Casebook in Criticism . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515892 - 2 Nasaw , David . The Chief : The Life of William Randolph Hearst . New York : Houghton Mifflin , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 15446 - 3 Rippy , Marguerite H. Orson Welles and the Unfinished RKO Projects : A Postmodern Perspective . Southern Illinois University Press , Illinois , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2912 - 0 Rosenbaum , Jonathan . `` I Missed It at the Movies : Objections to ' Raising Kane ' '' , in Film Comment , Spring 1972 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I did a very elaborate production for ( Heart of Darkness ) , such as I 've never done again -- never could , '' Welles said . `` I shot my bolt on preproduction on that picture . We designed every camera setup and everything else -- did enormous research in aboriginal , Stone Age cultures in order to reproduce what the story called for . I 'm sorry not to have got the chance to do it . '' Jump up ^ Welles later used the subjective camera in The Magnificent Ambersons , in a sequence that was later all but eliminated because it did not work in that picture . `` Heart of Darkness is one of the few stories that it 's very well adapted to , because it relies so heavily on narration , '' Welles said .",
"55": "`` The camera was going to be Marlow ... He 's in the pilot house and he can see himself reflected in the glass through which you see the jungle . So it is n't that business of a hand - held camera mooching around pretending to walk like a man . '' Jump up ^ First published in Critical Inquiry , `` The Scripts of Citizen Kane '' was described by Rosenbaum as `` the definitive piece of scholarship on the authorship of Kane -- and sadly one of the least well known '' . He wrote that many biographers may wrongly assume that Carringer included all of its facts in his later book , The Making of Citizen Kane . Jump up ^ Welles states , `` There 's all that stuff about McCormick and the opera . I drew a lot from that from my Chicago days . And Samuel Insull . '' Jump up ^ Charlie Lederer insisted that Hearst and Davies never saw Citizen Kane and condemned it based on the outrage of trusted friends , wrote his stepdaughter ( and Welles 's daughter ) Chris Welles Feder . `` In Charlie 's view , Hearst was more distressed by the movie 's insinuation ... that Marion was a failed and pathetic alcoholic that he was by any unflattering references to himself . '' Jump up ^ According to RKO records , Sloane was paid $2,400 for shaving his head . Jump up ^ Speaking to Bogdanovich , Welles corrects himself when speaking about who suggested the `` test '' shooting : `` That was Toland 's idea -- no , it was Ferguson 's idea , the art director . '' Jump up ^ `` I used the whole Mercury cast , heavily disguised by darkness , '' Welles said . `` And there they all are -- if you look carefully , you can see them . Everybody in the movie is in it ... Yes , I 'm there . '' Jump up ^ No figures can be found for the cost of filming Susan 's attempted suicide , but filming the nightclub scene was budgeted at $1,038 and cost $1,376.79 . Jump up ^ `` It took nerve to shoot from down there , with that steel brace right in front of the camera , but I thought rightly that at that point they 'd be looking at Leland and not at me . ''",
"56": "Jump up ^ Speaking of the credit given Toland , Welles said , `` Nobody in those days -- only the stars , the director , and the producer -- got separate cards . Gregg deserved it , did n't he ? '' Jump up ^ Such respect for Toland was not without precedent . John Ford had also shared his title card with the cinematographer in the opening credits for The Long Voyage Home ( 1940 ) . Jump up ^ Seiderman 's work with contact lenses in films led to a medical formula for soft contact lenses that he developed in the 1970s . Jump up ^ After becoming head of the RKO make - up department , Seiderman left in 1946 to help recreate faces for disfigured U.S. soldiers . Jump up ^ Kevin Brownlow believes that Lean 's brother David was influential on ( if not co-writer of ) this review . Years later Welles thanked David Lean for the article . Jump up ^ 871,261 admissions Jump up ^ Bordwell has hypothesized that Bazin was influenced by publicity about the film 's innovations that were published in France during its first release . These included interviews by Welles and the publication of Toland 's article `` The Motion Picture Cameraman '' in the January 1947 issue of La Revue du Cinéma . Bordwell believes that Bazin was aware of the legend of film 's innovations before having seen it . Jump up ^ Another early pop culture reference occurred in Welles 's The Magnificent Ambersons , which includes a brief glimpse of a newspaper article written by `` Jed Leland '' . Jump up ^ The same item had been sold by Christie 's in December 1991 , together with a working script from The Magnificent Ambersons , for $11,000 . Jump up ^ The colorized Citizen Kane footage appears at approximately 1 : 17 : 00 . Jump up ^ Reprinted in Gottesman , Ronald ( ed . ) . Focus on Citizen Kane . Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice - Hall , 1976 .",
"57": "ISBN 0 - 13 - 949214 - 3 Jump up ^ Excerpted in `` My Orson '' , Bogdanovich 's new introduction to the second edition of This is Orson Welles Jump up ^ Reprinted in Gottesman , Ronald ( ed . ) . Perspectives on Citizen Kane . New York : G.K. Hall & Co. , 1996 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8161 - 1616 - 4 Jump up ^ Reprinted in Naremore , James ( ed . ) . Orson Welles 's Citizen Kane : A Casebook in Criticism . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515892 - 2 Jump up ^ Contains Kael 's controversial and much - derided essay `` Raising Kane '' , originally printed in The New Yorker ( February 20 and 27 , 1971 ) , as well as the full script by Mankiewicz and Welles . Jump up ^ Reprinted in Rosenbaum , Jonathan ( ed . ) . Discovering Orson Welles . Berkeley : University of California Press , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25123 - 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CITIZEN KANE ( A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 1 , 1941 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carringer , Robert L. ( October 24 , 1996 ) . `` The Making of Citizen Kane , Revised Edition '' . University of California Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Citizen Kane ( DVD ) . Warner Bros. Home Entertainment . 2 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Citizen Kane Movie Detail '' . The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States : Feature Films , 1941 -- 1950 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Naremore , James ( 1989 ) .",
"58": "The Magic World of Orson Welles ( 2nd ed . ) . Dallas : Southern Methodist University Press . ISBN 0 - 87074 - 299 - X . Jump up ^ Citizen Kane ( Roger Ebert audio commentary ) ( DVD ) . Warner Bros. Home Entertainment . 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Alva ; Smith , Fred ( February 3 , 1940 ) . `` How to Raise a Child ( part 3 ) '' . The Saturday Evening Post : 27 , 28 , 40 , 45 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brady , Frank ( 1989 ) . Citizen Welles : A Biography of Orson Welles . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 385 - 26759 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Carringer , Robert L. ( 1985 ) . The Making of Citizen Kane . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20567 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Leaming , Barbara ( 1985 ) . Orson Welles , A Biography . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 15446 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Welles , Orson ; Bogdanovich , Peter ; Rosenbaum , Jonathan ( 1992 ) . This is Orson Welles . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016616 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Meryman , Richard ( 1978 ) . Mank : The Wit , World and Life of Herman Mankiewicz . New York : William Morrow and Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 688 - 03356 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Callow , Simon ( 1996 ) . Orson Welles : The Road to Xanadu . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 86722 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Whaley , Barton ( 2005 ) .",
"59": "Orson Welles : The Man Who Was Magic . Lybrary.com . ASIN B005HEHQ7E . Jump up ^ `` Citizen Kane Film Book Due in Fall '' . The Bakersfield Californian . June 6 , 1971 . On Oct. 28 , Atlantic -- Little , Brown will publish The Citizen Kane Book , an outsize volume that will include not only ' Raising Kane ' but also , as Miss Kael had always intended , the complete , original text of the Mankiewicz -- Welles shooting script , published here for the first time . ^ Jump up to : Kael , Pauline ; Welles , Orson ; Mankiewicz , Herman J. ( 1971 ) . `` Raising Kane by Pauline Kael '' . The Citizen Kane Book . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . pp. 1 -- 84 . OCLC 209252 . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( August 22 , 1997 ) . `` Welles pic script scrambles H'wood history '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patterson , John ( September 6 , 2001 ) . `` Exit the hatchet woman : Why Pauline Kael was bad for world cinema '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` Roaring at the Screen with Pauline Kael '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Carringer , Robert L. ( 2004 ) ( first published 1978 ) . `` The Scripts of Citizen Kane '' . In Naremore , James . Orson Welles 's Citizen Kane : A Casebook . Oxford University Press . pp. 79 -- 121 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515892 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , Jonathan ( editor ) ( 2007 ) . Discovering Orson Welles . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .",
"60": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25123 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Houseman , John ( 1972 ) . Run - Through : A Memoir . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 21034 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Estrin , Mark W. ( editor ) ( 2002 ) . Orson Welles : Interviews . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 209 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Epstein , Michael ; Lennon , Thomas ( 1996 ) . `` The Battle Over Citizen Kane '' . PBS . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Feder , Chris Welles ( 2009 ) . In My Father 's Shadow : A Daughter Remembers Orson Welles . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : Algonquin Books . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56512 - 599 - 5 . Jump up ^ Davies , Marion ( 1975 ) . Pfau , Pamela ; Marx , Kenneth S. , eds . The Times We Had : Life with William Randolph Hearst . Foreword by Orson Welles ( two pages preceding unpaginated chapter index ) . Indianapolis and New York : Bobbs - Merrill Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 672 - 52112 - 6 . Jump up ^ McGilligan , Patrick ( 2015 ) . Young Orson . New York : Harper . p. 697 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 211248 - 4 . Jump up ^ French , Philip ( July 7 , 1991 ) . `` Review : The world 's favourite Citizen '' . The Observer . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 2004 ) . `` A Viewer 's Companion to ' Citizen Kane ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2010 .",
"61": "Jump up ^ Gilling , Ted ( May 7 , 1989 ) . `` Real to Reel : Newsreels and re-enactments help trio of documentaries make history come alive '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ Orson Welles on the Air : The Radio Years . Catalogue for exhibition October 28 -- December 3 , 1988 . New York : The Museum of Broadcasting . 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Bret ( 1990 ) . Orson Welles : A Bio-Bibliography . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 26538 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Mulvey , Laura ( 1992 ) . Citizen Kane . London , UK : BFI Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84457 - 497 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Composers Orchestra -- David Raksin remembers his colleagues '' . Americancomposers.org . Retrieved January 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Higham , Charles ( 1985 ) . Orson Welles : The Rise and Fall of an American Genius . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 31280 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten Little Winged Mercuries ; Introducing the Band of Lads and Lassies in ' Citizen Kane ' '' . The New York Times . May 4 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Lowrance , Dee ( July 19 , 1942 ) . `` Lady Luck : Movieland 's Best Talent Scout '' . The San Bernardino County Sun . The San Bernardino County Sun . p. 24 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Biskind , Peter ; Jaglom , Henry ; Welles , Orson ( 2013 ) . My Lunches with Orson : Conversations between Henry Jaglom and Orson Welles . New York : Metropolitan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 9725 - 2 . Jump up ^ Howard , James ( 1991 ) .",
"62": "The Complete Films of Orson Welles . New York : Carol Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 1241 - 5 . Jump up ^ Carringer , Robert L. ( 1993 ) . The Magnificent Ambersons : A Reconstruction . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07857 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob , ed. ( 1973 ) . `` Citizen Kane Remembered ( May -- June 1969 ) '' . Directors in Action : Selections from Action , The Official Magazine of the Directors Guild of America . Indianapolis : The Bobbs Merrill Company , Inc . pp. 1 -- 11 . ISBN 0 - 672 - 51715 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : BBC Arena ( October 13 , 1991 ) . The Complete Citizen Kane . BBC Two . Jump up ^ Cheng , Cheryl ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kathryn Trosper Popper , Last Living ' Citizen Kane ' Castmember , Dies at 100 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kathryn Popper , Last Surviving Actor in ' Citizen Kane , ' Dies at 100 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Citizen Kane ' actress Louise Currie dead at 100 '' . Wellesnet : The Orson Welles Web Resource . September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wakeman , John ( 1987 ) . World Film Directors , Volume 1 . New York : The H.W. Wilson Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8242 - 0757 - 1 . Jump up ^ McBride , Joseph ( 2003 ) . Searching for John Ford : A Life . New York : Macmillan Publishers . pp. 299 -- 300 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 31011 - 0 .",
"63": "^ Jump up to : Welles , Orson , and Peter Bogdanovich , This is Orson Welles . HarperAudio , September 30 , 1992 . ISBN 1 - 55994 - 680 - 6 Audiotape 1A . Jump up ^ Lebo , Harlan ( 1990 ) . Citizen Kane : The Fiftieth Anniversary Album . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 41473 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Studios -- Paramount '' . Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Williams , Gregory L. `` Filming San Diego '' . San Diego History Center . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ross , Alex ( June 27 , 2005 ) . `` Sound and Vision : Glass 's ' Koyaanisqatsi ' and the art of film scoring '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Memos Part X : George Schaefer resigns as RKO president ... '' Wellesnet.com . July 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Herrmann , Bernard ( May 25 , 1941 ) . `` Score for a Film '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Citizen Kane ( Theatrical Trailer ) ( DVD ) . Warner Bros. Home Entertainment . 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Ezra ( May 19 , 1948 ) . `` Flash - Back to Griffith '' . PM . Jump up ^ Sadoul , Georges ( July 5 , 1946 ) . `` Le Cinéma : Hypertrophie ducerveau ̄ Review of Citizen Kane '' . Paris , France : Les Lettres Françaises , number 115 . p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Bazin , André ; Cardullo , Bert ( editor ) ( 1997 ) . Bazin at Work : Major Essays & Reviews From the Forties & Fifties . New York & London : Rutledge .",
"64": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 90018 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Bordwell , David ; Thompson , Kristin ( 2011 ) . Minding Movies . Observations on the Art , Craft , and Business of Filmmaking . Chicago and London : The University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 06698 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Fabe , Marilyn ( 2004 ) . Closely Watched Films : an introduction to the art of narrative film technique . Oakland , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23891 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Gianos , Phillip ( 1999 ) . Politics and politicians in American film . Santa Barbara , California : Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 170 -- 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96766 - 6 . Jump up ^ Coons , Robbin ( May 1 , 1941 ) . `` Hollywood Sights and Sounds '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Associated Press . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Ogle , Patrick L. ; Nichols , Bill ( 1985 ) . `` Technological and Aesthetic Influences Upon the Development of Deep Focus Cinematography in the United States '' . University of California Press . p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Toland , Gregg ( September 1941 ) . `` The Motion Picture Cameraman '' . Theatre Arts , Wellesnet : The Orson Welles Web Resource . pp. 646 -- 654 . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orson Welles : Once a Child Prodigy , He Has Never Quite Grown Up '' . Life : 108 -- 116 . May 26 , 1941 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 2004 ) . `` A Viewer 's Companion to Citizen Kane '' . Roger Ebert 's Journal . RogerEbert.com .",
"65": "Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eyman , Scott ; Duncan , Paul ( 2004 ) . John Ford , The Complete Films . Köln ; Los Angeles : Taschen . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8228 - 3093 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rubio , Juan Cobos Miguel ; Pruneda , Jose Antonio ( April 1965 ) . `` Interview with Orson Welles '' . Paris , France : Cahiers du Cinéma , number 165 . ^ Jump up to : Schatz , Thomas ; Harpole , Charles ( editor ) ( 1997 ) . History of the American Cinema , volume 6 : Boom and bust , the American cinema in the 1940s . Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22130 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Cook , David A. ( 1982 ) . A History of Narrative Film . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 09022 - 2 . Jump up ^ Truffaut , François ; Mayhew , Leonard ( translator ) ( 1978 ) . `` The Films in My Life '' . New York : Simon and Schuster . p. 282 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80599 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Dick ( October -- November 1999 ) . `` Citizen Seiderman '' . Make - Up Artist Magazine ( 21 ) : 18 -- 25 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gambill , Norman ( November -- December 1978 ) . `` Making Up Kane '' . Film Comment. 14 ( 6 ) : 42 -- 48 . ^ Jump up to : Cotten , Joseph ( 1987 ) . Vanity Will Get You Somewhere . San Francisco , CA : Mercury House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 916515 - 17 - 1 .",
"66": "Jump up ^ `` Maurice Seiderman , 82 , Inventor and Hollywood Makeup Artist '' . New York : The New York Times . July 22 , 1989 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( January 31 , 1946 ) . `` Hollywood News '' . The Laredo Times . Jump up ^ `` Oheka Castle -- Film , Television and Photography Productions '' . Oheka.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Corrections '' . The New York Times . April 6 , 1989 . Jump up ^ Thomas , François ; Naremore , James ( Editor ) ( 2004 ) . Orson Welles 's Citizen Kane : A Casebook . Oxford , UK and New York : Oxford University Press . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515891 - 5 . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Jewell , Richard B. ( 2007 ) . The Golden Age of Cinema . Hollywood 1929 -- 1945 . Oxford , UK : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 6373 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Steven C. ( 2002 ) . A Heart at Fire 's Center : The Life and Music of Bernard Herrmann . Oakland , California : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22939 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` 70th anniversary of Citizen Kane and Bernard Herrmann 's film score '' . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` Citizen Kane , page 4 '' . filmsite.org . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wrobel , Bill ( November 4 , 2001 ) . `` Herrmann 's `` Citizen Kane '' '' ( PDF ) . p. 2 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kirshnit , Frederick L.",
"67": "( December 31 , 2004 ) . `` Champagne and Pomade '' . Paris , France : ConcertoNet.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cue Sheet : Citizen Kane '' . The Bernard Herrmann Society . April 22 , 1941 . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz on the Screen : A jazz and blues filmography by David Meeker '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Costanzo Cahir , Linda ( 2006 ) . Literature into film : theory and practical approaches . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . pp. 59 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2597 - 6 . Jump up ^ McBride , Joseph ( 2006 ) . What Ever Happened to Orson Welles ? A Portrait of an Independent Career . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2410 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ramonet , Ignacio ( October 2003 ) . `` Set the media free '' . Paris , France : Le Monde diplomatique . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dedijer , Miki ( 2000 ) . `` The man behind Attac '' . Stockholm , Sweden : Dedijer Media AB . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walker , Andrew ( July 31 , 2002 ) . `` Rupert Murdoch : Bigger than Kane '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Tuccille , Jerome ( 1989 ) . Rupert Murdoch : Creator of a Worldwide Media Empire . Washington D.C. : Beard Books . p. xiv . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58798 - 224 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Hearst Bans RKO From Papers '' . Daily Variety . January 10 , 1941 . ^ Jump up to : Thomson , David ( April 28 , 2001 ) .",
"68": "`` The greatest story ever told : Sixty years of Citizen Kane '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Street , Sarah ( March 1996 ) . `` Citizen Kane '' . History Today . Jump up ^ Nasaw , David ( 2000 ) . The Chief : The Life of William Randolph Hearst . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 395 - 82759 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` His Honor , the Mayor '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orson Welles defends American civil liberties in His Honor the Mayor '' . Wellesnet.com . August 4 , 2007 . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Jerry ( 2010 ) . The Complete History of American Film Criticism . Santa Monica , CA : Santa Monica Press LLC . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59580 - 049 - 7 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( January 28 , 1996 ) . `` Raising ' Kane ' With Hearst : An ' American Experience ' Recounts the Attempts of the Publishing Magnate to Quash a Film Masterpiece '' . Los Angeles , CA : Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chawkins , Steve ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Family ' Citizen Kane ' gets inside the castle '' . Los Angeles , CA : Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jewell , Richard B. ; Harbin , Vernon ( 1982 ) . The RKO Story . New York : Arlington House Publishers / Crown Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 54656 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jewell , Richard ( 1994 ) . `` RKO Film Grosses : 1931 -- 1951 '' . Historical Journal of Film Radio and Television , Vol 14 No 1 . p. 45 . Jump up ^ Cameron , Kate ( May 2 , 1941 ) . `` Citizen Kane '' .",
"69": "New York Daily - News . Jump up ^ Boehnel , William ( May 2 , 1941 ) . `` Citizen Kane '' . New York World - Telegram . Jump up ^ Bower , Anthony ( April 26 , 1941 ) . `` Citizen Kane '' . New York : The Nation . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( May 2 , 1941 ) . `` Orson Welles 's Controversial ' Citizen Kane ' Proves a Sensational Film at Palace '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lejeune , C.A. ( October 12 , 1941 ) . `` The most exciting film that has come out of Hollywood in twenty - five years '' . London , UK : The Observer . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Heylin , Clinton ( 2006 ) . Despite the System : Orson Welles Versus the Hollywood Studios . Chicago , Illinois : Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 547 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lean , Tangye ( November 1941 ) . `` Pre-War Citizen '' . London , UK : Horizon . Jump up ^ Brownlow , Kevin ( 1996 ) . David Lean : A Biography . London , UK : Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4668 - 3237 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Otis ( June 2 , 1941 ) . `` Citizen Kane '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ von Stroheim , Erich ( June 6 , 1941 ) . `` Citizen Kane '' . Decision , a review of free culture , Volume 1 , number 6 . pp. 91 -- 93 . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Borges , Jorge Luis ( August 1941 ) . `` El Ciudadano '' . Buenos Aires , Argentina : Sur , Number 83 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cox , Erle ( February 7 , 1942 ) . `` Screen Realism May Be a Little Too Real '' . Melbourne , Australia : The Argus Weekend Magazine .",
"70": "p. 6 . Jump up ^ Agate , James ( October 22 , 1941 ) . `` Citizen Kane '' . The Tatler , reprinted in Around Cinemas ( 1946 ) Home & Van Thal Ltd . pp. 227 -- 229 . Jump up ^ Agate , James ( November 5 , 1941 ) . `` More About Citizen Kane '' . The Tatler , reprinted in Around Cinemas ( 1946 ) Home & Van Thal Ltd . pp. 229 -- 231 . Jump up ^ `` 1941 Awards '' . New York Film Critics Circle . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Best 1941 '' . National Board of Review Magazine . National Board of Review . XVII ( 1 ) : 4 . January 1942 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Best 1941 '' . National Board of Review Magazine . National Board of Review . XVII ( 1 ) : 6 . January 1942 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 14th Academy Awards ( 1942 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Science . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Extras Scuttled Welles '' . Variety . March 4 , 1942 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jeff ( November 29 , 2006 ) . `` Jack Moss : The Man Who Ruined Welles ? '' . Wellesnet . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ French , Lawrence ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` The Memos -- Orson Welles ' The Magnificent Ambersons turns 70 : Triumph or Tragedy ? '' . Wellesnet . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brady , Thomas ( November 16 , 1941 ) . `` Genius Under Stress : Spending RKO 's Money Worries Orson Welles '' . The New York Times .",
"71": "Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : de Baecque , Antoine ; Toubiana , Serge ( 1999 ) . Truffaut : A Biography . Berkeley & Los Angeles , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22524 - 4 . Jump up ^ Orson Welles box office information in France at Box Office Story ^ Jump up to : Andrew , Dudley ( 1978 ) . André Bazin . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 07399 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sartre , Jean - Paul ( August 1 , 1945 ) . `` Quand Hollywood veut faire penser : ' Citizen Kane ' film d'Orson Welles '' . Paris , France : L'Ecran francais , number 5 . Jump up ^ Piepenbring , Dan ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Sartre and Borges on Welles '' . Paris , France : The Paris Review . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bazin , André ( 1967 ) ( 1950 ) . `` The Evolution of the Language of Cinema '' . What is Cinema ? . Translated by Gray , Hugh . Oakland , CA : University of California Press . pp. 23 -- 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24227 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Bordwell , David ; Thompson , Kristin ( 1994 ) . Film History : An Introduction . New York : McGraw - Hill inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 338613 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sarris , Andrew ( 1956 ) . `` Citizen Kane : The American Baroque '' . Film Culture , number 9 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Kim ; Freer , Ian ; Fraser , Rob ( July 2003 ) . `` Citizen Kane '' . Empire . pp. 146 -- 156 . Jump up ^ `` ' Citizen Kane ' fave film of movie elite '' . rogerebert.com .",
"72": "Retrieved January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll : 1962 '' . British Film Institute . 1962 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Top Ten Poll '' . British Film Institute . 2002 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Directors ' Top Ten Poll '' . British Film Institute . 2002 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2007 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sight & Sound -- Top ten '' . Sight & Sound . Retrieved August 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll : 2012 '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Castedo , Julio ( 2000 ) . Las Cien Mejores Películas Del Siglo XX . Spain : Jaguar . ISBN 978 - 84 - 89960 - 74 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Cahiers du cinéma 100 films pour une cinémathèque idéale '' . Cahiers du cinéma . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` the 100th Anniversary of Cinema '' . Moscow , Russia : Kinovedcheskie Zapiski , Issue 28 . 1995 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Pym , John ; Andrew , Geoff ( 1998 ) . Time Out Film Guide , 7th Edition . London , UK : Time Out Group Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 027525 - 4 . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hoberman , J. ( January 4 , 2000 ) . `` 100 Best Films of the 20th Century '' . New York : Village Voice Media , Inc .",
"73": "Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Koszarski , Richard ( 1983 ) . The Man You Loved to Hate : Erich von Stroheim and Hollywood . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503239 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` What 's your favorite movie ? '' . Chicago Sun - Times , Roger Ebert 's Journal . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Registry '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1940s Celebrate the Century '' . Arago , Smithsonian National Postal Museum . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Filmmaking : Behind the Scenes '' . Arago , Smithsonian National Postal Museum . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Announces 100 Greatest American Movies of All Time ; Citizen Kane -- # 1 '' . American Film Institute . June 1998 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 75 Best Edited Films '' . Editors Guild Magazine . 1 ( 3 ) . May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Quandt , James ( 2014 ) .",
"74": "`` Citizen Kane '' . Toronto , Ontario , Canada : Toronto International Film Festival . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( April 6 , 2008 ) . `` Master of the Heist '' . New York , NY : Time . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Theodore ( December 26 , 1941 ) . `` Hellzapoppin ' ( 1941 ) '' . New York , NY : The New York Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bordwell , David ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` The Magnificent Ambersons : A usable past '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Richardson , Carl ( 1992 ) . Autopsy : An Element of Realism in Film Noir . Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 2496 - 6 . Jump up ^ Buruma , Ian ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Beauty in Her Sacrifice '' . New York , NY : The New York Review of Books . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , Jonathan ( 1997 ) . Movies as Politics . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20615 - 1 . Jump up ^ Richie , Donald ( 1998 ) . The Films of Akira Kurosawa . Oakland , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22037 - 9 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Nigel ( May 8 , 2011 ) . `` The Mark of Kane . Orson Welles ' masterpiece , 70 years on '' . London , UK : Financial Times . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` Review ' There Will Be Blood ' '' . Los Angeles , CA : Variety .",
"75": "Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars 2007 : ' There Will Be Blood ' = ' Citizen Kane ' ? '' . Los Angeles : Los Angeles Times . September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carson , Tom ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` A Golden State : Paul Thomas Anderson 's Secret , Sprawling , Multi-Film History of California '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tookey , Chris ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` A cult classic ? Never ! Based on the story of Scientology , The Master is topped for Oscar glory ... but Chris Tookey refuses to be brainwashed '' . London , UK : The Daily Mail . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyers , Jeff ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` The Social Network : Feeding frenzy : Or the portrait of a Facebook 's billionaire asshole as a younger man '' . Detroit , MI : Detroit Metro Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Phil ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` Sony hacks : Rogen , Franco could learn from Welles , ' Citizen Kane ' '' . Chicago , Illinois : The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( November 6 , 1998 ) . `` Velvet Goldmine '' . Chicago , Illinois : rogerebert.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rist , Peter ( March 2001 ) . `` Meeting Abbas Kiarostami '' . offscreen.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Citizen Kane '' . London , UK : The British Film Institute . 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` These critics voted for Citizen Kane ( Welles ) '' . British Film Institute . 2002 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wrigley , Nick ( October 25 , 2013 ) .",
"76": "`` Stanley Kubrick , cinephile '' . London , UK : The British Film Institute . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Richie , Donald ( 1977 ) . Ozu . Oakland , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03277 - 4 . Jump up ^ Truffaut , François ( 1978 ) . `` Citizen Kane : The Fragile Giant '' . The Films in My Life . New York , NY : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62681 - 396 - 0 . Jump up ^ French , Philip ( February 19 , 2011 ) . `` Day for Night -- review '' . London , UK : The Observer . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stott , Siân ( January 17 , 2005 ) . `` Film - makers on film : Theo Angelopoulos '' . London , UK : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gould , Mark R. ( 2012 ) . `` Great Movies : Citizen Kane - Most Influential Film in History '' . American Library Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orson Welles vs. Ingmar Bergman '' . Wellesnet.org . March 6 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stevens Jr. , George ( 2012 ) . Conversations at the American Film Institute with the Great Moviemakers : The Next Generation . New York , NY : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27347 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mac Adam , Alfred ; Ruas , Charles E. ( 1981 ) . `` Interviews : Carlos Fuentes , The Art of Fiction No. 68 '' . Paris , France : The Paris Review , number 82 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Devenish , Colin ( April 1 , 2003 ) . `` White Stripes May Face Suit '' . New York , NY : Rolling Stone .",
"77": "Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Newsmakers '' . Newsweek . June 21 , 1982 . p. 51 . Jump up ^ `` Hidden Treasures : Prop Art '' . The New York Times . June 13 , 1982 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Robert E. ( June 22 , 1982 ) . `` Army retiree claims to have ' Rosebud ' '' . The Capital Times ( Newsday ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Lot 59 , Sale 7927 '' . Christie 's Los Angeles auction catalogue , Film , Television & Pop . December 15 , 1996 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` CBS News Transcripts '' . CBS . December 14 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Clark Gable 's Oscar and ' Rosebud ' sled sold '' . Associated Press . December 15 , 1996 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Citizen Kane ' Script sells for $97,000 '' . The Washington Post . December 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Henry ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Welles 's `` Citizen Kane '' Oscar sells for $860,000 `` . London : The Guardian . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars Auction : Statuettes from ' 30s , ' 40s Sold in Los Angeles '' . The Huffington Post ( Associated Press ) . February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reif , Rita ( June 16 , 1989 ) . `` Auctions '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McDougall , Dennis ( June 15 , 1989 ) . `` Between the Lines That Raised ' Kane ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A New Look at ' Kane ' '' . Chicago Tribune . May 7 , 1989 .",
"78": "Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reif , Rita ( July 2 , 1989 ) . `` Antiques '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Working draft script for Citizen Kane , here with its original title , ' American ' '' . 1000 Ways of Seeing : The Private Collection of the late Stanley J. Seeger , Sotheby 's . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Orson Welles Working Scripts ( Sale 7269 , Lot 208 ) '' . Christie 's New York , East . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An Orson Welles Group of Working Script Pages from Citizen Kane ( Lot 46023 ) '' . Entertainment & Music Memorabilia Signature Auction , New York ( # 7089 ) , Heritage Auctions . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An Orson Welles Large Collection of Black and White Film Stills from Citizen Kane ( Lot 46024 ) '' . Entertainment & Music Memorabilia Signature Auction , New York ( # 7089 ) , Heritage Auctions . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tang , Terry ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Orson Welles 's camera , other items up for auction '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGreevey , Tom ; Yeck , Joanne L. ( 1997 ) . Our Movie Heritage . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . pp. 135 -- 36 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2431 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rohter , Larry ( February 20 , 1991 ) . `` For ' Citizen Kane , ' a Fresh Start at 50 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Boddy , William ( 1993 ) .",
"79": "Fifties Television : The Industry and Its Critics . Champaign , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06299 - 5 . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Moira ( August 23 , 1986 ) . `` RKO Focuses On Upscale Market for Classic Films '' . Billboard . p. 64 . Jump up ^ Scott , Vernon ( October 11 , 1980 ) . `` Nostalgia King '' . United Press International . Jump up ^ `` Citizen Kane ( Film , 1985 ) '' . WorldCat . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Roger P. `` From the Current -- Citizen Kane '' . The Criterion Collection . Jump up ^ `` Criterion : Citizen Kane : 50th Anniversary Edition '' . The Criterion Collection . Jump up ^ `` Turner Acquires MGM / UA '' . Chicago Tribune . March 26 , 1986 . Jump up ^ `` Turner Buys Rights to 800 RKO Movies '' . Los Angeles Times . December 10 , 1987 . Jump up ^ `` An OK For RKO '' . Chicago Tribune . March 29 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Jack E. ( August 29 , 1991 ) . `` VideoView -- UPI Arts & Entertainment ; What 's new on the home video scene ... '' . Washington D.C. : United Press International . Jump up ^ `` Time Warner phasing out Turner Pictures : Time Warner Inc '' . Chicago Tribune . November 14 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Citizen Kane '' . Warner Brothers . Jump up ^ `` Citizen Kane ( VHS tape , 2001 ) '' . WorldCat . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Fred ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Buy the Citizen Kane Blu - ray '' . slate.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Welles ' daughter could get profit from ' Kane ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 .",
"80": "Jump up ^ Taylor , Charles ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` The New Season DVDs : Movies That Said , ' Look What I Can Do ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Johnson , G. Allen ( October 23 , 2011 ) . `` DVD Review : Citizen Kane '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ McQuain , Christopher ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Citizen Kane ( Blu - ray ) '' . DVD Talk . Jump up ^ Molotsky , Irwin ( November 4 , 1986 ) . `` Council Opposes Coloring Old Films '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TBS acquires rights to RKO film and television library '' . Business Wire . December 9 , 1987 . Jump up ^ O'Toole , Lawrence ( December 18 , 1987 ) . `` No computer coloring for ' Kane ' '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ Bawden , James ( July 28 , 1988 ) . `` Colorful Turner sees Citizen Kane in a different light '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ `` Turner Says It 's Testing To Colorize ' Citizen Kane ' '' . Associated Press . January 30 , 1989 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Antczyk , John ( February 14 , 1989 ) . `` We 'll Never Know If Rosebud Was Red '' . Associated Press . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turner wo n't colorize ' Kane ' '' . United Press International . February 14 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` The Complete Citizen Kane ' documentary is now online '' . Wellesnet . May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Peter ( September 19 , 1989 ) . `` World News Tonight '' . ABC News Transcripts , American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Welles , Orson ; Bogdanovich , Peter ; Rosenbaum , Jonathan ( 1998 ) .",
"81": "`` My Orson ( new introduction by Peter Bogdanovich ) '' . This is Orson Welles ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Da Capo Press . pp. vii -- xxxix . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80834 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCitizen Kaneat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Database Official website Citizen Kane on IMDb Citizen Kane at the TCM Movie Database Citizen Kane at the American Film Institute Catalog Citizen Kane at Rotten Tomatoes Other Citizen Kane bibliography via the UC Berkeley Media Resources Center The American Film Institute 's `` 100 Greatest Movies '' list Citizen Kane and Bernard Herrmann 's film score PBS : Citizen Kane ( Archived ) Bright Lights Film Journal Essay Roger Ebert : Citizen Kane The Unofficial Citizen Kane Page Time Magazine Top 100 Greatest films DVD Review Citizen Kane at TV Tropes Scene - by - scene analysis at Movie Movie Orson Welles Filmography Radio credits Theatre credits Discography Bibliography Awards and nominations Feature films Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) The Magnificent Ambersons ( 1942 ) The Stranger ( 1946 ) The Lady from Shanghai ( 1947 ) Macbeth ( 1948 ) Othello ( 1951 ) Mr. Arkadin ( 1955 ) Touch of Evil ( 1958 ) The Trial ( 1962 ) Chimes at Midnight ( 1965 ) The Immortal Story ( 1968 ) F for Fake ( 1974 ) Filming Othello ( 1979 ) Shorts Twelfth Night ( 1933 ) The Hearts of Age ( 1934 ) The Green Goddess ( lost film ) ( 1939 ) Citizen Kane trailer ( 1940 ) Around the World ( lost film ) ( 1946 ) The Miracle of St.",
"82": "Anne ( lost film ) ( 1950 ) Magic Trick ( 1953 ) The Dominici Affair ( 1955 ) Portrait of Gina ( 1958 ) An Evening with Orson Welles ( 1970 ) Orson 's Bag ( 1968 -- 69 ) incorporating Vienna ( 1968 ) The Merchant of Venice ( 1969 ) One Man Band , aka London ( 1968 -- 71 ) Moby Dick ( 1971 ) Orson Welles ' Magic Show ( 1976 -- 85 ) The Spirit of Charles Lindbergh ( 1984 ) Unfinished films Too Much Johnson ( 1938 ) It 's All True ( 1942 ) Don Quixote ( 1957 -- 69 ) The Heroine ( lost film ) ( 1967 ) The Deep ( 1967 -- 70 ) The Other Side of the Wind ( 1970 -- 76 ) Filming ' The Trial ' ( 1981 ) The Dreamers ( 1980 -- 82 ) Television Orson Welles ' Sketch Book ( 1955 ) Around the World with Orson Welles ( 1955 ) Orson Welles and People ( lost ) ( 1956 ) The Fountain of Youth ( 1958 ) In the Land of Don Quixote ( 1964 ) The Orson Welles Show ( 1979 ) Theatre Marching Song ( 1932 ) Bright Lucifer Voodoo Macbeth ( 1936 ) Horse Eats Hat ( 1936 ) Caesar ( 1937 -- 38 ) Too Much Johnson ( 1938 ) Native Son ( 1941 ) The Mercury Wonder Show ( 1943 ) Around the World ( musical ) ( 1946 ) Othello ( 1951 ) The Lady in the Ice ( ballet ) ( 1953 ) Moby Dick -- Rehearsed ( 1955 ) Rhinoceros ( 1960 )",
"83": "Radio Les Misérables ( 1937 ) The Shadow ( 1937 -- 38 ) The Mercury Theatre on the Air ( including `` The War of the Worlds '' ) ( 1938 ) The Campbell Playhouse ( 1938 -- 40 ) Orson Welles Show ( 1941 -- 42 ) Ceiling Unlimited ( 1942 -- 43 ) Hello Americans ( 1942 -- 43 ) The Orson Welles Almanac ( 1944 ) This Is My Best ( 1945 ) Orson Welles Commentaries ( 1945 -- 46 ) The Mercury Summer Theatre on the Air ( 1946 ) The Adventures of Harry Lime ( 1951 -- 52 ) The Black Museum ( 1951 -- 52 ) Spoken - word recordings The Happy Prince ( 1946 ) The Airborne Symphony ( 1966 ) The Begatting of the President ( 1970 ) Books This is Orson Welles ( 1992 ) Les Bravades ( 1996 ) Related Mercury Theatre Frozen Peas Orson Welles Paul Masson adverts It 's All True : Based on an Unfinished Film by Orson Welles ( 1993 documentary ) Orson Welles ( crater ) Magician : The Astonishing Life and Work of Orson Welles ( 2014 documentary ) BFI Sight & Sound Poll 1952 Bicycle Thieves City Lights The Gold Rush Battleship Potemkin Intolerance : Love 's Struggle Throughout the Ages Louisiana Story Greed Le Jour Se Lève The Passion of Joan of Arc Brief Encounter The Rules of the Game Le Million 1962 Citizen Kane L'Avventura The Rules of the Game Greed Ugetsu",
"84": "Monogatari Battleship Potemkin Bicycle Thieves Ivan the Terrible La Terra Trema L'Atalante 1972 Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Battleship Potemkin 81⁄2 L'Avventura Persona The Passion of Joan of Arc The General The Magnificent Ambersons Ugetsu Monogatari Wild Strawberries 1982 Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Seven Samurai Singin ' in the Rain 81⁄2 Battleship Potemkin L'Avventura The Magnificent Ambersons Vertigo The General The Searchers Critics ' Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Tokyo Story Vertigo The Searchers L'Atalante The Passion of Joan of Arc Pather Panchali Battleship Potemkin 2001 : A Space Odyssey Directors ' Citizen Kane 81⁄2 Raging Bull La Strada L'Atalante The Godfather Modern Times Vertigo The Godfather Part II The Passion of Joan of Arc Rashomon Seven Samurai 2002 Critics ' Citizen Kane Vertigo The Rules of the Game The Godfather The Godfather Part II Tokyo Story 2001 : A Space Odyssey Battleship Potemkin Sunrise 81⁄2 Singin ' in the Rain Directors ' Citizen Kane The Godfather / The Godfather Part II 81⁄2 Lawrence of Arabia Dr.",
"85": "Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb Bicycle Thieves Raging Bull Vertigo Rashomon The Rules of the Game Seven Samurai 2012 Critics ' Vertigo Citizen Kane Tokyo Story The Rules of the Game Sunrise 2001 : A Space Odyssey The Searchers Man with a Movie Camera The Passion of Joan of Arc 81⁄2 Directors ' Tokyo Story 2001 : A Space Odyssey Citizen Kane 81⁄2 Taxi Driver Apocalypse Now The Godfather Vertigo The Mirror Bicycle Thieves Related The Sight & Sound Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time 2014 Documentaries Man with a Movie Camera Shoah Sans Soleil Night and Fog The Thin Blue Line Chronique d'un été Nanook of the North The Gleaners and I Dont Look Back Grey Gardens Cahiers du cinéma 's Top Ten Films All time Citizen Kane The Night of the Hunter The Rules of the Game Sunrise L'Atalante Singin ' in the Rain Vertigo Children of Paradise The Searchers Yearly By year VIAF : 316753485 GND : 4208625 - 5 SUDOC : 085793779 BNF : cb121560708 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"86": "php?title=Citizen_Kane&oldid=821779511 '' Categories : 1941 films English - language films Citizen Kane American films 1940s drama films American drama films American business films American black - and - white films Directorial debut films Drama films based on actual events Films scored by Bernard Herrmann Films about mass media owners Films about opera Films about tabloid journalism Films directed by Orson Welles Films set in New York City Films set in Florida Films set in 1871 Films set in the 1890s Films set in the 1900s Films set in the 1910s Films set in the 1920s Films set in the 1930s Films set in 1941 Films shot in San Diego Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay Academy Award Films about narcissism Nonlinear narrative films Screenplays by Herman J.",
"87": "Mankiewicz Screenplays by Orson Welles United States National Film Registry films Works about William Randolph Hearst RKO Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Good articles Use mdy dates from May 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 16 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .",
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where was the iceberg that the titanic hit
|
[
"about 375 miles (600 km) south of Newfoundland",
"about 375 miles (600 km) south of Newfoundland",
"about 375 miles (600 km) south of Newfoundland",
"about 375 miles (600 km) south of Newfoundland"
] |
{
"0": "RMS Titanic - wikipedia RMS Titanic Jump to : navigation , search `` Titanic '' redirects here . For the film by James Cameron , see Titanic ( 1997 film ) . For other uses , see Titanic ( disambiguation ) . RMS Titanic departing Southampton on 10 April 1912 History United Kingdom Name : RMS Titanic Owner : White Star Line Port of registry : Liverpool , UK Route : Southampton to New York City Ordered : 17 September 1908 Builder : Harland and Wolff , Belfast Cost : GB £ 1.5 million ( $300 million in 2017 ) Yard number : 401 Laid down : 31 March 1909 Launched : 31 May 1911 Completed : 2 April 1912 Maiden voyage : 10 April 1912 In service : 10 -- 15 April 1912 Identification : Radio call sign `` MGY '' Fate : Hit an iceberg 11 : 40 p.m. ( ship 's time ) 14 April 1912 on her maiden voyage and sank 2 h 40 min later on 15 April 1912 ; 106 years ago ( 1912 - 04 - 15 ) .",
"1": "Status : Wreck General characteristics Class and type : Olympic - class ocean liner Tonnage : 46,328 GRT Displacement : 52,310 tons Length : 882 ft 9 in ( 269.1 m ) Beam : 92 ft 6 in ( 28.2 m ) Height : 175 ft ( 53.3 m ) ( keel to top of funnels ) Draught : 34 ft 7 in ( 10.5 m ) Depth : 64 ft 6 in ( 19.7 m ) Decks : 9 ( A -- G ) Installed power : 24 double - ended and five single - ended boilers feeding two reciprocating steam engines for the wing propellers , and a low - pressure turbine for the centre propeller ; output : 46,000 HP Propulsion : Two three - blade wing propellers and one four - blade centre propeller Speed : Cruising : 21 kn ( 39 km / h ; 24 mph ) . Max : 24 kn ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) Capacity : Passengers : 2,435 , crew : 892 . Total : 3,327 ( or 3,547 according to other sources ) Notes : Lifeboats : 20 ( sufficient for 1,178 people ) RMS Titanic ( / taɪˈtænɪk / ) was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early hours of 15 April 1912 , after colliding with an iceberg during its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City . There were an estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard , and more than 1,500 died , making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history . RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time it entered service and was the second of three Olympic - class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line . It was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast . Thomas Andrews , her architect , died in the disaster . Titanic was under the command of Edward Smith , who also went down with the ship .",
"2": "The ocean liner carried some of the wealthiest people in the world , as well as hundreds of emigrants from Great Britain and Ireland , Scandinavia and elsewhere throughout Europe who were seeking a new life in the United States . The first - class accommodation was designed to be the pinnacle of comfort and luxury , with an on - board gymnasium , swimming pool , libraries , high - class restaurants and opulent cabins . A high - powered radiotelegraph transmitter was available for sending passenger `` marconigrams '' and for the ship 's operational use . Although Titanic had advanced safety features such as watertight compartments and remotely activated watertight doors , Titanic only carried enough lifeboats for 1,178 people -- about half the number on board , and one third of her total capacity -- due to outdated maritime safety regulations . The ship carried 16 lifeboat davits which could lower three lifeboats each , for a total of 48 boats . However , Titanic carried only a total of 20 lifeboats , four of which were collapsible and proved hard to launch during the sinking . After leaving Southampton on 10 April 1912 , Titanic called at Cherbourg in France and Queenstown ( now Cobh ) in Ireland before heading west to New York . On 14 April , four days into the crossing and about 375 miles ( 600 km ) south of Newfoundland , she hit an iceberg at 11 : 40 p.m. ship 's time . The collision caused the hull plates to buckle inwards along her starboard ( right ) side and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea ; she could only survive four flooding . Meanwhile , passengers and some crew members were evacuated in lifeboats , many of which were launched only partially loaded . A disproportionate number of men were left aboard because of a `` women and children first '' protocol for loading lifeboats . At 2 : 20 a.m. , she broke apart and foundered with well over one thousand people still aboard . Just under two hours after Titanic sank , the Cunard liner RMS Carpathia arrived and brought aboard an estimated 705 survivors . The disaster was met with worldwide shock and outrage at the huge loss of life and the regulatory and operational failures that led to it . Public inquiries in Britain and the United States led to major improvements in maritime safety .",
"3": "One of their most important legacies was the establishment in 1914 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) , which still governs maritime safety today . Additionally , several new wireless regulations were passed around the world in an effort to learn from the many missteps in wireless communications -- which could have saved many more passengers . The wreck of Titanic was discovered in 1985 ( more than 70 years after the disaster ) , and remains on the seabed . The ship was split in two and is gradually disintegrating at a depth of 12,415 feet ( 3,784 m ) . Thousands of artefacts have been recovered and displayed at museums around the world . Titanic has become one of the most famous ships in history ; her memory is kept alive by numerous works of popular culture , including books , folk songs , films , exhibits , and memorials . Titanic is the second largest ocean liner wreck in the world , only beaten by her sister HMHS Britannic , the largest ever sunk . The final survivor of the sinking , Millvina Dean , aged two months at the time , died in 2009 at the age of 97 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Dimensions and layout 3 Features 3.1 Power 3.2 Technology 3.2. 1 Watertight compartments and funnels 3.2. 2 Rudder and steering engines 3.2. 3 Water , ventilation and heating 3.2. 4 Radio communications 3.3 Passenger facilities 3.4 Mail and cargo 3.5 Lifeboats 4 Building and preparing the ship 4.1 Construction , launch and fitting - out 4.2 Sea trials 5 Maiden voyage 5.1 Crew 5.2 Passengers 5.3 Collecting passengers 5.4 Atlantic crossing 5.5 Sinking 6 Aftermath of sinking 6.1 Arrival of Carpathia in New York 6.2 Insurance and aid for survivors 6.3 Investigations into the disaster 6.3.",
"4": "1 Role of the SS Californian 6.4 Survivors and victims 6.5 Retrieval and burial of the dead 7 Wreck 8 Legacy 8.1 Safety 8.2 Cultural 8.2. 1 Significance in Northern Ireland 9 Appendix 10 Titanic replicas 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Background The name Titanic was derived from Greek mythology and meant gigantic . Built in Belfast , Ireland , in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( as it was then known ) , the RMS Titanic was the second of the three Olympic - class ocean liners -- the first was the RMS Olympic and the third was the HMHS Britannic . They were by far the largest vessels of the British shipping company White Star Line 's fleet , which comprised 29 steamers and tenders in 1912 . The three ships had their genesis in a discussion in mid-1907 between the White Star Line 's chairman , J. Bruce Ismay , and the American financier J.P. Morgan , who controlled the White Star Line 's parent corporation , the International Mercantile Marine Co . ( IMM ) . The White Star Line faced an increasing challenge from its main rivals Cunard , which had recently launched the Lusitania and the Mauretania -- the fastest passenger ships then in service -- and the German lines Hamburg America and Norddeutscher Lloyd . Ismay preferred to compete on size rather than speed and proposed to commission a new class of liners that would be larger than anything that had gone before as well as being the last word in comfort and luxury . The company sought an upgrade in their fleet primarily in response to the Cunard giants but also to replace their oldest pair of passenger ships still in service , being the SS Teutonic of 1889 and SS Majestic of 1890 . Teutonic was replaced by Olympic while Majestic was replaced by Titanic . Majestic would be brought back into her old spot on White Star 's New York service after Titanic 's loss . The ships were constructed by the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff , who had a long - established relationship with the White Star Line dating back to 1867 .",
"5": "Harland and Wolff were given a great deal of latitude in designing ships for the White Star Line ; the usual approach was for the latter to sketch out a general concept which the former would take away and turn into a ship design . Cost considerations were relatively low on the agenda and Harland and Wolff was authorised to spend what it needed on the ships , plus a five percent profit margin . In the case of the Olympic - class ships , a cost of £ 3 million ( £ 250 million in 2015 money ) for the first two ships was agreed plus `` extras to contract '' and the usual five percent fee . Harland and Wolff put their leading designers to work designing the Olympic - class vessels . The design was overseen by Lord Pirrie , a director of both Harland and Wolff and the White Star Line ; naval architect Thomas Andrews , the managing director of Harland and Wolff 's design department ; Edward Wilding , Andrews ' deputy and responsible for calculating the ship 's design , stability and trim ; and Alexander Carlisle , the shipyard 's chief draughtsman and general manager . Carlisle 's responsibilities included the decorations , equipment and all general arrangements , including the implementation of an efficient lifeboat davit design . On 29 July 1908 , Harland and Wolff presented the drawings to J. Bruce Ismay and other White Star Line executives . Ismay approved the design and signed three `` letters of agreement '' two days later , authorising the start of construction . At this point the first ship -- which was later to become Olympic -- had no name , but was referred to simply as `` Number 400 '' , as it was Harland and Wolff 's four hundredth hull . Titanic was based on a revised version of the same design and was given the number 401 . Dimensions and layout Titanic in 1912 Titanic was 882 feet 9 inches ( 269.06 m ) long with a maximum breadth of 92 feet 6 inches ( 28.19 m ) . Her total height , measured from the base of the keel to the top of the bridge , was 104 feet ( 32 m ) . She measured 46,328 gross register tons and with a draught of 34 feet 7 inches ( 10.54 m ) , she displaced 52,310 tons .",
"6": "All three of the Olympic - class ships had ten decks ( excluding the top of the officers ' quarters ) , eight of which were for passenger use . From top to bottom , the decks were : The Boat Deck , on which the lifeboats were housed . It was from here during the early hours of 15 April 1912 that Titanic 's lifeboats were lowered into the North Atlantic . The bridge and wheelhouse were at the forward end , in front of the captain 's and officers ' quarters . The bridge stood 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) above the deck , extending out to either side so that the ship could be controlled while docking . The wheelhouse stood directly behind and above the bridge . The entrance to the First Class Grand Staircase and gymnasium were located midships along with the raised roof of the First Class lounge , while at the rear of the deck were the roof of the First Class smoke room and the relatively modest Second Class entrance . The wood - covered deck was divided into four segregated promenades : for officers , First Class passengers , engineers , and Second Class passengers respectively . Lifeboats lined the side of the deck except in the First Class area , where there was a gap so that the view would not be spoiled . A Deck , also called the Promenade Deck , extended along the entire 546 feet ( 166 m ) length of the superstructure . It was reserved exclusively for First Class passengers and contained First Class cabins , the First Class lounge , smoke room , reading and writing rooms and Palm Court . B Deck , the Bridge Deck , was the top weight - bearing deck and the uppermost level of the hull . More First Class passenger accommodations were located here with six palatial staterooms ( cabins ) featuring their own private promenades . On Titanic , the À La Carte Restaurant and the Café Parisien provided luxury dining facilities to First Class passengers . Both were run by subcontracted chefs and their staff ; all were lost in the disaster . The Second Class smoking room and entrance hall were both located on this deck . The raised forecastle of the ship was forward of the Bridge Deck , accommodating Number 1 hatch ( the main hatch through to the cargo holds ) , numerous pieces of machinery and the anchor housings .",
"7": "Aft of the Bridge Deck was the raised Poop Deck , 106 feet ( 32 m ) long , used as a promenade by Third Class passengers . It was where many of Titanic 's passengers and crew made their last stand as the ship sank . The forecastle and Poop Deck were separated from the Bridge Deck by well decks . C Deck , the Shelter Deck , was the highest deck to run uninterrupted from stem to stern . It included both well decks ; the aft one served as part of the Third Class promenade . Crew cabins were housed below the forecastle and Third Class public rooms were housed below the Poop Deck . In between were the majority of First Class cabins and the Second Class library . D Deck , the Saloon Deck , was dominated by three large public rooms -- the First Class Reception Room , the First Class Dining Saloon and the Second Class Dining Saloon . An open space was provided for Third Class passengers . First , Second and Third Class passengers had cabins on this deck , with berths for firemen located in the bow . It was the highest level reached by the ship 's watertight bulkheads ( though only by eight of the fifteen bulkheads ) . E Deck , the Upper Deck , was predominantly used for passenger accommodation for all three classes plus berths for cooks , seamen , stewards and trimmers . Along its length ran a long passageway nicknamed Scotland Road , in reference to a famous street in Liverpool . Scotland Road was used by Third Class passengers and crew members . F Deck , the Middle Deck , was the last complete deck and mainly accommodated Second and Third Class passengers and several departments of the crew . The Third Class dining saloon was located here , as were the swimming pool and Turkish bath . G Deck , the Lower Deck , was the lowest complete deck that carried passengers , and had the lowest portholes , just above the waterline . The squash court was located here along with the traveling post office where letters and parcels were sorted ready for delivery when the ship docked . Food was also stored here . The deck was interrupted at several points by orlop ( partial ) decks over the boiler , engine and turbine rooms . The Orlop Decks and the Tank Top below that were on the lowest level of the ship , below the waterline .",
"8": "The orlop decks were used as cargo spaces , while the Tank Top -- the inner bottom of the ship 's hull -- provided the platform on which the ship 's boilers , engines , turbines and electrical generators were housed . This area of the ship was occupied by the engine and boiler rooms , areas which passengers would have been prohibited from seeing . They were connected with higher levels of the ship by flights of stairs ; twin spiral stairways near the bow provided access up to D Deck . Features Power Rudder with central and port wing propellers for scale note the man at bottom of the photo Titanic was equipped with three main engines -- two reciprocating four - cylinder , triple - expansion steam engines and one centrally placed low - pressure Parsons turbine -- each driving a propeller . The two reciprocating engines had a combined output of 30,000 hp and a further 16,000 hp was contributed by the turbine . The White Star Line had used the same combination of engines on an earlier liner , the SS Laurentic , where it had been a great success . It provided a good combination of performance and speed ; reciprocating engines by themselves were not powerful enough to propel an Olympic - class liner at the desired speeds , while turbines were sufficiently powerful but caused uncomfortable vibrations , a problem that affected the all - turbine Cunard liners Lusitania and Mauretania . By combining reciprocating engines with a turbine , fuel usage could be reduced and motive power increased , while using the same amount of steam . The two reciprocating engines were each 63 feet ( 19 m ) long and weighed 720 tons , with their bedplates contributing a further 195 tons . They were powered by steam produced in 29 boilers , 24 of which were double - ended and five single - ended , which contained a total of 159 furnaces . The boilers were 15 feet 9 inches ( 4.80 m ) in diameter and 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) long , each weighing 91.5 tons and capable of holding 48.5 tons of water . They were heated by burning coal , 6,611 tons of which could be carried in Titanic 's bunkers , with a further 1,092 tons in Hold 3 .",
"9": "The furnaces required over 600 tons of coal a day to be shovelled into them by hand , requiring the services of 176 firemen working around the clock . 100 tons of ash a day had to be disposed of by ejecting it into the sea . The work was relentless , dirty and dangerous , and although firemen were paid relatively generously there was a high suicide rate among those who worked in that capacity . Exhaust steam leaving the reciprocating engines was fed into the turbine , which was situated aft . From there it passed into a surface condenser , to increase the efficiency of the turbine and so that the steam could be condensed back into water and reused . The engines were attached directly to long shafts which drove the propellers . There were three , one for each engine ; the outer ( or wing ) propellers were the largest , each carrying three blades of manganese - bronze alloy with a total diameter of 23.5 feet ( 7.2 m ) . The middle propeller was slightly smaller at 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) in diameter , and could be stopped but not reversed . Titanic 's electrical plant was capable of producing more power than an average city power station of the time . Immediately aft of the turbine engine were four 400 kW steam - driven electric generators , used to provide electrical power to the ship , plus two 30 kW auxiliary generators for emergency use . Their location in the stern of the ship meant they remained operational until the last few minutes before the ship sank . Technology Watertight compartments and funnels The interiors of the Olympic - class ships were subdivided into 16 primary compartments divided by 15 bulkheads which extended well above the waterline . Eleven vertically closing watertight doors could seal off the compartments in the event of an emergency . The ship 's exposed decking was made of pine and teak , while interior ceilings were covered in painted granulated cork to combat condensation . Standing above the decks were four funnels , each painted buff with black tops , ( though only three were functional -- the last one was a dummy , installed for aesthetic purposes and also for kitchen ventilation ) -- and two masts , each 155 feet ( 47 m ) high , which supported derricks for working cargo .",
"10": "Rudder and steering engines Titanic 's rudder was so large -- at 78 feet 8 inches ( 23.98 m ) high and 15 feet 3 inches ( 4.65 m ) long , weighing over 100 tons -- that it required steering engines to move it . Two steam - powered steering engines were installed though only one was used at any one time , with the other one kept in reserve . They were connected to the short tiller through stiff springs , to isolate the steering engines from any shocks in heavy seas or during fast changes of direction . As a last resort , the tiller could be moved by ropes connected to two steam capstans . The capstans were also used to raise and lower the ship 's five anchors ( one port , one starboard , one in the centreline and two kedging anchors ) . Water , ventilation and heating The ship was equipped with her own waterworks , capable of heating and pumping water to all parts of the vessel via a complex network of pipes and valves . The main water supply was taken aboard while Titanic was in port , but in an emergency the ship could also distil fresh water from seawater , though this was not a straightforward process as the distillation plant quickly became clogged by salt deposits . A network of insulated ducts conveyed warm air , driven by electric fans , around the ship , and First Class cabins were fitted with additional electric heaters . Radio communications Marconi company receiving equipment for a 5 kilowatt ocean liner station . Titanic 's radiotelegraph equipment ( then known as wireless telegraphy ) was leased to the White Star Line by the Marconi International Marine Communication Company , which also supplied two of its employees , Jack Phillips and Harold Bride , as operators . The service maintained a 24 - hour schedule , primarily sending and receiving passenger telegrams , but also handling navigation messages including weather reports and ice warnings . The radio room was located on the Boat Deck , in the officers ' quarters . A soundproofed `` Silent Room '' , next to the operating room , housed loud equipment , including the transmitter and a motor - generator used for producing alternating currents . The operators ' living quarters were adjacent to the working office .",
"11": "The ship was equipped with a ' state of the art ' 5 kilowatt rotary spark - gap transmitter , operating under the radio callsign MGY , and communication was conducted in Morse code . This transmitter was one of the first Marconi installations to use a rotary spark gap , which gave Titanic a distinctive musical tone that could be readily distinguished from other signals . The transmitter was one of the most powerful in the world , and guaranteed to broadcast over a radius of 350 miles ( 563 km ) . An elevated T - antenna that spanned the length of the ship was used for transmitting and receiving . The normal operating frequency was 500 kHz ( 600 m wavelength ) , however the equipment could also operate on the `` short '' wavelength of 1000 kHz ( 300 m wavelength ) that was employed by smaller vessels with shorter antennas . Passenger facilities This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : First class facilities of the RMS Titanic and Second and Third - Class Facilities on the RMS Titanic The passenger facilities aboard Titanic aimed to meet the highest standards of luxury . According to Titanic 's general arrangement plans , the ship could accommodate 833 First Class Passengers , 614 in Second Class and 1,006 in Third Class , for a total passenger capacity of 2,453 . In addition , her capacity for crew members exceeded 900 , as most documents of her original configuration have stated that her full carrying capacity for both passengers and crew was approximately 3,547 . Her interior design was a departure from that of other passenger liners , which had typically been decorated in the rather heavy style of a manor house or an English country house . Titanic was laid out in a much lighter style similar to that of contemporary high - class hotels -- the Ritz Hotel was a reference point -- with First Class cabins finished in the Empire style . A variety of other decorative styles , ranging from the Renaissance to Louis XV , were used to decorate cabins and public rooms in First and Second Class areas of the ship .",
"12": "The aim was to convey an impression that the passengers were in a floating hotel rather than a ship ; as one passenger recalled , on entering the ship 's interior a passenger would `` at once lose the feeling that we are on board ship , and seem instead to be entering the hall of some great house on shore '' . Among the more novel features available to first - class passengers was a 7 ft. deep saltwater swimming pool , a gymnasium , a squash court , and a Turkish bath which comprised electric bath , steam room , cool room , massage room , and hot room . First - class common rooms were impressive in scope and lavishly decorated . They included a Lounge in the style of the Palace of Versailles , an enormous Reception Room , a men 's Smoking Room , and a Reading and Writing Room . There was an À la Carte Restaurant in the style of the Ritz Hotel which was run as a concession by the famous Italian restaurateur Gaspare Gatti . A Café Parisien decorated in the style of a French sidewalk café , complete with ivy covered trellises and wicker furniture , was run as an annex to the restaurant . For an extra cost , first - class passengers could enjoy the finest French haute cuisine in the most luxurious of surroundings . There was also a Verandah Café where tea and light refreshments were served , that offered grand views of the ocean . At 114 ft. long X 92 ft. wide , the Dining Saloon on D - Deck was the largest room afloat and could seat almost 600 passengers at a time . Third Class ( commonly referred to as Steerage ) accommodations aboard Titanic were not as luxurious as First or Second Class , but even so were better than on many other ships of the time . They reflected the improved standards which the White Star Line had adopted for trans - Atlantic immigrant and lower - class travel . On most other North Atlantic passenger ships at the time , Third Class accommodations consisted of little more than open dormitories in the forward end of the vessels , in which hundreds of people were confined , often without adequate food or toilet facilities . The White Star Line had long since broken that mould . As seen aboard Titanic , all White Star Line passenger ships divided their Third Class accommodations into two sections , always at opposite ends of the vessel from one another .",
"13": "The established arrangement was that single men were quartered in the forward areas , while single women , married couples and families were quartered aft . In addition , while other ships provided only open berth sleeping arrangements , White Star Line vessels provided their Third Class passengers with private , small but comfortable cabins capable of accommodating two , four , six , eight and 10 passengers . Third Class accommodations also included their own dining rooms , as well as public gathering areas including adequate open deck space , which aboard Titanic comprised the Poop Deck at the stern , the forward and aft well decks , and a large open space on D Deck which could be used as a social hall . This was supplemented by the addition of a smoking room for men and a General Room on C Deck which women could use for reading and writing . Although they were not as glamorous in design as spaces seen in upper class accommodations , they were still far above average for the period . Leisure facilities were provided for all three classes to pass the time . As well as making use of the indoor amenities such as the library , smoking rooms , and gymnasium , it was also customary for passengers to socialise on the open deck , promenading or relaxing in hired deck chairs or wooden benches . A passenger list was published before the sailing to inform the public which members of the great and good were on board , and it was not uncommon for ambitious mothers to use the list to identify rich bachelors to whom they could introduce their marriageable daughters during the voyage . One of Titanic 's most distinctive features was her First Class staircase , known as the Grand Staircase or Grand Stairway . Built of solid English oak with a sweeping curve , the staircase descended through seven decks of the ship , between the Boat Deck to E deck , before terminating in a simplified single flight on F Deck . It was capped with a dome of wrought iron and glass that admitted natural light to the stairwell . Each landing off the staircase gave access to ornate entrance halls paneled in the William & Mary style and lit by ormolu and crystal light fixtures . At the uppermost landing was a large carved wooden panel containing a clock , with figures of `` Honour and Glory Crowning Time '' flanking the clock face . The Grand Staircase was destroyed during the sinking and is now just a void in the ship which modern explorers have used to access the lower decks .",
"14": "During the filming of James Cameron 's Titanic in 1997 , his replica of the Grand Staircase was ripped from its foundations by the force of the inrushing water on the set . It has been suggested that during the real event , the entire Grand Staircase was ejected upwards through the dome . The gymnasium on the Boat Deck , which was equipped with the latest exercise machines The famous Grand Staircase , which connected Boat Deck and E Deck Swimming Pool on Olympic , Titanic 's near identical sister ship Mail and cargo La Circassienne au Bain ; the most highly valued item of cargo lost on the Titanic . Although Titanic was primarily a passenger liner , she also carried a substantial amount of cargo . Her designation as a Royal Mail Ship ( RMS ) indicated that she carried mail under contract with the Royal Mail ( and also for the United States Post Office Department ) . For the storage of letters , parcels and specie ( bullion , coins and other valuables ) , 26,800 cubic feet ( 760 m ) of space in her holds was allocated . The Sea Post Office on G Deck was manned by five postal clerks ; three Americans and two Britons , who worked 13 hours a day , seven days a week sorting up to 60,000 items daily . The ship 's passengers brought with them a huge amount of baggage ; another 19,455 cubic feet ( 550.9 m ) was taken up by first - and second - class baggage . In addition , there was a considerable quantity of regular cargo , ranging from furniture to foodstuffs , and a 1912 Renault Type CE Coupe de Ville motor car . Despite later myths , the cargo on Titanic 's maiden voyage was fairly mundane ; there was no gold , exotic minerals or diamonds , and one of the more famous items lost in the shipwreck , a jewelled copy of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam , was valued at only £ 405 ( £ 36,800 today ) . According to the claims for compensation filed with Commissioner Gilchrist , following the conclusion of the Senate Inquiry , the single most highly valued item of luggage or cargo was a large neoclassical oil painting entitled La Circassienne au Bain by French artist Merry - Joseph Blondel .",
"15": "The painting 's owner , first class passenger Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson , filed a claim for $100,000 ( $2.4 million equivalent in 2014 ) in compensation for the loss of the artwork . Titanic was equipped with eight electric cranes , four electric winches and three steam winches to lift cargo and baggage in and out of the hold . It is estimated that the ship used some 415 tons of coal whilst in Southampton , simply generating steam to operate the cargo winches and provide heat and light . Lifeboats Main article : Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic A collapsible lifeboat with canvas sides Titanic carried a total of 20 lifeboats : 14 standard wooden Harland and Wolff lifeboats with a capacity of 65 people each and four Englehardt `` collapsible '' ( wooden bottom , collapsible canvas sides ) lifeboats ( identified as A to D ) with a capacity of 47 people each . In addition , she had two emergency cutters with a capacity of 40 people each . Olympic herself did not even carry the four collapsibles A -- D during the 1911 -- 12 season . All of the lifeboats were stowed securely on the boat deck and , except for collapsible lifeboats A and B , connected to davits by ropes . Those on the starboard side were odd - numbered 1 -- 15 from bow to stern , while those on the port side were even - numbered 2 -- 16 from bow to stern . Both cutters were kept swung out , hanging from the davits , ready for immediate use , while collapsible lifeboats C and D were stowed on the boat deck ( connected to davits ) immediately inboard of boats 1 and 2 respectively . A and B were stored on the roof of the officers ' quarters , on either side of number 1 funnel . There were no davits to lower them and their weight would make them difficult to launch by hand . Each boat carried ( among other things ) food , water , blankets , and a spare life belt . Lifeline ropes on the boats ' sides enabled them to save additional people from the water if necessary . Titanic had 16 sets of davits , each able to handle four lifeboats .",
"16": "This gave Titanic the ability to carry up to 64 wooden lifeboats which would have been enough for 4,000 people -- considerably more than her actual capacity . However , the White Star Line decided that only 16 wooden lifeboats and four collapsibles would be carried , which could accommodate 1,178 people , only one - third of Titanic 's total capacity . At the time , the Board of Trade 's regulations required British vessels over 10,000 tons to only carry 16 lifeboats with a capacity of 990 occupants . Therefore , the White Star Line actually provided more lifeboat accommodation than was legally required . At the time , lifeboats were intended to ferry survivors from a sinking ship to a rescuing ship -- not keep afloat the whole population or power them to shore . Had the SS Californian responded to Titanic 's distress calls , the lifeboats may have been adequate to ferry the passengers to safety as planned . Building and preparing the ship Construction , launch and fitting - out Play media Titanic Disaster -- Genuine Footage ( 1911 -- 1912 ) The sheer size of Titanic and her sister ships posed a major engineering challenge for Harland and Wolff ; no shipbuilder had ever before attempted to construct vessels this size . The ships were constructed on Queen 's Island , now known as the Titanic Quarter , in Belfast Harbour . Harland and Wolff had to demolish three existing slipways and build two new ones , the largest ever constructed up to that time , to accommodate both ships . Their construction was facilitated by an enormous gantry built by Sir William Arrol & Co. , a Scottish firm responsible for the building of the Forth Bridge and London 's Tower Bridge . The Arrol Gantry stood 228 feet ( 69 m ) high , was 270 feet ( 82 m ) wide and 840 feet ( 260 m ) long , and weighed more than 6,000 tons . It accommodated a number of mobile cranes . A separate floating crane , capable of lifting 200 tons , was brought in from Germany . The construction of Olympic and Titanic took place virtually in parallel , with Olympic 's keel laid down first on 16 December 1908 and Titanic 's on 31 March 1909 . Both ships took about 26 months to build and followed much the same construction process .",
"17": "They were designed essentially as an enormous floating box girder , with the keel acting as a backbone and the frames of the hull forming the ribs . At the base of the ships , a double bottom 5 feet 3 inches ( 1.60 m ) deep supported 300 frames , each between 24 inches ( 61 cm ) and 36 inches ( 91 cm ) apart and measuring up to about 66 feet ( 20 m ) long . They terminated at the bridge deck ( B Deck ) and were covered with steel plates which formed the outer skin of the ships . The 2,000 hull plates were single pieces of rolled steel plate , mostly up to 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) wide and 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) long and weighing between 2.5 and 3 tons . Their thickness varied from 1 inch ( 2.5 cm ) to 1.5 inches ( 3.8 cm ) . The plates were laid in a clinkered ( overlapping ) fashion from the keel to the bilge . Above that point they were laid in the `` in and out '' fashion , where strake plating was applied in bands ( the `` in strakes '' ) with the gaps covered by the `` out strakes '' , overlapping on the edges . Commercial oxy - fuel and electric arc welding methods , ubiquitous in fabrication today , were still in their infancy ; like most other iron and steel structures of the era , the hull was held together with over three million iron and steel rivets , which by themselves weighed over 1,200 tons . They were fitted using hydraulic machines or were hammered in by hand . In the 1990s some material scientists concluded that the steel plate used for the ship was subject to being especially brittle when cold , and that this brittleness exacerbated the impact damage and hastened the sinking . It is believed that , by the standards of the time , the steel plate 's quality was good , not faulty , but that it was inferior to what would be used for shipbuilding purposes in later decades , owing to advances in the metallurgy of steelmaking . As for the rivets , considerable emphasis has also been placed on their quality and strength . One of the last items to be fitted on Titanic before the ship 's launch was her two side anchors and one centre anchor .",
"18": "The anchors themselves were a challenge to make with the centre anchor being the largest ever forged by hand and weighing nearly 16 tons . Twenty Clydesdale draught horses were needed to haul the centre anchor by wagon from the Noah Hingley & Sons Ltd forge shop in Netherton , near Dudley , United Kingdom to the Dudley railway station two miles away . From there it was shipped by rail to Fleetwood in Lancashire before being loaded aboard a ship and sent to Belfast . The work of constructing the ships was difficult and dangerous . For the 15,000 men who worked at Harland and Wolff at the time , safety precautions were rudimentary at best ; a lot of the work was dangerous and was carried out without any safety equipment like hard hats or hand guards on machinery . As a result , deaths and injuries were to be expected . During Titanic 's construction , 246 injuries were recorded , 28 of them `` severe '' , such as arms severed by machines or legs crushed under falling pieces of steel . Six people died on the ship herself while she was being constructed and fitted out , and another two died in the shipyard workshops and sheds . Just before the launch a worker was killed when a piece of wood fell on him . Titanic was launched at 12 : 15 p.m. on 31 May 1911 in the presence of Lord Pirrie , J. Pierpoint Morgan , J. Bruce Ismay and 100,000 onlookers. 22 tons of soap and tallow were spread on the slipway to lubricate the ship 's passage into the River Lagan . In keeping with the White Star Line 's traditional policy , the ship was not formally named or christened with champagne . The ship was towed to a fitting - out berth where , over the course of the next year , her engines , funnels and superstructure were installed and her interior was fitted out . Although Titanic was virtually identical to the class 's lead ship Olympic , a few changes were made to distinguish both ships . The most noticeable exterior difference was that Titanic ( and the third vessel in class , Britannic ) had a steel screen with sliding windows installed along the forward half of the A Deck promenade . This was installed as a last minute change at the personal request of Bruce Ismay , and was intended to provide additional shelter to first class passengers .",
"19": "Extensive changes were made to B Deck on Titanic as the promenade space in this deck , which had proven unpopular on Olympic was converted into additional First Class cabins , including two opulent parlour suites with their own private promenade spaces . The À la Carte restaurant was also enlarged and the Café Parisien , an entirely new feature which did not exist on Olympic , was added . These changes made Titanic slightly heavier than her sister , and thus she could claim to be the largest ship afloat . The work took longer than expected due to design changes requested by Ismay and a temporary pause in work occasioned by the need to repair Olympic , which had been in a collision in September 1911 . Had Titanic been finished earlier , she might well have missed her collision with an iceberg . Construction in gantry , 1909 -- 11 Launch , 1911 ( unfinished superstructure ) Fitting - out , 1911 -- 12 Sea trials RMS Titanic leaving Belfast for her sea trials on 2 April 1912 Titanic 's sea trials began at 6 a.m. on Tuesday , 2 April 1912 , just two days after her fitting out was finished and eight days before she was due to leave Southampton on her maiden voyage . The trials were delayed for a day due to bad weather , but by Monday morning it was clear and fair . Aboard were 78 stokers , greasers and firemen , and 41 members of crew . No domestic staff appear to have been aboard . Representatives of various companies travelled on Titanic 's sea trials , Thomas Andrews and Edward Wilding of Harland and Wolff and Harold A. Sanderson of IMM . Bruce Ismay and Lord Pirrie were too ill to attend . Jack Phillips and Harold Bride served as radio operators , and performed fine - tuning of the Marconi equipment . Francis Carruthers , a surveyor from the Board of Trade , was also present to see that everything worked , and that the ship was fit to carry passengers . The sea trials consisted of a number of tests of her handling characteristics , carried out first in Belfast Lough and then in the open waters of the Irish Sea .",
"20": "Over the course of about 12 hours , Titanic was driven at different speeds , her turning ability was tested and a `` crash stop '' was performed in which the engines were reversed full ahead to full astern , bringing her to a stop in 850 yd ( 777 m ) or 3 minutes and 15 seconds . The ship covered a distance of about 80 nautical miles ( 92 mi ; 150 km ) , averaging 18 knots ( 21 mph ; 33 km / h ) and reaching a maximum speed of just under 21 knots ( 24 mph ; 39 km / h ) . On returning to Belfast at about 7 p.m. , the surveyor signed an `` Agreement and Account of Voyages and Crew '' , valid for 12 months , which declared the ship seaworthy . An hour later , Titanic departed Belfast to head to Southampton , a voyage of about 570 nautical miles ( 660 mi ; 1,060 km ) . After a journey lasting about 28 hours she arrived about midnight on 4 April and was towed to the port 's Berth 44 , ready for the arrival of her passengers and the remainder of her crew . Maiden voyage Both Olympic and Titanic registered Liverpool as their home port . The offices of the White Star Line as well as Cunard were in Liverpool , and up until the introduction of the Olympic , most British ocean liners for both Cunard and White Star , such as Lusitania and Mauretania , sailed out of Liverpool followed by a port of call in Queenstown , Ireland . Since the company 's founding in 1871 , a vast majority of their operations had taken place out of Liverpool . However , in 1907 White Star established another service out of the port of Southampton on England 's south coast , which became known as White Star 's `` Express Service '' . Southampton had many advantages over Liverpool , the first being its proximity to London . In addition , Southampton , being on the south coast , allowed ships to easily cross the English Channel and make a port of call on the northern coast of France , usually at Cherbourg . This allowed British ships to pick up clientele from continental Europe before recrossing the channel and picking up passengers at Queenstown .",
"21": "The Southampton - Cherbourg - New York run would become so popular that most British ocean liners began using the port after World War I. Out of respect for Liverpool , ships continued to be registered there until the early 1960s . Queen Elizabeth 2 was one of the first ships registered in Southampton when introduced into service by Cunard in 1969 . Titanic 's maiden voyage was intended to be the first of many trans - Atlantic crossings between Southampton and New York via Cherbourg and Queenstown on westbound runs , returning via Plymouth in England while eastbound . Indeed , her entire schedule of voyages through to December 1912 still exists . When the route was established , four ships were assigned to the service . In addition to Teutonic and Majestic , the RMS Oceanic and the brand new RMS Adriatic sailed the route . When the Olympic entered service in June 1911 , she replaced Teutonic , which after completing her last run on the service in late April was transferred to the Dominion Line 's Canadian service . The following August , Adriatic was transferred to White Star 's main Liverpool - New York service , and in November , Majestic was withdrawn from service impending the arrival of Titanic in the coming months , and was mothballed as a reserve ship . White Star 's initial plans for Olympic and Titanic on the Southampton run followed the same routine as their predecessors had done before them . Each would sail once every three weeks from Southampton and New York , usually leaving at noon each Wednesday from Southampton and each Saturday from New York , thus enabling the White Star Line to offer weekly sailings in each direction . Special trains were scheduled from London and Paris to convey passengers to Southampton and Cherbourg respectively . The deep - water dock at Southampton , then known as the `` White Star Dock '' , had been specially constructed to accommodate the new Olympic - class liners , and had opened in 1911 . Edward Smith , captain of Titanic , in 1911 Titanic at Southampton docks , prior to departure Display ad for Titanic 's first but never made sailing from New York on 20 April 1912 Crew Main article : Crew of the RMS Titanic Titanic had around 885 crew members on board for her maiden voyage .",
"22": "Like other vessels of her time , she did not have a permanent crew , and the vast majority of crew members were casual workers who only came aboard the ship a few hours before she sailed from Southampton . The process of signing up recruits had begun on 23 March and some had been sent to Belfast , where they served as a skeleton crew during Titanic 's sea trials and passage to England at the start of April . Captain Edward John Smith , the most senior of the White Star Line 's captains , was transferred from Olympic to take command of Titanic . Henry Tingle Wilde also came across from Olympic to take the post of Chief Mate . Titanic 's previously designated Chief Mate and First Officer , William McMaster Murdoch and Charles Lightoller , were bumped down to the ranks of First and Second Officer respectively . The original Second Officer , David Blair , was dropped altogether . The Third Officer was Herbert Pitman MBE , the only deck officer who was not a member of the Royal Naval Reserve . Pitman was the second to last surviving officer . Titanic 's crew were divided into three principal departments : Deck , with 66 crew ; Engine , with 325 ; and Victualling ( pronounced vi - tal - ling ) , with 494 . The vast majority of the crew were thus not seamen , but were either engineers , firemen , or stokers , responsible for looking after the engines , or stewards and galley staff , responsible for the passengers . Of these , over 97 % were male ; just 23 of the crew were female , mainly stewardesses . The rest represented a great variety of professions -- bakers , chefs , butchers , fishmongers , dishwashers , stewards , gymnasium instructors , laundrymen , waiters , bed - makers , cleaners , and even a printer , who produced a daily newspaper for passengers called the Atlantic Daily Bulletin with the latest news received by the ship 's wireless operators . Most of the crew signed on in Southampton on 6 April ; in all , 699 of the crew came from there , and 40 % were natives of the town . A few specialist staff were self - employed or were subcontractors .",
"23": "These included the five postal clerks , who worked for the Royal Mail and the United States Post Office Department , the staff of the First Class A La Carte Restaurant and the Café Parisien , the radio operators ( who were employed by Marconi ) and the eight musicians , who were employed by an agency and travelled as second - class passengers . Crew pay varied greatly , from Captain Smith 's £ 105 a month ( equivalent to £ 9,500 today ) to the £ 3 10 s ( £ 320 today ) that stewardesses earned . The lower - paid victualling staff could , however , supplement their wages substantially through tips from passengers . Passengers Main article : Passengers of the RMS Titanic John Jacob Astor IV in 1909 . He was the wealthiest person aboard Titanic . Titanic 's passengers numbered approximately 1,317 people : 324 in First Class , 284 in Second Class , and 709 in Third Class . Of these , 869 ( 66 % ) were male and 447 ( 34 % ) female . There were 107 children aboard , the largest number of which were in Third Class . The ship was considerably under capacity on her maiden voyage , as she could accommodate 2,453 passengers -- 833 First Class , 614 Second Class , and 1,006 Third Class . Usually , a high prestige vessel like Titanic could expect to be fully booked on its maiden voyage . However , a national coal strike in the UK had caused considerable disruption to shipping schedules in the spring of 1912 , causing many crossings to be cancelled . Many would - be passengers chose to postpone their travel plans until the strike was over . The strike had finished a few days before Titanic sailed ; however , that was too late to have much of an effect . Titanic was able to sail on the scheduled date only because coal was transferred from other vessels which were tied up at Southampton , such as SS City of New York and RMS Oceanic , as well as coal Olympic had brought back from a previous voyage to New York , which had been stored at the White Star Dock . Some of the most prominent people of the day booked a passage aboard Titanic , travelling in First Class .",
"24": "Among them ( with those who perished marked with a dagger † ) were the American millionaire John Jacob Astor IV † and his wife Madeleine Force Astor , industrialist Benjamin Guggenheim † , painter and sculptor Francis Davis Millet † , Macy 's owner Isidor Straus † and his wife Ida † , Denver millionairess Margaret `` Molly '' Brown , Sir Cosmo Duff Gordon and his wife , couturière Lucy ( Lady Duff - Gordon ) , Lieut . Col. Arthur Peuchen , writer and historian Archibald Gracie , cricketer and businessman John B. Thayer † with his wife Marian and son Jack , George Dunton Widener † with his wife Eleanor and son Harry † , Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes , Mr. † and Mrs. Charles M. Hays , Mr. and Mrs. Henry S. Harper , Mr. † and Mrs. Walter D. Douglas , Mr. † and Mrs. George D. Wick , Mr. † and Mrs. Henry B. Harris , Mr. † and Mrs. Arthur L. Ryerson , Mr. † and Mrs. † Hudson J.C. Allison , Mr. and Mrs.",
"25": "Dickinson Bishop , noted architect Edward Austin Kent † , brewery heir Harry Molson † , tennis players Karl Behr and Dick Williams , author and socialite Helen Churchill Candee , future lawyer and suffragette Elsie Bowerman and her mother Edith , journalist and social reformer William Thomas Stead † , journalist and fashion buyer Edith Rosenbaum , Philadelphia and New York socialite Edith Corse Evans † , wealthy divorcée Charlotte Drake Cardeza , French sculptor Paul Chevré ( fr ) , author Jacques Futrelle † with his wife May , silent film actress Dorothy Gibson with her mother Pauline , Alfons Simonius - Blumer , Swiss Army Colonel and banker , president of the Swiss Bankverein , James A. Hughes 's daughter Eloise , banker Robert Williams Daniel , the chairman of the Holland America Line , Johan Reuchlin ( de ) , Arthur Wellington Ross 's son John H. Ross , Washington Roebling 's nephew Washington A. Roebling II , Andrew Saks 's daughter Leila Saks Meyer with her husband Edgar Joseph Meyer † ( son of Marc Eugene Meyer ) , senator William A. Clark 's nephew Walter M. Clark with his wife Virginia , great - great - grandson of soap manufacturer Andrew Pears , Thomas C. Pears , with wife , John S. Pillsbury 's honeymooning grandson John P. Snyder and wife , Nelle , Dorothy Parker 's New York manufacturer uncle Martin Rothschild with his wife , Elizabeth , among others . Titanic 's owner J.P. Morgan was scheduled to travel on the maiden voyage but cancelled at the last minute . Also aboard the ship were the White Star Line 's managing director J. Bruce Ismay and Titanic 's designer Thomas Andrews , who was on board to observe any problems and assess the general performance of the new ship . The exact number of people aboard is not known , as not all of those who had booked tickets made it to the ship ; about 50 people cancelled for various reasons , and not all of those who boarded stayed aboard for the entire journey . Fares varied depending on class and season . Third Class fares from London , Southampton , or Queenstown cost £ 7 5s ( equivalent to £ 700 today ) while the cheapest First Class fares cost £ 23 ( £ 2,100 today ) .",
"26": "The most expensive First Class suites were to have cost up to £ 870 in high season ( £ 79,000 today ) . Collecting passengers On Wednesday 10 April 1912 Titanic 's maiden voyage began . Following the embarkation of the crew the passengers began arriving from 9 : 30 a.m. , when the London and South Western Railway 's boat train from London Waterloo station reached Southampton Terminus railway station on the quayside , alongside Titanic 's berth . In all , 923 passengers boarded Titanic at Southampton , 179 First Class , 247 Second Class and 494 Third Class . The large number of Third Class passengers meant they were the first to board , with First and Second Class passengers following up to an hour before departure . Stewards showed them to their cabins , and First Class passengers were personally greeted by Captain Smith on boarding . Third Class passengers were inspected for ailments and physical impairments that might lead to their being refused entry to the United States -- a prospect the White Star Line wished to avoid , as it would have to carry anyone who failed the examination back across the Atlantic . 922 passengers were recorded as having embarked Titanic at Southampton . Additional passengers were to be picked up at Cherbourg and Queenstown . The maiden voyage began on time , at noon . An accident was narrowly averted only a few minutes later as Titanic passed the moored liners SS City of New York of the American Line and what would have been her running mate on the service from Southampton , White Star 's Oceanic . Her huge displacement caused both of the smaller ships to be lifted by a bulge of water and then drop into a trough . New York 's mooring cables could not take the sudden strain and snapped , swinging her around stern - first towards Titanic . A nearby tugboat , Vulcan , came to the rescue by taking New York under tow , and Captain Smith ordered Titanic 's engines to be put `` full astern '' . The two ships avoided a collision by a matter of about 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) . The incident delayed Titanic 's departure for about an hour , while the drifting New York was brought under control . After making it safely through the complex tides and channels of Southampton Water and the Solent , Titanic headed out into the English Channel .",
"27": "She headed for the French port of Cherbourg , a journey of 77 nautical miles ( 89 mi ; 143 km ) . The weather was windy , very fine but cold and overcast . Because Cherbourg lacked docking facilities for a ship the size of Titanic , tenders had to be used to transfer passengers from shore to ship . The White Star Line operated two at Cherbourg , the SS Traffic and the SS Nomadic . Both had been designed specifically as tenders for the Olympic - class liners and were launched shortly after Titanic . ( Nomadic is today the only White Star Line ship still afloat . ) Four hours after Titanic left Southampton , she arrived at Cherbourg and was met by the tenders. 274 additional passengers were taken aboard , 142 First Class , 30 Second Class , and 102 Third Class . Twenty - four passengers who had booked passage only cross-channel from Southampton left aboard the tenders to be conveyed to shore . The process was completed within only 90 minutes and at 8 p.m. Titanic weighed anchor and left for Queenstown with the weather continuing cold and windy . At 11 : 30 a.m. on Thursday 11 April , Titanic arrived at Cork Harbour on the south coast of Ireland . It was a partly cloudy but relatively warm day , with a brisk wind . Again , the dock facilities were not suitable for a ship of Titanic 's size , and tenders were used to bring passengers aboard . In all , 123 passengers boarded Titanic at Queenstown , 3 First Class , 7 Second Class and 113 Third Class . In addition to the 24 cross-channel passengers who had disembarked at Cherbourg , another seven passengers had booked an overnight passage from Southampton to Queenstown . Among the seven was Father Francis Browne , a Jesuit trainee , who was a keen photographer and took many photographs aboard Titanic , including the last - ever known photograph of the ship . A decidedly unofficial departure was that of a crew member , stoker John Coffey , a Queenstown native who sneaked off the ship by hiding under mail bags being transported to shore . Titanic weighed anchor for the last time at 1 : 30 p.m. and departed on her westward journey across the Atlantic .",
"28": "Titanic ( right ) after the near - collision with City of New York ( left , together with Oceanic at the far left ) Titanic in Cork harbour , 11 April 1912 The route of Titanic 's maiden voyage , with the coordinates of its sinking Atlantic crossing Titanic was planned to arrive at New York Pier 59 on the morning of 17 April . After leaving Queenstown Titanic followed the Irish coast as far as Fastnet Rock , a distance of some 55 nautical miles ( 63 mi ; 102 km ) . From there she travelled 1,620 nautical miles ( 1,860 mi ; 3,000 km ) along a Great Circle route across the North Atlantic to reach a spot in the ocean known as `` the corner '' south - east of Newfoundland , where westbound steamers carried out a change of course . Titanic sailed only a few hours past the corner on a rhumb line leg of 1,023 nautical miles ( 1,177 mi ; 1,895 km ) to Nantucket Shoals Light when she made her fatal contact with an iceberg . The final leg of the journey would have been 193 nautical miles ( 222 mi ; 357 km ) to Ambrose Light and finally to New York Harbor . From 11 April to local apparent noon the next day , Titanic covered 484 nautical miles ( 557 mi ; 896 km ) ; the following day , 519 nautical miles ( 597 mi ; 961 km ) ; and by noon on the final day of her voyage , 546 nautical miles ( 628 mi ; 1,011 km ) . From then until the time of her sinking she travelled another 258 nautical miles ( 297 mi ; 478 km ) , averaging about 21 knots ( 24 mph ; 39 km / h ) . The weather cleared as she left Ireland under cloudy skies with a headwind . Temperatures remained fairly mild on Saturday 13 April , but the following day Titanic crossed a cold weather front with strong winds and waves of up to 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) . These died down as the day progressed until , by the evening of Sunday 14 April , it became clear , calm and very cold . The first three days of the voyage from Queenstown had passed without apparent incident .",
"29": "A fire had begun in one of Titanic 's coal bunkers approximately 10 days prior to the ship 's departure , and continued to burn for several days into its voyage , but passengers were unaware of this situation . Fires occurred frequently on board steamships of that day due to spontaneous combustion of the coal . The fires had to be extinguished with fire hoses , by moving the coal on top to another bunker and by removing the burning coal and feeding it into the furnace . The fire was over on 14 April . There has been some speculation and discussion as to whether this fire and attempts to extinguish it may have made the ship more vulnerable to its fate . Titanic received a series of warnings from other ships of drifting ice in the area of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland . One of the ships to warn Titanic was the Atlantic Line 's Mesaba . Nevertheless , the ship continued to steam at full speed , which was standard practice at the time . Although the ship was not trying to set a speed record , timekeeping was a priority , and under prevailing maritime practices , ships were often operated at close to full speed , with ice warnings seen as advisories and reliance placed upon lookouts and the watch on the bridge . It was generally believed that ice posed little danger to large vessels . Close calls with ice were not uncommon , and even head - on collisions had not been disastrous . In 1907 SS Kronprinz Wilhelm , a German liner , had rammed an iceberg but still had been able to complete her voyage , and Captain Smith himself had declared in 1907 that he `` could not imagine any condition which would cause a ship to founder . Modern shipbuilding has gone beyond that . '' Sinking Main article : Sinking of the RMS Titanic At 11 : 40 p.m. ( ship 's time ) on 14 April , lookout Frederick Fleet spotted an iceberg immediately ahead of Titanic and alerted the bridge . First Officer William Murdoch ordered the ship to be steered around the obstacle and the engines to be stopped , but it was too late ; the starboard side of Titanic struck the iceberg , creating a series of holes below the waterline . The hull was not punctured by the iceberg , but rather dented such that the hull 's seams buckled and separated , allowing water to seep in .",
"30": "Five of the ship 's watertight compartments were breached . It soon became clear that the ship was doomed , as she could not survive more than four compartments being flooded . Titanic began sinking bow - first , with water spilling from compartment to compartment as her angle in the water became steeper . Those aboard Titanic were ill - prepared for such an emergency . In accordance with accepted practices of the time , where ships were seen as largely unsinkable and lifeboats were intended to transfer passengers to nearby rescue vessels , Titanic only had enough lifeboats to carry about half of those on board ; if the ship had carried her full complement of about 3,339 passengers and crew , only about a third could have been accommodated in the lifeboats . The crew had not been trained adequately in carrying out an evacuation . The officers did not know how many they could safely put aboard the lifeboats and launched many of them barely half - full . Third - class passengers were largely left to fend for themselves , causing many of them to become trapped below decks as the ship filled with water . The `` women and children first '' protocol was generally followed when loading the lifeboats , and most of the male passengers and crew were left aboard . At 2 : 20 a.m. , two hours and 40 minutes after Titanic struck the iceberg , her rate of sinking suddenly increased as her forward deck dipped underwater , and the sea poured in through open hatches and grates . As her unsupported stern rose out of the water , exposing the propellers , the ship began to break in two between the third and fourth funnels , due to the immense forces on the keel . With the bow underwater , and air trapped in the stern , the stern remained afloat and buoyant for a few minutes longer , rising to a nearly vertical angle with hundreds of people still clinging to it , before sinking . For many years it was generally believed the ship sank in one piece ; however , when the wreck was located many years later , it was discovered that the ship had fully broken in two . All remaining passengers and crew were immersed into lethally cold water with a temperature of 28 ° F ( − 2 ° C ) .",
"31": "Sudden immersion into freezing water typically causes death within minutes , either from cardiac arrest , uncontrollable breathing of water , or cold incapacitation ( not , as commonly believed , from hypothermia ) , and almost all of those in the water died of cardiac arrest or other bodily reactions to freezing water , within 15 -- 30 minutes . Only 13 of them were helped into the lifeboats , though these had room for almost 500 more people . Distress signals were sent by wireless , rockets , and lamp , but none of the ships that responded was near enough to reach Titanic before she sank . A radio operator on board the Birma , for instance , estimated that it would be 6 a.m. before the liner could arrive at the scene . Meanwhile , the SS Californian , which was the last to have been in contact before the collision , saw Titanic 's flares but failed to assist . Around 4 a.m. , RMS Carpathia arrived on the scene in response to Titanic 's earlier distress calls . About 710 people survived the disaster and were conveyed by Carpathia to New York , Titanic 's original destination , while at least 1,500 people lost their lives . Carpathia 's captain described the place as an ice field that had included 20 large bergs measuring up to 200 feet ( 61 m ) high and numerous smaller bergs , as well as ice floes and debris from Titanic ; passengers described being in the middle of a vast white plain of ice , studded with icebergs . This area is now known as Iceberg Alley . The sinking , according to J. Thayer , sketched onboard Carpathia , based on his description The iceberg thought to have been hit by Titanic , photographed on the morning of 15 April 1912 . `` Untergang der Titanic '' , as conceived by Willy Stöwer , 1912 Aftermath of sinking Arrival of Carpathia in New York London newsboy Ned Parfett with news of the disaster . RMS Carpathia took three days to reach New York after leaving the scene of the disaster . Her journey was slowed by pack ice , fog , thunderstorms and rough seas . She was , however , able to pass news to the outside world by wireless about what had happened .",
"32": "The initial reports were confused , leading the American press to report erroneously on 15 April that Titanic was being towed to port by the SS Virginian . Later that day , confirmation came through that Titanic had been lost and that most of her passengers and crew had died . The news attracted crowds of people to the White Star Line 's offices in London , New York , Montreal , Southampton , Liverpool and Belfast . It hit hardest in Southampton , whose people suffered the greatest losses from the sinking . Four out of every five crew members came from this town . Carpathia docked at 9 : 30 p.m. on 18 April at New York 's Pier 54 and was greeted by some 40,000 people waiting at the quayside in heavy rain . Immediate relief in the form of clothing and transportation to shelters was provided by the Women 's Relief Committee , the Travelers Aid Society of New York , and the Council of Jewish Women , among other organisations . Many of Titanic 's surviving passengers did not linger in New York but headed onwards immediately to relatives ' homes . Some of the wealthier survivors chartered private trains to take them home , and the Pennsylvania Railroad laid on a special train free of charge to take survivors to Philadelphia . Titanic 's 214 surviving crew members were taken to the Red Star Line 's steamer SS Lapland , where they were accommodated in passenger cabins . Carpathia was hurriedly restocked with food and provisions before resuming her journey to Fiume , Austria - Hungary . Her crew were given a bonus of a month 's wages by Cunard as a reward for their actions , and some of Titanic 's passengers joined together to give them an additional bonus of nearly £ 900 ( £ 82,000 today ) , divided among the crew members . The ship 's arrival in New York led to a frenzy of press interest , with newspapers competing to be the first to report the survivors ' stories . Some reporters bribed their way aboard the pilot boat New York , which guided Carpathia into harbour , and one even managed to get onto Carpathia before she docked . Crowds gathered outside newspaper offices to see the latest reports being posted in the windows or on billboards .",
"33": "It took another four days for a complete list of casualties to be compiled and released , adding to the agony of relatives waiting for news of those who had been aboard Titanic . Arrival of Titanic 's survivors at New York ( artist concept ) Cartoon demanding better safety from shipping companies , 1912 Carpathia 's captain Arthur Rostron awarded by Margaret Brown , 1912 Insurance and Aid for survivors In January 1912 , the hulls and equipment of Titanic and Olympic had been insured through Lloyd 's of London . The total coverage was £ 1,000,000 ( £ 91,000,000 today ) per ship . The policy was to be `` free from all average '' under £ 150,000 , meaning that the insurers would only pay for damage in excess of that sum . The premium , negotiated by brokers Willis Faber & Company ( now Willis Group ) , was 15 s ( 75 p ) per £ 100 , or £ 7,500 ( £ 680,000 today ) for the term of one year . Lloyd 's paid the White Star Line the full sum owed to them within 30 days . Many charities were set up to help the victims and their families , many of whom lost their sole breadwinner , or , in the case of many Third Class survivors , everything they owned . On 29 April opera stars Enrico Caruso and Mary Garden and members of the Metropolitan Opera raised $12,000 ( $300,000 in 2014 ) in benefits for victims of the disaster by giving special concerts in which versions of `` Autumn '' and `` Nearer My God To Thee '' were part of the programme . In Britain , relief funds were organised for the families of Titanic 's lost crew members , raising nearly £ 450,000 ( £ 41,000,000 today ) . One such fund was still in operation as late as the 1960s . Investigations into the disaster Main articles : United States Senate inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic and British Wreck Commissioner 's inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic Even before the survivors arrived in New York , investigations were being planned to discover what had happened , and what could be done to prevent a recurrence .",
"34": "Inquiries were held in both the United States and United Kingdom , the former more robustly critical of traditions and practices , and scathing of the failures involved , and the latter broadly more technical and expert - oriented . The U.S. Senate 's inquiry into the disaster was initiated on 19 April , a day after Carpathia arrived in New York . The chairman , Senator William Alden Smith , wanted to gather accounts from passengers and crew while the events were still fresh in their minds . Smith also needed to subpoena all surviving British passengers and crew while they were still on American soil , which prevented them from returning to the UK before the American inquiry was completed on 25 May . The British press condemned Smith as an opportunist , insensitively forcing an inquiry as a means of gaining political prestige and seizing `` his moment to stand on the world stage '' . Smith , however , already had a reputation as a campaigner for safety on U.S. railroads , and wanted to investigate any possible malpractices by railroad tycoon J.P. Morgan , Titanic 's ultimate owner . The British Board of Trade 's inquiry into the disaster was headed by Lord Mersey , and took place between 2 May and 3 July . Being run by the Board of Trade , who had previously approved the ship , it was seen by some as having little interest in its own or White Star 's conduct being found negligent . Each inquiry took testimony from both passengers and crew of Titanic , crew members of Leyland Line 's Californian , Captain Arthur Rostron of Carpathia and other experts . The British inquiry also took far greater expert testimony , making it the longest and most detailed court of inquiry in British history up to that time . The two inquiries reached broadly similar conclusions : the regulations on the number of lifeboats that ships had to carry were out of date and inadequate , Captain Smith had failed to take proper heed of ice warnings , the lifeboats had not been properly filled or crewed , and the collision was the direct result of steaming into a dangerous area at too high a speed . Neither inquiry 's findings listed negligence by IMM or the White Star Line as a factor . The American inquiry concluded that since those involved had followed standard practice the disaster was an act of God .",
"35": "The British inquiry concluded that Smith had followed long - standing practice that had not previously been shown to be unsafe , noting that British ships alone had carried 3.5 million passengers over the previous decade with the loss of just 10 lives , and concluded that Smith had done `` only that which other skilled men would have done in the same position '' . Lord Mersey did however find fault with the `` extremely high speed ( twenty - two knots ) which was maintained '' following numerous ice warnings , noting that without hindsight , `` what was a mistake in the case of the Titanic would without doubt be negligence in any similar case in the future '' . The recommendations included strong suggestions for major changes in maritime regulations to implement new safety measures , such as ensuring that more lifeboats were provided , that lifeboat drills were properly carried out and that wireless equipment on passenger ships was manned around the clock . An International Ice Patrol was set up to monitor the presence of icebergs in the North Atlantic , and maritime safety regulations were harmonised internationally through the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ; both measures are still in force today . On 18 June 1912 , Guglielmo Marconi gave evidence to the Court of Inquiry regarding the telegraphy . Its final report recommended that all liners carry the system and that sufficient operators maintain a constant service . Role of the SS Californian The SS Californian , which had tried to warn Titanic of the danger from pack - ice One of the most controversial issues examined by the inquiries was the role played by SS Californian , which had been only a few miles from Titanic but had not picked up her distress calls or responded to her signal rockets . Californian had warned Titanic by radio of the pack ice that was the reason Californian had stopped for the night , but was rebuked by Titanic 's senior wireless operator , Jack Phillips . Testimony before the British inquiry revealed that at 10 : 10 p.m. , Californian observed the lights of a ship to the south ; it was later agreed between Captain Stanley Lord and Third Officer C.V. Groves ( who had relieved Lord of duty at 11 : 10 p.m. ) that this was a passenger liner . At 11 : 50 p.m.",
"36": ", the officer had watched that ship 's lights flash out , as if she had shut down or turned sharply , and that the port light was now visible . Morse light signals to the ship , upon Lord 's order , were made between 11 : 30 p.m. and 1 : 00 a.m. , but were not acknowledged . If Titanic were as far from the Californian as Lord claimed , then he knew , or should have known , that Morse signals would not be visible . A reasonable and prudent course of action would have been to awaken the wireless operator and to instruct him to attempt to contact Titanic by that method . Had Lord done so , it is possible he could have reached Titanic in time to save additional lives . Captain Lord had gone to the chartroom at 11 : 00 p.m. to spend the night ; however , Second Officer Herbert Stone , now on duty , notified Lord at 1 : 10 a.m. that the ship had fired five rockets . Lord wanted to know if they were company signals , that is , coloured flares used for identification . Stone said that he did not know and that the rockets were all white . Captain Lord instructed the crew to continue to signal the other vessel with the Morse lamp , and went back to sleep . Three more rockets were observed at 1 : 50 a.m. and Stone noted that the ship looked strange in the water , as if she were listing . At 2 : 15 a.m. , Lord was notified that the ship could no longer be seen . Lord asked again if the lights had had any colours in them , and he was informed that they were all white . Californian eventually responded . At around 5 : 30 a.m. , Chief Officer George Stewart awakened wireless operator Cyril Furmstone Evans , informed him that rockets had been seen during the night , and asked that he try to communicate with any ship . He got news of Titanic 's loss , Captain Lord was notified , and the ship set out to render assistance . She arrived well after Carpathia had already picked up all the survivors . The inquiries found that the ship seen by Californian was in fact Titanic and that it would have been possible for Californian to come to her rescue ; therefore , Captain Lord had acted improperly in failing to do so .",
"37": "Survivors and victims Main article : List of Titanic passengers The number of casualties of the sinking is unclear , due to a number of factors . These include confusion over the passenger list , which included some names of people who cancelled their trip at the last minute , and the fact that several passengers travelled under aliases for various reasons and were therefore double - counted on the casualty lists . The death toll has been put at between 1,490 and 1,635 people . The tables below use figures from the British Board of Trade report on the disaster . While the use of Marconi wireless system did not achieve the result of bringing a rescue ship to the Titanic before it sank , the use of wireless did bring the Carpathia in time to rescue some of the survivors who otherwise would have perished due to exposure . The water temperature in the area where Titanic sank , which was well below normal , also contributed to the rapid death of many passengers during the sinking . Water temperature readings taken around the time of the accident were reported to be 28 ° F ( − 2 ° C ) . Typical water temperatures were normally in the mid-40 ° F range during mid-April . The coldness of the water was a critical factor , often causing death within minutes for many of those in the water . Fewer than a third of those aboard Titanic survived the disaster . Some survivors died shortly afterwards ; injuries and the effects of exposure caused the deaths of several of those brought aboard Carpathia . The figures show stark differences in the survival rates of the different classes aboard Titanic . Although only 3 % of first - class women were lost , 54 % of those in third class died . Similarly , five of six first - class and all second - class children survived , but 52 of the 79 in third class perished . The differences by gender were even bigger : nearly all female crew members , first and second class passengers were saved . Men from the First Class died at a higher rate than women from the Third Class . In total , 50 % of the children survived , 20 % of the men and 75 % of the women . The last living survivor , Millvina Dean from England , who at only nine weeks old was the youngest passenger on board , died aged 97 on 31 May 2009 .",
"38": "A special survivor was crew member Violet Jessop who survived the sinkings of both Titanic and Britannic and was aboard Olympic when she was rammed in 1911 . Age / sex Class / crew Number aboard Number saved Number lost Percentage saved Percentage lost Children First Class 6 5 83 % 17 % Second Class 24 24 0 100 % 0 % Third Class 79 27 52 34 % 66 % Women First Class 144 140 97 % 3 % Second Class 93 80 13 86 % 14 % Third Class 165 76 89 46 % 54 % Crew 23 20 87 % 13 % Men First Class 175 57 118 33 % 67 % Second Class 168 14 154 8 % 92 % Third Class 462 75 387 16 % 84 % Crew 885 192 693 22 % 78 % Total 2224 710 1514 32 % 68 % Retrieval and burial of the dead Markers of Titanic victims , Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Once the massive loss of life became known , White Star Line chartered the cable ship CS Mackay - Bennett from Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada , to retrieve bodies . Three other Canadian ships followed in the search : the cable ship Minia , lighthouse supply ship Montmagny and sealing vessel Algerine . Each ship left with embalming supplies , undertakers , and clergy . Of the 333 victims that were eventually recovered , 328 were retrieved by the Canadian ships and five more by passing North Atlantic steamships . The first ship to reach the site of the sinking , the CS Mackay - Bennett , found so many bodies that the embalming supplies aboard were quickly exhausted . Health regulations required that only embalmed bodies could be returned to port .",
"39": "Captain Larnder of the Mackay - Bennett and undertakers aboard decided to preserve only the bodies of first class passengers , justifying their decision by the need to visually identify wealthy men to resolve any disputes over large estates . As a result , many third class passengers and crew were buried at sea . Larnder identified many of those buried at sea as crew members by their clothing , and stated that as a mariner , he himself would be contented to be buried at sea . Bodies recovered were preserved for transport to Halifax , the closest city to the sinking with direct rail and steamship connections . The Halifax coroner , John Henry Barnstead , developed a detailed system to identify bodies and safeguard personal possessions . Relatives from across North America came to identify and claim bodies . A large temporary morgue was set up in the curling rink of the Mayflower Curling Club and undertakers were called in from all across eastern Canada to assist . Some bodies were shipped to be buried in their home towns across North America and Europe . About two - thirds of the bodies were identified . Unidentified victims were buried with simple numbers based on the order in which their bodies were discovered . The majority of recovered victims , 150 bodies , were buried in three Halifax cemeteries , the largest being Fairview Lawn Cemetery followed by the nearby Mount Olivet and Baron de Hirsch cemeteries . In mid-May 1912 , RMS Oceanic recovered three bodies over 200 miles ( 320 km ) from the site of the sinking who were among the original occupants of Collapsible A. When Fifth Officer Harold Lowe and six crewmen returned to the wreck site sometime after the sinking in a lifeboat to pick up survivors , they rescued a dozen males and one female from Collapsible A , but left the dead bodies of three of its occupants . After their retrieval from Collapsible A by Oceanic , the bodies were buried at sea . The last Titanic body recovered was steward James McGrady , Body No. 330 , found by the chartered Newfoundland sealing vessel Algerine on 22 May and buried at Fairview Lawn Cemetery in Halifax on 12 June . Only 333 bodies of Titanic victims were recovered , one in five of the over 1,500 victims . Some bodies sank with the ship while currents quickly dispersed bodies and wreckage across hundreds of miles making them difficult to recover .",
"40": "By June , one of the last search ships reported that life jackets supporting bodies were coming apart and releasing bodies to sink . Wreck Main article : Wreck of the RMS Titanic The bow of the wrecked RMS Titanic , photographed in June 2004 Titanic was long thought to have sunk in one piece and , over the years , many schemes were put forward for raising the wreck . None came to fruition . The fundamental problem was the sheer difficulty of finding and reaching a wreck that lies over 12,000 feet ( 3,700 m ) below the surface , in a location where the water pressure is over 6,500 pounds per square inch ( 450 bar ) . A number of expeditions were mounted to find Titanic but it was not until 1 September 1985 that a Franco - American expedition led by Robert Ballard succeeded . The team discovered that Titanic had in fact split apart , probably near or at the surface , before sinking to the seabed . The separated bow and stern sections lie about a third of a mile ( 0.6 km ) apart in Titanic Canyon off the coast of Newfoundland . They are located 13.2 miles ( 21.2 km ) from the inaccurate coordinates given by Titanic 's radio operators on the night of her sinking , and approximately 715 miles ( 1,151 km ) from Halifax and 1,250 miles ( 2,012 km ) from New York . Both sections struck the sea bed at considerable speed , causing the bow to crumple and the stern to collapse entirely . The bow is by far the more intact section and still contains some surprisingly intact interiors . In contrast , the stern is completely wrecked ; its decks have pancaked down on top of each other and much of the hull plating was torn off and lies scattered across the sea floor . The much greater level of damage to the stern is probably due to structural damage incurred during the sinking . Thus weakened , the remainder of the stern was flattened by the impact with the sea bed . The two sections are surrounded by a debris field measuring approximately 5 by 3 miles ( 8.0 km × 4.8 km ) . It contains hundreds of thousands of items , such as pieces of the ship , furniture , dinnerware and personal items , which fell from the ship as she sank or were ejected when the bow and stern impacted on the sea floor .",
"41": "The debris field was also the last resting place of a number of Titanic 's victims . Most of the bodies and clothes were consumed by sea creatures and bacteria , leaving pairs of shoes and boots -- which have proved to be inedible -- as the only sign that bodies once lay there . Since its initial discovery , the wreck of Titanic has been revisited on numerous occasions by explorers , scientists , filmmakers , tourists and salvagers , who have recovered thousands of items from the debris field for conservation and public display . The ship 's condition has deteriorated significantly over the years , particularly from accidental damage by submersibles but mostly because of an accelerating rate of growth of iron - eating bacteria on the hull . In 2006 , it was estimated that within 50 years the hull and structure of Titanic would eventually collapse entirely , leaving only the more durable interior fittings of the ship intermingled with a pile of rust on the sea floor . Bell from the Titanic Many artefacts from Titanic have been recovered from the sea bed by RMS Titanic Inc. , which exhibits them in touring exhibitions around the world and in a permanent exhibition at the Luxor Las Vegas hotel and casino in Las Vegas , Nevada . A number of other museums exhibit artefacts either donated by survivors or retrieved from the floating bodies of victims of the disaster . On 16 April 2012 , the day after the 100th anniversary of the sinking , photos were released showing possible human remains resting on the ocean floor . The photos , taken by Robert Ballard during an expedition led by NOAA in 2004 , show a boot and a coat close to Titanic 's stern which experts called `` compelling evidence '' that it is the spot where somebody came to rest , and that human remains could be buried in the sediment beneath them . The wreck of the Titanic falls under the scope of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage . This means that all states party to the convention will prohibit the pillaging , commercial exploitation , sale and dispersion of the wreck and its artefacts . Because of the location of the wreck in international waters and the lack of any exclusive jurisdiction over the wreckage area , the convention provides a state co-operation system , by which states inform each other of any potential activity concerning ancient shipwreck sites , like the Titanic , and co-operate to prevent unscientific or unethical interventions .",
"42": "Legacy Safety Main article : Changes in safety practices after the sinking of the RMS Titanic An ice patrol aircraft inspecting an iceberg After the disaster , recommendations were made by both the British and American Boards of Inquiry stating that ships should carry enough lifeboats for all aboard , mandated lifeboat drills would be implemented , lifeboat inspections would be conducted , etc . Many of these recommendations were incorporated into the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea passed in 1914 . The convention has been updated by periodic amendments , with a completely new version adopted in 1974 . Signatories to the convention followed up with national legislation to implement the new standards . For example in Britain , new `` Rules for Life Saving Appliances '' were passed by the Board of Trade on 8 May 1914 and then applied at a meeting of British steamship companies in Liverpool in June 1914 . Further , the United States government passed the Radio Act of 1912 . This act , along with the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea , stated that radio communications on passenger ships would be operated 24 hours a day , along with a secondary power supply , so as not to miss distress calls . Also , the Radio Act of 1912 required ships to maintain contact with vessels in their vicinity as well as coastal onshore radio stations . In addition , it was agreed in the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea that the firing of red rockets from a ship must be interpreted as a sign of need for help . Once the Radio Act of 1912 was passed it was agreed that rockets at sea would be interpreted as distress signals only , thus removing any possible misinterpretation from other ships . Finally , the disaster led to the formation and international funding of the International Ice Patrol , an agency of the United States Coast Guard that to the present day monitors and reports on the location of North Atlantic Ocean icebergs that could pose a threat to transatlantic sea traffic . Coast Guard aircraft conduct the primary reconnaissance . In addition , information is collected from ships operating in or passing through the ice area . Except for the years of the two World Wars , the International Ice Patrol has worked each season since 1913 . During the period there has not been a single reported loss of life or property due to collision with an iceberg in the patrol area .",
"43": "In 1912 , the Board of Trade chartered the barque Scotia to act as a weather ship in the Grand Banks of Newfoundland , keeping a look - out for icebergs . A Marconi wireless was installed to enable her to communicate with stations on the coast of Labrador and Newfoundland . Cultural Main article : Cultural legacy of RMS Titanic Titanic Belfast , 2012 Titanic has gone down in history as the ship that was called unsinkable . For more than 100 years , she has been the inspiration of fiction and non-fiction . She is commemorated by monuments for the dead and by museums exhibiting artefacts from the wreck . Just after the sinking memorial postcards sold in huge numbers together with memorabilia ranging from tin candy boxes to plates , whiskey jiggers , and even black mourning teddy bears . Several survivors wrote books about their experiences but it was not until 1955 the first historically accurate book A Night to Remember was published . The first film about the disaster , Saved from the Titanic , was released only 29 days after the ship sank and had an actual survivor as its star -- the silent film actress Dorothy Gibson . The British film A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) is still widely regarded as the most historically accurate movie portrayal of the sinking . The most financially successful by far has been James Cameron 's Titanic ( 1997 ) , which became the highest - grossing film in history up to that time , as well as the winner of 11 Oscars at the 70th Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director for Cameron . The Titanic disaster was commemorated through a variety of memorials and monuments to the victims , erected in several English - speaking countries and in particular in cities that had suffered notable losses . These included Southampton , Liverpool and Belfast in the United Kingdom ; New York and Washington , D.C. in the United States ; and Cobh ( formerly Queenstown ) in Ireland . A number of museums around the world have displays on Titanic , the most prominent is in Belfast , the ship 's birthplace ( see next section ) . RMS Titanic Inc. , which is authorised to salvage the wreck site , has a permanent Titanic exhibition at the Luxor Las Vegas hotel and casino in Nevada which features a 22 - ton slab of the ship 's hull . It also runs an exhibition which travels around the world .",
"44": "In Nova Scotia , Halifax 's Maritime Museum of the Atlantic displays items that were recovered from the sea a few days after the disaster . They include pieces of woodwork such as panelling from the ship 's First Class Lounge and an original deckchair , as well as objects removed from the victims . In 2012 the centenary was marked by plays , radio programmes , parades , exhibitions and special trips to the site of the sinking together with commemorative stamps and coins . In a frequently commented - on literary coincidence , Morgan Robertson authored a novel called Futility in 1898 about a fictional British passenger liner with the plot bearing a number of similarities to the Titanic disaster . In the novel the ship is the SS Titan , a four - stacked liner , the largest in the world and considered unsinkable . But like the Titanic , she sinks after hitting an iceberg and does not have enough lifeboats . Significance in Northern Ireland Only recently has the significance of Titanic most notably been given by Northern Ireland where it was built by Harland and Wolff in the capital city , Belfast . While the rest of the world embraced the glory and tragedy of Titanic , in its birth city , Titanic remained a taboo subject throughout the 20th century . The sinking brought tremendous grief and was a blow to the city 's pride . But its shipyard was also a place many Catholics regarded as hostile . In the latter half of the century , during a 30 - year sectarian conflict Titanic was a reminder of the lack of civil rights that in part contributed towards The Troubles . While the fate of Titanic remained a well - known story within local households throughout the 20th century , commercial investment around Titanic 's legacy was modest because of these issues . After The Troubles in 1998 , the number of overseas tourists visiting Northern Ireland dramatically increased to 30 million ( 100 % rise by 2008 ) . It was subsequently identified in the ' Northern Ireland Tourism Board 's Strategic Framework for Action 2004 -- 2007 ' that the significance of and interest in Titanic globally ( partly due to the 1997 film ' Titanic ' ) was not being fully exploited as a tourist attraction . Thus , Titanic Belfast ® was spearheaded , along with some smaller projects , such as a Titanic memorial .",
"45": "In 2012 on the ship 's centenary , Titanic Belfast visitor attraction was opened on the site of the shipyard where Titanic was built . It was Northern Ireland 's second most visited tourist attraction with almost 700,000 visitors in 2016 . Despite over 1,600 ships being built by Harland and Wolff in Belfast Harbour , Queen 's Island became renamed after its most famous ship ; Titanic Quarter in 1995 . In 2005 Titanic Quarter Ltd launched one of the world 's largest urban - waterfront regeneration projects . Today Titanic Quarter is Northern Ireland 's most esteemed site ; a major hub of world - class education , employment , entertainment and tourist facilities . Once a sensitive story , Titanic is now considered one of Northern Ireland 's most iconic and uniting symbols . Appendix Diagrams of RMS Titanic Diagram of RMS Titanic showing the arrangement of the bulkheads in red . Compartments in the engineering area at the bottom of the ship are noted in blue . Names of decks are listed to the right ( starting at top on Boat deck , going from A through F and ending on Lower deck at the waterline ) . Areas of damage made by the iceberg are shown in green . The scale 's smallest unit is 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) and its total length is 400 feet ( 120 m ) . A cutaway diagram of Titanic 's midship section . S : Sun deck . A : Upper promenade deck . B : Promenade deck , glass - enclosed . C : Saloon deck . E : Main deck . F : Middle deck . G : Lower deck : cargo , coal bunkers , boilers , engines . ( a ) Welin davits with lifeboats , ( b ) Bilge , ( c ) Double bottom Comparison of Titanic in size to modern means of transport and a person Timeline of RMS Titanic 17 September 1908 : Ship ordered . 31 May 1911 : Ship launched . 1 April 1912 : Trials completed . 10 April , noon : Maiden voyage starts . Leaves Southampton dock , narrowly escaping collision with American liner New York . 10 April , 19 : 00 : Stops at Cherbourg for passengers . 10 April , 21 : 00 : Leaves Cherbourg for Queenstown .",
"46": "11 April , 12 : 30 : Stops at Queenstown for passengers and mail . 11 April , 14 : 00 : Leaves Queenstown for New York . 14 April , 23 : 40 : Collision with iceberg ( Latitude 41 ° 46 ′ N , Longitude 50 ° 14 ′ W ) . 15 April , 00 : 45 : First boat , No. 7 , lowered . 15 April , 02 : 05 : Last boat , Collapsible D , lowered . 15 April , 02 : 20 : Foundering . 15 April , 03 : 30 -- 08 : 50 : Rescue of survivors . 19 April -- 25 May : U.S. inquiry . 2 May -- 3 July : British inquiry . 1 September 1985 : Discovery of wreck . Titanic replicas See also : Replica Titanic , Titanic II , and Romandisea Titanic First Class Lounge of the Olympic which was almost identical to that of the Titanic , seen today as a dining room in the White Swan Hotel , Alnwick There have been several proposals and studies for a project to build a replica ship based on the Titanic . A project by South African businessman Sarel Gaus was abandoned in 2006 , and a project by Australian businessman Clive Palmer was announced in 2012 , known as the Titanic II . A Chinese shipbuilding company known as Wuchang Shipbuilding Industry Group Co. , Ltd commenced construction in January 2014 to build a replica ship of the Titanic for use in a resort . The vessel will house many features of the original , such as a ballroom , dining hall , theatre , first - class cabins , economy cabins and swimming pool . Tourists will be able to reside inside the Titanic during their time at the resort . It will be permanently docked at the resort and feature an audiovisual simulation of the sinking , which has caused some criticism . The RMS Olympic was the sister ship of the Titanic . The interior decoration of the dining salon and the grand staircase were in identical style and created by the same craftsmen . Large parts of the interior of the Olympic were later sold and are now in the White Swan Hotel , Alnwick , which gives an impression of how the interior of the Titanic looked .",
"47": "See also Disaster portal Nautical portal United Kingdom portal International Maritime Organization Lists of shipwrecks RMS Titanic alternative theories , alternative explanations for the fate of the Titanic ( rather than it hitting an iceberg ) The Wreck of the Titan : Or , Futility Notes Jump up ^ Carlisle would leave the project in 1910 , before the ships were launched , when he became a shareholder in Welin Davit & Engineering Company Ltd , the firm making the ship 's davits . Wilding was sacked following the Titanic disaster , having apparently been blamed by Pirrie , unfairly , for the ship 's loss . Jump up ^ It was kept off - limits to passengers ; the famous `` flying '' scene at the ship 's bow from the 1997 film Titanic would not have been permitted in real life . Jump up ^ This photo is probably of Titanic 's sister ship , Olympic . Jump up ^ Copy of the neoclassical oil painting by Merry - Joseph Blondel Jump up ^ Measurement of lifeboats : 1 -- 2 : 25'2 '' long by 7'2 '' wide by 3'2 '' deep ; 326.6 cubic feet ( 9.25 m ) ; 3 -- 16 : 30 ' long by 9'1 '' wide by 4 ' deep ; 655.2 cubic feet ( 18.55 m ) and A -- D : 27'5 '' long by 8 ' wide by 3 ' deep ; 376.6 cubic feet ( 10.66 m ) Jump up ^ Since 1894 , when the largest passenger ship under consideration was the Cunard Line 's 13,000 - ton Lucania , the Board of Trade had made no provision to increase the existing scale regarding the number of required lifeboats for larger ships , such as the 46,000 - ton Titanic .",
"48": "Sir Alfred Chalmers , nautical adviser to the Board of Trade from 1896 to 1911 , had considered the matter of adjusting the scale `` from time to time '' , but because he not only assumed that experienced sailors would need to be carried `` uselessly '' aboard ship only to lower and man the extra lifeboats , but also anticipated the difficulty in getting away a greater number than 16 boats in any emergency , he `` did not consider it necessary to increase ( the scale ) '' . Jump up ^ He expressed deep disappointment about the decision before the voyage , but was presumably greatly relieved afterwards . Jump up ^ Titanic also had a ship 's cat , Jenny , who gave birth to a litter of kittens shortly before the ship 's maiden voyage ; all perished in the sinking . Jump up ^ Known afterward as the `` Unsinkable Molly Brown '' due to her efforts in helping other passengers while the ship sank Jump up ^ Captain Edward Smith had been in command of Titanic 's sister Olympic when she in 1911 collided with a warship . Even though that ship was designed to sink others by ramming them , it suffered greater damage than Olympic , thereby strengthening the image of the class being unsinkable . Jump up ^ The official enquiry found that damage extended about 300 feet , but both Edward Wilding 's testimony and modern ultrasound surveys of the wreck suggest the total area was perhaps a few narrow openings totalling perhaps no more than 12 to 13 square feet ( 1.1 to 1.2 m ) . Jump up ^ An incident confirmed this philosophy while Titanic was under construction : the White Star liner Republic was involved in a collision and sank . Even though she did not have enough lifeboats for all passengers , they were all saved because the ship was able to stay afloat long enough for them to be ferried to ships coming to assist . Jump up ^ Life expectancy in such temperatures is often under 15 minutes even for people who are young and fit . The victims would have died from bodily reactions to freezing water rather than hypothermia ( loss of core temperature ) .",
"49": "Immersed into freezing seas , around 20 % of victims die within two minutes from cold shock ( uncontrolled rapid breathing and gasping causing water inhalation , massive increase in blood pressure , cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest , and panic ) , another 50 % die within 15 -- 30 minutes from cold incapacitation ( inability to use or control limbs and hands for swimming or gripping , as the body ' protectively ' shuts down peripheral muscles to protect its core ) , and exhaustion and unconsciousness cause drowning , claiming the rest within a similar time . Jump up ^ The Salvation Army newspaper , The War Cry , reported that `` none but a heart of stone would be unmoved in the presence of such anguish . Night and day that crowd of pale , anxious faces had been waiting patiently for the news that did not come . Nearly every one in the crowd had lost a relative . '' It was not until 17 April that the first incomplete lists of survivors came through , delayed by poor communications . Jump up ^ On 23 April , the Daily Mail reported : `` Late in the afternoon hope died out . The waiting crowds thinned , and silent men and women sought their homes . In the humbler homes of Southampton there is scarcely a family who has not lost a relative or friend . Children returning from school appreciated something of tragedy , and woeful little faces were turned to the darkened , fatherless homes . '' Jump up ^ According to an eyewitness report , there `` were many pathetic scenes '' when Titanic 's survivors disembarked at New York Jump up ^ Lord protested his innocence to the end of his life , and many researchers have asserted that the known positions of Titanic and Californian make it impossible that the former was the infamous `` mystery ship '' , a topic which has `` generated ... millions of words and ... hours of heated debates '' and continues to do so . Jump up ^ Most of the bodies were numbered , however , the five passengers buried at sea by Carpathia went unnumbered . Jump up ^ Thomson Beattie , a first class passenger , and two crew members , a fireman and a seaman .",
"50": "Jump up ^ An example is Daniel Butler 's book about RMS Titanic , titled Unsinkable ^ Jump up to : Ship 's time ; at the time of the collision , Titanic 's clocks were set to 2 hours 2 minutes ahead of Eastern Time Zone and 2 hours 58 minutes behind Greenwich Mean Time . References Jump up ^ Beveridge & Hall 2004 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Official investigation report - the sinking of RMS Titanic ( PDF ) ( 1 ed . ) . London : The final board of inquiry . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Hsu , J. ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` How Marconi 's Wireless Tech Helped Save Titanic Passengers '' , New York : NBC NEWS . Assessed at : http://www.nbcnews.com/id/47046053/ns/technology_and_science-innovation/t/how-marconis-wireless-tech-helped-save-titanic-passengers/#.WgSS4Fu3z3g Jump up ^ Vander Hook , S. ( 2008 ) . Titanic . Edina , Minnesota : ABDO Publishing Company. , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Ship Listing '' . Chris ' Cunard Page . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Second Officer Lightoller insisted on excluding men , while First Officer Murdoch , on the other side of the ship , permitted men and women to board the lifeboats . Jump up ^ `` Patrick S. Ryan , The ITU and the Internet 's Titanic Moment '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Beveridge & Hall 2011 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ `` Outgoing Steamships -- Sail Saturday October 26 , 1912 : Majestic ( Southampton ) '' . The Sun . 24 October 1912 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 25 .",
"51": "^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Alexander Carlisle '' . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry. 30 July 1912 . Retrieved 8 November 2008 . Jump up ^ McCluskie 1998 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : McCluskie 1998 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. efn319 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 229 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 236 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Beveridge 2008 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 80 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 127 .",
"52": "^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Bruce Beveridge , edited by Art Braunschweiger ( 2008 ) . Titanic : the ship magnificent ( 3rd ed . ) . Stroud , Gloucestershire : History Press . ISBN 0752446061 . CS1 maint : display - authors ( link ) Jump up ^ Hsu , J. ( Apr 17 , 2012 ) `` How Marconi 's Wireless Tech Helped Save Titanic Passengers , '' New York : NBC News . Accessed on 11 / 9 / 17 at : http://www.nbcnews.com/id/47046053/ns/technology_and_science-innovation/t/how-marconis-wireless-tech-helped-save-titanic-passengers/#.WgSS4Fu3z3g Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ `` Gaspare Antonio Pietro Gatti : Titanic Victim '' . Jump up ^ `` 1st Class Cafe Parisien '' . National Museums Northern Ireland . 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Brewster , Hugh & Coulter , Laurie. 882 1 / 2 Answers to Your Questions About The Titanic , Scholastic Press , 1998 ; 32 . Jump up ^ Beveridge 2008 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 189 .",
"53": "^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1992 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1992 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Merideth 2003 , p. 236 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times , Thursday 16 January 1913 , Titanic Survivors Asking $6,000,000 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Staff . ( April 13 , 2012 ) . `` The car that went down with the Titanic , '' New York : Fox News. , Accessed on ( 11 / 9 / 18 ) at : http://www.foxnews.com/auto/2012/04/13/car-that-went-down-with-titanic.html Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1987 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ The Titanic : The Memorabilia Collection , by Michael Swift , Igloo Publishing 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85780 - 251 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 1997 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Trade 's Administration '' . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry. 30 July 1912 . Archived from the original on 10 December 2008 . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Berg , Chris ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` The Real Reason for the Tragedy of the Titanic '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Conspiracies '' . Titanic Conspiracies Stuff They Do n't Want You to Know . 2017 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 42 .",
"54": "Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Felkins , Leighly & Jankovic 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Broad 1997 . Jump up ^ Materials Today , 2008 . Jump up ^ McCarty & Foecke 2012 , p. . Jump up ^ Broad 2008 . Jump up ^ Verhoeven 2007 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jonathan . `` Titanic : The Hingley Anchors '' . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Marriott , Leo ( 1997 ) . TITANIC . PRC Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 85648 - 433 - 5 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 1998 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , pp. 44 , 46 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : McCluskie 1998 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Eaton and Haas ; The Misadventures of the White Star Line , c. 1990 Jump up ^ De Kerbrech , Richard , `` Ships of the White Star Line '' , p. 50 , 53 , 112 ^ Jump up to : Southampton -- Cherbourg -- New York Service , White Star Line leaflet of circa January 1912 . Jump up ^ `` Southampton in 1912 '' . Southampton City Council .",
"55": "Archived from the original on 22 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mersey 1912 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2009 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2009 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , pp. 43 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2009 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 238 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2009 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2009 , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Howells 1999 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Passenger List First Class Passengers '' . Encyclopedia Titanica . Retrieved 24 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Chernow 2010 , Chapter 8 . Jump up ^ Brewster & Coulter 1998 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic -- Passenger and Crew statistics '' . Historyonthenet.com . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2009 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Brewster & Coulter 1998 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Halpern 2011 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Joseph J. Portanova .",
"56": "`` Memory and Monuments : Some Sites Connected with the Titanic in Manhattan '' ( PDF ) . New York University . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ John Lang ( 2012 ) . Titanic : A Fresh Look at the Evidence by a Former Chief Inspector of Marine Accidents . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 124 . ISBN 1442218924 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Fire Down Below -- by Samuel Halpern . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Beveridge & Hall 2011 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Titanic Research & Modeling Association : Coal Bunker Fire Jump up ^ Beveridge & Hall 2011 , pp. 122 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Titanic : Fire & Ice ( Or What You Will ) Various Authors . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Kathryn . `` Titantic tragedy caused by fire , not iceberg , claims journalist '' . news.com.au . The Sun . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1985 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Winifreda '' . The Yard . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mowbray 1912 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic and co , RMS Olympic The Old Reliable '' . Titanicandco.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ James Donahue ( 20 September 1911 ) . `` The Titanic 's Sister Ship Olympic '' . Perdurabo10.tripod.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p.",
"57": "2 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Report 1912 , p. question 20422 , Day 19 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Barczewski 2006 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Truth About The Cold Water '' . Mario Vittone . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hypothermia safety '' . United States Power Squadrons. 23 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Aldridge 2008 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Brewster & Coulter 1998 , pp. 45 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Brewster & Coulter 1998 , pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , pp. 242 , 245 . Jump up ^ `` A trip down Canada 's Iceberg Alley - EarthSky.org '' . earthsky.org . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Butler 2002 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ The Whatley Design Group , 2000 ( 15 April 1912 ) . `` A Walking Tour of Montreal -- Sites Related to the Titanic Disaster '' . Vehiculepress.com .",
"58": "Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerins , Dan ( 2012 ) . `` White Star Offices , Canute Chambers , Canute Road , Southampton '' . Titanic trail . Southern Daily Echo . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ In His Court . Mike Yorkey ( 2002 ) p. 127 ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic anniversary : the day Southampton went silent '' . The Telegraph . 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Butler 2002 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Butler 2002 , pp. 170 , 172 . Jump up ^ Landau 2001 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Lloyd 's . `` Titanic Information Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ from Bing.com -- Dave Manuel 's Inflation Calculator Retrieved 21 May 2015 Jump up ^ The New York Times ; Tuesday 30 April 1912 `` GEORGE VANDERBILT 'S ESCAPE. ; Mrs. Dresser Persuaded Him Not to Sail on Titanic -- Footman Lost '' . ( in PDF format ) Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , pp. 70 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Brewster & Coulter 1998 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic -- The Senatorial Investigation '' . United States Senate Inquiry . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , pp. 180 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , pp.",
"59": "70 -- 71 , 182 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , pp. 192 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch 1992 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ `` Lord Mersey 's Report on the Loss of the `` Titanic '' `` . Nature . 89 ( 2232 ) : 581 -- 584 . April 25 , 1912 . doi : 10.1038 / 089581d0 . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Court of Inquiry Loss of the S.S. Titanic 1912 ^ Jump up to : Butler 2002 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Butler 2002 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Butler 2002 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Butler 2002 , pp. 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Butler 2002 , pp. 191 , 196 . Jump up ^ Paul Rogers . `` The Titanic and the Indifferent Stranger '' . Encyclopedia-titanica.org . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Lord 1976 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Hsu , J. ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` How Marconi 's Wireless Tech Helped Save Titanic Passengers '' , New York : NBC News . Accessed at : http://www.nbcnews.com/id/47046053/ns/technology_and_science-innovation/t/how-marconis-wireless-tech-helped-save-titanic-passengers/ Jump up ^ Lipman , D.",
"60": "( Apr 11 , 2012 ) . `` The weather during the Titanic disaster : looking back 100 years '' , The Washington Post . Accessed at : https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/post/the-weather-during-the-titanic-disaster-looking-back-100-years/2012/04/11/gIQAAv6SAT_blog.html Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Howells 1999 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Last Titanic survivor , a baby put in a lifeboat , dies at 97 The Guardian . Retrieved 31 March 2012 Jump up ^ `` Titanic and other White Star ships Titanic Crew Member Profile : Violet Constance Jessop , Ship Stewardess '' . Titanic-whitestarships.com. 19 July 1958 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ `` RMS Titanic : List of Bodies and Disposition of Same '' . Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maritime Museum of the Atlantic Titanic Research Page -- Victims '' . Museum.gov.ns.ca. 8 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mowbray , Jay Henry ( 1912 ) . `` Chapter xxi . the funeral ship and its dead '' . The sinking of the Titanic ( 1912 ) . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 24 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , pp. 242 -- 243 . Jump up ^ Alan Ruffman , Titanic Remembered : The Unsinkable Ship and Halifax Formac Publishing ( 1999 ) , p.",
"61": "38 . Jump up ^ `` Why So Few ? '' . Museum.gov.ns.ca . Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 221 . ^ Jump up to : Ward 2012 , pp. 171 -- 172 . Jump up ^ `` Paper says Titanic discovered '' . The San Bernardino County Sun . 1 September 1985 . p. 3 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , pp. 126 -- 127 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Canfield & 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Crosbie & Mortimer 2006 , p. last page ( no page number specified ) . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , pp. 248 , 251 . Jump up ^ `` Human remains pictured at Titanic shipwreck site '' . Herald Sun . Jump up ^ `` Titanic United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . Unesco.org . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic 's remains to come under Unesco 's protection '' . 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( 6 April 2012 ) . `` Titanic wreck to be protected by UN maritime convention '' . The Guardian . p. 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Captainsvoyage - forum , lifeboat requirements '' . Captainsvoyage-forum.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) . International Maritime Organization , 1974 . Jump up ^ Conlin , Dan ( 15 April 2013 ) . `` A Titanic Report that Changed History '' .",
"62": "Marinecurator.blogspot.ca . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Minichiello , P.E. , Ray . `` TITANIC Tragedy Spawns Wireless Advancements '' . The Guglielmo Marconi Foundation , U.S.A. , Inc . Archived from the original on 3 December 1998 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Navigation Center , Ice Patrol '' . Navcen.uscg.gov . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The ice danger in the North Atlantic '' . The Times ( 40136 ) . London . 15 February 1913 . col C , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` 45p SY Scotia '' . Mike Skidmore . Archived from the original on 22 September 2003 . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , pp. 329 -- 330 . Jump up ^ Maniera 2003 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Rasor 2001 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. xii . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Heyer 2012 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Parisi 1998 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ `` The Oscars 2015 News , Blogs & Articles - Academy Awards â € '' Oscars 2015 `` . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , pp. 262 -- 263 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ ITV : Titanic Archived 11 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 13 January 2012 Jump up ^ Iceberg Right Ahead ! -- review The Guardian .",
"63": "Retrieved 1 April 2012 Jump up ^ `` Cruise to mark Titanic centenary '' . BBC News . 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gibraltar Titanic stamps '' . Gibraltar-stamps.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic -- Futility '' . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Titanic Belfast complex opens '' . BBC . 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Dalby , Douglas ( 16 April 2012 ) . `` Raising the Memory of the Titanic , and a City 's Role in Its Creation '' . New York Times . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Rourke , Richard . `` Reducing Ireland 's Oil Dependence : additional thoughts '' . aspoireland . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` a strategic framework for action 2004 -- 2007 '' ( PDF ) . nitb . Northern Ireland Tourist Board . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Birth of Titanic Belfast '' . nitb . Northern Ireland Tourist Board . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ BBC News & 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IN FULL : NI 's top tourist attractions for 2016 '' . News Letter . 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Quarter - about - Future Projetcs '' . titanic - quarter . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About Titanic Quarter '' . titanic - quarter . Titanic Quarter Ltd . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BUILDING A PROSPEROUS AND UNITED COMMUNITY : A PROGRESS REPORT '' ( PDF ) . British Government . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , Bruce ; Andrews , Scott ; Hall , Steve ; Klistorner , Daniel ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 1 : Inception & Construction Plans '' . In Braunschweiger , Art .",
"64": "Titanic : The Ship Magnificent . I. Gloucestershire , United Kingdom : History Press . ISBN 9780752446066 . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Launch of Titanic '' . National Museums Northern Ireland . 2011 . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 2005 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 2005 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry '' . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry Report . Titanic Inquiry Project . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Australian News Channel Pty . `` China to build full - size Titanic replica '' . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Xuequan , Mu . `` Chinese manufacturer builds Titanic replica '' . news.xinhuanet.com . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Full size Titanic replica will stage ' simulation ' of iceberg collision in China '' . The Independent . 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Bibliography Books : Aldridge , Rebecca ( 2008 ) . The Sinking of the Titanic . New York : Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9643 - 7 . Ballard , Robert D. ( 1987 ) . The Discovery of the Titanic . New York : Warner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 51385 - 2 . Barczewski , Stephanie ( 2006 ) . Titanic : A Night Remembered . London : Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 500 - 0 . Barratt , Nick ( 2009 ) . Lost Voices From the Titanic : The Definitive Oral History . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84809 - 151 - 1 . Bartlett , W.B. ( 2011 ) .",
"65": "Titanic : 9 Hours to Hell , the Survivors ' Story . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Amberley Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4456 - 0482 - 4 . Beveridge , Bruce ; Hall , Steve ( 2004 ) . Olympic & Titanic : The Truth Behind the Conspiracy . Haverford , Pennsylvania : Infinity Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7414 - 1949 - 1 . Beveridge , Bruce ( 2008 ) . Titanic -- The Ship Magnificent Volume One : Design & Construction . Stroud : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4606 - 6 . Beveridge , Bruce ; Hall , Steve ( 2011 ) . `` Description of the ship '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Brewster , Hugh ; Coulter , Laurie ( 1998 ) . 8821⁄2 Amazing Answers to your Questions about the Titanic . Madison Press Book . ISBN 978 - 0 - 590 - 18730 - 5 . Butler , Daniel Allen ( 1998 ) . Unsinkable : the full story of the RMS Titanic . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1814 - 1 . Butler , Daniel Allen ( 2002 ) ( 1998 ) . Unsinkable : the full story of the RMS Titanic . USA : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81110 - 4 . Chernow , Ron ( 2010 ) . The House of Morgan : An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance . New York : Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 4465 - 2 . Chirnside , Mark ( 2004 ) . The Olympic - Class Ships . Stroud , England : Tempus .",
"66": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2868 - 0 . Crosbie , Duncan ; Mortimer , Sheila ( 2006 ) . Titanic : The Ship of Dreams . New York , NY : Orchard Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 439 - 89995 - 6 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1987 ) . Titanic : Destination Disaster : The Legends and the Reality . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 732164 - 3 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1994 ) . Titanic : Triumph and Tragedy . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 493 - 6 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1995 ) . Titanic : Triumph and Tragedy . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 03697 - 8 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1999 ) . Titanic : A Journey Through Time . Sparkford , Somerset : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 575 - 9 . Gill , Anton ( 2010 ) . Titanic : the real story of the construction of the world 's most famous ship . Channel 4 Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905026 - 71 - 5 . Halpern , Samuel ( 2011 ) . `` Account of the Ship 's Journey Across the Atlantic '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Halpern , Samuel ; Weeks , Charles ( 2011 ) . `` Description of the Damage to the Ship '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal .",
"67": "Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Heyer , Paul ( 2012 ) . Titanic Century : Media , Myth , and the Making of a Cultural Icon . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39815 - 5 . Howells , Richard ( 1999 ) . The Myth of the Titanic . United Kingdom : MacMillan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 72597 - 9 . Hutchings , David F. ; de Kerbrech , Richard P. ( 2011 ) . RMS Titanic 1909 -- 12 ( Olympic Class ) : Owners ' Workshop Manual . Sparkford , Yeovil : Haynes . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84425 - 662 - 4 . Landau , Elaine ( 2001 ) . Heroine of the Titanic : The Real Unsinkable Molly Brown . New York . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 93912 - 3 . Lord , Walter ( 1976 ) . A Night to Remember . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 004757 - 8 . Lord , Walter ( 1997 ) ( 1955 ) . A Night to Remember ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 27827 - 9 . Lord , Walter ( 2005 ) ( 1955 ) . A Night to Remember . New York : St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7764 - 3 . Lynch , Don ( 1992 ) . Titanic : An Illustrated History . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56282 - 918 - 6 . Maniera , Leyla ( 2003 ) . Christie 's Century of Teddy Bears . London : Pavilion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86205 - 595 - 7 .",
"68": "McCarty , Jennifer Hooper ; Foecke , Tim ( 2012 ) ( 2008 ) . What Really Sank The Titanic -- New Forensic Evidence . New York : Citadel . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2895 - 3 . McCluskie , Tom ( 1998 ) . Anatomy of the Titanic . London : PRC Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85648 - 482 - 4 . Merideth , Lee W. ( 2003 ) . 1912 Facts About Titanic . Sunnyvale , CA : Rocklin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9626237 - 9 - 0 . Mowbray , Jay Henry ( 1912 ) . Sinking of the Titanic . Harrisburg , PA : The Minter Company . OCLC 9176732 . Parisi , Paula ( 1998 ) . Titanic and the Making of James Cameron . New York : Newmarket Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55704 - 364 - 1 . Rasor , Eugene L. ( 2001 ) . The Titanic : historiography and annotated bibliography . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31215 - 1 . Reade , Leslie ( 1993 ) . The Ship That Stood Still : The Californian and Her Mysterious Role in the Titanic Disaster . Edited by Edward de Groot . New York and London : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 9780393035377 . Spignesi , Stephen J. ( 1998 ) . The Complete Titanic : From the Ship 's Earliest Blueprints to the Epic Film . Secaucus , New Jersey : Birch Lane Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55972 - 483 - 8 . Spignesi , Stephen J. ( 2012 ) . The Titanic For Dummies . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 20651 - 5 . Verhoeven , John D. ( 2007 ) .",
"69": "Steel Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist . Materials Park , OH : ASM International . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87170 - 858 - 8 . Ward , Greg ( 2012 ) . The Rough Guide to the Titanic . London : Rough Guides Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 8699 - 9 . Wels , Susan ( 1997 ) . Titanic : Legacy of the World 's Greatest Ocean Liner . Del Mar , California : Tehabi Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7835 - 5261 - 3 . Journals and news articles : Broad , William J. ( 8 April 1997 ) . `` Toppling Theories , Scientists Find 6 Slits , Not Big Gash , Sank Titanic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Broad , William J. ( 15 April 2008 ) . `` In Weak Rivets , a Possible Key to Titanic 's Doom '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Canfield , Clarke ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` Full Titanic site mapped for 1st time '' . The Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Felkins , Katherine ; Leighly , HP ; Jankovic , A ( 1998 ) , `` The Royal Mail Ship Titanic : Did a Metallurgical Failure Cause a Night to Remember ? '' , JOM , Minerals , Metals & Materials Society , 50 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 18 , doi : 10.1007 / s11837 - 998 - 0062 - 7 Ryan , Paul R. ( Winter 1985 -- 1986 ) . `` The Titanic Tale '' . Oceanus . Woods Hole , MA : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . 4 ( 28 ) . `` New Titanic Belfast complex opens '' . BBC News . 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Investigations : `` Report on the Loss of the `` Titanic . '' ( s.s. )",
"70": "`` . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry , Final Report ( Watertight Compartments ) . 30 July 1912 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Mersey , Lord ( 1999 ) ( 1912 ) . The Loss of the Titanic , 1912 . The Stationery Office . ISBN 978 - 0 - 11 - 702403 - 8 . External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` RMS Titanic '' dated 2005 - 12 - 10 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikiquote has quotations related to : RMS Titanic Wikimedia Commons has media related to RMS Titanic . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Titanic ( ship , 1912 ) . Wikisource has original text related to this article : RMS Titanic Wikivoyage has a travel guide for RMS Titanic . RMS Titanic , Inc , exclusive steward of RMS Titanic Titanic Historical Society RMS Titanic at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) RMS Titanic on Facebook Collection of Marconigram radio messages related to the Titanic `` Titanic collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . New York Times coverage of the Titanic RMS Titanic : 100 Years Later -- An Online Newspaper Exhibition at Library of Virginia Titanic Footage and Survivors Interviews -- YouTube Titanic Footage : Leaving Belfast -- British Pathé References to the Titanic in European Historic Newspapers Rare Postcard from the Titanic RMS Titanic First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Animals aboard Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No.",
"71": "1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. Smith ( Captain ) Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer ) William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer ) Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer ) Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer ) Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer ) Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer ) James Paul Moody ( Sixth Officer ) Joseph Bell ( Machine Room Manager ) Crew members Frederick Barrett Harold Bride William Denton Cox Sid Daniels Alfred Frank Evans Frederick Fleet Luigi Gatti Robert Hichens Violet Jessop Charles Joughin Reginald Lee Evelyn Marsden William Mintram Jack Phillips George Symons Passengers Fatalities Allison family Thomas Andrews John Jacob Astor IV David John Bowen Archibald Butt Thomas Byles Walter Donald Douglas Edith Corse Evans Annie Funk Jacques Futrelle Sidney Leslie Goodwin Benjamin Guggenheim John Harper Wallace Hartley Charles Melville Hays Edward Austin Kent Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Francis Davis Millet Harry Markland Molson Michel Navratil Eino Viljami Panula W.T. Stead Ida Straus Isidor Straus John Borland Thayer Jr . Frank M. Warren , Sr .",
"72": "George Dennick Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Roderick Chisholm Survivors ( last living ) Rhoda Abbott Trevor Allison Lillian Asplund Madeleine Astor Ruth Becker Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret `` Molly '' Brown Daniel Buckley Alden Caldwell Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Millvina Dean Margaret Devaney Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon Ethel Flora Fortune Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Edith Haisman Henry S. Harper Eva Hart Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Margaret Mannion Michel Marcel Navratil Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Beatrice Sandström Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer Barbara West Ella Holmes White R. Norris Williams Marie Grice Young Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand ( Ballarat ) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) Engineers ( Southampton ) Musicians ( Southampton ) Titanic ( Belfast ) Orchestra ( Liverpool ) United States Straus Park ( New York City ) Titanic ( New York City ) Titanic ( Washington , D.C. ) Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. )",
"73": "Popular culture Books Futility , or the Wreck of the Titan ( 1898 ) A Night to Remember ( book ) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) Atlantic ( 1929 ) Titanic ( 1943 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) Titanica ( 1992 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Tentacolino ( 2004 ) Titanic II ( 2010 ) Television S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1996 ) No Greater Love ( 1996 ) `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) Saving the Titanic ( 2012 ) Music `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) Titanic ( musical ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Celine Dion song ) `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song ) Video games Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) Titanic : Honor and Glory ( TBA ) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri ) Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic ( Canada ) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter , Belfast Cape Race , Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery , Halifax ,",
"74": "Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) Related Ships RMS Olympic RMS Carpathia HMHS Britannic CS Mackay - Bennett SS Californian Replica Titanic Titanic II Others White Star Line Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS Robert Ballard Olympic - class ocean liners RMS Olympic ( 1910 ) RMS Titanic ( 1911 ) HMHS Britannic ( 1914 ) See also : Replica Titanic , Titanic II Last remaining survivors of the RMS Titanic disaster 2000 -- 2009 Millvina Dean ( 1912 -- 2009 ) Barbara West ( 1911 -- 2007 ) Lillian Asplund ( 1906 -- 2006 ) Winnifred Quick ( 1904 -- 2002 ) Michel Navratil ( 1908 -- 2001 ) 1995 -- 1999 Eleanor Johnson ( 1910 -- 1998 ) Louise Laroche ( 1910 -- 1998 ) Edith Brown ( 1896 -- 1997 ) Eva Hart ( 1905 -- 1996 ) Beatrice Sandström ( 1910 -- 1995 ) 1990 -- 1994 Robertha `` Bertha '' Watt ( 1899 -- 1993 ) Ellen Shine ( 1891 -- 1993 ) Marjorie Newell ( 1889 -- 1992 ) Louise Kink ( 1908 -- 1992 ) Bertram Dean ( 1910 -- 1992 ) Alden Caldwell ( 1911 -- 1992 ) Michael Joseph ( 1907 -- 1991 ) Frank `` Philip '' Aks ( 1911 -- 1991 ) George Touma ( 1904 -- 1991 ) Anna `` Annie '' McGowan ( 1897 -- 1990 ) Ruth Becker ( 1899 -- 1990 )",
"75": "Ocean liners with four funnels SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse ( 1897 ) SS Deutschland ( 1900 ) SS Kronprinz Wilhelm ( 1901 ) SS Kaiser Wilhelm II ( 1902 ) RMS Lusitania ( 1906 ) RMS Mauretania ( 1906 ) SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie ( 1906 ) SS France ( 1910 ) RMS Olympic ( 1910 ) RMS Titanic ( 1911 ) RMS Aquitania ( 1913 ) HMHS Britannic ( 1914 ) RMS Arundel Castle ( 1921 ) RMS Windsor Castle ( 1922 ) Timeline of the world 's largest passenger ships Syracusia ( 240 BC ) Thalamegos ( 200 BC ) Caravel ships ( 1400s ) SS Royal William ( 1831 ) SS Great Western ( 1837 ) SS British Queen ( 1839 ) SS President ( 1840 ) SS Great Britain ( 1845 ) HMS Himalaya ( 1854 ) RMS Atrato ( 1854 ) SS Great Eastern ( 1858 ) RMS Celtic ( 1901 ) RMS Baltic ( 1903 ) RMS Empress of Scotland ( 1906 ) RMS Lusitania ( 1907 ) RMS Mauretania ( 1907 ) RMS Olympic ( 1911 ) RMS Titanic ( 1912 ) SS Imperator ( 1913 ) SS Leviathan ( 1913 ) RMS Majestic ( 1914 ) SS Normandie ( 1935 ) RMS Queen Mary ( 1936 ) RMS Queen Elizabeth ( 1940 ) MS Sovereign of the Seas ( 1987 ) MS Sun Princess ( 1995 ) MS Carnival Sunshine ( 1996 ) MS Grand Princess ( 1997 ) MS Voyager of the Seas ( 1999 )",
"76": "MS Explorer of the Seas ( 2000 ) MS Navigator of the Seas ( 2002 ) RMS Queen Mary 2 ( 2004 ) MS Freedom of the Seas / MS Liberty of the Seas / MS Independence of the Seas ( 2006 ) MS Oasis of the Seas ( 2009 ) MS Allure of the Seas ( 2010 ) MS Harmony of the Seas ( 2016 ) MS Symphony of the Seas ( 2018 ) White Star Line ships Surviving ships Nomadic ( 1911 ) Planned Olympic ( order cancelled ) Oceanic ( never completed ) Former ships Red Jacket ( 1853 ) Blue Jacket ( 1854 ) Tayleur ( 1854 ) Oceanic ( 1870 ) Atlantic ( 1871 ) Baltic ( 1871 ) Tropic ( 1871 ) Asiatic ( 1871 ) Republic ( 1872 ) Adriatic ( 1872 ) Celtic ( 1872 ) Traffic ( 1872 ) Gaelic ( 1872 ) Belgic ( 1873 ) Britannic ( 1874 ) Germanic ( 1875 ) Arabic ( 1881 ) Coptic ( 1881 ) Ionic ( 1883 ) Doric ( 1883 ) Belgic ( 1885 ) Gaelic ( 1885 ) Cufic ( 1888 ) Runic ( 1889 ) Teutonic ( 1889 ) Majestic ( 1890 ) Tauric ( 1891 ) Magnetic ( 1891 ) Nomadic ( 1891 ) Naronic ( 1892 ) Bovic ( 1892 ) Gothic ( 1893 ) Cevic ( 1894 ) Pontic ( 1894 ) Georgic ( 1895 ) Delphic ( 1897 )",
"77": "Cymric ( 1898 ) Afric ( 1899 ) Medic ( 1899 ) Persic ( 1899 ) Oceanic Runic ( 1900 ) Suevic ( 1901 ) Celtic ( 1901 ) Athenic ( 1902 ) Corinthic ( 1902 ) Ionic ( 1903 ) Cedric ( 1903 ) Victorian ( 1903 ) Armenian ( 1903 ) Arabic ( 1903 ) Romanic ( 1903 ) Cretic ( 1903 ) Republic ( 1903 ) Canopic ( 1904 ) Cufic ( 1904 ) Baltic ( 1904 ) Tropic ( 1904 ) Gallic ( 1907 ) Adriatic ( 1907 ) Laurentic ( 1909 ) Megantic ( 1909 ) Zeeland ( 1910 ) Traffic ( 1911 ) Olympic ( 1911 ) Belgic ( 1911 ) Zealandic ( 1911 ) Titanic ( 1912 ) SS Ceramic ( 1913 ) Lapland ( 1914 ) Britannic ( 1914 ) Belgic ( 1917 ) Justicia ( 1918 ) Vedic ( 1918 ) Bardic ( 1919 ) Gallic ( 1920 ) Mobile ( 1920 ) Arabic ( 1920 ) Homeric ( 1920 ) Haverford ( 1921 ) Poland ( 1922 ) Majestic ( 1922 ) Pittsburgh ( 1922 ) Doric ( 1923 ) Delphic ( 1925 ) Regina ( 1925 ) Albertic ( 1927 ) Calgaric ( 1927 ) Laurentic ( 1927 ) Britannic ( 1929 ) Georgic ( 1931 ) Years indicate year of entry into White Star service . Ships that were lost",
"78": "on their maiden voyage Naval ships Vasa ( 1628 ) Galera Victoria ( 1729 ) Georgiana ( 1863 ) Flach ( 1866 ) Grosser Kurfürst ( 1878 ) Posidonia ( 1940 ) Bismarck ( 1941 ) Dinsdale ( 1942 ) Shinano ( 1944 ) Passenger ships and cargo liners Amazon ( 1851 ) City of Philadelphia ( 1854 ) New Era ( 1854 ) Tayleur ( 1854 ) Castilian ( 1899 ) Titanic ( 1912 ) Georges Philippar ( 1932 ) Magdalena ( 1949 ) Hans Hedtoft ( 1959 ) Zenobia ( 1980 ) Cargo ships Batavia ( 1629 ) Vansittart ( 1719 ) Fortuyn ( 1723 ) Zeewijk ( 1727 ) Amsterdam ( 1749 ) Royal Captain ( 1773 ) Hartwell ( 1787 ) Carrier Pigeon ( 1852 ) Crescent City ( 1871 ) Catherine Griffiths ( 1875 ) Queensmore ( 1889 ) Irex ( 1890 ) Brecknockshire ( 1916 ) Dumaru ( 1918 ) Mecanicien Donzel ( 1918 ) Hastier ( 1919 ) Treveal ( 1920 ) Adolf Vinnen ( 1923 ) Île de Los ( 1935 ) Joseph Medill ( 1935 ) Mim ( 1939 ) Empire Thunder ( 1941 ) Michael E ( 1941 ) Alexander Macomb ( 1942 ) Derryheen ( 1942 ) Empire Clough ( 1942 ) Empire Drum ( 1942 ) Empire Dryden ( 1942 ) Empire Spenser ( 1942",
"79": ") Fort Good Hope ( 1942 ) Fort la Reine ( 1942 ) George Calvert ( 1942 ) George Thatcher ( 1942 ) Sam Houston ( 1942 ) San Victorio ( 1942 ) Stangarth ( 1942 ) Stephen Hopkins ( 1942 ) Bloody Marsh ( 1943 ) Empire Florizel ( 1943 ) Fort Cedar Lake ( 1943 ) Haakon Jarl ( 1943 ) John Morgan ( 1943 ) J. Pinckney Henderson ( 1943 ) Kherzon ( 1943 ) Matt W. Ransom ( 1943 ) Molly Pitcher ( 1943 ) Fort Crevier ( 1944 ) John A. Treutlen ( 1944 ) Union Star ( 1981 ) Ranga ( 1982 ) Reijin ( 1988 ) Racing yachts Mohawk ( 1876 ) 1 = Due to enemy action . 2 = Maiden revenue - earning voyage . 3 = Constructive total loss Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1912 Shipwrecks 2 Feb : HMS A3 29 Feb : H.K. Bedford 12 Mar : Oceana 20 Mar : Koombana 2 Apr : USS Santee 15 Apr : Titanic ( sinking ) 12 May : HMS A3 May ( unknown date ) : USS Pensacola 8 Jun : Vendémiaire 26 Jun : Naniwa 8 Aug : HMS Holland 5 17 Aug : Leafield 1 Sep : HMS Waterwitch 3 Sep : HMS Holland 4 28 Sep : Kiche Maru 4 Oct : HMS B2 16 Oct : Ralph Creyke , Nicaragua 22 Oct : SS Keystorm 31 Oct : Feth - i Bülend 23 Nov : Rouse Simmons 28 Nov : Friendship Unknown date : City of Adelaide , USS Ericsson ,",
"80": "Fox Other incidents 18 Jan : Sarah Dixon 2 Feb : HMS Hazard 12 Mar : Pisagua 14 - 15 Apr : Californian 2 Jun : Friendship , Derwent 8 Jun : Saint Louis 16 Aug : Camano , Sioux 4 Oct : Amerika 12 Oct : Arabia December ( unknown date ) : Lady Elizabeth , Pelayo 1911 1913 Coordinates : 41 ° 43 ′ 57 '' N 49 ° 56 ′ 49 '' W / 41.73250 ° N 49.94694 ° W / 41.73250 ; - 49.94694 VIAF : 264840228 LCCN : n50082026 GND : 4121777 - 9 NLA : 52369553 SNAC : w6zk9cf5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RMS_Titanic&oldid=838311942 '' Categories : Maritime incidents in 1912 RMS Titanic 1910s in Newfoundland 1911 ships 1912 in Canada 1912 in the United Kingdom 1912 in the United States Deaths by drowning Deaths due to shipwreck Four funnel liners History of Halifax , Nova Scotia Olympic - class ocean liners Passenger ships of the United Kingdom Ship collisions with icebergs Ships built by Harland and Wolff Ships built in Belfast Ships of Ireland Ships of the White Star Line Ships sunk in collisions Shipwrecks of the Newfoundland and Labrador coast Steamships of the United Kingdom Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : display - authors Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2012 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from July 2014 Use",
"81": "dmy dates from April 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Curlie links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans አማርኛ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski",
"82": "Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ",
"83": "Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 104 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 06 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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6653870244983132962
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who sang the theme song to step by step
|
[
"Jesse Frederick James Conaway",
"Frederick in a duet with Teresa James",
"Jesse Frederick James Conaway",
"Jesse Frederick James Conaway",
"Jesse Frederick"
] |
{
"0": "Jesse Frederick - wikipedia Jesse Frederick Jump to : navigation , search Jesse Frederick James Conaway ( born 1948 ) , known professionally as Jesse Frederick , is an American film and television composer and singer best known for writing and performing the themes to TGIF television shows such as Perfect Strangers , Full House , Family Matters , and Step By Step for ABC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Music career beginnings 2.1 Bearsville Records and early EPs 3 Film composing 4 Foray into TV : Bennett Salvay and Miller / Boyett 4.1 Perfect Strangers 4.2 Valerie / Valerie 's Family 4.3 Full House 4.4 Family Matters 4.5 1990s success 4.6 Return to television scoring 5 Work with other TV producers 6 References 7 External links Early years ( edit ) Frederick was born Jesse Frederick James Conaway in Salisbury , Maryland , and was raised in Seaford , Delaware . He was the youngest of two children . His brother , Everett Thomas ( Tommy ) Conaway , Jr. ( 1944 - 1956 ) , died of Cystic Fibrosis at 12 years of age . In his early childhood , Jesse was familiarly known as `` Freddy '' before legally dropping the James Conaway from his name in his later teens . This was done in an attempt to distinguish himself from the legacy of his father , Everett T. `` Conny '' Conaway , Sr. ( 1915 - 2010 ) . Conny was a prominent figure in the poultry processing industry . During his unprecedented 70 - year career , the senior Conaway designed and built some of the earliest processing plants for Allen Family Foods , Frank Perdue and Preston Townsend , all of which are still operating today . In early adolescence , Frederick attended Massanutten Military Academy for two years . Once he entered high school , his father put him to work , hoping to groom a protege in the industry . Frederick learned about the processing of poultry first hand as a plant laborer at many of his father 's factories on the East Coast .",
"1": "In high school , Frederick was a bright , multi-talented , popular student ; he starred in many school plays and although his primary musical instrument was classical trumpet , he demonstrated from his youth a talent for mastery of a variety of musical instruments . He graduated Seaford High School in 1966 , before attending Shenandoah College and Conservatory Of Music . Under his father 's tutelage , he studied mechanical drafting , and eventually worked as his apprentice in plant overhead conveyor layout designs . All the while , the young musician continued writing and composing his own work , while pursuing aspirations to make it in the music industry . Music career beginnings ( edit ) Bearsville Records and early eps ( edit ) Although he released some early single records in the Philadelphia area in his late teens , and recorded demos for Columbia Records while in college , it was in 1971 , at the age of 23 , Jesse was signed to Albert Grossman 's Bearsville Records . His self - titled debut album , recorded in Nashville and mixed in part by Todd Rundgren , was released in that year . Although the album gained Frederick a lot of respect from his peers , its sales success was limited . In 1973 , Bearsville released a promo 45 featuring both stereo and mono versions of the first single from Frederick 's second album , After the Rain , which would never be released . The single was entitled `` I Belong to You '' . As the 1970s progressed , Frederick would sign with another label , spawning a third album in the process ; as in the last project at Bearsville , it never saw the light of day . In a partnership with producer Jeff Koz ( who had worked with Frederick on some film and video projects ) , Frederick formed the band The Kinetics and released the single , `` Do n't Stand In The Shadow '' , for Columbia Records . Film composing ( edit ) By the late 1970s , Frederick had changed his beat to movie and TV score composing . He performed vocals for the character `` Tommy Dee '' ( played by Paul Land ) in the 1980 Taylor Hackford film The Idolmaker . A single from the picture 's soundtrack , `` Here Is My Love '' , was released in both stereo and mono formats . That same year , Frederick played Alice Cooper 's roadie in the film Roadie .",
"2": "In 1982 , Frederick composed the score for the Troma Entertainment motion picture The Fanatic ( aka The Last Horror Film ) . Many more major theatrical titles would follow , including that of Garry Marshall 's 1984 hit The Flamingo Kid . Foray into TV : Bennett Salvay and Miller / Boyett ( edit ) In the mid-1980s , as a result of his movie scoring work , Frederick began a partnership writer / composer ( Paul ) Bennett Salvay . The two musicians had both come off Garry Marshall - produced projects at the time they began working together . Frederick had just completed his scoring for The Flamingo Kid , while Salvay had been music director in the later seasons of the hit series Happy Days , Laverne & Shirley and Mork & Mindy , for Garry Marshall 's Henderson Productions , Miller - Milkis - Boyett Productions and Paramount Television . The pair found they had a dynamic spark of creativity between them , and sought out work on original compositions that would be pitched to TV and movie projects . As Frederick worked on new musical material with him , Salvay would eventually lead them to new opportunities with his TV employers . When producers Thomas L. Miller and Robert L. Boyett left Paramount for Lorimar Productions in 1984 , they retained many of their former Paramount staffers , including Salvay and ( initially ) music composer Charles Fox . Miller and Boyett quickly set out to develop new projects at Lorimar ( minus their former Paramount partner , Edward K. Milkis ) , and in the process of keeping Salvay on their soundtrack staff , noticed his work with Frederick and commissioned the both of them to be songwriters for their projects , working separately from Fox . In 1985 , Miller and Boyett assigned the pair to their new comedy project for ABC , which was titled The Greenhorn in its early stages . Although it was too early to predict at the time , Frederick and Salvay had just embarked on what would be a long - running alliance with Miller - Boyett Productions . Perfect Strangers ( edit ) When ABC slated the new Miller / Boyett project to premiere on Tuesdays in March 1986 , following some cast changes , it went into official production under the new title , Perfect Strangers .",
"3": "Frederick and Salvay penned their first TV title track , `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Me Now '' , for the series , which obliquely told the ballad of the show 's two leads -- Balki Bartokomous ( Bronson Pinchot ) and Larry Appleton ( Mark Linn - Baker ) -- as the former had dreams of making it in America from the island of Mypos , while the latter had aspirations to make it in Chicago , after moving from Wisconsin . Perfect Strangers went on to become a hit , running eight seasons on ABC , and made Frederick and Salvay 's songwriting weekly staples in millions of households across the country . While the lyrics were written by Frederick and Salvay , `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Me Now '' was sung by David Pomeranz . Valerie / Valerie 's Family ( edit ) Beginning in the 1986 - 87 season , Frederick and Salvay were asked to score selected episodes of NBC 's Miller / Boyett - produced sitcom Valerie , which had premiered in March 1986 , three weeks before the debut of Perfect Strangers on ABC . Charles Fox handled composing on Valerie for the show 's first two seasons ( in fact , it was the only Miller / Boyett series from the Lorimar era to use Fox ) , with Bruce Miller taking over regular scoring from seasons three through six . Frederick and Salvay scored three episodes : one which aired in November 1986 , another in April 1987 ( which they co-scored with Steven Chesne ) and a third in the spring of 1988 , after the series had been retitled Valerie 's Family . Full House ( edit ) In 1987 , Frederick and Salvay wrote their second title track for Miller - Boyett , `` Everywhere You Look '' , for the new ABC fall sitcom Full House . This theme had a more love - of - the - family - centric subject in its lyrics , but was in line with their work on other Miller / Boyett shows due to its catchiness and upbeat nature . Full House initially struggled in the ratings , but when ABC scheduled it on Tuesdays in addition to its regular Friday slot for a time in 1988 , it began a gradual increase in audience size . The series became popular in its second season .",
"4": "It then served as the anchor of ABC 's new TGIF lineup in 1989 , where Frederick and Salvay 's work were about to be heavily showcased . Full House cracked the Nielsen top 30 in its third season and the top 20 in its fourth . Well before it reached its peak in seasons five to seven ( where it shot to the top 5 ) , `` Everywhere You Look '' , in its various edits , had become a highly referenced and celebrated song among young viewers . The hook that most heavily caught fans ' delight was the opening line , which pondered , `` Whatever happened to predictability ? The milkman , the paperboy , evening TV ? '' By this point , it was recognized that the strength in Frederick and his partner 's work was found in their knack for lyric - heavy , uplifting compositions . There was a common theme between most : that of realizing one 's dreams , and making a success out of one 's life . It was these ingredients that touched a generation of young viewers especially . Frederick and Salvay 's underscores for Full House , which were more sentimental and instrument - heavy than on earlier hit Perfect Strangers , became the signature sound the two are also most recognized for . There is much speculation that Frederick inspired the creation of one of the series ' main characters . When Full House was in early development in 1986 ( under the working title House of Comics ) , the role eventually given to star John Stamos was that of Adam Cochran , one of three comedians sharing a house in San Francisco . Once the format was revised and the original pilot set to shoot , Stamos ' character became Jesse Cochran ( later renamed Jesse Katsopolis as a nod to Stamos 's Greek ethnicity ) , the super-cool rock musician brother - in - law of Danny Tanner ( played in the unaired pilot by John Posey , before Bob Saget became available for the role ) . Fitting in with the character 's new image , it is believed that naming him `` Jesse '' and turning him into a rocker was inspired by the real - life persona of Frederick . However , series creator Jeff Franklin has stated that when the character was being renamed , he was reminded of Elvis Presley 's twin brother Jesse , who had died at a young age .",
"5": "In 2015 , `` Everywhere You Look '' was re-recorded with Carly Rae Jepsen on vocals for Full House 's Netflix sequel series , Fuller House . Family Matters ( edit ) Joining ABC 's established Miller / Boyett shows on the newly developed TGIF in September 1989 was Family Matters , a spin - off from Perfect Strangers . Frederick and Salvay scored the scenes and the closing theme alone during the series ' first few episodes . During the first five ABC broadcasts , the title track was a shortened version of Louis Armstrong 's `` What A Wonderful World '' . The closing theme that Frederick and Salvay wrote and recorded was a melody loosely based on `` What A Wonderful World '' , featuring a more uptempo beat dominated by saxophone and culminating in an orchestral crescendo . By the sixth episode of Family Matters , Miller and Boyett , along with show creators William Bickley and Michael Warren , decided that they wanted a more sitcom-esque opening theme for the show . Frederick and Salvay wrote an original title track featuring a jazzy , ragtime piano prologue leading into an upbeat melody , again using high orchestration . Titled `` As Days Go By '' , it was sung by Frederick with a back - up chorus of male singers . Family Matters was only a moderate success until Jaleel White 's Steve Urkel was added in early 1990 , becoming the show 's breakout character . `` As Days Go By '' remained as the Family Matters theme in various forms until the beginning of the show 's seventh season . It was n't until the start of the series ' fifth season in 1993 that Frederick and Salvay composed a closing version of `` As Days Go By '' ; it was a hip - hop sounding rendition with a saxophone domination . The melody was slightly altered so that it did n't closely match the notes of the opening version . 1990s success ( edit ) In 1990 , the works of Frederick and Salvay received dramatically increased air time in the US . Perfect Strangers went into rerun syndication that fall . As a result , their music was being played on a five - days - a-week basis .",
"6": "Further , Miller / Boyett had just acquired a complete programming stake in ABC 's hit TGIF lineup , having four of their comedies air back - to - back . Full House , Family Matters and Perfect Strangers were joined by freshman series Going Places . Frederick and Salvay composed all music for Going Places , but for the first time since Perfect Strangers , had another singer , Mark Lennon , perform the theme . Over at CBS , Miller / Boyett 's other new series The Family Man was airing on Saturday nights alongside the producers ' NBC series The Hogan Family ( the former Valerie and Valerie 's Family ) , which had switched networks . The Hogan Family was the only Miller / Boyett series from the Lorimar era to have not utilized Frederick and Salvay for most of its run , aside from the selected episodes they scored in 1986 - 88 . The two worked on The Family Man , which boasted a first for both the musical team and Miller / Boyett ; it was the first series in the group to have an instrumental opening theme . Programs that ensued for the duo included Step By Step in 1991 . The latter 's title track , `` Second Time Around '' , was sung by Frederick in a duet with Teresa James . It illustrated the story of the show 's newly married couple , Frank Lambert ( Patrick Duffy ) and Carol Foster ( Suzanne Somers ) , as they had visions of mixing their households of kids together . Step By Step was another TGIF hit , running six seasons on ABC and its seventh and final on CBS . From 1992 to 1994 , Frederick and Salvay 's newest project with Miller / Boyett was at first titled A New Day in its earliest development . Following a revamp in its creation ( by Bickley / Warren ) , it premiered on TGIF in March 1993 as Getting By . The series had two different theme songs during each of its two seasons , the second of which aired on NBC . The first theme that Frederick and Salvay wrote was sentimental in nature with woodwind instrumentation , and sung by Mark Lennon . The second theme had the funk / hip - hop sound that had started to be heard on sister shows such as Family Matters , and had a different male vocalist . In 1994 , the two worked on Miller / Boyett 's single - season comedy On Our Own .",
"7": "It starred Ralph Louis Harris and the six Smollett siblings as a family learning to fend for themselves after the death of their parents . The series ' theme , one in a long line of feel - good , inspirational tunes from Frederick and Salvay , was performed by Joe Turano . In the later years of their run with Miller / Boyett , Frederick and Salvay would alternate score composing duties with other resident talents such as Steven Chesne and Gary Boren . On some series , such as Perfect Strangers in its last few seasons , the two were replaced entirely ( in this case , by Boren ) . After the conclusion of Full House and cancelation of On Our Own , both in 1995 , Frederick and Salvay continued work on most remaining Miller / Boyett shows . However , there would be no new projects from the producers until 1997 , when Miller and Boyett developed the new CBS comedy Meego , Bronson Pinchot 's third series with the production company ( earlier in 1997 , Pinchot had been a series regular on Step By Step ) . Meego , which aired on the network 's new `` Block Party '' lineup ( a TGIF clone ) , was a departure from the usual production and musical styles of both Miller / Boyett and Frederick and Salvay . The sentimental , upbeat rock - flavored scores from earlier shows were substituted by pieces with strictly orchestral sounds , which seem most fitting for a show about an alien who crashed - landed on Earth , and who was now living with an American family ( headed by Ed Begley , Jr . ) in the series . After only a month on the air , Meego was canceled due to disappointing ratings . Frederick and Salvay continued working for their longtime employers , even as their parent production companies went through further changes in the late 1990s . In 1997 , Michael Warren began the transition of splitting away professionally from William Bickley . The former teamed up with Miller and Boyett , forming Miller - Boyett - Warren Productions , initially to produce Meego . Bickley - Warren Productions remained active for one more season ( 1997 -- 98 ) to produce the final season of Family Matters and Step By Step , which both were cancelled by CBS ( the network both series had moved to that season ) in 1998 .",
"8": "Miller - Boyett - Warren had a new project for ABC in the works for that fall , which would end up being the final TV series project for Frederick and Salvay , as well as for the producers . That September , Two of a Kind , starring Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen , premiered . Frederick and Salvay wrote their shortest opening title track to date for this series ; however , Two of a Kind 's instrumental theme was a return to the acoustic guitar - dominated , upbeat tunes that that two were known for , especially on the Olsens ' former series , Full House . Two of a Kind , despite favorable reviews , folded in the spring of 1999 after one season . Return to television scoring ( edit ) In 2015 , Full House creator Jeff Franklin , along with Miller and Boyett , were all underway in launching the long - rumored revival series to Full House , entitled Fuller House . It marked the first time since the late 1990s that Jeff Franklin Productions and Miller - Boyett Productions were active in TV series producing , and ultimately , that Frederick and Salvay were working on music compositions for episodic television . As Fuller House moved into production , the producers were successful in courting Frederick and Salvay back to compose the score and theme music for the show ; the pair oversaw all music arrangement for the entire 13 - episode first season , which premiered on Netflix on February 26 , 2016 . While Frederick and Salvay worked on the incidental scene change music together , they formed a partnership with singer Carly Rae Jepsen and songwriter / producer Butch Walker to remix `` Everywhere You Look '' in new vocal and instrumental forms , those of which would serve as the opening and closing themes to Fuller House . Jepsen performed the opening vocals to `` Everywhere You Look '' , and the official commercial release of the song features never - before released verses that Frederick , Salvay and Jeff Franklin wrote for the track back in 1987 , but of which were never included in broadcasts of Full House . Work with other TV producers ( edit ) During his years co-writing with Bennett Salvay , Frederick occasionally received work with other TV producers . In 1986 , he and Salvay wrote the theme song to the short - lived CBS sitcom Better Days , a Lorimar series from producers Jeff Freilich , Stuart Sheslow and Arthur Silver .",
"9": "The Better Days title track has the distinction of being the first TV theme written by the two that Frederick performed vocals on ( predating his performance of `` Everywhere You Look '' on Full House ) . Later , they wrote a more saccharine - tinged theme for the just - as - short - lived spring 1988 ABC comedy Family Man ( no relation to the similarly titled Miller - Boyett series of two years later ) , which Frederick also performed . Also in 1988 , due to their primary employment on sitcoms produced by Lorimar , Frederick and Salvay scored selected episodes of CBS ' Falcon Crest , a dramatic Lorimar production . In 1992 , Frederick and Salvay were asked by Full House creator Jeff Franklin to handle scoring duties , with Gary Boren , on his new ABC sitcom Hangin ' With Mr. Cooper . The series was produced by Franklin and Lorimar Television ( later Warner Bros. Television from seasons two through five ) , but not by Miller - Boyett Productions during any point in its run . Frederick and Salvay handled scene scoring during the first season only . Over a year after their departure , Bickley - Warren Productions became a co-producer of Cooper . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/carly-rae-jepsen-talks-fuller-house-theme-song-20160222 External links ( edit ) Jesse Frederick on IMDb VIAF : 63210475 LCCN : n92110625 MusicBrainz : 1c89f1c5 - 8d57 - 46e3 - 959b - b41567ced7b0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Frederick&oldid=820280665 '' Categories : American television composers Living people 1948 births People from Salisbury , Maryland People from Seaford , Delaware Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Date of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Edit links This page was last edited on 14 January 2018 , at 01 : 10 .",
"10": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when is beyblade burst super z coming out
|
[
"April 2, 2018",
"April 2, 2018",
"April 2, 2018",
"April 2, 2018"
] |
{
"0": "List of Beyblade Burst Super Z episodes - wikipedia List of Beyblade Burst Super Z episodes Jump to : navigation , search Beyblade Burst Super Z is the 2018 sequel to the anime television series Beyblade Burst . It was adapted by OLM and began airing in all TXN stations in Japan on April 2 , 2018 . The opening theme is `` Chouzetsu Muteki Blader ! '' while the ending is `` BEY - POP '' . Episodes ( edit ) No . English title / Translated title Original airdate English airdate 01 `` This is a Transcended Bey ! ! '' `` Kore ga Chōzetsu Bei da ! ! '' ( これが 超 ゼツベイ だ ! ! ) April 2 , 2018 TBA Valt is lost in a jungle where he meets a small boy named Aiga who save both him and his bey , Valtryek from falling . Both introduce each other and Valt follows Aiga to his farmhouse . Aiga reveals that his family makes metal statues . Valt asks Aiga 's father to upgrade his Valkyrie . Valt gets his new Winning Valkyrie and moves for a test . Aiga is impressed with this and wants his own bey . His father rejects him so he decides to do it himself . With the help of his younger sister , he makes Z Achilles using the metal from a metal statue of a warrior . Valt and Aiga have a match where Valt wins with a burst finish . 02 `` Achilles VS Forneus ! ! '' `` Akiresu VS Foruneusu ! ! '' ( アキレス VS フォルネウス ! ! ) April 9 , 2018 TBA 03 `` The Duel at Sunset ! ! '' `` Yūhi no Kettō ! ! '' ( 夕陽 の 決 斗 ! ! ) April 16 , 2018 TBA 04 `` It 's Decided ! The Z Buster ! ! '' `` Kimero ! Zetto Basutā ! ! '' ( 決めろ !",
"1": "ゼット バスター ! ! ) April 23 , 2018 TBA 05 `` Super Z Showdown ! Valkyrie VS Longinus ! ! '' `` Chōzetsu Taiketsu ! Varukirī VS Ronginusu ! ! '' ( 超 ゼツ 対決 ! ヴァルキリー VS ロンギヌス ! ! ) April 30 , 2018 TBA 06 `` The White Tyrant ! A Battle Royale ! ! '' `` Shiroki Bokkun ! Batoru Roiyaru ! ! '' ( 白き 暴君 ! バトル ロイヤル ! ! ) May 7 , 2018 TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Beyblade Burst ' Latest News : Series to Return With Third Season Titled ' Chouzetsu ' in April '' . christianpost . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Beyblade by Takao Aoki & Takafumi Adachi Anime Original series ( episodes ) Characters Beyblade V - Force G - Revolution Metal series ( episodes ) Characters Metal Fusion chapters Metal Fusion Metal Masters Metal Fury Shogun Steel episodes BeyWarriors series BeyWheelz BeyWarriors : BeyRaiderz BeyWarriors : Cyborg Burst series Burst Burst Evolution Burst Super Z Franchise Toys Films Beyblade : Fierce Battle Beyblade : Sol Blaze , the Scorching Hot Invader Games DreamMix TV World Fighters Super Tournament Battle VForce : Ultimate Blader Jam Metal Fusion video games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Beyblade_Burst_Super_Z_episodes&oldid=836571869 '' Categories : Beyblade episode lists Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 16 : 17 . About Wikipedia",
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[
1,
0
] |
[
1,
0
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5995814638252489040
|
who played scotty baldwins father on general hospital
|
[
"Ross Elliott",
"Peter Hansen",
"Ross Elliott",
"Peter Hansen",
"Peter Hansen",
"Ross Elliott"
] |
{
"0": "Lee Baldwin - wikipedia Lee Baldwin Jump to : navigation , search For the ice hockey player , see Lee Baldwin ( ice hockey ) . Lee Baldwin Peter Hansen General Hospital character Portrayed by Ross Elliott ( 1963 -- 65 ) Peter Hansen ( 1965 -- 2004 ) Duration 1963 -- 86 1989 -- 90 1992 -- 2004 First appearance 1963 ( 1963 ) Last appearance July 16 , 2004 ( July 16 , 2004 ) Created by Frank and Doris Hursley Introduced by James Young ( 1963 ) Joseph Hardy ( 1989 ) Wendy Riche ( 1992 , 1997 ) Jill Farren Phelps ( 2004 ) Spin - off appearances Port Charles Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Lawyer ( show ) Family Brothers Tom Baldwin Spouse Meg Bentley ( 1966 -- 73 ) Caroline Chandler ( 1975 -- 76 ) Gail Adamson ( 1979 -- 2017 ) Adoptive sons Scott Baldwin Grandsons Franco Baldwin Logan Hayes Granddaughters Karen Wexler Serena Baldwin Christina Baldwin Nephews Tom Hardy Lee Baldwin is a fictional character on the daytime dramas General Hospital and Port Charles . Ross Elliott originated the role on General Hospital in 1963 . Peter Hansen inherited the role in 1965 and played it until 1986 and again from 1989 to 1990 before returning permanently from 1992 to 2004 . Lee Baldwin is the adoptive father of Scott Baldwin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 1.1 1963 -- 1979 1.2 1980 -- 2013 1.3 2017 2 References 3 External links Storylines ( edit ) 1963 -- 1979 ( edit ) A recovering alcoholic , Lee is a pillar in the community and has a thriving law practice . Scott has sometimes been a disappointment to Lee over the years but these days , Lee could n't be more proud of Scott and the way he turned his life around .",
"1": "In 1964 , as the painful memories of her past marriage to notorious Phil Brewer subsided , Jessie Brewer began to go out on tentative dates with her lawyer , Lee Baldwin . A lifelong bachelor and recovering alcoholic , Lee was a fixture on the seventh floor of General Hospital where he volunteered as an addiction counselor . When Jessie discovered she was pregnant by Phil after Phil left town , Lee offered to marry Jessie in order to give her baby a name . Once Jessie 's divorce from Phil was finalized , she would become Mrs. Lee Baldwin . But Phil found out about Jessie 's pregnancy before they could wed and returned to Port Charles . Phil plead for one month 's time to make it up to Jessie , but Jessie was afraid that if she left Lee , he 'd be devastated and return to drinking . Jessie went forth with her plans to marry Lee , but on the eve of their wedding , Jessie went into labor ! Phil was thrilled , since the divorce was n't finalized , and the baby would be born with his name ! Jessie gave birth to a beautiful daughter , Nancy Brewer , and Lee gallantly released Jessie from the `` burden '' of their engagement . Unfortunately , Nancy Brewer died of a heart condition in July 1966 . Lee was delighted by the arrival of nurse Meg Bentley that same year . Meg was a widow with a young son Scotty and teenage stepdaughter Brooke . Lee was forced to maintain a platonic relationship with Meg , since she was already engaged to Dr. Noel Clinton . Meg was devastated when Noel announced that he was leaving her for her stepdaughter Brooke ! Meg turned to Lee , who helped her through the shocking crisis . The situation was difficult for young Scotty Bentley , who lost both his sister and the man he hoped would become his father , when Noel and Brooke ran off to get married . Lee became a surrogate father to Scotty , and Meg happily wed Lee in late 1966 . Lee adopted Scotty shortly thereafter . Lee defended Jessie when she faced murder charges over her dead husband , Dr. John Prentice . Lee lost the case , and Jessie was sent to jail , but an eleventh hour confession by her stepdaughter Polly set her free .",
"2": "In 1969 , Lee and Meg 's marriage began to come apart when Meg 's old nursing school friend , Iris Fairchild , came to Port Charles and used alcohol to solve her life 's problems . Lee intervened and counseled her , giving her a job as his secretary and a reason to go on . Meg grew jealous of Lee 's friendship with Iris , and accused them of having an affair . Lee and Meg separated for a while over Meg 's unfounded accusations , but came together again when Lee donated his kidney to save Scotty 's life . The following year , Brooke 's marriage to Noel had fallen apart and Brooke returned to live with Meg and Lee . Meg was diagnosed with breast cancer , and after a radical mastectomy , Meg 's insecurities about her appearance were magnified by the presence of sexy Brooke . Meg suffered a nervous breakdown from her jealousy and depression , and Lee was regrettably forced to institutionalize his wife . By 1971 , Lee was thrilled to welcome Meg back from the mental institution , supposedly recovered from her mental breakdown . Now , Meg suffered from a severe case of hypertension . Dr. Lesley Williams , a strikingly beautiful doctor , was assigned to her case at General Hospital . The jealous Meg began to suspect -- wrongly -- that Lesley was trying to work her way into Lee 's bed ! During an argument with Lee , Meg suddenly died of a fatal stroke . Lee was devastated , but remained strong for Scotty . Lee defended Jessie against murder charges again in 1974 , when Jessie stood accused of her ex-husband Dr. Phil Brewer 's murder . Jessie saddened Lee when she refused to cooperate in her own defense . Lee urged Jessie to fight the charges , letting his emotions run away with him and kissing her passionately ! Lee proved Jessie 's innocence , but they could n't rekindle their old relationship . To Scotty 's delight , Lee Baldwin found a soulmate in adoption agent Caroline Chandler . After a marriage and a short honeymoon , the newlyweds returned to town to face the disastrous news that Caroline 's son , Bobby , an energetic med student , was suffering from an incurable case of Melenkoff 's disease . Miraculously , Bobby 's certain fate was reversed when Steve discovered that Bobby 's fatal diagnosis was wrong !",
"3": "Rejoicing from the welcome news , Lee and Caroline joined Bobby in New York where he received treatment . Lee Baldwin returned to Port Charles in 1977 after his wife died in an accident . Lee found comfort in long , warm and platonic evenings with Dr. Gail Adamson. Lee and Gail were good company for each other . Sensing his devastation , Gail secretly contacted Scotty Baldwin , Lee 's stepson , urging the young law student to get in touch with the only father he 'd ever known . Scotty had left Port Charles several years earlier and was now living in New York 's Greenwich Village . Gail 's mission worked when Scotty showed up in town . She smiled with satisfaction as father and son reunited . Scotty , agreeing to join the `` establishment '' , accepted a clerking job at General Hospital , where he met and became instantly captivated by young Laura Webber . In the spring of 1979 , Scotty kept assuring Laura that he was doing everything in his power to bring a June wedding about , but she lost confidence that they would ever be together . Disillusioned , Laura returned her ring and set out to make new friends . Laura 's disregard for his feelings sent Scotty into a tailspin . In despair , Scotty turned to drink . Thankfully , Lee , a recovering alcoholic , pulled his son out of the trap . Lee and Gail were married early in 1979 , followed by Laura and Scotty a short time later . Gail and Lee were constantly wrapped up in Scotty 's personal troubles . They stood by him through all the tumultuous twists and turns in Scotty 's marriage to Laura which included her rape at the campus disco by Luke Spencer . 1980 -- 2013 ( edit ) For much of 1980 , Lee and Gail tried to help Laura and Scotty repair their damaged marriage which became strained because of Laura 's rape . Scotty eventually found proof of who had raped Laura and showed up at Luke 's wedding to Jennifer Smith , and punched Luke , sending him flying overboard the Smith yacht . Laura found Luke and disappeared from Port Charles , leaving Scotty very bitter towards life . He soon disappeared from Port Charles , leaving only a letter for Laura , denouncing her as a slut .",
"4": "Because he blamed her for Scotty 's departure , Lee became antagonistic towards Laura , especially when they found themselves face to face at ELQ where Laura worked as a receptionist and Lee aided Edward Quartermaine in his legal issues . After Laura spent another summer on the run with Luke , she returned , determined to marry Scotty , and found him in Mexico where he promised to give her a divorce so she could marry Luke . The divorce papers ended up in Lee 's hands , and he burned them , embittered over Laura 's betrayal of his son . Gail feared that Lee would turn back to the bottle , but eventually Lee confessed what he had done and made amends with Laura , attending the wedding with no animosity from either Luke or Laura . When Scotty caught the bridal bouquet at the wedding and announced that he was contesting the divorce , Lee and Gail tried to talk some sense into him but were horrified to find out that he had returned to town a very embittered man . When Laura disappeared soon afterwards and was presumed dead , Lee and Gail mourned her but were relieved to find out that Scotty ( who had shared a plane ride with her that very night ) had nothing to do with her disappearance . At Scotty 's encouragement , Lee ran for Mayor in 1983 , and his opponent was none other than Luke Spencer , the man who ruined Scotty and Laura 's marriage ! Scotty was managing Lee 's campaign and using smear tactics to discredit Luke . Scotty even threatened to expose Luke 's sister 's past as a prostitute to get him to drop out of the race ! When Lee found out what Scotty was up to , Lee fired Scotty and Scotty left town . Luke 's campaign manager D.L. Brock used Lee 's alcoholism against him but Luke demanded that he not pull stunts like what Scotty had done . Luke won the election but after Laura was revealed to be alive , he resigned and Lee took over , resigning at the end of 1985 and leaving town with Gail to travel in early 1986 . In 1989 , Gail visited Port Charles alone , informing Scott ( who had returned ) that Lee was busy with work . The next year , Lee paid a visit with Gail and was shocked to find him in bed with Tracy Quartermaine .",
"5": "They returned to town for good in 1992 and supported Scotty when he married Dominique Taub who was dying . They were present at his wedding to Katherine Bell in late 1983 which was broken off when Lucy Coe revealed lies about Katherine 's past . Scott left town shortly afterwards . Lee and Gail were surprised to learn they were grandparents , when it was revealed in 1994 that Scott fathered high school graduate Karen Wexler with his secretary Rhonda Wexler when he was a law student . The very same year , Lee defended old friend Edward Quartermaine on the charges of murdering his own illegitimate son Bradley Ward who had actually been killed by their old business acquaintance Jack Boland . After several ups and downs with Scotty , Lee and Gail were thrilled when he returned to Port Charles in 1997 with his young daughter Serena . Dr. Julie Devlin called on Lee 's legal services in 1998 when she stood accused of the General Homicide serial killings . Julie 's murder trial began and Lee set out to make Dr. Eve Lambert look like the guilty party . Lee was successful in his defense of Julie , who was acquitted of all the charges against her . The killer was still at large , but the authorities now had a clue to go on as someone who resembled Eve was caught on tape by the surveillance camera on the roof of the hospital . At that same time , a woman wearing a very Eve - like wig was seen looking at herself in the mirror . When the woman turned around , it was revealed that Julie was the General Homicide killer ! As it turned out , Julie was really being controlled by evil Dr. Greg Cooper , and was doing his bidding . When Julie was finally caught , Lee Baldwin was appointed as her legal guardian , and Gail helped see to it that Julie was committed to Ferncliff psychiatric facility to get the therapy she needed . Chris and Julie schemed to have Lee replaced as Julie 's guardian to further their plan to get Julie acquitted of the murder charges and released from Ferncliff . Lee worried his loved ones in 1999 when he suffered a Pulmonary Embolism that nearly claimed his life , but with the love and support of his family rallying around him , Lee pulled through and is back to being a vital part of Port Charles .",
"6": "For months , DV Bordisso had made life a living hell for Scott and Lucy Coe . As it turned out , DV claimed to be Scott 's biological father and he wanted to get revenge on Scott for what his mother , Meg , had done to him before Scott was even born ! Scott , Lucy , Kevin , Eve and Victor all teamed up to beat DV at his own game and emerged victorious in the end . DV , however , managed to frame Scott for attempted murder , but an innocent Scott beat the charges . Scott faced some inner demons upon learning that DV was his biological father , but Lee helped Scott to see that no matter what Scott 's biology , he was Lee 's son , and was a good person . Lee and Gail were devastated by the July 2003 death of their eldest granddaughter Karen , when she was hit by a car . Though Lee and Gail mourned her death , they took comfort in the fact that Karen 's blood helped save Lucy 's life . Lila Quartermaine quietly died in her sleep on the evening of Tuesday , July 13 , 2004 , and Lee and Gail paid their respects to the Quartermaines at the funeral that Friday . The sources of joy for Lee are his beloved wife Gail and granddaughter , Serena . Highly respected by everyone in the community , Lee always comes down on the right side of the law . In May 2013 , Scott opted not to invite Lee , Gail , & Serena to his & Laura 's wedding , but rather keep it small and intimate . Their second attempt at marriage ended in divorce soon afterwards due to her pre-occupation with Luke 's ongoing problems . 2017 ( edit ) On July 13 , 2017 , Lucy comes to Scott to report Lee 's passing ( actor Peter Hansen died on April 9 ) .",
"7": "References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hansen_(actor ) External links ( edit ) Lee Baldwin @ SoapCentral.Com General Hospital General Hospital characters ( current contract cast only ) Curtis Ashford Jordan Ashford Hayden Barnes Nina Clay Carly Corinthos Jacks Corinthos Sonny Corinthos Alexis Davis Anna Devane Dante Falconeri Olivia Falconeri Hamilton Finn Franco Nelle Hayes Ava Jerome Julian Jerome Kiki Jerome Maxie Jones Andre Maddox Jason Morgan Sam Morgan Griffin Munro Dillon Quartermaine Michael Quartermaine Laura Spencer Lulu Spencer - Falconeri Elizabeth Webber Nathan West General Hospital characters ( recurring cast ) TJ Ashford Ned Ashton Scott Baldwin Spencer Cassadine Lucy Coe Darby Collette Kevin Collins Brad Cooper Kristina Davis Emma Drake Felix DuBois Leo Falconeri Rocco Falconeri Parker Forsyth Max Giambetti Milo Giambetti Alice Gunderson Josslyn Jacks Epiphany Johnson Lucas Jones Molly Lansing Ric Lansing Janice Lomax Rosalie Martinez Matthew Mayes Diane Miller Daniel Morgan Liesl Obrecht Monica Quartermaine Delia Ryan Mac Scorpio Robert Scorpio Felicia Scorpio - Jones Aiden Spencer Bobbie Spencer Cameron Spencer Jake Spencer Valerie Spencer Damian Spinelli Georgie Spinelli Ellie Trout David Walters Heather Webber General Hospital characters ( notable former characters ) Diego Alcazar Lorenzo Alcazar Ruby Anderson Larry Ashton Gail Baldwin Lee Baldwin Tom Baldwin Sr .",
"8": "Brenda Barrett Julia Barrett Amanda Barrington Katherine Bell Jessie Brewer Phil Brewer Shawn Butler Gia Campbell Helena Cassadine Mikkos Cassadine Stavros Cassadine Stefan Cassadine Victor Cassadine Jagger Cates Stone Cates Lois Cerullo Ryan Chamberlain Skye Chandler Mike Corbin Morgan Corinthos Rae Cummings Marco Dane Anna Donely Sean Donely Noah Drake Patrick Drake Bill Eckert Cesar Faison Connie Falconeri Audrey Hardy Tom Hardy Simone Hardy Steve Hardy Tom Hardy Tiffany Hill Paul Hornsby Matt Hunter Jasper Jacks Jerry Jacks Victor Jerome B.J. Jones Frisco Jones Georgie Jones Tania Jones Tony Jones Joe Kelly Duke Lavery Anne Logan Lucille March Courtney Matthews Susan Moore Lisa Niles Blackie Parrish A.J.",
"9": "Quartermaine Alan Quartermaine Edward Quartermaine Emily Quartermaine Lila Quartermaine Tracy Quartermaine Coleman Ratcliffe Madeline Reeves Lily Rivera Sabrina Santiago Robin Scorpio - Drake Kyle Sloane Frank Smith Zander Smith Filomena Soltini Lucky Spencer Luke Spencer Dominique Stanton Holly Sutton - Scorpio Marcus Taggert Diana Taylor Peter Taylor Amy Vining Justus Ward Mary Mae Ward Jeff Webber Lesley Webber Rick Webber Steven Webber Britt Westbourne Karen Wexler Anthony Zacchara Claudia Zacchara Johnny Zacchara Related topics Port Charles ( city ) Luke and Laura Sonny and Carly Patrick and Robin Frisco and Felicia Jason and Sam Lucky and Elizabeth Jason and Elizabeth List of cast members 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Children The Secret Life of Damian Spinelli History of General Hospital Fictional families Cassadine family Corinthos family Cramer family Hardy / Webber family Jerome family Lord family Quartermaine family Scorpio / Jones family Spencer family Spinoffs and specials Twist of Fate Port Charles Night Shift What If .",
"10": "( hide ) General Hospital characters Present and future characters Curtis Ashford Jordan Ashford TJ Ashford Franco Baldwin Scott Baldwin Charlotte Cassadine Spencer Cassadine Valentin Cassadine Nina Clay Lucy Coe Brad Cooper Kevin Collins Avery Corinthos Carly Corinthos Michael Corinthos Sonny Corinthos Alexis Davis Kristina Davis Anna Devane Emma Drake Robin Scorpio - Drake Felix DuBois Dante Falconeri Leo Falconeri Olivia Falconeri Rocco Falconeri Hamilton Finn Max Giambetti Milo Giambetti Alice Gunderson Nora Hanen Buchanan Jasper Jacks Josslyn Jacks Ava Jerome Julian Jerome Kiki Jerome Epiphany Johnson Felicia Jones Lucas Jones Maxie Jones Molly Lansing Ric Lansing Andre Maddox Diane Miller Danny Morgan Emily Scout Morgan Jason Morgan Sam Morgan Griffin Munro Liesl Obrecht Dillon Quartermaine Monica Quartermaine Ned Quartermaine Mac Scorpio Aiden Spencer Bobbie Spencer Cameron Spencer Jake Spencer Laura Spencer Lulu Spencer Valerie Spencer Damian Spinelli Georgie Spinelli Elizabeth Webber Heather Webber Nathan West Past characters Diego Alcazar Lorenzo Alcazar Lee Baldwin Hayden Barnes Brenda Barrett Jessie Brewer Phil Brewer Shawn Butler Helena Cassadine Nikolas Cassadine Stone Cates Claudia Zacchara Corinthos Morgan Corinthos Blair Cramer Rae Cummings Marco Dane Téa Delgado Noah Drake Patrick Drake Levi Dunkleman Audrey Hardy Steve Hardy Kate Howard Jerry Jacks Georgie Jones Duke Lavery Ethan Lovett Starr Manning Todd Manning Courtney Matthews John McBain Lisa Niles A.J.",
"11": "Quartermaine Alan Quartermaine Edward Quartermaine Emily Quartermaine Lila Quartermaine Skye Chandler Quartermaine Tracy Quartermaine Madeline Reeves Sabrina Santiago Holly Sutton - Scorpio Jennifer Smith Lucky Spencer Luke Spencer Cole Thornhart Justus Ward Mary Mae Ward Lesley Webber Steven Webber Britt Westbourne Johnny Zacchara Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Children Hardy / Webber Scorpio / Jones Spencer Quartermaine Cassadine Jerome Corinthos Lord Cramer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Baldwin&oldid=797755946 '' Categories : General Hospital characters Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 00 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-7958414179887081456
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how does a solid state fuel pump work
|
[
"via pulse-width modulation of the pump voltage"
] |
{
"0": "Fuel pump - wikipedia Fuel pump Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with fuel dispenser . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A high - pressure fuel pump on a Yanmar 2GM20 marine diesel engine A fuel pump is a frequently ( but not always ) essential component on a car or other internal combustion engined device . Many engines ( older motorcycle engines in particular ) do not require any fuel pump at all , requiring only gravity to feed fuel from the fuel tank or under high pressure to the fuel injection system . Often , carbureted engines use low pressure mechanical pumps that are mounted outside the fuel tank , whereas fuel injected engines often use electric fuel pumps that are mounted inside the fuel tank ( and some fuel injected engines have two fuel pumps : one low pressure / high volume supply pump in the tank and one high pressure / low volume pump on or near the engine ) . Fuel pressure needs to be within certain specifications for the engine to run correctly . If the fuel pressure is too high , the engine will run rough and rich , not combusting all of the fuel being pumped making the engine inefficient and a pollutant . If the pressure is too low , the engine may run lean , misfire , or stall . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mechanical pump 1.1 Plunger - Type Fuel Pump 1.2 Decline of mechanical pumps 2 Electric pump 3 Diesel Fuel Pumps 4 Turbopumps 5 References Mechanical pump ( edit ) Mechanical fuel pump , fitted to cylinder head Prior to the widespread adoption of electronic fuel injection , most carbureted automobile engines used mechanical fuel pumps to transfer fuel from the fuel tank into the fuel bowls of the carburetor . The two most widely used fuel feed pumps are diaphragm and plunger - type mechanical pumps . Diaphragm pumps are a type of positive displacement pump . Diaphragm pumps contain a pump chamber whose volume is increased or decreased by the flexing of a flexible diaphragm , similar to the action of a piston pump .",
"1": "A check valve is located at both the inlet and outlet ports of the pump chamber to force the fuel to flow in one direction only . Specific designs vary , but in the most common configuration , these pumps are typically bolted onto the engine block or head , and the engine 's camshaft has an extra eccentric lobe that operates a lever on the pump , either directly or via a pushrod , by pulling the diaphragm to bottom dead center . In doing so , the volume inside the pump chamber increased , causing pressure to decrease. This allows fuel to be pushed into the pump from the tank ( caused by atmospheric pressure acting on the fuel in the tank ) . The return motion of the diaphragm to top dead center is accomplished by a diaphragm spring , during which the fuel in the pump chamber is squeezed through the outlet port and into the carburetor . The pressure at which the fuel is expelled from the pump is thus limited ( and therefore regulated ) by the force applied by the diaphragm spring . The carburetor typically contains a float bowl into which the expelled fuel is pumped . When the fuel level in the float bowl exceeds a certain level , the inlet valve to the carburetor will close , preventing the fuel pump from pumping more fuel into the carburetor . At this point , any remaining fuel inside the pump chamber is trapped , unable to exit through the inlet port or outlet port . The diaphragm will continue to allow pressure to the diaphragm , and during the subsequent rotation , the eccentric will pull the diaphragm back to bottom dead center , where it will remain until the inlet valve to the carburetor reopens . Because one side of the pump diaphragm contains fuel under pressure and the other side is connected to the crankcase of the engine , if the diaphragm splits ( a common failure ) , it can leak fuel into the crankcase . The capacity of both mechanical and electric fuel pump is measured in psi ( which stands for pounds per square inch ) . Usually , this unit is the general measurement for pressure , yet it has slightly different meaning , when talking about fuel pumps . In this context it denotes the speed , at which the pump delivers fuel from the tank to the engine . This is one of fuel pump characteristics . The higher pressure is , the faster fuel flows .",
"2": "Diagram of diaphragm type fuel pump Plunger - type fuel pump ( edit ) Plunger - type pumps are a type of positive displacement pump that contain a pump chamber whose volume is increased and / or decreased by a plunger moving in and out of a chamber full of fuel with inlet and discharge stop - check valves . It is similar to that of a piston pump , but the high - pressure seal is stationary while the smooth cylindrical plunger slides through the seal . These pumps typically run at a higher pressure than diaphragm type pumps . Specific designs vary , but in the most common configuration , these pumps are mounted on the side of the injection pump and driven by the camshaft , either directly or via a pushrod . When the camshaft lobe is at top dead center , the plunger has just finished pushing the fuel through the discharge valve . A spring is used to pull the plunger outward creating a lower pressure pulling fuel into the chamber from the inlet valve . These pumps can run between 250 and 1,800 bar ( 3,625 and 26,000 psi ) . Because it is connected to the camshaft , the discharge pressure of these pumps is constant , but the rate at which it pumps is directly correlated to the revolutions per minute ( rpm ) of the engine . Both pumps create negative pressure to draw the fuel through the lines . However , the low pressure between the pump and the fuel tank , in combination with heat from the engine and / or hot weather , can cause the fuel to vaporize in the supply line . This results in fuel starvation as the fuel pump , designed to pump liquid , not vapor , is unable to suck more fuel to the engine , causing the engine to stall . This condition is different from vapor lock , where high engine heat on the pressured side of the pump ( between the pump and the carburetor ) boils the fuel in the lines , also starving the engine of enough fuel to run . Mechanical automotive fuel pumps generally do not generate much more than 10 -- 15 psi , which is more than enough for most carburetors . Decline of mechanical pumps ( edit ) As engines moved away from carburetors and towards fuel injection , mechanical fuel pumps were replaced with electric fuel pumps , because fuel injection systems operate more efficiently at higher fuel pressures ( 40 -- 60 psi ) than mechanical diaphragm pumps can generate .",
"3": "Electric fuel pumps are generally located in the fuel tank , in order to use the fuel in the tank to cool the pump and to ensure a steady supply of fuel . Another benefit of an in - tank mounted fuel pump is that a suction pump at the engine could suck in air through a ( difficult to diagnose ) faulty hose connection , while a leaking connection in a pressure line will show itself immediately . A potential hazard of a tank - mounted fuel pump is that all of the fuel lines are under ( high ) pressure , from the tank to the engine . Any leak will be easily detected , but is also hazardous . Electric pump ( edit ) A piston metering pump f.e. gasoline -- or additive metering pump In many modern cars the fuel pump is usually electric and located inside the fuel tank . The pump creates positive pressure in the fuel lines , pushing the gasoline to the engine . The higher gasoline pressure raises the boiling point . Placing the pump in the tank puts the component least likely to handle gasoline vapor well ( the pump itself ) farthest from the engine , submersed in cool liquid . Another benefit to placing the pump inside the tank is that it is less likely to start a fire . Though electrical components ( such as a fuel pump ) can spark and ignite fuel vapors , liquid fuel will not explode ( see flammability limit ) and therefore submerging the pump in the tank is one of the safest places to put it . In most cars , the fuel pump delivers a constant flow of gasoline to the engine ; fuel not used is returned to the tank . This further reduces the chance of the fuel boiling , since it is never kept close to the hot engine for too long . Electric fuel pump An advantage of an electric fuel pump is reduced fuel consumption because it does not have the resistance associated with a mechanical drive and because the fuel supply can be monitored more accurately by the electronic control unit ( ECU ) . Pre-delivery of fuel can also be accomplished by an electric fuel pump because it does not depend on engine rpm . Due to this , rapid engine starting can be implemented to conserve gas . This is particularly important in stop - start systems where the engine turns itself off when it senses no use , such as stopped at a stoplight .",
"4": "The ignition switch does not carry the power to the fuel pump ; instead , it activates a relay which will handle the higher current load . It is common for the fuel pump relay to become oxidized and cease functioning ; this is much more common than the actual fuel pump failing . Modern engines utilize solid - state control which allows the fuel pressure to be controlled via pulse - width modulation of the pump voltage . This increases the life of the pump , allows a smaller and lighter device to be used , and reduces electrical load . Cars with electronic fuel injection have an electronic control unit ( ECU ) and this may be programmed with safety logic that will shut the electric fuel pump off , even if the engine is running . In the event of a collision this will prevent fuel leaking from any ruptured fuel line . Additionally , cars may have an inertia switch ( usually located underneath the front passenger seat ) that is `` tripped '' in the event of an impact , or a roll - over valve that will shut off the fuel pump in case the car rolls over . Some ECUs may also be programmed to shut off the fuel pump if they detect low or zero oil pressure , for instance if the engine has suffered a terminal failure ( with the subsequent risk of fire in the engine compartment ) . The fuel sending unit assembly may be a combination of the electric fuel pump , the filter , the strainer , and the electronic device used to measure the amount of fuel in the tank via a float attached to a sensor which sends data to the dash - mounted fuel gauge . The fuel pump by itself is a relatively inexpensive part . But a mechanic at a garage might have a preference to install the entire unit assembly . Diesel fuel pumps ( edit ) Diesel fuel pumps operate at a much higher pressure due to the engine 's specs and are usually mechanical pumps such as common rail radial piston pump , common rail two piston radial , inline pump , port and helix , and metering unit design . Radial piston pumps used in cars and trucks are fuel lubricated , this helps with keeping oil out of the high pressure fuel . Oil in the fuel can raise emissions and clog injectors . Many diesel engines are common rail , which means all the injectors are supplied by one pipe full of high pressure fuel supplied by the fuel pump . Common rails dampen the pressure fluctuations when fuel is used by each injector and pumped into the cylinder .",
"5": "Common rails also make it easier for the fuel pressure to be measured by one device instead of one per cylinder . Port and Helix ( plunger type ) high pressure fuel pumps are most commonly used in marine diesels because of their simplicity , reliability , and its ability to be scaled up in proportion to the engine size . Port and Helix type pump Port and Helix pumps are cam driven plunger type pumps that run at one - half engine rpm for four stoke engines and at the same rpm in the case of a two stroke . The pump is similar to that of a radial piston type pump but instead of a piston it has a machined plunger that has no seals . When the plunger is at top dead center , the injection to the cylinder is finished and it is returned on its downward stroke by a compression spring . Because the height of the cam lobe can not be easily changed , the amount of fuel being pumped to the injector is controlled by a rack and pinion device that rotates the plunger allowing variable amounts of fuel to the area above the plunger . Inlet and outlet ports are located on two sides of the pumps cylinder walls allowing fuel to flow through the compression chamber until the plunger is driven up closing the two ports and starting the compression motion . The outlet port feeds back into the fuel tank / settler of the engine . The fuel is then forced through a stop check valve , to prevent backflow to the injector nozzle at pressures that can exceed 18,000 psi . Turbopumps ( edit ) Main article : Turbopump Many jet engines , including rocket engines use a turbopump which is a centrifugal pump usually propelled by a gas turbine or in some cases a ram - air device ( particularly in ramjet engines which lack a shaft ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hollembeak , Barry ( 2005 ) . Classroom Manual for Automotive Fuels and Emissions . Cengage Learning . p. 154 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zahl , Timothy ( 12 July 2016 ) . `` Does My Vehicle Have a Mechanical or Electric Fuel Pump ? '' . CARiD.com . Jump up ^ Judge , A. ( 1965 ) . Modern Smaller Diesel Engines ( Vol. 7 ) .",
"6": "Cambridge , Massachusetts : Robert Bentley Inc . Jump up ^ Mollenhauer , K. , & Tschöke , H. ( 2010 ) . Handbook of Diesel Engines . Berlin : Springer - Verlag . ^ Jump up to : Mollenhauer , K. , & Tschöke , H. ( 2010 ) . Handbook of Diesel Engines . Berlin : Springer - Verlag . ^ Jump up to : Judge , A. ( 1965 ) . Modern Smaller Diesel Engines ( Vol. 7 ) . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Robert Bentley Inc . Automotive engine Part of the Automobile series Basic terminology Bore Compression ratio Crank Cylinder Dead centre Diesel engine Dry sump Engine balance Engine configuration Engine displacement Engine knocking Firing order Hydrolock Petrol engine Power band Redline Spark - ignition engine Stroke Stroke ratio Wet sump Main components Connecting rod Crankcase Crankpin Crankshaft Crossplane Cylinder bank Cylinder block Cylinder head ( crossflow , reverse - flow ) Flywheel Head gasket Hypereutectic piston Main bearing Piston Piston ring Starter ring gear Sump Valvetrain Cam Cam follower Camshaft Desmodromic valve Hydraulic tappet Multi-valve Overhead camshaft Overhead valve Pneumatic valve springs Poppet valve Pushrod Rocker arm Sleeve valve Tappet Timing belt Timing mark Valve float Variable valve timing Aspiration Air filter Blowoff valve Boost controller Butterfly valve Centrifugal - type supercharger Cold air intake Dump valve Electronic throttle control Forced induction Inlet manifold Intake Intercooler Manifold vacuum Naturally aspirated engine Ram - air intake Scroll - type supercharger Short ram air intake Supercharger Throttle Throttle body",
"7": "Turbocharger Twin - turbo Variable - geometry turbocharger Variable - length intake manifold Warm air intake Fuel system Carburetor Common rail Direct injection Fuel filter Fuel injection Fuel pump Fuel tank Gasoline direct injection Indirect injection Injection pump Lean - burn Stratified charge engine Turbo fuel stratified injection Unit injector Ignition Contact breaker Magneto Distributor Electrical ballast High tension leads Ignition coil Spark plug Wasted spark Electrics and engine management Air -- fuel ratio meter Alternator Automatic Performance Control Car battery ( lead -- acid battery ) Crankshaft position sensor Dynamo Drive by wire Electronic control unit Engine control unit Engine coolant temperature sensor Glow plug Idle air control actuator MAP sensor Mass flow sensor Oxygen sensor Starter motor Throttle position sensor Exhaust system Automobile emissions control Catalytic converter Diesel particulate filter Exhaust manifold Glasspack Muffler Engine cooling Air cooling Antifreeze ( ethylene glycol ) Core plug Electric fan Fan belt Radiator Thermostat Water cooling Viscous fan ( fan clutch ) Other components Balance shaft Block heater Combustion chamber Cylinder head porting Gasket Motor oil Oil filter Oil pump Oil sludge PCV valve Seal Synthetic oil Underdrive pulleys Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"8": "php?title=Fuel_pump&oldid=835580338 '' Categories : Pumps Engine fuel system technology Engine components Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Русский Slovenčina Svenska ไทย Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 15 : 25 . About Wikipedia",
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who won the academy award for the deer hunter
|
[
"Christopher Walken",
"Michael Cimino",
"Peter Zinner",
"Barry Spikings",
"Michael Deeley",
"John Peverall",
"Richard Portman",
"William L. McCaughey",
"Aaron Rochin",
"C. Darin Knight"
] |
{
"0": "The Deer Hunter - wikipedia The Deer Hunter Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Deer Hunter ( disambiguation ) . The Deer Hunter UK theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Cimino Produced by Barry Spikings Michael Deeley Michael Cimino John Peverall Screenplay by Deric Washburn Story by Deric Washburn Michael Cimino Louis Garfinkle Quinn K. Redeker Starring Robert De Niro John Cazale John Savage Meryl Streep Christopher Walken Music by Stanley Myers Cinematography Vilmos Zsigmond Edited by Peter Zinner Production company EMI Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date December 8 , 1978 ( 1978 - 12 - 08 ) ( Los Angeles ) February 23 , 1979 ( 1979 - 02 - 23 ) ( United States ) Running time 183 minutes Country United States Language English Russian Vietnamese French Budget $15 million Box office $49 million The Deer Hunter is a 1978 American epic war drama film co-written and directed by Michael Cimino about a trio of Russian American steelworkers whose lives are changed forever after they fought in the Vietnam War . The three soldiers are played by Robert De Niro , Christopher Walken , and John Savage , with John Cazale ( in his final role ) , Meryl Streep , and George Dzundza playing supporting roles . The story takes place in Clairton , Pennsylvania , a small working class town on the Monongahela River south of Pittsburgh , and in Vietnam . The film was based in part on an unproduced screenplay called The Man Who Came to Play by Louis Garfinkle and Quinn K. Redeker , about Las Vegas and Russian roulette . Producer Michael Deeley , who bought the script , hired writer / director Michael Cimino who , with Deric Washburn , rewrote the script , taking the Russian roulette element and placing it in the Vietnam War . The film went over-budget and over-schedule , and ended up costing $15 million . The scenes depicting Russian roulette were highly controversial after the film 's release .",
"1": "The film won five Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Director for Michael Cimino , and Best Supporting Actor for Christopher Walken , and marked Meryl Streep 's first Academy Award nomination ( for Best Supporting Actress ) ; she would go on to become the most nominated actor in history . In 1996 it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' , and was named the 53rd greatest American film of all time by the American Film Institute in 2007 in their 10th Anniversary Edition of the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Pre-production 3.1 Development 3.2 Screenplay 3.2. 1 Cimino 's claim 3.2. 2 Washburn 's claim 3.2. 3 Deeley 's reaction to the revised script 4 Filming 4.1 The wedding scenes 4.2 The bar and the steel mill 4.3 Hunting the deer 4.4 Vietnam and the Russian roulette scenes 4.5 Filming locations 5 Post-production 5.1 Sound design 5.2 Previews 6 Soundtrack 6.1 Selected tracks 7 Release 8 Analysis 8.1 Controversy over Russian roulette 8.1. 1 Critics ' response 8.1.",
"2": "2 Cast and crew response 8.2 Director Cimino 's autobiographical intent 8.3 Homosocial bonding 8.4 Coda of `` God Bless America '' 9 Reception 9.1 Top - ten lists 9.2 Revisionism following Heaven 's Gate 10 Awards 10.1 Lead - up to awards season 10.2 51st Academy Awards 10.3 Golden Globes 10.4 Complete list of awards 11 Legacy 11.1 Honors and recognition 12 Home media 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Annotations 14.2 Notes 14.3 Bibliography 14.4 Further reading 15 External links Plot ( edit ) In the small working class town of Clairton , Pennsylvania , in late 1967 , steel workers Mike Vronsky , Steven Pushkov , and Nick Chevotarevich , with the support of their friends and co-workers Stan and Peter `` Axel '' Axelrod and local bar owner and friend John Welsh , prepare for two rites of passage : marriage and military service . Mike is a serious but unassuming leader ; Steven the groom - to - be , pecked - at by his mother ; and Nick the introspective man who loves deer hunting . Before the trio ships out , Steven and his girlfriend Angela marry in a Russian Orthodox wedding . Mike works to control his feelings for Nick 's girlfriend Linda . At the wedding reception held at the local VFW hall , the guys drink , dance , sing , and enjoy the festivities , but then notice a soldier in a U.S. Army Special Forces uniform . Mike attempts to ask what Vietnam is like , but the soldier ignores him . After Mike explains that he , Steven , and Nick are going to Vietnam , the Green Beret raises his glass and says `` fuck it '' . After being restrained from starting a fight , Mike goes back to the bar and raises his glass and toasts him with `` fuck it '' . The soldier glances over at Mike and grins . Later , Steven and Angela drink from conjoined goblets , a traditional part of the Orthodox wedding ceremony . It is believed that if they drink without spilling any wine , they will have good luck for life .",
"3": "Two drops of blood - red wine unknowingly spill on her wedding gown . After Linda catches the bride 's bouquet , Nick asks her to marry him , and she agrees . Later that night , a drunken Mike runs through the town , stripping himself naked along the way . After Nick chases him down , he begs Mike not to leave him `` over there '' if anything happens in combat . The next day , Mike , Nick , Stan , John , and Axel go deer hunting one last time . Mike is exasperated by his friends , especially Stan , who drinks and clowns , showing little respect for the ritual of hunting , which to Mike is a nearly sacred experience . Only Nick understands Mike 's attitude , but he is more indulgent toward his friends . Mike goes hunting afterwards and kills a deer with one clean shot . The friends return to Welsh 's bar , with Michael 's deer strapped to the hood of the car . They enter rambunctiously , spraying beers over each other and singing loudly . Welsh then makes his way to the piano and begins playing Chopin 's Nocturne No. 6 Op. 15 - 3 . In Vietnam , U.S. helicopters attack a village . An unconscious Mike ( now a Staff Sergeant in the Special Forces ) wakes up to see an NVA soldier shoot a woman carrying a baby . Mike kills him with a flamethrower . Meanwhile , a unit of UH - 1 `` Huey '' helicopters drops off several U.S. infantrymen , Nick and Steven among them . Mike , Steven , and Nick unexpectedly find each other just before they are captured and held in a prisoner of war camp . For entertainment , the guards force the prisoners to play Russian roulette and gamble on the outcome . All three friends are forced to play . Steven plays against Mike , who offers moral support , but Steven breaks down and points the gun upwards whilst pulling the trigger , grazing himself with the bullet when it discharges . As punishment , the guards put him into an underwater cage full of rats and dead bodies . Mike and Nick hatch a plan to escape by playing against each other , with Mike convincing the guards to let them play Russian roulette with three bullets in the gun . After a tense match , they kill their captors and escape . After killing the guards , Mike rescues Steven .",
"4": "The three float downriver on a tree limb . An American helicopter finds them , but only Nick is able to climb aboard . The weakened Steven falls back into the water , and Mike plunges in the water to rescue him . Mike helps Steven to reach the river bank , but Steven 's legs are broken , so Mike carries him through the jungle to friendly lines . Approaching a caravan of locals escaping the war zone , Mike stops a South Vietnamese military truck and places the wounded Steven on it , asking the soldiers to take care of him . Nick recuperates in a military hospital in Saigon with no knowledge of his friends . After being released , he goes AWOL and aimlessly stumbles through the red - light district at night . He encounters Julien Grinda , a Frenchman , outside a gambling den where men play Russian roulette for money . Grinda entices the reluctant Nick to participate and leads him into the den . Mike is present in the den , watching the game , but the two friends do not notice each other at first . When Mike does see Nick , he is unable to get his attention . When Nick is introduced into the game , he grabs the gun , fires it at the current contestant , and then again at his own temple , causing the audience to riot in protest . Grinda hustles Nick outside to his car to escape the angry mob . Mike can not catch up with them as they speed away . Back in the U.S. , Mike maintains a low profile . He tells a cab driver to drive past the house where all his friends are waiting , as he is embarrassed by the fuss Linda and the others have made . He visits Linda the following day and grows close to her , but only because of the friend they both think they have lost . Mike goes to visit Angela at Steven 's mother 's home . Angela is barely responsive . When asked by Mike about Steven 's whereabouts , she writes a phone number on a scrap of paper , which leads Mike to the local VA hospital where Steven has been for several months . Mike goes hunting with Axel , John , and Stan one more time , and after tracking a deer across the woods , fires into the air . He then sits on a rock escarpment and yells out , `` OK ? '' , which echoes back at him .",
"5": "He also berates Stan for carrying around a small revolver and waving it around , not realizing it is loaded . Mike visits Steven , who has lost both of his legs and is partially paralyzed . Steven reveals that someone in Saigon has been mailing large amounts of money to him , and Mike is convinced that it is Nick . Mike brings a reluctant Steven home to Angela and then travels to Saigon just before its fall in 1975 . He tracks down Grinda , who has made a lot of money from the Russian roulette - playing Nick . He finds Nick in a crowded gambling club , but Nick appears to have no recollection of his friends or his home . Mike enters the game of Russian roulette against Nick , hoping to jog his memory and persuade him to come home , but Nick 's mind is gone . To keep him from taking another turn , Mike grabs Nick 's arms , which are covered in scars . At the last moment , after Mike reminds Nick of their hunting trips together , Nick recognizes Mike and smiles . Nick raises the gun to his temple , and pulls the trigger , killing himself . Mike tries reviving him , but to no avail . Back home in 1975 , the friends have gathered for Nick 's funeral , whom Mike has brought home , staying good to his promise . Mike toasts in Nick 's honor . Cast ( edit ) Robert De Niro as SSG Michael `` Mike '' Vronsky . Producer Deeley pursued De Niro for The Deer Hunter because he felt that he needed De Niro 's star power to sell a film with a `` gruesome - sounding storyline and a barely known director '' . `` I liked the script , and ( Cimino ) had done a lot of prep , '' said De Niro . `` I was impressed . '' De Niro prepared by socializing with steelworkers in local bars and by visiting their homes . Cimino introduced De Niro as his agent , Harry Ufland . No one recognized him . De Niro claims this was his most physically exhausting film . He explained that the scene where Mike visits Steven in the hospital for the first time was the most emotional scene that he was ever involved with .",
"6": "De Niro was a last - minute replacement for Roy Scheider , who dropped out of the production two weeks before the start of filming due to `` creative differences '' ; Universal managed to keep Scheider to his three - picture contract by forcing him into doing Jaws 2 ( 1978 ) . Christopher Walken as Cpl . Nikanor `` Nick '' Chevotarevich . His performance garnered his first Academy Award , for Best Supporting Actor . John Savage as Cpl . Steven Pushkov . John Cazale as Stan ( `` Stosh '' ) . All scenes involving Cazale , who had terminal cancer , were filmed first . Because of his illness , the studio initially wanted to fire him , but Streep , with whom he was in a relationship , and Cimino threatened to walk away if they did . He was also uninsurable , and according to Streep , De Niro paid for his insurance because he wanted Cazale in the film . This was Cazale 's last film , as he died shortly after filming wrapped . Cazale never saw the finished film . Meryl Streep as Linda . Prior to The Deer Hunter , Streep was seen briefly in Fred Zinnemann 's Julia ( 1977 ) and the eight - hour miniseries Holocaust ( 1978 ) . In the screenplay , Streep 's role was negligible . Cimino explained the set - up to Streep and suggested that she write her own lines . George Dzundza as John Welsh Pierre Segui as Julien Grinda Shirley Stoler as Steven 's mother Chuck Aspegren as Peter `` Axel '' Axelrod . Aspegren was not an actor ; he was the foreman at an East Chicago steelworks visited early in pre-production by De Niro and Cimino . They were so impressed with him that they offered him the role . He was the second person to be cast in the film , after De Niro . Rutanya Alda as Angela Ludhjduravic - Pushkov Amy Wright as Bridesmaid Joe Grifasi as Bandleader While producer Deeley was pleased with the revised script , he was still concerned about being able to sell the film .",
"7": "`` We still had to get millions out of a major studio , '' wrote Deeley , `` as well as convince our markets around the world that they should buy it before it was finished . I needed someone with the caliber of Robert De Niro . '' De Niro was one of the biggest stars at that time , coming off Mean Streets ( 1973 ) , The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) , and Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) . In addition to attracting buyers , Deeley felt De Niro was `` the right age , apparently tough as hell , and immensely talented . '' Hiring De Niro turned out to be a casting coup because he knew so many actors in New York . De Niro brought Meryl Streep to the attention of Cimino and Deeley . With Streep came John Cazale . De Niro also accompanied Cimino to scout locations for the steel mill sequence as well as rehearsed with the actors to use the workshops as a bonding process . Each of the six principal male characters carried a photo in their back pocket depicting them all together as children , to enhance the sense of camaraderie amongst them . Additionally , director Cimino instructed the props department to fashion complete Pennsylvania IDs for each of them , including driver 's licenses , medical cards , and various other pieces of paraphernalia , in order to enhance each actor 's sense of his character . Pre-production ( edit ) There has been considerable debate , controversy , and conflicting stories about how The Deer Hunter was initially developed and written . Director and co-writer Michael Cimino , writer Deric Washburn , and producers Barry Spikings and Michael Deeley all have different versions of how the film came to be . Development ( edit ) In 1968 , the record company EMI formed a new company called EMI Films , headed by producers Barry Spikings and Michael Deeley . Deeley purchased the first draft of a spec script called The Man Who Came to Play , written by Louis Garfinkle and Quinn K. Redeker , for $19,000 . The spec script was about people who go to Las Vegas to play Russian roulette . `` The screenplay had struck me as brilliant , '' wrote Deeley , `` but it was n't complete .",
"8": "The trick would be to find a way to turn a very clever piece of writing into a practical , realizable film . '' When the movie was being planned during the mid-1970s , Vietnam was still a taboo subject with all major Hollywood studios . According to producer Michael Deeley , the standard response was `` no American would want to see a picture about Vietnam '' . After consulting various Hollywood agents , Deeley found writer - director Michael Cimino , represented by Stan Kamen at the William Morris Agency . Deeley was impressed by Cimino 's TV commercial work and crime film Thunderbolt and Lightfoot ( 1974 ) . Cimino himself was confident that he could further develop the principal characters of The Man Who Came to Play without losing the essence of the original . After Cimino was hired , he was called into a meeting with Garfinkle and Redeker at the EMI office . According to Deeley , Cimino questioned the need for the Russian roulette element of the script , and Redeker made such a passionate case for it that he ended up literally on his knees . Over the course of further meetings , Cimino and Deeley discussed the work needed at the front of the script , and Cimino believed he could develop the stories of the main characters in the first 20 minutes of film . Screenplay ( edit ) Cimino worked for six weeks with Deric Washburn on the script . Cimino and Washburn had previously collaborated with Stephen Bochco on the screenplay for Silent Running ( 1972 ) . According to producer Spikings , Cimino said he wanted to work again with Washburn . According to producer Deeley , he only heard from office rumor that Washburn was contracted by Cimino to work on the script . `` Whether Cimino hired Washburn as his sub-contractor or as a co-writer was constantly being obfuscated , '' wrote Deeley , `` and there were some harsh words between them later on , or so I was told . '' Cimino 's claim ( edit ) According to Cimino , he would call Washburn while on the road scouting for locations and feed him notes on dialogue and story . Upon reviewing Washburn 's draft , Cimino said , `` I came back , and read it and I just could not believe what I read .",
"9": "It was like it was written by somebody who was ... mentally deranged . '' Cimino confronted Washburn at the Sunset Marquis in LA about the draft , and Washburn supposedly replied that he could n't take the pressure and had to go home . Cimino then fired Washburn . Cimino later claimed to have written the entire screenplay himself . Washburn 's response to Cimino 's comments were , `` It 's all nonsense . It 's lies . I did n't have a single drink the entire time I was working on the script . '' Washburn 's claim ( edit ) According to Washburn , he and Cimino spent three days together in Los Angeles at the Sunset Marquis , hammering out the plot . The script eventually went through several drafts , evolving into a story with three distinct acts . Washburn did not interview any veterans to write The Deer Hunter nor do any research . `` I had a month , that was it , '' he explains . `` The clock was ticking . Write the fucking script ! But all I had to do was watch TV . Those combat cameramen in Vietnam were out there in the field with the guys . I mean , they had stuff that you would n't dream of seeing about Iraq . '' When Washburn was finished , he says , Cimino and Joann Carelli , an associate producer on The Deer Hunter who went on to produce two more of Cimino 's later films , took him to dinner at a cheap restaurant off the Sunset Strip . He recalls , `` We finished , and Joann looks at me across the table , and she says , ' Well , Deric , it 's fuck - off time . ' I was fired . It was a classic case : you get a dummy , get him to write the goddamn thing , tell him to go fuck himself , put your name on the thing , and he 'll go away . I was so tired , I did n't care . I 'd been working 20 hours a day for a month . I got on the plane the next day , and I went back to Manhattan and my carpenter job . ''",
"10": "Deeley 's reaction to the revised script ( edit ) Deeley felt the revised script , now called The Deer Hunter , broke fresh ground for the project . The protagonist in the Redeker / Garfinkle script , Merle , was an individual who sustained a bad injury in active service and was damaged psychologically by his violent experiences , but was nevertheless a tough character with strong nerves and guts . Cimino and Washburn 's revised script distilled the three aspects of Merle 's personality and separated them out into three distinct characters . They became three old friends who grew up in the same small industrial town and worked in the same steel mill , and in due course were drafted together to Vietnam . In the original script , the roles of Merle ( later renamed Mike ) and Nick were reversed in the last half of the film . Nick returns home to Linda , while Mike remains in Vietnam , sends money home to help Steven , and meets his tragic fate at the Russian roulette table . A Writers ' Guild arbitration process awarded Washburn sole `` Screenplay by '' credit . Garfinkle and Redeker were given a shared `` Story by '' credit with Cimino and Washburn . Deeley felt the story credits for Garfinkle and Redeker `` did them less than justice . '' Cimino contested the results of the arbitration . `` In their Nazi wisdom , '' added Cimino , `` ( they ) did n't give me the credit because I would be producer , director and writer . '' All four writers -- Cimino , Washburn , Garfinkle , and Redeker -- received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Screenplay for the film . Filming ( edit ) The Deer Hunter began principal photography on June 20 , 1977 . This was the first feature film depicting the Vietnam War to be filmed on location in Thailand . All scenes were shot on location ( no sound stages ) . `` There was discussion about shooting the film on a back lot , but the material demanded more realism , '' says Spikings . The cast and crew viewed large amounts of news footage from the war to ensure authenticity . The film was shot over a period of six months . The Clairton scenes comprise footage shot in eight different towns in four states : West Virginia , Pennsylvania , Washington , and Ohio . The initial budget of the film was $8.5 million .",
"11": "Meryl Streep accepted the role of the `` vague , stock girlfriend '' , in order to remain for the duration of filming with John Cazale , who had been diagnosed with lung cancer . De Niro had spotted Streep in her stage production of The Cherry Orchard and had suggested that she play his girlfriend Linda . Before the beginning of principal photography , Deeley had a meeting with the film 's appointed line producer Robert Relyea . Deeley hired Relyea after meeting him on the set of Bullitt ( 1968 ) and was impressed with his experience . However , Relyea declined the job , refusing to disclose his reason why . Deeley suspected that Relyea sensed in director Cimino something that would have made production difficult . As a result , Cimino was acting without the day - to - day supervision of a producer . Because Deeley was busy overseeing in the production of Sam Peckinpah 's Convoy ( 1978 ) , he hired John Peverall to oversee Cimino 's shoot . Peverall 's expertise with budgeting and scheduling made him a natural successor to Relyea , and Peverall knew enough about the picture to be elevated to producer status . `` John is a straightforward Cornishman who had worked his way up to become a production supervisor , '' wrote Deeley , `` and we employed him as EMI 's watchman on certain pictures . '' The wedding scenes ( edit ) St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Cleveland , Ohio . Site of the wedding scene . The wedding scenes were filmed at the historic St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral in the Tremont neighborhood of Cleveland , Ohio . The wedding took five days to film . St. Theodosius ' Father Stephen Kopestonsky was cast as the priest at the wedding . The reception scene was filmed at nearby Lemko Hall . The amateur extras lined up for the crowded wedding - dance sequences drank real liquor and beer . The scenes were filmed in the summer , but were set in the fall . To accomplish a look of fall , individual leaves were removed from deciduous trees . Zsigmond also had to desaturate the colors of the exterior shots , partly in camera and in the laboratory processing .",
"12": "The production manager asked each of the Russian immigrant extras to bring to the location a gift - wrapped box to double for wedding presents . The manager figured if the extras did this , not only would the production save time and money , but the gifts would also look more authentic . Once the unit wrapped and the extras disappeared , the crew discovered to their amusement that the boxes were n't empty but filled with real presents , from china to silverware . `` Who got to keep all these wonderful offerings , '' wrote Deeley `` is a mystery I never quite fathomed . '' Cimino originally claimed that the wedding scene would take up 21 minutes of screen time . In the end , it took 51 minutes . Deeley believes that Cimino always planned to make this prologue last for an hour , and `` the plan was to be advanced by stealth rather than straight dealing . '' At this point in the production , nearly halfway through principal photography , Cimino was already over budget , and producer Spikings could tell from the script that shooting the extended scene could sink the project . The bar and the steel mill ( edit ) The bar was specially constructed in an empty storefront in Mingo Junction , Ohio for $25,000 ; it later became an actual saloon for local steel mill workers . U.S. Steel allowed filming inside its Cleveland mill , including placing the actors around the furnace floor , only after securing a $5 million insurance policy . Other filming took place in Pittsburgh . Hunting the Deer ( edit ) The first deer to be shot was depicted in a `` gruesome close - up '' , although he was hit with a tranquilizer dart . The stag that Michael lets escape was the same one later used on TV commercials for the Connecticut Life Insurance Company . Vietnam and the Russian roulette scenes ( edit ) The Viet Cong Russian roulette scenes were shot in real circumstances , with real rats and mosquitoes , as the three principals ( De Niro , Walken , and Savage ) were tied up in bamboo cages erected along the River Kwai . The woman who was given the task of casting the extras in Thailand had much difficulty finding a local to play the vicious - looking individual who runs the game . The first actor hired turned out to be incapable of slapping De Niro in the face .",
"13": "The caster then found a local Thai man with a particular dislike of Americans , and cast him accordingly . De Niro suggested that Walken be slapped for real by one of the guards without any warning . The reaction on Walken 's face was genuine . Producer Deeley has said that Cimino shot the brutal Vietcong Russian roulette scenes brilliantly and more efficiently than any other part of the film . De Niro and Savage performed their own stunts in the fall into the river , filming the 30 foot drop 15 times in two days . During the helicopter stunt , the runners caught on the rope bridge as the helicopter rose , which threatened to seriously injure De Niro and Savage . The actors gestured and yelled furiously to the crew in the helicopter to warn them . Footage of this is included in the film . According to Cimino , De Niro requested a live cartridge in the revolver for the scene in which he subjects John Cazale 's character to an impromptu game of Russian roulette , to heighten the intensity of the situation . Cazale agreed without protest , but obsessively rechecked the gun before each take to make sure that the live round was n't next in the chamber . While appearing later in the film , the first scenes shot upon arrival in Thailand were the hospital sequences between Walken and the military doctor . Deeley believed that this scene was `` the spur that would earn him an Academy Award . '' In the final scene in the gambling den between Mike and Nick , Cimino had Walken and De Niro improvise in one take . His direction to his actors : `` You put the gun to your head , Chris , you shoot , you fall over and Bobby cradles your head . '' Filming locations ( edit ) Lemko Hall St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral , in the Tremont neighborhood of Cleveland , Ohio . The name plaque is clearly visible in one scene . Lemko Hall , Cleveland , Ohio . Also located in Tremont , the wedding banquet was filmed here . The name is clearly visible in one scene . U.S. Steel Central Furnaces in Cleveland , Ohio . Opening sequence steel mill scenes . Patpong , Bangkok , Thailand , the area used to represent Saigon 's red light district .",
"14": "Sai Yok , Kanchanaburi Province , Thailand Mount Baker - Snoqualmie National Forest and Nooksack Falls in the North Cascades range of , Washington , deer hunting scenes . Steubenville , Ohio , for some mill and neighborhood shots . Struthers , Ohio , for external house and long - range road shots . Also including , the town 's bowling alley is the Bowladrome Lanes , located at 56 State Street , Struthers , Ohio . Weirton , West Virginia , for mill and trailer shots . River Kwai , Thailand , Prison camp and initial Russian roulette scene . Post-production ( edit ) By this point , The Deer Hunter had cost $13 million and the film still had to go through an arduous post-production . Film editor Peter Zinner was given 600,000 feet of printed film to edit , a monumental task at the time . Producers Spikings and Deeley were pleased with the first cut , which ran for three and a half hours . `` We were thrilled by what we saw , '' wrote Deeley , `` and knew that within the three and a half hours we watched there was a riveting film . '' Executives from Universal , including Lew Wasserman and Sid Sheinberg , were not very enthusiastic . `` I think they were shocked , '' recalled Spikings . `` What really upset them was ' God Bless America ' . Sheinberg thought it was anti-American . He was vehement . He said something like ' You 're poking a stick in the eye of America . ' They really did n't like the movie . And they certainly did n't like it at three hours and two minutes . '' Deeley was n't surprised by the Universal response : `` The Deer Hunter was a United Artists sort of picture , whereas Convoy was more in the style of Universal . I 'd muddled and sold the wrong picture to each studio . '' Deeley did agree with Universal that the film needed to be shorter , not just because of pacing but also to ensure commercial success . `` A picture under two and a half hours can scrape three shows a day , '' wrote Deeley , `` but at three hours you 've lost one third of your screenings and one third of your income for the cinemas , distributors , and profit participants . ''",
"15": "Thom Mount , president of Universal at the time , said , `` This was just a ... continuing nightmare from the day Michael finished the picture to the day we released it . That was simply because he was wedded to everything he shot . The movie was endless . It was The Deer Hunter and the Hunter and the Hunter . The wedding sequence was a cinematic event all unto its own . '' Mount says he turned to Verna Fields , Universal 's then - head of post-production . `` I sicked Verna on Cimino , '' Mount says . `` Verna was no slouch . She started to turn the heat up on Michael , and he started screeching and yelling . '' Zinner eventually cut the film down to 18,000 feet . Cimino later fired Zinner when he discovered that Zinner was editing down the wedding scenes . Zinner eventually won Best Editing Oscar for The Deer Hunter . Regarding the clashes between him and Cimino , Zinner stated : `` Michael Cimino and I had our differences at the end , but he kissed me when we both got Academy Awards . '' Cimino later commented in The New York Observer , `` ( Zinner ) was a moron ... I cut Deer Hunter myself . '' Sound design ( edit ) The Deer Hunter was Cimino 's first film to use Dolby noise - reduction system . `` What Dolby does , '' replied Cimino , `` is to give you the ability to create a density of detail of sound -- a richness so you can demolish the wall separating the viewer from the film . You can come close to demolishing the screen . '' It took five months to mix the soundtrack . One short battle sequence -- 200 feet of film in the final cut -- took five days to dub . Another sequence recreated the 1975 American evacuation of Saigon ; Cimino brought the film 's composer , Stanley Myers , out to the location to listen to the auto , tank , and jeep horns as the sequence was being photographed . The result , according to Cimino : Myers composed the music for that scene in the same key as the horn sounds , so the music and the sound effects would blend with the images to create one jarring , desolate experience .",
"16": "Previews ( edit ) Both the long and short versions were previewed to Midwestern audiences , although there are different accounts among Cimino , Deeley , and Spikings as to how the previews panned out . Director Cimino claims he bribed the projectionist to interrupt the shorter version , in order to obtain better reviews of the longer one . According to producer Spikings , Wasserman let EMI 's CEO Bernard Delfont decide between the two and chose Cimino 's longer cut . Deeley claims that the two - and - a-half hour version tested had a better response . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Deer Hunter Soundtrack album by Stanley Myers Released Recorded 1978 Genre Film score Label Capitol The soundtrack to The Deer Hunter was released on audio CD on October 25 , 1990 . Selected tracks ( edit ) Stanley Myers ' `` Cavatina '' ( also known as `` He Was Beautiful '' ) , performed by classical guitarist John Williams , is commonly known as `` The Theme from The Deer Hunter '' . According to producer Deeley , he discovered that the song was originally written for a film called The Walking Stick ( 1970 ) and , as a result , had to pay the original purchaser an undisclosed sum . `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' , a 1967 hit song , sung by Frankie Valli . It is played in John 's bar when all of the friends sing along and at the wedding reception . According to Cimino , the actors sang along to a recording of the song as it was played instead of singing to a beat track , a standard filmmaking practice . Cimino felt that would make the sing - along seem more real . During the wedding ceremonies and party , the Eastern Orthodox Church songs such as `` Slava '' , and Russian folk songs such as `` Korobushka '' and `` Katyusha '' , are played . Russian Orthodox funeral music is also employed during Nick 's funeral scene , mainly `` Vechnaya Pamyat '' , which means `` eternal memory '' . Release ( edit ) The Deer Hunter debuted at one theater each in New York and Los Angeles for a week on December 8 , 1978 . The release strategy was to qualify the film for Oscar consideration and close after a week to build interest .",
"17": "After the Oscar nominations , Universal widened the distribution to include major cities , building up to a full - scale release on February 23 , 1979 , just following the Oscars . This film was important for helping release patterns for so - called prestige pictures that screen only at the end of the year to qualify for Academy Award recognition . The film eventually grossed $48.9 million at the US box office . CBS paid $3.5 million for three runs of the film . The network later cancelled the acquisition on the contractually permitted grounds of the film containing too much violence for US network transmission . Analysis ( edit ) Controversy over Russian roulette ( edit ) Robert De Niro pulls the trigger in the game of Russian roulette that takes place in the Viet Cong prison scene . One of the most talked - about sequences in the film , the Vietcong 's use of Russian roulette with POWs , was criticized as being contrived and unrealistic since there were no documented cases of Russian roulette in the Vietnam War . Associated Press reporter Peter Arnett , who won a Pulitzer Prize for his coverage of the war , wrote in the Los Angeles Times , `` In its 20 years of war , there was not a single recorded case of Russian roulette ... The central metaphor of the movie is simply a bloody lie . '' Director Cimino was also criticized for one - sidedly portraying all the North Vietnamese as sadistic racists and killers . Cimino countered that his film was not political , polemical , literally accurate , or posturing for any particular point of view . He further defended his position by saying that he had news clippings from Singapore that confirm Russian roulette was used during the war ( without specifying which article ) . During the 29th Berlin International Film Festival in 1979 , the Soviet delegation expressed its indignation with the film which , in their opinion , insulted the Vietnamese people in numerous scenes . Other socialist states also voiced their solidarity with the `` heroic people of Vietnam '' . They protested against the screening of the film and insisted that it violated the statutes of the festival , since it in no way contributed to the `` improvement of mutual understanding between the peoples of the world '' . The ensuing domino effect led to the walk - outs of the Cubans , East Germans , Bulgarians , Poles and Czechoslovakians , and two members of the jury resigned in sympathy .",
"18": "Critics ' response ( edit ) In his review , Roger Ebert defended the artistic license of Russian roulette , arguing `` it is the organizing symbol of the film : Anything you can believe about the game , about its deliberately random violence , about how it touches the sanity of men forced to play it , will apply to the war as a whole . It is a brilliant symbol because , in the context of this story , it makes any ideological statement about the war superfluous . '' Film critic and biographer David Thomson also agrees that the film works despite the controversy : `` There were complaints that the North Vietnamese had not employed Russian roulette . It was said that the scenes in Saigon were fanciful or imagined . It was also suggested that De Niro , Christopher Walken , and John Savage were too old to have enlisted for Vietnam ( Savage , the youngest of the three , was 28 ) . Three decades later , ' imagination ' seems to have stilled those worries ... and The Deer Hunter is one of the great American films . '' In her review , Pauline Kael wrote , `` The Vietcong are treated in the standard inscrutable - evil Oriental style of the Japanese in the Second World War movies ... The impression a viewer gets is that if we did some bad things there we did them ruthlessly but impersonally ; the Vietcong were cruel and sadistic . '' In his Vanity Fair article `` The Vietnam Oscars '' , Peter Biskind wrote that the political agenda of The Deer Hunter was something of a mystery : `` It may have been more a by - product of Hollywood myopia , the demands of the war - film genre , garden - variety American parochialism , and simple ignorance than it was the pre-meditated right - wing road map it seemed to many . '' Cast and crew response ( edit ) According to Christopher Walken , the historical context was not paramount : `` In the making of it , I do n't remember anyone ever mentioning Vietnam ! '' De Niro added to this sentiment : `` Whether ( the film 's vision of the war ) actually happened or not , it 's something you could imagine very easily happening . Maybe it did . I do n't know . All 's fair in love and war . '' Producer Spikings , while proud of the film , regrets the way the Vietnamese were portrayed .",
"19": "`` I do n't think any of us meant it to be exploitive , '' Spikings said . `` But I think we were ... ignorant . I ca n't think of a better word for it . I did n't realize how badly we 'd behaved to the Vietnamese people ... '' Producer Deeley , on the other hand , was quick to defend Cimino 's comments on the nature and motives of the film : `` The Deer Hunter was n't really ' about ' Vietnam . It was something very different . It was n't about drugs or the collapse of the morale of the soldiers . It was about how individuals respond to pressure : different men reacting quite differently . The film was about three steel workers in extraordinary circumstances . Apocalypse Now is surreal . The Deer Hunter is a parable ... Men who fight and lose an unworthy war face some obvious and unpalatable choices . They can blame their leaders ... or they can blame themselves . Self - blame has been a great burden for many war veterans . So how does a soldier come to terms with his defeat and yet still retain his self - respect ? One way is to present the conquering enemy as so inhuman , and the battle between the good guys ( us ) and the bad guys ( them ) so uneven , as to render defeat irrelevant . Inhumanity was the theme of The Deer Hunter 's portrayal of the North Vietnamese prison guards forcing American POWs to play Russian roulette . The audience 's sympathy with prisoners who ( quite understandably ) cracked thus completes the chain . Accordingly , some veterans who suffered in that war found the Russian roulette a valid allegory . '' Director Cimino 's autobiographical intent ( edit ) Cimino frequently referred to The Deer Hunter as a `` personal '' and `` autobiographical '' film , although later investigation by journalists like Tom Buckley of Harper 's revealed inaccuracies in Cimino 's accounts and reported background . Homosocial bonding ( edit ) In 1986 , critic Robin Wood examined what he viewed as the film 's homosexual subtext . In the film 's central `` male love affair '' Mike supposedly represents the powers of control and repression , whereas Nick stands for release and liberation .",
"20": "According to Wood , `` Nick both is and knows himself to be in love with Mike and Mike reciprocates that love but ca n't admit it , even to himself '' . In the end , Wood argues that Nick shoots himself because `` he has recognized that Mike offers nothing but a return to repression '' . Coda of `` God Bless America '' ( edit ) The final scene in which all the main characters gather and sing `` God Bless America '' became a subject of heated debate among critics when the film was released . It raised the question of whether this conclusion was meant ironically or not -- `` as a critique of patriotism or a paean to it '' . Reception ( edit ) The film 's initial reviews were largely positive . It was hailed by many critics as the best American epic since Francis Ford Coppola 's The Godfather . The film was praised for its depiction of realistic working class settings and environment ; Cimino 's direction ; the performances of De Niro , Walken , Streep , Savage , Dzundza and Cazale ; the symphonic shifts of tone and pacing in moving from America to Vietnam ; the tension during the Russian roulette scenes ; and the themes of American disillusionment . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film four stars and called it `` one of the most emotionally shattering films ever made . '' Gene Siskel from the Chicago Tribune praised the film , saying , `` This is a big film , dealing with big issues , made on a grand scale . Much of it , including some casting decisions , suggest inspiration by The Godfather . '' Leonard Maltin also gave the film four stars , calling it a `` sensitive , painful , evocative work '' . Vincent Canby of the New York Times called The Deer Hunter `` a big , awkward , crazily ambitious motion picture that comes as close to being a popular epic as any movie about this country since The Godfather . Its vision is that of an original , major new filmmaker . '' David Denby of New York called it `` an epic '' with `` qualities that we almost never see any more -- range and power and breadth of experience . '' Jack Kroll of Time asserted it put director Cimino `` right at the center of film culture . ''",
"21": "Stephen Farber pronounced the film in New West magazine as `` the greatest anti-war movie since La Grande Illusion . '' However , The Deer Hunter was not without critical backlash . Pauline Kael of The New Yorker wrote a positive review with some reservations : `` ( It is ) a small minded film with greatness in it ... with an enraptured view of common life ... ( but ) enraging , because , despite its ambitiousness and scale , it has no more moral intelligence than the Eastwood action pictures . '' Andrew Sarris wrote that the film was `` massively vague , tediously elliptical , and mysteriously hysterical ... It is perhaps significant that the actors remain more interesting than the characters they play . '' Jonathan Rosenbaum disparaged The Deer Hunter as an `` Oscar - laden weepie about macho buddies '' and `` a disgusting account of what the evil Vietnamese did to poor , innocent Americans '' . John Simon of New York wrote : `` For all its pretensions to something newer and better , this film is only an extension of the old Hollywood war - movie lie . The enemy is still bestial and stupid , and no match for our purity and heroism ; only we no longer wipe up the floor with him -- rather , we litter it with his guts . '' Author Karina Longworth notes that Streep `` made a case for female empowerment by playing a woman to whom empowerment was a foreign concept -- a normal lady from an average American small town , for whom subservience was the only thing she knew '' . She states that The Deer Hunter `` evokes a version of dominant masculinity in which male friendship is a powerful force '' . It has a `` credibly humanist message '' , and that the `` slow study of the men in blissfully ignorant homeland machismo is crucial to it '' . The film holds a metascore of 73 on Metacritic , based on seven reviews , and 93 % fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 48 reviews . The RT summary reads : Its greatness is blunted by its length and one - sided point of view , but the film 's weaknesses are overpowered by Michael Cimino 's sympathetic direction and a series of heartbreaking performances from Robert De Niro , Meryl Streep , and Christopher Walken . Top - Ten Lists ( edit ) 3rd -- Roger Ebert , Chicago Sun - Times .",
"22": "Ebert also placed Deer Hunter on his list of the best films of the 1970s . 3rd -- Gene Siskel , Chicago Tribune Academy Award - winning film director Miloš Forman and Academy Award - nominated actor Mickey Rourke consider The Deer Hunter to be one of the greatest films of all time . Revisionism following Heaven 's Gate ( edit ) Cimino 's next film , Heaven 's Gate ( 1980 ) , debuted to lacerating reviews and took in only $3 million in ticket sales , effectively leaving United Artists bankrupt . The failure of Heaven 's Gate led several critics to revise their positions on The Deer Hunter . Canby said in his famous review of Heaven 's Gate , `` ( The film ) fails so completely that you might suspect Mr. Cimino sold his soul to the Devil to obtain the success of The Deer Hunter , and the Devil has just come around to collect . '' Andrew Sarris wrote in his review of Heaven 's Gate , `` I 'm a little surprised that many of the same critics who lionized Cimino for The Deer Hunter have now thrown him to the wolves with equal enthusiasm . '' Sarris added , `` I was never taken in ... Hence , the stupidity and incoherence in Heaven 's Gate came as no surprise since very much the same stupidity and incoherence had been amply evident in The Deer Hunter . '' In his book Final Cut : Dreams and Disaster in the Making of Heaven 's Gate , Steven Bach wrote , `` critics seemed to feel obliged to go on the record about The Deer Hunter , to demonstrate that their critical credentials were un-besmirched by having been , as Sarris put it , ' taken in . ' '' More recently , British film critic Mark Kermode challenged the film 's status : `` At the risk of being thrown out of the ' respectable film critics ' circle , may I take this opportunity to declare officially that in my opinion The Deer Hunter is one of the worst films ever made , a rambling self indulgent , self aggrandizing barf-fest steeped in manipulatively racist emotion , and notable primarily for its farcically melodramatic tone which is pitched somewhere between shrieking hysteria and somnambulist sombreness . '' However , many critics , including David Thomson and A.O. Scott.",
"23": ", maintain that The Deer Hunter is still a great film , the power of which has n't since diminished . Awards ( edit ) Academy Awards record 1 . Best Supporting Actor , Christopher Walken 2 . Best Director , Michael Cimino 3 . Best Editing , Peter Zinner 4 . Best Picture , Barry Spikings , Michael Deeley , Michael Cimino , John Peverall 5 . Best Sound , Richard Portman , William L. McCaughey , Aaron Rochin , C. Darin Knight Golden Globe Awards record 1 . Best Director , Michael Cimino BAFTA Awards record 1 . Best Cinematography , Vilmos Zsigmond 2 . Best Editing , Peter Zinner Lead - up to Awards season ( edit ) Film producer and `` old - fashioned mogul '' Allan Carr used his networking abilities to promote The Deer Hunter . `` Exactly how Allan Carr came into The Deer Hunter 's orbit I can no longer remember , '' recalled producer Deeley , `` but the picture became a crusade to him . He nagged , charmed , threw parties , he created word - of - mouth -- everything that could be done in Hollywood to promote a project . Because he had no apparent motive for this promotion , it had an added power and legitimacy and it finally did start to penetrate the minds of the Universal 's sales people that they actually had in their hands something a bit more significant than the usual . '' Deeley added that Carr 's promotion of the film was influential in positioning The Deer Hunter for Oscar nominations . On the Sneak Previews special `` Oscar Preview for 1978 '' , Roger Ebert correctly predicted that The Deer Hunter would win for Best Picture while Gene Siskel predicted that Coming Home would win . However , Ebert incorrectly guessed that Robert De Niro would win for Best Actor for Deer Hunter and Jill Clayburgh would win for Best Actress for An Unmarried Woman while Siskel called the wins for Jon Voight as Best Actor and Jane Fonda as Best Actress , both for Coming Home . Both Ebert and Siskel called the win for Christopher Walken receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor .",
"24": "According to producer Deeley , orchestrated lobbying against The Deer Hunter was led by Warren Beatty , whose own picture Heaven Can Wait had multiple nominations . Beatty also used ex-girlfriends in his campaign : Julie Christie , serving on the jury at the Berlin Film Festival where Deer Hunter was screened , joined the walkout of the film by the Russian jury members . Jane Fonda also criticized The Deer Hunter in public . Deeley suggested that her criticisms partly stemmed from the competition between her film Coming Home vying with The Deer Hunter for Best Picture . According to Deeley , he planted a friend of his in the Oscar press area behind the stage to ask Fonda if she had seen The Deer Hunter . Fonda replied she had not seen the film , and to this day she still has not . As the Oscars drew near , the backlash against The Deer Hunter gathered strength . When the limos pulled up to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion on April 9 , 1979 , they were met by demonstrators , mostly from the Los Angeles chapter of Vietnam Veterans Against the War . The demonstrators waved placards covered with slogans that read `` No Oscars for racism '' and `` The Deer Hunter a bloody lie '' and thrust pamphlets berating Deer Hunter into long lines of limousine windows . Washburn , nominated for Best Original Screenplay , claims his limousine was pelted with stones . According to Variety , `` Police and The Deer Hunter protesters clashed in a brief but bloody battle that resulted in 13 arrests . '' De Niro was so anxious that he did not attend the Oscars ceremony . He asked the Academy to sit out the show backstage , but when the Academy refused , De Niro stayed home in New York . Producer Deeley made a deal with fellow producer David Puttnam , whose film Midnight Express was nominated , that each would take $500 to the ceremony so if one of them won , the winner would give the loser the $500 to `` drown his sorrows in style . ''",
"25": "51st Academy Awards ( edit ) The Deer Hunter won five Oscars at the 51st Academy Awards in 1979 : Best Picture -- Barry Spikings , Michael Deeley , Michael Cimino and John Peverall ( John Wayne 's final public appearance was to present the award ) Best Director -- Michael Cimino Best Actor in a Supporting Role -- Christopher Walken Best Film Editing -- Peter Zinner Best Sound -- Richard Portman , William McCaughey , Aaron Rochin and Darin Knight . In addition , the film was nominated in four other categories : Best Actor in a Leading Role -- Robert De Niro ( lost to Jon Voight for Coming Home ) Best Actress in a Supporting Role -- Meryl Streep ( lost to Maggie Smith for California Suite ) Best Cinematography -- Vilmos Zsigmond ( lost to Néstor Almendros for Days of Heaven ) Best Writing , Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen -- Michael Cimino , Deric Washburn , Louis Garfinkle and Quinn Redeker ( lost to Robert C. Jones , Waldo Salt and Nancy Dowd for Coming Home ) Golden globes ( edit ) Cimino won the film 's only Golden Globe Award for Best Director . Other nominations the film included Best Motion Picture -- Drama , De Niro for Best Motion Picture Actor -- Drama , Walken for Best Motion Picture Actor in a Supporting Role , Streep for Best Motion Picture Actress in a Supporting Role , and Washburn for Best Screenplay -- Motion Picture . Complete list of awards ( edit ) Award Recipients and nominees Result 51st Academy Awards Academy Award for Best Picture Barry Spikings , Michael Deeley , Michael Cimino and John Peverall Won Academy Award for Best Director Michael Cimino Won Academy Award for Best Actor Robert De Niro Nominated Academy Award for Best Writing ( Original Screenplay ) Deric Washburn , Michael Cimino , Louis Garfinkle and Quinn K.",
"26": "Redeker Nominated Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor Christopher Walken Won Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Academy Award for Best Cinematography Vilmos Zsigmond Nominated Academy Award for Best Film Editing Peter Zinner Won Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing Richard Portman , William McCaughey , Aaron Rochin and Darin Knight Won American Cinema Editors American Cinema Editors Award for Best Edited Feature Film -- Dramatic Peter Zinner Won American Movie Awards Best Film Nominated Best Director Michael Cimino Won Best Actor Robert De Niro Nominated Best Supporting Actor Christopher Walken Nominated Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Won 33rd British Academy Film Awards BAFTA Award for Best Film Barry Spikings , Michael Deeley , Michael Cimino , John Peverall Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Direction Michael Cimino Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Robert De Niro Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Meryl Streep Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay Deric Washburn , Michael Cimino , Louis Garfinkle , Quinn K. Redeker Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Christopher Walken Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Editing Peter Zinner Won BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography Vilmos Zsigmond Won BAFTA Award for Best Sound Richard Portman , William McCaughey , Aaron Rochin ,",
"27": "Darin Knight Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards 1978 Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing -- Feature Film Michael Cimino Won 36th Golden Globe Awards Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama Barry Spikings Nominated Golden Globe Award for Best Director Michael Cimino Won Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Robert De Niro Nominated Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay Deric Washburn Nominated Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Christopher Walken Nominated Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Meryl Streep Nominated Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 1978 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Director Michael Cimino Won National Society of Film Critics Awards 1978 National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Film 2nd place National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor Christopher Walken 3rd place National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Won 1978 New York Film Critics Circle Awards New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film Won New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor Robert De Niro 3rd place New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor Christopher Walken Won New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep 3rd place Writers Guild of America Award Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay Deric Washburn , Michael Cimino , Louis Garfinkle , Quinn K. Redeker Nominated Legacy ( edit ) The Deer Hunter was one of the first , and most controversial , major theatrical films to be critical of the American involvement in Vietnam following 1975 when the war officially ended . While the film opened the same year as Hal Ashby 's Coming Home , Sidney Furie 's The Boys in Company C , and Ted Post 's Go Tell the Spartans , it was the first film about Vietnam to reach a wide audience and critical acclaim , culminating in the winning of the Oscar for Best Picture .",
"28": "Other films released in later decades that illustrated the ' hellish ' , futile conditions of bloody Vietnam War combat included : Francis Ford Coppola 's Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) Oliver Stone 's Platoon ( 1986 ) Stanley Kubrick 's Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) John Irvin 's Hamburger Hill ( 1987 ) Oliver Stone 's Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) David Thomson wrote in an article titled `` The Deer Hunter : Story of a scene '' that the film changed the way war - time battles were portrayed on film : `` The terror and the blast of firepower changed the war film , even if it only used a revolver . More or less before the late 1970s , the movies had lived by a Second World War code in which battle scenes might be fierce but always rigorously controlled . The Deer Hunter unleashed a new , raw dynamic in combat and action , paving the way for Platoon , Saving Private Ryan and Clint Eastwood 's Iwo Jima films . '' In a 2011 interview with Rotten Tomatoes , actor William Fichtner retrospectively stated that he and his partner were silenced after seeing the film , stating that `` the human experience was just so pointed ; their journeys were so difficult , as life is sometimes . I remember after seeing it , walking down the street -- I actually went with a girl on a date and saw The Deer Hunter , and we left the theater and walked for like an hour and nobody said anything ; we were just kind of stunned about that . '' The deaths of approximately twenty - five people who died playing Russian roulette were reported as having been influenced by scenes in the movie . Honors and recognition ( edit ) In 1996 , The Deer Hunter was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . American Film Institute included the film as # 79 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies , # 30 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills , and # 53 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) .",
"29": "The film ranks 467th in the Empire magazine 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time , noting : Cimino 's bold , powerful ' Nam epic goes from blue - collar macho rituals to a fiery , South East Asian hell and back to a ragged singalong of America the Beautiful ( sic ) . De Niro holds it together , but Christopher Walken , Meryl Streep and John Savage are unforgettable . Jan Scruggs , a Vietnam veteran who became a counselor with the U.S. Department of Labor , thought of the idea of building a National Memorial for Vietnam Veterans after seeing a screening of the film in March 1979 , and he established and operated the memorial fund which paid for it . Director Cimino was invited to the memorial 's opening . Home media ( edit ) The Deer Hunter has twice been released on DVD in America . The first 1998 issue was by Universal , with no extra features and a non-anamorphic transfer , and has since been discontinued . A second version , part of the `` Legacy Series '' , was released as a two - disc set on September 6 , 2005 , with an anamorphic transfer of the film . The set features a cinematographer 's commentary by Vilmos Zsigmond , deleted and extended scenes , and production notes . The Region 2 version of The Deer Hunter , released in the UK and Japan , features a commentary track from director Michael Cimino . The film was released on HD DVD on December 26 , 2006 . StudioCanal released the film on the Blu - ray format in countries other than the United States on March 11 , 2009 . It was released on Blu - ray in the U.S. on March 6 , 2012 . See also ( edit ) The Deer Hunter ( novel ) ( 1978 ) The Last Hunter ( 1980 ) , an Italian film originally made as an unofficial sequel References ( edit ) Annotations ( edit ) Jump up ^ A clip from the scene between Walken and the military doctor was shown on a Sneak Previews special `` Oscar Preview for 1978 , '' in which critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert correctly predicted that Walken would win the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor .",
"30": "Jump up ^ While featured prominently in the film , `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' does not appear on The Deer Hunter 's soundtrack . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE DEER HUNTER ( X ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 1978 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Deer Hunter , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Films Selected to The National Film Registry 1989 -- 2008 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 168 ^ Jump up to : Biskind , Peter ( March 2008 ) . `` The Vietnam Oscars '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Realizing The Deer Hunter : An Interview with Michael Cimino . Blue Underground . Interview on The Deer Hunter UK Region 2 DVD and the StudioCanal Blu - Ray . First half of video on YouTube Jump up ^ De Niro , Robert ( actor ) ( June 12 , 2003 ) . AFI Life Achievement Award : A Tribute to Robert De Niro . ( Television Production ) American Film Institute . Jump up ^ Kachmar 2002 , p. 73 ^ Jump up to : Parker , p. 129 Jump up ^ `` Richard Shepard Talks John Cazale Doc , Plus The Trailer For ' I Knew It Was You ' '' . The Playlist . June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 170 ^ Jump up to : Parker , p. 128 Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 167 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 171 ^ Jump up to : DVD commentary by director Michael Cimino and film critic F.X. Feeney .",
"31": "Included on The Deer Hunter UK region 2 DVD release and the StudioCanal Blu - Ray . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 163 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 164 Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 166 Jump up ^ Wasburn , Deric The Deer Hunter script ( Unspecified draft ) . DailyScript.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , Nancy ( February 10 , 2002 ) . `` Last Typhoon Cimino Is Back '' . The New York Observer 16 ( 6 ) : pp. 1 + 15 + 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` All the Oscars : 1979 -- 51st Annual Academy Awards '' . theOscarSite.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Longworth 2013 , pp. 19 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Longworth 2013 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 172 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 174 ^ Jump up to : Shooting The Deer Hunter : An interview with Vilmos Zsigmond . Blue Underground . Interview with the cinematographer , located on The Deer Hunter UK Region 2 DVD and StudioCanal Blu - Ray . First half of video on YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 177 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 178 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 173 Jump up ^ `` City Lands Good Share of Movies '' . The Vindicator . Youngstown . Associated Press . December 10 , 1995 . p . B5 . Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 175 Jump up ^ Playing The Deer Hunter : An interview with John Savage . Blue Underground . Interview with the actor Savage , located on the UK Region 2 DVD and StudioCanal Blu - Ray . First half of video on YouTube Jump up ^ Deeley , p.",
"32": "176 ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger & Siskel , Gene ( hosts ) ; Flaum , Thea & Solley , Ray ( producers ) ; Denny , Patterson ( director ) . ( 1979 ) . Sneak Previews : Oscar Preview for 1978 . ( Television Production ) . Chicago , IL : WTTW . ^ Jump up to : The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) -- Filming locations Jump up ^ `` Lemko Hall '' . The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . May 24 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Movie Locations in Bangkok - Bangkok.com Magazine '' . Bangkok.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Nam , Suzanne ( 2012 ) . Moon Thailand . Avalon Travel . p. 320 . ISBN 9781598809695 . Jump up ^ Krause , Mariella ( 2013 ) . Lonely Planet Pacific Northwest 's Best Trips . Lonely Planet . p. 118 . ISBN 1741798159 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter film locations ( 1978 ) '' . Movie-locations.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Randy Fox Writer and photographer ( 2012 - 05 - 05 ) . `` ' The Deer Hunter ' And ' Reckless ' : Hollywood Briefly Comes To The Factory Valleys ( PHOTOS ) '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` History - Struthers , Ohio '' . Strutherscommunity.weebly.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Youngstown News , Bowladrome Lanes owners reflect on 40 years in the business '' . Vindy.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Joe ( July 5 , 1077 ) . `` '' Deer Hunter '' Filming Under Way `` . Weirton Daily Times . West Virginia Division of Culture and History . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter film locations '' . The Worldwide Guide To Movie Locations .",
"33": "September 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McLellan , Dennis ( November 16 , 2007 ) . `` Peter Zinner , 88 ; film editor won Oscar for ' The Deer Hunter ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 179 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 192 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 4 Jump up ^ Schreger , Charles ( April 15 , 1985 ) . `` Altman , Dolby , and the Second Sound Revolution '' . In Belton , John ; Weis , Elisabeth . Film Sound : Theory and Practice ( Paperback ed . ) . New York , NY : Columbia University Press . p. 351 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 05637 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 193 ^ Jump up to : `` The Deer Hunter : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 195 Jump up ^ `` An Eastern Orthodox Approach to the Brothers Karamazov by Donald Sheehan '' Archived 2014 - 09 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Dartmouth.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bach , p. 166 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 196 Jump up ^ Chaffin - Quiray , Garrett ( writer ) ; Schnider , Steven Jay ( general editor ) ( 2003 ) . 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die ( 2003 ed . ) . London , England : Quintet Publishing . p. 642 . ISBN 0 - 7641 - 5701 - 9 . Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 181 ^ Jump up to : Dirks , Tim . `` The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) '' . Greatest Films . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Auster , Albert ; Quart , Leonard ( 2002 ) .",
"34": "`` The seventies '' . American film and society since 1945 . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 120 -- 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96742 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Yearbook '' . Berlin International Film Festival . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( March 9 , 1979 ) . `` The Deer Hunter '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Have You Seen ... ? '' : A Personal Introduction to 1,000 Films . New York , NY : Random House . p. 209 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26461 - 9 . Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 198 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 197 Jump up ^ Wood , Robin . Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan and Beyond . Columbia University Press , 2003 . ISBN 9780231129664 . P. 260 - 270 . ^ Jump up to : Canby , Vincent ( December 15 , 1978 ) . `` Movie Review : The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Thomson , David ( October 26 , 2010 ) . The New Biographical Dictionary of Film : Fifth Edition , Completely Updated and Expanded ( Hardcover ed . ) . Knopf . p. 178 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27174 - 7 . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ( March 9 , 1979 ) . `` The Deer Hunter '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( August 2008 ) . Leonard Maltin 's Movie Guide ( 2009 ed . ) . New York , NY : Penguin Group p. 338 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 28978 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bach , p.",
"35": "167 ^ Jump up to : Bach , p. 168 Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , Jonathan . `` The Deer Hunter '' . The Reader . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simon , John ( February 16 , 1979 ) . New York . Anthologized in the collection Reverse Angle ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Longworth 2013 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 15 , 2004 ) . `` Ebert 's 10 Best Lists : 1967 - present '' Archived September 8 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( host ) ; Siskel , Gene ( host ) ( December 20 , 1979 ) Sneak Previews : Best Films of the 1970s . ( Television Production ) Chicago , IL : WTTW . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Siskel and Ebert Top Ten Lists ( 1969 -- 1998 ) '' . Innermind.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Poll 2002 -- Milos Forman '' . Sight & Sound . `` 5 . The Deer Hunter ( Cimino ) '' . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Presentation of the film by Mickey Rourke . Video located on The Deer Hunter Blu - ray . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( November 19 , 1980 ) . `` ' Heaven 's Gate , ' A Western by Cimino '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bach , p. 370 Jump up ^ Critics ' Picks : The Deer Hunter on YouTube by New York Times film critic A.O. Scott on YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p.",
"36": "3 Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` The 51st Academy Awards ( 1979 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` The Deer Hunter : Story of a scene '' . The Guardian . Guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Goodsell , Luke ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` Five Favorite Films with William Fichtner '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter and Suicides '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' . American Film Institute . `` 79 . The Deer Hunter 1978 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills '' . American Film Institute . `` 30 . The Deer Hunter 1978 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 'S 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- 10th Anniversary Edition '' . American Film Institute . `` 53 . The Deer Hunter 1978 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Scruggs , Jan C. ; Swerdlow , Joel L. ( April 1985 ) . To Heal a Nation : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial . New York , NY : Harpercollins . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 015404 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) -- DVD details '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter ( Universal Legacy Series ) '' . Amazon.com .",
"37": "Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` View topic -- The Deer Hunter ( DVD vs. BD -- Scandinavia ) ADDED '' . The Rewind Forums . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter HD - DVD '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Achetez le Blu - Ray Voyage au bout de l'enfer '' ( in French ) . StudioCanal.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter Blu - ray '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 09 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bach , Steven ( September 1 , 1999 ) . Final Cut : Art , Money , and Ego in the Making of Heaven 's Gate , the Film That Sank United Artists ( Updated 1999 ed . ) . New York , NY : Newmarket Press . ISBN 1 - 55704 - 374 - 4 . Deeley , Michael ( April 7 , 2009 ) . Blade Runners , Deer Hunters , & Blowing the Bloody Doors Off : My Life in Cult Movies ( Hardcover ed . ) . New York , NY : Pegasus Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60598 - 038 - 6 . Kachmar , Diane C. ( 2002 ) . Roy Scheider : a film biography . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1201 - 1 . Longworth , Karina ( 2013 ) . Meryl Streep : Anatomy of an Actor . Phaidon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7148 - 6669 - 7 . Parker , John ( 2009 ) . Robert De Niro : Portrait of a Legend . London , England : John Blake Publishing ISBN 978 - 1 - 84454 - 639 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) McKee , Bruce ( 1997 ) . Story ( Hardcover ed . ) . New York , NY : HarperCollins Publishers . pp.",
"38": "126 , 296 - 7 , 308 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039168 - 5 . Mitchell , Robert ( writer ) ; Magill , Frank N. ( editor ) ( 1980 ) . `` The Deer Hunter '' . Magill 's Survey of Cinema : A-Eas. 1 . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Salem Press pp. 427 -- 431 . ISBN 0 - 89356 - 226 - 2 . External links ( edit ) The Deer Hunter on IMDb The Deer Hunter at the TCM Movie Database The Deer Hunter at AllMovie The Deer Hunter at Box Office Mojo The Deer Hunter at Rotten Tomatoes The Deer Hunter at Metacritic Films directed by Michael Cimino Thunderbolt and Lightfoot ( 1974 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Heaven 's Gate ( 1980 ) Year of the Dragon ( 1985 ) The Sicilian ( 1987 ) Desperate Hours ( 1990 ) Sunchaser ( 1996 ) Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs.",
"39": "Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs.",
"40": "Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) VIAF : 316751845 GND : 7552963 - 4 SUDOC : 178587672 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"41": "php?title=The_Deer_Hunter&oldid=838182091 '' Categories : 1978 films 1970s drama films 1970s war films American films American war drama films English - language films Russian - language films Vietnamese - language films French - language films Films directed by Michael Cimino Anti-war films about the Vietnam War Best Picture Academy Award winners Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring hunters Films set in 1967 Films set in 1968 Films set in 1975 Films set in Pennsylvania Films set in Vietnam Films shot in Bangkok Films shot in Cleveland Films shot in Pennsylvania Films shot in West Virginia Films shot in Thailand Films shot in Youngstown ,",
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530113058367948452
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vine with heart shaped leaves and white flowers
|
[
"Antigonon leptopus",
"Antigonon leptopus",
"Antigonon leptopus",
"Antigonon leptopus"
] |
{
"0": "Antigonon leptopus - Wikipedia Antigonon leptopus Jump to : navigation , search Antigonon leptopus Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae ( unranked ) : Angiosperms ( unranked ) : Eudicots ( unranked ) : Core eudicots Order : Caryophyllales Family : Polygonaceae Genus : Antigonon Species : A. leptopus Binomial name Antigonon leptopus Hook . & Arn . Synonyms Antigonon amabie K. Koch Antigonon cinerascens M. Martens & Galeotti Antigonon cordatum M. Martens & Galeotti Antigonon platypus Hook . & Arn . Corculum leptopus Stuntz Antigonon leptopus , commonly known as Mexican creeper , coral vine , bee bush ( in most Caribbean islands ) or San Miguelito vine , is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family , Polygonaceae . It is a perennial that is native to Mexico . It is a vine with pink or white flowers ( Antigonon leptopus ' alba ' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Invasive species 2 Description 3 Uses 4 References 5 External links Invasive species ( edit ) It is listed as a category II invasive exotic by the Florida 's pest plant council . Description ( edit ) Habit Antigonon leptopus is a fast - growing climbing vine that holds via tendrils , and is able to reach 25 ft or more in length . It has cordate ( heart shaped ) , sometimes triangular leaves 21⁄2 to 71⁄2 cm long the flowers are borne in panicles , clusted along the rachis producing pink or white flowers from spring to autumn , it forms underground tubers and large rootstocks , it is a prolific seed producer , the seeds float on water , the fruit and seeds are eaten and spread by a wide range of animals such as pigs , raccoons and birds . The tubers will resprout if it is cut back or damaged by frost .",
"1": "A white colored form Uses ( edit ) Antigonon leptopus was prepared for consumption by the aboriginal inhabitants of Baja California in a way reminiscent of popcorn . The seeds were toasted by placing them in a flat basket made of flexible twigs torn into several strips and woven to make a solid surface . On top of the seeds they would put live coals , and with both hands they would shake the basket so that the coals come up against the seeds , toasting them but not burning the basket . When the toasting is finished the burned out coals are removed and a major portion of the seeds are burst open exposing a white meal . Afterwards the seeds are separated from the husks from which they have come by dextrously tossing them into the air with the basket , just as wheat is winnowed in Spain . Thus cleaned they would grind and eat the prepared meal . They would also boil it and make fried cakes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Taxon : Antigonon leptopus Hook . & Arn '' . Germplasm Resources Information Network . United States Department of Agriculture . 2007 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Plant List : A Working List of All Plant Species '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3628552 External links ( edit ) Media related to Antigonon leptopus at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Antigonon leptopus at Wikispecies Dressler , S. ; Schmidt , M. & Zizka , G. ( 2014 ) . `` Antigonon leptopus '' . African plants -- a Photo Guide . Frankfurt / Main : Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg . This Polygonaceae article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .",
"2": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antigonon_leptopus&oldid=810569524 '' Categories : Polygonaceae Plants described in 1838 Flora of Baja California Sur Flora of Chihuahua ( state ) Flora of Guerrero Flora of Jalisco Flora of Michoacán Flora of Oaxaca Flora of Sinaloa Flora of Sonora Invasive plant species in the United States Polygonaceae stubs Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Asturianu বাংলা Cebuano Deutsch Español Français ಕನ್ನಡ Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar മലയാളം Polski Svenska ไทย Lea faka - Tonga Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 02 : 25 . About Wikipedia",
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|
where does the thames river begin and end
|
[
"Near Tavistock",
"Lighthouse Cove",
"Near Tavistock",
"Lighthouse Cove"
] |
{
"0": "Thames River ( Ontario ) - wikipedia Thames River ( Ontario ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with River Thames . Thames River North Thames River , just upstream from the confluence with the Avon River near Stratford , Ontario Name origin : after the River Thames in England Country Canada Province Ontario Region Southwestern Ontario Part of Great Lakes Basin Source - location Near Tavistock Mouth Lake Saint Clair - location Lighthouse Cove - elevation 173 m ( 568 ft ) - coordinates 42 ° 19 ′ 9 '' N 82 ° 27 ′ 15 '' W / 42.31917 ° N 82.45417 ° W / 42.31917 ; - 82.45417 Coordinates : 42 ° 19 ′ 9 '' N 82 ° 27 ′ 15 '' W / 42.31917 ° N 82.45417 ° W / 42.31917 ; - 82.45417 Length 273 km ( 170 mi ) Basin 5,825 km ( 2,249 sq mi ) Discharge for Chatham - average 52.9 m / s ( 1,868 cu ft / s ) - max 1,090 m / s ( 38,493 cu ft / s ) - min 8.25 m / s ( 291 cu ft / s ) Location of the mouth of the Thames River in southern Ontario The Thames River is located in southwestern Ontario , Canada . The Thames flows west 273 kilometres ( 170 mi ) through southwestern Ontario , from the Town of Tavistock westward through the cities of Woodstock , London and Chatham to Lighthouse Cove on Lake St. Clair . Its drainage basin is 5,825 square kilometres ( 2,249 sq mi ) .",
"1": "Called Askunessippi ( Anishinaabe language : Eshkani - ziibi , `` the antlered river '' ) by the Odawa and Ojibwa inhabitants , who together with the Neutrals have lived in the area since before Europeans arrived , the river was named after the River Thames in England by Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe in 1793 . Much of the Thames is surrounded by deciduous Carolinian forests , although much of this forest has been removed to permit agriculture and other forms of development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Course 2 History 3 References 4 External links Course ( edit ) The Thames River in London , Ontario , just west of Wonderland Road . There are three rivers in the watershed with Thames in the name -- the Thames River itself , North Thames River , and Middle Thames River . These are also known locally as South Branch , North Branch , and Middle Branch . The South Branch is the main stem Thames River and officially carries the Thames River name . The Thames River and North Thames River on the upper part of the watershed flow through valleys created during the retreat of the glaciers during the last ice age . The Thames River and North Thames River meet in central London at the `` Forks '' ; the University of Western Ontario is located north of the Forks on the North Thames River . The Middle Thames River runs north of the Thames River joining it west of Ingersoll . Downriver from London , the lower part of the river flows through a shallow plain of sand and clay , with an average depth of 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) . The lower Thames River flows through Delaware , Chatham , Thamesville , as well as Chippewa and Oneida First Nations settlements . Tributaries of the Thames include the Avon River , Dingman Creek , Jeanettes Creek , McGregor Creek , Medway Creek , Pottersburg Creek , Stoney Creek , Trout Creek and Waubuno Creek . Three separate dams are used to control seasonal flooding in the watershed : Wildwood Dam , located on Trout Creek which flows into the North Thames River ; Pittock Dam , located on the Thames River near Woodstock ; and the Fanshawe Dam located on the North Thames River in the northeasterly area of London .",
"2": "History ( edit ) The river was the location of an important battle of the War of 1812 . The Battle of the Thames ( also known as the Battle of Moraviantown ) was fought on October 5 , 1813 , between American General William Henry Harrison and British General Henry Proctor , along with Proctor 's ally Tecumseh . Chief Tecumseh was killed in the battle . On May 25 , 1881 , the river steamer ' Victoria ' capsized and sank killing 182 passengers . After the disaster all ferries could only carry their maximum capacity . In the early morning hours of July 11 , 1883 , London flooded from heavy rainfall . The ferry `` Princess Louise '' was forced over Waterworks Dam and capsized killing 7 . On August 25 , 1899 , the propeller - boat `` Thames '' was set on fire and eventually sunk only feet from Waterworks Dam . On April 27 , 1937 , the Thames River reached an all - time high of 21.5 feet ( 6.6 m ) above normal flow resulting in 5 deaths and over 1000 homes being damaged . On August 13 , 1950 , a launch ( boat ) capsized and killed four passengers . On August 14 , 2000 , the Thames River was designated a Canadian Heritage River . During the weekend of February 24 - 25 , 2018 , abnormally persistent rains caused moderate flooding along the river , causing damage in Chatham and nearby Thamesville . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Google Earth elevation for GNIS coordinates Jump up ^ `` Thames River '' . Geographical Names Data Base . Natural Resources Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Thames River Fact Sheet '' . Canadian Heritage Rivers System . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Station 02GE003 ( Thames River at Thamesville ) , Archived Hydrometric Data , Water Survey of Canada . Jump up ^ Topographic maps via ACME Mapper Jump up ^ Thames River Coordinating Committee ( 2000 ) . `` The Thames Strategy : Managing the Thames as a Canadian Heritage River '' ( PDF ) . Upper Thames River Conservation Authority . Retrieved 13 October 2010 .",
"3": "Jump up ^ `` Twenty Five Years of Conservation on the Upper Thames Watershed , 1947 - 1973 '' . UTRCA . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thames River ( Ontario ) . Upper Thames River Conservation Authority Lower Thames Valley Conservation Authority City of London Web site Thames River , Natural Resources Canada , Geographical Names Board of Canada http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/FCVOV ( hide ) Canadian Heritage Rivers System Rivers Alsek Arctic Red Athabasca Bay du Nord Bloodvein Bonnet Plume Boundary Waters Clearwater Cowichan Detroit Fraser French Grand Hayes Hillsborough Humber Kazan Kicking Horse Main Margaree Mattawa Missinaibi North Saskatchewan Red Rideau Seal Shelburne Soper South Nahanni St. Croix St. Marys Tatshenshini Thames Thelon The Three Rivers Upper Restigouche Yukon Nominated Adams Churchill Coppermine Ottawa Saint John See also American Heritage Rivers Category : American Heritage Rivers Category : Canadian Heritage Rivers Category : Rivers of Canada Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thames_River_(Ontario)&oldid=834140625 '' Categories : Rivers of Middlesex County , Ontario Canadian Heritage Rivers Lake St. Clair Landforms of London , Ontario Tributaries of Lake Erie Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using geobox with a locator map Geobox usage tracking for river type Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Deutsch Français Հայերեն Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 04 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.",
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how many wing stops are there in the united states
|
[
"more than 1,000",
"1,000",
"more than 1,000"
] |
{
"0": "Wingstop - Wikipedia Wingstop Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wingstop Type Public Traded as NASDAQ : WING S&P 600 Component Industry Fast casual restaurant Founded 1994 ; 24 years ago ( 1994 ) Garland , Texas , U.S. Founder Antonio Swad Headquarters Dallas , Texas , U.S. Number of locations 1,000 Key people CEO : Charles R. Morrison Products Chicken Wings Website www.wingstop.com Wingstop Restaurants , Inc. is a chain of nostalgic , aviation - themed restaurants where the sole focus is on chicken wings . Wingstop locations are decorated following a 1930s and 1940s `` pre-jet '' aviation theme . The restaurant chain was founded in 1994 in Garland , Texas , and began offering franchises in 1998 . Since then , Wingstop has grown into a chain with more than 1,000 restaurants either open or in development . The chain is headquartered in Dallas , Texas . Wingstop 's national spokesman was Troy Aikman , three - time Super Bowl champion and NFL Hall of Fame inductee . It was acquired by Gemini Investors in 2003 , which sold it to Roark Capital Group in 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Menu 2 Locations 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Menu ( edit ) The menu consists of wings , boneless wings , and chicken strips with a variety of dips and sides . Locations ( edit ) As of March 2016 , Wing Stop has locations in the United States , Indonesia , Mexico , Philippines , Russia , Singapore , United Arab Emirates and Malaysia . See also ( edit ) Dallas - Fort Worth portal Companies portal Food portal List of chicken restaurants References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Employment - Wingstop '' . Wingstop . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Wingstop Restaurants Inc .",
"1": "Jump up ^ `` Troy Aikman '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Roark Capital Group Acquires Wingstop '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Roark Capital Group . Jump up ^ `` Wingstop Menu '' . Jump up ^ `` History - Wingstop '' . Wingstop . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 .",
"2": "External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Chicken - based restaurant chains Global Chester 's Chicken Cottage Church 's / Texas Chicken Dixy Chicken Kenny Rogers Roasters KFC Nando 's Pollo Campero Popeyes Southern Fried Chicken Wienerwald Regional Africa Chicken Licken ( ZA ) Chicken Republic ( NG ) Tastee Fried Chicken ( NG ) Asia Al Baik ( SA ) Al Tazaj ( SA ) Bacolod Chicken Inasal ( PH ) Bonchon Chicken ( KR ) California Fried Chicken ( ID ) The Chicken Rice Shop ( MY ) Dicos ( CN ) Home Original Chicken ( CN ) Jollibee ( PH ) KLG ( TW ) Kyochon ( KR ) Marrybrown ( MY ) Max 's of Manila ( PH ) Mang Inasal ( PH ) Pelicana Chicken ( KR ) SCR ( MY ) TKK Fried Chicken ( TW ) Europe Chicken Cottage ( UK ) Dixy Chicken ( UK ) Morley 's ( UK ) Sam 's Chicken ( UK ) Southern Fried Chicken ( UK ) North America Boston Market Bojangles ' ( US ) Brown 's Chicken & Pasta ( US ) Buffalo Wild Wings Buffalo Wings & Rings Bush 's Chicken ( US ) Chefette ( BB ) Chick - fil - A ( US ) Chicken Express ( US ) Chicken in the Rough ( US ) Chicken Salad Chick ( US ) Cluck - U ( US ) Dixie Lee ( CA ) El Pollo Loco ( US / MX ) Foosackly 's ( US ) Golden Chick ( US ) Golden Skillet ( US ) Guthrie 's Harold 's Chicken Shack Juan Pollo ( US ) Kyochon Lee 's Famous Louisiana Famous Fried Chicken Mary Brown 's ( CA ) Mrs.",
"3": "Winner 's PDQ ( US ) Pioneer Chicken Pollo Palenque Pollo Tropical ( US ) Quaker Steak & Lube Raising Cane 's ( US ) Ranch One Roscoe 's Royal Castle ( TT ) Roy Rogers ( US ) Scores St - Hubert ( CA ) Smithfield 's ( US ) Swiss Chalet ( CA ) Tip - Top Wild Wing Wingstop WingStreet Wing Zone ( US ) Zankou Chicken ( US ) Zaxby 's ( US ) Oceania Chicken Treat ( AU ) Chooks Fresh & Tasty ( AU ) Oporto ( AU ) Red Rooster ( AU ) South and Central America Pollos Frisby ( CO ) Rostipollos ( CR ) List of chicken restaurants This US - based restaurant or restaurant chain article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wingstop&oldid=836859392 '' Categories : Regional restaurant chains in the United States Restaurants established in 1994 Restaurants in Texas Theme restaurants Companies based in Richardson , Texas 1994 establishments in Texas Fast - food chains of the United States Poultry restaurants Companies listed on NASDAQ 2015 initial public offerings 2003 mergers and acquisitions 2010 mergers and acquisitions United States restaurant stubs Hidden categories : Use American English from March 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from March 2016 Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 08 : 02 . About Wikipedia",
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who sang theme song for license to kill
|
[
"Gladys Knight",
"Gladys Knight",
"Gladys Knight",
"Gladys Knight",
"Gladys Knight"
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{
"0": "Licence to Kill ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia Licence to Kill ( soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search Licence to Kill Soundtrack album by Michael Kamen Released 1989 Recorded 1989 Label MCA Records Producer Joel Sill Michael Kamen chronology Renegades ( 1989 ) Renegades 1989 Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) Lethal Weapon 2 1989 James Bond soundtrack chronology The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) The Living Daylights 1987 Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) Licence to Kill1989 GoldenEye ( 1995 ) GoldenEye 1995 Singles from Licence to Kill `` Licence To Kill '' Released : 1989 `` If You Asked Me To '' Released : 12 June 1989 The soundtrack to Licence to Kill , the 16th James Bond film of the same name , was released by MCA Records in 1989 . Because the usual James Bond composer John Barry ( who had scored almost every film from From Russia with Love onwards ) was not available at the time as he was undergoing throat surgery , the soundtrack 's more upbeat and suspenseful score was composed and conducted by Michael Kamen . Initially Eric Clapton and Vic Flick were asked to write and perform the theme song to Licence to Kill . The theme was said to have been a new version based on the James Bond Theme . The guitar riff heard in the original recording of the theme was played by Flick . The prospect , however , fell apart and Gladys Knight 's song and performance was chosen , later becoming a Top 10 hit in the United Kingdom . The song was composed by Narada Michael Walden , Jeffrey Cohen and Walter Afanasieff , based on the `` horn line '' from Goldfinger , which required royalty payments to the original writers . At five - minutes twelve seconds it is the longest Bond theme . The music video of `` Licence to Kill '' was directed by Daniel Kleinman , who later took over the reins of title designer from Maurice Binder for the 1995 Bond film , GoldenEye . All the instrumental tracks are amalgams of various sequences and musical cues from the film rather than straight score excerpts .",
"1": "The end credits of the film feature the song `` If You Asked Me To '' sung by Patti LaBelle . Though the song was a top ten R&B charter and a minor pop hit for LaBelle , in 1992 , the song was covered by and became a much bigger hit for singer Céline Dion . The track `` Wedding Party '' , used during the wedding of Felix Leiter to Della Churchill , makes reference to the track `` Jump Up '' from the first Bond film , Dr. No . Track listing ( edit ) `` Licence to Kill '' -- Gladys Knight `` Wedding Party '' -- Ivory `` Dirty Love '' -- Tim Feehan `` Pam '' `` If You Asked Me To '' -- Patti LaBelle `` James & Felix on Their Way to Church '' `` His Funny Valentine '' `` Sanchez Is in the Bahamas / Shark Fishing '' `` Ninja '' `` Licence Revoked '' Jump up ^ contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack See also ( edit ) Outline of James Bond References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rogers , Jude ( 31 October 2008 ) . `` For your ears only '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Walden , Narada Michael ( 2006 ) . James Bond 's Greatest Hits ( Television ) . UK : North One Television . James Bond music Themes `` James Bond Theme '' ( Monty Norman ) `` James Bond Is Back '' ( John Barry ) `` 007 Theme '' ( John Barry ) `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' ( John Barry ) `` Bond 77 '' ( Marvin Hamlisch ) `` James Bond Theme '' ( Moby ) Soundtracks Dr.",
"2": "No From Russia with Love Goldfinger Thunderball You Only Live Twice On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Diamonds Are Forever Live and Let Die The Man with the Golden Gun The Spy Who Loved Me Moonraker For Your Eyes Only Octopussy A View to a Kill The Living Daylights Licence to Kill GoldenEye Tomorrow Never Dies The World Is Not Enough Die Another Day Casino Royale Quantum of Solace Skyfall Spectre Composers Monty Norman John Barry George Martin Marvin Hamlisch Bill Conti Michael Kamen Éric Serra David Arnold Thomas Newman Eon themes `` Kingston Calypso '' `` From Russia with Love '' `` Goldfinger '' `` Thunderball '' `` You Only Live Twice '' `` We Have All the Time in the World '' `` Diamonds Are Forever '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` Moonraker '' `` For Your Eyes Only '' `` All Time High '' `` A View to a Kill '' `` The Living Daylights '' `` Where Has Everybody Gone ? ''",
"3": "`` Licence to Kill '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` GoldenEye '' `` Tomorrow Never Dies '' `` The World Is Not Enough '' `` Die Another Day '' `` You Know My Name '' `` Another Way to Die '' `` Skyfall '' `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Non-Eon themes `` Casino Royale '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Never Say Never Again '' Compilations Shaken and Stirred The Incredible World of James Bond The Best of Bond ... James Bond Related articles Eon films secondary songs Non-Eon films secondary songs Licence to Kill Actors `` Timothy Dalton '' `` Carey Lowell '' `` Robert Davi '' `` Talisa Soto '' `` Anthony Zerbe '' Music `` Licence to Kill '' `` If You Asked Me To '' soundtrack Tie - ins 007 : Licence to Kill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licence_to_Kill_(soundtrack)&oldid=805579531 '' Categories : Soundtrack albums from James Bond films Licence to Kill Film soundtracks 1989 soundtracks MCA Records soundtracks Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia ქართული Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 09 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
what is the spelling of lakh in english
|
[
"lakh",
"lakh"
] |
{
"0": "Lakh - wikipedia Lakh Jump to : navigation , search A lakh ( / læk , lɑːk / ; abbreviated L ; sometimes written Lac or Lacs ) is a unit in the Indian numbering system equal to one hundred thousand ( 100,000 ; scientific notation : 10 ) . In the Indian convention of digit grouping , it is written as 1 , 00,000 . For example , in India 150,000 rupees becomes 1.5 lakh rupees , written as ₹ 1 , 50,000 or INR 1 , 50,000 . It is widely used both in official and other contexts in Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Myanmar , Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka . It is often used in Indian , Pakistani , and Sri Lankan English . In Pakistan , the word lakh is used mostly in local languages rather than in English media . Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage 1.1 Money 1.2 Silver market 2 Etymology and regional variants 2.1 South Asian languages 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Usage ( edit ) In Indian English , the word is used both as an attributive and non-attributive noun , and with either a marked ( `` - s '' ) or unmarked plural , as in : `` 1 lakh people '' or `` 1 lakh of people '' ; `` 200 lakh rupees '' ; `` 5 lakh of rupees '' ; `` rupees 10 lakhs '' ; or `` 5 lakhs of rupees '' . In the abbreviated form , usage such as `` ₹ 5L '' ( for `` rupees 5 lakhs '' ) is common . In this system of numeration 100 lakh is called one crore and is equal to 10 million . Money ( edit ) In colloquial Urdu , especially in the city of Karachi , the word peti ( `` suitcase '' ) is also used to denote one lakh rupees . This originated during the General Zia era , when the largest denomination of currency was the 100 rupee note , and one lakh rupees would fill a small suitcase ( peti as in Bombay Hindi ) . Hence , even after the Zia era , one peti has continued to mean one lakh rupees .",
"1": "The word lakhi is commonly used throughout Tanzania to denote 100,000 shillings and is likely to have entered the Swahili language from Indian and Pakistani immigrants . Silver market ( edit ) The term is also used in the pricing of silver on the international precious metals market , where one lakh equals 100,000 troy ounces ( 3,100 kilograms ) of silver . Etymology and regional variants ( edit ) The root of the word lakh might be the Pali lakkha ( masculine noun , `` mark , target , stake in gambling '' ) , from which the numerical meaning , `` one hundred thousand '' is derived . Another possible root could be the Sanskrit laksha ( Devanagari : लक्ष lakṣa ) , which has similar meanings in that language . South asian languages ( edit ) Assamese : লাখ lakh Bengali : লাখ lakh or লক্ষ lokkho Dhivehi : ލައްކަ lakka Gujarati : લાખ lākh Hindi : लाख lākh Bombay Hindi : पेटी peṭi ( Peṭi refers to a briefcase . That is , the amount of money in ₹ 100 notes that can fit into a briefcase . )",
"2": "Kannada : ಲಕ್ಷ laksha Kashmiri : lach Konkani : लाख lākh or ಲಕ್ಷ lakṣa Malayalam : ലക്ഷം laksham Marathi : लाख lākh or लक्ष lakṣa Nepali : लाख lākh Odia : ଲକ୍ଷ lôkhyô Pashto : لاکھ lakh Punjabi : ਲੱਖ / لکھ lakkh Romani : लाख lakh Sanskrit : लक्ष lakṣá Sindhi : لک lakhu Sinhalese : ලක්ෂ laksha Tamil : லட்சம் laṭcham Telugu : లక్ష lakṣha Tulu : ಲಕ್ಷ laksha Urdu : لاکھ lākh See also ( edit ) Crore ( = 100 lakh ) Myriad Names of large numbers Names of numbers in English References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rowlett , Russ ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) ( 1998 ) . `` lakh '' . How Many ? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement . University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` lakh '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 1st ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 1933 . Jump up ^ Lange , Norbert Adolph ( 1973 ) ( 1934 ) . Dean , John Aurie , ed . Lange 's Handbook of Chemistry ( 11 ed . ) . New York , USA : McGraw - Hill Book Company . p. 3 - 16 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 016190 - 9 .",
"3": "Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 . Prefixes for Naming Multiples and Submultiples of Units : ( ... ) The prefix `` myria '' is sometimes used for 10 and `` lakh '' for 10 . Jump up ^ Gilkes , Paul ( 3 July 2017 ) . `` CME Group / Thomson Reuters step down from executing the London silver fix '' . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Units of Measure '' . perthmint.com.au . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Turner , Sir Ralph Lilley ( 1985 ) . `` lakṣá10881 '' . A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo - Aryan Languages . London : Oxford University Press , 1962 - 1966 . Includes three supplements , published 1969 - 1985 . Digital South Asia Library , a project of the Center for Research Libraries and the University of Chicago . p. 629 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . lakṣá10881 lakṣá masculine ʻ stake , prize ʼ R̥gveda , ʻ mark , sign ʼ Mahābhārata , ʻ 100,000 ʼ Yājñavalkya , ʻ aim ʼ Kālidāsa , lakṣya -- neuter , masculine ʻ aim ʼ Muṇḍ Upaniṣad , ʻ prize ʼ Mahābhārata , ʻ 100,000 ʼ Mahābhārata , . ( √ lakṣ .",
"4": "For derivation from root to become numeral , see Addenda : Pali lakkha -- masculine ʻ mark , target , stake in gambling ʼ ; Oṛiyā lākha , nākha ʻ aim , distinguishing mark ʼ , lācha ʻ brand ʼ ; Gujarātī lāchɔ masculine ʻ burning the feet ʼ ; Marāṭhī lās masculine ʻ mark made by cautery ʼ , neuter . ) External links ( edit ) IINRG , Ranchi . `` Government Organisation '' .",
"5": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lakh&oldid=823534131 '' Categories : Integers Units of amount Hindi words and phrases Urdu words and phrases Indian English idioms Pakistani English idioms Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles containing Assamese - language text Articles containing Bengali - language text Articles containing Dhivehi - language text Articles containing Gujarati - language text Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Kannada - language text Articles containing Konkani - language text Articles containing Malayalam - language text Articles containing Marathi - language text Articles containing Nepali - language text Articles containing Pashto - language text Articles containing Punjabi - language text Articles containing Sindhi - language text Articles containing Sinhalese - language text Articles containing Tamil - language text Articles containing Telugu - language text Articles containing Tulu - language text Articles containing Urdu - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Español فارسی ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano Kiswahili मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Romani Русский Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 20 : 57 . About Wikipedia",
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7538504132348604924
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who won last year's grand national 2017
|
[
"One For Arthur",
"One For Arthur",
"One For Arthur",
"One For Arthur"
] |
{
"0": "2017 Grand National - wikipedia 2017 Grand National Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Grand National Grand National Location Aintree Racecourse Date 8 April 2017 Winning horse One For Arthur Starting price 1014 14 / 1 Jockey Derek Fox Trainer Lucinda Russell Owner Two Golf Widows Conditions Good to soft ← 2016 2018 → The 2017 Grand National ( officially known as the 2017 Randox Health Grand National for sponsorship reasons ) was the 170th official running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool , England . The showpiece steeplechase over a distance of 4 miles 514 yards ( 6.907 km ) took place on 8 April 2017 , the final day of a three - day meeting . A maximum field of 40 runners competed for a share of a prize fund of £ 1 million . Randox Health is the new sponsor of the main race and the festival itself for the next five years . It was broadcast live on television by ITV for the first time . There was live radio coverage by BBC Radio , which has held the radio rights since 1927 , and by Talksport , which covered the main race live for the fourth time . The race was won by One For Arthur , only the second horse trained in Scotland to win the Grand National ( the other being Rubstic in 1979 ) . One For Arthur was ridden by Derek Fox and trained by Lucinda Russell , and was sent off at odds of 1014 14 / 1 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Race card 2 Race overview 3 Finishing order 4 Non-finishers 5 Broadcasting and media 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Race card ( edit ) A total of 110 entries were received for consideration in the 2017 Grand National and were announced on 1 February 2017 . Among the early favourites were Don Poli , who won three Grade 1 races in the 2015 -- 16 season , and 2016 National runner - up The Last Samuri .",
"1": "The 2015 winner , Many Clouds , who was also among the ante - post favourites , died of a pulmonary haemorrhage shortly before the entries were announced . The weights were announced on 14 February and headed by Lexus Chase winner Outlander , however , trainer Gordon Elliott indicated that he would not run . The top five weighted horses were all Irish - trained , including three by Elliott . One runner ( Otago Trail ) was scratched before the weights were assigned . Ninety - five entries remained after the first scratching deadline on 28 February . Elliott , who had earlier expressed his dissatisfaction with the weights assigned to his horses , withdrew several of his entries , including Outlander , Empire of Dirt and Don Poli , leaving Carlingford Lough as the new top weight . Vieux Lion Rouge , who won the Grand National Trial at Haydock , was now the favourite with the bookmakers , at 12 / 1 . The field was reduced to 79 following the second scratching deadline on 21 March . The five - day confirmation process began on 3 April with 70 horses advancing , following the withdrawal of top - weight Carlingford Lough . The final field was announced on 6 April , including four reserves in case of any withdrawals before 1 pm on 7 April . One of the top 40 horses going into the confirmation stage ( Pendra ) withdrew . There were no further withdrawals before the deadline , leaving the following 40 starters : No Horse Age Handicap ( st -- lb ) SP Jockey Trainer The Last Samuri ( IRE ) 9 11 - 10 1016 16 / 1 David Bass Kim Bailey More Of That ( IRE ) 9 11 - 06 1016 16 / 1 Barry Geraghty Jonjo O'Neill Shantou Flyer ( IRE ) 7 11 - 05 1050 50 / 1 Jonathan Moore Rebecca Curtis Perfect Candidate ( IRE ) 10 11 - 05",
"2": "1033 33 / 1 Paddy Brennan Fergal O'Brien 5 Saphir Du Rheu ( FR ) 8 11 - 05 1016 16 / 1 Sam Twiston - Davies Paul Nicholls 6 Roi Des Francs ( FR ) 8 11 - 03 1050 50 / 1 Jack Kennedy Gordon Elliott ( IRE ) 7 Wounded Warrior ( IRE ) 8 11 - 02 1033 33 / 1 Sean Flanagan Noel Meade ( IRE ) 8 Wonderful Charm ( FR ) 9 11 - 02 1028 28 / 1 Ms Katie Walsh Paul Nicholls 9 Tenor Nivernais ( FR ) 10 11 - 01 1040 40 / 1 Aidan Coleman Venetia Williams 10 Blaklion 8 11 - 01 1008 8 / 1 F Noel Fehily Nigel Twiston - Davies 11 Drop Out Joe 9 11 - 01 1033 33 / 1 Tom O'Brien Charlie Longsdon 12 Le Mercurey ( FR ) 7 11 - 00 1050 50 / 1 Sean Bowen Paul Nicholls 13 The Young Master 8 10 -- 13 1020 20 / 1 Mr Sam Waley - Cohen Neil Mulholland 14 Cause of Causes ( USA ) 9 10 -- 13 1016 16 / 1 Mr Jamie Codd Gordon Elliott ( IRE ) 15",
"3": "Regal Encore ( IRE ) 9 10 -- 13 1033 33 / 1 Robbie Power Anthony Honeyball 16 Vieux Lion Rouge ( FR ) 8 10 -- 12 1012 12 / 1 Tom Scudamore David Pipe 17 Definitly Red ( IRE ) 8 10 -- 12 1010 10 / 1 Danny Cook Brian Ellison 18 Ucello Conti ( FR ) 9 10 -- 12 1020 20 / 1 Daryl Jacob Gordon Elliott ( IRE ) 19 Double Shuffle ( IRE ) 7 10 -- 12 1033 33 / 1 Adrian Heskin Tom George 20 Houblon Des Obeaux ( FR ) 10 10 -- 12 1050 50 / 1 Charlie Deutsch Venetia Williams 21 Pleasant Company ( IRE ) 9 10 -- 12 1011 11 / 1 Ruby Walsh Willie Mullins ( IRE ) 22 One For Arthur ( IRE ) 8 10 -- 11 1014 14 / 1 Derek Fox Lucinda Russell 23 Ballynagour ( IRE ) 11 10 -- 11 1066 66 / 1 David Noonan David Pipe 24 O'Faolains Boy ( IRE ) 10 10 -- 11 1050 50 / 1 Paul Townend Rebecca Curtis 25 Highland Lodge ( IRE ) 11 10 -- 11 1025 25 / 1 Henry Brooke",
"4": "James Moffatt 26 Bishops Road ( IRE ) 9 10 - 10 1066 66 / 1 Jamie Moore Kerry Lee 27 Lord Windermere ( IRE ) 11 10 - 10 1033 33 / 1 Leighton Aspell Jim Culloty ( IRE ) 28 Saint Are ( FR ) 11 10 - 10 1025 25 / 1 Davy Russell Tom George 29 Vicente ( FR ) 8 10 - 10 1016 16 / 1 Brian Hughes Paul Nicholls 30 Just A Par ( IRE ) 10 10 - 09 1033 33 / 1 Harry Cobden Paul Nicholls 31 Measureofmydreams ( IRE ) 9 10 - 09 1040 40 / 1 Donagh Meyler Noel Meade ( IRE ) 32 Raz de Maree ( FR ) 12 10 - 09 1033 33 / 1 Ger Fox Gavin Cromwell ( IRE ) 33 Stellar Notion ( IRE ) 9 10 - 09 1050 50 / 1 David Mullins Henry de Bromhead ( IRE ) 34 Rogue Angel ( IRE ) 9 10 - 08 1020 20 / 1 Bryan Cooper Mouse Morris ( IRE ) 35 Cocktails At Dawn 9 10 - 08 1033 33 / 1 Nico de Boinville Nicky Henderson 36 Thunder And Roses ( IRE ) 9",
"5": "10 - 07 1025 25 / 1 Mark Enright Mouse Morris ( IRE ) 37 Gas Line Boy ( IRE ) 11 10 - 07 1050 50 / 1 Robert Dunne Ian Williams 38 Goodtoknow 9 10 - 07 1066 66 / 1 Jake Greenall Kerry Lee 39 La Vaticane ( FR ) 8 10 - 06 1080 80 / 1 Richie McLernon David Pipe 40 Doctor Harper ( IRE ) 9 10 - 06 1050 50 / 1 Connor O'Farrell David Pipe Great Britain unless stated . Amateur jockeys denoted by preceding title , e.g. Mr . Liam Treadwell was due to ride Tenor Nivernais but was replaced by Coleman after getting injured . Race overview ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Two false starts occurred before the race could get underway , the first caused by several horses running off too keenly and the second by The Young Master and Raz de Maree jumping the gun from a standing start . When the race eventually began properly , the 50 / 1 outsider Roi Des Francs led the field on the first circuit with Rogue Angel and Highland Lodge also prominent . The 10 / 1 second - favourite Definitly Red was pulled up at Valentine 's , whilst Saphir Du Rheu fell at the 11th . As the horses rounded the turn to begin the second circuit , Roi Des Francs was carried out by a loose horse and rejoined the field in mid-division , leaving Rogue Angel as the new leader . Saint Are , Blaklion and Vieux Lion Rouge remained close behind the leaders .",
"6": "With five fences remaining , the 8 / 1 favourite Blaklion moved up to challenge Rogue Angel for the lead , with Saint Are going third and Cause of Causes coming into contention . With two fences left to jump , Blaklion raced into a three - length lead over Rogue Angel , as Vieux Lion Rouge advanced into third and One For Arthur made significant progress through the field . At the second - last , One For Arthur jumped into the back of the leader Blaklion , with Cause of Causes and Gas Line Boy moving up to contest first place . The four were all stride - for - stride as they took the last fence , but One For Arthur jumped into the lead and accelerated to go three lengths clear at the elbow , increasing that advantage in the final furlong as he crossed the finish line four - and - a-half lengths ahead of Cause of Causes in second , with three - and - a-half lengths back to Saint Are who ran on well to clinch third by half - a-length from Blaklion . There were no fatalities and all 40 runners returned safely to the stables . Finishing order ( edit ) The 19 horses to complete the course finished as follows : Position Horse Jockey SP Distance Prize money One For Arthur Derek Fox 1014 14 / 1 41⁄2 lengths £ 561,300 Cause of Causes Mr Jamie Codd 1016 16 / 1 33⁄4 lengths £ 211,100 Saint Are Davy Russell 1025 25 / 1 1⁄2 length £ 105,500 Blaklion Noel Fehily 1008 8 / 1 F 8 lengths £ 52,700 5 Gas Line Boy Robert Dunne 1050 50 / 1 10 lengths £ 26,500 6 Vieux Lion Rouge Tom Scudamore 1012 12 / 1 1 length £ 13,200 7 Lord Windermere Leighton Aspell 1033 33 / 1 Neck £ 6,800 8 Regal Encore Robbie Power 1033 33 / 1 Head £ 3,",
"7": "600 9 Pleasant Company Ruby Walsh 1011 11 / 1 14 lengths £ 2,000 10 Houblon Des Obeaux Charlie Deutsch 1050 50 / 1 23⁄4 lengths £ 1,000 11 Ballynagour David Noonan 1066 66 / 1 11⁄4 lengths 12 Le Mercurey Sean Bowen 1050 50 / 1 31⁄2 lengths 13 Goodtoknow Jake Greenall 1066 66 / 1 31⁄2 lengths 14 Just A Par Harry Cobden 1033 33 / 1 6 lengths 15 La Vaticane Richie McLernon 1080 80 / 1 7 lengths 16 The Last Samuri David Bass 1016 16 / 1 6 lengths 17 Tenor Nivernais Aidan Coleman 1040 40 / 1 7 lengths 18 Roi Des Francs Jack Kennedy 1050 50 / 1 1 length 19 Wonderful Charm Katie Walsh 1028 28 / 1 Last to complete Distance measures from smallest to largest winning margin : nose , short head , head , short neck , neck , one length , a distance . Non-finishers ( edit ) The runners who failed to complete were as follows : Fence Horse Jockey SP Fate 1st Cocktails At Dawn Nico de Boinville 1033 33 / 1 Fell 1st Vicente Brian Hughes 1016 16 / 1 Fell 6th ( Becher 's Brook ) The Young Master Mr Sam Waley - Cohen 1020 20 / 1 Fell 6th ( Becher 's Brook ) Raz De Maree Ger Fox 1033 33 / 1",
"8": "Unseated rider 9th ( Valentine 's ) Definitly Red Danny Cook 1010 10 / 1 Pulled up 9th ( Valentine 's ) Thunder And Roses Mark Enright 1025 25 / 1 Unseated rider 11th Saphir Du Rheu Sam Twiston - Davies 1016 16 / 1 Unseated rider 13th Stellar Notion David Mullins 1050 50 / 1 Pulled up 15th ( The Chair ) Measureofmydreams Donagh Meyler 1040 40 / 1 Unseated rider 22nd ( Becher 's Brook ) Ucello Conti Daryl Jacob 1020 20 / 1 Unseated rider 26th Perfect Candidate Paddy Brennan 1033 33 / 1 Pulled up 26th Shantou Flyer Jonathan Moore 1050 50 / 1 Pulled up 29th Wounded Warrior Sean Flanagan 1033 33 / 1 Pulled up 29th Double Shuffle Adrian Heskin 1033 33 / 1 Pulled up 29th Doctor Harper Connor O'Farrell 1050 50 / 1 Pulled up 30th Highland Lodge Henry Brooke 1025 25 / 1 Pulled up 30th Rogue Angel Bryan Cooper 1020 20 / 1 Pulled up 30th O'Faolains Boy Paul Townend 1050 50 / 1 Pulled up 30th Drop Out Joe",
"9": "Tom O'Brien 1033 33 / 1 Pulled up 30th More Of That Barry Geraghty 1016 16 / 1 Pulled up 30th Bishops Road Jamie Moore 1066 66 / 1 Pulled up Broadcasting and media ( edit ) As they head down towards the last , One for Arthur for Scotland , Blaklion , Cause of Causes and Wonderful Charm on the inside , they are four deep heading to the last ! And it 's One for Arthur who accelerates , and moves to the lead from Cause of Causes , as they head up this long run in . One for Arthur is out in front , Cause of Causes in second place for Jamie Codd , Blaklion now back in third as they head towards the elbow in the National . And it 's One for Arthur , out in front for Derek Fox and Lucinda Russell , beginning to pull three lengths clear from Cause of Causes , back in third is Blaklion , Saint Are is running on late in the day but it 's One for Arthur , who crept into the race for the first circuit and a half , and is keeping up the gallop towards the line ! And Scottish flags are flying high ! One for Arthur won it ! `` '' ITV lead commentator Richard Hoiles describes the climax of the race . As the Grand National is accorded the status of an event of national interest in the United Kingdom and is listed on the Ofcom Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events , it must be shown on free - to - air terrestrial television in the UK . The race was broadcast live on TV by ITV . This was the first year that ITV broadcast the race live , following the decision by Channel 4 to drop the event and horse racing in general in 2016 . The coverage was led by Ed Chamberlin . Retired champion jockey Sir Anthony McCoy and Mick Fitzgerald provided expert opinions throughout the coverage , with reports from Brough Scott , Luke Harvey , Oli Bell and Alice Plunkett and betting updates by Matt Chapman . The commentary team was Mark Johnson , Ian Bartlett and Richard Hoiles , who called the winner home for the first time in his terrestrial television commentary career .",
"10": "See also ( edit ) Horseracing in Great Britain List of British National Hunt races References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Don Poli heads bumper 110 entries for the 2017 Randox Health Grand National '' . The Liverpool Echo. 1 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Relive One For Arthur 's Grand National triumph '' . BBC Sport. 8 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grand National 2017 runners and riders : full list of horses and jockeys for Aintree race '' . The Telegraph . 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grand National 2017 : Outlander tops weights for the National -- but wo n't run '' . The Liverpool Echo. 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Weights rise for Randox Health Grand National 2017 after top weights ' defection , Liverpool Echo , 1 March 2017 Jump up ^ Minella Rocco out of Randox Health Grand National 2017 as 79 entries remain , Liverpool Echo , 21 March 2017 Jump up ^ Grand National 2017 : Entries for the big Aintree race , BBC Sport , 3 April 2017 Jump up ^ Grand National 2017 : Field confirmed for Aintree showpiece , BBC Sport , 6 April 2016 Jump up ^ `` Grand National 2017 : Jockey Liam Treadwell out after fall '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grand National 2017 : One For Arthur triumphs becoming just the second Scottish - trained winner ever '' . The Independent . 9 April 2017 . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grand National : One For Arthur wins the big race -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . 9 April 2017 . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grand National 2017 winner and results : Full list of finishers and fallers at Aintree '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Grand National result '' .",
"11": "Irish Racing . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ITV to replace Channel 4 as horse racing broadcaster from 2017 '' . BBC Sport. 2 January 2016 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grand National peak viewing figure raises advertising worry for ITV '' . The Guardian . 9 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand National Festival Episode 3 '' . ITV . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official site ( hide ) Grand National Races by year 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903",
"12": "1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Course Aintree Racecourse Becher 's Brook",
"13": "Canal Turn The Chair Famous horses Aldaniti Battleship Corbiere Crisp Devon Loch The Duke E.S.B. Foinavon Golden Miller L'Escargot Lord Gyllene Lottery Peter Simple Red Rum West Tip Famous jockeys Duke of Alburquerque Jack Anthony Martin Becher Tommy Carberry Bob Champion Richard Dunwoody Brian Fletcher Dick Francis Josh Gifford Bruce Hobbs Count Karl Kinsky Jem Mason Tony McCoy Tom Olliver Ernest Piggott Richard Pitman Ruby Walsh Fred Winter Other people Peter Bromley Ginger McCain Vincent O'Brien Michael O'Hehir Peter O'Sullevan Jenny Pitman Fred Rimell Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Lord Oaksey Lord Sefton Lists List of Grand National winners List of Grand National first four placings List of equine fatalities in the Grand National List of female Grand National jockeys Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Grand_National&oldid=837537036 '' Categories : Grand National 2017 in horse racing 2017 in English sport 21st century in Merseyside April 2017 sports events in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2017 Use dmy dates from February 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 13 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where did the first persian gulf war take place
|
[
"Iraq",
"Kuwait",
"Saudi Arabia",
"Israel",
"Persian Gulf",
"Iraq",
"Kuwait",
"Saudi Arabia",
"Israel",
"Persian Gulf"
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{
"0": "Gulf War - wikipedia Gulf War Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the war in 1990 -- 1991 . For other wars of that name , see Gulf War ( disambiguation ) . `` Desert Storm '' and `` Operation Desert Storm '' redirect here . For other uses , see Desert Storm ( disambiguation ) . Gulf War Clockwise from top : USAF F - 15Es , F - 16s , and a F - 15C flying over burning Kuwaiti oil wells ; British troops from the Staffordshire Regiment in Operation Granby ; camera view from a Lockheed AC - 130 ; Highway of Death ; M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle . Date Invasion of Kuwait 2 -- 4 August 1990 Operation Desert Storm 17 January -- 28 February 1991 ( 1 month , 1 week and 4 days ) Location Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , Israel and Persian Gulf Result Coalition victory Iraq expelled from Kuwait Kuwaiti monarchy restored Destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure Failed Shia / Kurdish uprisings against the Iraqi government Iraqi Kurdistan obtains autonomy , establishment of the northern Iraq no fly zone by the US Saddam Hussein retains power UN sanctions against Iraq maintained until 2003 United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 establishes cease - fire terms , beginning of the Iraq disarmament controversies Belligerents Kuwait United States United Kingdom France Saudi Arabia Coalition forces ( show ) Egypt Syria Morocco Oman Pakistan Canada United Arab Emirates Qatar Bangladesh Italy Australia Netherlands Niger Philippines Sweden Argentina Senegal Spain Bahrain Belgium Poland South Korea Singapore Norway Czechoslovakia Greece Denmark New Zealand Hungary Iraq Supported by : Yemen PLO Commanders and leaders Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad Sheikh Saad Al Abdullah George H.W. Bush Dick Cheney Colin Powell Norman Schwarzkopf John J. Yeosock Walter E. Boomer Charles Horner Stanley Arthur J.",
"1": "William Kime King Fahd Saleh Al - Muhaya Khalid bin Sultan Margaret Thatcher John Major Peter de la Billière Brian Mulroney Hussain Muhammad Ershad François Mitterrand Michel Roquejeoffre Saddam Hussein Ali Hassan al - Majid Izzat Ibrahim al - Douri Salah Aboud Mahmoud Hussein Kamel al - Majid Abid Hamid Mahmud Strength 956,600 , including 700,000 US troops 650,000 soldiers Casualties and losses Coalition : 292 killed ( 147 killed by enemy action , 145 non-hostile deaths ) 467 wounded in action 776 wounded 31 Tanks destroyed / disabled 28 Bradley IFVs destroyed / damaged 1 M113 APC destroyed 2 British Warrior APCs destroyed 1 Artillery Piece destroyed 75 Aircraft destroyed Kuwait : 4,200 killed 12,000 captured ≈ 200 tanks destroyed / captured 850 + other armored vehicles destroyed / captured 57 aircraft lost At least 8 aircraft captured ( Mirage F1s ) 17 ships sunk , 6 captured Iraqi : 25,000 -- 50,000 killed 75,000 + wounded 80,000 captured 3,300 tanks destroyed 2,100 APCs destroyed 2,200 Artillery Pieces destroyed 110 Aircraft destroyed 137 Aircraft escaped to Iran 19 naval ships sunk , 6 damaged Kuwaiti civilian losses : Over 1,000 killed 600 missing people Iraqi civilian losses : About 3,664 killed Other civilian losses : 300 civilians killed , more injured Persian Gulf Wars Iranian Revolution ( 1978 -- 79 ) Iran -- Iraq War ( 1980 -- 88 ) Invasion of Kuwait ( 1990 ) Gulf War ( 1990 -- 91 ) Iraqi Kurdish / Shi'a uprisings ( 1991 ) Iraq no - fly zones conflict ( 1991 -- 2003 ) Iraq missile strikes ( 1993 ) Iraq missile strikes ( 1996 ) Iraq bombing ( 1998 ) 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq Iraq conflict ( 2003 -- present ) Iraq War (",
"2": "2003 -- 11 ) Iraqi insurgency ( 2011 -- 13 ) Iraqi Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Gulf War Invasion of Kuwait Kuwaiti Bridges Dasman Palace Failaka British Airways Flight 149 Coalition intervention Khafji Wadi Al - Batin Naval operations Ad - Dawrah Qurah Maradim Bubiyan Air campaign Air to Air combat `` Package Q '' Air Strike Ras Tanura Samurra Amiriyah Liberation of Kuwait Order of battle 67 Easting 73 Easting Al Busayyah Phase Line Bullet Medina Ridge Highway of Death Jalibah Norfolk Kuwait International Airport Post-ceasefire Rumaila Safwan Part of a series on Ba'athism Organisations ( show ) Arab Ba'ath 1940 -- 1947 Arab Ba'ath Movement 1940 -- 1947 Ba'ath Party 1947 -- 1966 Ba'ath Party ( pro-Iraqi ) 1968 -- 2003 Ba'ath Party ( pro-Syrian ) 1966 -- present People ( show ) Zaki al - Arsuzi Michel Aflaq Salah al - Din al - Bitar Abdullah Rimawi Wahib al - Ghanim Fuad al - Rikabi Salah Jadid Hafez al - Assad Ahmed Hassan al - Bakr Saddam Hussein Bashar al - Assad Izzat Ibrahim al - Douri Literature ( show ) On the Way of Resurrection The Battle for One Destiny The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue",
"3": "History ( show ) Ba'athist Iraq Ramadan Revolution November 1963 coup d'état 17 July Revolution Iran -- Iraq War Gulf War UN sanctions Iraq War De-Ba'athification Ba'athist Syria Syrian Committee to Help Iraq 1963 / 1966 coup d'états Corrective Revolution Civil War Regional organisations ( show ) Algeria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Bahrain pro-Iraq pro-Syria Egypt pro-Iraq pro-Syria Iraq pro-Iraq pro-Syria Jordan pro-Iraq pro-Syria Kuwait pro-Iraq Lebanon pro-Iraq pro-Syria Libya pro-Iraq Mauritania pro-Iraq pro-Syria Palestine pro-Iraq pro-Syria Sudan pro-Iraq pro-Syria Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Tunisia pro-Iraq pro-Syria Yemen pro-Iraq pro-Syria Splinter groups ( show ) Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party 1960 -- 1962 / 63 Socialist Lebanon 1965 -- 1970 Arab Revolutionary Workers Party 1966 -- present Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party 1970 -- present Sudanese Ba'ath Party 2002 -- present Related topics ( show ) Arab nationalism Arab socialism Nasserism",
"4": "Pan-Arabism Strasserism Politics portal Socialism portal This article is part of a series about George H.W. Bush Family Bibliography Electoral history 1966 U.S. House election Vice President of the United States 1980 presidential campaign 1980 Reagan - Bush Campaign Reagan assassination attempt Deregulation 1984 Reagan - Bush Campaign Bush - Ferraro debate President of the United States Presidency Timeline 1988 election Convention `` No new taxes '' Inauguration Thousand points of light Foundation Gulf War Invasion of Panama Operation Restore Hope NAFTA Environmental policy Foreign policy International presidential trips Judicial appointments Pardons 1992 election Convention Legacy Presidential Library Medal of Freedom Bush School of Government Reagan Award USS George H.W. Bush ( CVN - 77 ) The Gulf War ( 2 August 1990 -- 28 February 1991 ) , codenamed Operation Desert Shield ( 2 August 1990 -- 17 January 1991 ) for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm ( 17 January 1991 -- 28 February 1991 ) in its combat phase , was a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq 's invasion and annexation of Kuwait . The war is also known under other names , such as the Persian Gulf War , First Gulf War , Gulf War I , Kuwait War , First Iraq War or Iraq War , before the term `` Iraq War '' became identified instead with the 2003 Iraq War ( also referred to in the US as `` Operation Iraqi Freedom '' ) . The Iraqi Army 's occupation of Kuwait that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation and brought immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by members of the UN Security Council . Together with the UK 's prime minister Margaret Thatcher ( who had fiercely resisted the invasion by Argentina of the Falkland Islands a decade earlier ) , George H.W. Bush deployed US forces into Saudi Arabia , and urged other countries to send their own forces to the scene .",
"5": "An array of nations joined the coalition , forming the largest military alliance since World War II . The great majority of the coalition 's military forces were from the US , with Saudi Arabia , the United Kingdom and Egypt as leading contributors , in that order . Kuwait and Saudi Arabia paid around US $32 billion of the US $60 billion cost . The war was marked by the introduction of live news broadcasts from the front lines of the battle , principally by the US network CNN . The war has also earned the nickname Video Game War after the daily broadcast of images from cameras on board US bombers during Operation Desert Storm . The initial conflict to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait began with an aerial and naval bombardment on 17 January 1991 , continuing for five weeks . This was followed by a ground assault on 24 February . This was a decisive victory for the coalition forces , who liberated Kuwait and advanced into Iraqi territory . The coalition ceased its advance , and declared a ceasefire 100 hours after the ground campaign started . Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq , Kuwait , and areas on Saudi Arabia 's border . Iraq launched Scud missiles against coalition military targets in Saudi Arabia and against Israel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 1.1 Operational names 1.2 Campaign names 2 Background 3 Invasion of Kuwait 3.1 Kuwaiti resistance movement 4 Run - up to the war 4.1 Diplomatic means 4.2 Military means 4.2. 1 Creating a coalition 4.2.",
"6": "2 Justification for intervention 5 Early battles 5.1 Air campaign 5.2 Iraqi missile strikes on Israel and Saudi Arabia 5.3 Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia ( Battle of Khafji ) 6 Counter reconnaissance 7 Breach 8 Ground campaign 8.1 Kuwait 's liberation 8.2 Initial moves into Iraq 8.3 Coalition forces enter Iraq 9 The end of active hostilities 10 Coalition involvement 10.1 Australia 10.2 Argentina 10.3 Canada 10.4 France 10.5 United Kingdom 11 Casualties 11.1 Civilian 11.2 Iraqi 11.3 Coalition 11.3. 1 Friendly fire 12 Controversies 12.1 Gulf War Illness 12.2 Effects of depleted uranium 12.3 Highway of Death 12.4 Bulldozer assault 12.5 Palestinian exodus from Kuwait 12.6 Coalition bombing of Iraq 's civilian infrastructure 12.7 Abuse of Coalition POWs 12.8 Operation Southern Watch 12.9 Sanctions 12.10 Draining of the Qurna Marshes 12.11 Oil spill 12.12 Kuwaiti oil fires 13 Cost 13.1 Effect on developing countries 14 Media coverage 15 Technology 15.1 Scud and Patriot missiles 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 Bibliography 19.1 Films 19.2 Novels 20 External links Terminology The following names have been used to describe the conflict itself : Gulf War and Persian Gulf War have been the most common terms for the conflict used within western countries . A problem with these terms is that the usage is ambiguous , having now been applied to at least three conflicts : see Gulf War ( disambiguation ) . The use of the term Persian Gulf ( as opposed to Arabian Gulf ) is also disputed : see Persian Gulf naming dispute . With no consensus of naming , various publications have attempted to refine the name . Some variants include : Gulf War ( e.g.",
"7": "The Gulf War , BBC television series , 2005 ; Modern Conflicts : The Gulf War , Discovery Channel DVD set , 2010 ) Persian Gulf War ( e.g. Encyclopedia of the Persian Gulf War , Mark Grossman , 1995 ; An Operational Analysis of the Persian Gulf War , US Army War College , 2016 ) Gulf War ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ( e.g. The Gulf War 1991 ( Essential Histories ) , Alastair Finlan , 2003 ; Gulf War , 1990 -- 91 , William Thomas Allison , 2012 ) First Gulf War ( to distinguish it from the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the subsequent Iraq War ) ( e.g. Gulf War One : Real Voices from the Front Line , Hugh McManners , 2010 ) Second Gulf War ( to distinguish it from the Iran -- Iraq War ) ( e.g. Iraq and the Second Gulf War : State Building and Regime Security , Mohammad - Mahmoud Mohamedou , 1997 ) Liberation of Kuwait ( Arabic : تحرير الكويت ) ( taḥrīr al - kuwayt ) is the term used by Kuwait and most of the coalition 's Arab states , including Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , Egypt , and the United Arab Emirates . Other language terms include French : la Guerre du Golfe and German : Golfkrieg ( Gulf War ) ; German : Zweiter Golfkrieg ( Second Gulf War ) ; French : Guerre du Koweït ( War of Kuwait ) The mother of all battles ( Arabic : أم المعارك ) ( umm al - ma'ārik ) is a term derived from Saddam Hussein ( e.g. The Mother of All Battles : Saddam Hussein 's Strategic Plan for the Persian Gulf War , Kevin M. Woods , 2008 ) . Operational names Most of the coalition states used various names for their operations and the war 's operational phases . These are sometimes incorrectly used as the conflict 's overall name , especially the US Desert Storm : Operation Desert Shield was the US operational name for the US buildup of forces and Saudi Arabia 's defense from 2 August 1990 , to 16 January 1991 .",
"8": "Operation Desert Storm was the US name of the airland conflict from 17 January 1991 , through 11 April 1991 . Operation Desert Sabre ( early name Operation Desert Sword ) was the US name for the airland offensive against the Iraqi Army in the Kuwaiti Theater of Operations ( the `` 100 - hour war '' ) from 24 -- 28 February 1991 , in itself , part of Operation Desert Storm . Operation Desert Farewell was the name given to the return of US units and equipment to the US in 1991 after Kuwait 's liberation , sometimes referred to as Operation Desert Calm . Operation Granby was the British name for British military activities during the operations and conflict . Opération Daguet was the French name for French military activities in the conflict . Operation Friction was the name of the Canadian operations Operazione Locusta ( Italian for Locust ) was the Italian name for the operations and conflict . Campaign names The US divided the conflict into three major campaigns : Defense of Saudi Arabian country for the period 2 August 1990 , through 16 January 1991 . Liberation and Defense of Kuwait for the period 17 January 1991 , through 11 April 1991 . Southwest Asia Cease - Fire for the period 12 April 1991 , through 30 November 1995 , including Operation Provide Comfort . Background See also : Iraq -- United States relations Throughout the Cold War , Iraq had been an ally of the Soviet Union , and there was a history of friction between it and the United States . The US was concerned with Iraq 's position on Israeli -- Palestinian politics . The US also disliked Iraqi support for many Arab and Palestinian militant groups such as Abu Nidal , which led to Iraq 's inclusion on the developing US list of State Sponsors of Terrorism on 29 December 1979 . The US remained officially neutral after Iraq 's invasion of Iran in 1980 , which became the Iran -- Iraq War , although it provided resources , political support , and some `` non-military '' aircraft to Iraq . In March 1982 , Iran began a successful counteroffensive ( Operation Undeniable Victory ) , and the US increased its support for Iraq to prevent Iran from forcing a surrender .",
"9": "In a US bid to open full diplomatic relations with Iraq , the country was removed from the US list of State Sponsors of Terrorism . Ostensibly , this was because of improvement in the regime 's record , although former US Assistant Defense Secretary Noel Koch later stated : `` No one had any doubts about ( the Iraqis ' ) continued involvement in terrorism ... The real reason was to help them succeed in the war against Iran . '' With Iraq 's newfound success in the war , and the Iranian rebuff of a peace offer in July , arms sales to Iraq reached a record spike in 1982 . When Iraqi President Saddam Hussein expelled Abu Nidal to Syria at the US 's request in November 1983 , the Reagan administration sent Donald Rumsfeld to meet Saddam as a special envoy and to cultivate ties . By the time the ceasefire with Iran was signed in August 1988 , Iraq was heavily debt - ridden and tensions within society were rising . Most of its debt was owed to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait . Iraq pressured both nations to forgive the debts , but they refused . Map of Kuwait The Iraq -- Kuwait dispute also involved Iraqi claims to Kuwait as Iraqi territory . Kuwait had been a part of the Ottoman Empire 's province of Basra , something that Iraq claimed made it rightful Iraqi territory . Its ruling dynasty , the al - Sabah family , had concluded a protectorate agreement in 1899 that assigned responsibility for its foreign affairs to the United Kingdom . The UK drew the border between the two countries in 1922 , making Iraq virtually landlocked . Kuwait rejected Iraqi attempts to secure further provisions in the region . Iraq also accused Kuwait of exceeding its OPEC quotas for oil production . In order for the cartel to maintain its desired price of $18 a barrel , discipline was required . The United Arab Emirates and Kuwait were consistently overproducing ; the latter at least in part to repair losses caused by Iranian attacks in the Iran -- Iraq War and to pay for the losses of an economic scandal . The result was a slump in the oil price -- as low as $10 a barrel -- with a resulting loss of $7 billion a year to Iraq , equal to its 1989 balance of payments deficit . Resulting revenues struggled to support the government 's basic costs , let alone repair Iraq 's damaged infrastructure .",
"10": "Jordan and Iraq both looked for more discipline , with little success . The Iraqi government described it as a form of economic warfare , which it claimed was aggravated by Kuwait slant - drilling across the border into Iraq 's Rumaila oil field . At the same time , Saddam looked for closer ties with those Arab states that had supported Iraq in the war . This was supported by the US , who believed that Iraqi ties with pro-Western Gulf states would help bring and maintain Iraq inside the US ' sphere of influence . In 1989 , it appeared that Saudi -- Iraqi relations , strong during the war , would be maintained . A pact of non-interference and non-aggression was signed between the countries , followed by a Kuwaiti - Iraqi deal for Iraq to supply Kuwait with water for drinking and irrigation , although a request for Kuwait to lease Iraq Umm Qasr was rejected . Saudi - backed development projects were hampered by Iraq 's large debts , even with the demobilization of 200,000 soldiers . Iraq also looked to increase arms production so as to become an exporter , although the success of these projects was also restrained by Iraq 's obligations ; in Iraq , resentment to OPEC 's controls mounted . Donald Rumsfeld as US special envoy to the Middle East , meets Saddam Hussein on 19 -- 20 December 1983 . Iraq 's relations with its Arab neighbors -- in particular Egypt -- were degraded by mounting violence in Iraq against expatriate groups , well - employed during the war , by Iraqi unemployed , among them demobilized soldiers . These events drew little notice outside the Arab world because of fast - moving events directly related to the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe . However , the US did begin to condemn Iraq 's human rights record , including the well - known use of torture . The UK also condemned the execution of Farzad Bazoft , a journalist working for the British newspaper The Observer . Following Saddam 's declaration that `` binary chemical weapons '' would be used on Israel if it used military force against Iraq , Washington halted part of its funding . A UN mission to the Israeli - occupied territories , where riots had resulted in Palestinian deaths , was vetoed by the US , making Iraq deeply skeptical of US foreign policy aims in the region , combined with the US ' reliance on Middle Eastern energy reserves .",
"11": "In early July 1990 , Iraq complained about Kuwait 's behavior , such as not respecting their quota , and openly threatened to take military action . On the 23rd , the CIA reported that Iraq had moved 30,000 troops to the Iraq - Kuwait border , and the US naval fleet in the Persian Gulf was placed on alert . Saddam believed an anti-Iraq conspiracy was developing -- Kuwait had begun talks with Iran , and Iraq 's rival Syria had arranged a visit to Egypt . Upon review by the Secretary of Defense , it was found that Syria indeed planned a strike against Iraq in the coming days . Saddam immediately used funding to incorporate central intelligence into Syria and ultimately prevented the impending air strike . On 15 July 1990 , Saddam 's government laid out its combined objections to the Arab League , including that policy moves were costing Iraq $1 billion a year , that Kuwait was still using the Rumaila oil field , that loans made by the UAE and Kuwait could not be considered debts to its `` Arab brothers '' . He threatened force against Kuwait and the UAE , saying : `` The policies of some Arab rulers are American ... They are inspired by America to undermine Arab interests and security . '' The US sent aerial refuelling planes and combat ships to the Persian Gulf in response to these threats . Discussions in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia , mediated on the Arab League 's behalf by Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak , were held on 31 July and led Mubarak to believe that a peaceful course could be established . On the 25th , Saddam met with April Glaspie , the US Ambassador to Iraq , in Baghdad . The Iraqi leader attacked American policy with regards to Kuwait and the UAE : So what can it mean when America says it will now protect its friends ? It can only mean prejudice against Iraq . This stance plus maneuvers and statements which have been made has encouraged the UAE and Kuwait to disregard Iraqi rights ... If you use pressure , we will deploy pressure and force . We know that you can harm us although we do not threaten you . But we too can harm you . Everyone can cause harm according to their ability and their size . We can not come all the way to you in the United States , but individual Arabs may reach you ... We do not place America among the enemies .",
"12": "We place it where we want our friends to be and we try to be friends . But repeated American statements last year made it apparent that America did not regard us as friends . Glaspie replied : I know you need funds . We understand that and our opinion is that you should have the opportunity to rebuild your country . But we have no opinion on the Arab - Arab conflicts , like your border disagreement with Kuwait ... Frankly , we can only see that you have deployed massive troops in the south . Normally that would not be any of our business . But when this happens in the context of what you said on your national day , then when we read the details in the two letters of the Foreign Minister , then when we see the Iraqi point of view that the measures taken by the UAE and Kuwait is , in the final analysis , parallel to military aggression against Iraq , then it would be reasonable for me to be concerned . Saddam stated that he would attempt last - ditch negotiations with the Kuwaitis but Iraq `` would not accept death '' . According to Glaspie 's own account , she stated in reference to the precise border between Kuwait and Iraq , `` ... that she had served in Kuwait 20 years before ; ' then , as now , we took no position on these Arab affairs ' . '' Glaspie similarly believed that war was not imminent . Invasion of Kuwait Main article : Invasion of Kuwait Main article : Timeline of Gulf War Kuwaiti Armed Forces M - 84 main battle tanks Kuwait Air Force McDonnell Douglas A-4KU Skyhawk ground - attack aircraft The result of the Jeddah talks was an Iraqi demand for $10 billion to cover the lost revenues from Rumaila ; Kuwait offered $9 billion . The Iraqi response was to immediately order the invasion , which started on 2 August 1990 with the bombing of Kuwait 's capital , Kuwait City . At the time of the invasion , the Kuwaiti military was believed to have numbered 16,000 men , arranged into three armored , one mechanised infantry and one under - strength artillery brigade . The pre-war strength of the Kuwait Air Force was around 2,200 Kuwaiti personnel , with 80 fixed - wing aircraft and 40 helicopters .",
"13": "In spite of Iraqi saber rattling , Kuwait did not mobilize its force ; the army had been stood down on 19 July , and at the time of the Iraqi invasion many Kuwaiti military personnel were on leave . By 1988 , at the Iran -- Iraq war 's end , the Iraqi Army was the world 's fourth largest army ; it consisted of 955,000 standing soldiers and 650,000 paramilitary forces in the Popular Army . According to John Childs and André Corvisier , a low estimate shows the Iraqi Army capable of fielding 4,500 tanks , 484 combat aircraft and 232 combat helicopters . According to Michael Knights , a high estimate shows the Iraqi Army capable of fielding one million men and 850,000 reservists , 5,500 tanks , 3,000 artillery pieces , 700 combat aircraft and helicopters ; and held 53 divisions , 20 special - forces brigades , and several regional militias , and had a strong air defense . Iraqi Army T - 72 M main battle tanks . The T - 72M tank was a common Iraqi battle tank used in the Gulf War . An Iraqi Air Force Bell 214ST transport helicopter , after being captured by a US Marine Corps unit at the start of the ground phase of Operation Desert Storm Iraqi commandos infiltrated the Kuwaiti border first to prepare for the major units which began the attack at midnight . The Iraqi attack had two prongs , with the primary attack force driving south straight for Kuwait City down the main highway , and a supporting attack force entering Kuwait farther west , but then turning and driving east , cutting off Kuwait City from the country 's southern half . The commander of a Kuwaiti armored battalion , 35th Armoured Brigade , deployed them against the Iraqi attack and was able to conduct a robust defense at the Battle of the Bridges near Al Jahra , west of Kuwait City . Kuwaiti aircraft scrambled to meet the invading force , but approximately 20 % were lost or captured . A few combat sorties were flown against Iraqi ground forces . The main Iraqi thrust into Kuwait City was conducted by commandos deployed by helicopters and boats to attack the city from the sea , while other divisions seized the airports and two airbases .",
"14": "The Iraqis attacked the Dasman Palace , the Royal Residence of Kuwait 's Emir , Jaber Al - Ahmad Al - Jaber Al - Sabah , which was defended by the Emiri Guard supported with M - 84 tanks . In the process , the Iraqis killed Fahad Al - Ahmed Al - Jaber Al - Sabah , the Emir 's youngest brother . Within 12 hours , most resistance had ended within Kuwait and the royal family had fled , leaving Iraq in control of most of Kuwait . After two days of intense combat , most of the Kuwaiti military were either overrun by the Iraqi Republican Guard , or had escaped to Saudi Arabia . The Emir and key ministers were able to get out and head south along the highway for refuge in Saudi Arabia . Iraqi ground forces consolidated their control of Kuwait City , then headed south and redeployed along the Saudi border . After the decisive Iraqi victory , Saddam initially installed a puppet regime known as the `` Provisional Government of Free Kuwait '' before installing his cousin Ali Hassan al - Majid as Kuwait 's governor on 8 August . Kuwaiti resistance movement Kuwaitis founded a local armed resistance movement following the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait . The Kuwaiti resistance 's casualty rate far exceeded that of the coalition military forces and Western hostages . The resistance predominantly consisted of ordinary citizens who lacked any form of training and supervision . Run - up to the War Diplomatic means A key element of US political - military and energy economic planning occurred in early 1984 . The Iran -- Iraq war had been going on for five years by that time and there were significant casualties on both sides , reaching into the hundreds of thousands . Within President Ronald Reagan 's National Security Council concern was growing that the war could spread beyond the boundaries of the two belligerents . A National Security Planning Group meeting was formed , chaired by then Vice President George H.W. Bush to review US options . It was determined that there was a high likelihood that the conflict would spread into Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states , but that the United States had little capability to defend the region . Furthermore , it was determined that a prolonged war in the region would induce much higher oil prices and threaten the fragile recovery of the world economy which was just beginning to gain momentum .",
"15": "On 22 May 1984 , President Reagan was briefed on the project conclusions in the Oval Office by William Flynn Martin who had served as the head of the NSC staff that organized the study . The full declassified presentation can be seen here . The conclusions were threefold : first oil stocks needed to be increased among members of the International Energy Agency and , if necessary , released early in the event of oil market disruption ; second the United States needed to beef up the security of friendly Arab states in the region and thirdly an embargo should be placed on sales of military equipment to Iran and Iraq . The plan was approved by the President Reagan and later affirmed by the G - 7 leaders headed by Great Britain 's Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the London Summit of 1984 . The plan was implemented and became the basis for US preparedness to respond to the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait in 1991 . Within hours of the invasion , Kuwait and US delegations requested a meeting of the UN Security Council , which passed Resolution 660 , condemning the invasion and demanding a withdrawal of Iraqi troops . On 3 August , the Arab League passed its own resolution , which called for a solution to the conflict from within the league , and warned against outside intervention ; Iraq and Libya were the only two Arab League states which opposed a resolution for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait . The PLO opposed it as well . The Arab states of Yemen and Jordan -- a Western ally which bordered Iraq and relied on the country for economic support -- opposed military intervention from non-Arab states . The Arab state of Sudan aligned itself with Saddam . On 6 August , Resolution 661 placed economic sanctions on Iraq . Resolution 665 followed soon after , which authorized a naval blockade to enforce the sanctions . It said the `` use of measures commensurate to the specific circumstances as may be necessary ... to halt all inward and outward maritime shipping in order to inspect and verify their cargoes and destinations and to ensure strict implementation of resolution 661 . ''",
"16": "President Bush visiting American troops in Saudi Arabia on Thanksgiving Day , 1990 The US administration had at first been indecisive with an `` undertone ... of resignation to the invasion and even adaptation to it as a fait accompli '' until the UK 's prime minister Margaret Thatcher played a powerful role , reminding the President that appeasement in the 1930s had led to war , that Saddam would have the whole Gulf at his mercy along with 65 per cent of the world 's oil supply , and famously urging President Bush `` not to go wobbly '' . Once persuaded , US officials insisted on a total Iraqi pullout from Kuwait , without any linkage to other Middle Eastern problems , accepting the British view that any concessions would strengthen Iraqi influence in the region for years to come . On 12 August 1990 , Saddam `` propose ( d ) that all cases of occupation , and those cases that have been portrayed as occupation , in the region , be resolved simultaneously '' . Specifically , he called for Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in Palestine , Syria , and Lebanon , Syria to withdraw from Lebanon , and `` mutual withdrawals by Iraq and Iran and arrangement for the situation in Kuwait . '' He also called for a replacement of US troops that mobilized in Saudi Arabia in response to Kuwait 's invasion with `` an Arab force '' , as long as that force did not involve Egypt . Additionally , he requested an `` immediate freeze of all boycott and siege decisions '' and a general normalization of relations with Iraq . From the beginning of the crisis , President Bush was strongly opposed to any `` linkage '' between Iraq 's occupation of Kuwait and the Palestinian issue . Saddam Hussein detained several Westerners , with video footage shown on state television On 23 August , Saddam appeared on state television with Western hostages to whom he had refused exit visas . In the video , he asks a young British boy , Stuart Lockwood , whether he is getting his milk , and goes on to say , through his interpreter , `` We hope your presence as guests here will not be for too long . Your presence here , and in other places , is meant to prevent the scourge of war . '' Another Iraqi proposal communicated in August 1990 was delivered to US National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft by an unidentified Iraqi official .",
"17": "The official communicated to the White House that Iraq would `` withdraw from Kuwait and allow foreigners to leave '' provided that the UN lifted sanctions , allowed `` guaranteed access to the Persian Gulf through the Kuwaiti islands of Bubiyan and Warbah '' , and allowed Iraq to `` gain full control of the Rumaila oil field that extends slightly into Kuwaiti territory '' . The proposal also `` include ( d ) offers to negotiate an oil agreement with the United States ' satisfactory to both nations ' national security interests , ' develop a joint plan ' to alleviate Iraq 's economical and financial problems ' and ' jointly work on the stability of the gulf . ' '' In December 1990 , Iraq made a proposal to withdraw from Kuwait provided that foreign troops left the region and that an agreement was reached regarding the Palestinian problem and the dismantlement of both Israel 's and Iraq 's weapons of mass destruction . The White House rejected the proposal . The PLO 's Yasser Arafat expressed that neither he nor Saddam insisted that solving the Israel -- Palestine issues should be a precondition to solving the issues in Kuwait , though he did acknowledge a `` strong link '' between these problems . Ultimately , the US and UK stuck to their position that there would be no negotiations until Iraq withdrew from Kuwait and that they should not grant Iraq concessions , lest they give the impression that Iraq benefited from its military campaign . Also , when US Secretary of State James Baker met with Tariq Aziz in Geneva , Switzerland , for last minute peace talks in early 1991 , Aziz reportedly made no concrete proposals and did not outline any hypothetical Iraqi moves . On 29 November 1990 , the Security Council passed Resolution 678 which gave Iraq until 15 January 1991 to withdraw from Kuwait and empowered states to use `` all necessary means '' to force Iraq out of Kuwait after the deadline . On 14 January 1991 , France proposed that the UN Security Council call for `` a rapid and massive withdrawal '' from Kuwait along with a statement to Iraq that Council members would bring their `` active contribution '' to a settlement of the region 's other problems , `` in particular , of the Arab -- Israeli conflict and in particular to the Palestinian problem by convening , at an appropriate moment , an international conference '' to assure `` the security , stability and development of this region of the world . ''",
"18": "The French proposal was supported by Belgium ( at the moment one of the rotating Council members ) , Germany , Spain , Italy , Algeria , Morocco , Tunisia , and several non-aligned nations . The US , the UK , and the Soviet Union rejected it ; US Ambassador to the UN Thomas Pickering stated that the French proposal was unacceptable , because it went beyond previous Council resolutions on the Iraqi invasion . France dropped this proposal when it found `` no tangible sign of interest '' from Baghdad . Military means `` Operation Desert Shield '' redirects here . For the 2006 operation by the Iraqi insurgency , see Operation Desert Shield ( Iraq ) . F - 15Es parked during Operation Desert Shield One of the West 's main concerns was the significant threat Iraq posed to Saudi Arabia . Following Kuwait 's conquest , the Iraqi Army was within easy striking distance of Saudi oil fields . Control of these fields , along with Kuwaiti and Iraqi reserves , would have given Saddam control over the majority of the world 's oil reserves . Iraq also had a number of grievances with Saudi Arabia . The Saudis had lent Iraq some 26 billion dollars during its war with Iran . The Saudis had backed Iraq in that war , as they feared the influence of Shia Iran 's Islamic revolution on its own Shia minority . After the war , Saddam felt he should n't have to repay the loans due to the help he had given the Saudis by fighting Iran . Soon after his conquest of Kuwait , Saddam began verbally attacking the Saudis . He argued that the US - supported Saudi state was an illegitimate and unworthy guardian of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina . He combined the language of the Islamist groups that had recently fought in Afghanistan with the rhetoric Iran had long used to attack the Saudis . US Army soldiers from the 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade during the Gulf War Acting on the Carter Doctrine 's policy , and out of fear the Iraqi Army could launch an invasion of Saudi Arabia , US President George H.W. Bush quickly announced that the US would launch a `` wholly defensive '' mission to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia under the codename Operation Desert Shield . Operation Desert Shield began on 7 August 1990 when US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia due also to the request of its monarch , King Fahd , who had earlier called for US military assistance .",
"19": "This `` wholly defensive '' doctrine was quickly abandoned when , on 8 August , Iraq declared Kuwait to be Iraq 's 19th province and Saddam named his cousin , Ali Hassan Al - Majid , as its military - governor . The US Navy dispatched two naval battle groups built around the aircraft carriers USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and USS Independence to the Persian Gulf , where they were ready by 8 August . The US also sent the battleships USS Missouri and USS Wisconsin to the region . A total of 48 US Air Force F - 15s from the 1st Fighter Wing at Langley Air Force Base , Virginia , landed in Saudi Arabia , and immediately commenced round the clock air patrols of the Saudi -- Kuwait -- Iraq border to discourage further Iraqi military advances . They were joined by 36 F - 15 A-Ds from the 36th Tactical Fighter Wing at Bitburg , Germany . The Bitburg contingent was based at Al Kharj Air Base , approximately an hour south east of Riyadh . The 36th TFW would be responsible for 11 confirmed Iraqi Air Force aircraft shot down during the war . There were also two Air National Guard units stationed at Al Kharj Air Base , the South Carolina Air National Guard 's 169th Fighter Wing flew bombing missions with 24 F - 16s flying 2,000 combat missions and dropping 4 million pounds of munitions , and the New York Air National Guard 's 174th Fighter Wing from Syracuse flew 24 F - 16s on bombing missions . Military buildup continued from there , eventually reaching 543,000 troops , twice the number used in the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Much of the material was airlifted or carried to the staging areas via fast sealift ships , allowing a quick buildup . Creating a coalition Nations that deployed coalition forces or provided support A series of UN Security Council resolutions and Arab League resolutions were passed regarding Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait . One of the most important was Resolution 678 , passed on 29 November 1990 , which gave Iraq a withdrawal deadline until 15 January 1991 , and authorized `` all necessary means to uphold and implement Resolution 660 '' , and a diplomatic formulation authorizing the use of force if Iraq failed to comply .",
"20": "To ensure that economic backing , Baker went on an 11 - day journey to nine countries that the press dubbed `` The Tin Cup Trip '' . The first stop was Saudi Arabia , which a month before had already granted permission to the United States to use its facilities . However , Baker believed that Saudi Arabia , an immensely wealthy nation , should assume some of the cost of the military efforts , since one of the most important military objectives was to defend Saudi Arabia . When Baker asked King Fahd for 15 billion dollars , the King readily agreed , with the promise that Baker ask Kuwait for the same amount . The next day , 7 September , he did just that , and the Emir of Kuwait , displaced in a Sheraton hotel outside his invaded country , easily agreed . Baker then moved to enter talks with Egypt , whose leadership he considered to be `` the moderate voice of the middle east '' . President Mubarak of Egypt was furious with Saddam for his invasion of Kuwait , and for the fact that Saddam had assured Mubarak that an invasion was not his intention . Therefore , he was willing to commit troops to the coalition forces to quell Saddam , as well as relieved the United States was willing to forgive his country 's 7.1 billion dollar debt . After stops in Helsinki and Moscow to smooth out Iraqi demands for a middle - eastern peace conference with the Soviet Union , Baker traveled to Syria to discuss its role in the crisis with its President Hafez Assad . Assad had a deep personal enmity towards Saddam , which was defined by the fact that `` Saddam had been trying to kill him ( Assad ) for years '' . Harboring this animosity and being impressed with Baker 's diplomatic initiative to visit Damascus ( relations had been severed since the 1983 bombing of US Marine barracks in Beirut ) , Assad agreed to pledge up to 100,000 Syrian troops to the coalition effort . This was a vital step in ensuring Arab states were represented in the coalition . Baker flew to Rome for a brief visit with the Italians in which he was promised the use of some military equipment , before journeying to Germany to meet with American ally Chancellor Kohl .",
"21": "Although Germany 's constitution ( which was brokered essentially by the United States ) prohibited military involvement in outside nations , Kohl was willing to repay his gratitude for the United States with a two billion dollar contribution to the coalition 's war effort , as well as further economic and military support of coalition ally Turkey , and the execution of the transport of Egyptian soldiers and ships to the Persian Gulf . General Norman Schwarzkopf , Jr. and President George H.W. Bush visit US troops in Saudi Arabia on Thanksgiving Day , 1990 . A coalition of forces opposing Iraq 's aggression was formed , consisting of forces from 34 countries : Argentina , Australia , Bahrain , Bangladesh , Belgium , Canada , Denmark , Egypt , France , Greece , Italy , Kuwait , Morocco , Netherlands , New Zealand , Niger , Norway , Oman , Pakistan , Poland , Portugal , Qatar , South Korea , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Singapore , Spain , Syria , the United Arab Emirates , the United Kingdom , and the US itself . It was the largest coalition since World War II . US Army General Norman Schwarzkopf , Jr. was designated to be the commander of the coalition forces in the Persian Gulf area . The Soviet Union also supported United States intervention . Although they did not contribute any forces , Japan and Germany made financial contributions totaling $10 billion and $6.6 billion respectively . US troops represented 73 % of the coalition 's 956,600 troops in Iraq . Many of the coalition countries were reluctant to commit military forces . Some felt that the war was an internal Arab affair or did not want to increase US influence in the Middle East . In the end , however , many nations were persuaded by Iraq 's belligerence towards other Arab states , offers of economic aid or debt forgiveness , and threats to withhold aid . Justification for intervention Dick Cheney meets with Prince Sultan , Minister of Defence and Aviation in Saudi Arabia to discuss how to handle the invasion of Kuwait . The US and the UN gave several public justifications for involvement in the conflict , the most prominent being the Iraqi violation of Kuwaiti territorial integrity . In addition , the US moved to support its ally Saudi Arabia , whose importance in the region , and as a key supplier of oil , made it of considerable geopolitical importance .",
"22": "Shortly after the Iraqi invasion , US Defense Secretary Dick Cheney made the first of several visits to Saudi Arabia where King Fahd requested US military assistance . During a speech in a special joint session of the US Congress given on 11 September 1990 , US President George H.W. Bush summed up the reasons with the following remarks : `` Within three days , 120,000 Iraqi troops with 850 tanks had poured into Kuwait and moved south to threaten Saudi Arabia . It was then that I decided to act to check that aggression . '' The Pentagon stated that satellite photos showing a buildup of Iraqi forces along the border were this information 's source , but this was later alleged to be false . A reporter for the St. Petersburg Times acquired two commercial Soviet satellite images made at the time in question , which showed nothing but empty desert . Gen. Colin Powell ( left ) , Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf , Jr. , and Paul Wolfowitz ( right ) listen as Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney addresses reporters regarding the 1991 Gulf War . Other justifications for foreign involvement included Iraq 's history of human rights abuses under Saddam . Iraq was also known to possess biological weapons and chemical weapons , which Saddam had used against Iranian troops during the Iran -- Iraq War and against his own country 's Kurdish population in the Al - Anfal campaign . Iraq was also known to have a nuclear weapons program , but the report about it from January 1991 was partially declassified by the CIA on 26 May 2001 . Although there were human rights abuses committed in Kuwait by the invading Iraqi military , the alleged incidents which received most publicity in the US were inventions of the public relations firm hired by the government of Kuwait to influence US opinion in favor of military intervention . Shortly after Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait , the organization Citizens for a Free Kuwait was formed in the US . It hired the public relations firm Hill & Knowlton for about $11 million , paid by Kuwait 's government .",
"23": "Among many other means of influencing US opinion , such as distributing books on Iraqi atrocities to US soldiers deployed in the region , `` Free Kuwait '' T - shirts and speakers to college campuses , and dozens of video news releases to television stations , the firm arranged for an appearance before a group of members of the US Congress in which a woman identifying herself as a nurse working in the Kuwait City hospital described Iraqi soldiers pulling babies out of incubators and letting them die on the floor . The story was an influence in tipping both the public and Congress towards a war with Iraq : six Congressmen said the testimony was enough for them to support military action against Iraq and seven Senators referenced the testimony in debate . The Senate supported the military actions in a 52 -- 47 vote . However , a year after the war , this allegation was revealed to be a fabrication . The woman who had testified was found to be a member of Kuwait 's Royal Family , in fact the daughter of Kuwait 's ambassador to the US . She had n't lived in Kuwait during the Iraqi invasion . The details of the Hill & Knowlton public relations campaign , including the incubator testimony , were published in John R. MacArthur 's Second Front : Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War ( Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 1992 ) , and came to wide public attention when an Op - ed by MacArthur was published in The New York Times . This prompted a reexamination by Amnesty International , which had originally promoted an account alleging even greater numbers of babies torn from incubators than the original fake testimony . After finding no evidence to support it , the organization issued a retraction . President Bush then repeated the incubator allegations on television . At the same time , the Iraqi Army committed several well - documented crimes during its occupation of Kuwait , such as the summary execution without trial of three brothers after which their bodies were stacked in a pile and left to decay in a public street . Iraqi troops also ransacked and looted private Kuwaiti homes ; one residence was repeatedly defecated in . A resident later commented : `` The whole thing was violence for the sake of violence , destruction for the sake of destruction ... Imagine a surrealistic painting by Salvador Dalí '' .",
"24": "Early battles Air campaign Main article : Gulf War air campaign The USAF F - 117 Nighthawk , one of the key players in Desert Storm The Gulf War began with an extensive aerial bombing campaign on 16 January 1991 . For 42 consecutive days and nights , the coalition forces subjected Iraq to one of the most intensive air bombardment in military history . The coalition flew over 100,000 sorties , dropping 88,500 tons of bombs , and widely destroying military and civilian infrastructure . The air campaign was commanded by USAF Lieutenant General Chuck Horner , who briefly served as US Central Command 's Commander - in - Chief -- Forward while General Schwarzkopf was still in the US . A day after the deadline set in Resolution 678 , the coalition launched a massive air campaign , which began the general offensive codenamed Operation Desert Storm . The first priority was the destruction of Iraq 's Air Force and anti-aircraft facilities . The sorties were launched mostly from Saudi Arabia and the six carrier battle groups ( CVBG ) in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea . An Iraqi T - 54A or Type 59 tank lies destroyed after a coalition bombing attack during Operation Desert Storm . The next targets were command and communication facilities . Saddam Hussein had closely micromanaged Iraqi forces in the Iran -- Iraq War , and initiative at lower levels was discouraged . Coalition planners hoped that Iraqi resistance would quickly collapse if deprived of command and control . The air campaign 's third and largest phase targeted military targets throughout Iraq and Kuwait : Scud missile launchers , weapons research facilities , and naval forces . About a third of the coalition 's air power was devoted to attacking Scuds , some of which were on trucks and therefore difficult to locate . US and British special operations forces had been covertly inserted into western Iraq to aid in the search for and destruction of Scuds . Iraqi anti-aircraft defenses , including man - portable air - defense systems , were surprisingly ineffective against enemy aircraft and the coalition suffered only 75 aircraft losses in over 100,000 sorties , 44 due to Iraqi action . Two of these losses are the result of aircraft colliding with the ground while evading Iraqi ground fired weapons . One of these losses is a confirmed air - air victory .",
"25": "Iraqi missile strikes on Israel and Saudi Arabia Scud Transporter Erector Launcher ( TEL ) with missile in upright position Iraq 's government made no secret that it would attack if invaded . Prior to the war 's start , in the aftermath of the failed US -- Iraq peace talks in Geneva , Switzerland , a reporter asked Iraq 's English - speaking Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz : `` Mr. Foreign Minister , if war starts ... will you attack ? '' His response was : `` Yes , absolutely , yes . '' Five hours after the first attacks , Iraq 's state radio broadcast declaring that `` The dawn of victory nears as this great showdown begins . '' Iraq fired eight missiles the next day . These missile attacks were to continue throughout the war . A total of 88 Scud missiles were fired by Iraq during the war 's seven weeks . Iraq hoped to provoke a military response from Israel . The Iraqi government hoped that many Arab states would withdraw from the Coalition , as they would be reluctant to fight alongside Israel . Following the first attacks , Israeli Air Force jets were deployed to patrol the northern airspace with Iraq . Israel prepared to militarily retaliate , as its policy for the previous 40 years had always been retaliation . However , President Bush pressured Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir not to retaliate and withdraw Israeli jets , fearing that if Israel attacked Iraq , the other Arab nations would either desert the coalition or join Iraq . It was also feared that if Israel used Syrian or Jordanian airspace to attack Iraq , they would intervene in the war on Iraq 's side or attack Israel . The coalition promised to deploy Patriot missiles to defend Israel if it refrained from responding to the Scud attacks . Israeli civilians taking shelter from rockets ( left ) and aftermath of attack in Ramat Gan , Tel Aviv ( right ) The Scud missiles targeting Israel were relatively ineffective , as firing at extreme range resulted in a dramatic reduction in accuracy and payload . According to the Jewish Virtual Library , a total of 74 Israelis died as a result of the Iraqi attacks : two directly and the rest from suffocation and heart attacks . Approximately 230 Israelis were injured .",
"26": "Extensive property damage was also caused , and according to Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , `` Damage to general property consisted of 1,302 houses , 6,142 apartments , 23 public buildings , 200 shops and 50 cars . '' It was feared that Iraq would fire missiles filled with nerve agents such as sarin . As a result , Israel 's government issued gas masks to its citizens . When the first Iraqi missiles hit Israel , some people injected themselves with an antidote for nerve gas . It has been suggested that the sturdy construction techniques used in Israeli cities , coupled with the fact that Scuds were only launched at night , played an important role in limiting the number of casualties from Scud attacks . Aftermath of an Iraq Armed Forces strike on US barracks In response to the threat of Scuds on Israel , the US rapidly sent a Patriot missile air defense artillery battalion to Israel along with two batteries of MIM - 104 Patriot missiles for the protection of civilians . The Royal Netherlands Air Force also deployed a Patriot missile squadron to Israel and Turkey . The Dutch Defense Ministry later stated that the military use of the Patriot missile system was largely ineffective , but its psychological value for the affected populations was high . Coalition air forces were also extensively exercised in `` Scud hunts '' in the Iraqi desert , trying to locate the camouflaged trucks before they fired their missiles at Israel or Saudi Arabia . On the ground , special operations forces also infiltrated Iraq , tasked with locating and destroying Scuds . Once special operations were combined with air patrols , the number of attacks fell sharply , then increased slightly as Iraqi forces adjusted to coalition tactics . As the Scud attacks continued , the Israelis grew increasingly impatient , and considered taking unilateral military action against Iraq . On 22 January 1991 , a Scud missile hit the Israeli city of Ramat Gan , after two coalition Patriots failed to intercept it . Three elderly people suffered fatal heart attacks , another 96 people were injured , and 20 apartment buildings were damaged . After this attack , the Israelis warned that if the US failed to stop the attacks , they would . At one point , Israeli commandos boarded helicopters prepared to fly into Iraq , but the mission was called off after a phone call from US Defense Secretary Dick Cheney , reporting on the extent of coalition efforts to destroy Scuds and emphasizing that Israeli intervention could endanger US forces .",
"27": "In addition to the attacks on Israel , 47 Scud missiles were fired into Saudi Arabia , and one missile was fired at Bahrain and another at Qatar . The missiles were fired at both military and civilian targets . One Saudi civilian was killed , and 78 others were injured . No casualties were reported in Bahrain or Qatar . The Saudi government issued all its citizens and expatriates with gas masks in the event of Iraq using missiles with chemical or biological warheads . The government broadcast alerts and ' all clear ' messages over television to warn citizens during Scud attacks . On 25 February 1991 , a Scud missile hit a US Army barracks of the 14th Quartermaster Detachment , out of Greensburg , Pennsylvania , stationed in Dhahran , Saudi Arabia , killing 28 soldiers and injuring over 100 . Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia ( battle of Khafji ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Battle of Khafji Military operations during Khafji 's liberation On 29 January , Iraqi forces attacked and occupied the lightly defended Saudi city of Khafji with tanks and infantry . The Battle of Khafji ended two days later when the Iraqis were driven back by the Saudi Arabian National Guard , supported by Qatari forces and US Marines . The allied forces used extensive artillery fire . Both sides suffered casualties , although Iraqi forces sustained substantially more dead and captured than the allied forces . Eleven Americans were killed in two separate friendly fire incidents , an additional 14 US airmen were killed when their AC - 130 gunship was shot down by an Iraqi surface - to - air missile , and two US soldiers were captured during the battle . Saudi and Qatari forces had a total of 18 dead . Iraqi forces in Khafji had 60 -- 300 dead and 400 captured . The Battle of Khafji was an example of how air power could single - handedly hinder the advance of enemy ground forces . Upon learning of Iraqi troop movements , 140 coalition aircraft were diverted to attack an advancing column consisting of two armored divisions in battalion - sized units .",
"28": "Precision stand - off attacks were conducted during the night and through to the next day . Iraqi vehicle losses included 357 tanks , 147 armored personnel carriers , and 89 mobile artillery pieces . Some crews simply abandoned their vehicles upon realizing that they could be destroyed by guided bombs without warning , stopping the divisions from massing for an organized attack on the town . One Iraqi soldier , who had fought in the Iran - Iraq War , remarked that his brigade `` had sustained more punishment from allied airpower in 30 minutes at Khafji than in eight years of fighting against Iran . '' Counter reconnaissance Main article : Battle of Norfolk See also : Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry Iraqi tanks destroyed by Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry during the 1st Gulf War , February 1991 Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry was a heavy battalion task force from the 2nd Armored Division ( Forward ) . It was the spearhead of VII Corps . It consisted primarily of the 1st Battalion , 41st Infantry Regiment , 3rd Battalion , 66th Armor Regiment , and the 4th Battalion , 3rd Field Artillery Regiment . Task Force 1 -- 41 was the first coalition force to breach the Saudi Arabian border on 15 February 1991 and conduct ground combat operations in Iraq engaging in direct and indirect fire fights with the enemy on 17 February 1991 . Shortly after arrival in theatre Task Force 1 -- 41 Infantry received a counter-reconnaissance mission . 1 -- 41 Infantry was assisted by the 1st Squadron , 4th Armored Cavalry Regiment . This joint effort would become known as Task Force Iron . Counter-reconnaissance generally includes destroying or repelling the enemy 's reconnaissance elements and denying their commander any observation of friendly forces . On 15 February 1991 4th Battalion of the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment fired on a trailer and a few trucks in the Iraqi sector that was observing American forces . On 16 February 1991 several groups of Iraqi vehicles appeared to be performing reconnaissance on the Task Force and were driven away by fire from 4 -- 3 FA . Another enemy platoon , including six vehicles , was reported as being to the northeast of the Task Force . They were engaged with artillery fire from 4 -- 3 FA .",
"29": "Later that evening another group of Iraqi vehicles was spotted moving towards the center of the Task Force . They appeared to be Iraqi Soviet - made BTRs and tanks . For the next hour the Task Force fought several small battles with Iraqi reconnaissance units . TF 1 -- 41 IN fired TOW missiles at the Iraqi formation destroying one tank . The rest of the formation was destroyed or driven away by artillery fire from 4 -- 3 FA . On 17 February 1991 the Task Force took enemy mortar fire , however , the enemy forces managed to escape . Later that evening the Task Force received enemy artillery fire but suffered no casualties . Soldiers of 2nd Platoon , Company C , 1st Battalion , 41st Infantry Regiment pose with a captured Iraqi tank during the 1st Gulf War , February 1991 . Destroyed Iraqi tanks burning at the Battle of Norfolk during the 1st Gulf War , February 1991 . An Iraqi Republican Guard tank destroyed by Task Force 1 -- 41 Infantry during the 1st Gulf War , February 1991 M270 Multiple Launch Rocket Systems attack Iraqi positions during the 1st Gulf War , February 1991 . Breach Main article : Battle of Norfolk See also : Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry was the first coalition force to breach the Saudi Arabian border on 15 February 1991 and conduct ground combat operations in Iraq engaging in direct and indirect fire fights with the enemy on 17 February 1991 . Prior to this action the Task Force 's primary fire support battalion 4th Battalion of the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment participated in a massive artillery preparation . Around 300 guns from multiple nations participated in the artillery barrage . Over 14,000 rounds would be fired during these missions . M270 Multiple Launch Rocket Systems contributed an additional 4,900 rockets fired at Iraqi targets . Iraq lost close to 22 artillery battalions during the initial stages of this barrage . This would include the destruction of approximately 396 Iraqi artillery pieces . By the end of these raids Iraqi artillery assets had all but ceased to exist . One Iraqi unit that was totally destroyed during the preparation was the Iraqi 48th Infantry Division Artillery Group . The group 's commander stated his unit lost 83 of its 100 guns to the artillery preparation .",
"30": "This artillery prep was supplemented by air attacks by B - 52 bombers and Lockheed AC - 130 fixed wing gunships . 1st Infantry Division Apache helicopters and B - 52 bombers conducted raids against Iraq 's 110th Infantry Brigade . The 1st Engineer Battalion and 9th Engineer Battalion marked and proofed assault lanes under direct and indirect enemy fire to secure a foothold in enemy territory and pass the 1st Infantry Division and the British 1st Armored Division forward . On 24 February 1991 the 1st Cavalry Division conducted a couple artillery missions against Iraqi artillery units . One artillery mission struck a series of Iraqi bunkers , reinforced by Iraqi T - 55 tanks , in the sector of the Iraqi 25th Infantry Division . The same day the 2nd Brigade , 1st Cavalry Division with the 1st Battalion , 5th Cavalry , 1st Battalion , 32nd Armor , and the 1st Battalion , 8th Cavalry destroyed Iraqi bunkers and combat vehicles in the sector of the Iraqi 25th Infantry Division . On 24 February 1991 2nd Brigade , 1st Infantry Division rolled through the breach in the Iraqi defense west of Wadi Al - Batin and also cleared the northeastern sector of the breach site of enemy resistance . Task Force 3 - 37th Armor breached the Iraqi defense clearing four passage lanes and expanding the gap under direct enemy fire . Also , on 24 February the 1st Infantry Division along with the 1st Cavalry Division destroyed Iraqi outposts and patrols belonging to the Iraqi 26th Infantry Division . The two divisions also began capturing prisoners . The 1st Infantry Division also cleared a zone between Phase Line Vermont and Phase Line Kansas . Once the 1st Infantry Division 's 3rd Battalion , 37th Armor reached the Iraqi rear defensive positions it destroyed an Iraqi D - 30 artillery battery and many trucks and bunkers . Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry was given the task of breaching Iraq 's initial defensive positions along the Iraq - Saudi Arabia border . The 1st Squadron , 4th Armored Cavalry Regiment handled similar responsibilities in its sector of operations .",
"31": "The 1st Infantry Division 's 5th Battalion , 16th Infantry also played a significant role clearing the trenches and captured 160 Iraqi soldiers in the process . Once into Iraqi territory Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry encountered multiple Iraqi defensive positions and bunkers . These defensive positions were occupied by a brigade - sized element . Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry elements dismounted and prepared to engage the enemy soldiers which occupied these well - prepared and heavily fortified bunkers . The Task Force found itself engaged in six hours of combat in order to clear the extensive bunker complex . The Iraqis engaged the Task Force with small arms fire , RPGs , mortar fire , and what was left of Iraqi artillery assets . A series of battles unfolded which resulted in heavy Iraqi casualties and the Iraqis being removed from their defensive positions with many becoming prisoners of war . Some escaped to be killed or captured by other coalition forces . In the process of clearing the bunkers Task Force 1 - 41 captured two brigade command posts and the command post of the Iraqi 26th Infantry Division . The Task Force also captured a brigade commander , several battalion commanders , company commanders , and staff officers . As combat operations progressed Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry engaged at short range multiple dug in enemy tanks in ambush positions . For a few hours , bypassed Iraqi RPG equipped anti-tank teams , T - 55 tanks , and dismounted Iraqi infantry fired at passing American vehicles , only to be destroyed by other US tanks and fighting vehicles following the initial forces . The 1st Infantry Division 's Task Force 2 - 16 Infantry cleared four lanes simultaneously through an enemy fortified trench system while inflicting heavy casualties on Iraqi forces . Task Force 2 - 16 continued the attack clearing over 13 miles of entrenched enemy positions resulting in the capture and destruction of numerous enemy vehicles , equipment , personnel and command bunkers . Ground campaign See also : Battle of Al Busayyah , Battle of Phase Line Bullet , Battle of 73 Easting , Battle of Norfolk , Battle of Medina Ridge , Battle of Kuwait International Airport , Battle of Rumaila Ground troop movements 24 -- 28 February 1991 during Operation Desert Storm The ground campaign consisted of three if not four of the largest tank battles in American history .",
"32": "The battles at 73 Easting , Norfolk , and Medina Ridge are well noted for their historic significance . Some consider the battle of Medina Ridge the largest tank battle of the war . The U.S. Marine Corps also fought the biggest tank battle in its history at Kuwait International Airport . The U.S. 3rd Armored Division also fought a significant battle at Objective Dorset not far from where the battle of Norfolk was taking place . The U.S. 3rd Armored Division destroyed approximately 300 enemy combat vehicles during this particular encounter with Iraqi forces . The Iraqis suffered the loss of over 3,000 tanks and over 2,000 other combat vehicles during these battles against the American led coalition . Kuwait 's liberation Main article : Liberation of Kuwait campaign See also : Gulf War order of battle ground campaign US decoy attacks by air attacks and naval gunfire the night before Kuwait 's liberation were designed to make the Iraqis believe the main coalition ground attack would focus on central Kuwait . US M1A1 Abrams tanks from the 3rd Armored Division along the Line of Departure . Iraqi Type 69 tank on the road into Kuwait City during the Gulf War Two Iraqi tanks lie abandoned near Kuwait City on 26 February 1991 . For months , American units in Saudi Arabia had been under almost constant Iraqi artillery fire , as well as threats from Scud missile or chemical attacks . On 24 February 1991 , the 1st and 2nd Marine Divisions , and the 1st Light Armored Infantry Battalion crossed into Kuwait and headed toward Kuwait City . They encountered trenches , barbed wire , and minefields . However , these positions were poorly defended , and were overrun in the first few hours . Several tank battles took place , but apart from that , coalition troops encountered minimal resistance , as most Iraqi troops surrendered . The general pattern was that the Iraqis would put up a short fight before surrendering . However , Iraqi air defenses shot down nine US aircraft . Meanwhile , forces from Arab states advanced into Kuwait from the east , encountering little resistance and suffering few casualties . Despite the successes of coalition forces , it was feared that the Iraqi Republican Guard would escape into Iraq before it could be destroyed .",
"33": "It was decided to send British armored forces into Kuwait 15 hours ahead of schedule , and to send US forces after the Republican Guard . The coalition advance was preceded by a heavy artillery and rocket barrage , after which 150,000 troops and 1,500 tanks began their advance . Iraqi forces in Kuwait counterattacked against US troops , acting on a direct order from Saddam Hussein himself . Despite the intense combat , the Americans repulsed the Iraqis and continued to advance towards Kuwait City . Kuwaiti forces were tasked with liberating the city . Iraqi troops offered only light resistance . The Kuwaitis lost one soldier and one plane was shot down , and quickly liberated the city . On 27 February , Saddam ordered a retreat from Kuwait , and President Bush declared it liberated . However , an Iraqi unit at Kuwait International Airport appeared not to have received the message and fiercely resisted . US Marines had to fight for hours before securing the airport , after which Kuwait was declared secure . After four days of fighting , Iraqi forces were expelled from Kuwait . As part of a scorched earth policy , they set fire to nearly 700 oil wells and placed land mines around the wells to make extinguishing the fires more difficult . Initial moves into Iraq Destroyed LAV - 25 The war 's ground phase was officially designated Operation Desert Saber . The first units to move into Iraq were three patrols of the British Special Air Service 's B squadron , call signs Bravo One Zero , Bravo Two Zero , and Bravo Three Zero , in late January . These eight - man patrols landed behind Iraqi lines to gather intelligence on the movements of Scud mobile missile launchers , which could not be detected from the air , as they were hidden under bridges and camouflage netting during the day . Other objectives included the destruction of the launchers and their fiber - optic communications arrays that lay in pipelines and relayed coordinates to the TEL operators that were launching attacks against Israel . The operations were designed to prevent any possible Israeli intervention . Due to lack of sufficient ground cover to carry out their assignment , One Zero and Three Zero abandoned their operations , while Two Zero remained , and was later compromised , with only Sergeant Chris Ryan escaping to Syria .",
"34": "Iraqi T - 62 knocked out by 3rd Armored Division fire Elements of the 2nd Brigade , 1st Battalion 5th Cavalry of the 1st Cavalry Division of the US Army performed a direct attack into Iraq on 15 February 1991 , followed by one in force on 20 February that led directly through seven Iraqi divisions which were caught off guard . On 17 January 1991 the 101st Airborne Division Aviation Regiment , fired the first shots of the war when eight AH - 64 helicopters successfully destroyed two Iraqi early warning radar sites . From 15 -- 20 February , the Battle of Wadi Al - Batin took place inside Iraq ; this was the first of two attacks by 1 Battalion 5th Cavalry of the 1st Cavalry Division . It was a feint attack , designed to make the Iraqis think that a coalition invasion would take place from the south . The Iraqis fiercely resisted , and the Americans eventually withdrew as planned back into the Wadi Al - Batin . Three US soldiers were killed and nine wounded , with one M2 Bradley IFV turret destroyed , but they had taken 40 prisoners and destroyed five tanks , and successfully deceived the Iraqis . This attack led the way for the XVIII Airborne Corps to sweep around behind the 1st Cav and attack Iraqi forces to the west . On 22 February 1991 , Iraq agreed to a Soviet - proposed ceasefire agreement . The agreement called for Iraq to withdraw troops to pre-invasion positions within six weeks following a total ceasefire , and called for monitoring of the ceasefire and withdrawal to be overseen by the UN Security Council . The coalition rejected the proposal , but said that retreating Iraqi forces would not be attacked , and gave 24 hours for Iraq to withdraw its forces . On 23 February , fighting resulted in the capture of 500 Iraqi soldiers . On 24 February , British and American armored forces crossed the Iraq -- Kuwait border and entered Iraq in large numbers , taking hundreds of prisoners . Iraqi resistance was light , and four Americans were killed .",
"35": "Coalition forces enter Iraq Destroyed Iraqi civilian and military vehicles on the Highway of Death Aerial view of destroyed Iraqi T - 72 tank , BMP - 1 and Type 63 armored personnel carriers and trucks on Highway 8 in March 1991 The oil fires caused were a result of the scorched earth policy of Iraqi military forces retreating from Kuwait . Remains of downed F - 16C Bradley IFV burns after being hit by Iraqi T - 72 fire Shortly afterwards , the US VII Corps , in full strength and spearheaded by the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment , launched an armored attack into Iraq early on 24 February , just to the west of Kuwait , taking Iraqi forces by surprise . Simultaneously , the US XVIII Airborne Corps launched a sweeping `` left - hook '' attack across southern Iraq 's largely undefended desert , led by the US 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment and the 24th Infantry Division ( Mechanized ) . This movement 's left flank was protected by the French Division Daguet . The 101st Airborne Division conducted a combat air assault into enemy territory . The 101st Airborne Division had struck 155 miles behind enemy lines . It was the deepest air assault operation in history . Approximately 400 helicopters transported 2,000 soldiers into Iraq where they destroyed Iraqi columns trying to flee westward and prevented the escape of Iraqi forces . The Screaming Eagles would travel an additional fifty to sixty miles into Iraq . By nightfall , the 101st cut off Highway 8 which was a vital supply line running between Basra and the Iraqi forces . The 101st had lost 16 soldiers in action during the 100 - hour war and captured thousands of enemy prisoners of war . The French force quickly overcame Iraq 's 45th Infantry Division , suffering light casualties and taking a large number of prisoners , and took up blocking positions to prevent an Iraqi counterattack on the coalition 's flank . The movement 's right flank was protected by the United Kingdom 's 1st Armoured Division . Once the allies had penetrated deep into Iraqi territory , they turned eastward , launching a flank attack against the elite Republican Guard before it could escape . The Iraqis resisted fiercely from dug - in positions and stationary vehicles , and even mounted armored charges .",
"36": "Unlike many previous engagements , the destruction of the first Iraqi tanks did not result in a mass surrender . The Iraqis suffered massive losses and lost dozens of tanks and vehicles , while US casualties were comparatively low , with a single Bradley knocked out . Coalition forces pressed another 10 km into Iraqi territory , and captured their objective within three hours . They took 500 prisoners and inflicted heavy losses , defeating Iraq 's 26th Infantry Division . A US soldier was killed by an Iraqi land mine , another five by friendly fire , and 30 wounded during the battle . Meanwhile , British forces attacked Iraq 's Medina Division and a major Republican Guard logistics base . In nearly two days of some of the war 's most intense fighting , the British destroyed 40 enemy tanks and captured a division commander . Meanwhile , US forces attacked the village of Al Busayyah , meeting fierce resistance . The US force destroyed a considerable amount of military hardware and took prisoners , while suffering no casualties . On 25 February 1991 , Iraqi forces fired a Scud missile at an American barracks in Dhahran , Saudi Arabia . The missile attack killed 28 US military personnel . The coalition 's advance was much swifter than US generals had expected . On 26 February , Iraqi troops began retreating from Kuwait , after they had set 737 of its oil wells on fire . A long convoy of retreating Iraqi troops formed along the main Iraq - Kuwait highway . Although they were retreating , this convoy was bombed so extensively by coalition air forces that it came to be known as the Highway of Death . Hundreds of Iraqi troops were killed . American , British , and French forces continued to pursue retreating Iraqi forces over the border and back into Iraq , eventually moving to within 150 miles ( 240 km ) of Baghdad , before withdrawing back to Iraq 's border with Kuwait and Saudi Arabia . One hundred hours after the ground campaign started , on 28 February , President Bush declared a ceasefire , and he also declared that Kuwait had been liberated . The end of active hostilities Main article : 1991 uprisings in Iraq Civilians and coalition military forces wave Kuwaiti and Saudi Arabian flags as they celebrate the retreat of Iraqi forces from Kuwait .",
"37": "Persian Gulf Veterans National Medal of the US military In coalition - occupied Iraqi territory , a peace conference was held where a ceasefire agreement was negotiated and signed by both sides . At the conference , Iraq was authorized to fly armed helicopters on their side of the temporary border , ostensibly for government transit due to the damage done to civilian infrastructure . Soon after , these helicopters and much of Iraq 's military were used to fight an uprising in the south . The rebellions were encouraged by an airing of `` The Voice of Free Iraq '' on 2 February 1991 , which was broadcast from a CIA - run radio station out of Saudi Arabia . The Arabic service of the Voice of America supported the uprising by stating that the rebellion was well supported , and that they soon would be liberated from Saddam . In the North , Kurdish leaders took American statements that they would support an uprising to heart , and began fighting , hoping to trigger a coup d'état . However , when no US support came , Iraqi generals remained loyal to Saddam and brutally crushed the Kurdish uprising . Millions of Kurds fled across the mountains to Turkey and Kurdish areas of Iran . These events later resulted in no - fly zones being established in northern and southern Iraq . In Kuwait , the Emir was restored , and suspected Iraqi collaborators were repressed . Eventually , over 400,000 people were expelled from the country , including a large number of Palestinians , because of PLO support of Saddam . Yasser Arafat did n't apologize for his support of Iraq , but after his death , the Fatah under Mahmoud Abbas ' authority formally apologized in 2004 . There was some criticism of the Bush administration , as they chose to allow Saddam to remain in power instead of pushing on to capture Baghdad and overthrowing his government . In their co-written 1998 book , A World Transformed , Bush and Brent Scowcroft argued that such a course would have fractured the alliance , and would have had many unnecessary political and human costs associated with it . In 1992 , the US Defense Secretary during the war , Dick Cheney , made the same point : I would guess if we had gone in there , we would still have forces in Baghdad today . We 'd be running the country . We would not have been able to get everybody out and bring everybody home .",
"38": "And the final point that I think needs to be made is this question of casualties . I do n't think you could have done all of that without significant additional US casualties , and while everybody was tremendously impressed with the low cost of the ( 1991 ) conflict , for the 146 Americans who were killed in action and for their families , it was n't a cheap war . And the question in my mind is , how many additional American casualties is Saddam ( Hussein ) worth ? And the answer is , not that damned many . So , I think we got it right , both when we decided to expel him from Kuwait , but also when the President made the decision that we 'd achieved our objectives and we were not going to go get bogged down in the problems of trying to take over and govern Iraq . Instead of a greater involvement of its own military , the US hoped that Saddam would be overthrown in an internal coup d'état . The CIA used its assets in Iraq to organize a revolt , but the Iraqi government defeated the effort . On 10 March 1991 , 540,000 US troops began moving out of the Persian Gulf . Coalition involvement Coalition troops from Egypt , Syria , Oman , France and Kuwait during Operation Desert Storm Main article : Coalition of the Gulf War Coalition members included Argentina , Australia , Bahrain , Bangladesh , Belgium , Canada , Czechoslovakia , Denmark , Egypt , France , Greece , Honduras , Hungary , Italy , Kuwait , Malaysia , Morocco , Netherlands , New Zealand , Niger , Norway , Oman , Pakistan , Philippines , Poland , Portugal , Qatar , Romania , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , South Korea , Spain , Sweden , Syria , Turkey , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , and the United States of America . Germany and Japan provided financial assistance and donated military hardware , although they did not send direct military assistance . This later became known as checkbook diplomacy . Australia HMAS Sydney in the Persian Gulf in 1991 Main article : Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War Australia contributed a Naval Task Group , which formed part of the multi-national fleet in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman , under Operation Damask . In addition , medical teams were deployed aboard a US hospital ship , and a naval clearance diving team took part in de-mining Kuwait 's port facilities following the end of combat operations .",
"39": "Australian forces experienced a number of incidents in the first number of weeks of the Desert Storm Campaign including the detection of significant air threats from Iraq as a part of the outer perimeter of Battle Force Zulu ; the detection of free sea floating mines and assistance to the aircraft carrier USS Midway . The Australian Task Force was also placed at great risk with regard to the sea mine threat , with HMAS Brisbane narrowly avoiding a mine by a small distance . The Australians played a significant role in enforcing the sanctions put in place against Iraq following Kuwait 's invasion . Following the war 's end , Australia deployed a medical unit on Operation Habitat to northern Iraq as part of Operation Provide Comfort . Argentina Argentine Navy Alouette III helicopter onboard USNS Comfort , February 1991 Argentina was the only Latin American country to participate in the 1991 Gulf War sending a destroyer , ARA Almirante Brown ( D - 10 ) , a corvette , ARA Spiro ( P - 43 ) ( later replaced by another corvette , ARA Rosales ( P - 42 ) ) and a supply ship ( ARA Bahía San Blas ( B - 4 ) ) to participate on the United Nations blockade and sea control effort of the Persian Gulf . The success of `` Operación Alfil '' ( English : `` Operation Bishop '' ) as it was known , with more than 700 interceptions and 25,000 miles sailed in the theatre of operations helped to overcome the so - called `` Malvinas syndrome '' . Argentina was later classified as major non-NATO ally due to her contributions during the war . Canada Canadian CF - 18 Hornets participated in combat during the Gulf War . See also : Operation FRICTION Canada was one of the first countries to condemn Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait , and it quickly agreed to join the US - led coalition . In August 1990 , Prime Minister Brian Mulroney committed the Canadian Forces to deploy a Naval Task Group . The destroyers HMCS Terra Nova and HMCS Athabaskan joined the maritime interdiction force supported by the supply ship HMCS Protecteur in Operation Friction . The Canadian Task Group led the coalition 's maritime logistics forces in the Persian Gulf . A fourth ship , HMCS Huron , arrived in - theater after hostilities had ceased and was the first allied ship to visit Kuwait .",
"40": "Following the UN-authorized use of force against Iraq , the Canadian Forces deployed a CF - 18 Hornet and CH - 124 Sea King squadron with support personnel , as well as a field hospital to deal with casualties from the ground war . When the air war began , the CF - 18s were integrated into the coalition force and were tasked with providing air cover and attacking ground targets . This was the first time since the Korean War that Canada 's military had participated in offensive combat operations . The only CF - 18 Hornet to record an official victory during the conflict was an aircraft involved in the beginning of the Battle of Bubiyan against the Iraqi Navy . The Canadian Commander in the Middle East was Commodore Kenneth J. Summers . France French and American soldiers inspecting an Iraqi Type 69 tank destroyed by the French Division Daguet during Operation Desert Storm The second largest European contingent was from France , which committed 18,000 troops . Operating on the left flank of the US XVIII Airborne Corps , the French Army force was the Division Daguet , including troops from the French Foreign Legion . Initially , the French operated independently under national command and control , but coordinated closely with the Americans ( via CENTCOM ) and Saudis . In January , the Division was placed under the tactical control of the XVIII Airborne Corps . France also deployed several combat aircraft and naval units . The French called their contribution Opération Daguet . United Kingdom Main article : Battle of Norfolk British Army Challenger 1 main battle tank during Operation Desert Storm The United Kingdom committed the largest contingent of any European state that participated in the war 's combat operations . Operation Granby was the code name for the operations in the Persian Gulf . British Army regiments ( mainly with the 1st Armoured Division ) , Royal Air Force squadrons and Royal Navy vessels were mobilized in the Persian Gulf . The Royal Air Force , using various aircraft , operated from airbases in Saudi Arabia . The United Kingdom played a major role in the Battle of Norfolk where its forces destroyed over 200 Iraqi tanks and a large quantity of other vehicles . After 48 hours of combat the British 1st Armoured Division destroyed or isolated four Iraqi infantry divisions ( the 26th , 48th , 31st , and 25th ) and overran the Iraqi 52nd Armored Division in several sharp engagements .",
"41": "Chief Royal Navy vessels deployed to the Persian Gulf included Broadsword - class frigates , and Sheffield - class destroyers , other R.N. and R.F.A. ships were also deployed . The light aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea . Special operations forces were deployed in the form of several SAS squadrons . A British Challenger 1 achieved the longest range confirmed tank kill of the war , destroying an Iraqi tank with an armour - piercing fin - stabilized discarding - sabot ( APFSDS ) round fired over a distance of 4,700 metres ( 2.9 mi ) -- the longest tank - on - tank kill shot recorded . Casualties Civilian Over 1,000 Kuwaiti civilians were killed by Iraqis . More than 600 Kuwaitis went missing during Iraq 's occupation , and approximately 375 remains were found in mass graves in Iraq . The increased importance of air attacks from both coalition warplanes and cruise missiles led to controversy over the number of civilian deaths caused during Desert Storm 's initial stages . Within Desert Storm 's first 24 hours , more than 1,000 sorties were flown , many against targets in Baghdad . The city was the target of heavy bombing , as it was the seat of power for Saddam and the Iraqi forces ' command and control . This ultimately led to civilian casualties . In one noted incident , two USAF stealth planes bombed a bunker in Amiriyah , causing the deaths of 408 Iraqi civilians who were in the shelter . Scenes of burned and mutilated bodies were subsequently broadcast , and controversy arose over the bunker 's status , with some stating that it was a civilian shelter , while others contended that it was a center of Iraqi military operations , and that the civilians had been deliberately moved there to act as human shields . Saddam 's government gave high civilian casualty figures in order to draw support from Islamic countries . The Iraqi government claimed that 2,300 civilians died during the air campaign . According to the Project on Defense Alternatives study , 3,664 Iraqi civilians were killed in the conflict . An investigation by Beth Osborne Daponte estimated total civilian fatalities at about 3,500 from bombing , and some 100,000 from the war 's other effects .",
"42": "Iraqi The exact number of Iraqi combat casualties is unknown , but is believed to have been heavy . Some estimate that Iraq sustained between 20,000 and 35,000 fatalities . A report commissioned by the US Air Force , estimated 10,000 -- 12,000 Iraqi combat deaths in the air campaign , and as many as 10,000 casualties in the ground war . This analysis is based on Iraqi prisoner of war reports . According to the Project on Defense Alternatives study , between 20,000 and 26,000 Iraqi military personnel were killed in the conflict while 75,000 others were wounded . Coalition Coalition troops killed by country Country Total Enemy action Accident Friendly fire Ref United States 146 111 35 35 Senegal 92 92 United Kingdom 47 38 9 Saudi Arabia 24 18 6 . France 9 United Arab Emirates 6 6 Qatar Syria Egypt 11 5 . Kuwait Sailors from a US Navy honor guard carry Navy pilot Scott Speicher 's remains . The Department of Defense reports that US forces suffered 148 battle - related deaths ( 35 to friendly fire ) , with one pilot listed as MIA ( his remains were found and identified in August 2009 ) . A further 145 Americans died in non-combat accidents . The UK suffered 47 deaths ( nine to friendly fire , all by US forces ) , France nine , and the other countries , not including Kuwait , suffered 37 deaths ( 18 Saudis , one Egyptian , six UAE and three Qataris ) . At least 605 Kuwaiti soldiers were still missing 10 years after their capture . The largest single loss of life among coalition forces happened on 25 February 1991 , when an Iraqi Al Hussein missile hit a US military barrack in Dhahran , Saudi Arabia , killing 28 US Army Reservists from Pennsylvania . In all , 190 coalition troops were killed by Iraqi fire during the war , 113 of whom were American , out of a total of 358 coalition deaths . Another 44 soldiers were killed and 57 wounded by friendly fire . 145 soldiers died of exploding munitions or non-combat accidents .",
"43": "The largest accident among coalition forces happened on 21 March 1991 , a Royal Saudi Air Force C - 130H crashed in heavy smoke on approach to Ras Al - Mishab Airport , Saudi Arabia . 92 Senegalese soldiers and six Saudi crew members were killed . The number of coalition wounded in combat was 776 , including 458 Americans . 190 coalition troops were killed by Iraqi combatants , the rest of the 379 coalition deaths being from friendly fire or accidents . This number was much lower than expected . Among the American dead were three female soldiers . Friendly fire While the death toll among coalition forces engaging Iraqi combatants was very low , a substantial number of deaths were caused by accidental attacks from other Allied units . Of the 148 US troops who died in battle , 24 % were killed by friendly fire , a total of 35 service personnel . A further 11 died in detonations of coalition munitions . Nine British military personnel were killed in a friendly fire incident when a USAF A-10 Thunderbolt II destroyed a group of two Warrior IFVs . Controversies Gulf War illness Main article : Gulf War syndrome Many returning coalition soldiers reported illnesses following their action in the war , a phenomenon known as Gulf War syndrome or Gulf War illness . Common symptoms that were reported are chronic fatigue , Fibromyalgia , and Gastrointestinal disorder . There has been widespread speculation and disagreement about the causes of the illness and the reported birth defects . Researchers found that infants born to male veterans of the 1991 war had higher rates of two types of heart valve defects . Gulf War veterans ' children born after the war had a certain kidney defect that was not found in Gulf War veterans ' children born before the war . Researchers have said that they did not have enough information to link birth defects with exposure to toxic substances . Some factors considered as possibilities include exposure to depleted uranium , chemical weapons , anthrax vaccines given to deploying soldiers , and / or infectious diseases . Major Michael Donnelly , a USAF officer during the War , helped publicize the syndrome and advocated for veterans ' rights in this regard . Effects of depleted uranium Approximate area and major clashes in which DU rounds were used Main article : Depleted uranium § Health considerations Depleted uranium was used in the war in tank kinetic energy penetrators and 20 -- 30 mm cannon ordnance .",
"44": "Significant controversy regarding the long term safety of depleted uranium exists , although detractors claim pyrophoric , genotoxic , and teratogenic heavy metal effects . Many have cited its use during the war as a contributing factor to a number of instances of health issues in the conflict 's veterans and surrounding civilian populations . However , scientific opinion on the risk is mixed . Depleted uranium has 40 % less radioactivity than natural uranium , but the negative effects should not be overlooked . Some say that depleted uranium is not a significant health hazard unless it is taken into the body . External exposure to radiation from depleted uranium is generally not a major concern because the alpha particles emitted by its isotopes travel only a few centimeters in air or can be stopped by a sheet of paper . Also , the uranium - 235 that remains in depleted uranium emits only a small amount of low - energy gamma radiation . However , if allowed to enter the body , depleted uranium , like natural uranium , has the potential for both chemical and radiological toxicity with the two important target organs being the kidneys and the lungs . Highway of death Main article : Highway of Death On the night of 26 -- 27 February 1991 , some Iraqi forces began leaving Kuwait on the main highway north of Al Jahra in a column of some 1,400 vehicles . A patrolling E-8 Joint STARS aircraft observed the retreating forces and relayed the information to the DDM - 8 air operations center in Riyadh , Saudi Arabia . These vehicles and the retreating soldiers were subsequently attacked by two A-10 aircraft , resulting in a 60 km stretch of highway strewn with debris -- the Highway of Death . New York Times reporter Maureen Dowd wrote , `` With the Iraqi leader facing military defeat , Mr. Bush decided that he would rather gamble on a violent and potentially unpopular ground war than risk the alternative : an imperfect settlement hammered out by the Soviets and Iraqis that world opinion might accept as tolerable . '' Chuck Horner , Commander of US and allied air operations , has written : ( By February 26 ) , the Iraqis totally lost heart and started to evacuate occupied Kuwait , but airpower halted the caravan of Iraqi Army and plunderers fleeing toward Basra . This event was later called by the media `` The Highway of Death . ''",
"45": "There were certainly a lot of dead vehicles , but not so many dead Iraqis . They 'd already learned to scamper off into the desert when our aircraft started to attack . Nevertheless , some people back home wrongly chose to believe we were cruelly and unusually punishing our already whipped foes . ( ... ) By February 27 , talk had turned toward terminating the hostilities . Kuwait was free . We were not interested in governing Iraq . So the question became `` How do we stop the killing . '' Bulldozer assault An armored bulldozer similar to the ones used in the attack Another incident during the war highlighted the question of large - scale Iraqi combat deaths . This was the `` bulldozer assault '' , wherein two brigades from the US 1st Infantry Division ( Mechanized ) were faced with a large and complex trench network , as part of the heavily fortified `` Saddam Hussein Line '' . After some deliberation , they opted to use anti-mine plows mounted on tanks and combat earthmovers to simply plow over and bury alive the defending Iraqi soldiers . Not a single American was killed during the attack . Reporters were banned from witnessing the attack , near the neutral zone that touches the border between Saudi Arabia and Iraq . Every American in the assault was inside an armored vehicle . One newspaper story reported that US commanders estimated thousands of Iraqi soldiers surrendered , escaping live burial during the two - day assault 24 -- 26 February 1991 . Patrick Day Sloyan of Newsday reported , `` Bradley Fighting Vehicles and Vulcan armored carriers straddled the trench lines and fired into the Iraqi soldiers as the tanks covered them with mounds of sand . ' I came through right after the lead company , ' ( Col. Anthony ) Moreno said . ' What you saw was a bunch of buried trenches with peoples ' arms and things sticking out of them ... ' '' However , after the war , the Iraqi government said that only 44 bodies were found . In his book The Wars Against Saddam , John Simpson alleges that US forces attempted to cover up the incident . After the incident , the commander of the 1st Brigade said : `` I know burying people like that sounds pretty nasty , but it would be even nastier if we had to put our troops in the trenches and clean them out with bayonets . ''",
"46": "Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney did not mention the First Division 's tactics in an interim report to Congress on Operation Desert Storm . In the report , Cheney acknowledged that 457 enemy soldiers were buried during the ground war . Palestinian exodus from Kuwait Main article : Palestinian exodus from Kuwait ( Gulf War ) A Palestinian exodus from Kuwait took place during and after the Gulf War . During the Gulf War , more than 200,000 Palestinians voluntarily fled Kuwait during the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait due to harassment and intimidation by Iraqi security forces , in addition to getting fired from work by Iraqi authority figures in Kuwait . After the Gulf War , the Kuwaiti authorities forcibly pressured nearly 200,000 Palestinians to leave Kuwait in 1991 . Kuwait 's policy , which led to this exodus , was a response to alignment of Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and the PLO with Saddam Hussein . The Palestinians who fled Kuwait were Jordanian citizens . In 2013 , there were 280,000 Jordanian citizens of Palestinian origin in Kuwait . In 2012 , 80,000 Palestinians ( without Jordanian citizenship ) lived in Kuwait . Saudi Arabia expelled Yemeni workers after Yemen supported Saddam during the Gulf War .",
"47": "Coalition bombing of Iraq 's civilian infrastructure In the 23 June 1991 edition of The Washington Post , reporter Bart Gellman wrote : `` Many of the targets were chosen only secondarily to contribute to the military defeat of Iraq ... Military planners hoped the bombing would amplify the economic and psychological impact of international sanctions on Iraqi society ... They deliberately did great harm to Iraq 's ability to support itself as an industrial society ... '' In the Jan / Feb 1995 edition of Foreign Affairs , French diplomat Eric Rouleau wrote : `` ( T ) he Iraqi people , who were not consulted about the invasion , have paid the price for their government 's madness ... Iraqis understood the legitimacy of a military action to drive their army from Kuwait , but they have had difficulty comprehending the Allied rationale for using air power to systematically destroy or cripple Iraqi infrastructure and industry : electric power stations ( 92 percent of installed capacity destroyed ) , refineries ( 80 percent of production capacity ) , petrochemical complexes , telecommunications centers ( including 135 telephone networks ) , bridges ( more than 100 ) , roads , highways , railroads , hundreds of locomotives and boxcars full of goods , radio and television broadcasting stations , cement plants , and factories producing aluminum , textiles , electric cables , and medical supplies . '' However , the UN subsequently spent billions rebuilding hospitals , schools , and water purification facilities throughout the country . Abuse of coalition POWs During the conflict , coalition aircrew shot down over Iraq were displayed as prisoners of war on TV , most with visible signs of abuse . Amongst several testimonies to poor treatment , USAF Captain Richard Storr was allegededly tortured by Iraqis during the Persian Gulf War . Iraqi secret police broke his nose , dislocated his shoulder and punctured his eardrum . Royal Air Force Tornado crew John Nichol and John Peters have both alleged that they were tortured during this time . Nichol and Peters were forced to make statements against the war in front of television cameras . Members of British Special Air Service Bravo Two Zero were captured while providing information about an Iraqi supply line of Scud missiles to coalition forces . Only one , Chris Ryan , evaded capture while the group 's other surviving members were violently tortured .",
"48": "Flight surgeon ( later General ) Rhonda Cornum was raped by one of her captors after the Black Hawk helicopter in which she was riding was shot down while searching for a downed F - 16 pilot . Operation southern Watch Main article : Operation Southern Watch Since the war , the US has had a continued presence of 5,000 troops stationed in Saudi Arabia -- a figure that rose to 10,000 during the 2003 conflict in Iraq . Operation Southern Watch enforced the no - fly zones over southern Iraq set up after 1991 ; oil exports through the Persian Gulf 's shipping lanes were protected by the Bahrain - based US Fifth Fleet . Since Saudi Arabia houses Mecca and Medina , Islam 's holiest sites , many Muslims were upset at the permanent military presence . The continued presence of US troops in Saudi Arabia after the war was one of the stated motivations behind the 11 September terrorist attacks , the Khobar Towers bombing , and the date chosen for the 1998 US embassy bombings ( 7 August ) , which was eight years to the day that US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia . Osama bin Laden interpreted the Islamic prophet Muhammad as banning the `` permanent presence of infidels in Arabia '' . In 1996 , bin Laden issued a fatwa , calling for US troops to leave Saudi Arabia . In a December 1999 interview with Rahimullah Yusufzai , bin Laden said he felt that Americans were `` too near to Mecca '' and considered this a provocation to the entire Islamic world . Sanctions Main articles : United Nations Security Council Resolution 661 and Iraq sanctions Wikisource has original text related to this article : United Nations Security Council Resolution 661 On 6 August 1990 , after Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait , the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 661 which imposed economic sanctions on Iraq , providing for a full trade embargo , excluding medical supplies , food and other items of humanitarian necessity , these to be determined by the Council 's sanctions committee . From 1991 until 2003 , the effects of government policy and sanctions regime led to hyperinflation , widespread poverty and malnutrition . During the late 1990s , the UN considered relaxing the sanctions imposed because of the hardships suffered by ordinary Iraqis . Studies dispute the number of people who died in south and central Iraq during the years of the sanctions .",
"49": "Draining of the Qurna Marshes Main article : Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes The draining of the Qurna Marshes was an irrigation project in Iraq during and immediately after the war , to drain a large area of marshes in the Tigris -- Euphrates river system . Formerly covering an area of around 3,000 square kilometers , the large complex of wetlands were almost completely emptied of water , and the local Shi'ite population relocated , following the war and 1991 uprisings . By 2000 , United Nations Environment Programme estimated that 90 % of the marshlands had disappeared , causing desertification of over 7,500 square miles ( 19,000 km ) . The draining of the Qurna Marshes also called The Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes occurred in Iraq and to a smaller degree in Iran between the 1950s and 1990s to clear large areas of the marshes in the Tigris - Euphrates river system . Formerly covering an area of around 20,000 km ( 7,700 sq mi ) , the large complex of wetlands was 90 % drained prior to the 2003 Invasion of Iraq . The marshes are typically divided into three main sub-marshes , the Hawizeh , Central , and Hammar Marshes and all three were drained at different times for different reasons . Initial draining of the Central Marshes was intended to reclaim land for agriculture but later all three marshes would become a tool of war and revenge . Many international organizations such as the UN Human Rights Commission , the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq , the Wetlands International , and Middle East Watch have described the project as a political attempt to force the Marsh Arabs out of the area through water diversion tactics . Oil spill Main article : Gulf War oil spill On 23 January , Iraq dumped 400 million US gallons ( 1,500,000 m ) of crude oil into the Persian Gulf , causing the largest offshore oil spill in history at that time . It was reported as a deliberate natural resources attack to keep US Marines from coming ashore ( Missouri and Wisconsin had shelled Failaka Island during the war to reinforce the idea that there would be an amphibious assault attempt ) .",
"50": "About 30 -- 40 % of this came from allied raids on Iraqi coastal targets . Kuwaiti oil fires Main article : Kuwaiti oil fires See also : Environmental impact of war Oil well fires rage outside Kuwait City in 1991 The Kuwaiti oil fires were caused by the Iraqi military setting fire to 700 oil wells as part of a scorched earth policy while retreating from Kuwait in 1991 after conquering the country but being driven out by coalition forces . The fires started in January and February 1991 , and the last one was extinguished by November . The resulting fires burned out of control because of the dangers of sending in firefighting crews . Land mines had been placed in areas around the oil wells , and a military cleaning of the areas was necessary before the fires could be put out . Somewhere around 6 million barrels ( 950,000 m ) of oil were lost each day . Eventually , privately contracted crews extinguished the fires , at a total cost of US $1.5 billion to Kuwait . By that time , however , the fires had burned for approximately 10 months , causing widespread pollution . Cost The cost of the war to the United States was calculated by the US Congress to be $61.1 billion . About $52 billion of that amount was paid by other countries : $36 billion by Kuwait , Saudi Arabia and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf ; $16 billion by Germany and Japan ( which sent no combat forces due to their constitutions ) . About 25 % of Saudi Arabia 's contribution was paid in the form of in - kind services to the troops , such as food and transportation . US troops represented about 74 % of the combined force , and the global cost was therefore higher . Effect on developing countries Apart from the impact on Arab States of the Persian Gulf , the resulting economic disruptions after the crisis affected many states . The Overseas Development Institute ( ODI ) undertook a study in 1991 to assess the effects on developing states and the international community 's response . A briefing paper finalized on the day that the conflict ended draws on their findings which had two main conclusions : Many developing states were severely affected and while there has been a considerable response to the crisis , the distribution of assistance was highly selective .",
"51": "The ODI factored in elements of `` cost '' which included oil imports , remittance flows , re-settlement costs , loss of export earnings and tourism . For Egypt , the cost totaled $1 billion , 3 % of GDP . Yemen had a cost of $830 million , 10 % of GDP , while it cost Jordan $1.8 billion , 32 % of GDP . International response to the crisis on developing states came with the channeling of aid through The Gulf Crisis Financial Co-ordination Group . They were 24 states , comprising most of the OECD countries plus some Gulf states : Saudi Arabia , United Arab Emirates , Qatar and Kuwait . The members of this group agreed to disperse $14 billion in development assistance . The World Bank responded by speeding up the disbursement of existing project and adjustment loans . The International Monetary Fund adopted two lending facilities -- the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility ( ESAF ) and the Compensatory & Contingency Financing Facility ( CCFF ) . The European Community offered $2 billion in assistance . Media coverage The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Media coverage of the Gulf War The war was heavily televised . For the first time , people all over the world were able to watch live pictures of missiles hitting their targets and fighters departing from aircraft carriers . Allied forces were keen to demonstrate their weapons ' accuracy . In the United States , the `` big three '' network anchors led the war 's network news coverage : ABC 's Peter Jennings , CBS 's Dan Rather , and NBC 's Tom Brokaw were anchoring their evening newscasts when air strikes began on 16 January 1991 . ABC News correspondent Gary Shepard , reporting live from Baghdad , told Jennings of the city 's quietness . But , moments later , Shepard was back on the air as flashes of light were seen on the horizon and tracer fire was heard on the ground . On CBS , viewers were watching a report from correspondent Allen Pizzey , who was also reporting from Baghdad , when the war began .",
"52": "Rather , after the report was finished , announced that there were unconfirmed reports of flashes in Baghdad and heavy air traffic at bases in Saudi Arabia . On the NBC Nightly News , correspondent Mike Boettcher reported unusual air activity in Dhahran , Saudi Arabia . Moments later , Brokaw announced to his viewers that the air attack had begun . Still , it was CNN whose coverage gained the most popularity and indeed its wartime coverage is often cited as one of the landmark events in the network 's history , ultimately leading to the establishment of CNN International . CNN correspondents John Holliman and Peter Arnett and CNN anchor Bernard Shaw relayed audio reports from Baghdad 's Al - Rashid Hotel as the air strikes began . The network had previously convinced the Iraqi government to allow installation of a permanent audio circuit in their makeshift bureau . When the telephones of all of the other Western TV correspondents went dead during the bombing , CNN was the only service able to provide live reporting . After the initial bombing , Arnett remained behind and was , for a time , the only American TV correspondent reporting from Iraq . In the United Kingdom , the BBC devoted the FM portion of its national speech radio station BBC Radio 4 to an 18 - hour rolling news format creating Radio 4 News FM . The station was short lived , ending shortly after President Bush declared the ceasefire and Kuwait 's liberation . However , it paved the way for the later introduction of Radio Five Live . Two BBC journalists , John Simpson and Bob Simpson ( no relation ) , defied their editors and remained in Baghdad to report on the war 's progress . They were responsible for a report which included an `` infamous cruise missile that travelled down a street and turned left at a traffic light . '' Newspapers all over the world also covered the war and Time magazine published a special issue dated 28 January 1991 , the headline `` War in the Gulf '' emblazoned on the cover over a picture of Baghdad taken as the war began . US policy regarding media freedom was much more restrictive than in the Vietnam War . The policy had been spelled out in a Pentagon document entitled Annex Foxtrot . Most of the press information came from briefings organized by the military . Only selected journalists were allowed to visit the front lines or conduct interviews with soldiers .",
"53": "Those visits were always conducted in the presence of officers , and were subject to both prior approval by the military and censorship afterward . This was ostensibly to protect sensitive information from being revealed to Iraq . This policy was heavily influenced by the military 's experience with the Vietnam War , in which public opposition within the US grew throughout the war 's course . It was not only the limitation of information in the Middle East ; media were also restricting what was shown about the war with more graphic depictions like Ken Jarecke 's image of a burnt Iraqi soldier being pulled from the American AP wire whereas in Europe it was given extensive coverage . At the same time , the war 's coverage was new in its instantaneousness . About halfway through the war , Iraq 's government decided to allow live satellite transmissions from the country by Western news organizations , and US journalists returned en masse to Baghdad . NBC 's Tom Aspell , ABC 's Bill Blakemore , and CBS News ' Betsy Aaron filed reports , subject to acknowledged Iraqi censorship . Throughout the war , footage of incoming missiles was broadcast almost immediately . A British crew from CBS News , David Green and Andy Thompson , equipped with satellite transmission equipment , traveled with the front line forces and , having transmitted live TV pictures of the fighting en route , arrived the day before the forces in Kuwait City , broadcasting live television from the city and covering the entrance of the Arab forces the next day . Alternative media outlets provided views in opposition to the war . Deep Dish Television compiled segments from independent producers in the US and abroad , and produced a 10 - hour series that was distributed internationally , called The Gulf Crisis TV Project . The series ' first program War , Oil and Power was compiled and released in 1990 , before the war broke out . News World Order was the title of another program in the series ; it focused on the media 's complicity in promoting the war , as well as Americans ' reactions to the media coverage . In San Francisco , as a local example , Paper Tiger Television West produced a weekly cable television show with highlights of mass demonstrations , artists ' actions , lectures , and protests against mainstream media coverage at newspaper offices and television stations . Local media outlets in cities across the country screened similar oppositional media .",
"54": "The organization Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting ( FAIR ) critically analyzed media coverage during the war in various articles and books , such as the 1991 Gulf War Coverage : The Worst Censorship was at Home . Technology The USS Missouri launches a Tomahawk missile . The Gulf War was the last conflict in which battleships were deployed in a combat role ( as of 2017 ) Precision - guided munitions were heralded as key in allowing military strikes to be made with a minimum of civilian casualties compared to previous wars , although they were not used as often as more traditional , less accurate bombs . Specific buildings in downtown Baghdad could be bombed while journalists in their hotels watched cruise missiles fly by . Precision - guided munitions amounted to approximately 7.4 % of all bombs dropped by the coalition . Other bombs included cluster bombs , which disperse numerous submunitions , and daisy cutters , 15,000 - pound bombs which can disintegrate everything within hundreds of yards . Global Positioning System ( GPS ) units were relatively new at the time and were important in enabling coalition units to easily navigate across the desert . Since military GPS receivers were not available for most troops , many used commercially available units . To permit these to be used to best effect , the `` selective availability '' feature of the GPS system was turned off for the duration of Desert Storm , allowing these commercial receivers to provide the same precision as the military equipment . Airborne Warning and Control System ( AWACS ) and satellite communication systems were also important . Two examples of this are the US Navy 's Grumman E-2 Hawkeye and the US Air Force 's Boeing E-3 Sentry . Both were used in command and control area of operations . These systems provided essential communications links between air , ground , and naval forces . It is one of several reasons why coalition forces dominated the air war . American - made color photocopiers were used to produce some of Iraq 's battle plans . Some of the copiers contained concealed high - tech transmitters that revealed their positions to American electronic warfare aircraft , leading to more precise bombings . Scud and Patriot missiles Military personnel examine the remains of a Scud The role of Iraq 's Scud missiles featured prominently in the war .",
"55": "Scud is a tactical ballistic missile that the Soviet Union developed and deployed among the forward deployed Red Army divisions in East Germany . The role of the Scuds which were armed with nuclear and chemical warheads was to destroy command , control , and communication facilities and delay full mobilization of Western German and Allied Forces in Germany . It could also be used to directly target ground forces . Scud missiles utilize inertial guidance which operates for the duration that the engines operate . Iraq used Scud missiles , launching them into both Saudi Arabia and Israel . Some missiles caused extensive casualties , while others caused little damage . Concerns were raised of possible chemical or biological warheads on these rockets , but if they existed , they were not used . The US Patriot missile was used in combat for the first time . The US military claimed a high effectiveness against Scuds at the time , but later analysis gives figures as low as 9 % , with 45 % of the 158 Patriot launches being against debris or false targets . The Dutch Ministry of Defense , which also sent Patriot missiles to protect civilians in Israel and Turkey , later disputed the higher claim . Further , there is at least one incident of a software error causing a Patriot missile 's failure to engage an incoming Scud , resulting in deaths . Both the US Army and the missile manufacturers maintained the Patriot delivered a `` miracle performance '' in the Gulf War .",
"56": "See also Iraq portal United States portal Soviet Union portal War portal 1990s portal 1973 Samita border skirmish War on Terror War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) United Nations Iraq -- Kuwait Observation Mission ( April 1991 -- October 2003 ) Kuwait -- Iraq barrier Gulf War military awards Iraq disarmament timeline 1990 -- 2003 Iraq -- Russia relations Lion of Babylon ( tank ) List of Gulf War military equipment Operation Simoom Organization of United States Air Force Units in the Gulf War SIPRI Arms Transfers Database , Iraq 1973 -- 1990 Timeline of the Gulf War History of the M1 Abrams Regional wars : List of modern conflicts in the Middle East General : Loss of Strength Gradient Military history of the United States Post -- World War II air - to - air combat losses Games : Conflict : Desert Storm Conflict : Desert Storm II Gulf War : Operation Desert Hammer Notes Jump up ^ The numbering of Persian Gulf conflicts depends on whether the Iran -- Iraq War ( 1980 -- 1988 ) is referred to as the First ( Persian ) Gulf War ( English language sources prior to the start of the Kuwait war in 1990 usually called it the Gulf War ) , which would make the 1990 war the Second ( Persian ) Gulf War . Different sources may call the conflicts by different names . The name ' Persian Gulf ' is itself a subject of dispute . The start date of the Kuwait War can also be seen as either August 1990 ( when Iraq 's Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait ) or as January 1991 ( the start of Operation Desert Storm , when the US - led coalition forced Iraq out of Kuwait ) , so that the war is also often called the 1991 Gulf War , the 1990 -- 1991 Gulf War , the 1990s Gulf War , etc ... This dating is also used to distinguish it from the other two ' Gulf Wars ' . References ^ Jump up to : Miller , Judith . `` Syria Plans to Double Gulf Force . '' The New York Times , 27 March 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Den 1 . Golfkrig '' . Forsvaret.dk. 24 September 2010 .",
"57": "Archived from the original on 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Persian Gulf War , the Sandhurst - trained Prince Khaled bin Sultan al - Saud was co-commander with General Norman Schwarzkopf www.casi.org.uk/discuss Jump up ^ General Khaled was Co-Commander , with US General Norman Schwarzkopf , of the allied coalition that liberated Kuwait www.thefreelibrary.com Jump up ^ Gulf War coalition forces ( latest available ) by country `` www.nationmaster.com '' . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 13 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Hersh , Seymour ( 2005 ) . Chain of Command . Penguin Books . p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : `` Persian Gulf War '' . MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ 18 M1 Abrams , 11 M60 , 2 AMX - 30 Jump up ^ CheckPoint , Ludovic Monnerat - . `` Guerre du Golfe : le dernier combat de la division Tawakalna '' . Jump up ^ Scales , Brig. Gen. Robert H. : Certain Victory . Brassey 's , 1994 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Halberstadt 1991 . p. 35 Jump up ^ Atkinson , Rick . Crusade , The untold story of the Persian Gulf War . Houghton Mifflin Company , 1993 . pp. 332 -- 3 Jump up ^ Captain Todd A. Buchs , B. Co . Commander , Knights In the Desert . Publisher / Editor Unknown . p. 111 . Jump up ^ Malory , Marcia . `` Tanks During the First Gulf War -- Tank History '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ M60 vs T - 62 Cold War Combatants 1956 -- 92 by Lon Nordeen & David Isby Jump up ^ `` TAB H -- Friendly - fire Incidents '' .",
"58": "Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ NSIAD - 92 - 94 , `` Operation Desert Storm : Early Performance Assessment of Bradley and Abrams '' . US General Accounting Office , 10 January 1992 . Quote : `` According to information provided by the Army 's Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans , 20 Bradleys were destroyed during the Gulf war . Another 12 Bradleys were damaged , but four of these were quickly repaired . Friendly fire accounted for 17 of the destroyed Bradleys and three of the damaged ones ^ Jump up to : Pike , John . `` Operation Desert Storm '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait ; 1990 ( Air War ) . Acig.org . Retrieved on 12 June 2011 Jump up ^ Bourque P. 455 Jump up ^ Bourque P. 455 Jump up ^ Bourque P. 455 Jump up ^ Bourque P. 455 Jump up ^ Bourque P. 455 Jump up ^ `` The Use of Terror during Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait '' . The Jewish Agency for Israel . Archived from the original on 24 January 2005 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kuwait : missing people : a step in the right direction '' . Red Cross . Jump up ^ `` The Wages of War : Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict '' . Project on Defense Alternatives . Retrieved 9 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fetter , Steve ; Lewis , George N. ; Gronlund , Lisbeth ( 28 January 1993 ) . `` Why were Casualties so low ? '' ( PDF ) . Nature . London . 361 ( 6410 ) : 293 -- 296 . doi : 10.1038 / 361293a0 . Jump up ^ `` Frontline Chronology '' ( PDF ) . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 20 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tenth anniversary of the Gulf War : A look back '' . CNN . 17 January 2001 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2008 .",
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"60": "U.S. Army Professional Writing Collection . US Army . Archived from the original on 11 October 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Simons ( 2003 ) . p. 333 . Jump up ^ Simons ( 2003 ) . pp. 341 -- 342 . ^ Jump up to : Simons ( 2003 ) . pp. 343 -- 344 . Jump up ^ Simons ( 2003 ) . pp. 339 -- 340 . ^ Jump up to : Simons ( 2003 ) . p. 341 . Jump up ^ Cleveland , William L. A History of the Modern Middle East . 2nd Ed pg. 464 ^ Jump up to : Simons ( 2003 ) . p. 334 . Jump up ^ Simons ( 2003 ) . p. 335 . Jump up ^ Simons ( 2003 ) . p. 336 . Jump up ^ Simons ( 2003 ) . pp. 337 -- 338 . Jump up ^ Simons ( 2003 ) . p. 338 . ^ Jump up to : Simons ( 2003 ) . p. 343 . Jump up ^ Yousseff M. Ibrahim , `` Iraq Threatens Emirates And Kuwait on Oil Glut '' New York Times , 18 July 1990 Jump up ^ Michael R. Gordon , `` U.S. Deploys Air and Sea Forces After Iraq Threatens 2 Neighbors '' New York Times , 25 July 1990 ^ Jump up to : Finlan ( 2003 ) . pp. 25 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF ; Excerpts From Iraqi Document on Meeting With U.S. Envoy '' New York Times , 23 September 1990 Jump up ^ `` Saddam 's message of friendship to president Bush ( Wikileaks telegram 90BAGHDAD4237 ) '' . US Department of State . 25 July 1990 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Finlan ( 2003 ) .",
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"62": "^ Jump up to : Report of the Security Council : 16 June 1990 -- 15 June 1991 ( digital document ) . New York : United Nations . 1993 . p. 30 . ISSN 0082 - 8238 . Jump up ^ `` Myths & Facts -- The Gulf Wars '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 13 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ziad Swaidan ; Mihai Nica ( June 2002 ) . `` The 1991 Gulf War And Jordan 's Economy '' . Middle East Review of International Affairs . 6 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 2002 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Deese , David A. `` Persian Gulf War , Desert Storm -- War with Iraqi '' . The History Professor . Concord Learning Systems . Archived from the original on 2005 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Report of the Security Council : 16 June 1990 -- 15 June 1991 . New York : United Nations . 1993 . pp. 33 -- 35 . ISSN 0082 - 8238 . Jump up ^ * Finlan ( 2003 ) . p. 29 . * `` Resolution 661 ( 1990 ) '' . United Nations . Retrieved 13 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Report of the Security Council : 16 June 1990 -- 15 June 1991 . New York : United Nations . 1993 . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISSN 0082 - 8238 . Jump up ^ Lori Fisler Damrosch , International Law , Cases and Materials , West Group , 2001 Jump up ^ http://www.margaretthatcher.org/archive/us-bush.asp ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Thomas L. ( 22 August 1990 ) . `` Confrontation in the Gulf : Behind Bush 's Hard Line ; Washington Considers a Clear Iraqi Defeat To Be Necessary to Bolster Its Arab Allies '' . The New York Times . New York . pp. A1 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 .",
"63": "Jump up ^ `` Confrontation in the Gulf ; Proposals by Iraqi President : Excerpts From His Address '' . The New York Times . New York . 13 August 1990 . pp. A8 . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Waldman , Shmuel ( 2005 ) . Beyond a Reasonable Doubt . Feldheim Publishers , p. 179 . ISBN 1 - 58330 - 806 - 7 Jump up ^ BBC News . `` 1990 : Outrage at Iraqi TV hostage show '' . Retrieved 2 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Royce , Knut ( 29 August 1990 ) . `` MIDDLE EAST CRISIS Secret Offer Iraq Sent Pullout Deal to U.S '' . Newsday . New York . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Royce , Knut ( 3 January 1991 ) . `` Iraq Offers Deal to Quit Kuwait U.S. rejects it , but stays ' interested ' '' . Newsday Washington Bureau . Long Island , N.Y. p. 5 . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Patrick E. ( 3 January 1991 ) . `` CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF ; Arafat Eases Stand on Kuwait - Palestine Link '' . The New York Times . New York . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Thomas L. ( 11 January 1991 ) . `` CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF ; As U.S. Officials See It , Hands of Aziz Were Tied '' . The New York Times . pp. A10 . Retrieved 30 September 2010 . Jump up ^ See Paul Lewis , `` Confrontation in the Gulf : The U.N. ; France and 3 Arab States Issue an Appeal to Hussein , '' New York Times , 15 January 1991 , p . A12 Jump up ^ Michael Kranish et al. , `` World waits on brink of war : Late effort at diplomacy in gulf fails , '' Boston Globe , 16 January 1991 , p.",
"64": "1 Jump up ^ Ellen Nimmons , A.P. , `` Last - ditch pitches for peace ; But U.S. claims Iraqis hold key , '' Houston Chronicle , 15 January 1991 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Alan Riding , `` CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF : France ; Paris Says Its Last - Ditch Peace Effort Has Failed '' New York Times 16 January 1991 Jump up ^ Gilles Kepel Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam . Jump up ^ `` The Operation Desert Shield / Desert Storm Timeline '' . Archived from the original on 26 May 2008 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Years After Desert Storm , U.S. Commitment to Region Continues '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 29 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Essential Documents : UN Security Council Resolution 678 '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Archived from the original on 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Baker , James Addison , and Thomas M. DeFrank . The Politics of Diplomacy : Revolution , War , and Peace , 1989 -- 1992 . New York : Putnam , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` The Unfinished War : A Decade Since Desert Storm '' . CNN In - Depth Specials. 2001 . Archived from the original on 17 March 2008 . Retrieved 5 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Freedman , Lawrence , and Efraim Karsh . The Gulf Conflict 1990 -- 1991 : Diplomacy and War in the New World Order . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press , 1993 . Print . Jump up ^ Lynch , Colum ( 1 November 2006 ) . `` Security Council Seat Tied to Aid '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 18 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Bush , George H.W. ( 11 September 1990 ) . `` Address Before a Joint Session of Congress '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs . Archived from the original on 16 January 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 .",
"65": "Jump up ^ Heller , Jean ( 6 January 1991 ) . `` Photos do n't show buildup '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , Volume 59 , page 33 , Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science ( Chicago , Ill . ) , Atomic Scientists of Chicago , Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ( Organization ) , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` How PR Sold the War in the Persian Gulf Center for Media and Democracy '' . Prwatch.org . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rowse , Ted ( 1992 ) . `` Kuwaitgate -- killing of Kuwaiti babies by Iraqi soldiers exaggerated '' . Washington Monthly . Jump up ^ Makiya 1993 , p 40 . Jump up ^ Makiya 1993 , pp 31 -- 33 Jump up ^ Makiya 1993 , p 32 . Jump up ^ name = cnnstats Edwin E. Moïse . `` Limited War : The Stereotypes '' . Clemson University . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Operation Desert Storm globalsecurity.com Jump up ^ `` CNN.com In - depth specials -- Gulf War ( via Internet Archive ) '' . CNN . 2001 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 23 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Lee , Robin J. ( 2002 ) . `` Fixed - Wing Combat Aircraft Attrition in Desert Storm '' . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Sources : Gulf War Airpower Survey , Vol. 5 ; Norman Friedman , Desert Victory ; World Air Power Journal . Additionally , Mark Bovankovich and LT Chuck Chase offered corrections and several intriguing details on these incidents . All errors , however , remain entirely mine . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Rick ( 1994 ) . Crusade : The Untold Story of the Persian Gulf War . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , p. 47 .",
"66": "ISBN 0 - 395 - 71083 - 9 Jump up ^ Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh , The Gulf Conflict : Diplomacy and War in the New World Order , 1990 -- 1991 ( Princeton , 1993 ) , 332 . Jump up ^ Post Video To Facebook ( 9 January 1991 ) . `` Geneva Meeting on Persian Gulf Crisis '' . C - SPAN . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 18 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Rostker , Bernard ( 2000 ) . `` Information Paper : Iraq 's Scud Ballistic Missiles '' . Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control from 2000 to 2006 . Retrieved 21 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh , The Gulf Conflict : Diplomacy and War in the New World Order , 1990 -- 1991 ( Princeton , 1993 ) , 331 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Gordon , Gideon 's Spies : The Secret History of the Mossad Jump up ^ The Gulf War Jump up ^ Fetter , Steve ; Lewis , George N. ; Gronlund , Lisbeth ( 28 January 1993 ) . `` Why were Casualties so low ? '' ( PDF ) . Nature . London : Nature Publishing Group . 361 ( 6410 ) : 293 -- 296 . doi : 10.1038 / 361293a0 . Jump up ^ `` The Gulf War ( 1991 ) '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Three Israelis killed as Scuds hit Tel Aviv '' . The Tech. 1991 . Retrieved 11 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Betrokkenheid van Nederland '' ( in Dutch ) . Ministerie van Defensie. 2009 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 11 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Kifner , John ( 23 January 1991 ) .",
"67": "`` WAR IN THE GULF : TEL AVIV ; 3 DIE 96 ARE HURT IN ISRAELI SUBURB '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Rick ; Balz , Dan ( 23 January 1991 ) . `` Scud Hits Tel Aviv , Leaving 3 Dead , 96 Hurt '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Cheney , Richard : In My Time : A Personal and Political Memoir Jump up ^ `` DOD : Information Paper - Iraq 's Scud Ballistic Missiles '' . Iraqwatch.org . Retrieved 18 March 2010 . Jump up ^ AirLand Reversal -- Airforcemag.com , February 2014 ^ Jump up to : VUA Citation . Jump up ^ Hillman , p. 6 Jump up ^ Bourque and Burdan p. 95 Jump up ^ Bourque , p. 96 Jump up ^ Bourque , p. 98 ^ Jump up to : Bourque , p. 99 Jump up ^ Bourque , p. 102 Jump up ^ Bourque , p. 103 Jump up ^ VUA Citation Jump up ^ Jayhawk ! The 7th Corps in the Persian Gulf War by Bourque P. 164 Jump up ^ Jayhawk ! The 7th Corps in the Persian Gulf War by Bourque P. 161 Jump up ^ Jayhawk ! The 7th Corps in the Persian Gulf War by Bourque P. 161 Jump up ^ https://armyhistory.org/the-gulf-war-and-european-artillery/ Jump up ^ https://armyhistory.org/the-gulf-war-and-european-artillery/ Jump up ^ Jayhawk ! The 7th Corps in the Persian Gulf War by Bourque pp. 163 Jump up ^ Bourque P. 201 Jump up ^ VUA Citation Jump up ^ Bourque P. 156 - 157 Jump up ^ Bourque P. 206 Jump up ^ Bourque P. 206 Jump up ^ Bourque P. 206 Jump up ^ VUA Citation Jump up ^ VUA Citation Jump up ^ Bourque P. 207 Jump up ^ Bourque P.",
"68": "207 Jump up ^ Bourque P. 207 Jump up ^ Bourque P. 225 Jump up ^ VUA Citation Jump up ^ VUA Citation Jump up ^ Bourque P. 225 ^ Jump up to : Desert Storm / Shield Valorous Unit Award Citations Jump up ^ Bourque , pp. 113 - 133 ^ Jump up to : Bourque P. 259 Jump up ^ http://usdefensewatch.com/2015/04/correcting-myths-about-the-persian-gulf-war-the-last-stand-of-the-tawakalna/ Jump up ^ VUA Citation Jump up ^ VUA Citation Jump up ^ http://www.wearethemighty.com/articles/6-massive-tank-battles-from-us-history Jump up ^ Semper Fi : The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines by Chenoweth p. 408 Jump up ^ http://www.wearethemighty.com/articles/6-massive-tank-battles-from-us-history Jump up ^ VUA Citation Jump up ^ Semper Fi : The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines by Chenoweth p. 408 Jump up ^ VUA Citation Jump up ^ Bourque P. 455 Jump up ^ John Pike . `` Operation Desert Sabre / Gulf War Ground Campaign '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 18 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Riley 2010 , p. 207 . ^ Jump up to : Screaming Eagles 101st Airborne Division by Russ & Susan Bryant P. 85 Jump up ^ Andrew Leydon . `` Carriers in the Persian Gulf War '' . Leyden.com . Retrieved 18 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Screaming Eagles The 101st Airborne Division from D - Day to Desert Storm by Christopher J Anderson P. 8 Jump up ^ twentieth century battlefields , the gulf war Jump up ^ Holsti , Ole R. ( 2011 - 11 - 07 ) . `` The United States and Iraq before the Iraq War '' . American Public Opinion on the Iraq War . University of Michigan Press . p. 20 . ISBN 9780472034802 .",
"69": "Air attacks inflicted heavy casualties on retreatng forces along what became known as ' the highway of death . ' American , British , and French units pursued the Iraqis to within 150 miles of Baghdad . Jump up ^ Fisk , Robert . The Great War for Civilisation , Vintage ( 2007 reprint ) , at p. 646 . Jump up ^ `` Abbas apology to Kuwait over Iraq '' . BBC News . 12 December 2004 . Jump up ^ `` '' Cheney changed his view on Iraq `` , by Charles Pope , Seattle Post-Intelligencer , 29 September 2004 '' . 28 September 2004 . Retrieved 7 January 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Crocker III , H.W. ( 2006 ) . Do n't Tread on Me . New York : Crown Forum . p. 384 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 5363 - 6 . Jump up ^ Odgers 1999 , pp. 356 -- 371 . Jump up ^ Morin , Jean H. ; Gimblett , Richard Howard ( 1997 ) . Operation Friction , 1990 -- 1991 : The Canadian Forces in the Persian Gulf . Dundurn Press . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 257 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bourque , p. 275 ^ Jump up to : Bourque , p. 377 Jump up ^ `` Desert Storm Part 22 : Charge of the Heavy Brigade '' . British Army Official Blog. 28 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Desert Storm Part 24 : Back to Germany '' . British Army Official Blog. 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Use of Terror During Iraq 's Invasion of Kuwait '' . Jump up ^ `` Iraq and Kuwait Discuss Fate of 600 Missing Since Gulf War '' . Los Angeles Times . 9 January 2003 . Jump up ^ Scott Peterson , `` ' Smarter ' bombs still hit civilians '' , Christian Science Monitor , 22 October 2002 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2010 , p. 265 .",
"70": "^ Jump up to : `` Wages of War -- Appendix 2 : Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 1991 Gulf War '' . Comw.org . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Fisk , The Great War For Civilisation ; The Conquest of the Middle East ( Fourth Estate , 2005 ) , p. 853 . Jump up ^ `` Toting the Casualties of War '' . Businessweek. 6 February 2003 . Jump up ^ Ford , Peter ( 9 April 2003 ) . `` Bid to stem civilian deaths tested '' . Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ Keaney , Thomas ; Eliot A. Cohen ( 1993 ) . Gulf War Air Power Survey . United States Dept. of the Air Force . ISBN 0 - 16 - 041950 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` In - Depth Specials -- Gulf War '' . CNN . 2001 . Archived from the original on 2001 . Jump up ^ Ranter , Harro . `` ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed C - 130H Hercules 469 Rash Mishab '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roll of Honour '' . Britains-smallwars.com . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 13 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia -- Persian Gulf War , 1991 '' . Country-data.com . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Schmitt , Eric ( 22 March 1991 ) . `` After the War '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Role of the United Arab Emirates in the Iran - Iraq War and the Persian Gulf War '' . Country-data.com . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Soldier Reported Dead Shows Up at Parents ' Doorstep '' . Associated Press . 22 March 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Role of Kuwaiti Armed Forces in the Persian Gulf War '' . Country-data.com. 24 February 1991 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2010 , p. 470 .",
"71": "Jump up ^ Blanford , Nicholas ( 2001 ) . `` Kuwait hopes for answers on its Gulf War POWs '' . Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ Tucker 2010 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Persian Gulf War -- MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2010 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf War Veterans ' Medically Unexplained Illnesses '' . U.S Department of Veteran Affairs . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf war syndrome ; higher rates of specific birth defects in gulf war veterans ' children '' . Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA , 14 . 2003 . Jump up ^ Hindin R. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Teratogenicity of depleted uranium aerosols : A review from an epidemiological perspective '' . Environmental Health . 4 ( 1 ) : 17 . doi : 10.1186 / 1476 - 069X - 4 - 17 . PMC 1242351 . PMID 16124873 . Jump up ^ Marshall , AC ( 2005 ) . `` An Analysis of Uranium Dispersal and Health Effects Using a Gulf War Case Study '' ( PDF ) . Sandia National Laboratories . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Depleted Uranium -- http://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/depleted_uranium// Jump up ^ `` Depleted Uranium Health Effects '' . ead.anl.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` E-8 Joint - DEATH STAR ( JSTARS ) '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 18 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Chediac , Joyce . `` The massacre of withdrawing Soldieers on the highway of death '' . Archived from the original on 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Clancy & Horner 1999 , pp. 499 -- 500 . ^ Jump up to : Sloyan , Patrick . `` Iraqis Buried Alive -- U.S.",
"72": "Attacked With Bulldozers During War Ground Attack '' . The Seattle Times . 12 September 1991 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sloyan , Patrick Day ( 12 September 1991 ) , `` Buried Alive : U.S. Tanks Used Plows To Kill Thousands In Gulf War Trenches '' , Newsday , New York , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` The gulf war : appendix : Iraqi death toll '' . Frontline . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Jump up ^ Simpson , John ( 2003 ) , The Wars Against Saddam , Basingstoke : MacMillan . ^ Jump up to : Shafeeq Ghabra ( 8 May 1991 ) . `` The PLO in Kuwait '' . Jump up ^ Yann Le Troquer ; Rozenn Hommery al - Oudat ( Spring 1999 ) . `` From Kuwait to Jordan : The Palestinians ' Third Exodus '' . Journal of Palestine Studies . pp. 37 -- 51 . Jump up ^ `` Jordanians of Kuwait '' . Joshua Project . 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Palestinians Open Kuwaiti Embassy '' . Al Monitor. 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen 's president flees for medical treatment as search for new leader begins '' . The Daily Telegraph . 5 June 2011 Jump up ^ 23 June 1991 , Washington Post , Bart Gellman Jump up ^ `` The View From France : America 's Unyielding Policy toward Iraq , '' Foreign Affairs , Vol. 74 , No. 1 , January / February 1995 , pp. 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Rubin , Michael ( December 2001 ) . `` Sanctions on Iraq : A Valid Anti-American Grievance ? '' ( PDF ) . 5 ( 4 ) . Middle East Review of International Affairs : 100 -- 115 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2006 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Frontline : War Stories '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 1 February 2011 .",
"73": "Jump up ^ Patrice O'Shaughness . `` Gulf War POW denounces abuse of Iraqi detainees '' . New York Daily News . Lexis Nexis Academic . 12 May . 2004 . Web . 15 April . 2014 Jump up ^ `` The Flight That Changed My Life '' . Johnnichol.com . Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` War Story : John Peters '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ The One that Got Away by Chris Ryan & Bravo Two Zero by Andy McNab Jump up ^ `` A Woman 's Burden '' . Time . 28 March 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` US pulls out of Saudi Arabia '' . BBC News . 29 April 2003 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Plotz , David ( 2001 ) What Does Osama Bin Laden Want ? , Slate Jump up ^ Bergen , Peter L. ( 2001 ) . Holy War Inc . Simon & Schuster . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Yusufzai , Rahimullah ( 26 September 2001 ) . `` Face to face with Osama '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 19 January 2008 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq surveys show ' humanitarian emergency ' '' . 12 August 1999 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Spagat , Michael ( September 2010 ) . `` Truth and death in Iraq under sanctions '' ( PDF ) . Significance . Jump up ^ Rubin , Michael ( December 2001 ) . `` Sanctions on Iraq : A Valid Anti-American Grievance ? '' . 5 ( 4 ) . Middle East Review of International Affairs : 100 -- 115 . Archived from the original on 28 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marsh Arabs '' . American University School of International Service . Archived from the original on 27 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 August 2010 .",
"74": "^ Jump up to : Jeffrey Pollack ( Mar -- Apr 2003 ) . `` Duke Magazine - Oil Spill - After the Deluge '' . Duke Magazine . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Note : The cited supporting source uses the term Arabian Gulf to name this body of water . This article uses the proper name Persian Gulf . For more information , see the Persian Gulf naming dispute article . Jump up ^ `` V : `` Thunder And Lightning '' - The War With Iraq ( Subsection : The War At Sea ) `` . The United States Navy in `` Desert Shield '' / `` Desert Storm '' . United States Navy . Archived from the original on 5 December 2006 . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Leckie , Robert ( 1998 ) . The Wars of America . Castle Books . Jump up ^ Wellman , Robert Campbell ( 14 February 1999 ) . `` '' Iraq and Kuwait : 1972 , 1990 , 1991 , 1997 . '' Earthshots : Satellite Images of Environmental Change `` . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 2002 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Husain , T. ( 1995 ) . Kuwaiti Oil Fires : Regional Environmental Perspectives . Oxford : BPC Wheatons Ltd. p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : `` How much did the Gulf War cost the US ? '' . People.psych.cornell.edu. 20 May 1997 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Impact of the Gulf Crisis on Developing Countries '' . ODI Briefing Paper . March 1991 . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter Ruff ( 31 July 2006 ) . `` Obituary : Bob Simpson '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Lori Robertson ( 2007 ) .",
"75": "`` Images of War '' . AJR . Archived from the original on 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Ken Jarecke 's account to the BBC World Service programme ( 9 May 2005 ) . `` Picture power : Death of an Iraqi soldier '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Dean ( 2007 ) . `` Famous Pictures Magazine -- Iraqi Soldier '' . Famous Pictures Magazine . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Series ( The Gulf Crisis TV Project ) '' . archive.org. 11 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2010 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` War , Oil and Power '' . Retrieved 17 January 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` News World Order '' . Retrieved 17 January 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Naureckas , Jim ( 2010 ) . `` Gulf War Coverage : The Worst Censorship Was at Home '' . Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting ( FAIR ) . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb Bombs '' . Fas.org . Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 18 March 2010 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Joel . GPS for Dummies . Jump up ^ `` Something wrong with our * * * * chips today '' . The Economist. 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cirincione , Joseph ( October 1992 ) . `` The Performance of the Patriot Missile in the war '' ( PDF ) . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 December 2003 . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The Patriot Missile Failure '' . Ima.umn.edu . Retrieved 1 February 2011 .",
"76": "Works cited Victoria , William L. Cleveland , late of Simon Fraser University , Martin Bunton , University of ( 2013 ) . A History of the Modern Middle East ( Fifth edition . ed . ) . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . p. 450 . ISBN 978 - 0813348339 . Last paragraph : `` On 16 January 1991 the air war against Iraq began Bourque , Stephen A. ( 2001 ) . Jayhawk ! The 7th Corps in the Persian Gulf War . Center of Military History , United States Army . LCCN 2001028533 . OCLC 51313637 . Desert Storm : Ground War by Hans Halberstadt Col H. Avery Chenoweth ( 2005 ) Semper Fi : The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines Bibliography Arbuthnot , Felicity ( 17 September 2000 ) . `` Allies Deliberately Poisoned Iraq Public Water Supply in Gulf War '' . Scotland : Sunday Herald . Archived from the original on 5 December 2005 . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Atkinson , Rick ; Devroy , Ann ( 12 January 1991 ) . `` U.S. Claims Iraqi Nuclear Reactors Hit Hard '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Austvik , Ole Gunnar ( 1993 ) . `` The War Over the Price of Oil '' . International Journal of Global Energy Issues . Bard , Mitchell . `` The Gulf War '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . Barzilai , Gad ( 1993 ) . Klieman , Aharon ; Shidlo , Gil , eds . The Gulf Crisis and Its Global Aftermath . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 08002 - 9 . Blum , William ( 1995 ) . Killing Hope : U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II . Common Courage Press . ISBN 1 - 56751 - 052 - 3 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2008 .",
"77": "Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Bolkom , Christopher ; Pike , Jonathan . `` Attack Aircraft Proliferation : Areas for Concern '' . Archived from the original on 27 December 2005 . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Brown , Miland . `` First Persian Gulf War '' . Archived from the original on 21 January 2007 . Emering , Edward John ( 2005 ) . The Decorations and Medals of the Persian Gulf War ( 1990 to 1991 ) . Claymont , DE : Orders and Medals Society of America . ISBN 1 - 890974 - 18 - 8 . OCLC 62859116 . Finlan , Alastair ( 2003 ) . The Gulf War 1991 . Osprey . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 574 - 0 . Forbes , Daniel ( 15 May 2000 ) . `` Gulf War crimes ? '' . Salon Magazine . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Graham. , Bob ( 2012 ) . GULF in the WAR STORY : A US Navy Personnel Manager Confides in You . Florida u.a. : CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform . ISBN 978 - 1475147056 . Hawley. , T.M. ( 1992 ) . Against the Fires of Hell : The Environmental Disaster of the Gulf War . New York u.a. : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 0 - 15 - 103969 - 0 . Hiro , Dilip ( 1992 ) . Desert Shield to Desert Storm : The Second Gulf War . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 90657 - 9 . Clancy , Tom ; Horner , Chuck ( 1999 ) . Every Man a Tiger : The Gulf War Air Campaign . Putnam . ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 14493 - 6 . Hoskinson , Ronald Andrew ; Jarvis , Norman ( 1994 ) . `` Gulf War Photo Gallery '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 .",
"78": "Kepel , Gilles ( 2002 ) . `` From the Gulf War to the Taliban Jihad / Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam '' . Latimer , Jon ( 2001 ) . Deception in War . London : John Murray . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5605 - 8 . Little , Allan ( 1 December 1997 ) . `` Iraq coming in from the cold ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Lowry , Richard S . `` The Gulf War Chronicles '' . iUniverse ( 2003 and 2008 ) . Archived from the original on 15 April 2008 . MacArthur , John . `` Independent Policy Forum Luncheon Honoring '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Makiya , Kanan ( 1993 ) . Cruelty and Silence : War , Tyranny , Uprising , and the Arab World . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 03108 - 9 . Moise , Edwin . `` Bibliography : The First U.S. -- Iraq War : Desert Shield and Desert Storm ( 1990 -- 1991 ) '' . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Munro , Alan ( 2006 ) . Arab Storm : Politics and Diplomacy Behind the Gulf War . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 128 - 1 . Naval Historical Center ( 15 May 1991 ) . `` The United States Navy in Desert Shield / Desert Storm '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Wright , Steven ( 2007 ) . The United States and Persian Gulf Security : The Foundations of the War on Terror . Ithaca Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86372 - 321 - 6 . Niksch , Larry A ; Sutter , Robert G ( 23 May 1991 ) . `` Japan 's Response to the Persian Gulf Crisis : Implications for U.S. - Japan Relations '' . Congressional Research Service , Library of Congress . Retrieved 4 December 2005 .",
"79": "Odgers , George ( 1999 ) . 100 Years of Australians at War . Sydney : Lansdowne . ISBN 1 - 86302 - 669 - X . Riley , Jonathon ( 2010 ) . Decisive Battles : From Yorktown to Operation Desert Storm . Continuum . ISBN 1 - 84725 - 250 - 8 . Roberts , Paul William ( 1998 ) . The Demonic Comedy : Some Detours in the Baghdad of Saddam Hussein . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 13823 - 3 . Sifry , Micah ; Cerf , Christopher ( 1991 ) . The Gulf War Reader . New York , NY : Random House . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 1947 - 5 . Simons , Geoff ( 2004 ) . Iraq : from Sumer to post-Saddam ( 3 ed . ) . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 1770 - 1 . Smith , Jean Edward ( 1992 ) . George Bush 's War . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 1388 - 7 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2010 ) . The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars : The United States in the Persian Gulf , Afghanistan , and Iraq Conflicts . ABC - Clio . ISBN 1 - 84725 - 250 - 8 . Turnley , Peter ( December 2002 ) . `` The Unseen Gulf War ( photo essay ) '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Walker , Paul ; Stambler , Eric ( 1991 ) . `` ... and the dirty little weapons '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Vol 47 , Number 4 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2007 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Frank , Andre Gunder ( 20 May 1991 ) . `` Third World War in the Gulf : A New World Order '' . Political Economy Notebooks for Study and Research , no . 14 , pp. 5 -- 34 .",
"80": "Retrieved 4 December 2005 . PBS Frontline . `` The Gulf War : an in - depth examination of the 1990 -- 1991 Persian Gulf crisis '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . `` Report to Congress on the Conduct of the Persian Gulf War , Chapter 6 '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Films Dawn of the World ( 2008 ) Bravo Two Zero ( 1999 ) Courage Under Fire ( 1996 ) The Finest Hour ( 1991 ) The Heroes of Desert Storm ( 1991 ) Jarhead ( 2005 ) Lessons of Darkness ( 1992 ) ( a documentary ) Live from Baghdad ( 2002 ) Towelhead ( 2007 ) Three Kings ( 1999 ) The Manchurian Candidate ( 2004 ) Used as a back drop for the film The Big Lebowski ( 1998 ) . It is frequently discussed as well . Used in retconned backstory for The Punisher ( 2004 ) Airlift ( 2016 ) -- A Bollywood film based on the true story of the evacuation of 170,000 Indians stranded in the war zone .",
"81": "Novels Braving the Fear -- The True Story of Rowdy US Marines in the Gulf War ( by Douglas Foster ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4137 - 9902 - 6 Bravo Two Zero ( by Andy McNab ) ISBN 0 - 440 - 21880 - 2 The Fist of God ( by Frederick Forsyth ) ISBN 0 - 553 - 09126 - 3 Glass ( Pray the Electrons Back to Sand ) ( by James Chapman ) Gulf in the War Story : A US Navy Personnel Manager Confides in You ( diary from inside the real Top Gun , VF - 1 `` Wolfpack '' by Bob Graham ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4751 - 4705 - 6 Hogs dime novel series by James Ferro Jarhead ( by Anthony Swofford ) ISBN 0 - 7432 - 3535 - 5 Savant ( by James Follett ) Summer 1990 ( by Firyal AlShalabi ) Third Graders at War ( by Felix G ) To Die in Babylon by Harold Livingston M60 vs T - 62 Cold War Combatants 1956 -- 92 ( by Lon Nordeen & David Isby ) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulf War ( 1990 - 1991 ) .",
"82": "Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gulf War Barbara Walters Interview with General Schwarzkopf , Coalition commander in the Persian Gulf War ( Video : ABC , 1991 ) Operation Desert Storm -- GlobalSecurity.org Gulf War Discussion from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Historical Context from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives CBC Digital Archives -- The 1991 Gulf War Master Index of Desert Storm Oral History Interviews by the United States Army Center of Military History Bibliography of the Desert Shield and Desert Storm compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History ( via Wayback Machine ) Desert Shield / Desert Storm Photographs US Army Heritage and Education Center , Carlisle , Pennsylvania Persian Gulf War 20th Anniversary of Desert Storm in Photos Air Force and Air Defense of Iraq before the war ( not translated ) exact list of the technical details Liberating Kuwait United States Marine Corps Baath Ground Forces Equipment -- GlobalSecurity.org Friendly - fire Incidents -- www.gulflink.osd.mil https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/vua_citations.html Gulf War Conflict timeline Disarmament timeline Invasion of Kuwait Battle of Dasman Palace Battle of the Bridges Battle of Failaka U.N. Resolution 660 Coalition intervention U.N. Resolution 661 Coalition Iraq -- United States relations Carter Doctrine Military equipment Battles Air campaign `` Package Q '' air strike Khafji Wadi Al - Batin Samurra Al Busayyah 67 Easting 73 Easting Phase Line Bullet Medina Ridge 2nd Kuwait Highway of Death Jalibah Norfolk Rumaila Safwan Aftermath Operation Southern Watch Iraq sanctions Kuwaiti oil fires 1991 uprisings Draining of the marshes Gulf War oil spill Depleted uranium Gulf War syndrome Awards Operation Provide Comfort Memorials London Saddam Hussein 28 April 1937 -- 30 December 2006 Biography 17 July Revolution Iran -- Iraq War ( U.S.",
"83": "support ) Anfal genocide Gulf War ( 1991 uprisings ) Human rights record Relationship with Al - Qaeda timeline Capture Interrogation Trial Execution Books Zabibah and the King The Fortified Castle Men and the City Begone , Demons Propaganda Killing babies Alleged shredder Family Father : Hussein ' Abid al - Majid Mother : Subha Tulfah al - Mussallat Half - brothers : Watban , Sabawi , and Barzan Wives : Sajida Talfah and Samira Shahbandar Uncle and Father - in - Law : Khairallah Talfah Sons : Uday and Qusay Daughters : Rana , Raghad , and Hala Grandchildren : Mustapha Hussein Media House of Saddam South Park The Devil 's Double Wikimedia : Wiktionary Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource Commons Wikinews Wikibook Category Iraq articles History Ancient Sumer Akkadian Empire Babylonia Assyria Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Achaemenid Assyria Seleucid Babylonia Parthian Babylonia Sassanid Asorestan 638 -- 1958 Muslim conquest of Persia Abbasid Caliphate Buyid dynasty Kara Koyunlu Ak Koyunlu Safavids Ottoman Iraq ( Mamluk dynasty ) Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Iraq Arab Federation Republic 1958 -- 68 1968 -- 2003 2003 -- 11 2011 -- present Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party -- Iraq Region ( National Command ) Saddam Hussein Iran -- Iraq War Invasion of Kuwait Gulf War Sanctions Iraq War U.S. invasion Iraqi insurgency U.S. troop withdrawal Insurgency ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Mosul liberation Geography Al - Faw Peninsula Al - Jazira Euphrates",
"84": "Hamrin Mountains Persian Gulf Islands Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Places Lakes Shatt al - Arab Syrian Desert Tigris Umm Qasr Zagros Mountains Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Council of Representatives ( legislative ) Elections Foreign aid Foreign relations Government Council of Ministers Presidency Council President Prime Minister Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq in Saddam Hussein 's Iraq in post-invasion Iraq in ISIL - controlled territory LGBT Freedom of religion Women Law Military Police Political parties Judiciary Wars and conflicts Economy Central Bank Dinar ( currency ) Infrastructure Oil Industry Oil reserves Reconstruction Stock Exchange Telecommunications Transportation Society Cuisine Culture Education Health Media Music Smoking Sports Demographics Iraqis diaspora refugees Languages Arabic Aramaic Kurdish Persian Iraqi Turkmen dialect Minorities Armenians Assyrians Circassians Kurds Mandaeans Marsh Arabs Persians Solluba Turkmen / Turcoman Jews Religion Islam Christianity Mandaeism Yazidis Outline Index Category Portal List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 1910s World War I Middle Eastern theatre Arab Revolt Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Unification of Saudi Arabia Simko Shikak",
"85": "revolt Egyptian revolution of 1919 Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War Turkish -- Armenian War Franco - Turkish War Revolts Mahmud Barzanji revolts 1920s Franco - Syrian War Iraqi revolt against the British Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine Adwan Rebellion Arab separatism in Khuzestan Great Syrian Revolt Sheikh Said rebellion 1921 Persian coup d'état 1930s Ararat rebellion Ahmed Barzani revolt Simele massacre Saudi -- Yemeni War ( 1934 ) Goharshad Mosque rebellion 1935 -- 36 Iraqi Shia revolts 1935 Yazidi revolt Dersim rebellion 1940s World War II Italian bombing of Palestine Anglo - Iraqi War Syria -- Lebanon Campaign Anglo - Soviet invasion of Iran 1943 Barzani revolt Alwaziri coup Al - Wathbah uprising Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran crisis of 1946 Arab -- Israeli conflict Israeli -- Palestinian conflict 1950s Egyptian revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Jebel Akhdar War Cypriot ethnic crisis Yemeni -- Adenese clan violence 1958 Lebanon crisis 1958 Iraqi revolution 1959 Mosul uprising 1960s Iraqi -- Kurdish conflict First Iraqi - Kurdish War Dhofar Rebellion North Yemen Civil War Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 8th March Syrian Revolution Nov.",
"86": "1963 Iraqi coup Aden Emergency 1964 Hama riot 1966 Syrian coup d'état 1970s Black September in Jordan 1972 North Yemen -- South Yemen war Turkish invasion of Cyprus Lebanese Civil War Political violence in Turkey ( 1976 -- 80 ) Libyan -- Egyptian War Islamist uprising in Syria NDF Rebellion Iranian Revolution Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 1979 Qatif Uprising Grand Mosque seizure 1980s Sadr uprising ( 1980 ) Iran -- Iraq War 1980 Turkish coup d'état Kurdish separatism in Turkey Turkey - PKK conflict South Yemen Civil War 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 1986 Damascus bombings Mecca massacre Abu Nidal 's executions 1990s Gulf War ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 1991 uprisings in Iraq Terror campaign in Egypt ( 1990s ) Yemeni Civil War ( 1994 ) Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia ( 2000 -- present ) Operation Desert Fox al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 2000s Iraq War Balochi insurgency in Iran 2004 al - Qamishli riots Houthi insurgency in Yemen Iran -- Israel proxy conflict 2006 Lebanon conflict Fatah -- Hamas conflict Nahr al - Bared fighting 2008 conflict in Lebanon South Yemen insurgency 2009 -- 10 Iranian election protests 2010s Bahraini uprising Egyptian Crisis Sinai insurgency Insurgency in Egypt ( 2013 -- present ) Syrian Civil War Syrian War spillover in Lebanon Iraqi insurgency ( 2011 -- 13 ) Iraqi Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Yemeni Crisis This list includes post-Ottoman conflicts ( after 1918 ) of at least 100 fatalities each Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated ; ongoing conflicts are marked italic and conflict with + 100,000 killed with bold .",
"87": "Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead Strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War Invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Libyan Civil War Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector War on Terror History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial America 's Critical Period 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic",
"88": "Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages Agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold",
"89": "War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Sand War 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War 1964 Brazilian coup d'état United States occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Protests of 1968 French May Cultural Revolution Prague Spring Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border Conflict 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War Carnation Revolution Strategic Arms Limitation Talks",
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-9138327189311045968
|
who is responsible for establishing local licensing forum
|
[
"local authorities",
"district councils",
"unitary authorities",
"local authorities"
] |
{
"0": "Licensing Act 2003 - wikipedia Licensing Act 2003 Jump to : navigation , search This article does not follow Wikipedia 's guidelines on the use of different tenses . Please consider copy editing to past tense if historic , present tense if not time - based ( e.g. fiction ) , or future tense if upcoming . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Licensing Act 2003 Parliament of the United Kingdom Long title An Act to make provision about the regulation of the sale and supply of alcohol , the provision of entertainment and the provision of late night refreshment , about offences relating to alcohol and for connected purposes . Citation 2003 c 17 Territorial extent England and Wales , except that section 155 ( 1 ) also extends to Northern Ireland and an amendment or repeal contained in Schedule 6 or 7 has the same extent as the enactment to which it relates . Dates Royal assent 10 July 2003 Commencement See section 201 ( 2 ) and the orders made thereunder . Status : Amended Text of statute as originally enacted Revised text of statute as amended The Licensing Act 2003 ( c 17 ) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . The Act establishes a single integrated scheme for licensing premises in England and Wales ( only ) which are used for the sale or supply of alcohol , to provide regulated entertainment , or to provide late night refreshment . Permission to carry on some or all of these licensable activities is now contained in a single licence -- the premises licence -- replacing several different and complex schemes . Responsibility for issuing licences now rests with local authorities , specifically London boroughs , Metropolitan boroughs , unitary authorities , and district councils , who took over this power from the Justices of the Peace . These authorities are each required to establish a Licensing Committee , which acts in a quasi-judicial capacity under the Act . The powers of the Act came fully into force at midnight at the start of 24 November 2005 .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Key measures of the Act 2 Licensing Committee 3 Licensing objectives 4 Licensable activities 5 Premises licences 6 Cumulative Impact Policy 7 Personal licences 8 Temporary event notices 9 Children and the Act 10 Reaction to the Act 10.1 Impact on live music 11 Implementation of the Act 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Key measures of the Act ( edit ) Key measures contained in the Act include : Flexible opening hours Flexible opening hours for licensed premises , with the potential for up to 24 hour opening , seven days a week , will now be available . As well as the flexibility , the granting of these new type of licences is to be , for the first time , subject to consideration of the impact on local residents , businesses , and the expert opinion of a range of authorities in relation to the licensing objectives . This flexibility is intended to minimise public disorder resulting from a set closing time whereby numerous intoxicated individuals may leave licensed premises simultaneously at 23 : 00 . It is also an effort to decrease the culture of `` binge - drinking '' . Single premises licences The single integrated premises licence , bringing together the six existing licensing regimes ( for alcohol , public entertainment , cinemas , theatres , late night refreshment houses , and night cafés ) with the intention of cutting down on bureaucracy and simplifying such provision . Personal licences A new system of personal licences relating to the supply of alcohol is to be introduced . This will enable licence holders to move more freely between premises where a premises licence is in force than is currently the case . Licensing Committee ( edit ) Each local authority must set up a Licensing Committee with between ten and fifteen members . It is envisaged that most member level decisions will be made by a sub-committee of three . The Committee can and should have a scheme of delegation for different types of decision ; this means that many applications will be decided by officers . The full Committee is expected to receive monitoring reports . The Committee is regarded as quasi-judicial , and many of the requirements of a normal council committee ( e.g. on access to data ) will not apply .",
"2": "The Committee should make its decisions in accordance with the principles of natural justice and with regard to the Human Rights Act 1998 ( Articles 1 , 6 and 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights are likely to be engaged ) . It has been suggested that councillors should not be involved in any way in decisions on premises in their ward , and the Standards Board for England has advised that only councillors who are members of the Committee should have any role in considering applications . Licensing objectives ( edit ) The Act sets out four licensing objectives which must be taken into account when a local authority carries out its functions . They are : the prevention of crime and disorder , public safety , prevention of public nuisance , and the protection of children from harm In Scotland there is a fifth licensing objective which is : protecting and improving public health Licensable activities ( edit ) The Act defines `` licensable activities '' as : the retail sale of alcohol , the supply of alcohol in clubs , the provision of late night refreshment , and the provision of regulated entertainment In turn , `` regulated entertainment '' is defined as : a performance of a play , an exhibition of a film , an indoor sporting event , a boxing or wrestling entertainment ( both indoors and outdoors ) , a performance of live music , any playing of recorded music , or a performance of dance in the presence of an audience ( which may be just one person ) . There are exceptions ( e.g. , Morris dancing and similar ) and refinements ( e.g. , Karaoke is considered to be music ) . `` Late night refreshment '' is defined as the supply of hot food or drink ( that is , food or drink that is either served at , or has been heated on the premises to , a point above ambient temperature ) to the public for consumption , both on or off the premises , between 23 : 00 and 05 : 00 . Premises licences ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A premises licence is required for any premises offering licensable activities .",
"3": "However , once a licence is granted it is valid until it is either surrendered or lapses in accordance with the Act , in contrast to the predecessor schemes which generally had to be renewed annually . The application for a premises licence requires the completion of an operating schedule and the offering of conditions to be included on the premises licence and a plan of the premises . A premises licence that includes the sale of alcohol must name an individual who holds a personal licence granted under the Act . This person is known as the designated premises supervisor ( DPS ) and must sign a consent form consenting to being named as that DPS . Applicants must serve a copy of the application on the licensing authority ( the council ) , the police , the fire authority , the body of responsible for health and safety enforcement , the body responsible for dealing with pollution ( Environmental Health ) a body responsible for advising on Child Protection issues , the planning authority and the weights and measures / trading standards authority . These bodies are all known as Responsible Authorities . Responsible Authorities are able to make representations to the licensing authority about an application . The application must also be advertised by way of a blue notice displayed on or near to the premises for 28 days and in a local newspaper on one working day within ten working days of making the application . In addition to the Responsible Authorities the Act now allows for any `` other person '' to make representations . If representation is made , the licensing authority must hold a hearing in most cases . After the hearing , the authority can make one of five decisions : to grant the licence with conditions that match the operating schedule ( and conditions can be added ) ; to exclude some licensable activities from the application ; to refuse to accept the person specified as designated premises supervisor ( but only on police advice ) ; to approve different part of the premises for different activities ; or to reject the application entirely . An unsuccessful applicant can appeal to the Magistrates ' Court ; unusually , an interested third party who disagrees with a decision to grant a licence can also appeal against the council 's decision . Any person or responsible authority can apply to the licensing authority for a review of an existing premises licence , with the aim of amending its conditions or revoking it entirely . Cumulative impact policy ( edit ) Although not specifically referred to in the Act , Guidance , provides for the establishment of special areas of cumulative impact .",
"4": "This allows Licensing Authorities to designate such an area where there is evidence that accumulation of licensed premises in it may cause one or more of the licensing objectives to be undermined if further licences are granted . `` The effect of adopting a special policy of this kind is to create a rebuttable presumption that applications for new premises licences or club premises certificates or variations that are likely to add to the existing cumulative impact will normally be refused , following relevant representations , unless the applicant can demonstrate in their operating schedule that there will be no negative cumulative impact on one or more of the licensing objectives . '' Personal licences ( edit ) A personal licence allows a person to sell alcohol , or authorise the sale of alcohol , under the authority of a premises license . Anyone can apply for a personal licence to the licensing authority for the area in which they live . They need to show they have a licensing qualification and a criminal record clean of relevant offences . The local authority can only refuse such an application on police advice . The licence lasts indefinitely after changes to legislation where it was required to be renewed every 10 years . Anyone who already had a licence under the previous licensing schemes in their name - typically a pub landlord - was able to get a licence without having to have a qualification ; this was known as the grandfather right . If an applicant does not live within a local authority 's area , they can apply to any authority of their choice . Temporary event notices ( edit ) Any person over 18 can serve the local authority and local police with a temporary event notice ( TEN ) for an event which would normally need a premises licence , but which would be for a maximum period of 168 hours , and would be for a maximum number of 499 people . Examples of events that could be covered by a TEN might be where a pub wants to stay open all weekend for a special occasion , but does not want to apply for , or can not get , a licence allowing this all the time ; or a beer tent in a summer fair . TENs also cover licensing over alcohol to clubs , entertainment or late night refreshment ( serving hot food between 11pm and 5am ) . Currently a notice costs £ 21.00 . TENs must be submitted at least ten working days before an event is due to start ; notice is given to the council responsible for the area to which the event is to be held .",
"5": "A copy of this notice must be sent to the police that cover that area and to the Environmental Health department . The police and environmental health have 3 working days to make an objection . Anyone who does not have a personal licence can give only five notices a year , while a personal licence holder can give 50 . A TEN can only be given in respect of the same premises fifteen times in a calendar year . On 25 April 2012 a late TEN was introduced . This can be submitted between five and nine working days before the event and should only be used when unforeseen circumstances lead to short notice . There is no need for permission for a temporary event ; the prospective premises user merely has to formally notify the council and police that the event will take place . So long as the criteria noted above are met ( as well as any others that may apply , for example , if alcohol is being sold , that provisions are in place to stop under 18s from buying it ) and the police have no objections , the event can go ahead . The council can not impose any further conditions , limitations or restrictions . However , if the authority is convinced that any of the above limits will be exceeded , or they uphold a police objection ( which can only be made on the grounds of crime prevention ) , they will issue a counter-notice which has the effect of cancelling the temporary event notice . Children and the Act ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Act also makes a few important changes to the current law regarding children and alcohol , although these were not publicised at the time . For instance , a rule allowing children under eighteen years of age to sell alcohol in supermarkets was extended to all licensees , as long as `` the sale or supply has been specifically approved by that or another responsible person '' , thus making it legal for under - 18s to work on a bar . Children working behind bars is however controlled by other legislation such as the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 .",
"6": "It was also made a criminal offence for someone under the age of eighteen to attempt to purchase alcohol for the first time in English law , punishable by a fine of up to £ 1,000 ( or level 3 on the standard scale ) . Reaction to the Act ( edit ) The Act has caused some controversy . On one side of the argument is the frustration some British drinkers and many tourists have with the traditional closing time of 23 : 00 , as opposed to the more liberal drinking regulations of continental Europe and further afield . They believe that a liberalisation of the drinking - up time will reduce ' drinking against the clock ' , a precursor to binge drinking . Those against the legislation , on the other hand , believe that binge drinking will increase , as drinkers will have more time to get drunk . Impact on live music ( edit ) The new requirement that there be a licence for the playing of live music in any venue no matter how small has been criticized for reducing the number of places where artists can play to tiny audiences . There have been press stories about how the law unreasonably singles out the playing of musical instruments when compared to other forms of entertainment , such as circus performing . To deal with the concerns raised , the Live Music Forum was set up , chaired by Feargal Sharkey . Its report , issued in July 2007 , reported that overall `` the Licensing Act has had a neutral effect on the UK 's live music scene '' , but recommended there should be more flexibility of the application of the Act on smaller premises . However the introduction of Form 696 by the Metropolitan Police Service as part of the licensing system for live music has been criticised by Sharkey and others for the restrictions imposed on music promoters in London . Implementation of the Act ( edit ) Any premises that had an old - scheme licence were able to apply for that licence to be converted ; provided there was no material change in the use of the premises , the local authority was effectively bound to agree this . Licensees had to apply for this by 6 August 2005 . At that date , it was reported that most pubs had applied , but many off - licences had not . Although the right to `` convert '' current licences expired on 6 August , premises could still apply as `` new '' premises , without benefit of `` grandfather rights '' .",
"7": "The new licensing laws came into effect at midnight at the end of Wednesday 23 November 2005 , with old licensing regimes ending and new licences coming into force . In a report on the new legislation in November 2006 , the Institute of Alcohol Studies reported that one year after implementation `` opinions were divided , as expected , leading to the unavoidable polarisation of the debate , increasingly centred upon the misguided notion of ' 24 hour drinking ' . '' On 8 November 2007 the Department for Culture , Media and Sport reported that there were 176,400 licensed premises in England and Wales . Only 5,100 premises have 24 hour licences , most of which ( 65 per cent ) are hotel bars . Only 460 pubs , bars or nightclubs have 24 hour licences . See also ( edit ) Zoo Bar ( Halifax , West Yorkshire ) - The first establishment to be closed under the auspices of the Act . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The citation of this Act by this short title is authorised by section 201 ( 1 ) of this Act . Jump up ^ The Licensing Act 2003 , sections 201 ( 3 ) to ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Guidance issued under section 182 of the Licensing Act 2003 , chapter 13 Jump up ^ Guidance issued under section 182 of the Licensing Act 2003 , . para. 13.29 Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 2 August 2005 ) . `` New music rules could halve number of gigs '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Clowns ' tears at live music ban '' . BBC . 22 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Department for Culture Media and Sport - The Live Music Forum delivers its verdict - `` Small scale live music events impacted on by new licensing laws '' - Sharkey Jump up ^ Paine , Andrew ( November 11 , 2008 ) . `` Sharkey Warns MPs On Policing Of Concert Licensing '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` How Form 696 could pull the plug on the capital 's music scene '' . London : The Independent . November 21 , 2008 .",
"8": "Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 20 . The concerns raised led to the Live Music Act 2012 which has resulted in Live Music being delicensed in certain circumstances . Jump up ^ Rapley , Emilie ( November 2006 ) . `` Licensing Act 2003 : one year on '' . Institute of Alcohol Studies . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` GNN - Government News Network '' . External links ( edit ) The Licensing Act 2003 , as amended from the National Archives . The Licensing Act 2003 , as originally enacted from the National Archives . Explanatory notes to the Licensing Act 2003 . Department for Culture , Media and Sport ( DCMS ) Proposed changes to the Licensing Act 2003 ( Home Office ) Article on the Licensing Act in Web Journal of Current Legal Issues United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1706 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.",
"9": "uk Short titles relating to the European Union 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders - in - Council / Orders in Council Orders - in - Council for Northern Ireland ( 1972 - 2009 ) Orders in Council for Northern Ireland Secondary legislation United Kingdom Statutory Instruments various Scottish Statutory Instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal all others Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licensing_Act_2003&oldid=806293568 '' Categories : United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 2003 Alcohol law in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with incorrect tenses Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 01 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what was the name of the first continent
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"Pangaea"
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{
"0": "Pangaea - wikipedia Pangaea Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Pangaea ( disambiguation ) . Map of Pangaea with modern continental outlines Pangaea or Pangea ( / pænˈdʒiːə / ) was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras . It assembled from earlier continental units approximately 335 million years ago , and it began to break apart about 175 million years ago . In contrast to the present Earth and its distribution of continental mass , much of Pangaea was in the southern hemisphere and surrounded by a superocean , Panthalassa . Pangaea was the most recent supercontinent to have existed and the first to be reconstructed by geologists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the concept 2 Formation 3 Evidence of existence 4 Rifting and break - up 5 Tectonic plate shift 6 Life 7 Climate change after Pangaea 8 Implications of extinction 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Origin of the concept Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years ago . Orange labels : ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline The name `` Pangaea / Pangea '' is derived from Ancient Greek pan ( πᾶν , `` all , entire , whole '' ) and Gaia ( Γαῖα , `` Mother Earth , land '' ) .",
"1": "The concept that the continents once formed a continuous land mass was first proposed by Alfred Wegener , the originator of the scientific theory of continental drift , in his 1912 publication The Origin of Continents ( Die Entstehung der Kontinente ) . He expanded upon his hypothesis in his 1915 book The Origin of Continents and Oceans ( Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane ) , in which he postulated that , before breaking up and drifting to their present locations , all the continents had formed a single supercontinent that he called the `` Urkontinent '' . The name `` Pangea '' occurs in the 1920 edition of Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane , but only once , when Wegener refers to the ancient supercontinent as `` the Pangaea of the Carboniferous '' . Wegener used the Germanized form `` Pangäa '' , but the name entered German and English scientific literature ( in 1922 and 1926 , respectively ) in the Latinized form `` Pangaea '' ( of the Greek `` Pangaia '' ) , especially due to a symposium of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists in November 1926 . Formation Appalachian orogeny The forming of supercontinents and their breaking up appears to have been cyclical through Earth 's history . There may have been many others before Pangaea . The fourth - last supercontinent , called Columbia or Nuna , appears to have assembled in the period 2.0 -- 1.8 Ga . Columbia / Nuna broke up and the next supercontinent , Rodinia , formed from the accretion and assembly of its fragments . Rodinia lasted from about 1.1 billion years ago ( Ga ) until about 750 million years ago , but its exact configuration and geodynamic history are not nearly as well understood as those of the later supercontinents , Pannotia and Pangaea . When Rodinia broke up , it split into three pieces : the supercontinent of Proto - Laurasia , the supercontinent of Proto - Gondwana , and the smaller Congo craton . Proto - Laurasia and Proto - Gondwana were separated by the Proto - Tethys Ocean . Next Proto - Laurasia itself split apart to form the continents of Laurentia , Siberia and Baltica .",
"2": "Baltica moved to the east of Laurentia , and Siberia moved northeast of Laurentia . The splitting also created two new oceans , the Iapetus Ocean and Paleoasian Ocean . Most of the above masses coalesced again to form the relatively short - lived supercontinent of Pannotia . This supercontinent included large amounts of land near the poles and , near the equator , only a relatively small strip connecting the polar masses . Pannotia lasted until 540 Ma , near the beginning of the Cambrian period and then broke up , giving rise to the continents of Laurentia , Baltica , and the southern supercontinent of Gondwana . In the Cambrian period , the continent of Laurentia , which would later become North America , sat on the equator , with three bordering oceans : the Panthalassic Ocean to the north and west , the Iapetus Ocean to the south and the Khanty Ocean to the east . In the Earliest Ordovician , around 480 Ma , the microcontinent of Avalonia -- a landmass incorporating fragments of what would become eastern Newfoundland , the southern British Isles , and parts of Belgium , northern France , Nova Scotia , New England , South Iberia and northwest Africa -- broke free from Gondwana and began its journey to Laurentia . Baltica , Laurentia , and Avalonia all came together by the end of the Ordovician to form a minor supercontinent called Euramerica or Laurussia , closing the Iapetus Ocean . The collision also resulted in the formation of the northern Appalachians . Siberia sat near Euramerica , with the Khanty Ocean between the two continents . While all this was happening , Gondwana drifted slowly towards the South Pole . This was the first step of the formation of Pangaea . The second step in the formation of Pangaea was the collision of Gondwana with Euramerica . By Silurian time , 440 Ma , Baltica had already collided with Laurentia , forming Euramerica . Avalonia had not yet collided with Laurentia , but as Avalonia inched towards Laurentia , the seaway between them , a remnant of the Iapetus Ocean , was slowly shrinking .",
"3": "Meanwhile , southern Europe broke off from Gondwana and began to move towards Euramerica across the newly formed Rheic Ocean . It collided with southern Baltica in the Devonian , though this microcontinent was an underwater plate . The Iapetus Ocean 's sister ocean , the Khanty Ocean , shrank as an island arc from Siberia collided with eastern Baltica ( now part of Euramerica ) . Behind this island arc was a new ocean , the Ural Ocean . By late Silurian time , North and South China split from Gondwana and started to head northward , shrinking the Proto - Tethys Ocean in their path and opening the new Paleo - Tethys Ocean to their south . In the Devonian Period , Gondwana itself headed towards Euramerica , causing the Rheic Ocean to shrink . In the Early Carboniferous , northwest Africa had touched the southeastern coast of Euramerica , creating the southern portion of the Appalachian Mountains , the Meseta Mountains and the Mauritanide Mountains . South America moved northward to southern Euramerica , while the eastern portion of Gondwana ( India , Antarctica and Australia ) headed toward the South Pole from the equator . North and South China were on independent continents . The Kazakhstania microcontinent had collided with Siberia . ( Siberia had been a separate continent for millions of years since the deformation of the supercontinent Pannotia in the Middle Carboniferous . ) Western Kazakhstania collided with Baltica in the Late Carboniferous , closing the Ural Ocean between them and the western Proto - Tethys in them ( Uralian orogeny ) , causing the formation of not only the Ural Mountains but also the supercontinent of Laurasia . This was the last step of the formation of Pangaea . Meanwhile , South America had collided with southern Laurentia , closing the Rheic Ocean and forming the southernmost part of the Appalachians and Ouachita Mountains . By this time , Gondwana was positioned near the South Pole and glaciers were forming in Antarctica , India , Australia , southern Africa and South America . The North China block collided with Siberia by Late Carboniferous time , completely closing the Proto - Tethys Ocean .",
"4": "By early Permian time , the Cimmerian plate split from Gondwana and headed towards Laurasia , thus closing the Paleo - Tethys Ocean , but forming a new ocean , the Tethys Ocean , in its southern end . Most of the landmasses were all in one . By the Triassic Period , Pangaea rotated a little and the Cimmerian plate was still travelling across the shrinking Paleo - Tethys , until the Middle Jurassic time . The Paleo - Tethys had closed from west to east , creating the Cimmerian Orogeny . Pangaea , which looked like a C , with the new Tethys Ocean inside the C , had rifted by the Middle Jurassic , and its deformation is explained below . Evidence of existence The distribution of fossils across the continents is one line of evidence pointing to the existence of Pangaea . Fossil evidence for Pangaea includes the presence of similar and identical species on continents that are now great distances apart . For example , fossils of the therapsid Lystrosaurus have been found in South Africa , India and Antarctica , alongside members of the Glossopteris flora , whose distribution would have ranged from the polar circle to the equator if the continents had been in their present position ; similarly , the freshwater reptile Mesosaurus has been found in only localized regions of the coasts of Brazil and West Africa . Additional evidence for Pangaea is found in the geology of adjacent continents , including matching geological trends between the eastern coast of South America and the western coast of Africa . The polar ice cap of the Carboniferous Period covered the southern end of Pangaea . Glacial deposits , specifically till , of the same age and structure are found on many separate continents which would have been together in the continent of Pangaea . Paleomagnetic study of apparent polar wandering paths also support the theory of a supercontinent . Geologists can determine the movement of continental plates by examining the orientation of magnetic minerals in rocks ; when rocks are formed , they take on the magnetic properties of the Earth and indicate in which direction the poles lie relative to the rock . Since the magnetic poles drift about the rotational pole with a period of only a few thousand years , measurements from numerous lavas spanning several thousand years are averaged to give an apparent mean polar position .",
"5": "Samples of sedimentary rock and intrusive igneous rock have magnetic orientations that are typically an average of the `` secular variation '' in the orientation of magnetic north because their remanent magnetizations are not acquired instantaneously . Magnetic differences between sample groups whose age varies by millions of years is due to a combination of true polar wander and the drifting of continents . The true polar wander component is identical for all samples , and can be removed , leaving geologists with the portion of this motion that shows continental drift and can be used to help reconstruct earlier continental positions . The continuity of mountain chains provides further evidence for Pangaea . One example of this is the Appalachian Mountains chain which extends from the southeastern United States to the Caledonides of Ireland , Britain , Greenland , and Scandinavia . Rifting and break - up Animation of the rifting of Pangaea There were three major phases in the break - up of Pangaea . The first phase began in the Early - Middle Jurassic ( about 175 Ma ) , when Pangaea began to rift from the Tethys Ocean in the east to the Pacific in the west . The rifting that took place between North America and Africa produced multiple failed rifts . One rift resulted in a new ocean , the North Atlantic Ocean . The Atlantic Ocean did not open uniformly ; rifting began in the north - central Atlantic . The South Atlantic did not open until the Cretaceous when Laurasia started to rotate clockwise and moved northward with North America to the north , and Eurasia to the south . The clockwise motion of Laurasia led much later to the closing of the Tethys Ocean and the widening of the `` Sinus Borealis '' , which later became the Arctic Ocean . Meanwhile , on the other side of Africa and along the adjacent margins of east Africa , Antarctica and Madagascar , new rifts were forming that would lead to the formation of the southwestern Indian Ocean that would open up in the Cretaceous . The second major phase in the break - up of Pangaea began in the Early Cretaceous ( 150 -- 140 Ma ) , when the minor supercontinent of Gondwana separated into multiple continents ( Africa , South America , India , Antarctica , and Australia ) . The subduction at Tethyan Trench probably caused Africa , India and Australia to move northward , causing the opening of a `` South Indian Ocean '' .",
"6": "In the Early Cretaceous , Atlantica , today 's South America and Africa , finally separated from eastern Gondwana ( Antarctica , India and Australia ) . Then in the Middle Cretaceous , Gondwana fragmented to open up the South Atlantic Ocean as South America started to move westward away from Africa . The South Atlantic did not develop uniformly ; rather , it rifted from south to north . Also , at the same time , Madagascar and India began to separate from Antarctica and moved northward , opening up the Indian Ocean . Madagascar and India separated from each other 100 -- 90 Ma in the Late Cretaceous . India continued to move northward toward Eurasia at 15 centimeters ( 6 in ) a year ( a plate tectonic record ) , closing the eastern Tethys Ocean , while Madagascar stopped and became locked to the African Plate . New Zealand , New Caledonia and the rest of Zealandia began to separate from Australia , moving eastward toward the Pacific and opening the Coral Sea and Tasman Sea . The third major and final phase of the break - up of Pangaea occurred in the early Cenozoic ( Paleocene to Oligocene ) . Laurasia split when North America / Greenland ( also called Laurentia ) broke free from Eurasia , opening the Norwegian Sea about 60 -- 55 Ma . The Atlantic and Indian Oceans continued to expand , closing the Tethys Ocean . Meanwhile , Australia split from Antarctica and moved quickly northward , just as India had done more than 40 million years before . Australia is currently on a collision course with eastern Asia . Both Australia and India are currently moving northeast at 5 -- 6 centimeters ( 2 -- 3 in ) a year . Antarctica has been near or at the South Pole since the formation of Pangaea about 280 Ma . India started to collide with Asia beginning about 35 Ma , forming the Himalayan orogeny , and also finally closing the Tethys Seaway ; this collision continues today . The African Plate started to change directions , from west to northwest toward Europe , and South America began to move in a northward direction , separating it from Antarctica and allowing complete oceanic circulation around Antarctica for the first time .",
"7": "This motion , together with decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations , caused a rapid cooling of Antarctica and allowed glaciers to form . This glaciation eventually coalesced into the kilometers - thick ice sheets seen today . Other major events took place during the Cenozoic , including the opening of the Gulf of California , the uplift of the Alps , and the opening of the Sea of Japan . The break - up of Pangaea continues today in the Red Sea Rift and East African Rift . Tectonic plate shift The breakup of Pangaea over time Pangaea 's formation is now commonly explained in terms of plate tectonics . The involvement of plate tectonics in Pangaea 's separation helps to show how it did not separate all at once , but at different times , in sequences . Additionally , after these separations , it has also been discovered that the separated land masses may have also continued to break apart multiple times . The formation of each environment and climate on Pangaea is due to plate tectonics , and thus , it is as a result of these shifts and changes different climatic pressures were placed on the life on Pangaea . Although plate tectonics was paramount in the formation of later land masses , it was also essential in the placement , climate , environments , habitats , and overall structure of Pangaea . What can also be observed in relation to tectonic plates and Pangaea , is the formations to such plates . Mountains and valleys form due to tectonic collisions as well as earthquakes and chasms . Consequentially , this shaped Pangaea and animal adaptations . Furthermore , plate tectonics can contribute to volcanic activity , which is responsible for extinctions and adaptations which have evidently affected life over time , and without doubt on Pangaea . Life Example of an ammonite For the approximately 160 million years Pangaea existed , many species had fruitful times whereas others struggled . The Traversodontidae is an example of such prospering animals , eating a diet of only plants . Plants dependent on spore reproduction had been taken out of the ecosystems , and replaced by the gymnosperm plant , which reproduces through the use of seeds instead . Later on , insects ( beetles , dragonflies , mosquitos ) also thrived during the Permian period 299 to 252 million years ago .",
"8": "However , the Permian extinction at 252 Mya greatly impacted these insects in mass extinction , being the only mass extinction to affect insects . When the Triassic Period came , many reptiles were able to also thrive , including Archosaurs , which were an ancestor to modern - day crocodiles and birds . Little is known about marine life during the existence of Pangaea . Scientists are unable to find substantial evidence or fossilized remains in order to assist them in answering such questions . However , a couple of marine animals have been determined to have existed at the time - the Ammonites and Brachiopods . Additionally , evidence pointing towards massive reefs with varied ecosystems , especially in the species of sponges and coral , have also been discovered . Climate change after Pangaea Pangaea has tremendously affected the setup of the world now . In the post Pangaea time period , the reconfiguration of continents and oceans has changed the climate of many areas . There is scientific evidence that proves that climate was drastically altered . When the continents separated and reformed themselves , it changed the flow of the oceanic currents and winds . The scientific reasoning behind all of the changes is Continental Drift . The theory of Continental Drift , created by Alfred Wegener , explained how the continents shifted Earth 's surface and how that affected many aspects such as climate , rock formations found on different continents and plant and animal fossils . Wegener studied plant fossils from the frigid Arctic of Svalbard , Norway . He determined that such plants were not meant to adapt to a glacial climate . The fossils he found were from tropical plants that were meant to adapt and thrive in warmer and tropical climate . Because we would not assume that the plant fossils were capable of traveling to a different place we suspect that Svalbard possibly had a warmer , less frigid climate in the past . When Pangaea separated , the reorganization of the continents changed the function of the oceans and seaways . The restructuring of the continents , changed and altered the distribution of warmth and coolness of the oceans . When North America and South America connected , it stopped equatorial currents from passing from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean . Researchers have found evidence by using computer hydrological models to show that this strengthened the Gulf Stream by diverting more warm currents towards Europe .",
"9": "Warm waters at high latitudes led to an increased evaporation and eventually atmospheric moisture . Increased evaporation and atmospheric moisture resulted in increased precipitation . Evidence of increased precipitation is the development of snow and ice that covers Greenland , which led to an accumulation of the icecap . Greenland 's growing ice cap led to further global cooling . Scientists also found evidence of global cooling through the separation of Australia and Antarctica and the formation of the Antarctic Ocean . Ocean currents in the newly formed Antarctic or Southern Ocean created a circumpolar current . The creation of the new ocean that caused a circumpolar current eventually led to atmospheric currents that rotated from west to east . Atmospheric and oceanic currents stopped the transfer of warm , tropical air and water to the higher latitudes . As a result of the warm air and currents moving northward , Antarctica cooled down so much that it became frigid . Although many of Alfred Wegener 's theories and conclusions were valid , scientists are constantly coming up with new innovative ideas or reasoning behind why certain things happen . Wegener 's theory of Continental Drift was later replaced by the theory of tectonic plates . Implications of extinction There is evidence to suggest that the deterioration of northern Pangaea contributed to the Permian Extinction , one of Earth 's five major mass extinction events , which resulted in the loss of over 90 % of marine and 70 % of terrestrial species . There were three main sources of environmental deterioration which are believed to have had a hand in the extinction event . The first of these sources is a loss of oxygen concentration in the ocean which caused deep water regions called the lysocline to grow shallower . With the lysocline shrinking , there were fewer places for calcite to dissolve in the ocean , considering calcite only dissolves at deep ocean depths . This led to the extinction of carbonate producers such as brachiopods and corals that relied on dissolved calcite to survive . The second source is the eruption of the Siberian Traps , a large volcanic event which is argued to be the result of Pangaean tectonic movement . This had several negative repercussions on the environment , including metal loading and excess atmospheric carbon . Metal loading , the release of toxic metals from volcanic eruptions into the environment , led to acid rain and general stress on the environment .",
"10": "These toxic metals are known to infringe on vascular plants ' ability to photosynthesize , which may have resulted in the loss of Permian - era flora . Excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is believed to be the main cause of the shrinking of lysocline areas . The third cause of this extinction event that can be attributed to northern Pangaea is the beginnings of anoxic ocean environments , or oceans with very low oxygen concentrations . The mix of anoxic oceans and ocean acidification due to metal loading led to increasingly acidic oceans , which ultimately led to the extinction of Benthos . See also Africa portal Antarctica portal Asia portal Australia portal Europe portal North America portal South America portal History of the Earth List of supercontinents Potential future supercontinents : Pangaea Ultima , Novopangaea & Amasia PANGAEA , a data library for earth system science , operated by the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research ( AWI ) Supercontinent cycle References Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionaries Jump up ^ Lovett , Richard A. ( September 5 , 2008 ) . `` Supercontinent Pangaea Pushed , Not Sucked , Into Place '' . National Geographic News . Jump up ^ `` Pangea '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2015 . Jump up ^ Rogers , J.J.W. ; Santosh , M. ( 2004 ) , Continents and Supercontinents , Oxford : Oxford University Press , p. 146 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 516589 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Pangaea '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Vergilius Mario , Publius . Georgicon , IV. 462 Jump up ^ Lucan . Pharsalia , I. 679 Jump up ^ Lewis , C.T. & al. `` Pangaeus '' in A Latin Dictionary . ( New York ) , 1879 . Jump up ^ Usener , H. Scholia in Lucani Bellum Civile , Vol . I. ( Leipzig ) , 1869 . Jump up ^ As `` Pangaea '' , it appears in Greek mythology as a mountain battle site during the Titanomachia .",
"11": "As `` Pangaeus '' , it was the name of a specific mountain range in southern Thrace . `` Pangaea '' also appears in Vergil 's Georgics and Lucan 's Pharsalia The scholiast on Lucan glossed Pangaea id est totum terra -- `` Pangaea : that is , all land '' -- as having received its name on account of its smooth terrain and unexpected fertility . Jump up ^ Alfred Wegener : Die Entstehung der Kontinente . Dr. A. Petermann 's Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes ' Geographischer Anstalt , 58 ( 1 ) : Gotha 1912 Jump up ^ See : Wegener , Alfred , Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane , 2nd ed . ( Braunschweig , Germany : F. Vieweg , 1920 ) , p. 120 : `` Schon die Pangäa der Karbonzeit hatte so einen Vorderrand ... '' ( Already the Pangea of the Carboniferous era had such a leading edge ... ) ( In the 1922 edition , see p. 130 . ) Wegener , A. ; Krause , R. ; Thiede , J. ( 2005 ) . `` Kontinental - Verschiebungen : Originalnotizen und Literaturauszüge '' ( Continental drift : the original notes and quotations ) . Berichte zur Polar - und Meeresforschung ( Reports on Polar and Marine Research ) 516 . Alfred - Wegener - Institut : Bremerhaven , p. 4 , n . 2 Jump up ^ Jaworski , Erich ( 1922 ) . `` Die A. Wegenersche Hypothese der Kontinentalverschiebung '' . Geologische Rundschau. 13 : 273 -- 296 . doi : 10.1007 / bf01799790 . Jump up ^ Willem A.J.M. van Waterschoot van der Gracht ( and 13 other authors ) : Theory of Continental Drift : a Symposium of the Origin and Movements of Land - masses of both Inter-Continental and Intra-Continental , as proposed by Alfred Wegener .",
"12": "X + 240 S. , Tulsa , Oklahoma , USA , The American Association of Petroleum Geologists & London , Thomas Murby & Co . Jump up ^ Zhao , Guochun ; Cawood , Peter A. ; Wilde , Simon A. ; Sun , M. ( 2002 ) . `` Review of global 2.1 -- 1.8 Ga orogens : implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 59 : 125 -- 162 . Bibcode : 2002ESRv ... 59 ... 125Z . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 8252 ( 02 ) 00073 - 9 . Jump up ^ Zhao , Guochun ; Sun , M. ; Wilde , Simon A. ; Li , S.Z. ( 2004 ) . `` A Paleo - Mesoproterozoic supercontinent : assembly , growth and breakup '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 67 : 91 -- 123 . doi : 10.1016 / j. earscirev. 2004.02. 003 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Steven ( 1998 ) . Earth System History . USA . pp. 355 -- 359 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Steven ( 1998 ) . Earth System History . USA . pp. 386 -- 392 . Jump up ^ Benton , M.J. ( 2005 ) Vertebrate Palaeontology . Third edition , Oxford , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Murck , Barbara W. and Skinner , Brian J. ( 1999 ) Geology Today : Understanding Our Planet , Study Guide , Wiley , ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 32323 - 5 Jump up ^ Kearey , Philip ; Klepeis , Keith A. and Vine , Frederick J. ( 2009 ) . Global Tectonics ( 3rd . ed ) , pp. 66 -- 67 . Chichester : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0777 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Merali , Zeeya and Skinner , Brian J.",
"13": "( 2009 ) Visualizing Earth Science , Wiley , ISBN 047174705X Jump up ^ Deconto , Robert M. ; Pollard , David ( 2003 ) . `` Rapid Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica induced by declining atmospheric CO '' . Nature . 421 ( 6920 ) : 245 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nature01290 . PMID 12529638 . Jump up ^ `` Pangea supercontinent '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Facts About Pangaea , Ancient Supercontinent '' . LiveScience.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Pangaea to the Present Lesson # 2 Volcano World Oregon State University '' . volcano.oregonstate.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Ranivoharimanana , Lovasoa ; Kammerer , Christian F. ; Flynn , John J. ; Wyss , André R. ( 2011 ) . `` New material of Dadadon isaloi ( Cynodontia , Traversodontidae ) from the Triassic of Madagascar '' . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 ( 6 ) : 1292 -- 1302 . doi : 10.1080 / 02724634.2011. 618154 . Jump up ^ `` Permian Period : Climate , Animals & Plants '' . LiveScience.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Alfred Wegener '' . www.ucmp.berkeley.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Tabor , Neil J. ; Poulsen , Christopher J. ( 2008 ) . `` Palaeoclimate across the Late Pennsylvanian -- Early Permian tropical palaeolatitudes : A review of climate indicators , their distribution , and relation to palaeophysiographic climate factors '' . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 268 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 293 -- 310 .",
"14": "doi : 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2008.03. 052 . Jump up ^ `` continental drift '' . National Geographic Education . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sea Level Change '' . cgge.aag.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Continental Drift : Theory & Definition '' . LiveScience.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Ivanov , A.V. ( 2007 ) . `` Evaluation of different models for the origin of the Siberian traps '' . GSA Special Papers. 430 : 669 -- 691 . doi : 10.1130 / 2007.2430 ( 31 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8137 - 2430 - 0 . Jump up ^ Beauchamp , Benoit ; Grasby , Stephen E. ( 2012 ) . `` Permian lysocline shoaling and ocean acidification along NW Pangea led to carbonate eradication and chert expansion '' . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 350 -- 352 : 73 -- 90 . doi : 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2012.06. 014 . Jump up ^ Grasby , Stephen E. ; Beauchamp , Benoit ; Bond , David P.G. ; Wignall , Paul ; Talavera , Cristina ; Galloway , Jennifer M. ; Piepjohn , Karsten ; Reinhardt , Lutz ; Blomeier , Dierk ( 2015 ) . `` Progressive environmental deterioration in northwestern Pangea leading to the latest Permian extinction '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 127 ( 9 -- 10 ) : 1331 -- 1347 . doi : 10.1130 / B31197. 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pangaea . Look up Pangaea in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .",
"15": "USGS Overview Map of Triassic Pangaea at Paleomaps NHM Gallery ( hide ) Continents of the World Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Afro - Eurasia America Eurasia Oceania Former supercontinents Gondwana Laurasia Pangaea Pannotia Rodinia Columbia Kenorland Nena Sclavia Ur Vaalbara Historical continents Amazonia Arctica Asiamerica Atlantica Avalonia Baltica Cimmeria Congo craton Euramerica Kalaharia Kazakhstania Laurentia North China Siberia South China East Antarctica India Submerged continents Kerguelen Plateau Zealandia Possible future supercontinents Pangaea Ultima Amasia Novopangaea Mythical and hypothesised continents Atlantis Kumari Kandam Lemuria Meropis Mu Hyperborea Terra Australis See also Regions of the world Continental fragment Book BNF : cb12500043k ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pangaea&oldid=816082317 '' Categories : Geological history of Earth Historical continents Carboniferous paleogeography Permian paleogeography Triassic paleogeography Jurassic paleogeography Plate tectonics Supercontinents Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia",
"16": "Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina",
"17": "Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon 文言 Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 04 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
0,
15,
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3,
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7059301291526954298
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who was the ruler of england in 1616
|
[
"James I",
"James I, King of England",
"James I",
"James I, King of England",
"James I, King of England"
] |
{
"0": "List of state leaders in 1616 - wikipedia List of state leaders in 1616 Jump to : navigation , search See also List of state leaders in 1615 Events of 1616 List of state leaders in 1617 State leaders by year List of governors of dependent territories This is a list of heads of state , government leaders , and other rulers in the year 1616 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Africa 2 Asia 3 Europe 4 Middle East and North Africa Africa ( edit ) Ethiopian Empire -- Susenyos I ( 1606 -- 1632 ) Asia ( edit ) China ( Ming dynasty ) - Wanli Emperor ( 1573 -- 1620 ) Japan Monarch -- Go - Mizunoo ( 1611 -- 1629 ) Tokugawa shogunate -- Tokugawa Hidetada ( 1605 -- 1623 ) Ryukyu Kingdom -- Shō Nei ( 1587 -- 1620 ) Joseon ( Korea ) -- Gwanghaegun ( 1608 -- 1623 ) Later Jin ( Manchu Empire ) - Nurhaci founds Later Jin dynasty in Manchuria Nurhaci ( 1616 -- 1626 ) Mughal Empire -- Jahangir ( 1605 -- 1627 ) Europe ( edit ) Kingdom of Denmark -- Christian IV ( 1588 -- 1648 ) Duchy of Schleswig -- Christian IV ( 1588 -- 1648 ) and John Adolphus ( 1590 -- 1616 ) in condominial rule Christian IV ( 1588 -- 1648 ) and Frederick III ( 1616 -- 1659 ) in condominial rule England - James I , King of England ( 1603 -- 1625 ) France - Louis XIII , King of France ( 1610 -- 1643 ) Holy Roman Empire -- Matthias , Holy Roman Emperor ( 1612 -- 1619 ) Bremen , Prince - Archbishopric -- John Frederick , Lutheran Administrator of the Prince - Archbishopric ( 1596 -- 1634 ) Holstein ,",
"1": "Duchy -- Christian IV ( 1588 -- 1648 ) and John Adolphus ( 1590 -- 1616 ) in condominial rule Christian IV ( 1588 -- 1648 ) and Frederick III ( 1616 -- 1659 ) in condominial rule Prince - Bishopric of Lübeck -- John Frederick , Lutheran Administrator of the Prince - Bishopric ( 1607 -- 1634 ) Ottoman ( Turkish ) Empire -- Ahmed I , Ottoman Sultan ( 1603 -- 1617 ) Poland - Sigismund III Vasa , King of Poland ( 1587 -- 1632 ) Russia - Michael I , Tsar of Russia ( 1613 -- 1645 ) Kingdom of Scotland -- James VI ( 1587 -- 1625 ) Kingdom of Spain and Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves -- Philip III of Spain and II of Portugal ( 1598 -- 1621 ) Sweden - Gustavus Adolphus ( 1611 -- 1632 ) United Provinces Estates of Friesland , Groningen , Guelders , Holland , Overijssel , Utrecht , Zeeland ( 1581 -- 1795 ) Stadtholder - Maurice of Nassau , Prince of Orange , Stadtholder of Gelre , Holland , Overijssel , Utrecht and Zeeland ( 1585 -- 1625 ) Grand Pensionary of Holland - Johan van Oldenbarnevelt ( 1586 -- 1619 ) Republic of Venice -- Giovanni Bembo , Doge of Venice ( 1615 -- 1618 ) Middle east and north africa ( edit ) Safavid Empire -- Abbas I , Shah of Iran ( 1587 -- 1629 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_state_leaders_in_1616&oldid=793759526 '' Categories : 1616 in politics Lists of state leaders by year 17th - century rulers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Македонски Shqip Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2017 , at 19 : 38 .",
"2": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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0,
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2
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276186078274972209
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what episode does caroline get turned into a vampire
|
[
"The Return",
"Brave New World"
] |
{
"0": "The vampire Diaries ( season 2 ) - Wikipedia The vampire Diaries ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Vampire Diaries ( season 2 ) Season 2 DVD Cover Starring Nina Dobrev Paul Wesley Ian Somerhalder Steven R. McQueen Sara Canning Katerina Graham Candice Accola Zach Roerig Michael Trevino Matt Davis Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network The CW Original release September 9 , 2010 -- May 12 , 2011 Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 Next → Season 3 List of The Vampire Diaries episodes The Vampire Diaries , a 40 minute American supernatural drama , was officially renewed by The CW for a full 22 - episode season on February 16 , 2010 . The first episode premiered on September 9 , 2010 , at 8 p.m. ET . The season picks up immediately after the events of the season one finale . All the series regulars returned . Season two focuses on the return of Elena Gilbert 's ( Nina Dobrev ) doppelgänger , Katherine Pierce , the introduction of werewolves , the sun and moon curse , and the arrival of the original vampires. Tyler Lockwood 's ( Michael Trevino ) uncle , Mason Lockwood ( Taylor Kinney ) , arrives in town searching for the moonstone , a family heirloom. Tyler later learns of his family 's werewolf curse . Meanwhile , Caroline Forbes ( Candice Accola ) is killed by Katherine while having Damon Salvatore 's ( Ian Somerhalder ) blood in her system , turning her into a vampire . The arrival of the original vampires , Elijah ( Daniel Gillies ) and Klaus Mikaelson ( Joseph Morgan ) , also bring about complications . Klaus is a vampire - werewolf hybrid , but his werewolf side had been forced into dormancy by witches , as nature would not stand for such an imbalance in power . Therefore , Klaus arrives in town with plans to break the curse and unleash his werewolf side by channelling the power of the full moon into the moonstone , sacrificing a vampire and a werewolf , and drinking the blood of the doppelgänger .",
"1": "The season is currently on air in Urdu on filmax channel in Pakistan . It became available on DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 , 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Cast 4 Storylines 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 DVR viewers 5.3 Accolades 6 Home media 7 References Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Vampire Diaries characters Main ( edit ) Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert ( 22 episodes ) / Katherine Pierce ( 18 episodes ) Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore ( 22 episodes ) Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore ( 22 episodes ) Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert ( 17 episodes ) Sara Canning as Jenna Sommers ( 15 episodes ) Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett ( 17 episodes ) Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes ( 20 episodes ) Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan ( 15 episodes ) Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood ( 15 episodes ) Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman ( 17 episodes ) Recurring ( edit ) Susan Walters as Carol Lockwood ( 13 episodes ) Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson ( alias Smith ) ( 12 episodes ) Marguerite MacIntyre as Sheriff Elizabeth `` Liz '' Forbes ( 8 episodes ) Taylor Kinney as Mason Lockwood ( 8 episodes ) David Anders as John Gilbert ( 7 episodes ) Bryton James as Luka Martin ( 7 episodes ) Randy J. Goodwin as Dr.",
"2": "Jonas Martin ( 6 episodes ) Michaela McManus as Jules ( 6 episodes ) Lauren Cohan as Rosemary `` Rose '' ( 5 episodes ) Dawn Olivieri as Andie Starr ( 4 episodes ) Joseph Morgan as Klaus Mikaelson ( 4 episodes ) Gino Anthony Pesi as Maddox ( 4 episodes ) Guest ( edit ) Tiya Sircar as Aimee Bradley ( 3 episodes ) Lisa Tucker as Greta Martin ( 3 episodes ) Trent Ford as Trevor ( 3 episodes ) Maiara Walsh as Sarah ( 2 episodes ) Stephen Amell as Brady ( 2 episodes ) Mia Kirshner as Isobel Flemming ( 2 episodes ) Trevor Peterson as Slater ( 1 episodes ) B.J. Britt as Carter ( 1 episode ) Courtney Ford as Vanessa Monroe ( 1 episode ) Simon Miller as George Lockwood ( 1 episode ) Natashia Williams as Lucy Bennett ( 1 episode ) Bree Condon as Alice ( 1 episode ) James Harvey Ward as Cody Webber ( 1 episode ) Ahna O'Reilly as Jessica Cohen ( 1 episode ) Arielle Kebbel as Alexia `` Lexi '' Branson ( 1 episode ) Bianca Lawson as Emily Bennett ( voice only ) ( 1 episode ) Malese Jow as Annabelle `` Anna '' ( 1 episode ) Kayla Ewell as Vicki Donovan ( uncredited ) ( 1 episode ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Vampire Diaries episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` The Return '' J. Miller Tobin Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec September 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 09 ) 2J5251 3.28 Picking up where the first season left off , Elena arrives home to discover the fates of Uncle John and Jeremy . Jeremy has not transitioned into a vampire , because he did not take enough drugs to die and Anna 's blood overcame the overdose .",
"3": "Damon , Bonnie , and Elena agree that Caroline needs Damon 's blood to survive . Damon realizes that Katherine has returned and is impersonating Elena. Tyler is surprised when his uncle , Mason Lockwood , arrives in town to console him . Katherine and Damon nearly sleep together , but Katherine tells Damon , `` it will always be Stefan '' . Distraught , Damon goes to see Elena , who resists his attempt to kiss her . Angry that Elena also loves Stefan , Damon snaps Jeremy 's neck . Jeremy survives because he is wearing a Gilbert ring , which protects the wearer from death from supernatural causes . Katherine goes to the hospital and smothers Caroline with a pillow . Before Caroline dies , Katherine gives her a message for the Salvatore brothers : `` Game on . '' 24 `` Brave New World '' John Dahl Brian Young September 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 16 ) 2J5252 3.05 Caroline has become a vampire and awakens in the hospital craving blood . Tyler catches Mason searching for a moonstone , which is a family heirloom . At the carnival , Damon compels a boy named Carter to pick a fight with Tyler to provoke one of Tyler 's bursts of anger . Mason breaks up the fight using his supernatural abilities , proving that he is a werewolf . Caroline confronts Damon about his abusive treatment , and he realizes that she is a vampire . He alerts Elena and Stefan , while a ravenous Caroline drains Carter . Stefan promises Caroline he will guide her journey as a vampire. Tyler retrieves the moonstone Mason has been seeking . Matt notices Caroline 's erratic behavior but admits that he loves her . 25 `` Bad Moon Rising '' Patrick Norris Andrew Chambliss September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) 2J5253 3.57 Elena , Damon , and Alaric head to Isobel 's old office at Duke University , where it is revealed that vampires and werewolves used to roam freely until a shaman uttered a curse to limit their powers , after which the werewolves were servants of the moon and vampires became the slaves of the sun . Stefan teaches Caroline how to control herself and hunt animals .",
"4": "Bonnie makes Caroline a daylight ring so that she will not be burned by the sun . In werewolf form , Mason encounters Stefan and Caroline. Tyler saves them by shouting at the werewolf ; he later finds Mason in the woods and realises what has happened . Unable to control herself , Caroline feeds on Matt . She compels him to forget it , but ends their relationship to keep him safe from her . Damon tells Elena Katherine 's real name , Katerina Petrova , to aid Elena with her research . Alaric reaffirms his romantic interest in Jenna , and Caroline finds Katherine in her bedroom . 26 `` Memory Lane '' Rob Hardy Caroline Dries September 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 30 ) 2J5254 3.18 Katherine tells Stefan that she will kill Elena unless he ends his relationship with her , and as a result , Elena realizes that Caroline is working for Katherine . Elena and Katherine finally meet , but Katherine ignores Elena 's questions . Damon stabs Mason with a silver knife , but Mason says it is only a myth that silver hurts werewolves . They are now enemies . Katherine remembers how in 1864 , after Stefan and Damon were shot in an attempt to save her , she had kissed Stefan , declaring her love and saying they would be together again one day . Stefan and Elena stage a fake break - up to prevent Katherine from hurting anybody . 27 5 `` Kill or Be Killed '' Jeff Woolnough Mike Daniels October 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 07 ) 2J5255 3.47 At the Mystic Falls picnic , Mason Lockwood tells Sheriff Liz Forbes that Stefan and Damon are vampires . Liz and her fellow police officers shoot Stefan and Damon . Caroline and Elena reach the Salvatore 's before Liz can kill them , but Caroline 's identity as a vampire is exposed to her mother . Liz rejects Caroline as her daughter , and Stefan drinks Elena 's blood to gain strength . Caroline confesses to Elena that Katherine had threatened to kill Matt if Caroline did n't spy on Elena and Stefan for her ; Elena forgives Caroline . Jeremy and Tyler start to bond when Tyler learns that Jeremy knows about the curse .",
"5": "Tyler almost kills a girl , feeling for a second that he wants her to die . He then tells Mason that he wants nothing to do with the curse , and gives him the moonstone . It is revealed that Mason is working for Katherine , who wants the moonstone , and that they are lovers . 28 6 `` Plan B '' John Behring Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain October 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 21 ) 2J5256 3.62 Liz accepts Caroline , and Caroline compels her mother to forget that she is a vampire . Bonnie incapacitates Mason by giving him an aneurysm . Damon then questions and tortures Mason who , believing that Katherine loves him , refuses to talk . Telling Mason that Katherine is using him , Damon eventually kills him . Bonnie has a vision of the moonstone 's location in a well . Stefan discovers that the well is full of vervain , which burns him . Caroline and Bonnie help Elena rescue Stefan and retrieve the moonstone . Katherine compels Jenna to stab herself . Fearful of what else Katherine might do , Elena breaks up with Stefan for good . Needing another werewolf , Katherine compels Matt to attack Tyler , so that Tyler will kill Matt and become a werewolf . 29 7 `` Masquerade '' Charles Beeson Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec October 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 28 ) 2J5257 3.55 Stefan , Damon , Bonnie , Jeremy , Alaric , and Caroline plan to kill Katherine at the Lockwoods ' masquerade ball . Katherine is visited by Lucy , a witch who is to help her retrieve the moonstone . Under Katherine 's compulsion , Matt fights Tyler . Caroline breaks up the fight , but Sarah , who is also compelled , stabs Tyler , and he accidentally breaks her neck . Tyler 's eyes turn yellow , showing that the curse has been triggered . Stefan and Damon try to kill Katherine , but they stop when Jeremy tells them that every time they stake her , Elena is wounded . Katherine reveals that she had Lucy put a spell on Elena and herself , which linked them .",
"6": "Lucy , who is Bonnie 's cousin , lifts the spell and incapacitates Katherine , who collapses . Damon traps Katherine in the underground tomb . As Elena heads home she is intercepted by a masked stranger . 30 8 `` Rose '' Liz Friedlander Brian Young November 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) 2J5258 3.63 A vampire named Trevor takes Elena to an abandoned house , where she meets Rose , another vampire . When Tyler witnesses Caroline 's abilities , she reveals that she is a vampire . Elena overhears Rose and Trevor arguing about a vampire named Elijah . Using a spell , Bonnie locates Elena . Elena tries to extract information from Rose , who tells her that Elijah is one of the `` original '' vampires . Rose and Trevor are using Elena , the Petrova doppelgänger who is the key to breaking the curse , as a bargaining chip . Elijah arrives , and Rose offers him Elena in exchange for their pardon . Elijah agrees but kills Trevor . Elena tries to stall Elijah by saying that she knows where the moonstone is , but he compels her to tell him its location . Stefan and Damon arrive to fight with Elijah and stake him . Elena 's vervain necklace remains at the house . Later that night , Damon is in Elena 's bedroom with her vervain necklace in his hand . He tells her that he loves her but does n't deserve her , and that Stefan does . Then he compels her to forget what he said . In the abandoned house , Elijah pulls the wooden stake out of his chest . 31 9 `` Katerina '' J. Miller Tobin Andrew Chambliss November 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) 2J5259 3.50 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The episode begins in Bulgaria in 1490 and shows Katherine giving birth to a baby girl . Her father says that she has shamed their family and takes the baby away .",
"7": "In the present , Elena goes to the tomb , where she offers Katherine blood in exchange for the truth - that a doppelgänger from the Petrova line can be used to break the curse . As Katherine 's descendant , Elena is the current Petrova doppelgänger . Katherine reveals that she was expelled from Bulgaria and fled to England , where Elijah and Trevor found her . They recognized her as the Petrova doppelgänger and Elijah tried to kill her , but Trevor helped her to escape . She became a vampire so that she could not be used to break the curse . Katherine came to Mystic Falls to offer Klaus what he needed to lift the curse : the current doppelgänger , a witch , a werewolf , a vampire , and the moonstone . She hoped that Klaus would spare her life in exchange for this . Bonnie meets a warlock named Luka and his father . Jeremy is jealous of Bonnie 's attraction to Luka . Damon and Rose seek information about Klaus from Rose 's vampire friend , Slater , but a healed Elijah overhears them . Damon and Rose sleep together , and Elijah compels Slater to stake himself . It is revealed that Luka and his father are working for Elijah . 32 10 `` The Sacrifice '' Ralph Hemecker Caroline Dries December 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 02 ) 2J5260 3.46 Elena and Rose go to ask Slater about Klaus , but they find his staked corpse . Elena uses information from Slater 's computer to get Klaus 's attention , saying she wants to surrender . Caroline and Tyler discover Mason 's journal and the video diary that he used to document his transformations . Bonnie plans to lift the spell from the tomb and incapacitate Katherine so that Stefan can grab the moonstone , but Jeremy goes ahead with the plan alone and is captured by Katherine , who feeds on him . Stefan saves Jeremy but is trapped himself . Three vampires confront Damon , Rose , and Elena . Elijah kills the three vampires and then departs . Back home , a trapped Stefan makes Damon promise to protect Elena . Elijah informs Luka 's father that Damon and Stefan will protect Elena , which is Elijah 's goal .",
"8": "33 11 `` By the Light of the Moon '' Elizabeth Allen Mike Daniels December 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) 2J5261 3.16 As the full moon approaches , Caroline helps Tyler prepare for his transformation . Stefan asks Katherine to prove that there is good in her , and she advises him to ask Isobel for help in finding Klaus . Bonnie seeks Luka 's help to destroy the moonstone ; they cast a spell , but Luka gives the moonstone to his father . Jules , a friend of Mason , arrives in Mystic Falls looking for him . Damon and Alaric try to trick her into having a drink mixed with wolfsbane . She reveals that she is a werewolf and tells Damon that he has been marked . Elijah makes a deal with Elena : she has to keep herself safe from Klaus ( so that Elijah can use her as bait to kill Klaus ) and in return , Elijah will protect her friends and family and free Stefan from the tomb . Caroline reunites with Tyler . At the Salvatore mansion , Jules , in wolf form , tries to attack Damon but instead bites Rose 's shoulder , which becomes infected . 34 12 `` The Descent '' Marcos Siega Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain January 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 27 ) 2J5262 3.55 Stefan tries to contact Isobel and gets in touch with John Gilbert , who comes home . While Damon tries to get Jules to tell him how to cure the werewolf bite , he asks Elena to keep an eye on Rose , who becomes delirious and mistakes her for Katherine . Caroline and Matt confess their love for each other . Tyler 's reaction to Caroline 's generosity surprises her . Rose escapes from the Salvatore house and goes on a killing spree . Damon finds her and brought her back to the Salvatore 's house , he then stakes her , while giving her a peaceful death by giving her a dream about her old home . He confesses to a stranger that he misses being human . He lets her go , but bites her soon after . Jules informs Tyler that she knows that he and Mason are werewolves .",
"9": "She tells him that more werewolves are coming . 35 13 `` Daddy Issues '' Joshua Butler Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec February 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 03 ) 2J5263 3.22 Tyler is furious that Caroline has kept Mason 's death secret from him . Jenna becomes upset over the revelation that John is Elena 's biological father . Jules meets her wolf - lover Brady and tells him she wants to leave town and take Tyler with them . Caroline asks Stefan to reason with Tyler , while Jules takes Caroline hostage . Jules tells Stefan to bring Tyler to her in exchange for Caroline . Stefan tries to make peace , but he fails , and Damon offers his `` bloodier '' method . Jules then calls on her wolf friends , and although Damon and Stefan are outnumbered , they kill most of the wolves. Tyler releases Caroline from the cage , but watches as Jules has Caroline at gunpoint . As Stefan and Damon are about to get staked , Jonas , on Elijah 's behalf , incapacitates the remaining wolves. Tyler tries to apologize to Caroline , but she tells him they are no longer friends . Tyler tells Jules and Brady that Mason was probably killed because he found the moonstone . John says that he returned to protect Elena , and that the only way to kill an Original is with a dagger dipped in ash from a white oak as old as the Originals . John is shown to be still working with Katherine and trying to get her out of the tomb . 36 14 `` Crying Wolf '' David Von Ancken Brian Young February 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 10 ) 2J5264 2.78 Stefan and Elena spend a weekend at the Gilbert lakehouse , unaware that they 've been followed by Tyler and Brady . Jenna worries that Alaric is n't being honest about his past . Jules and Brady explain the sun and moon curse to Tyler and lure him into helping them . Bonnie performs a hypnosis spell on Luka in order to get information . Luka reveals that Elijah plans to kill Klaus by making him vulnerable after he sacrifices Elena .",
"10": "He also reveals that Klaus has his sister , so he and his father are working for Elijah to help him kill Klaus . Jules and her friends torture Damon for information about the moonstone , but Elijah intervenes , kills most of the wolves , and saves Damon . Brady finds Stefan and shoots him with a wooden bullet , leaving Tyler to guard him . When Tyler learns that Elena has to die for the curse to be broken , he lets Stefan go . Stefan kills Brady to save Elena . Meanwhile , Jeremy and Bonnie confess their feelings for each other and kiss . Realising that Elena knew about Elijah 's real plan for her , Stefan tells her that she is behaving like a martyr. Tyler tells Matt that he has feelings for Caroline but knows that Caroline loves Matt . The episode ends with Jules and Tyler leaving town . 37 15 `` The Dinner Party '' Marcos Siega Andrew Chambliss February 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 17 ) 2J5265 3.07 Elena reads one of Jonathan Gilbert 's journals about a night when Stefan attacked him and killed two of the Fells . Stefan admits that he had been brutal and inhuman until Lexi showed him the path of love and humanity . Damon invites Elijah to the boarding house for a dinner party , intending to kill him . Jonathan Gilbert 's journal reveals that if a vampire uses the dagger to kill an Original , both will die . After Stefan sends a warning , Alaric stabs and kills Elijah , but the body later disappears . Elena reads in the journal that if the dagger is removed , the Original will come back to life . John blackmails Alaric into returning his ring . Elijah shows up at the lake house telling Elena that the deal is off , but Elena threatens to kill herself and become a vampire so that she will no longer be useful to him . Elijah calls her out on a bluff , but Elena stabs herself . Elijah begs Elena to let him heal her , and she agrees , but then stabs him with the dagger , killing him again . Damon returns home to find Katherine there . Elijah 's compulsion on her has worn off with his death , and she says she intends to help them .",
"11": "38 16 `` The House Guest '' Michael Katleman Caroline Dries February 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 24 ) 2J5266 2.98 Discovering that Katherine is free , Elena is upset . Stefan and Bonnie try to persuade Jonas and Luka to work with them , but Jonas wants Elijah alive again . He performs a ritual that puts Luka in the boarding house in invisible form . Luka tries to remove the dagger from Elijah 's body , but Katherine stops him . Luka then stakes Katherine , but Damon uses a flamethrower to prevent the removal of the dagger . Luka is fatally burned , and Jonas vows to avenge him by killing Elena . Bonnie tells Elena about her relationship with Jeremy and is surprised by Elena 's positive response . Jonas appears at the Grill , looking for Elena . Bonnie tries to stop him , but he disables her ; Matt intervenes , but Jonas stabs him . Caroline sees Matt dying and forces him to drink her blood to save his life . Jonas attacks Elena , but she proves to be Katherine , and she bites him . Alaric tells Jenna that he loves her . Bonnie reveals that Jonas has restored her powers and told her how to kill Klaus . Caroline tells Matt that she is a vampire , but he takes the news badly . Isobel shows up at Elena 's house and tells Jenna that she is Elena 's mother . 39 17 `` Know Thy Enemy '' Wendey Stanzler Mike Daniels April 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 07 ) 2J5267 2.73 Elena and Alaric become angry with John when Isobel 's arrival devastates Jenna . Alaric is abducted by Maddox , a warlock from Klaus 's inner circle . Meanwhile , Bonnie works with Jeremy and Damon to find the spell they need to gather the power of the witches killed in the massacre . Damon takes them to the site where the witches were burned . Matt demands to know what happened to Vicki . After Caroline tells him and then compels him to forget , it is revealed that Matt 's involvement was a setup by Sheriff Forbes to find out everything about the vampires .",
"12": "Matt has drunk vervain , so the compulsion does not work . Isobel kidnaps Elena and then receives a phone call from Maddox , who tells her that she has finished what Klaus compelled her to do and is free to let Elena go . Isobel apologizes to Elena for being a disappointment as a mother , removes her necklace , and burns to death in the sun . Stefan and Damon realize that Bonnie is their new secret weapon since she now has tremendous power . Jeremy is upset because , if Bonnie uses too much power , she will die . Katherine , who had been set up by Isobel and taken by Maddox , wakes up to see Klaus take control of Alaric 's body . 40 18 `` The Last Dance '' John Behring Michael Narducci April 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 14 ) 2J5268 2.81 Klaus ( in Alaric 's body ) compels Katherine to tell him how the others plan to kill him . He then finds out that Bonnie has obtained power that could threaten his life . At the school dance , Jeremy confronts Bonnie about why she wants to kill herself for Elena , and Damon overhears . Jeremy goes to Stefan for help , and Stefan tells Elena about Bonnie 's plans . Elena finally guesses who `` Alaric '' really is . Bonnie fights Klaus with her powers and appears to die . As Elena grieves , Damon tells her that Klaus must believe Bonnie is dead , but her death was faked . Realizing that Bonnie intends to endanger herself to defeat Klaus , Elena pulls the dagger out of Elijah 's heart . 41 19 `` Klaus '' Joshua Butler Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec April 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 21 ) 2J5269 2.70 After Elena removed the dagger , Elijah wakes , and Elena makes another deal with him . In a flashback to 1492 England , Katherine meets Elijah and Klaus for the first time . Elijah and Klaus were raised as brothers , but Klaus was the result of their mother 's affair with a man from a werewolf bloodline .",
"13": "Elijah 's father hunted down the man and had him and his family killed , beginning the schism between werewolves and vampires . As a vampire / werewolf hybrid , Klaus can only be killed by a witch . The sun and moon curse was fake -- the real curse is that Klaus 's werewolf side had been forced into dormancy by witches . Jenna finally finds out about the vampires from Stefan and Klaus / Alaric . Elsewhere , Katherine is being held captive by Klaus . Damon finds her and gives her a vial of vervain to protect her from further compulsion . At the end of the episode , Maddox and Greta ( Luka 's sister ) perform a ritual to release Klaus 's spirit from Alaric 's body and put it back into his own . 42 20 `` The Last Day '' J. Miller Tobin Andrew Chambliss & Brian Young April 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 28 ) 2J5270 2.68 Elijah tells Elena that the way to break the curse involves sacrifice a vampire and a werewolf . Maddox injures Carol Lockwood to make Tyler return to town , after which he and Greta kidnap Caroline and Tyler . Damon forces Elana to drink his blood so she will `` survive '' the sacrifice . Alaric returns as himself and gives the message from Klaus that the ritual will happen that night . Jenna forgives him . Damon realizes that if Klaus does n't have a werewolf , he will be unable to complete the ritual , and Elena will have another month . He rescues Caroline and Tyler from the tomb and kills Maddox . Klaus takes Elena from the boarding house to begin the ritual . Damon informs Klaus that he has rescued the vampire and werewolf he needs for the ritual , but Klaus says he has backups . At the site of the ritual , Elena realizes that Klaus has turned Jenna and is using her as the vampire . Katherine makes Damon aware of a wolf bite he got from Tyler during his transformation .",
"14": "43 21 `` The Sun Also Rises '' Paul M. Sommers Caroline Dries & Mike Daniels May 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 05 ) 2J5271 2.84 Matt and Caroline are in the Lockwood cellar while Tyler , in wolf form , attacks them , and they hide . Meanwhile , Greta the witch feeds Jenna her blood , completing Jenna 's transformation into a vampire . Elijah is revealed to be seeking revenge on Klaus for killing his family and burying their bodies at sea . Klaus begins the ritual and kills Jules , the werewolf . Stefan offers to switch places with Jenna , but Klaus refuses and kills her . Bonnie performs a spell that can bring someone back to life by joining two people 's souls , binding John and Elena . At the ritual grounds , Klaus drains Elena 's blood and begins to transform . However , Bonnie uses her powers to weaken him while Damon kills Greta . Before Elijah can rip out his heart , Klaus says he did n't bury the bodies at sea and if he is killed , Elijah will never find them . Elijah listens to him and flees with Klaus . When Elena comes back to life , John dies . At Jenna 's and John 's funeral , Damon reveals to Stefan that he was bitten by Tyler and asks him to not tell Elena . 44 22 `` As I Lay Dying '' John Behring Turi Meyer & Al Septien & Michael Narducci May 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 12 ) 2J5272 2.86 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Damon apologizes to Elena for feeding her his blood . At home , he tries to kill himself by taking off his ring and walking into sunlight but is stopped by Stefan and locked in a cell . Klaus has completed the transformation into a wolf and awakens to find Elijah waiting for him . He makes Klaus remember his deal : he must reunite Elijah with their family , and Klaus does so by staking Elijah .",
"15": "Stefan seeks Klaus for a cure for Damon . Klaus then bites Katherine and feeds her his blood , revealing the cure for a werewolf bite . In exchange for a vial of his blood , Klaus wants Stefan to become a ripper again and leave Mystic Falls with him . Stefan drinks human blood to prove himself . Klaus gives Katherine the cure for Damon and allows her to leave . Sheriff Forbes , who wants to kill Damon , accidentally frees him from his cell . She later tracks him down and shoots at him but strikes and kills Jeremy instead . Bonnie begs the witches to bring Jeremy back to life saying that she loves him , and they do , warning of `` consequences . '' Elena finds a delirious Damon , brings him home , and kisses him after he confesses his love . Katherine interrupts with Klaus 's cure for the werewolf bite . Klaus tests Stefan , asking him to kill someone . Once Stefan does , Klaus says that they can leave Mystic Falls . At the Gilbert house , Jeremy finds his deceased vampire ex-girlfriends Anna and Vicki . Production ( edit ) On February 16 , 2010 , The CW officially renewed The Vampire Diaries for a full 22 - episode second season . It premiered on Thursday September 9 , 2010 , at 8 pm ET . The season finale aired on May 12 , 2011 . Cast ( edit ) On July 9 , 2010 , Entertainment Weekly announced Taylor Kinney would join the cast in a recurring role as Tyler 's uncle Mason , a werewolf who comes to town after his brother dies . Katherine sends Mason to Mystic Falls to get the moonstone for her . He succeeds , but Damon and Stefan find out that he works with Katherine , and Damon kills him . Mason has been described as a `` cool '' uncle , sexy and athletic . Lauren Cohan joined the cast as Rose , a 500 - year - old vampire and possible love interest for Damon . She kidnaps Elena to hand her over to Elijah , but Elena is saved by Stefan and Damon . She then becomes their ally and even starts a small romantic relationship with Damon . She dies after being bitten by werewolf Jules .",
"16": "Michaela McManus joined the cast in a guest role as a werewolf who comes to town looking for answers about Mason 's death . She helps Tyler deal with the discovery that he is a werewolf , but is later killed during the sacrifice . Bryton James portrays warlock Luka Martin in season two . He befriends Bonnie , but it is later revealed that he and his father work for Elijah . When he tries to save Elijah invisibly , Damon burns him to death . His father Jonas Martin , played by Randy J. Goodwin in season two , is introduced as a friend of Elijah . He is a warlock who , in order to save his daughter Greta , is willing and able to help defeat Klaus . He is later killed by Katherine , who is protecting the Salvatore brothers . Gino Anthony Pesi portrays Maddox at the end of season two , a warlock who works for Klaus . Matt shoots him to death when he tries to overcome Damon . On February 18 , 2011 , it was announced that British actor Joseph Morgan had signed on to play original vampire Klaus . Storylines ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The second season focuses mainly on the arrival of Elena 's doppelgänger Katherine Pierce and on her reasons for returning to Mystic Falls . It also introduces werewolves. Tyler 's werewolf uncle , Mason Lockwood , arrives after the death of Tyler 's father and tells Tyler about the so - called `` Lockwood curse '' in their family . To activate the werewolf gene , the person must kill someone . Katherine turns Caroline into a vampire , so as to have a spy against Stefan and Elena . Katherine 's main reason for returning to Mystic Falls is to find the moonstone , with the help of Mason , who is killed by Damon . Katherine calls in a favor from a witch named Lucy to get the stone . Lucy casts a spell so that when Katherine is hurt , it also affects Elena . When Lucy finds out that another Bennett is at the party and that Katherine had deceived her , she puts a spell on the moonstone , injuring Katherine .",
"17": "Damon then leaves her in the original tomb where she is trapped until the spell has been removed from the tomb . She tells him that her reason for not killing Elena is that she is in danger . Elena is later kidnapped by a masked individual and held hostage by vampires Rose and Trevor , who have been on the run from the Originals ( the first generation of vampires ) . Rose reveals to Elena that she is the Petrova doppelgänger and needs to be sacrificed to break the sun and moon curse . Katherine was also a Petrova doppelgänger , who used Trevor to help her escape from the Originals and Rose to turn her into a vampire to save herself . Elena is rescued by Stefan and Damon by stabbing Elijah with a sharp wooden pole and they escape . Klaus , one of the original vampires , arrives and is now hunting Elena . His brother Elijah has made a deal with Elena to protect her loved ones , because he wants to use her as bait to lure Klaus and kill him . Jules , a friend of Mason , tells the Lockwoods that Mason never came back to Florida and is missing . Alaric is suspicious of Jules and calls Damon to the Grill ( local town hangout ) . Jules reveals that she is a werewolf . Damon tells Jules she wo n't find Mason and to leave town . Jules breaks into the Salvatore mansion in wolf form and attacks Damon , but Rose pushes him out of the way , getting bitten on the shoulder instead ( werewolf bites are lethal to vampires ) . As Rose succumbs to the effects of the bite , Damon stakes her in a glorious dream they share , giving her a peaceful death . Uncle John returns to Mystic Falls and comes as an unpleasant surprise to Elena , Damon , Jenna , and Alaric . John reveals to Damon that the only way to kill an Original is with a dagger dipped in white ash wood . A boy named Luka settle in the town with his father ( they are both warlocks ) and reveals that they are working for Elijah because Klaus has his sister Greta and they want him ( Luka ) dead as well . Luka becomes friends with Bonnie and tells her that Klaus will be weakened by the sacrificial ritual , meaning that Elena has to die so that Elijah can kill him and free his sister . John gives Damon the special dagger to kill Elijah .",
"18": "Elena finds out that if a vampire uses the dagger , that vampire will die . Stefan warns Damon and Alaric stabs Elijah , but he pulls the dagger out and tells Elena their deal is off . Elena stabs herself in the stomach , and Elijah begs her to let him heal her . She stabs him with the dagger and leaves it in him . Elijah 's death means that Katherine is no longer compelled to stay in the tomb . She helps kill the Martin witches . When Isobel returns to town , Katherine double - crosses the Salvatores by kidnapping Elena and stealing the moonstone for Klaus in exchange for her freedom . But it is revealed that Klaus wanted Katherine and compelled Isobel to get her and the moonstone . Klaus enters Alaric 's body and compels Katherine to stay in Alaric 's house . Bonnie and Jeremy find the site of the a witch massacre and Bonnie channels all the power . Alaric / Klaus blends with Stefan , Damon , and Elena and finds out that Bonnie has her powers . Damon tells Bonnie to put on a protection spell and make Alaric / Klaus believe that she is dead . Elena does not want Bonnie to die , so she pulls the dagger out of Elijah 's heart . After Elijah comes to life , Elena learns the full history of Klaus . The Aztec curse is fake and there is a curse on Klaus , as he is a vampire born in a werewolf bloodline . There is a ritual that involves killing a vampire and a werewolf and a Petrova doppelganger , that will unearth the werewolf side of Klaus making him a hybrid . Elena realizes that the real curse is on Klaus , who therefore wants to kill her . But Elijah says he has an elixir that can save Elena from dying . Elena believes Elijah , but Damon says that there is another way to save her life and feeds her his blood . Stefan tries to stop him , but he stabs in the chest with the wooden dagger . Elena then cries that she will be a vampire against her will . Maddox kidnaps Tyler and Caroline . Damon frees them and is bitten . Then he goes to Klaus to tell him that he does not have a werewolf and witch , as he killed Maddox .",
"19": "Klaus says that he has backups . Klaus takes Elena from Stefan . Elena sees Jenna , who thinks she is dead , but Greta tells her she is transitioning . Damon asks Katherine about the vampire , and she says that Jenna is the backup vampire . He then checks his arm and sees that Tyler has bitten him . In the season 's finale , Klaus is working on the ritual out in the woods and is near completion when he is about to kill Elena , but Stefan tries to work a deal with him . Klaus agrees to have Stefan work for him in exchange for Damon 's protection . Elena is `` killed '' in the ritual but is shown to have survived . Regardless , Klaus 's werewolf side is unleashed and he becomes the first hybrid , half vampire half werewolf . Bonnie arrives and subdues Klaus with her powers , giving Elijah the opportunity to strike , but Klaus talks him down offering to help find their siblings . Elena 's survival is revealed as John had Bonnie cast a spell that had him die in Elena 's place . The next morning John succumbs and dies . At his funeral , Elena reads a note from John saying he will always love her and she will always be his daughter , even if she becomes a vampire . Damon also shows where he was bitten and walks away . Reception ( edit ) Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` The throbbing red heart of The Vampire Diaries remains the tension between Damon and Paul Wesley 's Stefan , and their mutual attraction to whomever Dobrev is embodying at the time . '' Mark A. Perigard of the Boston Herald said , `` The triangle -- quadrangle ? -- becomes more twisted by episode 's end . It leads to shocking violence against outsiders that deepens the tragedy and the mythology at the core of the show . `` Game on '' just might be the two most chilling words uttered this season . '' Matt Roush of TV Guide commented , `` The Vampire Diaries is the sort of show where ' never say die ' is written into the mythology -- a good thing for several of the opening hour 's apparent victims . I do n't know how much longer The Vampire Diaries can keep churning stories at this feverish rate , but if this is your sort of guilty pleasure , you 'd be crazy not to bite . ''",
"20": "Ratings ( edit ) DVR viewers ( edit ) No . Title Air date 18 -- 49 rating ( Live + SD ) Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 increase Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 02 `` Brave New World '' September 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 16 ) 1.4 0.91 1.9 3.96 03 `` Bad Moon Rising '' September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) 1.4 0.92 1.9 4.49 04 `` Memory Lane '' September 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 30 ) 1.2 0.95 1.8 4.13 06 `` Plan B '' October 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 21 ) 1.7 1.04 2.2 4.66 07 `` Masquerade '' October 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 28 ) 1.7 0.85 2.2 4.40 08 `` Rose '' November 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) 1.6 1.12 2.1 4.75 09 `` Katerina '' November 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) 1.6 1.01 2.0 4.51 10 `` The Sacrifice '' December 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 02 ) 1.6 1.07 2.1 4.53 11 `` By the Light of the Moon '' December 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) 1.3 0.97 1.7 4.13 12 `` The Descent '' January 27 ,",
"21": "2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 27 ) 1.6 1.10 2.1 4.65 16 `` The House Guest '' February 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 24 ) 1.3 1.13 1.8 4.11 17 `` Know Thy Enemy '' April 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 07 ) 1.2 1.14 1.7 3.87 18 `` The Last Dance '' April 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 14 ) 1.3 1.06 1.8 3.87 19 `` Klaus '' April 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 21 ) 1.2 1.35 1.8 4.05 20 `` The Last Day '' April 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 28 ) 1.2 1.34 1.8 4.02 21 `` The Sun Also Rises '' May 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 05 ) 1.3 1.07 1.8 3.91 22 `` As I Lay Dying '' May 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 12 ) 1.4 1.02 1.9 3.88 Accolades ( edit ) For its second season The Vampire Diaries won five Teen Choice Awards , one People 's Choice Award , and a nomination in Saturn Awards . Home Media ( edit ) The Vampire Diaries Season 2 was made available on DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 , 2011 . In region B , it was released on August 22 , 2011 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The CW renews Top Model , Vampire Diaries , Supernatural , Gossip Girl , 90210 Retrieved : August 21 , 2010 .",
"22": "^ Jump up to : The C Retrieved : August 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The CW Announces 2010 - 11 Schedule - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings TVbytheNumbers.com Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Television Media To Go -- Beta - Warner Bros. Television '' . Warner Bros. Television Media To Go - Beta . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` Updated TV Ratings : ' NFL Kickoff ' Soars ; ' Vampire Diaries ' Falls ; ' Nikita ' Equals ' Supernatural ' '' . TV By Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ TV Ratings Thursday , September 23 , 2010 TV By The Numbers . Retrieved : April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ TV ratings Thursday September 30 , 2010 TV By the Numbers . Retrieved : April 5 , 2010 Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Grey 's Anatomy , Big Bang Theory , $ # * ! My Dad Says , CSI Adjusted Up ; Vampire Diaries , Private Practice , Apprentice Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Bones , Community , Grey 's Anatomy , Big Bang Theory , $ # * ! My Dad Says , The Office Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Grey 's Anatomy , Big Bang , CSI , Vampire Diaries Adjusted Up ; Private Practice Down ; Plus NLCS Game 5 Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , Big Bang Theory , Shrekless , Office Adjusted Up ; Nikita Down ; Plus World Series Game 2 '' . TV by the Numbers .",
"23": "Retrieved October 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 5 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Big Bang Theory , The Mentalist , Office , Vampire Diaries Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Fringe , Community , 30 Rock , Outsourced , The Office Adjusted Down ; Bones , $ # * ! My Dad Says Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Private Practice , Bones , Nikita Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 10 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones , ' ' Fringe , ' ' Community , ' ' 30 Rock , ' ' Office , ' ' Apprentice ' Adjusted Down ; ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Walters : Oprah ' Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hibbard , James ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Nikita ' return Strong '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice , ' ' Bones , ' ' Office , ' ' Parks & Rec ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Recreation , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Office , ' ' Outsourced , ' and ' Private Practice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Rules Of Engagement , ' ' CSI , ' ' Outsourced ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Community , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Idol , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' Community ' Down + ' The Office , ' ' Parks & Rec ' Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 6 , 2011 ) .",
"25": "`` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' CSI , ' ' The Mentalist , ' ' Community , ' ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Community , ' ' Rules , ' ' Mentalist , ' ' Office , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WHEN 'S THE SEASON FINALE OF YOUR FAVORITE SHOW ? '' . The CW ( official website ) . February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' scoop : Former ' Trauma ' hottie Taylor Kinney cast as ( spoiler alert ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' newest vamp : ' Supernatural 's ' Lauren Cohan to play Rose '' . Zap 2 It . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Casting Scoop : Meet the Newest Vampire Diaries Hottie ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ J. Miller Tobin ( director ) Andrew Chambliss ( writer ) ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Katerina '' . The Vampire Diaries . Season 2 . Episode 09 . The CW . Jump up ^ Michael Katleman ( director ) Caroline Dries ( writer ) ( 2011 - 02 - 24 ) . `` The House Guest '' . The Vampire Diaries . Season 2 . Episode 16 .",
"26": "The CW . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Finds New Villain Klaus '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.metacritic.com/tv/the-vampire-diaries/season-2 Jump up ^ `` cw leads pre season week '' . TV by the Numbers . October 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` hawii - five - 0 tops premiere week rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` hawaii - five - 0 - top - premiere - week - rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . October 17 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , Parenthood Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , The Event , Parenthood , Modern Family Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Modern Family , Grey 's Anatomy , Outlaw , Fringe , Hawaii Five - 0 Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , The Event , Fringe , Hawaii Five - 0 Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . November 30 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Glee , ' ' The Good Guys ' Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' Fringe , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . December 27 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Fringe largest dvd increase '' . TV by the Numbers . February 14 , 2011 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : big bang theory '' . TV by the Numbers . March 14 , 2011 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : big bang theory '' . TV by the Numbers. April 25 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LLive + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . May 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Yet Again , ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . May 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . May 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` dvr ratings fringe final nearly doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` dvr ratings modern family tops '' . TV by the Numbers . May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Con 2011 Announcement '' . TheWB.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon UK Season 2 Blu - ray '' . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 .",
"28": "( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come ,",
"29": "All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J.",
"30": "Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Vampire_Diaries_(season_2)&oldid=829549619 '' Categories : The Vampire Diaries 2010 American television seasons 2011 American television seasons The Vampire Diaries ( season 2 ) episodes Hidden categories : Use American English from November 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 09 : 25 . About Wikipedia",
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|
[
20,
8,
11,
28,
14,
9,
3,
12,
17,
18,
19,
23,
2,
13,
15,
29,
27,
7,
6,
0,
5,
10,
16,
22,
4,
30,
26,
24,
25,
21,
1
] |
[
20,
8,
11,
28,
14
] |
-1411792450237623098
|
which of the following helmiths feeds on blood
|
[
"Necator americanus",
"Ancylostoma duodenale"
] |
{
"0": "Helminthiasis - wikipedia Helminthiasis Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the infection . For the organisms , see Helminths . Helminthiasis Synonyms helminthosis , helminthiases , helminth infection Ascaris worms ( one type of helminth ) in the small bowel of an infected person in South Africa ( X-ray image with barium as contrast medium ) Pronunciation / ˌhɛlminˈθaɪəsis / Classification and external resources Specialty infectious disease ICD - 10 B83. 9 ICD - 9 - CM 128.9 DiseasesDB 28826 MeSH D006373 ( edit on Wikidata ) Helminthiasis ( plural helminthiases ) , also known as worm infection , is any macroparasitic disease of humans and other animals in which a part of the body is infected with parasitic worms , known as helminths . There are numerous species of these parasites , which are broadly classified into tapeworms , flukes , and roundworms . They often live in the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts , but they may also burrow into other organs , where they induce physiological damage . Soil - transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis are the most important helminthiases , and are among the neglected tropical diseases . This group of helmianthiases have been targeted under the joint action of the world 's leading pharmaceutical companies and non-governmental organizations through a project launched in 2012 called the London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases , which aims to control or eradicate certain neglected tropical diseases by 2020 . Helminthiasis has been found to result in poor birth outcome , poor cognitive development , poor school and work performance , poor socioeconomic development , and poverty . Chronic illness , malnutrition , and anemia are further examples of secondary effects . Soil - transmitted helminthiases are responsible for parasitic infections in as much as a quarter of the human population worldwide . One well - known example of soil - transmitted helminthiases is ascariasis .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Mass and volume 1.2 Immunological response 2 Secondary effects 2.1 Immune changes 2.2 Chronic illness 2.3 Malnutrition 2.4 Anemia 2.5 Cognitive changes 3 Helminths types causing infections 3.1 Roundworm infection ( nematodiasis ) 3.2 Tapeworm infection ( cestodiasis ) 3.3 Trematode infection ( trematodiasis ) 3.4 Acanthocephala infection 4 Transmission 5 Diagnosis 6 Prevention 7 Treatment 7.1 Medications 7.2 Mass deworming 7.3 Surgery 8 Epidemiology 8.1 Neglected tropical diseases 8.2 Prevalence 8.3 Variations within communities 8.4 Disability - adjusted life years 8.5 Deaths 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Example clinical photo : Guinea worm infection ( dracunculiasis ) , worm coming out of the foot of an infected person . Ascaris infection : Antimesenteric splitting of the outer layers of the bowel wall due to a large amount of ascaris ( South Africa ) The signs and symptoms of helminthiasis depend on a number of factors including : the site of the infestation within the body ; the type of worm involved ; the number of worms and their volume ; the type of damage the infesting worms cause ; and , the immunological response of the body . Where the burden of parasites in the body is light , there may be no symptoms . Certain worms may cause particular constellations of symptoms . For instance , taeniasis can lead to seizures due to neurocysticercosis . Mass and volume ( edit ) In extreme cases of intestinal infestation , the mass and volume of the worms may cause the outer layers of the intestinal wall , such as the muscular layer , to tear . This may lead to peritonitis , volvulus , and gangrene of the intestine .",
"2": "Immunological response ( edit ) As pathogens in the body , helminths induce an immune response . Immune - mediated inflammatory changes occur in the skin , lung , liver , intestine , central nervous system , and eyes . Signs of the body 's immune response may include eosinophilia , edema , and arthritis . An example of the immune response is the hypersensitivity reaction that may lead to anaphylaxis . Another example is the migration of Ascaris larvae through the bronchi of the lungs causing asthma . Secondary effects ( edit ) Immune changes ( edit ) See also : Effects of parasitic worms on the immune system Micrograph of cut section of human appendix showing a pin worm . In humans , T helper cells and eosinophils respond to helminth infestation . Inflammation leads to encapsulation of egg deposits throughout the body . Helminths excrete into the intestine toxic substances after they feed . These substances then enter the circulatory and lymphatic systems of the host body . Chronic immune responses to helminthiasis may lead to increased susceptibility to other infections such as tuberculosis , HIV , and malaria . There is conflicting information about whether deworming reduces HIV progression and viral load and increases CD4 counts in antiretroviral naive and experienced individuals . Chronic illness ( edit ) Chronic helminthiasis may cause severe morbidity . Helminthiasis has been found to result in poor birth outcome , poor cognitive development , poor school and work performance , decreased productivity , poor socioeconomic development , and poverty . Malnutrition ( edit ) Helminthiasis may cause chronic illness through malnutrition including vitamin deficiencies , stunted growth , anemia , and protein - energy malnutrition . Worms compete directly with their hosts for nutrients , but the magnitude of this effect is likely minimal as the nutritional requirements of worms is relatively small . In pigs and humans , Ascaris has been linked to lactose intolerance and vitamin A , amino acid , and fat malabsorption . Impaired nutrient uptake may result from direct damage to the intestinal mucosal wall or from more subtle changes such as chemical imbalances and changes in gut flora . Alternatively , the worms ' release of protease inhibitors to defend against the body 's digestive processes may impair the breakdown of other nutrients .",
"3": "In addition , worm induced diarrhoea may shorten gut transit time , thus reducing absorption of nutrients . Malnutrition due to worms can give rise to anorexia . A study of 459 children in Zanzibar revealed spontaneous increases in appetite after deworming . Anorexia might be a result of the body 's immune response and the stress of combating infection . Specifically , some of the cytokines released in the immune response to worm infestation have been linked to anorexia in animals . Anemia ( edit ) Helminths may cause iron - deficiency anemia . This is most severe in heavy hookworm infections , as Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale feed directly on the blood of their hosts . Although the daily consumption of an individual worm ( 0.02 -- 0.07 ml and 0.14 -- 0.26 ml respectively ) is small , the collective consumption under heavy infection can be clinically significantly . Intestinal whipworm may also cause anemia . Anemia has also been associated with reduced stamina for physical labor , a decline in the ability to learn new information , and apathy , irritability , and fatigue . A study of the effect of deworming and iron supplementation in 47 students from the Democratic Republic of the Congo found that the intervention improved cognitive function . Another study found that in 159 Jamaican schoolchildren , deworming led to better auditory short - term memory and scanning and retrieval of long - term memory over a period of nine - weeks . Cognitive changes ( edit ) Malnutrition due to helminths may affect cognitive function leading to low educational performance , decreased concentration and difficulty with abstract cognitive tasks . Iron deficiency in infants and preschoolers is associated with `` lower scores ... on tests of mental and motor development ... ( as well as ) increased fearfulness , inattentiveness , and decreased social responsiveness '' . Studies in the Philippines and Indonesia found a significant correlation between helminthiasis and decreased memory and fluency . Large parasite burdens , particularly severe hookworm infections , are also associated with absenteeism , under - enrollment , and attrition in school children . Helminths types causing infections ( edit ) Ascaris life cycle : Adult worms in the lumen of the small intestine ( 1 ) .",
"4": "The female produces eggs ( approximately 200,000 per day ) that are excreted with the feces ( 2 ) . Unfertilized eggs are harmless , but fertilized ones are infective after 18 days to several weeks ( 3 ) . Infective eggs are ingested ( 4 ) , enter the gut ( 5 ) , develop into larvae in the intestine , and penetrate the blood vessel to enter lungs , where they develop further ( 6 ) , after 10 to 14 days , penetrate the alveolar walls , ascend the bronchial tree to the throat , and are re-swallowed ( 7 ) . Upon reaching the small intestine , they develop into adult worms ( 8 ) . It takes 2 to 3 months for one complete cycle . Adult worms can live 1 to 2 years .",
"5": "Collage of various helminth eggs , from left to right : Trichosomoides egg , Ascaris lumbricoides with larva hatching , sample of adult roundworms , Hymenolepis nana , Schistosoma mansoni and Toxocara canis with larva hatching Of all the known helminth species , the most important helminths with respect to understanding their transmission pathways , their control , inactivation and enumeration in samples of human excreta from dried feces , faecal sludge , wastewater , and sewage sludge are : soil - transmitted helminths , including Ascaris lumbricoides ( the most common worldwide ) , Trichuris trichiura , Necator americanus , Strongyloides stercoralis and Ancylostoma duodenale Hymenolepis nana Taenia saginata Enterobius Fasciola hepatica Schistosoma mansoni Toxocara canis Toxocara cati Helminthiases are classified as follows ( the disease names end with `` - sis '' and the causative worms are in brackets ) : Roundworm infection ( nematodiasis ) ( edit ) Filariasis ( Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi infection ) Onchocerciasis ( Onchocerca volvulus infection ) Soil - transmitted helminthiasis -- this includes ascariasis ( Ascaris lumbricoides infection , trichuriasis ( Trichuris infection ) , and hookworm infection ( includes necatoriasis and Ancylostoma duodenale infection ) Trichostrongyliasis ( Trichostrongylus spp .",
"6": "infection ) Dracunculiasis ( guinea worm infection ) Baylisascaris ( raccoon roundworm , may be transmitted to pets livestock and humans ) Tapeworm infection ( cestodiasis ) ( edit ) Echinococcosis ( Echinococcus infection ) Hymenolepiasis ( Hymenolepis infection ) Taeniasis / cysticercosis ( Taenia infection ) Coenurosis ( T. multiceps , T. serialis , T. glomerata , and T. brauni infection ) Trematode infection ( trematodiasis ) ( edit ) Amphistomiasis ( amphistomes infection ) Clonorchiasis ( Clonorchis sinensis infection ) Fascioliasis ( Fasciola infection ) Fasciolopsiasis ( Fasciolopsis buski infection ) Opisthorchiasis ( Opisthorchis infection ) Paragonimiasis ( Paragonimus infection ) Schistosomiasis / bilharziasis ( Schistosoma infection ) Acanthocephala infection ( edit ) Moniliformis infection Transmission ( edit ) Helminths are transmitted to the final host in several ways . The most common infection is through ingestion of contaminated vegetables , drinking water , and raw or undercooked meat . Contaminated food may contain eggs of nematodes such as Ascaris , Enterobius , and Trichuris ; cestodes such as Taenia , Hymenolepis , and Echinococcus ; and treamtodes such as Fasciola . Raw or undercooked meats are the major sources of Taenia ( pork , beef and venison ) , Trichinella ( pork and bear ) , Diphyllobothrium ( fish ) , Clonorchis ( fish ) , and Paragonimus ( crustaceans ) . Schistosomes and nematodes such as hookworms ( Ancylostoma and Necator ) and Strongyloides can penetrate the skin directly . Finally , Wuchereria , Onchocerca , and Dracunculus are transmitted by mosquitoes and flies . In the developing world , the use of contaminated water is a major risk factor for infection .",
"7": "Infection can also take place through the practice of geophagy , which is not uncommon in parts of sub-Saharan Africa . Soil is eaten , for example , by children or pregnant women to counteract a real or perceived deficiency of minerals in their diet . Diagnosis ( edit ) Identification and quantification of helminth eggs at UNAM university in Mexico City , Mexico Specific helminths can be identified through microscopic examination of their eggs ( ova ) found in faecal samples . The number of eggs is measured in units of eggs per gram . However , it does not quantify mixed infections , and in practice , is inaccurate for quantifying the eggs of schistosomes and soil - transmitted helminths . Sophisticated tests such as serological assays , antigen tests , and molecular diagnosis are also available ; however , they are time - consuming , expensive and not always reliable . Prevention ( edit ) Disrupting the cycle of the worm will prevent infestation and re-infestation . Prevention of infection can largely be achieved by addressing the issues of WASH -- water , sanitation and hygiene . The reduction of open defecation is particularly called for , as is stopping the use of human waste as fertilizer . Further preventive measures include adherence to appropriate food hygiene , wearing of shoes , regular deworming of pets , and the proper disposal of their feces . Scientists are also searching for a vaccine against helminths , such as a hookworm vaccine . Treatment ( edit ) Medications ( edit ) Main article : Anthelmintic Broad - spectrum benzimidazoles ( such as albendazole and mebendazole ) are the first line treatment of intestinal roundworm and tapeworm infections . Macrocyclic lactones ( such as ivermectin ) are effective against adult and migrating larval stages of nematodes . Praziquantel is the drug of choice for schistosomiasis , taeniasis , and most types of food - borne trematodiases . Oxamniquine is also widely used in mass deworming programmes . Pyrantel is commonly used for veterinary nematodiasis . Artemisinins and derivatives are proving to be candidates as drugs of choice for trematodiasis .",
"8": "Mass deworming ( edit ) Main article : Mass deworming In regions where helminthiasis is common , mass deworming treatments may be performed , particularly among school - age children , who are a high - risk group . Most of these initiatives are undertaken by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) with positive outcomes in many regions . Deworming programs can improve school attendance by 25 percent . Although deworming improves the health of an individual , outcomes from mass deworming campaigns , such as reduced deaths or increases in cognitive ability , nutritional benefits , physical growth , and performance , are uncertain or not apparent . Surgery ( edit ) Example of ascariasis ( ascaris infection ) - Difficult surgical procedure in South Africa on a gangrenous piece of bowel that had to be cut out ; live ascaris worms are emerging . Piece of intestine , blocked by worms , surgically removed from a 3 - year - old boy in South Africa . If complications of helminthiasis , such as intestinal obstruction occur , emergency surgery may be required . Patients who require non-emergency surgery , for instance for removal of worms from the biliary tree , can be pre-treated with the anthelmintic drug albendazole . Epidemiology ( edit ) Areas with the highest prevalence of helminthiasis are tropical and subtropical areas including sub-Saharan Africa , central and east Asia , and the Americas . Neglected Tropical diseases ( edit ) Some types of helminthiases are classified as neglected tropical diseases .",
"9": "They include : Soil - transmitted helminthiases Roundworm infections such as lymphatic filariasis , dracunculiasis , and onchocerciasis Trematode infections , such as schistosomiasis , and food - borne trematodiases , including fascioliasis , clonorchiasis , opisthorchiasis , and paragonimiasis Tapeworm infections such as cysticercosis , taeniasis , and echinococcosis Prevalence ( edit ) The soil - transmitted helminths ( A. lumbricoides , T. trichiura , N. americanus , A. duodenale ) , schistosomes , and filarial worms collectively infect more than a quarter of the human population worldwide at any one time , far surpassing HIV and malaria together . Schistosomiasis is the second most prevalent parasitic disease of humans after malaria . In 2014 -- 15 , the WHO estimated that approximately 2 billion people were infected with soil - transmitted helminthiases , 249 million with schistosomiasis , 56 million people with food - borne trematodiasis , 120 million with lymphatic filariasis , 37 million people with onchocerciasis , and 1 million people with echinococcosis . Another source estimated a much higher figure of 3.5 billion infected with one or more soil - transmitted helminths . In 2014 , only 148 people were reported to have dracunculiasis because of a successful eradication campaign for that particular helminth , which is easier to eradicate than other helminths as it is transmitted only by drinking contaminated water . Because of their high mobility and lower standards of hygiene , school - age children are particularly vulnerable to helminthiasis . Most children from developing nations will have at least one infestation . Multi-species infections are very common . Variations within communities ( edit ) Even in areas of high prevalence , the frequency and severity of infection is not uniform within communities or families . A small proportion of community members harbour the majority of worms , and this depends on age . The maximum worm burden is at five to ten years of age , declining rapidly thereafter .",
"10": "Individual predisposition to helminthiasis for people with the same sanitation infrastructure and hygiene behavior is thought to result from differing immunocompetence , nutritional status , and genetic factors . Because individuals are predisposed to a high or a low worm burden , the burden reacquired after successful treatment is proportional to that before treatment . Disability - adjusted life years ( edit ) It is estimated that intestinal nematode infections cause 5 million disability - adjusted life years ( DALYS ) to be lost , of which hookworm infections account for more than 3 million DALYS and ascaris infections more than 1 million . There are also signs of progress : The Global Burden of Disease Study published in 2015 estimates a 46 percent ( 59 percent when age standardised ) reduction in years lived with disability ( YLD ) for the 13 - year time period from 1990 to 2013 for all intestinal / nematode infections , and even a 74 percent ( 80 percent when age standardised ) reduction in YLD from ascariasis . Deaths ( edit ) As many as 135,000 die annually from soil transmitted helminthiasis . The 1990 -- 2013 Global Burden of Disease Study estimated 5,500 direct deaths from schistosomiasis , while more than 200,000 people were estimated in 2013 to die annually from causes related to schistosomiasis . Another 20 million have severe consequences from the disease . It is the most deadly of the neglected tropical diseases . Helminth genera Common name Infections ( million per year ) Direct deaths per year Regions where common Soil transmitted helminthiasis ( STH ) ( classified as neglected tropical disease ) : Ascaris lumbricoides Roundworm 1000 to 1450 807 to 1,121 20,000 Many regions of South - east Asia , Africa , and Central and South America Trichuris trichiura Whipworm 500 604 -- 795 In moist , warm , tropical regions of Asia , Africa , Central and South America , and the Caribbean islands .",
"11": "Ancylostoma duodenale Hookworm 900 to 1300 576 -- 740 ( hookworm in general ) In tropical and subtropical countries ( Sub-Saharan Africa ) Necator americanus Strongyloides stercoralis Hookworm , pinworm 50 to 100 Thousands In moist rainy areas of the tropics and subtropics , in some areas of southern and eastern Europe and of the United States of America All STH together 1500 to 2000 135,000 Tropical and subtropical areas , in particular sub-Saharan Africa , the Americas , China and east Asia . Not transmitted via soil but classified as neglected tropical disease : Schistosoma mansoni Blood fluke All types of Schistosoma together : 160 to 200 ( 210 `` affected '' ) 12,000 150,000 deaths from renal failure 200,000 indirect deaths from `` causes related to '' Schistosomiasis In tropical and subtropical regions Schistosoma haematobium 112 ( in Sub-Saharan Africa alone ) Echinococcus granulosus Developing countries Not transmitted via soil and not classified as neglected tropical disease : Toxocara canis Dog roundworm 50 Many regions of South - east Asia , Africa , and Central and South America Taenia solium Pork tapeworm 50 South America , Southeast Asia , West Africa and East Africa Taenia saginata Beef tapeworm 50 ( all types of Taenia : 40 to 60 ) Hymenolepis nana Dwarf tapeworm 100 Hymenolepis diminuta Rat tapeworm Fasciola hepatica , Fascioloides magna Liver fluke 50 Largely in southern and eastern Asia but also in central and eastern Europe Fasciolopsis buski Giant intestinal fluke Dracunculus medinensis Guinea worm Nowadays negligible thanks to eradication program Formerly widespread in India , west Africa and southern Sudan Trichostrongylus orientalis Roundworm 1 -- 3 ( `` several '' ) Rural communities in Asia Other 100 Worldwide Total ( number of infections ) Approx .",
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"22": "Jump up ^ Magill , Alan ( 2013 ) . Hunter 's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases ( 9th ed . ) . New York : Saunders . p. 804 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 4390 - 4 . Jump up ^ de Silva , N. ; Hotez , P.J. ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 : Interpretation and Implications for the Neglected Tropical Diseases '' . PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases . 8 ( 7 ) : e2865 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pntd. 0002865 . ISSN 1935 - 2735 . Jump up ^ Vos , T. ; Barber , R.M. ; et al. ( 2015 ) . `` Global , regional , and national incidence , prevalence , and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries , 1990 -- 2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 '' . The Lancet . 386 : 743 -- 800 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 15 ) 60692 - 4 . ISSN 0140 - 6736 . PMC 4561509 . PMID 26063472 . ^ Jump up to : Lustigman S. ; Prichard R.K. ; Gazzinelli A. ; Grant W.N. ; Boatin B.A. ; McCarthy J.S. ; Basáñez M.G. ( 2012 ) . `` A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans : the problem of helminthiases '' . PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases . 6 ( 4 ) : e1582 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pntd. 0001582 . PMC 3335854 . PMID 22545164 . ^ Jump up to : Yap P. ; Fürst T. ; Müller I. ; Kriemler S. ; Utzinger J. ; Steinmann P.",
"23": "( 2012 ) . `` Determining soil - transmitted helminth infection status and physical fitness of school - aged children '' . Journal of Visualized Experiments. 66 : e3966 . doi : 10.3791 / 3966 . PMC 3486755 . PMID 22951972 . Jump up ^ Naghavi , M. ; Wang , H. ; et al. ( 2015 ) . `` Global , regional , and national age -- sex specific all - cause and cause - specific mortality for 240 causes of death , 1990 -- 2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 '' . The Lancet . 385 ( 9963 ) : 117 -- 171 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 14 ) 61682 - 2 . ISSN 0140 - 6736 . PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442 . ^ Jump up to : Thétiot - Laurent , S.A. ; Boissier , J. ; Robert , A. ; Meunier , B. ( 27 June 2013 ) . `` Schistosomiasis Chemotherapy '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English . 52 ( 31 ) : 7936 -- 56 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 201208390 . PMID 23813602 . Jump up ^ Kheir M.M. ; Eltoum I.A. ; Saad A.M. ; Ali M.M. ; Baraka O.Z. ; Homeida M.M. ( February 1999 ) . `` Mortality due to schistosomiasis mansoni : a field study in Sudan '' . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 60 ( 2 ) : 307 -- 10 . PMID 10072156 . Jump up ^ `` Neglected Tropical Diseases '' . cdc.gov. 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Parasites -- Soil - transmitted Helminths ( STHs ) '' .",
"24": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . 10 January 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Blanca Jiménez ( 2006 ) Irrigation in developing countries using Wastewater , International Review for Environmental Strategies , 6 ( 2 ) : 229 -- 250 . ^ Jump up to : B. Jiménez ( 2007 ) Helminth ova removal from wastewater for agriculture and aquaculture reuse . Water Sciences & Technology , 55 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 485 -- 493 . ^ Jump up to : I. Navarro , B. Jiménez , E. Cifuentes and S. Lucario ( 2009 ) Application of helminth ova infection dose curve to estimate the risks associated with biosolid application on soil , Journal of Water and Health 31 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : Blanca Jiménez , Inés Navarro ( 2013 ) Wastewater Use in Agriculture : Public Health Considerations . Encyclopedia of Environmental Management . Ed. , Vol. IV , Dr. Sven Erik Jorgensen ( Ed . ) , DOI : 10.1081 / E-EEM - 120046689 Copyright © 2012 by Taylor & Francis . Group , New York , NY , pp 3,512 . ^ Jump up to : UN ( 2003 ) Water for People Water for Life . The United Nations World Water Development Report , UNESCOEd , Barcelona , Spain . ^ Jump up to : WHO ( 1995 ) WHO Model Prescribing Information : Drug Use in Parasitic Diseases . WHO , Geneva , Switzerland . ^ Jump up to : WHO ( 2006 ) . WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater , Excreta and Greywater -- Volume IV : Excreta and greywater use in agriculture . World Health Organization ( WHO ) , Geneva , Switzerland Jump up ^ `` Parasites -- Hookworm '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Fenwick , A ( Mar 2012 ) . `` The global burden of neglected tropical diseases '' . Public health . 126 ( 3 ) : 233 -- 6 .",
"25": "doi : 10.1016 / j. puhe. 2011.11. 015 . PMID 22325616 . Jump up ^ Lozano , R. ; Naghavi , M. ; Foreman , K. ; Lim , S. ; Shibuya , K. ; Aboyans , V. ; Abraham , J. ; Adair , T. ; et al. ( 15 December 2012 ) . `` Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 '' . Lancet . 380 ( 9859 ) : 2095 -- 128 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 12 ) 61728 - 0 . PMID 23245604 . ^ Jump up to : Luke F. Pennington and Michael H. Hsieh ( 2014 ) Immune Response to Parasitic Infections , Bentham e books , Vol 2 , pp. 93 -- 124 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60805 - 148 - 9 Jump up ^ Elisabetta Profumo , Alessandra Ludovisi , Brigitta Buttari , Maria , Angeles Gomez Morales and Rachele Riganò ( 2014 ) Immune Response to Parasitic Infections , Bentham e books , Bentham Science Publishers , Vol 2 , pp. 69 -- 91 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60805 - 148 - 9 Jump up ^ Eckert , J. ( 2005 ) . `` Helminths '' . In Kayser , F.H. ; Bienz , K.A. ; Eckert , J. ; Zinkernagel , R.M. Medical Microbiology . Stuttgart : Thieme . pp. 560 -- 562 . ISBN 9781588902450 . Jump up ^ `` Dracunculiasis ( guinea - worm disease ) Fact sheet N ° 359 ( Revised ) '' . World Health Organization . February 2016 . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Information at WHO European Commission Center for Disease",
"26": "Control and Prevention Global Atlas of Helminth Infections Infectious diseases Parasitic disease : helminthiases B65 -- B83 120 -- 129 Flatworm / platyhelminth infection Fluke / trematode ( Trematode infection ) Blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni / japonicum / mekongi / haematobium Schistosomiasis Trichobilharzia regenti Swimmer 's itch Liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis Clonorchiasis Dicrocoelium dendriticum / Dicrocoelium hospes Dicrocoeliasis Fasciola hepatica / gigantica Fasciolosis Opisthorchis viverrini / Opisthorchis felineus Opisthorchiasis Lung fluke Paragonimus westermani / Paragonimus kellicotti Paragonimiasis Intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski Fasciolopsiasis Metagonimus yokagawai Metagonimiasis Heterophyes heterophyes Heterophyiasis Cestoda ( Tapeworm infection ) Cyclophyllidea Echinococcus granulosus / Echinococcus multilocularis Echinococcosis Taenia saginata / Taenia asiatica / Taenia solium ( pork ) Taeniasis / Cysticercosis Hymenolepis nana / Hymenolepis diminuta Hymenolepiasis Pseudophyllidea Diphyllobothrium latum",
"27": "Diphyllobothriasis Spirometra erinaceieuropaei Sparganosis Diphyllobothrium mansonoides Sparganosis Roundworm / Nematode infection Secernentea Spiruria Camallanida Dracunculus medinensis Dracunculiasis Spirurida Filarioidea ( Filariasis ) Onchocerca volvulus Onchocerciasis Loa loa Loa loa filariasis Mansonella Mansonelliasis Dirofilaria repens Dirofilaria immitis Dirofilariasis Wuchereria bancrofti / Brugia malayi / Brugia timori Lymphatic filariasis Thelazioidea Gnathostoma spinigerum / Gnathostoma hispidum Gnathostomiasis Thelazia Thelaziasis Spiruroidea Gongylonema Strongylida ( hookworm ) Hookworm infection Ancylostoma duodenale / Ancylostoma braziliense Ancylostomiasis Cutaneous larva migrans Necator americanus Necatoriasis Angiostrongylus cantonensis Angiostrongyliasis Metastrongylus Metastrongylosis Ascaridida Ascaris lumbricoides Ascariasis Anisakis Anisakiasis Toxocara canis / Toxocara cati Visceral larva migrans / Toxocariasis",
"28": "Baylisascaris Dioctophyme renale Dioctophymosis Parascaris equorum Rhabditida Strongyloides stercoralis Strongyloidiasis Trichostrongylus spp . Trichostrongyliasis Halicephalobus gingivalis Oxyurida Enterobius vermicularis Enterobiasis Pinworm Adenophorea Trichinella spiralis Trichinosis Trichuris trichiura ( Trichuriasis * Whipworm ) Capillaria philippinensis Intestinal capillariasis Capillaria hepatica Diseases of poverty Diseases of poverty AIDS Malaria Tuberculosis Measles Pneumonia Diarrheal diseases Neglected diseases Cholera Chagas disease African sleeping sickness Schistosomiasis Dracunculiasis River blindness Leishmaniasis Trachoma Miscellaneous Malnutrition Priority review voucher Biology portal Medicine portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helminthiasis&oldid=836695014 '' Categories : Helminthiases Foodborne illnesses Ascaridida Neglected diseases Conditions diagnosed by stool test Intestinal infectious diseases Abdominal pain Sanitation Hidden categories : Infobox medical condition Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano Қазақша Кыргызча Polski Português Русский Tagalog Українська 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 09 : 41 .",
"29": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when does the men's worlds curling start
|
[
"March 31",
"March 31"
] |
{
"0": "2018 World Men 's Curling Championship - wikipedia 2018 World Men 's Curling Championship Jump to : navigation , search 2018 World Men 's Curling Championship Host city Las Vegas , Nevada Arena Orleans Arena Dates March 31 -- April 8 , 2018 Attendance 74,829 Winner Sweden Curling club Karlstads CK , Karlstad Skip Niklas Edin Third Oskar Eriksson Second Rasmus Wranå Lead Christoffer Sundgren Alternate Henrik Leek Finalist Canada ( Brad Gushue ) `` 2017 2019 '' The 2018 World Men 's Curling Championship ( branded as the 361 _̊ World Men 's Curling Championship 2018 for sponsorship reasons ) was held from March 31 to April 8 , 2018 at Orleans Arena , on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada , United States . In a rematch of the 2017 gold medal game , the Swedish team led by Niklas Edin beat the defending champion Canadian team led by Brad Gushue to win the championship .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualification 2 Teams 3 Round robin standings 3.1 WCT ranking 4 Round robin results 4.1 Draw 1 4.2 Draw 2 4.3 Draw 3 4.4 Draw 4 4.5 Draw 5 4.6 Draw 6 4.7 Draw 7 4.8 Draw 8 4.9 Draw 9 4.10 Draw 10 4.11 Draw 11 4.12 Draw 12 4.13 Draw 13 4.14 Draw 14 4.15 Draw 15 4.16 Draw 16 4.17 Draw 17 4.18 Draw 18 4.19 Draw 19 4.20 Draw 20 5 Playoffs 5.1 Qualification Games 5.2 Semifinal 1 5.3 Semifinal 2 5.4 Bronze Medal Game 5.5 Gold Medal Game 6 Statistics 6.1 Top 5 Player percentages 6.2 Perfect games 7 References 8 External links Qualification ( edit ) The following nations are qualified to participate in the 2018 World Men 's Curling Championship : United States ( host country ) One team from the Americas zone Canada ( winner of the 2018 Americas Challenge ) Eight teams from the 2017 European Curling Championships Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland Three teams from the 2017 Pacific - Asia Curling Championships China Japan South Korea Teams ( edit ) Canada China Germany Italy Japan Bally Haly G&CC & St. John 's CC , St.",
"2": "John 's Skip : Brad Gushue Third : Mark Nichols Second : Brett Gallant Lead : Geoff Walker Alternate : Thomas Sallows Harbin CC , Harbin Skip : Zou Dejia Third : Zou Qiang Second : Xu Jingtao Lead : Shao Zhilin Alternate : Ma Yanlong Baden Hills G&CC , Rheinmünster Skip : Alexander Baumann Third : Manuel Walter Second : Daniel Herberg Lead : Sebastian Schweizer Alternate : Ryan Sherrard A.S.D. Trentino Curling , Cembra Fourth : Amos Mosaner Skip : Joël Retornaz Second : Andrea Pilzer Lead : Daniele Ferrazza Alternate : Fabio Ribotta Sapporo CA , Sapporo Fourth : Go Aoki Skip : Masaki Iwai Second : Ryotaro Shukuya Lead : Yutaka Aoyama Alternate : Koji Nisato Netherlands Norway Russia Scotland South Korea CC PWA Zoetermeer , Zoetermeer Skip : Jaap van Dorp Third : Wouter Gösgens Second : Laurens Hoekman Lead : Carlo Glasbergen Alternate : Alexander Magan Oppdal CC , Oppdal Skip : Steffen Walstad Third : Markus Høiberg Second : Magnus Nedregotten Lead : Magnus Vågberg Alternate : Steffen Mellemseter Adamant CC , Saint Petersburg Skip : Alexey Timofeev Third : Sergey Glukhov Second : Artur Razhabov Lead : Evgeny Klimov Alternate : Artem Shmakov Gogar Park CC , Edinburgh Skip : Bruce Mouat Third : Grant Hardie Second : Bobby Lammie Lead : Hammy McMillan Jr .",
"3": "Alternate : Ross Paterson Uiseong CC , Uiseong Skip : Kim Chang - min Third : Seong Se - hyeon Second : Oh Eun - su Lead : Lee Ki - bok Alternate : Kim Min - chan Sweden Switzerland United States Karlstads CK , Karlstad Skip : Niklas Edin Third : Oskar Eriksson Second : Rasmus Wranå Lead : Christoffer Sundgren Alternate : Henrik Leek CC Bern , Bern Skip : Marc Pfister Third : Enrico Pfister Second : Raphael Märki Lead : Simon Gempeler Alternate : Jan Hess St. Paul CC , St. Paul Fourth : Greg Persinger Skip : Rich Ruohonen Second : Colin Hufman Lead : Philip Tilker Alternate : Christopher Plys Round robin standings ( edit ) Final Round Robin Standings Key Teams to Playoffs Country Skip PF PA Ends Won Ends Lost Blank Ends Stolen Ends Shot Pct .",
"4": "Sweden Niklas Edin 11 79 44 45 40 20 7 88 % Scotland Bruce Mouat 11 92 53 53 41 11 16 86 % Canada Brad Gushue 9 86 55 51 41 11 14 87 % South Korea Kim Chang - min 7 5 84 71 48 48 17 9 83 % Norway Steffen Walstad 7 5 78 72 53 44 15 16 86 % United States Rich Ruohonen 6 6 65 66 48 46 25 11 84 % Switzerland Marc Pfister 6 6 75 82 53 47 17 13 81 % Italy Joël Retornaz 5 7 79 76 47 48 15 9 81 % Russia Alexey Timofeev 5 7 71 85 48 51 16 12 80 % Netherlands Jaap van Dorp 8 66 77 46 55 17 5 81 % Japan Masaki Iwai 9 60 87 41 51 15 6 78 % China Zou Dejia 9 60 84 46 51 14 9 81 % Germany Alexander Baumann 11 53 96 41 57 11 78 % WCT ranking ( edit ) Year to date World Curling Tour order of merit ranking for each team prior to the event .",
"5": "Nation ( Skip ) Rank Points Sweden ( Edin ) 455.02 Canada ( Gushue ) 431.42 Scotland ( Mouat ) 7 285.29 South Korea ( Kim ) 13 238.06 Norway ( Walstad ) 16 200.67 United States ( Ruohonen ) 21 162.77 Switzerland ( Pfister ) 34 114.24 Germany ( Baumann ) 42 94.76 Italy ( Retornaz ) 49 84.00 Netherlands ( van Dorp ) 50 82.52 China ( Zou ) 86 45.28 Russia ( Timofeev ) 145 21.15 Japan ( Iwai ) 682 0.00 Round robin results ( edit ) All draw times are listed in Pacific Daylight Time ( UTC − 7 : 00 ) . Draw 1 ( edit ) Saturday , March 31 ,",
"6": "13 : 30 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Sweden ( Edin ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Germany ( Baumann ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Netherlands ( van Dorp ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 7 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final China ( Zou ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Switzerland ( Pfister ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Russia ( Timofeev ) 0 0 0 0 X 6 Canada ( Gushue ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 7 Draw 2 ( edit ) Saturday , March 31 ,",
"7": "18 : 30 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Norway ( Walstad ) 0 0 0 0 X X 10 Italy ( Retornaz ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final United States ( Ruohonen ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Japan ( Iwai ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada ( Gushue ) 0 0 0 0 0 7 Scotland ( Mouat ) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Sweden ( Edin ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X 7 Switzerland ( Pfister ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X Draw 3 ( edit ) Sunday , April 1 ,",
"8": "08 : 30 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Russia ( Timofeev ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 China ( Zou ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Norway ( Walstad ) 0 0 X X X 8 Germany ( Baumann ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X X Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Japan ( Iwai ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X X South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 X X X 9 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final United States ( Ruohonen ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands ( van Dorp ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 Draw 4 ( edit ) Sunday , April 1 ,",
"9": "13 : 30 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 7 United States ( Ruohonen ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Scotland ( Mouat ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Italy ( Retornaz ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Netherlands ( van Dorp ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X Sweden ( Edin ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Japan ( Iwai ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X Norway ( Walstad ) 0 0 0 0 X 8 Draw 5 ( edit ) Sunday , April 1 ,",
"10": "18 : 30 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Scotland ( Mouat ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 Sweden ( Edin ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada ( Gushue ) 0 0 X X X X 7 Switzerland ( Pfister ) 0 0 0 0 X X X X Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Italy ( Retornaz ) 0 0 0 0 0 9 Russia ( Timofeev ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final China ( Zou ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Germany ( Baumann ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Draw 6 ( edit ) Monday , April 2 , 08 : 30 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Japan ( Iwai ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Netherlands ( van Dorp ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Norway ( Walstad ) 0 0 0 0 0 7 United States ( Ruohonen ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Draw 7 ( edit ) Monday , April 2 ,",
"11": "13 : 30 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Italy ( Retornaz ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Canada ( Gushue ) 0 0 0 0 8 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 X China ( Zou ) 0 0 0 0 X 9 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Switzerland ( Pfister ) 0 0 0 0 0 7 Germany ( Baumann ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Scotland ( Mouat ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 United States ( Ruohonen ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Draw 8 ( edit ) Monday , April 2 ,",
"12": "18 : 30 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Germany ( Baumann ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Netherlands ( van Dorp ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Russia ( Timofeev ) 0 0 0 0 0 10 Norway ( Walstad ) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final China ( Zou ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X Japan ( Iwai ) 0 0 0 0 0 X 7 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sweden ( Edin ) 0 0 0 0 0 5 Draw 9 ( edit ) Tuesday , April 3 ,",
"13": "08 : 30 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Japan ( Iwai ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Russia ( Timofeev ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Germany ( Baumann ) 0 0 0 0 X X Scotland ( Mouat ) 0 0 0 0 X X 9 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Canada ( Gushue ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Switzerland ( Pfister ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 Italy ( Retornaz ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Draw 10 ( edit ) Tuesday , April 3 ,",
"14": "13 : 30 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final China ( Zou ) 0 0 0 0 0 5 Norway ( Walstad ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final United States ( Ruohonen ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X X Sweden ( Edin ) 0 0 0 0 X X X 7 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Scotland ( Mouat ) 0 0 0 X X 8 Netherlands ( van Dorp ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada ( Gushue ) 0 0 X X X X 9 Japan ( Iwai ) 0 0 0 0 X X X X Draw 11 ( edit ) Tuesday , April 3 ,",
"15": "18 : 30 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Switzerland ( Pfister ) 0 0 0 0 12 South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final China ( Zou ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 Italy ( Retornaz ) 0 0 0 0 5 X 11 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Sweden ( Edin ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Norway ( Walstad ) 0 0 0 0 0 5 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Germany ( Baumann ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Russia ( Timofeev ) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Draw 12 ( edit ) Wednesday , April 4 ,",
"16": "08 : 30 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Sweden ( Edin ) 0 0 0 X X X X 9 Italy ( Retornaz ) 0 0 0 X X X X Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Norway ( Walstad ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X X Canada ( Gushue ) 0 0 0 X X X 8 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final United States ( Ruohonen ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Russia ( Timofeev ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X X Scotland ( Mouat ) 0 0 0 0 X X X 7 Draw 13 ( edit ) Wednesday , April 4 ,",
"17": "13 : 30 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final United States ( Ruohonen ) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Germany ( Baumann ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Switzerland ( Pfister ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Russia ( Timofeev ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Japan ( Iwai ) 0 0 0 0 X X 6 Italy ( Retornaz ) 0 0 0 0 X X 10 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Netherlands ( van Dorp ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 China ( Zou ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Draw 14 ( edit ) Wednesday , April 4 ,",
"18": "18 : 30 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Netherlands ( van Dorp ) 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 Canada ( Gushue ) 0 0 0 0 X 8 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Scotland ( Mouat ) 0 0 X X X 9 Japan ( Iwai ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X X Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Germany ( Baumann ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 10 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Norway ( Walstad ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Switzerland ( Pfister ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Draw 15 ( edit ) Thursday , April 5 ,",
"19": "08 : 30 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Norway ( Walstad ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Scotland ( Mouat ) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Sweden ( Edin ) 0 0 X X X 10 China ( Zou ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X X Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Netherlands ( van Dorp ) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Switzerland ( Pfister ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Italy ( Retornaz ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Draw 16 ( edit ) Thursday , April 5 ,",
"20": "13 : 30 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Germany ( Baumann ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X Japan ( Iwai ) 0 0 0 0 X 8 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Italy ( Retornaz ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 United States ( Ruohonen ) 0 0 0 0 0 5 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada ( Gushue ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 7 China ( Zou ) 0 0 0 0 0 X Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Sweden ( Edin ) 0 0 0 0 0 X 7 Russia ( Timofeev ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X Draw 17 ( edit ) Thursday , April 5 ,",
"21": "18 : 30 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada ( Gushue ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 United States ( Ruohonen ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Netherlands ( van Dorp ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Norway ( Walstad ) 0 0 0 0 0 7 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Russia ( Timofeev ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X X Scotland ( Mouat ) 0 0 X X X 7 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Switzerland ( Pfister ) 0 0 0 0 0 10 Japan ( Iwai ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Draw 18 ( edit ) Friday , April 6 ,",
"22": "08 : 30 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Scotland ( Mouat ) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Switzerland ( Pfister ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada ( Gushue ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Sweden ( Edin ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Italy ( Retornaz ) 0 0 0 X X 11 Germany ( Baumann ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final United States ( Ruohonen ) 0 0 0 0 0 7 China ( Zou ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Draw 19 ( edit ) Friday , April 6 ,",
"23": "13 : 30 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Japan ( Iwai ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X Sweden ( Edin ) 0 0 0 0 0 X 7 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final China ( Zou ) 0 0 0 X X X Scotland ( Mouat ) 6 0 0 0 0 X X X 9 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Norway ( Walstad ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Russia ( Timofeev ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 Netherlands ( van Dorp ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Draw 20 ( edit ) Friday , April 6 ,",
"24": "18 : 30 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Italy ( Retornaz ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 Netherlands ( van Dorp ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Russia ( Timofeev ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 X X 9 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Switzerland ( Pfister ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 United States ( Ruohonen ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Germany ( Baumann ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X X X Canada ( Gushue ) 0 X X X X 8 Playoffs ( edit ) Qualification Games Semifinals Gold Medal Game Sweden 9 South Korea 7 South Korea 8 5 Norway 5 Sweden 7 Canada Scotland 5 Canada 6 Canada 9 6 United States Bronze Medal Game Scotland 11 South Korea Qualification Games ( edit ) Saturday , April 7 ,",
"25": "08 : 30 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 7 Norway ( Walstad ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Player percentages South Korea Norway Lee Ki - bok 84 % Magnus Vågberg 81 % Oh Eun - su 83 % Magnus Nedregotten 83 % Seong Se - hyeon 83 % Markus Høiberg 73 % Kim Chang - min 85 % Steffen Walstad 80 % Total 84 % Total 79 % Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada ( Gushue ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 United States ( Ruohonen ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Player percentages Canada United States Geoff Walker 88 % Philip Tilker 80 % Brett Gallant 73 % Colin Hufman 79 % Mark Nichols 93 % Rich Ruohonen 85 % Brad Gushue 91 % Greg Persinger 81 % Total 86 % Total 81 % Semifinal 1 ( edit ) Saturday , April 7 ,",
"26": "13 : 30 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Sweden ( Edin ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Player percentages Sweden South Korea Christoffer Sundgren 76 % Lee Ki - bok 87 % Rasmus Wranå 84 % Oh Eun - su 83 % Oskar Eriksson 97 % Seong Se - hyeon 75 % Niklas Edin 83 % Kim Chang - min 70 % Total 85 % Total 79 % Semifinal 2 ( edit ) Saturday , April 7 , 18 : 30 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Scotland ( Mouat ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 Canada ( Gushue ) 0 0 0 X 9 Player percentages Scotland Canada Hammy McMillan Jr . 92 % Geoff Walker 79 % Bobby Lammie 82 % Brett Gallant 88 % Grant Hardie 86 % Mark Nichols 82 % Bruce Mouat 65 % Brad Gushue 94 % Total 81 % Total 86 % Bronze Medal Game ( edit ) Sunday , April 8 , 12 : 00 Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Scotland ( Mouat ) 0 0 0 X X 11 South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X Player percentages Scotland South Korea Hammy McMillan Jr .",
"27": "71 % Lee Ki - bok 100 % Bobby Lammie 97 % Oh Eun - su 85 % Grant Hardie 89 % Seong Se - hyeon 65 % Bruce Mouat 92 % Kim Chang - min 72 % Total 87 % Total 80 % Gold Medal Game ( edit ) Sunday , April 8 , 17 : 00 Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Sweden ( Edin ) 0 0 0 0 X X 7 Canada ( Gushue ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X Player percentages Sweden Canada Christoffer Sundgren 88 % Geoff Walker 88 % Rasmus Wranå 92 % Brett Gallant 94 % Oskar Eriksson 88 % Mark Nichols 91 % Niklas Edin 95 % Brad Gushue 80 % Total 91 % Total 88 % Statistics ( edit ) Top 5 Player percentages ( edit ) Round robin only Leads % Geoff Walker 91 Hammy McMillan Jr .",
"28": "91 Christoffer Sundgren 90 Magnus Vågberg 90 Lee Ki - bok 89 Seconds % Bobby Lammie 88 Magnus Nedregotten 88 Rasmus Wranå 87 Brett Gallant 86 Oh Eun - su 85 Thirds % Mark Nichols 87 Oskar Eriksson 86 Rich Ruohonen 86 Markus Høiberg 85 Grant Hardie 84 Skips % Niklas Edin 90 Brad Gushue 85 Greg Persinger 83 Bruce Mouat 82 Steffen Walstad 82 Perfect games ( edit ) Player Team Position Opponent Lee Ki - bok South Korea Lead China South Korea Lead Scotland Evgeny Klimov Russia Lead Sweden Evgeny Klimov Russia Lead South Korea Hammy McMillan Jr . Scotland Lead China Shao Zhilin China Lead Scotland Daniel Herberg Germany Second Scotland Magnus Nedregotten Norway Second Scotland Seong Se - hyeon South Korea Third Russia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sweden 's Edin wins world curling championship with 7 - 3 win over Canada 's Gushue '' . Vancourier.com. 2018 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ http://www.curling-verband.de/news/3avvkx.html Jump up ^ `` dettaglio - squadra - naz - FISG - Federazione Italiana Sport del Ghiaccio '' . Fisg.it . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Nederland Wint Goud op WCT Moscow Classic ( nieuws ) - Nederlandse Curling Bond '' . Curling.nl . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Flamboyant Ulsrud back on the medal trail - Olympic News '' . Olympic.org.",
"29": "2018 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ https://www.lasvegascurling.rocks/gold-rush-continues Jump up ^ http://www.worldcurl.com/oom/oom.php?task=week&orderby=ytd&oomid=82&eventyear=2017&week=31 Jump up ^ `` Official Draw '' . World Curling Federation . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://odf2.worldcurling.co/data/CUR_WMCC2018P/Men's_Teams/C84C~Shot_Success_Percentage_by_Position.pdf External links ( edit ) `` 2018 World Men 's Curling Championship '' . World Curling Federation . World Curling Championships Men 's 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Women 's 1979 1980 1981 1982",
"30": "1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Mixed Doubles 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Mixed 2015 2016 2017 Wheelchair 2002 2005 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016 2017 2017 -- 18 curling season `` 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 '' Grand Slam events Men 's slams Tour Challenge Masters National Canadian Open Elite 10 Players ' Championship Champions Cup Women 's slams Tour Challenge Masters National Canadian Open Players ' Championship Champions Cup Season of Champions Canadian Olympic Curling Trials Continental Cup of Curling Canadian Junior Curling Championships Tournament of Hearts Tim Hortons Brier World Women 's Curling",
"31": "Championship Other CCA - sanctioned events Canadian Mixed Curling Championship Travelers Curling Club Championship Canadian Mixed Doubles Curling Olympic Trials Canadian Senior Curling Championships CCAA Curling National Championships U Sports / Curling Canada University Curling Championships Canadian Wheelchair Curling Championship Canadian Mixed Doubles Curling Championship Canadian Masters Curling Championships Canadian U18 Curling Championships Other international events Everest Curling Challenge World Mixed Curling Championship Pacific - Asia Curling Championships European Curling Championships 2017 Olympic Qualification Event World Junior B Curling Championships 2018 Winter Olympics ( M , W , XD ) World Junior Curling Championships 2018 Winter Paralympics World Men 's Curling Championship World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship World Senior Curling Championships World Curling Tour List of teams on the 2017 -- 18 World Curling Tour Men 's tour Hokkaido Bank Curling Classic Icebreaker at The Granite Baden Masters Stu Sells Oakville Tankard Tallinn Challenger Oakville Fall Classic Shorty Jenkins Classic King Cash Spiel Mother Club Fall Curling Classic KW Fall Classic Lakeshore Curling Club Cashspiel College Clean Restoration Curling Classic Swiss Cup Basel Prestige Hotels & Resorts Curling Classic KKP Classic Avonair Cash Spiel Direct Horizontal Drilling Fall Classic StuSells Toronto Tankard St. Paul Cash Spiel Man Curl Tour Classic Canad Inns Men 's Classic McKee Homes Fall Curling Classic Stroud Sleeman Cash Spiel Atkins Curling Supplies Classic Kalamazoo Men 's Classic Challenge de Curling de Gatineau Curling Masters Champéry Medicine Hat Charity Classic Crown of Curling Dakota Challenger Spiel Dave Jones Alexander Keith 's Mayflower Cash Spiel Huron ReproGraphics Oil Heritage Classic Grande Prairie Cash Spiel Latvia International Challenger Ashley Home Store Curling Classic CookstownCash presented by Comco Canada Inc .",
"32": "Fort Garry Industries Bonspiel Original 16 WCT Bonspiel Fort St. John Cash Spiel DeKalb Superspiel Red Deer Curling Classic Fort Wayne Mad Anthony CashSpiel Challenge Casino de Charlevoix Driving Force Abbotsford Cashspiel Dawson Creek Cash Spiel Black Diamond / High River Cash The Sunova Spiel at East St. Paul Spitfire Arms Cash Spiel WFG Jim Sullivan Curling Classic Thistle Integrity Stakes Brantford Nissan Men 's Classic Curl Mesabi Classic Peace River Cash Spiel Karuizawa International King Spud Classic Dumfries Challenger Series US Open of Curling Mercure Perth Masters Ed Werenich Golden Wrench Classic Peace Tour Championship Brandon Men 's Bonspiel German Masters Black Swamp Cash Spiel Aberdeen International Curling Championship Women 's tour CCT Arctic Cup Hokkaido Bank Curling Classic Icebreaker at The Granite Stu Sells Oakville Tankard Oakville Fall Classic The Shoot - Out Shorty Jenkins Classic King Cash Spiel Colonial Square Ladies Classic Mother Club Fall Curling Classic KW Fall Classic Lakeshore Curling Club Cashspiel Stockholm Ladies Curling Cup Prestige Hotels & Resorts Curling Classic Avonair Cash Spiel Autumn Gold Curling Classic Women 's Masters Basel StuSells Toronto Tankard St. Paul Cash Spiel Man Curl Tour Classic Paf Masters Tour Stroud Sleeman Cash Spiel Atkins Curling Supplies Classic Kalamazoo Women 's Classic Canad Inn Women 's Classic Medicine Hat Charity Classic Crown of Curling Lady Monctonian Invitational Spiel Dakota Challenger Spiel Gord Carroll Curling Classic Mayflower Cash Spiel Latvia International Challenger Fort Garry Industries Bonspiel Royal LePage OVCA Women 's Fall Classic Tallinn Ladies International Challenger International ZO Women 's Tournament Crestwood Ladies Fall Classic DeKalb Superspiel Red Deer Curling Classic Boundary Ford Curling Classic Driving Force Abbotsford Cashspiel The Sunova Spiel at East St.",
"33": "Paul Spitfire Arms Cash Spiel Brantford Nissan Women 's Classic WFG Jim Sullivan Curling Classic Curl Mesabi Classic Karuizawa International Dumfries Challenger Series US Open of Curling International Bernese Ladies Cup Glynhill Ladies International CCT City of Perth Ladies International Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_World_Men%27s_Curling_Championship&oldid=838016701 '' Categories : World Men 's Curling Championship 2018 in curling 2018 in sports in Nevada Sports competitions in Las Vegas 21st century in Las Vegas March 2018 sports events in the United States April 2018 sports events in the United States International sports competitions hosted by the United States Curling competitions in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 12 : 23 . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "2016 World Series - wikipedia 2016 World Series Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see 2016 World Series ( disambiguation ) . 2016 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Chicago Cubs ( 4 ) Joe Maddon 103 -- 58 , . 640 , 171⁄2 GA Cleveland Indians ( 3 ) Terry Francona 94 -- 67 , . 584 , 8 GA Dates October 25 -- November 2 MVP Ben Zobrist ( Chicago ) Umpires Chris Guccione , John Hirschbeck ( crew chief ) , Sam Holbrook , Marvin Hudson , Tony Randazzo , Larry Vanover and Joe West . ALCS Cleveland Indians beat Toronto Blue Jays , 4 -- 1 NLCS Chicago Cubs beat Los Angeles Dodgers , 4 -- 2 Broadcast Television Fox ( English ) Fox Deportes ( Spanish ) TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci ( English ) Carlos Álvarez , Duaner Sánchez , Karim García and Jaime Motta ( Spanish ) Radio ESPN ( English ) ESPN Deportes ( Spanish ) NewsRadio WTAM 1100 ( Cleveland Indians ) 670 The Score ( Chicago Cubs ) Radio announcers Dan Shulman and Aaron Boone ( English ) Eduardo Ortega , José Francisco Rivera , Renato Bermúdez and Orlando Hernández ( Spanish ) Tom Hamilton and Jim Rosenhaus ( on Indians radio ) Pat Hughes , Len Kasper , Ron Coomer , and Jim Deshaies ( on Cubs radio ) World Series Program ← 2015 World Series 2017 → The 2016 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2016 season . The 112th edition of the World Series , it was a best - of - seven playoff between the National League ( NL ) champion Chicago Cubs and the American League ( AL ) champion Cleveland Indians , the first meeting of those franchises in postseason history . The series was played between October 25 and November 2 . The Indians had home - field advantage because the AL had won the 2016 All - Star Game .",
"1": "It was also the last World Series to have home - field advantage determined by the All - Star Game results ; since 2017 , home - field advantage is awarded to the team with the better record . The Cubs defeated the Indians when they won 4 games to 3 to win their first World Series since 1908 . Game 7 , an 8 -- 7 victory in extra innings , marked the fifth time that a Game 7 had gone past nine innings and the first since 1997 ( which , coincidentally , also featured the Indians ) . It was also the first to have a rain delay which occurred as the tenth inning was about to start . The Cubs became the sixth team to come back from a 3 - 1 deficit to win a best - of - seven World Series , following the 1925 Pittsburgh Pirates , the 1958 New York Yankees , the 1968 Detroit Tigers , the 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates , and the 1985 Kansas City Royals . This was the second time and the first since 1948 where the World Series score was even . The Cubs , playing in their eleventh World Series and their first since 1945 , won their third championship and first since 1908 , ending the longest world championship drought in North American professional sports history . It was the Indians ' sixth appearance in the World Series and their first since 1997 , with their last Series win having come in 1948 . The two teams entered their matchup as the two franchises with the longest World Series title droughts , a combined 176 years without a championship . Cleveland manager Terry Francona , who had previously won World Series titles with the Boston Red Sox in 2004 and 2007 , fell short in his bid to become the third manager , and the first non-Yankees manager , to win his first three trips to the Fall Classic , after Casey Stengel and Joe Torre . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Chicago Cubs 1.2 Cleveland Indians 2 Summary 3 Game summaries 3.1 Game 1 3.2 Game 2 3.3 Game 3 3.4 Game 4 3.5 Game 5 3.6 Game 6 3.7 Game 7 3.7.",
"2": "1 After Game 7 3.8 Composite line score 4 Broadcasting 4.1 Television 4.1. 1 Ratings 4.2 Radio 5 Celebration 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Chicago Cubs ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Chicago Cubs season The Cubs made their eleventh appearance in the World Series ; their only previous two championships were in 1907 and 1908 , both against the Detroit Tigers . They lost their eight other appearances , in 1906 against the Chicago White Sox , in 1910 against the Philadelphia Athletics , in 1918 against the Boston Red Sox , in 1929 against the Athletics , in 1932 against the New York Yankees , in 1935 against the Tigers , in 1938 against the Yankees , and in 1945 against the Tigers . The Cubs qualified for the postseason by winning the National League Central , ending the regular season with the best record in the major leagues ( 103 -- 58 ) for the first time since 1945 ; they also posted their highest winning percentage since 1935 , and won their most games since 1910 . The division title was their sixth since division play began in 1969 , and their first since 2008 . They defeated the San Francisco Giants in four games of the NL Division Series before clinching their first NL pennant since 1945 with a sixth - game victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NL Championship Series . For Cubs manager Joe Maddon , it was his second appearance in the World Series as manager -- in 2008 , he managed the Tampa Bay Rays when they beat the Boston Red Sox in seven games to win the AL pennant , then were defeated in five games by the Philadelphia Phillies in the World Series . It was also Maddon 's third World Series appearance overall -- in 2002 , he was bench coach with the Anaheim Angels when they won the World Series in seven games . Cleveland Indians ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Cleveland Indians season The Indians made their sixth appearance in the World Series . They won their first two championships in 1920 against the Brooklyn Robins and in 1948 against the Boston Braves .",
"3": "They lost their three most recent appearances in the Fall Classic , losing to the New York Giants in 1954 , the Atlanta Braves in 1995 , and the Florida Marlins in 1997 . The Indians qualified for the postseason by winning the American League Central , their eighth division title and their first since 2007 . They defeated the Boston Red Sox in three games of the AL Division Series before clinching the pennant with a five - game victory over the Toronto Blue Jays in the AL Championship Series . For Indians manager Terry Francona , it was his third appearance in the World Series , which he entered carrying an unbeaten 8 -- 0 record from past games in the Fall Classic . Francona has won two World Series championships , in 2004 and 2007 , both with the Red Sox . This was the third postseason meeting between Francona and Maddon . They met in the 2008 ALCS and the 2013 AL Wild Card Game with Maddon 's teams winning both times . Summary ( edit ) Play media News report by Voice of America about the first World Series game at Wrigley Field in 71 years Play media News report by Voice of America about Game 6 and 7 at Progressive Field Chicago won the series , 4 -- 3 . Game Date Score Location Time Attendance 000000002018 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 Chicago Cubs -- 0 , Cleveland Indians -- 6 Progressive Field 3 : 37 38,091 000000002018 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 Chicago Cubs -- 5 , Cleveland Indians -- 1 Progressive Field 4 : 04 38,172 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 Cleveland Indians -- 1 , Chicago Cubs -- 0 Wrigley Field 3 : 33 41,703 000000002018 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 Cleveland Indians -- 7 , Chicago Cubs -- 2 Wrigley Field 3 : 16 41,706 5 000000002018 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 Cleveland Indians -- 2 ,",
"4": "Chicago Cubs -- 3 Wrigley Field 3 : 27 41,711 6 000000002018 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 Chicago Cubs -- 9 , Cleveland Indians -- 3 Progressive Field 3 : 29 38,116 7 000000002018 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 Chicago Cubs -- 8 , Cleveland Indians -- 7 ( 10 ) Progressive Field 4 : 28 ( 0 : 17 delay ) 38,104 Game summaries ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Progressive Field , a few hours before Game 1 of the 2016 World Series Tuesday , October 25 , 2016 8 : 10 pm ( EDT ) at Progressive Field in Cleveland , Ohio Team 5 6 7 8 9 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 x 6 10 0 WP : Corey Kluber ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Jon Lester ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : CHC : None CLE : Roberto Pérez 2 ( 2 ) Attendance : 38,091 Former Indians and Cubs player Kenny Lofton threw the ceremonial first pitch before Game 1 . Corey Kluber started for the Indians , and Jon Lester started for the Cubs . Kyle Schwarber , who had missed nearly all of the 2016 season after tearing ligaments in his leg in the season 's fourth game , was added to the Cubs ' World Series roster and started as their designated hitter . Schwarber struck out twice , but also doubled and drew a walk . The double made Schwarber the first non-pitcher to get his first hit of the season in the World Series . Kluber made World Series history by striking out eight hitters in the first three innings .",
"5": "Roberto Pérez became the first ever ninth - place hitter with two homers in a World Series game , the first Indians player to hit two homers in a Series game , and the first Puerto Rican - born player to hit two homers in a World Series game . In the first , the Indians loaded the bases off Lester on a single and two walks before José Ramirez 's single drove in a run , then Lester hit Brandon Guyer with a pitch to force in another . Perez 's home run in the fifth made it 3 − 0 Indians . In the eighth , Justin Grimm walked Guyer with two outs and allowed a single to Lonnie Chisenhall , then Hector Rondon allowed Perez 's second home run of the night . Andrew Miller and Cody Allen finished the victory for the Indians despite Miller having to pitch out of a bases - loaded jam in the seventh , and the Indians took Game 1 of the series 6 -- 0 . Francona 's World Series winning streak reached nine with this victory . Leading off the first inning , Dexter Fowler became the first African - American to play for the Cubs in a World Series . Game 2 ( edit ) Jake Arrieta earned the win in Game 2 . Wednesday , October 26 , 2016 7 : 08 pm ( EDT ) at Progressive Field in Cleveland , Ohio Team 5 6 7 8 9 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 0 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Jake Arrieta ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Trevor Bauer ( 0 -- 1 ) Attendance : 38,172 Former Indians player Carlos Baerga threw the ceremonial first pitch before Game 2 . The start time for the game was moved up an hour , because of the possibility of heavy rain in the forecast . Looking to tie the series at one game apiece , the Cubs sent Jake Arrieta to the mound against the Indians ' Trevor Bauer . The Cubs also featured six players under age 25 in the starting lineup , a postseason record .",
"6": "The Cubs started things off early as Kris Bryant singled in the first inning and Anthony Rizzo doubled to score Bryant and give the Cubs an early 1 -- 0 lead . Arrieta started well too , retiring the first two batters before walking back - to - back batters in the bottom of the first . However , Arrieta got a flyout to end the inning . The Cubs struck again in the third following a two - out walk by Rizzo and a single by Ben Zobrist . A single by Kyle Schwarber scored Rizzo from second and pushed the Cubs ' lead to 2 -- 0 . Bauer was forced from the game in the fourth , and the Cubs struck again in the fifth . Rizzo walked again off Zach McAllister , and Zobrist tripled to plate Rizzo . Another run - scoring single by Schwarber off Bryan Shaw and a bases - loaded walk by Addison Russell pushed the lead to 5 -- 0 . Arrieta continued to pitch well , walking three batters but holding the Indians without a hit into the sixth inning . In the sixth , a double by Jason Kipnis ended the no - hitter , moved to third on a groundout and scored the lone Indians run of the game on a wild pitch by Arrieta . Arrieta allowed another single and was lifted for reliever Mike Montgomery . Both teams threatened in the seventh but could not score and , following a single by Mike Napoli in the bottom of the eighth , Aroldis Chapman entered to finish the game for the Cubs . The win marked the Cubs ' first World Series game victory since 1945 and tied up the series at one game all . The game marked Indians manager Terry Francona 's first loss in ten World Series games . Game 3 ( edit ) Coco Crisp drove in Game 3 's only run .",
"7": "Friday , October 28 , 2016 7 : 08 pm ( CDT ) at Wrigley Field in Chicago , Illinois Team 5 6 7 8 9 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 WP : Andrew Miller ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Carl Edwards Jr. ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Cody Allen ( 1 ) Attendance : 41,703 For Game 3 , former Cubs player Billy Williams threw the ceremonial first pitch before the start of the game , and Bill Murray sang `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' during the seventh - inning stretch , to mark the Cubs ' first World Series night game at home . Chicago pitcher Kyle Hendricks started against Cleveland pitcher Josh Tomlin . The game 's only run came off a Coco Crisp single that scored Michael Martínez from third in the seventh inning . Josh Tomlin , Andrew Miller , Bryan Shaw , and Cody Allen combined to shut out the Cubs . Allen earned his sixth postseason save as Javier Báez struck out swinging to end the game , leaving the tying and winning runs in scoring position . It was the fourth time in which the Cubs had lost in a shutout during the 2016 postseason . Game 4 ( edit ) Corey Kluber earned his second win of the series in Game 4 .",
"8": "Saturday , October 29 , 2016 7 : 09 pm ( CDT ) at Wrigley Field in Chicago , Illinois Team 5 6 7 8 9 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 7 10 0 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 WP : Corey Kluber ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : John Lackey ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : CLE : Carlos Santana ( 1 ) , Jason Kipnis ( 1 ) CHC : Dexter Fowler ( 1 ) Attendance : 41,706 For Game 4 , former Cubs pitchers Greg Maddux and Ferguson Jenkins threw the ceremonial first pitches before the start of the game , and actor Vince Vaughn sang `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' during the seventh - inning stretch . The Cubs struck first when Dexter Fowler doubled to lead off the first and scored on Anthony Rizzo 's one - out single , but Kluber held them to that one run through six innings before Francona turned it over to the bullpen . In the second , Carlos Santana 's leadoff home run off Lackey tied the game ; then , with two on , Kluber 's RBI single put the Indians up 2 − 1 . Kris Bryant committed two errors in that inning . Next inning , Jason Kipnis hit a leadoff double and scored on Francisco Lindor 's single . In the sixth , Lonnie Chisenhall 's sacrifice fly with two on off Mike Montgomery made it 4 -- 1 Indians . Next inning , Justin Grimm allowed a leadoff double and one - out hit - by - pitch before being relieved by Travis Wood , who gave up a three - run home run to Kipnis put to the Indians ahead 7 -- 1 . The Cubs got one run back in the eighth , on a Dexter Fowler home run off Andrew Miller , which was the first run he gave up in the post-season . With the victory , the Indians were just one win away from a World Series championship . Game 5 ( edit ) Kris Bryant hit a home run for the Cubs in Game 5 .",
"9": "Sunday , October 30 , 2016 7 : 17 pm ( CDT ) at Wrigley Field in Chicago , Illinois Team 5 6 7 8 9 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 7 0 WP : Jon Lester ( 1 -- 1 ) LP : Trevor Bauer ( 0 -- 2 ) Sv : Aroldis Chapman ( 1 ) Home runs : CLE : José Ramírez ( 1 ) CHC : Kris Bryant ( 1 ) Attendance : 41,711 For Game 5 , former Cubs star and Hall of Fame member Ryne Sandberg threw the ceremonial first pitch before the start of the game , and Eddie Vedder sang `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' during the seventh - inning stretch . José Ramírez hit a home run for Cleveland in the second inning off Jon Lester , but the Cubs , facing elimination , scored three runs in the fourth inning off Trevor Bauer . Kris Bryant led off the inning with a home run . After Bryant 's home run , Anthony Rizzo doubled and Ben Zobrist singled . Addison Russell 's RBI single put the Cubs up 2 − 1 . After Jason Heyward struck out , Javier Baez 's bunt single moved Zobrist to third before David Ross 's sacrifice fly made it 3 -- 1 Cubs . The Indians cut their deficit to 3 − 2 off Lester in the sixth on Francisco Lindor 's RBI single that scored Rajai Davis from second base . With the tying run on second base in the seventh inning , Maddon brought in Aroldis Chapman , who threw 2 ⁄ scoreless innings , earning his first save of the series and fourth overall in the postseason . Game 6 ( edit ) Addison Russell had six runs batted in in Game 6 , tying a Series record .",
"10": "The Cubs celebrate after their 9 - 3 win over the Indians in World Series Game 6 Tuesday , November 1 , 2016 8 : 10 pm ( EDT ) at Progressive Field in Cleveland , Ohio Team 5 6 7 8 9 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 13 0 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 WP : Jake Arrieta ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Josh Tomlin ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : CHC : Kris Bryant ( 2 ) , Addison Russell ( 1 ) , Anthony Rizzo ( 1 ) CLE : Jason Kipnis ( 2 ) Attendance : 38,116 The last living member of Cleveland 's 1948 World Series championship team , Eddie Robinson , attended Game 6 at Progressive Field . Former Indians pitcher Dennis Martínez threw out the ceremonial first pitch before the game . The Cubs scored three runs in the first inning , all with two outs , on a Kris Bryant solo home run and a two - run double by Addison Russell after two singles off Josh Tomlin . In the third inning , the Cubs loaded the bases on a walk and two singles off Tomlin , who was relieved by Dan Otero . Following the pitching change , Russell hit a grand slam to extend the Cubs lead to 7 -- 0 . Russell 's grand slam was the first in a World Series game since Paul Konerko of the crosstown Chicago White Sox in 2005 , as well as the first by a visiting player since Lonnie Smith in 1992 . In the bottom of the fourth , Mike Napoli drove in Jason Kipnis , who doubled to lead off , with an RBI single to cut the deficit to 7 -- 1 . In the bottom of the fifth , Kipnis drove a ball over the left field wall for a solo home run to make it a 7 -- 2 game . In the top of the ninth with a runner on and two outs , Anthony Rizzo hit a two - run home run to right to make it 9 -- 2 .",
"11": "In the bottom of the inning , Aroldis Chapman allowed a leadoff walk to Brandon Guyer and was relieved by Pedro Strop , who threw a wild pitch to move Guyer to second and Roberto Perez 's RBI single made it 9 − 3 Cubs with Perez thrown out at second for the second out . After Carlos Santana walked , Travis Wood relieved Strop and got Jason Kipnis to pop out to short to end the game and force a Game 7 . Russell 's six RBIs tied a World Series single - game record . Arrieta became the first NL starting pitcher to notch two road wins in a single World Series since Bob Gibson in 1967 . Game 7 ( edit ) Ben Zobrist won the World Series Most Valuable Player Award . The tarp on the field during the 17 minute rain delay . Cubs first baseman Anthony Rizzo celebrates the final out of the 2016 World Series , after his putout . Chicago Cubs celebrate their World Series championship victory . Wednesday , November 2 , 2016 8 : 00 pm ( EDT ) at Progressive Field in Cleveland , Ohio Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 8 13 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 11 WP : Aroldis Chapman ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Bryan Shaw ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Mike Montgomery ( 1 ) Home runs : CHC : Dexter Fowler ( 2 ) , Javier Báez ( 1 ) , David Ross ( 1 ) CLE : Rajai Davis ( 1 ) Attendance : 38,104 Game 7 of the series would go down as a classic , with some calling it the greatest Game 7 in World Series history , comparing it to 1960 , 1991 and 2001 for its drama and tension . Former Indians player Jim Thome threw the ceremonial first pitch before the game .",
"12": "The pitching matchup was between MLB earned run average ( ERA ) champion Kyle Hendricks , who had started Game 3 for the Cubs , and Corey Kluber , who had won games 1 and 4 and was pitching on three days ' rest . Kluber came into the game 4 -- 1 in the postseason with a 0.89 ERA . Dexter Fowler led off the game with a home run for Chicago off Kluber , becoming the first player ever to hit a lead - off home run in a World Series Game 7 . The Indians tied the game in the bottom of the third inning with an RBI single by Carlos Santana , but the Cubs scored two runs in the fourth inning with a sacrifice fly by Addison Russell ( Kris Bryant running aggressively to tag up from third on the short fly ball and slide under the tag at home ) and a double by Willson Contreras . To start the fifth inning , Javier Báez hit a home run to center making it 4 - 1 on the first pitch he saw to knock Kluber out of the game . ALCS MVP Andrew Miller came on in relief and gave up a walk to Bryant and RBI single to Anthony Rizzo to push the lead to 5 -- 1 ( Bryant 's aggressiveness again instrumental as he was attempting to steal second on the hit , allowing him to score all the way from first ) . In the bottom of the fifth inning , Hendricks retired the first two batters . A two - out walk to Santana persuaded Joe Maddon to relieve his starter . This move , along with others throughout the series , would be highly criticized afterward , as it appeared to some that Hendricks was pulled out too soon . ( Maddon also drew criticism for having Javier Báez attempt a squeeze bunt with two strikes and Jason Heyward on third base in the 9th inning -- Báez bunted the pitch foul for Strike 3 . ) Jon Lester , who had started Games 1 and 5 , came on in relief for the first time since the 2007 ALCS , coincidentally also against the Indians . David Ross committed a throwing error that allowed Jason Kipnis to reach base and put runners on second and third . A wild pitch that ricocheted off Ross 's helmet allowed Santana and Kipnis to score , narrowing the Cubs ' lead to 5 -- 3 .",
"13": "To atone for his blunders , the 39 - year - old Ross hit a home run to center , in his last official at - bat of his career , in the top of the sixth to make it a 6 -- 3 game , becoming the oldest player to hit a home run in a World Series Game 7 . Lester retired the first two batters in the eighth inning , but was pulled after a José Ramírez single . Maddon opted to use Aroldis Chapman , who had thrown 42 pitches in Game 5 and was used in Game 6 despite the fact that the Cubs had already built a large lead . Brandon Guyer promptly hit a run - scoring double off Chapman , making the score 6 -- 4 . The next batter was Indians center fielder Rajai Davis , who had hit 55 career home runs in 11 seasons entering this game , and who was hitting . 132 in the postseason up to that point . Davis hit a dramatic 2 - run home run off Chapman , just barely clearing the left field wall and the left field foul pole , scoring Guyer and tying the game , making the score 6 - 6 . Davis 's home run was the latest - occurring game - tying home run in World Series Game 7 history . The Cubs squandered a scoring chance in the top of the 9th . Jayson Heyward was on 3rd base with one out when Javier Baez attempted a bunt with two ( 2 ) strikes , fouling it off . Dexter Fowler would eventually ground out to end the top of the ninth . Aroldis Chapman returned to the mound for the bottom of the ninth and promptly retired the Indians in order , facing Carlos Santana , Jason Kipnis , and Francisco Lindor , the Indians 1 , 2 , and 3 hitters . With the game tied 6 - 6 after nine innings , a sudden cloudburst resulted in a 17 - minute rain delay . During the delay , Cub right fielder Jason Heyward called his teammates into a weight room behind Chicago 's dugout and told them , `` We 're the best team in baseball ... for a reason ... Stick together and we 're going to win this game . ''",
"14": "When play resumed in the top of the tenth , Kyle Schwarber led off with a single off Bryan Shaw to right and was replaced by pinch runner Albert Almora . Kris Bryant then hit a deep fly ball to center , and Almora tagged up to second base , in what was called the `` savviest baserunning play of the season . '' After an intentional walk to Anthony Rizzo , Ben Zobrist stepped up to the plate . Zobrist delivered a clutch RBI double into the left field corner , scoring Almora , and breaking the tie , making the score 7 - 6 . Zobrist later said , `` I was just battling , grinding up there . Fortunately , that last one he left over the plate and up to where I could just slap it down the line , and that was all I was trying to do . '' After another intentional walk to Addison Russell , Miguel Montero singled into left , scoring Rizzo and making the score 8 -- 6 . Carl Edwards Jr. was called on to finish off the Indians in the bottom of the tenth , but after retiring the first two hitters , he walked Brandon Guyer , who took second base on defensive indifference . Rajai Davis , following up on his eighth - inning heroics , lined a single to center , making it a one - run game , and the score 8 - 7 . Maddon called on Mike Montgomery , who had zero career saves . Montgomery retired Michael Martinez with an infield grounder fielded by Bryant , who threw to Rizzo . This ended the game and World Series , with the Cubs winning the series and ending their 108 - year World champion drought . Zobrist was awarded the World Series MVP award after hitting . 357 in the series and delivering the series - winning hit . After Game 7 ( edit ) Rizzo called the rain delay `` the most important thing to happen to the Chicago Cubs in the past 100 years . I do n't think there 's any way we win the game without it . '' Cubs president Theo Epstein said that when he heard about the meeting called by Heyward , `` Right then I thought , ' We 're winning this game . '",
"15": "'' The Cubs became the first team to come back from a 3 -- 1 deficit to win the Series since the 1985 Kansas City Royals . They were also the first since the 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates to do so while winning Games 6 and 7 on the road , and the second team since the 1979 Pirates to win Game 7 as the visiting team , with the 2014 San Francisco Giants also having achieved that feat in Kansas City ; almost one year later , the 2017 Houston Astros did the same thing in Los Angeles . With the Game 7 victory , Joe Maddon is 3 - 0 in postseason series against Terry Francona , having also won the 2008 ALCS and the 2013 Wild Card Game against him . With Game 7 going into extra innings was the 60th extra inning game in World Series history as well as the first extra inning Game 7 won by the road team . In the previous four times in 1912 , 1924 , 1991 and 1997 , the home team won all four extra inning Game 7s . Cubs players celebrating on the field moments after winning Game 7 and the World Series . Composite line score ( edit ) 2016 World Series ( 4 -- 3 ) : Chicago Cubs beat Cleveland Indians .",
"16": "Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chicago Cubs 6 0 5 5 5 0 27 61 5 Cleveland Indians 6 27 55 6 Home runs : CHC : Kris Bryant ( 2 ) , Dexter Fowler ( 2 ) , Javier Baez ( 1 ) , Anthony Rizzo ( 1 ) , David Ross ( 1 ) , Addison Russell ( 1 ) CLE : Jason Kipnis ( 2 ) , Roberto Pérez ( 2 ) , Rajai Davis ( 1 ) , José Ramirez ( 1 ) , Carlos Santana ( 1 ) Total attendance : 277,603 Average attendance : 39,658 Winning player 's share : $368,871.59 Losing player 's share : $261,804.65 Broadcasting ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Fox televised the series in the United States , under contract with Major League Baseball giving it exclusive rights to the World Series through 2021 . Joe Buck was the network 's play - by - play announcer , with John Smoltz as color commentator and Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci as field reporters . Fox Deportes also aired the Series and provided a Spanish - language simulcast over-the - air via Fox 's SAP audio , with Carlos Álvarez and Duaner Sánchez announcing . Sportsnet in English and RDS in French televised the series in Canada . Sportsnet used the MLB International feed produced by the MLB Network ; Matt Vasgersian was MLB International 's play - by - play announcer with the Toronto Blue Jays ' play - by - play announcer Buck Martinez as their color analyst and MLB Network correspondent Lauren Shehadi and analyst Mark DeRosa as field reporters . Alain Usereau and former Montreal Expos player Marc Griffin handled the French - language telecast for RDS . BT Sport televised the series live in the United Kingdom and Ireland . WAPA - TV transmitted the series to Puerto Rico , with Rafael Bracero at the helm of the station 's sports commentary of the series . Ratings ( edit ) Further information : World Series television ratings Initial reports often utilize `` fast national '' ratings , which are subject to revision .",
"17": "Game 7 had over 40 million viewers , the largest audience for a baseball game since Game 7 of the 1991 World Series , while the series as a whole was the first to average double - digit ratings nationally since 2009 . Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) U.S. audience ( in millions ) Ref 11.3 20 19.37 10.2 18 17.40 11.0 20 19.38 9.3 18 16.71 5 13.1 21 23.64 6 13.3 23 23.40 7 21.8 37 40.05 Radio ( edit ) Cubs fans celebrating in Wrigleyville . ESPN Radio 's national network covered the World Series through affiliated stations , with Dan Shulman providing the play - by - play and Aaron Boone serving as color analyst . Tampa Bay Rays pitcher Chris Archer appeared as a guest analyst for select innings of Games 1 and 2 . Locally , the teams ' flagship stations broadcast the series with their regular announcers . In Cleveland , WTAM ( 1100 ) and WMMS ( 100.7 ) carried the Indians ' play - by - play with Tom Hamilton and Jim Rosenhaus , while in Chicago , WSCR ( 670 ) carried the Cubs ' play - by - play with Pat Hughes , Ron Coomer , and Len Kasper . The affiliate stations of the teams ' regional radio networks were contractually obligated to carry the national ESPN Radio feed ; even so , since both WSCR and WTAM are clear - channel stations , most of the eastern and midwestern United States was able to hear the local broadcasts . Celebration ( edit ) The Chicago Cubs visit the White House . Following the team 's win in Game 7 , Cubs fans congregated outside of Wrigley Field and the surrounding Wrigleyville neighborhood to celebrate the championship . On November 4 , the team 's victory parade began at Wrigley Field and headed down Lake Shore Drive and Michigan Avenue at downtown for a noon rally at Grant Park .",
"18": "Country singer Brett Eldredge sang a cover of `` Go , Cubs , Go '' during the rally . The city of Chicago estimated that over five million people attended the World Series parade and rally celebration , which would make it one of the largest human gatherings in history . After the season , the Cubs chose to make two traditional White House visits during then - President , and Chicago native ( and White Sox fan ) , Barack Obama 's final week in office on January 16 , 2017 , and during President Donald Trump 's tenure on June 28 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Chicago portal Cleveland portal List of World Series champions Curse of the Billy Goat Curse of Rocky Colavito 2016 Japan Series 2016 Korean Series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 World Series Umpires Features Retiring Hirschbeck '' . Close Call Sports . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blum , Ronald . `` MVP Hosmer , Perez lift AL to All - Star win , Series home field '' . San Diego . Associated Press . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` To the races : MLB postseason schedule Announced '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Normandin , Marc . `` 2016 MLB playoff schedule released '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Phil ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` How Chicago , the world -- and the Cubs -- have changed since 1945 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs clinch NL Central Division title '' . Sports Illustrated . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ortiz , Jorge ( October 23 , 2016 ) . `` World Series , first glance : Cubs and Indians battle each other -- and history '' . USA Today . Chicago . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 .",
"19": "Jump up ^ Sherlock , Ruth ( October 23 , 2016 ) . `` Chicago Cubs finally shake off ' curse of the Billy Goat ' after 71 years with historic baseball win '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graham , Bryan ( October 23 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs blank Dodgers to advance to first World Series in 75 years '' . The Guardian . Chicago . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meisel , Zack ( October 23 , 2016 ) . `` Cleveland Indians owner Paul Dolan will fly all team employees to a World Series road game '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland : Advance Publications . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trister , Noah ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Indians clinch AL Central crown with 7 -- 4 win over Tigers '' . Detroit . Associated Press . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Francona '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs Host First World Series Games in 71 Years '' . Voice of America . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Chicago vs. Cleveland , Game 1 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Chicago vs. Cleveland , Game 2 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Cleveland vs. Chicago , Game 3 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Cleveland vs. Chicago , Game 4 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Cleveland vs. Chicago , Game 5 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Chicago vs. Cleveland , Game 6 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Chicago vs. Cleveland , Game 7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Meisel , Zack ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' 95 reunion : Kenny Lofton , Carlos Baerga to throw out ceremonial first pitches before World Series games in Cleveland '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland : Advance Publications . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Assenheimer , Chris ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` World Series notes : Cy Young candidates Corey Kluber and Jon Lester set to square off in Game 1 '' . The Chronicle - Telegram . Cleveland : Elyria - Lorain Broadcasting Co . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Onofrio , Jessica ; Elgas , Rob ; Horng , Eric ; Jordan , Karen ; Nagy , Liz ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Cleveland Indians defeat Chicago Cubs 6 -- 0 in World Series Game 1 '' . ABC 7 Chicago . Cleveland : ABC , Inc . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGraw , Daniel ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Indians win World Series Game 1 against Cubs as Kluber sets strikeout record '' . The Guardian . Cleveland . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiter , Ben ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Kyle Schwarber 's successful return a silver lining for Cubs in Game 1 loss '' . Sports Illustrated . Cleveland . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Matt ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs - Indians 2016 World Series : Kyle Schwarber 's return , at least , was a success '' . Cleveland : CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Corey Kluber sets World Series record with 8 K 's in first 3 innings '' . Cleveland : ESPN .",
"21": "Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berg , Ted ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Indians catcher Roberto Perez has as many homers this October as he had all season '' . USA Today . Cleveland . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Magic formula : Corey Kluber , Andrew Miller dominant in Game 1 World Series win over Cubs '' . USA Today . Cleveland . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dexter Fowler 1st African - American Chicago Cub to start in Game 1 of World Series '' . WGN - TV . October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breen , Justin ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Dexter Fowler Would Be The First Black Cubs Player In The World Series '' . DNAinfo Chicago . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Footer , Alyson ; McCalvy , Adam . `` Game 2 bumped up to 7 ET tonight on FOX '' . Cleveland : Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderson , R.J. ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs - Indians World Series Game 2 : Final score , things to know as Cubs even series '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doolittle , Bradford ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Next stop : Chicago ! Cubs trounce Tribe , even World Series '' . Cleveland : ESPN . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graves , Will ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Rizzo , Zobrist lead Cubs ' offensive outburst in Game 2 '' . Cleveland . Associated Press . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( October 27 , 2016 ) .",
"22": "`` Kyle Schwarber defying odds , leads Cubs offense in Game 2 of World Series '' . USA Today . Cleveland . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagner , James ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs Pull Even in World Series as Indians ' Play Proves Sloppier Than the Weather '' . The New York Times . Cleveland . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiter , Bill ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` World Series Game 2 : Cubs ' Arrieta finds greatness when his team needs it most '' . Cleveland : CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jill ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs level World Series with first Fall Classic win since 1945 '' . CNN . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ De Luca , Chris ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Billy Williams , Bill Murray part of historic World Series Game 3 '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mather , Victor ; Waldstein , David ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` World Series : Here 's What Happened in Game 3 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ; Muskat , Carrie ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Blank you very much ! Tribe 1 -- 0 W epic '' . Chicago : Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ; Muskat , Carrie ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Blank you very much ! Tribe 1 -- 0 W epic '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderson , R.J. ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Indians - Cubs World Series 2016 : Maddux , Jenkins to throw out Game 4 first pitch '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 .",
"23": "Jump up ^ Bannon , Tim ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Vince Vaughn will sing 7th - inning stretch at World Series Game 4 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Indians Defeat Sloppy Cubs to Take a 3 -- 1 World Series Lead '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ; Muskat , Carrie ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` 3 Won ! Tribe blowout has Cubs on brink '' . Chicago : Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Axisa , Mike ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Indians - Cubs World Series 2016 : Sandberg to throw out Game 5 first pitch '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Ramirez 's 1st postseason HR gets Indians started '' . Chicago : Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Bryant 's blast sparks Cubs ' winning rally '' . Chicago : Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ; Muskat , Carrie ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Chappy Halloween ! Cubs ' trick ? 6 for heat '' . Chicago : Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Muskat , Carrie ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Slam from Russell the Cubs ' first in Series history '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Doolittle , Bradford ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Addison Russell ties World Series record with 6 RBIs in one game '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Francona unsure of left fielder for Game 6 '' . USA Today . Cleveland . Associated Press . October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Stefan ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Eddie Robinson , last link to Indians ' 1948 glory , going to Game 6 '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meisel , Zack ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` A presidential pitch : Former Cleveland Indians hurler Dennis Martinez , El Presidente , to throw out first pitch at Game 6 '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland : Advance Publications . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCalvy , Adam . `` Bryant 's HR ignites Cubs ' first - inning frenzy '' . Cleveland : Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCalvy , Adam . `` Russell rips Cubs ' first slam in Series history '' . Cleveland : Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Les ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs crush Indians to set up historic World Series final '' . The Guardian . Cleveland . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christopher Kamka ( @ @ ckamka ) ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jake Arrieta first National League pitcher with 2 road wins as a starter in single # WorldSeries since Bob Gibson in 1967 # Cubs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Foster , Jason . `` The 10 most memorable Game 7s in World Series history , ranked '' . Chicago : Sporting News . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Armour , Nancy . `` Why Cubs , Indians just gave us greatest World Series Game 7 ever '' . Chicago : USA Today . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meisel , Zack .",
"25": "`` Jim Thome to throw out ceremonial first pitch prior to Game 7 of the World Series '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland : Advance Publications . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Corey Kluber Postseason Statistics '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCalvy , Adam . `` Fowler makes history with leadoff HR '' . Cleveland : Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony . `` Baez 's homer chases Kluber in Game 7 '' . Cleveland : Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Sheldon . `` Maddon 's Over-Thinking Nearly Cost Cubs '' . Cleveland : RealClearSports . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stankevitz , JJ . `` Jon Lester ready if needed to pitch out of bullpen in games 6 or 7 of World Series '' . Chicago : CSN Chicago . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Cody ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` World Series 2016 : Indians score two on wild pitch , pull closer at 5 -- 3 '' . Fansided . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alex ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Former SEC star David Ross makes World Series history in final career game '' . SEC Country . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spector , Jesse ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` World Series 2016 : Rajai Davis ' HR becomes footnote to Cubs ' epic victory '' . Cleveland : SportingNews.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ariel Cheung ; Ed Komenda ; David Matthews ; Evan F. Moore ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Game 7 Of The World Series Is In A Rain Delay In Extra Innings '' . DNA Info . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 .",
"26": "^ Jump up to : Verducci , Tom ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` WORLD SERIES It Happened '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenbloom , Steve . `` Do you really appreciate what Albert Almora Jr. did in Game 7 ? '' . Cleveland : Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` With a Cure - Breaking Hit , Ben Zobrist lives a dream he never expected '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graves , Will ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Zobrist 's big hit gives Cubs newcomer World Series MVP '' . Cleveland . Associated Press . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ; Muskat , Carrie ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs are heavy wait champions ! '' . Cleveland : Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Paul ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Chicago Cubs win World Series championship with 8 - 7 victory over Cleveland Indians '' . Chicago Tribune . Cleveland . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trezza , Joe ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Zobrist 's heroics net MVP honors '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berg , Ted ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` World Series MVP Ben Zobrist : Game 7 was ' an epic battle ' '' . USA Today . Cleveland . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzales , Mark ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs issue 66 full playoff shares worth $368,871.59 a piece '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Media Company . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 .",
"27": "^ Jump up to : Stephen , Eric ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 World Series schedule : Cubs vs. Indians '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FOX Sports Embarks on ' Hunt for October ' with Announcement of MLB Postseason Broadcaster Lineup '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This is how the world watched and listened to the Cubs ' win the World Series '' . For The Win. 2016 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` RDS présente la SÉRIE MONDIALE en exclusivité francophone du 25 octobre au 2 novembre '' . Bell Media Press Room ( in French ) . October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Indians v Chicago Cubs : How to watch the World Series '' . BT Sport . October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Báez y Lindor cruzan caminos nuevamente '' . WAPA . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About Nielsen Ratings '' . The Futon Critic . September 19 , 2010 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Chicago Cubs Victory in World Series Game 7 Draws 40 Million Viewers '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` TV Ratings : World Series Climax Tops 40 Million Viewers , Biggest Game in 25 Years '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FOX , FOX Deportes & FOX Sports GO Combine to Deliver Most - Watched World Series Game 1 Since 2004 '' . Fox Sports . October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 .",
"28": "Jump up ^ `` World Series Game 2 Draws 17.8 Million Viewers for FOX Sports '' . Fox Sports . October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indians vs. Cubs Game 3 Is Most - Watched World Series Game 3 Since 2004 '' . Fox Sports . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FOX , FOX Deportes , FOX Sports GO Combine To Deliver 17 Million Viewers For World Series Game 4 '' . Fox Sports . October 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indians vs. Cubs Sunday Night is Most - Watched World Series Game 5 Since 1997 '' . Fox Sports . October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Game 6 is Most - Watched Game 6 Since 1997 '' . Fox Sports . November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Game 7 Averages Over 40 Million Viewers '' . Fox Sports . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Skarka , Michael ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` ESPN Provides Extensive On - SIte Coverage from the 112th World Series '' ( Press release ) . ESPN MediaZone . Jump up ^ Lucia , Joe ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Your 2016 World Series announcing schedule '' . Awful Announcing . Jump up ^ Kane , Dan ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Hamilton not heard on Indians ' local radio affiliates during World Series '' . The Repository . Jump up ^ `` World Series baseball : Chicago Cubs end 108 - year wait for win '' . BBC Sport . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tsuji , Alysha ( 3 November 2016 ) .",
"29": "`` Wrigleyville goes wild as Chicago Cubs win the World Series '' . For the Win USAToday . Gannett Satellite Information Network , LLC . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Chicago Get the World Series Parade It 's Waited 108 Years For '' . Time . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch : Brett Eldridge leads Cubs fans in ' Go Cubs Go ' '' . Comcast SportsNet Chicago . NBC Universal . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flosi , Nic . `` Cubs World Series celebration ranks as 7th largest gathering in human history '' . fox32chicago.com . Fox32 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2017/06/29/president-trump-welcomes-chicago-cubs-white-house External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2016 World Series . 2016 Major League Baseball season schedule Schedule for 2016 Postseason Links to related articles 2016 Major League Baseball postseason Part of the 2016 Major League Baseball season World Series American League Championship Series National League Championship Series American League Division Series National League Division Series American League Wild Card Game National League Wild Card Game American League teams Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox Cleveland Indians Texas Rangers Toronto Blue Jays National League teams Chicago Cubs Los Angeles Dodgers New York Mets San Francisco Giants Washington Nationals World Series No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918",
"30": "1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005",
"31": "2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Pre-World Series champions World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup Book : World Series Category : World Series Fox Major League Baseball Related programs The Cheap Seats ( 2010 -- 2011 ) MLB Whiparound Major League Baseball Game of the Week Thursday Night Baseball ( 1997 -- 2001 ) This Week in Baseball ( 2000 -- 2011 ) Related articles DirecTV N3D FoxBox FoxTrax Scooter Television contracts ( cable ) MLB Network World Series television ratings National coverage Fox ( 1996 -- present ) FS1 ( 2014 -- present ) FS2 ( 2014 -- present ) Fox Deportes ( 2012 -- present ) Fox Family Channel ( 2001 ) Fox Sports Net ( 1997 -- 1999 ) FX ( 1997 ) FSN affiliates Arizona ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) Detroit ( Detroit Tigers ) Florida ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) Kansas City ( Kansas City Royals ) Midwest ( St.",
"32": "Louis Cardinals ) North ( Minnesota Twins ) Ohio ( Cincinnati Reds ) San Diego ( San Diego Padres ) South ( Atlanta Braves ) Southeast ( Atlanta Braves ) Southwest ( Texas Rangers ) West ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) Wisconsin ( Milwaukee Brewers ) Sun ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) SportsTime Ohio ( Cleveland Indians ) YES Network ( New York Yankees ) Former FSN affiliates Bay Area ( Oakland Athletics & San Francisco Giants ; 1998 -- 2007 ) Chicago ( Chicago Cubs & Chicago White Sox , 1998 -- 2006 ) Houston ( Houston Astros , 2009 - 2012 ) New York ( New York Mets , 1998 -- 2005 ) Rocky Mountain ( Colorado Rockies , 1997 - 2010 ) Fox / MyTV O&O Stations New York City : WNYW 5 ( Yankees , 1999 -- 2001 ) , WWOR 9 ( N.Y. Giants , 1951 -- 1957 ; Brooklyn Dodgers , 1950 -- 1957 ; Mets , 1962 -- 1998 ; Yankees , 2005 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles : KTTV 11 ( Dodgers , 1958 -- 1992 ) , KCOP 13 ( Dodgers , 2002 -- 2005 ; Angels , 2006 -- 2012 ) Chicago : WFLD 32 ( White Sox , 1968 -- 1972 , 1982 -- 1989 ) Philadelphia : WTXF 29 ( Phillies , 1983 -- 1989 ) Dallas -- Fort Worth : KDFW 4 & KDFI 27 ( Texas Rangers , 2001 -- 2009 ) San Francisco -- Oakland : KTVU 2 ( Giants , 1961 -- 2007 ; Athletics , 1973 -- 1974 ) , KICU 36 ( Athletics , 1999 -- 2008 ) Boston : WFXT 25 ( Red Sox , 2000 -- 2002 ) Washington , D.C.",
"33": ": WTTG 5 ( Senators , 1948 -- 1958 ) , WDCA 20 ( Nationals , 2005 -- 2008 ) Houston : KRIV 26 ( Astros , 1979 -- 1982 ) , KTXH 20 ( Astros , 1983 -- 1997 , 2008 -- 2012 ) Detroit : WJBK 2 ( Tigers , 1953 -- 1974 ; 2007 ) Minneapolis -- Saint Paul : KMSP 9 ( Twins , 1979 -- 1988 , 1998 -- 2002 ) , WFTC 29 ( Twins , 1990 -- 1992 , 2005 -- 2010 ) Commentators All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Key figures Kenny Albert Dick Bremer Thom Brennaman Joe Buck Joe Davis Aaron Goldsmith Mike Joy Justin Kutcher Josh Lewin Tom McCarthy Mel Proctor John Rooney Dave Sims Dick Stockton Daron Sutton Matt Vasgersian Rich Waltz Color commentators Rod Allen Bob Brenly Joe Girardi Mark Grace Mark Gubicza Rex Hudler Eric Karros Steve Lyons Rick Manning Tim McCarver José Mota A.J. Pierzynski Harold Reynolds Frank Robinson Ken Singleton John Smoltz Jeff Torborg Tom Verducci Guest commentators Bret Boone David Cone Terry Francona Luis Gonzalez Ozzie Guillén Al Leiter David Ortiz A.J. Pierzynski Lou Piniella Jimmy Rollins Nick Swisher Field reporters Erin Andrews Curt Menefee Chris Myers Ken Rosenthal Studio hosts Greg Amsinger Kevin Burkhardt Chip Caray Brian Kenny Keith Olbermann Patrick O'Neal Chris Rose Rob Stone Jeanne Zelasko Studio analysts Eric Byrnes Keith Hernandez Raúl Ibañez Gabe Kapler Kevin Kennedy Kevin Millar C.J. Nitkowski Dan Plesac Billy Ripken Pete Rose Mark Sweeney Frank Thomas Mitch Williams",
"34": "Dontrelle Willis Dave Winfield Lore The Flip Play ( 2001 ) Steve Bartman ( 2003 ) Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry The 53 - Minute 7th Inning ( 2015 ) Regular season 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase Philip Humber 's perfect game ( 2012 ) World Series games The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty ( 2001 ) Game 6 of the 2011 World Series Walk - off Obstruction ( 2013 ) The End of The Curse ( 2016 ) The Wedding Proposal ( 2017 ) Baseball - related curses Curse of the Bambino Curse of the Billy Goat Curse of Rocky Colavito World Series 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 AL Championship Series 1997 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 NL Championship Series 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020",
"35": "AL Division Series 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2015 2017 2019 2021 NL Division Series 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2014 2016 2018 2020 All - Star Game 1997 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Music `` At Last '' `` Con te partirò '' `` Golden Autumn Day '' `` The Golden Age '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye '' `` On Top '' `` The Rising '' Scott Schreer `` The Scientist '' `` Stuck in a Moment You Ca n't Get Out Of '' `` Time of Your Life '' `` Walk On '' Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio Play - by - play Charley Steiner ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Jon Miller ( 1998 -- 2010 ) Dan Shulman ( 2002 -- present ) Gary Thorne ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Jon Sciambi ( 2010 -- present ) Analysts Kevin Kennedy ( 1998",
"36": ") Dave Campbell ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Chris Singleton ( 2011 -- present ) Studio hosts Joe D'Ambrosio ( 1998 -- 2007 ) Marc Kestecher ( 2008 -- present ) AL Championship Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NL Championship Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 AL Division Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NL Division Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016",
"37": "2017 2018 AL Wild Card Game 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NL Wild Card Game 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 All - Star Game 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 World Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related programs ESPN Major League Baseball Major League Baseball Game of the Week Sunday Night Baseball Commentators All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Lore 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase Death of Osama bin Laden Grand Slam Single Tie - breaker games 1998 NL Wild Card Playoff 1999 NL Wild Card Playoff 2007 NL Wild Card Playoff 2008 AL Central Playoff 2009 AL Central Playoff 2013 AL Wild Card tie - breaker Divisional Series games",
"38": "The Flip Play `` The Bug Game '' Roy Halladay 's postseason no - hitter `` The Illegal Slide Game '' `` The 53 - Minute 7th Inning '' World Series games The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Game 6 of the 2011 World Series Walk - off Obstruction Chicago Cubs Steve Bartman ( 2003 ) Curse of the Billy Goat New York Yankees Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry Curse of the Bambino Final game at Yankee Stadium ( 2008 ) Related articles Major League Baseball on the radio Home Run Derby 2016 MLB season by team AL East Baltimore Boston New York Tampa Bay Toronto AL Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Kansas City Minnesota AL West Houston Los Angeles Oakland Seattle Texas NL East Atlanta Miami New York Philadelphia Washington NL Central Chicago Cincinnati Milwaukee Pittsburgh St. Louis NL West Arizona Colorado Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco 2016 MLB draft 2016 All - Star Game Postseason 2016 World Series Fort Bragg Game Chicago Cubs 2016 World Series champions 3 David Ross 5 Albert Almora 6 Carl Edwards Jr .",
"39": "8 Chris Coghlan 9 Javier Báez ( NLCS MVP ) 12 Kyle Schwarber 17 Kris Bryant ( NL MVP ) 18 Ben Zobrist ( World Series MVP ) 22 Jason Heyward 24 Dexter Fowler 27 Addison Russell 28 Kyle Hendricks 34 Jon Lester ( NLCS MVP ) 37 Travis Wood 38 Mike Montgomery 40 Willson Contreras 41 John Lackey 44 Anthony Rizzo 46 Pedro Strop 47 Miguel Montero 49 Jake Arrieta 52 Justin Grimm 54 Aroldis Chapman 56 Héctor Rondón 68 Jorge Soler Manager 70 Joe Maddon Bench Coach 4 Dave Martinez First Base Coach 16 Brandon Hyde Third Base Coach 1 Gary Jones Pitching Coach 25 Chris Bosio Hitting Coach 11 John Mallee Assistant Hitting Coach 77 Eric Hinske Bullpen Coach 35 Lester Strode Bullpen Catcher 95 Chad Noble Catching Coach 58 Mike Borzello Quality Control Coach 64 Henry Blanco Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series Chicago Cubs Formerly the Chicago White Stockings , Chicago Colts and the Chicago Orphans Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise History Seasons Awards Records No - hitters Players Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks Ballparks 23rd Street Grounds Lakefront Park West Side Park I South Side Park West Side Park II Wrigley Field renovations Culture Tinker to Evers to Chance Bleacher Bums Wrigley Rooftops Wrigleyville Wayne Messmer Ronnie Woo Woo Yosh Kawano Mike Royko Harry Caray Holy Cow !",
"40": "Grant DePorter Wrigley Company Wrigley Field ivy Hey Hey Holy Mackerel Bill Holden The Heckler Arne Harris `` Go , Cubs , Go '' `` Sweet Home Chicago '' `` All the Way '' `` Sirius '' Cubs Win Flag Eamus Catuli Addison Red Line Station Sheridan Red Line Station Clark Street Addison Street Elmer , the Great Rookie of the Year This Old Cub The Natural ( 1984 film ) Taking Care of Business ( 1990 film ) A League of Their Own Take Me Out to the Ball Game The Cubs Fan 's Guide To Happiness Pat Pieper The Cubby Bear Harry Caray 's Italian Steakhouse Bohemian National Cemetery Columbarium Clark Back to the Future Part II Lore Curse of the Billy Goat Ex-Cubs Factor Babe Ruth 's called shot Steve Bartman incident Gatorade Glove Play Homer in the Gloamin ' The Sandberg Game Fall of ' 69 1998 home run chase Brock for Broglio Merkle 's Boner Worst to First Monday saves the American flag College of Coaches Ken Hubbs Billy Jurges incident Game 163 2015 NL Wild Card Game 2015 NL Division Series 2016 NL Championship Series 2016 World Series Rivalries St.",
"41": "Louis Cardinals Milwaukee Brewers Chicago White Sox Key personnel Owner : Family of Joe Ricketts ; operated by Tom Ricketts President of Baseball Operations : Theo Epstein General Manager : Jed Hoyer Manager : Joe Maddon World Series championships ( 3 ) 1907 1908 2016 National League championships ( 17 ) 1876 1880 1881 1882 1885 1886 1906 1907 1908 1910 1918 1929 1932 1935 1938 1945 2016 Division championships East ( 2 ) 1984 1989 Central ( 5 ) 2003 2007 2008 2016 2017 Wild Card ( 2 ) 1998 2015 Minor league affiliates Iowa Cubs ( AAA ) Tennessee Smokies ( AA ) Myrtle Beach Pelicans ( A Adv . ) South Bend Cubs ( A ) Eugene Emeralds ( Short - A ) Arizona League Cubs ( Rookie ) DSL Cubs 1 ( Rookie ) DSL Cubs 2 ( Rookie ) Broadcasting Television NBC Sports Chicago WGN Sports ( WGN - TV ) WLS - TV Radio Radio network WSCR Broadcasters Len Kasper Jim Deshaies Pat Hughes Ron Coomer Seasons ( 145 ) 1870s 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889",
"42": "1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s",
"43": "1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Cleveland Indians Founded in 1894 Formerly the Grand Rapids Rustlers , Cleveland Lake Shores , Cleveland Bluebirds , Cleveland Broncos , and Cleveland Naps Based in Cleveland ,",
"44": "Ohio Franchise History Seasons Records Players Owners and executives Managers Opening Day starting pitchers No - hitters Award winners First - round draft picks Ballparks League Park Cleveland Stadium Progressive Field Spring training : Henley Field Terry Park Ballfield Clearwater Athletic Field Hi Corbett Field Chain of Lakes Park Goodyear Ballpark Culture and lore 1910 Chalmers Award 1948 AL tie - breaker game 1994 corked bat incident 2013 AL Wild Card Game 22 game win streak Addie Joss ' perfect game Chief Wahoo `` Cleveland Rocks '' Cleveland sports curse Curse of Rocky Colavito Herb Score John Adams Len Barker 's perfect game Major League Major League II Moneyball Name and logo controversy Slider Ten Cent Beer Night The Bug Game The Catch The Kid from Cleveland Rivalries Cincinnati Reds Key personnel Owner : Larry Dolan Chairman / CEO : Paul Dolan President : Chris Antonetti General manager : Mike Chernoff Manager : Terry Francona Postseason appearances ( 13 ) 1920 1948 1954 1995 1997 1998 1999 2001 2007 2013 2016 2017 Division championships ( 9 ) 1995 1997 1998 1999 2001 2007 2016 2017 American League pennants ( 6 ) 1920 1948 1954 1995 1997 2016 World Series championships ( 2 ) 1920 1948 Hall of Fame inductees Averill Boudreau Coveleski Doby Feller Flick Joss Lajoie Lemon Sewell Speaker Wynn Minors AAA : Columbus Clippers AA : Akron RubberDucks Adv . A : Lynchburg Hillcats A : Lake County Captains Short A : Mahoning Valley Scrappers Rookie : Arizona League Indians Dominican Summer League Indians Media",
"45": "Broadcasters Radio network Flagships : WTAM WMMS Television : SportsTime Ohio Seasons ( 125 ) 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962",
"46": "1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Sports Emmy Award for Outstanding Live Sports Special 1975 -- 1990 1975 World Series ( 1975 -- 76 ) 1976 Summer Olympics ( 1976 -- 77 ) Heavyweight championship boxing match between Muhammad Ali and Leon Spinks ( 1977 -- 78 ) Super Bowl XIII ( 1978 -- 79 ) 1980 Winter Olympics ( 1979 -- 80 ) 1981 Kentucky Derby ( 1980 -- 81 ) 1982 Men 's NCAA Basketball National Championship ( 1981 -- 82 ) 1982 World Series ( 1982 -- 83 ) Not awarded ( 1983 -- 84 )",
"47": "1984 Summer Olympics ( 1984 -- 85 ) Not awarded ( 1985 -- 86 ) 1987 Daytona 500 ( 1986 -- 87 ) 1987 Kentucky Derby ( 1987 -- 88 ) 1988 Summer Olympics ( 1988 ) 1989 Indianapolis 500 ( 1989 ) 1990 Indianapolis 500 ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2009 1991 NBA Finals ( 1991 ) 1992 Breeders Cup ( 1992 ) 1993 World Series ( 1993 ) 1994 Stanley Cup Finals ( 1994 ) Cal Ripken , Jr. 's 2,131 st consecutive game ( 1995 ) 1996 World Series ( 1996 ) 1997 NBA Finals ( 1997 ) Mark McGwire 's 62nd home run ( 1998 ) 1999 Major League Baseball All - Star Game ( 1999 ) 2000 World Series ( 2000 ) 2001 World Series ( 2001 ) 2002 Winter Olympics ( 2002 ) 2003 Major League Baseball postseason ( 2003 ) 2004 Masters Tournament ( 2004 ) 2005 Open Championship ( 2005 ) 2006 Major League Baseball postseason ( 2006 ) 2007 Fiesta Bowl ( 2007 ) 2008 U.S.",
"48": "Open Golf Championship ( 2008 ) Super Bowl XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010 -- present 2010 FIFA World Cup Final ( 2010 ) 2011 World Series ( 2011 ) Super Bowl XLVI ( 2012 ) 2013 World Series ( 2013 ) Super Bowl XLIX ( 2014 ) Super Bowl 50 ( 2015 ) 2016 World Series ( 2016 ) Baseball portal Chicago portal Cleveland portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_World_Series&oldid=819403078 '' Categories : World Series 2016 Major League Baseball season Chicago Cubs postseason Cleveland Indians postseason 2016 in Chicago 2016 in sports in Ohio 2010s in Cleveland October 2016 sports events in the United States November 2016 sports events in the United States Sports competitions in Cleveland Sports competitions in Chicago 2016 in sports in Illinois Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use mdy dates from November 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 04 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who owns the rights to rocky and bullwinkle
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[
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{
"0": "The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends ( TV series ) - Wikipedia The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Boris & Natasha '' redirects here . For the movie by that name , see Boris and Natasha : The Movie . This article is about the television series . For the video game , see The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends . For the 2000 movie , see The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rocky and His Friends The Bullwinkle Show Rocky and Bullwinkle intro card from the official DVDs Also known as Rocky & His Friends ( ABC ) The Bullwinkle Show ( NBC ) The Rocky Show ( Syndication ) The Adventures of Rocky & Bullwinkle & Friends ( DVDs , international broadcast ) Bullwinkle 's Moose - A-Rama ( Nickelodeon ) Genre Comedy Adventure Satire Variety Science fiction Created by Jay Ward Alex Anderson Bill Scott Voices of June Foray Bill Scott Paul Frees Daws Butler Edward Everett Horton Walter Tetley Charles Ruggles Hans Conried Narrated by William Conrad Paul Frees Edward Everett Horton Theme music composer Frank Comstock ( Season 1 -- 2 ) Fred Steiner ( Season 3 -- 5 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 163 ( 326 Rocky & Bullwinkle segments ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ponsonby Britt , O.B.E Producer ( s ) Jay Ward Bill Scott Running time 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Jay Ward Productions Gamma Productions Producers Associates of Television , Inc .",
"1": "Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network ABC ( 1959 -- 61 ) NBC ( 1961 -- 64 ) Picture format black and white ( 1959 -- 61 ) Color ( 1961 -- 64 ) Audio format Mono Original release November 19 , 1959 ( 1959 - 11 - 19 ) -- June 27 , 1964 ( 1964 - 06 - 27 ) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends is the blanket title for an American animated television series that originally aired from November 19 , 1959 , to June 27 , 1964 , on the ABC and NBC television networks . The current blanket title was imposed for home video releases over 40 years after the series originally aired and was never used when the show was televised ; television airings of the show were broadcast under the titles of Rocky and His Friends from 1959 to 1961 , The Bullwinkle Show from 1961 to 1964 , and The Adventures of Bullwinkle and Rocky in syndication . Produced by Jay Ward Productions , the series is structured as a variety show , with the main feature being the serialized adventures of the two title characters , the anthropomorphic moose Bullwinkle and flying squirrel Rocky . The main adversaries in most of their adventures are the two Russian - like spies Boris Badenov and Natasha Fatale . Supporting segments include Dudley Do - Right ( a parody of old - time melodrama ) , Peabody 's Improbable History ( a dog named Mr. Peabody and his boy Sherman traveling through time ) , and Fractured Fairy Tales ( classic fairy tales retold in comic fashion ) , among others . Rocky and Bullwinkle is known for quality writing and wry humor . Mixing puns , cultural and topical satire , and self - referential humor , it appealed to adults as well as children . It was also one of the first cartoons whose animation was outsourced ; storyboards were shipped to Gamma Productions , a Mexican studio also employed by Total Television .",
"2": "The art has a choppy , unpolished look and the animation is extremely limited even by television animation standards at the time , yet the series has long been held in high esteem by those who have seen it ; some critics described the series as a well - written radio program with pictures . The show was shuffled around several times ( airing in afternoon , prime time , and Saturday morning timeslots ) , but was influential to other animated series from The Simpsons to Rocko 's Modern Life . Segments from the series were later recycled in the Hoppity Hooper show . There have been numerous feature film adaptations of the series ' various segments , such as the 2000 film The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle which blended live - action and computer animation and the 1999 live - action film Dudley Do - Right , which both received poor reviews and were financially unsuccessful . By contrast , an animated feature film adaptation of the `` Peabody 's Improbable History '' segment , Mr. Peabody & Sherman , was released to positive reviews in 2014 . A rebooted animated series , The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show , debuted on Netflix in October 2015 . In 2013 , Rocky and His Friends and The Bullwinkle Show were ranked the sixth Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time by TV Guide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Production 1.2 Network television : 1959 -- 1982 1.3 Syndicated package 2 Characters 3 Structure 4 Supporting features 5 Voices 6 Reception and cultural impact 7 Revival attempts 8 CED Videodisc releases 9 VHS and LaserDisc releases 9.1 Gray market releases 10 DVD releases 11 In other media 11.1 Advertising 11.2 Children 's opera 11.3 Comics 11.4 Films 11.5 Music recordings 11.6 Toys 11.7 Video games 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Background ( edit ) The idea for the series came from Jay Ward and Alex Anderson , who previously collaborated on Crusader Rabbit , based upon the original property The Frostbite Falls Revue . This original show never got beyond the proposal stage .",
"3": "It featured a group of forest animals running a television station . The group included Rocket J. Squirrel ( Rocky ) , Oski Bear , Canadian Moose ( Bullwinkle ) , Sylvester Fox , Blackstone Crow , and Floral Fauna . The show in this form was created by Alex Anderson . Bullwinkle 's name came from the name of a car dealership in Berkeley , California , called Bullwinkel Motors . Anderson changed the spelling of the name and gave it to his moose . Ward wanted to produce the show in Los Angeles ; however , Anderson lived in the San Francisco Bay Area and did not want to relocate . As a result , Ward hired Bill Scott as head writer and co-producer at Jay Ward Productions , and he wrote the Rocky and Bullwinkle features . Ward was joined by writers Chris Hayward and Allan Burns ; the latter eventually became head writer for MTM Enterprises . In a 1982 interview , Scott said , `` I got a call from Jay asking if I 'd be interested in writing another series , an adventure script with a moose and a squirrel . I said , ' Sure . ' I did n't know if I could write an adventure with a moose and a squirrel , but I never turned down a job . '' Production ( edit ) The series began with the pilot , Rocky the Flying Squirrel . Production began in February 1958 with the hiring of voice actors June Foray , Paul Frees , Bill Scott , and William Conrad . Eight months later , General Mills signed a deal to sponsor the cartoon program , under the condition that the show be run in a late - afternoon time slot , when it could be targeted toward children . Subsequently , Ward hired the rest of the production staff , including writers and designers . However , no animators were hired . Ad executives at Dancer , Fitzgerald , & Sample -- the advertising agency for General Mills -- set up an animation studio in Mexico called Gamma Productions S.A. de C.V. , originally known as Val - Mar Animation . This outsourcing of the animation for the series was considered financially attractive by primary sponsor General Mills , but caused endless production problems .",
"4": "In a 1982 interview by animation historian Jim Korkis , Bill Scott described some of the problems that arose during production of the series : We found out very quickly that we could not depend on Mexican studios to produce anything of quality . They were turning out the work very quickly and there were all kinds of mistakes and flaws and boo - boos ... They would never check ... Mustaches popped on and off Boris , Bullwinkle 's antlers would change , colors would change , costumes would disappear ... By the time we finally saw it , it was on the air . Network television : 1959 -- 1982 ( edit ) See also : List of Rocky and Bullwinkle episodes The show was broadcast for the first time on November 19 , 1959 , on the ABC television network under the title Rocky and His Friends twice a week , on Tuesday and Thursday afternoons , following American Bandstand at 5 : 30 p.m. ET , where it was the highest - rated daytime network program . The show moved to the NBC network starting September 24 , 1961 , broadcast in color , and first appeared on Sundays at 7 p.m. ET , just before Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color . Bullwinkle 's ratings suffered as a result of airing opposite perennial favorite Lassie . A potential move to CBS caused NBC to reschedule the show to late Sunday afternoons ( 5 : 30 p.m. ET ) and early Saturday afternoons in its final season . NBC canceled the show in the summer of 1964 . It was shopped to ABC , but they were not interested . However , reruns of episodes were aired on ABC 's Sunday morning schedule at 11 a.m. ET until 1973 , at which time the series went into syndication . An abbreviated fifteen - minute version of the series ran in syndication in the 1960s under the title The Rocky Show . This version was sometimes shown in conjunction with The King and Odie , a fifteen - minute version of Total Television 's King Leonardo and His Short Subjects . The King and Odie was similar to Rocky and Bullwinkle in that it was sponsored by General Mills and animated by Gamma Productions . NBC later aired Bullwinkle Show reruns at 12 : 30 p.m.",
"5": "ET Saturday afternoons during the 1981 -- 1982 television season . On cable , the series had extended runs on Nickelodeon ( 1990 -- 1994 ) , Cartoon Network ( 1993 -- 2002 ) and Boomerang ( early 2000s ) . Since the late 2000s , The Program Exchange has typically only licensed the series for short - term runs ; nationally , the series has seen limited airings on WGN America ( 2009 ) , VH1 Classic ( 2012 ) and Boomerang ( 2013 ) . Syndicated package ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show remained in syndicated reruns and was still available for local television stations through The Program Exchange as late as 2016 ; WBBZ - TV , for instance , aired the show in a strip to counterprogram 10 PM newscasts in the Buffalo , New York market during the summer 2013 season . The underlying rights are now owned by Universal Pictures , which holds the library of predecessor companies DreamWorks Animation and Classic Media , and who in turn with copyright holder Ward Productions forms the joint venture Bullwinkle Studios , which manages the Rocky and Bullwinkle properties ; Universal 's purchase of Classic Media coincided with The Program Exchange 's shutdown . Sponsor General Mills retained all United States television rights to the series . Two packages , each containing different episodes , are available . The syndicated version of The Bullwinkle Show contains 98 half - hour shows ( # 801 -- 898 ) . The first 78 comprise the Rocky & Bullwinkle story lines from the first two seasons of the original series ( these segments originally aired under the Rocky and His Friends title ) . Other elements in the half - hour shows ( Fractured Fairy Tales , Peabody 's Improbable History , Dudley Do - Right of the Mounties , Aesop and Son , and short cartoons including Bullwinkle 's Corner and Mr. Know - It - All ) sometimes appear out of the original broadcast sequence .",
"6": "The final 20 syndicated Bullwinkle Show episodes feature later Rocky & Bullwinkle story lines ( from `` Bumbling Bros. Circus '' through the end of the series , minus `` Moosylvania '' ) along with Fractured Fairy Tales , Bullwinkle 's Corner , and Mr. Know - It - All segments repeated from earlier in the syndicated episode cycle . Originally , many syndicated shows included segments of Total Television 's The World of Commander McBragg , but these cartoons were replaced with other segments when the shows were remastered in the early 1990s . A package , promoted under the Rocky and His Friends name but utilizing The Rocky Show titles , features story lines not included in the syndicated Bullwinkle Show series . The most recently syndicated Rocky and His Friends package retains the 15 - minute format , consisting of 156 individual episodes , but like The Bullwinkle Show , the content differs from the versions syndicated in the 1960s . The various supporting segments , including Fractured Fairy Tales ( 91 ) , Peabody 's Improbable History ( 91 ) , and Aesop and Son ( 39 ) segments are syndicated as part of Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales , and 38 of the 39 Dudley Do - Right cartoons are syndicated as part of Dudley Do Right ( sic ) and Friends . Syndicated versions of the shows distributed outside of the United States and Canada combine the various segments under the package title Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends ; it is this version of the show that is represented on official DVD releases through DreamWorks Classics and the official online version found on Hulu . Characters ( edit ) ( From left to right ) Rocky , Bullwinkle , and Captain Peter Peachfuzz . The lead characters and heroes of the series were Rocket `` Rocky '' J. Squirrel , a flying squirrel , and his best friend Bullwinkle J. Moose , a dim - witted but good - natured moose . Both characters lived in the fictional town of Frostbite Falls , Minnesota , which was based on the real life city of International Falls , Minnesota . The scheming villains in most episodes were the fiendish spies Boris Badenov , a pun on Boris Godunov , and Natasha Fatale , a pun on femme fatale .",
"7": "Other characters included Fearless Leader , the dictator of the fictitious nation of Pottsylvania and Boris and Natasha 's superior , Gidney & Cloyd , little green men from the moon who were armed with scrooch guns ; Captain Peter `` Wrongway '' Peachfuzz , the captain of the S.S. Andalusia ; various U.S. government bureaucrats and politicians ( such as Senator Fussmussen , a recurring character who opposed admitting Alaska and Hawaii to the union on grounds of his own xenophobia ) ; and the inevitable onlookers , Edgar and Chauncy . Structure ( edit ) When first shown on NBC , the cartoons were introduced by a Bullwinkle puppet , voiced by Bill Scott , who would often lampoon celebrities , current events , and especially Walt Disney , whose program Wonderful World of Color was next on the schedule . Compared with the dim - witted and lovable moose that fans of the series grew up with , this short - lived version of Bullwinkle was depicted as a sarcastic smart - aleck . On one occasion , `` Bullwinkle '' encouraged children to pull the tuning knobs off the TV set . `` In that way , '' explained Bullwinkle , `` we 'll be sure to be with you next week ! '' The network received complaints from parents of an estimated 20,000 child viewers who apparently followed Bullwinkle 's suggestion . Bullwinkle told the children the following week to put the knobs back on with glue `` and make it stick ! '' The puppet sequence was dropped altogether . Scott later re-used the puppet for a segment called `` Dear Bullwinkle , '' where letters written for the show were read and answered humorously . Four episodes of `` Dear Bullwinkle '' are on the Season 1 DVD . Each episode is composed of two `` Rocky & Bullwinkle '' cliffhanger shorts that stylistically emulated early radio and film serials . The plots of these shorts would combine into story arcs spanning numerous episodes . The first and longest story arc was Jet Fuel Formula consisting of 40 shorts ( 20 episodes ) . Stories ranged from seeking the missing ingredient for a rocket fuel formula , to tracking the monstrous whale Maybe Dick , to an attempt to prevent mechanical , metal - munching , moon mice from devouring the nation 's television antennas .",
"8": "Rocky and Bullwinkle frequently encounter the two Pottsylvanian nogoodniks , Boris Badenov and Natasha Fatale . At the end of most episodes , the narrator , William Conrad , would announce two humorous titles for the next episode that typically were puns of each other ( and usually related more to the current predicament than to the plot of the next episode ) . For example , during an adventure taking place in a mountain range , the narrator would state , `` Be with us next time for ' Avalanche Is Better Than None , ' or ' Snow 's Your Old Man . ' '' Such a ' This , ' or ' That ' title announcement was borrowed from The Adventures of Sam Spade radio shows produced in 1946 -- 50 . The narrator frequently spoke with the characters , thus breaking the fourth wall . Episodes were introduced with one of four opening sequences : Rocky flies about snow - covered mountains . Below him , hiking on a snowy trail , Bullwinkle is distracted by a billboard featuring his name , and walks off a ledge . He becomes a large snowball as he rolls downhill . Rocky flies to him and pushes against the snowball , slowing it to a halt at the edge of another cliff . Bullwinkle pops out of the snowball to catch the teetering squirrel at the cliff edge . In a circus , Rocky is preparing to jump from a high diving board into a tub of water tended by Bullwinkle . However , when Rocky jumps , he ends up flying around the circus tent , while Bullwinkle chases after him carrying the tub . As Rocky lands safely , Bullwinkle tumbles into the tub . This was the same intro used for the Buena Vista VHS series in the early 1990s . Rocky is flying acrobatically about a city landscape . Bullwinkle is high atop a flagpole painting , and is knocked from his perch as the squirrel flies by . Rocky attempts to catch the plummeting moose with a butterfly net , but the moose falls through . Rocky then flies lower to find his friend suspended from a clothesline , having fallen into a pair of long johns . Similar to the previous opening , Rocky is again flying about the city . Bullwinkle is suspended from a safety harness posting a sign on a large billboard .",
"9": "He loses his balance as the squirrel zooms past him and tumbles off the platform . The moose lands on a banner pole mounted on the side of a building , and the recoil springs him back into the air . He lands on a store awning , slides down , and drops a few feet to a bench on which Rocky is seated . The impact launches the squirrel off the bench , and Bullwinkle nonchalantly catches him in his left hand to end the sequence . Episodes ended with a bumper sequence in which a violent lightning storm destroys the landscape , appearing to engulf Rocky and Bullwinkle in the destruction and accompanied by dramatic piano music . The music would become more lighthearted , and the ground would scroll upward while the outlines of the heroes gradually appeared . We then see a smiling sun overlooking a barren field which rapidly fills with sunflowers until Rocky and Bullwinkle finally sprout from the ground . Supporting features ( edit ) Sherman and Mr. Peabody enter the WABAC machine The `` Rocky & Bullwinkle '' shorts serve as `` bookends '' for popular supporting features , including : `` Dudley Do - Right of the Mounties '' , a parody of early 20th century melodrama and silent film serials of the Northern genre . Dudley Do - Right is a Canadian Mountie in constant pursuit of his nemesis , Snidely Whiplash , who sports the standard `` villain '' attire of black top hat , cape , and large handlebar moustache . This is one of the few Jay Ward cartoons to feature a background music track . As is standard in Ward 's cartoons , jokes often have more than one meaning . A standard gag is to introduce characters in an irised close - up with the name of the `` actor '' displayed in a caption below , a convention seen in some early silent films . However , the comic twist is using the captions to present silly names or subtle puns . Occasionally , even the scenery is introduced in this manner , as when `` Dead Man 's Gulch '' is identified as being portrayed by `` Gorgeous Gorge , '' a reference to professional wrestler Gorgeous George . `` Peabody 's Improbable History '' features a genius talking dog named Mister Peabody who has a pet boy named Sherman .",
"10": "Peabody and Sherman use Peabody 's `` WABAC machine '' ( pronounced `` way - back '' , spelled WAYBAC in season 1 , episode 4 , and partially a play on names of early computers such as UNIVAC and ENIAC ) to go back in time to discover the real story behind historical events , and in many cases , intervene with uncooperative historical figures to ensure that events transpire as history has recorded . The term `` Wayback Machine '' is used to this day in Internet applications such as Wikipedia and the Internet Archive to refer to the ability to see or revert to older content . These segments are famous for including a pun at the end . For example , when going back to the time of Pancho Villa , they show Pancho a photo of a woman and he promptly feels the urge to take a nap . When Sherman asks why this is so , Peabody says that the woman 's name is Esther , and whenever you `` see Esther '' ( siesta ) you fall asleep . Mr. Peabody is named after a dog belonging to Scott 's son John . Sherman is named after UPA director Sherman Glas . `` Fractured Fairy Tales '' presented familiar fairy tales and children 's stories , but with altered storylines and modernized for humorous effect . This segment was narrated by Edward Everett Horton ; June Foray , Bill Scott , Paul Frees , and an uncredited Daws Butler often supplied the voices . `` Aesop & Son '' is similar to `` Fractured Fairy Tales '' , complete with the same theme music , except it deals with fables instead of fairy tales . The typical structure consists of Aesop attempting to teach a lesson to his son using a fable . After hearing the story , the son subverts the fable 's moral with a pun . This structure was also suggested by the feature 's opening titles , which showed Aesop painstakingly carving his name in marble using a mallet and chisel and then his son , with a jackhammer and raising a cloud of dust , appending `` And Son . '' Aesop was voiced ( uncredited ) by actor Charlie Ruggles and the son , Junior , was voiced by Daws Butler .",
"11": "`` Bullwinkle 's Corner '' features the dimwitted moose attempting to introduce culture into the proceedings by reciting ( and acting out ) poems and nursery rhymes , inadvertently and humorously butchering them . Poems subjected to this treatment include several by Robert Louis Stevenson ( `` My Shadow '' , `` The Swing '' , and `` Where Go the Boats '' ) ; William Wordsworth 's `` Daffodils '' ; `` Little Miss Muffet '' , `` Little Jack Horner '' , and `` Wee Willie Winkie '' ; J.G. Whittier 's `` Barbara Frietchie '' ; and `` The Queen of Hearts '' by Charles Lamb . Simple Simon is performed with Boris as the pie man , but as a variation of the famous Abbott and Costello routine `` Who 's on First ? '' . `` Mr. Know - It - All '' again features Bullwinkle posing as an authority on any topic . Disaster inevitably ensues . `` Bullwinkle and Rocky Fan Club '' , a series of abortive attempts by Rocky and Bullwinkle to conduct club business . The fan club consists only of Rocky , Bullwinkle , Boris , Natasha , and Captain Peter Peachfuzz . These shorts portray the characters as somewhat out of character . `` The World of Commander McBragg '' , short features on revisionist history as the title character would have imagined it ; this was actually prepared for Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales ( and later shown on The Underdog Show ) . Although the shorts were animated by the same animation company , Gamma Productions , they were produced for Total Television , rather than Ward Productions . These segments were packaged with pre-1990 syndicated versions of The Bullwinkle Show and appear in syndicated episodes of The Underdog Show , Dudley Do Right and Friends , and Uncle Waldo 's Cartoon Show . Voices ( edit ) The following table summarizes which characters were voiced by which actor , as documented in the Frostbite Falls Field Guide and June Foray interview in the Complete Series boxed set , as well as Rocky and Bullwinkle sub-articles here on Wikipedia . Actor Character ( s ) voiced Bill Scott Bullwinkle , Dudley Do - Right , Fearless Leader , Mr. Peabody , Gidney , Mr.",
"12": "Big June Foray Rocky , Natasha Fatale , Nell Fenwick , various witches , princesses , and hags in Fractured Fairy Tales , and every other female character in the show Paul Frees Boris Badenov , Captain Peter Peachfuzz , Cloyd , Inspector Fenwick , narrator for Dudley Do - Right ( shared ) , various historical figures in Peabody 's Improbable History Walter Tetley Sherman Daws Butler Aesop Junior , various characters in Fractured Fairy Tales and Aesop and Son Charlie Ruggles Aesop Hans Conried Snidely Whiplash William Conrad narrator for Rocky and Bullwinkle , narrator for Dudley Do - Right ( shared ) Edward Everett Horton narrator for Fractured Fairy Tales Reception and cultural impact ( edit ) In 1962 , as a publicity stunt , Ward leased a small island on a lake between Minnesota and Canada , which he named after `` Moosylvania '' , a small island shown in the later Rocky and Bullwinkle cartoons . In a campaign to make the island into the 51st state , he and Scott drove a van across the country to about 50 - 60 cities collecting petition signatures . Arriving in Washington D.C. , they pulled up to the White House gate to see President Kennedy , and were brusquely turned away . They learned that the evening they had arrived was during the height of the Cuban Missile Crisis . Also in 1962 , British Invasion band Herman 's Hermits got its name because bandmates thought lead singer Peter Noone looked like Sherman of `` Mr. Peabody '' fame , and the name `` Herman '' was close enough to `` Sherman '' for them . TSR , Inc. released Bullwinkle & Rocky TM ( 1988 ) , a roleplaying game based on the world of Rocky and Bullwinkle . The game consisted of rules , mylar hand puppets , cards , and spinners . Data East produced a pinball machine titled Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends ( 1993 ) . In 1999 , Mattel made Rocky & Bullwinkle - themed cars under its Hot Wheels line .",
"13": "In 2002 , Rocky and His Friends ranked # 47 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . In January 2009 , IGN named Rocky and Bullwinkle as the 11th best animated television series . To date , Rocky and Friends has aired in 100 countries . Revival attempts ( edit ) There were attempts to revive Rocky & Bullwinkle throughout the 1970s . A revival in 1981 parodied the Super Bowl . A script was written , storyboards were produced , the network gave it a green light , but the project was canceled because of objections from the NFL . ( Actual team owners were parodied , and Boris was fixing the game . ) Another revival attempt took place at Disney in the mid 1980s , back when they were distributing the show on VHS . Developed by Tad Stone and Michael Peraza , the revival was named The Secret Adventures of Bullwinkle and would have been a modern take on the old Bullwinkle show , with the return of characters like Peabody and Sherman , Dudley Do Right and would have featured new segments like `` Fractured Scary Tales '' , a parody of horror films , and a new `` Mr Know It All '' skit that had Bullwinkle programming a VCR . Before the two presented their pitch , they soon found out Disney did n't have the rights to the actual series , only to the video distribution of the old Bullwinkle show , and the concept was abandoned . CED videodisc releases ( edit ) The program debuted on home video with two compilation CED Videodiscs released by RCA during the format 's rise in the early 1980s , featuring complete , uncut story arcs and accompanying alternating segments and bumpers . Volume 1 contained the complete story for `` Wossamotta U '' , while volume 2 contained `` Goof Gas Attack '' and `` The Three Mooseketeers '' . VHS and LaserDisc releases ( edit ) Buena Vista Home Video released the show on VHS and LaserDisc in the early 1990s , under the title The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle . These are presented differently from when broadcast .",
"14": "Two `` Rocky and Bullwinkle '' chapters were sometimes edited together into one ( removing the `` titles '' for the next chapters as well as part of the recap at the beginning of the next ) , usually showing the storyline in four or five chapters per video . For example , the 12 - episode Wossamotta U. adventure is reduced to seven episodes , and runs about seven minutes shorter . The `` Bullwinkle Show '' closing was used on these . The first eight videos were released under the `` Classic Stuff '' banner , with covers and titles being parodies of famous paintings or painters . Four more videos were released under the `` Funny Stuff '' banner , but unlike the first eight , these were not numbered , the video titles matched the title of the featured `` Rocky and Bullwinkle '' storyline , and the covers represented scenes from shows ( such as Bullwinkle pulling a rhino out of a hat as the cover for `` Painting Theft '' ) . ( The change in the banner might have been due to a video magazine publishing a letter criticizing the editing . ) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle Season 1 is available in Cracker Barrel for VHS . Volume # ( LD # ) VHS name Ep Additional segments 1 . ( 1 ) `` Mona Moose '' `` The Treasure of Monte Zoom '' Fractured Fairy Tales : Riding Hoods Anonymous , Bullwinkle 's Corner : How to Be Happy ( Though Miserable ) , Peabody 's Improbable History : Robinson Crusoe , Dudley Do - Right : The Disloyal Canadians , Mr. Know - It - All : How to Get into the Movies Without Buying a Ticket 2 . ( 1 ) `` Birth of Bullwinkle '' `` The Ruby Yacht '' Peabody 's Improbable History : Robin Hood , Bullwinkle 's Corner : Little Miss Muffet , Fractured Fairy Tales : Sleeping Beauty , Mr. Know - it - All : How to Catch a Bee and Make Your Honey Happy , Dudley Do - Right : Flicker Rock 3 . ( 2 ) `` Vincent Van Moose '' `` Goof Gas Attack '' Fractured Fairy Tales : Rapunzel , Dudley Do - Right : Finding Gold , Mr.",
"15": "Know - It - All : How to be an Archeologist -- and Dig Ancient History , Aesop and Son : The Dog and His Shadow 4 . ( 2 ) `` Blue Moose '' `` Rue Britannia '' Peabody 's Improbable History : Cleopatra , Bullwinkle 's Corner : The Queen of Hearts , Dudley Do - Right : Mountie Without a Horse , Fractured Fairy Tales : The Ugly Almond Duckling 5 . ( 3 ) `` La Grande Moose '' `` Box Top Robbery '' Dudley Do - Right : Saw Mill , Fractured Fairy Tales : The Frog Prince , Aesop and Son : He Who Laughs Last 6 . ( 3 ) Canadian Gothic Four `` Dudley Do - Right '' segments , instead of a `` Rocky and Bullwinkle '' storyline ( `` Marigolds '' , `` Trading Places '' , `` Lure of the Footlights '' , and `` Whiplash Captured '' ) Aesop and Son : The Hound and the Wolf , Fractured Fairy Tales : The Frog Prince , Bullwinkle 's Corner : Simple Simon , Mr. Know - it - All : How to Do Stunts in the Movies without Having the Usher Throw You Out , Peabody 's Improbable History : The Royal Mountie Police 7 . ( 4 ) Whistler 's Moose `` Moosylvania '' and `` Moosylvania Saved '' Aesop and Son : The Mice in Council , Mr. Know - it - All : How to Direct a Temperamental Movie Star , Bullwinkle 's Corner : Tom Tom the Piper 's Son , Peabody 's Improbable History : Whistler 's Mother , Fractured Fairy Tales : Little Red Riding Hood 8 . ( 4 ) Norman Moosewell '' `` Wossamotta U '' Bullwinkle 's Fan Club , Peabody 's Improbable History : William Shakespeare , Fractured Fairy Tales : Rumpelstiltskin , Dudley Do - Right : Dudley 's Brother 9 .",
"16": "( 5 ) `` Pottsylvania Creeper '' `` Pottsylvania Creeper '' Dudley Do - Right : Recruiting Campaign , Bullwinkle 's Corner : Mary Had a Little Lamb , Peabody 's Improbable History : Lawrence of Arabia , Fractured Fairy Tales : The Red - Haired Duke , Mr. Know - It - All : How to Sell Vacuum Cleaners , Aesop and Son : Two Heads are Better than One 10 . ( 5 ) `` Painting Theft '' `` Painting Theft '' Peabody 's Improbable History : Mati Hatti , Fractured Fairy Tales : The Enchanted Prince , Bullwinkle 's Corner : Hickory Dickory Dock , Dudley Do - Right : Coming - Out Party , Mr. Know - It - All : The Old West 11 . ( 6 ) `` The Weather Lady '' `` The Weather Lady '' Peabody 's Improbable History : William Tell , Bullwinkle 's Corner : Wee Willie Winkie , Dudley Do - Right : Mortgagin ' The Mountie Post , Mr. Know - It - All : How to Escape From Devil 's Island , Fractured Fairy Tales : Hansel and Gretel 12 . ( 6 ) `` Banana Formula '' `` Banana Formula '' Peabody 's Improbable History : Bonnie Prince Charlie , Mr. Know - It - All : How to Make Friends , Aesop and Son : The King of the Jungle , Bullwinkle 's Corner : The Ditzy Daffodils , Dudley Do - Right : Trap Bait , Fractured Fairy Tales : The Golden Goose Gray market releases ( edit ) Years after the Buena Vista releases ended , another series of `` Rocky and Bullwinkle '' VHS tapes were released , both separately and as a boxed set . These videos included Upsidaisium , The Last Angry Moose , Metal - Munching Mice , Much Mud , and Rue Britannia . However , these were released through Goodtimes Video and were not authorized by Ward Productions . The copies used were from 16 mm Bullwinkle Show prints .",
"17": "Some other companies also released unauthorized editions of Rocky and Bullwinkle , including Nostalgia Family Video which also released all 98 of The Bullwinkle Show package shows via 16 mm Bullwinkle Show prints and Bridgestone Multimedia released eight episodes as Rocky and his Friends using an old broadcast 16 mm print . The copyright status of these 98 episodes ( along with some episodes of Hoppity Hooper ) is disputed . As of 2017 , the copyright is generally recognized as valid , and attempts to post the gray market releases on video sites have historically been greeted with DMCA takedown notices . DVD releases ( edit ) In 2002 , Jay Ward Productions established a partnership with Classic Media called Bullwinkle Studios . From 2003 to 2005 , the partnership produced DVDs of the first three seasons of the series , which were renamed ( for legal reasons ) Rocky & Bullwinkle & Friends . Releases then stalled until 2010 , when season 4 was released , in part to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the series . The complete series was released on January 4 , 2011 , marking the debut of season 5 on DVD . A standalone release of season 5 was released on March 29 , 2011 . The DVDs for the first 3 seasons were distributed by Sony Wonder , while season 4 , 5 and Complete Series sets are currently distributed by Vivendi Entertainment . The DVD releases differ somewhat from the originals . The renaming of the show led to a sometimes clumsy superimposition of the new title onto preexisting opening credits and interior bumpers . A Bill Conrad sound - alike was used to announce the new title , which some viewers found jarring . In addition , a semi-transparent `` R&B '' logo appears for five seconds at the beginning of each segment in the lower right - hand corner . Some segments were moved from their position in the original episodes . Also , the season 5 shows on DVD recycle supporting features found on the DVDs for the first four seasons . Mathematically , this makes sense since the total number of supporting features ( assuming two used per show ) exactly equals the number of shows created during the first four seasons .",
"18": "The first set , most of the second set , and the fifth season set use the second opening and closing used for the `` Rocky and His Friends '' broadcast , while the last two story arcs in the second set , as well as the third and fourth season sets , use the original opening and closing from the `` Rocky and His Friends '' broadcast . Frank Comstock 's musical themes are replaced on the sets with Fred Steiner 's music produced for The Bullwinkle Show . In addition , the first four season sets include optional Spanish - language audio tracks . In 2005 , Classic Media released a series of `` best of '' DVD compilations of popular segments of the series : two volumes of `` The Best of Rocky and Bullwinkle '' , plus the single - volume `` The Best of Boris and Natasha '' , `` The Best of Mr. Peabody and Sherman '' , `` The Best of Fractured Fairy Tales '' , and `` The Best of Dudley Do - Right '' . These compilations contain episodes from the entire run of the show . On October 30 , 2012 , Classic Media released a DVD called `` The Complete Fractured Fairy Tales '' which includes all 91 Fractured Fairy Tales segments .",
"19": "DVD name Ep # Release date ( Region 1 ) Discs Extras Complete First Season 26 August 12 , 2003 Network promos ; `` Savings Stamp Club '' episode ; `` Dear Bullwinkle '' bumpers ; `` The Many Faces of Boris Badenov '' ( a montage of Boris scenes ) ; two segments from Season Two 's `` Metal Munching Mice '' Complete Second Season 52 August 31 , 2004 4 ( double sided ) Interview with June Foray ; Three Cheerios commercials ( storyboard and final versions ) ; `` Moosecalls : The Best of Bullwinkle Sings '' ( a parody of television ads for compilation records ) ; a segment from Season Three 's `` Missouri Mish Mash '' Complete Third Season 33 September 6 , 2005 Bullwinkle puppet openings ; `` The Best of Bullwinkle Follies '' ( a vaudeville themed montage of clips ) ; the first segment of Season Four 's `` Painting Theft '' Complete Fourth Season 19 August 17 , 2010 None Complete Fifth Season 33 March 29 , 2011 Audio outtake from `` Goof Gas Attack '' Complete Series 163 January 4 , 2011 18 In addition to previous extras , a 70 - page `` Frostbite Falls Field Guide '' detailing the history of the show ; `` Exceptional Adequacy '' award ribbon In other Media ( edit ) Advertising ( edit ) In 1966 , the duo appeared between show segments in ads for General Mills ' Frosty O 's cereal and Kendall `` Curad Comic Strips '' plastic bandages In the 1960s or 70s Rocky and Bullwinkle appeared in some U.S. postage stamps with their friends . Rocky and Bullwinkle were in a 1986 ad for Hershey 's Kisses snack pack . In the 1990s Rocky and Bullwinkle appeared in some ads for Taco Bell , wherein they ate real tacos by stopping Boris and Natasha from selling burgers . DreamWorks Animation CGI versions of Rocky and Bullwinkle appeared in a 2014 advertisement for GEICO , appearing with the GEICO Gecko in the Rocky Mountains .",
"20": "Children 's Opera ( edit ) In 1997 , The Los Angeles Opera toured a children 's production , named Les Moose : The Operatic Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle , around various L.A. County Elementary Schools . The story followed Boris and Natasha as they tried to steal the formula for Mooseberry Rocket Fuel from Bullwinkle J. Moose . Comics ( edit ) A syndicated daily newspaper comic strip titled Bullwinkle began on July 23 , 1962 with original stories drawn by Al Kilgore . It ended in 1965 . Rocky and Bullwinkle comic books were published by Dell Comics , Gold Key Comics , Charlton Comics and Star Comics ( an imprint of Marvel Comics ) . All were called Bullwinkle and Rocky . The comics , although for children , did contain numerous references spoofing issues such as celebrity worship or the politics of the 1980s . In one Star Comics issue , Bullwinkle owns a small company , which makes him eligible to compete in a fun run in Washington DC for presidents of small companies . When Bullwinkle says he is there for the race , it is mistaken that he is campaigning for President . The comic also spoofed US President Ronald Reagan , and he personally thanks Bullwinkle for stopping Boris & Natasha by rewarding him with monogrammed jelly beans . Another comic broke the fourth wall when the narrator is outraged at a plot of Boris ' , to which Boris claims he has control of everyone `` by capturing the Marvel Comics building and tying up the editor '' . When the narrator comments on how this is morally wrong , Boris quiets him by saying , `` You will agree or you will not find paycheck in mail this month ! '' The same issue made reference to the 1988 Olympics , which Boris had engineering in Fort Knox , Kentucky in an attempt to steal its gold by carving all the bars into gold medals , as well as furnishing false information to every country so Pottsylvania would win all the gold medals ( and thus take all true gold ) by virtue of default . After Boris is foiled , the narrator comments that the games will go on as planned in real time in Seoul , South Korea .",
"21": "In April 2013 , it was announced that IDW Publishing with DreamWorks Classics and Bullwinkle Studios will release comics of Rocky and Bullwinkle , Dudley Do - Right and Peabody and Sherman . Films ( edit ) Boris and Natasha : The Movie ( 1992 ) , is a live - action feature film starring the two spies . Neither Rocky nor Bullwinkle appears in this film ; however the characters of Toots and Harve are identified as `` Moose '' and `` Squirrel '' at one point in the film . The film was originally intended for theatrical release , but was premiered on Showtime . Dudley Do - Right ( 1999 ) , a theatrical live - action film , starred Brendan Fraser , Sarah Jessica Parker and Alfred Molina . The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle ( 2000 ) is a theatrical film starring Rocky and Bullwinkle . It was a mix of live - action with Rocky and Bullwinkle appearing as computer animated cartoon characters created by Industrial Light & Magic . June Foray returned to voice Rocky , while Bullwinkle was voiced by Keith Scott . Robert De Niro , Jason Alexander and Rene Russo played the live - action versions of Fearless Leader , Boris and Natasha , respectively . This film takes place 35 years after the show 's cancellation . Mr. Peabody & Sherman is a 2014 animated film based off the two characters of the same name from the original cartoon . Rocky and Bullwinkle is a short animated film produced by DreamWorks Animation , and directed by Gary Trousdale . It was originally planned to theatrically accompany the DreamWorks ' feature film , Mr. Peabody & Sherman , but was instead released on the Blu - ray 3D release of the film . The short features June Foray as Rocky and Tom Kenny as Bullwinkle . Music recordings ( edit ) Golden Records released a phonograph album of songs , Rocky the Flying Squirrel & His Friends ( 1961 ) , using voice actors from the series . Boris and Natasha , for example sing : `` We will double , single and triple cross , our very closest friends ! '' A 78rpm single ( Golden 659 ) was released on yellow vinyl .",
"22": "This had Rocky singing `` I Was Born To Be Airborne '' on one side , backed with Bullwinkle singing `` I 'm Rocky 's Pal '' . The single sold in grocery stores . Paul Parnes ( who later wrote songs for Sesame Street ) is credited as composer . `` Some nutty characters get together here for the benefit of the very young . Lots of laughs for the juvenile sense of humor . '' The pseudonymously - named Boris Badenough released a record called `` Hey Rocky ! '' on Trax Records in 1986 . The record featured a house - music beat underneath clips from the series . In 2007 , Blackstone Audio released the audio tracks of 15 of the Fractured Fairy Tales on CD . Toys ( edit ) In 1999 , Mattel released a collector numbered series under its Hot wheels toy line , the `` Car - Toon Friends '' series . It contains 4 cars ; The now retired model `` XT - 3 '' for Rocky , `` Double Vision '' for Bullwinkle , `` Saltflat Racer '' for Natasha , and `` Lakestar '' for Boris . They are no longer produced with these paint jobs , and are hard to find , as of December 2012 . Video games ( edit ) THQ released The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends for the Nintendo Entertainment System , Game Boy , and Super NES in 1992 . Absolute Entertainment also released a version for the Sega Genesis , in 1993 . A trivia game , titled Rocky & Bullwinkle 's Know - It - All Quiz Game , was released for Windows 95 / 98 and Mac ( for PC ) , in 1998 . Zen Studios released an Xbox Live Arcade video game titled Rocky and Bullwinkle for download on April 16 , 2008 . Data East released a pinball in 1993 . See also ( edit ) Animation portal Television portal 1950s portal 1960s portal List of Rocky and Bullwinkle episodes ( including links to articles on the various story arcs ) Upsidaisium Bullwinkle 's Restaurant Dudley Do - Right Emporium Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Christon , Lawrence ( November 13 , 1988 ) .",
"23": "`` Tales of Jay Ward and the Bullwinkle Gang '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Folkart , Burt ( October 13 , 1989 ) . `` Artist created TV 's Rocky and Bullwinkle '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` Artist created TV 's Rocky and Bullwinkle '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Unsung Creator of Rocky and Bullwinkle Dies '' . Time . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Of Moose And Men '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV writer C. Hayward , of cartoon Bullwinkle '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky & Bullwinkle & Friends -- The Complete First Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jay Ward : Masterful Humorist '' . The Los Angeles Times . October 15 , 1989 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' . archive.org. 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Jeff ; Dan Abrams ( 1997 ) . `` Contributors '' . The Rocko 's Modern Life FAQ . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . It was always our intent to create shows that would be entertaining on many levels . Rocky and Bullwinkle are still funny to me now , but on a new level . There were jokes that I did n't get as a child that I now understand the references to . They were able to create shows that were funny to both groups without sacrificing anything . That is a hard job to do and we always strove to emulate that quality Jump up ^ `` The Adventures of Rocky & Bullwinkle -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ `` Dudley Do - Right '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Hulett , Steve ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Animation Work In And Around Los Angeles '' . The Animation Guild . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Reboots ' Mr. Peabody and Sherman ' in Series from DreamWorks Animation ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Greatest Cartoons of All Time '' . tvguide.com. 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Farber , Jim ( February 8 , 1991 ) . `` Rock Lives '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Schudel , Matt ( 25 October 2010 ) . `` Alex Anderson , creator of Rocky and Bullwinkle , dies at 90 '' -- via washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ Fox , Margalit ( December 19 , 2006 ) . `` Chris Hayward , 81 , TV Writer And a Creator of ' Munsters ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Bullwinkle Speaks ! An Interview With Bill Scott '' . cartoonician.com. 2 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rocky & Bullwinkle '' . Cataroo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Keith Scott ( 2000 ) . The Moose that Roared : The Story of Jay Ward , Bill Scott , a Flying Squirrel , and a Talking Moose . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 19922 - 8 Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan ( May 31 , 2013 ) . Eyewitness News staff to grow , Buffalo scores in NHL ratings . The Buffalo News . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Program Exchange '' .",
"25": "Retrieved 23 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Program Exchange '' . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Northern Exposure , '' University of Chicago Magazine , April 1997 `` . magazine.uchicago.edu . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( March 7 , 1991 ) . `` PBS Special on Cartoon Says a Mooseful '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Marc Robinson ( 2002 ) Brought to You In Living Color : 75 Years of Great Moments in Television & Radio From NBC . John Wiley and Sons . p. 83 ISBN 0 - 471 - 46921 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Dear Bullwinkle Shorts '' . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Opening to The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle La Grande Moose ( 1991 ) VHS '' . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky and Bullwinkle intermission '' . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Green , Heather ( February 28 , 2002 ) . `` A Library as Big as the World '' . BusinessWeek . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Keith Scott ( 8 April 2014 ) . The Moose That Roared : The Story of Jay Ward , Bill Scott , a Flying Squirrel , and a Talking Moose . St. Martin 's Press . pp. 173 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4668 - 6743 - 7 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Katie ( November 26 , 2009 ) . `` Happy 50th birthday , ' Rocky & Bullwinkle ' '' . CNN . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Moosylvania Page '' . Flyingmoose.org . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Jay 's Adventures `` Moosylvania Statehood '' `` . Hokey Smoke ! Rocky & Bullwinkle . Jump up ^ `` Herman 's Hermits -- Magazine Articles '' .",
"26": "Hermanshermits.com . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The History of TSR '' . Wizards of the Coast . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2008 . Retrieved 2005 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows . Associated Press / CBS News : April 26 , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Video Games , Wikis , Cheats , Walkthroughs , Reviews , News & Videos -- IGN '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Peraza , Michael ( August 14 , 2010 ) . `` Bullwinkled '' . Blogspot . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Question About Syndicated Rocky and Bullwinkle Episodes '' . toonzone.net . Jump up ^ `` The Bullwinkle Show DVD news : Announcement for The Bullwinkle Show -- Season 4 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky & Bullwinkle & Friends TM Complete Series Now Available on DVD -- FROSTBITE FALLS , Minn. , Jan. 4 , 2011 / PRNewswire / '' . Minnesota : Prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bullwinkle Show DVD news : Release Date for Rocky & Bullwinkle & Friends -- Complete Season 5 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . May 25 , 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prosperity Power TM software : - ) '' . www.tvdvdreviews.com . Jump up ^ `` The Bullwinkle Show -- Complete Season 1 DVD Information '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . December 8 , 2003 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Bullwinkle Show -- Complete Season 2 DVD Information '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . August 31 , 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ `` The Bullwinkle Show -- Complete Season 3 DVD Information '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . June 9 , 2005 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Bullwinkle Show -- Complete Season 4 DVD Information '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . August 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Frosty O 's Cereal Commercial 1966 '' . YouTube . March 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bullwinkle Bandaids 1966 TV Commercial '' . YouTube . March 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Michaud , Anne ( March 26 , 1993 ) . `` Taco Bell Signs Up Rocky and Bullwinkle for Commercials '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Rocky & Bullwinkle Meet the GEICO Gecko '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kids Tune In to Rocky , Bullwinkle -- and Opera '' . Los Angeles Times . November 22 , 1997 . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warrick , Pamela ( March 9 , 1999 ) . `` A ' Rocky ' Road to Opera '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ L. Kaplan , Janice ( January 14 , 2000 ) . `` The Opera Ai n't Over Till the Big Moose Sings '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Timeline : July 23 . A Bullwinkle newspaper strip by Al Kilgore , based on the animated series , makes its debut . '' American Comic Book Chronicles : 1960 -- 64 by John Wells . TwoMorrows Publishing , 2012 , Page 77 .",
"28": "Jump up ^ Guerrero , Tony ( April 28 , 2013 ) . `` C2E2 13 : Rocky & Bullwinkle , Mr. Peabody & Sherman and More Return to Comics '' . Comic Vine . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mr. Peabody & Sherman Jump up ^ Hulett , Steve ( October 26 , 2012 ) . `` The Gary Trousdale Interview -- Part III '' . The Animation Guild . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` Go WABAC this fall with ' Mr. Peabody ' on Blu - ray '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . In addition , those who snag the 3 - D Blu - ray version will enjoy a new animated adventure with Rocky and Bullwinkle . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Previews 2013 Slate '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` SpongeBob 's Tom Kenny talks his favorite voiceover artists '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with composer Paul Parnes '' . Billboard . September 18 , 1961 . p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` Boris Badenough -- Hey Rocky ! '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ Ward , Jay ( 2007 ) . Fractured Fairy Tales . Blackstone Audio . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4332 - 0162 - 2 . Jump up ^ Foran , Katherine ( December 3 , 1998 ) . `` Trivia Game Sadly Miscasts Ditsy Duo '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` But That Trick Never Works : The Bullwinkle Show Coming This Holiday Season '' . XBLArcade.com . November 16 , 2007 .",
"29": "Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ url = http://www.ipdb.org/machine.cgi?id=23 References ( edit ) The Simpsons : The Complete 9th Season , 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment External links ( edit ) Rocky and His Friends on IMDb Rocky and His Friends at TV.com The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show at TV.com The Bullwinkle Show on IMDb The Bullwinkle Show at TV.com Rocky and His Friends at TV Guide The Bullwinkle Show at TV Guide Dudley Do - Right on IMDb Dudley Do - Right at TV.com Jay Ward 's `` Jazz from the Swamp : A tribute to Moosylvania record Archived from the original on January 18 , 2008 . Rocky and Bullwinkle ( characters ) at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2012 . `` Aesop and Son '' at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2012 . The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends Characters Rocket J. Squirrel Bullwinkle J. Moose Boris Badenov Natasha Fatale Fearless Leader Mr.",
"30": "Big Peter Peachfuzz Gidney & Cloyd Mister Peabody WABAC Dudley Do - Right Snidely Whiplash Coach Rocky Knute Ponsonby Britt Locations Frostbite Falls Pottsylvania Moosylvania Story arcs ( list ) Season 1 `` Jet Fuel Formula '' `` Box Top Robbery '' Season 2 `` Upsidaisium '' `` Metal - Munching Mice '' `` Greenpernt Oogle '' `` Rue Britannia '' `` Buried Treasure '' `` The Last Angry Moose '' `` Wailing Whale '' Season 3 `` The Three Moosketeers '' `` Lazy Jay Ranch '' `` Missouri Mish Mash '' `` Topsy Turvy World '' Season 4 `` Painting Theft '' `` The Guns of Abalone '' `` The Treasure of Monte Zoom '' `` Goof Gas Attack '' `` Banana Formula '' Season 5 `` Bumbling Brothers Circus '' `` Mucho Loma '' `` Pottsylvania Creeper '' `` Moosylvania '' `` The Ruby Yacht '' `` Bullwinkle 's Testimonial Dinner '' `` The Weather Lady '' `` Louse on 92nd Street '' `` Wossamotta U '' `` Moosylvania Saved '' Voice talent June Foray Paul Frees William Conrad Bill Scott Keith Scott Television Supporting features Fractured Fairy Tales Peabody 's Improbable History Dudley Do - Right Aesop & Son Bullwinkle 's Corner Mr. Know - It - All Rocky and Bullwinkle Fan Club Commander McBragg ( in syndication ) Hoppity Hooper Spin - offs The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show Films Boris and Natasha : The Movie ( 1992 ) Dudley Do - Right ( 1999 ) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle ( 2000 ) Mr.",
"31": "Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) Shorts The Phox , the Box , and the Lox ( 1999 ) Rocky & Bullwinkle ( 2014 ) Video games The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends Rocky and Bullwinkle Children 's programming on the American Broadcasting Company in the 1960s First - run animated series Rocky and His Friends ( 1959 -- 73 ) The New Casper Cartoon Show ( 1963 -- 70 ) Hoppity Hooper ( 1961 -- 75 ) The Beatles ( 1965 -- 69 ) The Porky Pig Show Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales Milton the Monster ( 1965 -- 68 ) The King Kong Show ( 1966 -- 69 ) Fantastic Four ( 1967 -- 70 ) Spider - Man ( 1967 -- 70 ) Journey to the Center of the Earth ( 1967 -- 69 ) George of the Jungle ( 1967 -- 70 ) The Adventures of Gulliver ( 1968 -- 70 ) Fantastic Voyage ( 1968 -- 70 ) The Smokey the Bear Show The Cattanooga Cats Show ( 1969 -- 71 ) Hot Wheels ( 1969 -- 71 ) The Hardy Boys ( 1969 -- 71 ) Skyhawks ( 1969 -- 71 ) First - run live - action series Lunch with Soupy Sales ( 1959 -- 61 ) The Magic Land of Allakazam ( 1962 -- 64 ) Discovery ( 1962 -- 71 ) American Bandstand ( 1957 -- 87 ) Shenanigans ( 1964 -- 65 ) Rebroadcasts Top Cat ( 1962 -- 63 ) The Bugs Bunny Show ( 1962 -- 68 ) My Friend Flicka The Jetsons ( 1962 -- 64 ) Beany and Cecil ( 1962 -- 88 ) Buffalo Bill , Jr .",
"32": "Annie Oakley The Magilla Gorilla Show Schedules 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 Related Animation in the United States in the television era Children 's programming on the American Broadcasting Company in the 1970s First - run animated series The New Casper Cartoon Show ( 1963 -- 70 ) The Smokey the Bear Show ( 1969 -- 70 ) The Cattanooga Cats Show ( 1969 -- 71 ) Hot Wheels ( 1969 -- 71 ) Skyhawks ( 1969 -- 71 ) The Adventures of Gulliver ( 1968 -- 70 ) Fantastic Voyage ( 1968 -- 70 ) Will the Real Jerry Lewis Please Sit Down ( 1970 -- 72 ) The Road Runner Show ( 1971 -- 73 ) The Funky Phantom ( 1971 -- 73 ) The Jackson 5ive ( 1971 -- 73 ) The Osmonds ( 1972 -- 74 ) The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie ( 1972 -- 74 ) The Brady Kids ( 1972 -- 74 ) Kid Power ( 1972 -- 74 ) Yogi 's Gang ( 1973 -- 75 ) Super Friends ( 1973 -- 74 ) Lassie 's Rescue Rangers ( 1973 -- 75 ) Goober and the Ghost Chasers ( 1973 -- 75 ) Mission : Magic !",
"33": "( 1973 -- 74 ) Hong Kong Phooey ( 1974 -- 76 ) The New Adventures of Gilligan ( 1974 -- 77 ) Devlin ( 1974 -- 76 ) These Are the Days ( 1974 -- 76 ) The Tom and Jerry Show ( 1975 -- 77 ) The Great Grape Ape Show ( 1975 -- 76 ) The Oddball Couple ( 1975 -- 77 ) Jabberjaw ( 1976 -- 78 ) The Scooby - Doo / Dynomutt Hour ( 1976 -- 77 ) The Mumbly Cartoon Show ( 1976 -- 77 ) The All - New Super Friends Hour ( 1977 -- 78 ) Scooby 's All - Star Laff - A-Lympics ( The Scooby - Doo Show Laff - A-Lympics Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels ) ( 1977 -- 79 ) Fangface ( 1978 -- 79 ) Challenge of the Super Friends ( 1978 -- 79 ) The All - New Pink Panther Show ( 1978 -- 79 ) The World 's Greatest Super Friends ( 1979 -- 80 ) The Plastic Man Comedy / Adventure Show ( Mighty Man and Yukk Rickety Rocket ) ( 1979 -- 81 ) Spider - Woman ( 1979 -- 80 ) Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo ( 1979 -- 80 ) First - run live - action series American Bandstand ( 1957 -- 87 ) Lancelot Link , Secret Chimp ( 1970 -- 72 ) Here Come the Double Deckers ( 1970 -- 72 ) Lidsville ( 1971 -- 73 ) Curiosity Shop ( 1971 -- 73 ) Make a Wish ( 1971 -- 76 ) Korg : 70,000 B.C. ( 1974 -- 75 ) The Lost Saucer ( 1975 -- 76 ) Uncle Croc 's Block ( 1975 -- 76 ) The Krofft Supershow ( 1976 -- 78 ) Bigfoot and Wildboy Dr.",
"34": "Shrinker Electra Woman and Dyna Girl Wonderbug Junior Almost Anything Goes ( 1976 -- 78 ) Animals , Animals , Animals ( 1976 -- 81 ) ABC Weekend Special ( 1977 -- 97 ) Kids Are People Too ( 1978 -- 82 ) Rebroadcasts George of the Jungle ( 1967 -- 70 ) Bewitched ( 1972 -- 73 ) Jonny Quest ( 1970 -- 72 ) H.R. Pufnstuf ( 1972 -- 73 ) The Monkees ( 1972 -- 73 ) The Pebbles and Bamm - Bamm Show ( 1972 ) The Roman Holidays ( 1972 ) Speed Buggy ( 1976 ) Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! ( 1978 ) Schedules 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 Related topics Animation in the United States in the television era Children 's programming on NBC in the 1960s First - run animated series King Leonardo and His Short Subjects The Ruff and Reddy Show The Bullwinkle Show The Underdog Show Hoppity Hooper Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales Go Go Gophers The Beagles The Atom Ant / Secret Squirrel Show The Super 6 Cool McCool Super President Birdman and the Galaxy Trio Samson & Goliath Here Comes the Grump The Pink Panther Show Kimba the White Lion Astro Boy First - run live - action series The Shari Lewis Show Watch Mr. Wizard Exploring Fireball XL5 The Banana Splits Adventure Hour Storybook Squares H.R. Pufnstuf First - run animated / live - action series The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Rebroadcasts Fury The Lone Ranger Make Room for Daddy Sgt .",
"35": "Preston of the Yukon The Jetsons Top Cat The Flintstones The Heckle and Jeckle Show Schedules 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 Related programming and topics Animation in the United States in the television era Children 's programming on NBC in the 1980s First - run animated series Casper and the Angels ( 1979 -- 80 ) Fred and Barney Meet The Thing ( 1979 -- 80 ) The Super Globetrotters ( 1979 -- 80 ) The New Shmoo ( 1979 -- 80 ) The New Adventures of Flash Gordon ( 1979 -- 80 ) Fred and Barney Meet the Shmoo ( 1979 -- 80 ) Godzilla ( 1978 -- 81 ) The Flintstone Comedy Show ( 1980 -- 82 ) The Smurfs ( 1981 -- 90 ) The Kid Super Power Hour with Shazam !",
"36": "/ Hero High ( 1981 -- 82 ) Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends ( 1981 -- 83 ) Space Stars ( 1981 -- 82 ) The Herculoids Space Ace and the Space Mutts Space Ghost The Flintstone Funnies ( 1982 -- 84 ) Shirt Tales ( 1982 -- 84 ) The Gary Coleman Show ( 1982 -- 83 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 1982 -- 83 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 1983 -- 91 ) Mister T ( 1983 -- 86 ) Snorks ( 1984 -- 86 ) Pink Panther and Sons ( 1984 -- 85 ) Kidd Video ( 1984 -- 87 ) Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears ( 1985 -- 89 ) It 's Punky Brewster ( 1985 -- 89 ) Kissyfur ( 1986 -- 87 ) Foofur ( 1986 -- 88 ) Lazer Tag Academy ( 1986 -- 87 ) Fraggle Rock : The Animated Series ( 1987 -- 88 ) ALF : The Animated Series ( 1987 -- 89 ) ALF Tales ( 1988 -- 89 ) The New Archies ( 1987 ) The Completely Mental Misadventures of Ed Grimley ( 1988 -- 89 ) Camp Candy ( 1989 -- 90 ) Captain N : The Game Master ( 1989 -- 92 ) The Karate Kid ( 1989 -- 90 ) First - run live - action series One to Grow On ( 1983 -- 89 ) Going Bananas ( 1984 ) I 'm Telling ! ( 1987 -- 88 ) 2 Hip 4 TV ( 1988 ) Saved by the Bell ( 1989 -- 93 ) Rebroadcasts The Daffy Duck Show ( The Daffy / Speedy Show ) Jonny Quest The Jetsons Dynomutt ,",
"37": "Dog Wonder Hong Kong Phooey Batman and the Super 7 Bullwinkle ( 1981 -- 82 ) Thundarr the Barbarian Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids Schedules 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 Related topics Animation in the United States in the television era Modern animation in the United States Prime time animated television series in the United States ABC The Bugs Bunny Show ( 1960 -- 62 ) Calvin and the Colonel ( 1961 -- 62 ) Capitol Critters ( 1992 ) Clerks : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) The Critic ( 1994 ) The Flintstones ( 1960 -- 66 ) The Goode Family ( 2009 ) The Jetsons ( 1962 -- 63 ) Jonny Quest ( 1964 -- 65 ) Matty 's Funday Funnies ( 1959 -- 1961 ) Matty 's Funnies with Beany and Cecil ( 1962 ) Peanuts television specials ( since 2001 ) Top Cat ( 1961 -- 62 ) CBS The Alvin Show ( 1961 -- 62 ) CBS Cartoon Theater ( 1956 ) Creature Comforts ( 2007 ) Family Dog ( 1993 ) Fish Police ( 1992 ) Garfield television specials ( 1982 -- 1991 ) The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) The Sabrina the Teenage Witch Show ( 1970 -- 74 ) This Is America , Charlie Brown ( 1988 -- 1990 ) Wacky Races ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Where 's Huddles ? ( 1970 ) Peanuts television specials ( 1965 -- 2000 ) Fox Allen Gregory ( 2011 ) American Dad !",
"38": "( 2005 -- 2014 ) Axe Cop ( 2013 ) Batman : The Animated Series ( 1992 -- 93 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Bordertown ( 2016 ) The Cleveland Show ( 2009 -- 2013 ) The Critic ( 1995 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) Futurama ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Golan the Insatiable ( 2013 -- 15 ) High School USA ! ( 2013 ) King of the Hill ( 1997 -- 2009 ) Lucas Bros. Moving Co. ( 2013 -- 14 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2012 ) The PJs ( 1999 -- 2000 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) Sit Down , Shut Up ( 2009 ) Son of Zorn ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peanuts television specials ( 2011 ) NBC The Bullwinkle Show ( 1961 -- 63 ) The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo ( 1964 -- 1965 ) Father of the Pride ( 2004 ) God , the Devil and Bob ( 2000 ) Jokebook ( 1982 ) The Ruff and Reddy Show ( 1957 -- 1960 ) Sammy ( 2000 ) Stressed Eric ( 1998 ) Wait Till Your Father Gets Home ( 1972 ) Peanuts television specials ( 1971 -- 1994 ) PBS Adventures from the Book of Virtues ( 1996 - 2000 ) Click and Clack 's As the Wrench Turns ( 2008 ) Syndication The Huckleberry Hound Show ( 1958 -- 1962 ) The Sabrina the Teenage Witch Show ( 1970 -- 74 ) Tiny Toon Adventures ( Prime Toons ) ( 1990 -- 91 ) Wait Till Your Father Gets Home ( 1972 -- 74 ) The WB Animaniacs ( 1993 -- 98 ) Baby Blues ( 2000 ) Freakazoid !",
"39": "( 1996 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Mission Hill ( 1999 -- 2000 ) The Oblongs ( 2001 ) Pinky and the Brain ( 1995 -- 98 ) The PJs ( 2000 -- 01 ) UPN Dilbert ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Game Over ( 2004 ) Gary & Mike ( 2001 ) Home Movies ( 1999 ) Animation topics By country Bangladesh Bhutan China Czech Republic Estonia India Japan Korea Malaysia Philippines Portugal Romania Spain Thailand United States Vietnam History Azerbaijan Bangladesh Brazil Canada China France Hungary Iran Korea Japan Russia United Kingdom United States Industry Animator List Animation department Animation director Story artist Animation studios List Animation database Biologist simulators Animation film festivals international regional Highest - grossing films ( Openings weekends ) Outsourcing International Animation Day Works Films Based on cartoons Computer - animated Feature - length Lost or unfinished Package Short Short series Stop - motion Series Direct - to - video Internet Television Techniques Traditional Limited animation Masking Rotoscoping Stop motion Barrier grid Clay strata - cut Cutout ( silhouette ) Graphic Model go motion Object Pixilation Puppetoon Computer ( history ,",
"40": "timeline ) 2D Flash PowerPoint SVG CSS Digital puppetry 3D Cel shading Crowd Morph target Motion capture Non-photorealistic rendering Procedural Skeletal Machinima Digital puppetry Virtual cinematography Other methods Blocking Chuckimation Drawn - on - film Flip book Inbetweening Kinegram Paint - on - glass Pinscreen Pixel art Pose to pose Rubber hose Sand Syncro - Vox Zoetrope Variants Abstract animation ( visual music ) Adult animation Animated cartoon Animated sitcom Animated documentary Cartoon pornography Educational animation Erotic animation Independent animation Instructional animation Related topics Animation music Mickey Mousing Character animation model sheet walk cycle lip sync off - model Twelve principles Motion comic Films with live action and animation Cartoon physics Cartoon violence Most expensive animated films Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Adventures_of_Rocky_and_Bullwinkle_and_Friends_(TV_series)&oldid=807011426 '' Categories : The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends 1950s American animated television series 1960s American animated television series 1959 American television series debuts 1964 American television series endings American children 's animated comedy television series American Broadcasting Company network shows Jay Ward Productions NBC network shows Satirical television programmes Star Comics titles Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Television shows set in Minnesota Television programs adapted into comics Television programs adapted into films Television programs adapted into plays Television programs adapted into video games Television series by Universal Television DreamWorks Classics International Falls ,",
"41": "Minnesota Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 11 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when does brooklyn nine nine season 5 episode 12
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[
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{
"0": "List of Brooklyn Nine - Nine episodes - wikipedia List of Brooklyn Nine - Nine episodes Jump to : navigation , search Brooklyn Nine - Nine is an American comedy series which premiered on September 17 , 2013 , on Fox . The series , created by Dan Goor and Michael Schur , follows a team of detectives and a newly appointed captain in the 99th Precinct of the New York City Police Department in Brooklyn . The fourth season premiered on September 20 , 2016 , and included a one - hour crossover with New Girl that aired on October 11 . On May 12 , Fox renewed the series for a fifth season , which included its 100th episode . It premiered on September 26 , 2017 . As of April 22 , 2018 , 108 episodes of Brooklyn Nine - Nine have aired .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 − 18 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) March 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 25 ) 23 September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 23 September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 22 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 5 22 September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.",
"2": "viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Phil Lord & Christopher Miller Dan Goor & Michael Schur September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) 101 6.17 `` The Tagger '' Craig Zisk Norm Hiscock September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 102 4.03 `` The Slump '' Julie Anne Robinson Prentice Penny October 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) 105 3.43 `` M.E. Time '' Troy Miller Gil Ozeri October 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) 106 3.34 5 5 `` The Vulture '' Jason Ensler Laura McCreary October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 104 3.43 6 6 `` Halloween '' Dean Holland Lesley Arfin October 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 107 3.77 7 7 `` 48 Hours '' Peter Lauer Luke Del Tredici November 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) 103 3.84 8 8 `` Old School '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Gabe Liedman November 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 12 ) 109 3.26 9 9 `` Sal 's Pizza '' Craig Zisk Lakshmi Sundaram November 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) 108 3.36 10 10 `` Thanksgiving '' Jorma Taccone Luke Del Tredici November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 110 3.69 11 11 `` Christmas '' Jake Szymanski Dan Goor December 3 ,",
"3": "2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) 111 3.66 12 12 `` Pontiac Bandit '' Craig Zisk Norm Hiscock & Lakshmi Sundaram January 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) 113 3.44 13 13 `` The Bet '' Julian Farino Laura McCreary January 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 112 3.53 14 14 `` The Ebony Falcon '' Michael Blieden Prentice Penny January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) 114 4.55 15 15 `` Operation : Broken Feather '' Julie Anne Robinson Dan Goor & Michael Schur February 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 02 ) 116 15.07 16 16 `` The Party '' Michael Engler Gil Ozeri & Gabe Liedman February 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 04 ) 115 3.22 17 17 `` Full Boyle '' Craig Zisk Norm Hiscock February 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) 117 2.88 18 18 `` The Apartment '' Tucker Gates David Quandt February 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 25 ) 118 2.66 19 19 `` Tactical Village '' Fred Goss Luke Del Tredici March 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) 119 2.61 20 20 `` Fancy Brudgom '' Victor Nelli , Jr .",
"4": "Laura McCreary March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) 120 2.49 21 21 `` Unsolvable '' Ken Whittingham Prentice Penny March 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 18 ) 121 2.50 22 22 `` Charges and Specs '' Akiva Schaffer Gabe Liedman & Gil Ozeri March 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 25 ) 122 2.59 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` Undercover '' Dean Holland Luke Del Tredici September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 201 5.46 24 `` Chocolate Milk '' Fred Goss Gabe Liedman October 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) 202 3.31 25 `` The Jimmy Jab Games '' Rebecca Asher Lakshmi Sundaram October 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) 203 4.51 26 `` Halloween II '' Eric Appel Prentice Penny October 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) 204 5.22 27 5 `` The Mole '' Victor Nelli , Jr .",
"5": "Laura McCreary November 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 02 ) 205 3.41 28 6 `` Jake and Sophia '' Michael McDonald Tricia McAlpin & David Phillips November 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 09 ) 206 3.99 29 7 `` Lockdown '' Linda Mendoza Luke Del Tredici November 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 16 ) 208 4.53 30 8 `` USPIS '' Ken Whittingham Brian Reich November 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 23 ) 207 3.04 31 9 `` The Road Trip '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Brigitte Munoz - Liebowitz November 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 30 ) 209 3.11 32 10 `` The Pontiac Bandit Returns '' Max Winkler Matt O'Brien December 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) 210 4.32 33 11 `` Stakeout '' Tristram Shapeero Laura McCreary & Tricia McAlpin December 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 14 ) 211 3.52 34 12 `` Beach House '' Tim Kirkby Lakshmi Sundaram & David Phillips January 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 04 ) 212 6.12 35 13 `` Payback '' Victor Nelli , Jr .",
"6": "Norm Hiscock & Brigitte Munoz - Liebowitz January 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 11 ) 213 3.29 36 14 `` The Defense Rests '' Jamie Babbit Prentice Penny & Matt O'Brien January 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 25 ) 214 2.79 37 15 `` Windbreaker City '' Craig Zisk Gabe Liedman February 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) 215 2.59 38 16 `` The Wednesday Incident '' Claire Scanlon Laura McCreary February 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) 216 2.08 39 17 `` Boyle - Linetti Wedding '' Dean Holland Matt O'Brien March 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) 217 3.61 40 18 `` Captain Peralta '' Eric Appel Dan Goor March 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 08 ) 218 3.11 41 19 `` Sabotage '' Jay Karas Brian Reich March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 219 2.96 42 20 `` AC / DC '' Linda Mendoza Kylie Condon April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) 222 2.78 43 21 `` Det .",
"7": "Dave Majors '' Michael McDonald Gabe Liedman & Lakshmi Sundaram May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) 220 2.72 44 22 `` The Chopper '' Phil Traill Tricia McAlpin & David Phillips May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) 221 2.56 45 23 `` Johnny and Dora '' Dean Holland Luke Del Tredici May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 223 2.35 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 46 `` New Captain '' Michael Schur Matt Murray September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 301 3.14 47 `` The Funeral '' Claire Scanlon Luke Del Tredici October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 302 4.10 48 `` Boyle 's Hunch '' Trent O'Donnell Tricia McAlpin October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 304 2.75 49 `` The Oolong Slayer '' Michael McDonald Gabe Liedman October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) 303 2.57 50 5 `` Halloween III '' Michael McDonald David Phillips October 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 25 ) 305 4.38 51 6 `` Into the Woods '' Linda Mendoza Andrew Guest November 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) 306 2.",
"8": "65 52 7 `` The Mattress '' Dean Holland Laura McCreary November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 307 2.69 53 8 `` Ava '' Tristram Shapeero Matt O'Brien November 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 22 ) 308 3.88 54 9 `` The Swedes '' Eric Appel Matt Murray December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 309 3.95 55 10 `` Yippie Kayak '' Rebecca Asher Lakshmi Sundaram December 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 13 ) 310 3.82 56 11 `` Hostage Situation '' Max Winkler Phil Augusta Jackson January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) 312 2.73 57 12 `` 9 Days '' Dean Holland Justin Noble January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 311 2.37 58 13 `` The Cruise '' Michael Spiller Tricia McAlpin January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 313 2.38 59 14 `` Karen Peralta '' Bruce McCulloch Alison Agosti & Gabe Liedman February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 314 2.24 60 15 `` The 9 -- 8 '' Nisha Ganatra David Phillips February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 315 2.28 61 16 `` House Mouses '' Claire Scanlon Andrew Guest February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 316 2.",
"9": "18 62 17 `` Adrian Pimento '' Maggie Carey Luke Del Tredici February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 317 2.13 63 18 `` Cheddar '' Alex Reid Jessica Polonsky March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 318 1.85 64 19 `` Terry Kitties '' Michael McDonald Phil Augusta Jackson & Tricia McAlpin March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 319 1.95 65 20 `` Paranoia '' Payman Benz Gabe Liedman March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 320 2.02 66 21 `` Maximum Security '' Victor Nelli , Jr . Laura McCreary April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 321 2.71 67 22 `` Bureau '' Ryan Case David Phillips & Alison Agosti April 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) 322 2.07 68 23 `` Greg and Larry '' Dan Goor Andrew Guest & Phil Augusta Jackson April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 323 2.02 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 69 `` Coral Palms Pt. 1 '' Michael McDonald Dan Goor September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 401 2.39 70 `` Coral Palms Pt.",
"10": "2 '' Trent O'Donnell Tricia McAlpin September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) 402 2.34 71 `` Coral Palms Pt. 3 '' Payman Benz Justin Noble October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) 403 2.40 72 `` The Night Shift '' Tristram Shapeero Matt Murray October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 404 2.13 73 5 `` Halloween IV '' Claire Scanlon Phil Augusta Jackson October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 405 2.05 74 6 `` Monster in the Closet '' Nisha Ganatra Andrew Guest November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 407 2.18 75 7 `` Mr. Santiago '' Alex Reid Neil Campbell November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 408 2.19 76 8 `` Skyfire Cycle '' Michael McDonald David Phillips November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 406 2.34 77 9 `` The Overmining '' Dean Holland Luke Del Tredici December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) 409 2.31 78 10 `` Captain Latvia '' Jaffar Mahmood Matt Lawton December 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) 410 2.15 79 80 11 12 `` The Fugitive '' Rebecca Asher Ryan Case Carol Kolb Justin Noble & Jessica Polonsky January 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 01 ) 411 412 3.",
"11": "49 81 13 `` The Audit '' Beth McCarthy Miller Carly Hallam Tosh April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 413 1.91 82 14 `` Serve & Protect '' Michael Schur Andrew Guest & Alexis Wilkinson April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 414 1.91 83 15 `` The Last Ride '' Linda Mendoza David Phillips April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 415 1.88 84 16 `` Moo Moo '' Maggie Carey Phil Augusta Jackson May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 418 1.72 85 17 `` Cop - Con '' Giovani Lampassi Andy Gosche May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 416 1.61 86 18 `` Chasing Amy '' Luke Del Tredici Matt Lawton May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 417 1.61 87 19 `` Your Honor '' Michael McDonald David Phillips & Carly Hallam Tosh May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 419 1.65 88 20 `` The Slaughterhouse '' Victor Nelli Jr .",
"12": "Neil Campbell May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 420 1.38 89 21 `` The Bank Job '' Matthew Nodella Carol Kolb May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 421 1.78 90 22 `` Crime and Punishment '' Dan Goor Justin Noble & Jessica Polonsky May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 422 1.50 Season 5 ( 2017 − 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 91 `` The Big House Pt. 1 '' Tristram Shapeero Luke Del Tredici September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 501 2.00 92 `` The Big House Pt.",
"13": "2 '' Michael McDonald Justin Noble October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 502 1.74 93 `` Kicks '' Eric Appel Andrew Guest October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 503 1.68 94 `` HalloVeen '' Jamie Babbit Dan Goor October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 504 1.69 95 5 `` Bad Beat '' Kat Coiro Carol Kolb November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 505 1.50 96 6 `` The Venue '' Cortney Carrillo Matt Lawton November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 506 1.65 97 7 `` Two Turkeys '' Alex Reid David Phillips November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 508 1.66 98 8 `` Return to Skyfire '' Linda Mendoza Neil Campbell November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) 507 1.73 99 9 `` 99 '' Payman Benz Andy Bobrow December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 509 1.94 100 10 `` Game Night '' Tristram Shapeero Justin Noble & Carly Hallam Tosh December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 510 1.81 101 11 `` The Favor '' Victor Nelli Jr . Aeysha Carr December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 511 1.81 102 12 `` Safe House '' Nisha Ganatra Andy Gosche March 18 ,",
"14": "2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) 512 1.92 103 13 `` The Negotiation '' Linda Mendoza Phil Augusta Jackson March 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) 513 1.83 104 14 `` The Box '' Claire Scanlon Luke Del Tredici April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) 516 1.78 105 15 `` The Puzzle Master '' Akiva Schaffer Lang Fisher April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 514 1.74 106 16 `` NutriBoom '' Trent O'Donnell David Phillips April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) 515 1.79 107 17 `` DFW '' Jaffar Mahmood Jeff Topolski April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) 518 1.48 108 18 `` Gray Star Mutual '' Giovani Lampassi Jessica Polonsky April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) 517 1.77 109 19 `` Bachelor / ette Party '' TBA TBA April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) 519 TBD 110 20 `` Show Me Going '' TBA TBA May 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) 520 TBD 111 21 `` White Whale '' TBA TBA May 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) 521 TBD 112 22 `` Jake & Amy '' TBA TBA May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) 522 TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vick , Megan ( June 16 ,",
"15": "2016 ) . `` Here Are Fox 's Fall Premiere Dates '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ Mathews , Liam ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Get Ready for a New Girl / Brooklyn Nine - Nine Crossover Event '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ Vick , Megan ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine Will Fight Crime for Another Season ! '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Fox Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates : ' Empire ' , New Marvel Drama ' The Gifted ' , Seth MacFarlane 's ' Orville ' & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine on FOX '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dads ' , ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up ; ' Capture ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice , ' NCIS ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Lucky 7 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2013 ) .",
"16": "`` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : NCIS , Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D , The biggest Loser , Dads & Person of Interest Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '",
"17": ", ' The Voice ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Chicago Fire ' or ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' & ' Brooklyn Nine Nine ' Adjusted Up & Final Super Bowl Numbers ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' , ' The Goldbergs ' . ' Supernatural ' & ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 .",
"18": "Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dads ' Adjusted Down + Final Olympics Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' , ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy , ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Mind Games ' , ' About a Boy ' , ' Growing Up Fisher ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel Studios : Assembling A Universe ' , ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Mind Games ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 30 , 2014 ) .",
"19": "`` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Oncetogether Time ' , ' Resurrection ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the numbers . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' Resurrection ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up ; ' Madam Secretary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the numbers . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' & ' Resurrection ' Adjusted Up ; ' Madam Secretary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Madam Secretary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mulaney ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Good Wife ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' , & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers .",
"20": "Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Madam Secretary ' , ' The Simpsons ' , ' 60 Minutes ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Down & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' , Resurrection ' & ' Once Upon a Time ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up , ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' , ' Madam Secretary ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' , ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Good Wife ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings for The Golden Globe Awards & NFL '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : ' Galavant ' Rises for Finale , ' Revenge ' & ' CSI ' Flat + ' Miss Universe ' Pageant Tops Night '' .",
"21": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : Grammy Awards Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' or ' Bob 's Burgers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary ' , ' The Bachelor ' or ' CSI ' Finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man on Earth ' & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man on Earth ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' , ' Family Guy ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man in Earth ' , ' Secrets & Lies ' , ' Battle Creek ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments to ' Once Upon A Time ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' & ' Secrets and Lies ' Adjusted Up ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) .",
"22": "`` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Billboard Music Awards ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Down , ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up + ' Sunday Night Football ' '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Blood & Oil , ' ' The Simpsons ' adjusted up , ' Madam Secretary ' adjusted down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' The Good Wife ' and ' Last Man on Earth ' adjusted up , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' The Good Wife ' , ' Madam Secretary ' and ' The Simpsons ' adjusted up , plus Final NFL Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' The Simpsons ' , ' The Good Wife ' and ' Last Man on Earth ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2015 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Family Guy ' and ' Once Upon a Time ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 .",
"23": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Madam Secretary ' adjusts up , ' CSI : Cyber ' rises vs. last week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : AMAs and scripted shows steady , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' and ' The Simpsons ' adjust down , ' Quantico ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Blood & Oil ' finale adjusts up ( not that it matters ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' NCIS : New Orleans ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Muppets ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down '' . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Muppets , ' ' iZombie , ' ' NCIS : New Orleans ' and ' Grinder ' all adjust down '' .",
"24": "Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Hollywood Game Night ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Agent Carter ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Crowded ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Game of Silence ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up , ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady '' .",
"25": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Scream Queens ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up , ' Chicago Fire , ' ' SHIELD ' and ' Real O'Neals ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' adjusts up , all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' American Housewife ' adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2016 ) .",
"26": "`` ' NCIS ' adjusts down , ' Voice ' finale holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ransom ' premiere adjusts down , final NFL numbers : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjust up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up , ' Prison Break ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) .",
"28": "`` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' NCIS : LA ' and ' AFV ' adjust up , ' Deception ' and ' 60 Minutes ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Bob 's Burgers ' adjust up , ' Instinct , ' ' Simpsons ' and ' Deception ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Dateline ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' rerun adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' Little Big Shots ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' and ' Genius Junior ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) .",
"29": "`` ' Timeless , ' ' Family Guy ' and all others hold : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( BRK - 519 ) Bachelor / ette Party '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( BRK - 520 ) Show Me Going '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( BRK - 521 ) White Whale '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( BRK - 522 ) `` Jake & Amy '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Brooklyn Nine - Nine episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Tagger '' `` The Slump '' `` M.E.",
"30": "Time '' `` The Vulture '' `` Halloween '' `` 48 Hours '' `` Old School '' `` Sal 's Pizza '' `` Thanksgiving '' `` Christmas '' `` Pontiac Bandit '' `` The Bet '' `` The Ebony Falcon '' `` Operation : Broken Feather '' `` The Party '' `` Full Boyle '' `` The Apartment '' `` Tactical Village '' `` Fancy Brudgom '' `` Unsolvable '' `` Charges and Specs '' Season 2 `` Undercover '' `` Chocolate Milk '' `` The Jimmy Jab Games '' `` Halloween II '' `` The Mole '' `` Jake and Sophia '' `` Lockdown '' `` USPIS '' Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Other Characters Crossovers New Girl `` Homecoming '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Brooklyn_Nine-Nine_episodes&oldid=837783159 '' Categories : Lists of American crime television series episodes Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Magyar Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 00 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who was the leader of the zulu in south africa who led the fight against the british
|
[
"Cetshwayo",
"Cetshwayo",
"Cetshwayo",
"Cetshwayo kaMpande"
] |
{
"0": "Anglo - Zulu war - wikipedia Anglo - Zulu war Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Anglo - Zulu War Detail of a painting depicting the Battle of Rorke 's Drift Date 11 January -- 4 July 1879 ( 5 months , 3 weeks and 2 days ) Location South Africa Result British victory British annexation of the Zulu Kingdom Belligerents British Empire Zulu Kingdom Commanders and leaders Earl of Beaconsfield Sir Henry Bartle Frere Lord Chelmsford Garnet Wolseley Cetshwayo kaMpande Ntshingwayo Khoza Dabulamanzi kaMpande Strength 1st invasion : 15,000 -- 16,000 6,600 British troops 9,000 Africans 17 cannons 1 Gatling gun 1 rocket battery 2nd invasion : 25,000 16,000 British troops 7,000 Natal natives 2,000 -- 3,000 civilian transport 10 cannons 2 Gatling guns 35,000 Casualties and losses 1,902 killed 256 wounded 6,930 killed Anglo - Zulu War Inyezane Isandlwana Rorke 's Drift Intombe Hlobane Kambula Gingindlovu Eshowe Ulundi The Anglo - Zulu War was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom . Following Lord Carnarvon 's successful introduction of federation in Canada , it was thought that similar political effort , coupled with military campaigns , might succeed with the African kingdoms , tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa . In 1874 , Sir Henry Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner for the British Empire to bring such plans into being . Among the obstacles were the presence of the independent states of the South African Republic and the Kingdom of Zululand and its army .",
"1": "Frere , on his own initiative , without the approval of the British government and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu , had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878 , to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply , including disbanding his army and abandoning key cultural traditions . Bartle Frere then sent Lord Chelmsford to invade Zululand after this ultimatum was not met . The war is notable for several particularly bloody battles , including an opening victory of the Zulu at the Battle of Isandlwana , followed by the defeat of a large Zulu army at Rorke 's Drift by a small force of British troops . The war eventually resulted in a British victory and the end of the Zulu nation 's dominance of the region . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 British Empire 1.2 Zulu Kingdom 2 Boundary Commission and Ultimatum 2.1 Terms of the Ultimatum 3 British Invasion and Repulse 4 Second Invasion and the Defeat of the Zulus 5 Aftermath 6 Last veterans 7 Anglo - Zulu War In Film 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) British Empire ( edit ) By the 1850s the British Empire had colonies in southern Africa bordering on various Boer settlements , native African kingdoms such as the Zulus , and numerous indigenous tribal areas and states . Various interactions with these followed an expansionist policy . Cape Colony had been formed after the Anglo -- Dutch Treaty of 1814 permanently ceded the Dutch colony of Cape Town to Britain , and its territory expanded very substantially through the 1800s . The Colony of Natal was a British colony in south - eastern Africa that had been proclaimed a British colony on 4 May 1843 after the British government had annexed the Boer Republic of Natalia . Matters were brought to a head when three sons and a brother of the Zulu chief Sirayo organized a raid into Natal and carried off two women who were under British protection .",
"2": "The discovery of diamonds in 1867 near the Vaal River , some 550 miles ( 890 km ) northeast of Cape Town , ended the isolation of the Boers in the interior and changed South African history . The discovery triggered a diamond rush that attracted people from all over the world , which turned Kimberley into a town of 50,000 within five years and drew the attention of British imperial interests . In the 1870s , the British annexed West Griqualand , site of the Kimberley diamond discoveries . In 1874 Lord Carnarvon , Secretary of State for the Colonies , who had successfully brought about federation in Canada in 1867 , thought that a similar scheme might work in South Africa . The South African plan called for a ruling white minority over a subjugated black majority , which would provide a large pool of cheap labor for the British sugar plantations and mines . Carnarvon , in an attempt to extend British influence in 1875 , approached the Boer states of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal Republic and tried to organize a federation of the British and Boer territories , but the Boer leaders turned him down . In 1877 , Sir Bartle Frere was made High Commissioner for Southern Africa by Lord Carnarvon . Carnarvon appointed Frere to the position on the understanding that he would work to enforce Carnarvon 's confederation plan and , in return , Frere could then become the first British governor of a federated southern African dominion . Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner to bring it about . One of the obstacles to such a scheme was the presence of the independent states of the South African Republic , informally known as the Transvaal Republic , and the Kingdom of Zululand . Bartle Frere wasted no time in putting the scheme forward and manufacturing a casus belli against the Zulu by exaggerating the significance of a number of recent incidents . Bartle Frere By 1877 , Sir Theophilus Shepstone , the British Secretary for Native Affairs in Natal , annexed the Transvaal Republic for Britain using a special warrant .",
"3": "The Transvaal Boers objected but as long as the Zulu threat remained , found themselves between two threats ; they feared that if they took up arms to resist the British annexation actively , King Cetshwayo and the Zulus would take the opportunity to attack . The successive British annexations , and in particular the annexation of West Griqualand , however caused a climate of simmering unease for the Boer republics . Shepstone , in his capacity as British governor of Natal , had expressed concerns about the Zulu army under King Cetshwayo and the potential threat to Natal -- especially given the adoption by some of the Zulus of old muskets and other out of date firearms . In his new role of Administrator of the Transvaal , he was now responsible for protecting the Transvaal and had direct involvement in the Zulu border dispute from the side of the Transvaal . Persistent Boer representations and Paul Kruger 's diplomatic manoeuvrings added to the pressure . There were incidents involving Zulu paramilitary actions on either side of the Transvaal / Natal border , and Shepstone increasingly began to regard King Cetshwayo , as having permitted such `` outrages , '' and to be in a `` defiant mood . '' King Cetshwayo now found no defender in Natal save the bishop of Natal , John Colenso . Colenso advocated for native Africans in Natal and Zululand who had been unjustly treated by the colonial regime in Natal . In 1874 he took up the cause of Langalibalele and the Hlubi and Ngwe tribes in representations to the Colonial Secretary , Lord Carnarvon . Langalibalele had been falsely accused of rebellion in 1873 and , following a charade of a trial , was found guilty and imprisoned on Robben Island . In taking the side of Langalibalele against the Colonial regime in Natal and Theophilus Shepstone , the Secretary for Native Affairs , Colenso found himself even further estranged from colonial society in Natal . Bishop Colenso 's concern about the misleading information that was being provided to the Colonial Secretary in London by Shepstone and the Governor of Natal prompted him to champion the cause of the Zulus against Boer oppression and official encroachments .",
"4": "He was a prominent critic of Sir Bartle Frere 's efforts to depict the Zulu kingdom as a threat to Natal . Colenso 's campaigns revealed the dark , racist foundation underpinning the colonial regime in Natal and made him enemies among the colonists . British Prime Minister Disraeli 's Tory administration in London did not want a war with the Zulus . `` The fact is , '' wrote Sir Michael Hicks Beach , who would replace Carnarvon as Secretary of State for the Colonies , in November 1878 , `` that matters in Eastern Europe and India ... wore so serious an aspect that we can not have a Zulu war in addition to other greater and too possible troubles . '' However , Sir Bartle Frere had already been into the Cape Colony as governor and high commissioner since 1877 with the brief of creating a Confederation of South Africa from the various British colonies , Boer Republics and native states and his plans were well advanced . He had concluded that the powerful Zulu kingdom stood in the way of this , and so was receptive to Shepstone 's arguments that King Cetshwayo and his Zulu army posed a threat to the peace of the region . Preparations for a British invasion of the Zulu kingdom had been underway for months . In December 1878 , notwithstanding the reluctance of the British government to start yet another colonial war , Frere presented Cetshwayo with an ultimatum that the Zulu army be disbanded and the Zulus accept a British resident . This was unacceptable to the Zulus as it effectively meant that Cetshwayo , had he agreed , would have lost his throne . Zulu kingdom ( edit ) Photograph of Cetshwayo kaMpande , c. 1875 Shaka Zulu , the first Zulu king , had , through war and conquest , built the small Zulu tribe into the Zulu Kingdom which by 1825 encompassed an area of around 11,500 square miles ( 30,000 km ) . In 1828 he was assassinated at Dukuza by one of his inDunas and two of his half - brothers , one of whom , Dingane kaSenzangakhona , succeeded him as king .",
"5": "By the 1830s migrating Boers came into conflict with the Zulu Kingdom , then ruled by Dingane . Dingane suffered a crushing defeat on 16 December 1838 , when he attacked a group of 470 Voortrekker settlers led by Pretorius at the Battle of Blood River . Dingane 's half brother , Mpande kaSenzangakhona , then defected with some 17,000 followers and allied with the Boers against Dingane . Dingane was assassinated and Mpande became king of the Zulu empire . In 1839 , the Boer Voortrekkers , under Pretorius , formed the Boer Republic of Natalia , south of the Tugela , and west of the British settlement of Port Natal ( now Durban ) . Mpande and Pretorius maintained peaceful relations . However , in 1842 , war broke out between the British and the Boers , resulting in the British annexation of Natalia . Mpande shifted his allegiance to the British , and remained on good terms with them . King Mpande In 1843 , Mpande ordered a purge of perceived dissidents within his kingdom . This resulted in numerous deaths , and the fleeing of thousands of refugees into neighbouring areas , including the British - controlled Natal . Many of these refugees fled with cattle , the main measure of the Zulu wealth . Mpande began raiding the surrounding areas , culminating in the invasion of Swaziland in 1852 . However , the British pressured him into withdrawing , which he did shortly . At this time , a battle for the succession broke out between two of Mpande 's sons , Cetshwayo and Mbuyazi . This culminated in 1856 with the Battle of Ndondakusuka , which left Mbuyazi dead . Cetshwayo then set about usurping his father 's authority . When Mpande died of old age in 1872 , Cetshwayo took over as ruler . In 1861 , Umtonga , a brother of Cetshwayo , and another son of Zulu king Mpande , fled to the Utrecht district , and Cetshwayo assembled an army on that frontier .",
"6": "According to claims later brought forward by the Boers , Cetshwayo offered the farmers a strip of land along the border if they would surrender his brother . The Boers complied on the condition that Umtonga 's life was spared , and in 1861 Mpande signed a deed transferring this land to the Boers . The south boundary of the land added to Utrecht ran from Rorke 's Drift on the Buffalo to a point on the Pongola River . Zulu village , c. 1849 The boundary was beaconed in 1864 , but when in 1865 Umtonga fled from Zululand to Natal , Cetshwayo , seeing that he had lost his part of the bargain ( for he feared that Umtonga might be used to supplant him , as Mpande had been used to supplant Dingane ) , caused the beacon to be removed , and also claimed the land ceded by the Swazis to Lydenburg . The Zulus asserted that the Swazis were their vassals and therefore had no right to part with this territory . During the year a Boer commando under Paul Kruger and an army under Cetshwayo were posted to defend the newly acquired Utrecht border . The Zulu forces took back their land north of the Pongola . Questions were also raised as to the validity of the documents signed by the Zulus concerning the Utrecht strip ; in 1869 the services of the lieutenant - governor of Natal , then Robert William Keate , were accepted by both parties as arbitrator , but the attempt then made to settle disagreements proved unsuccessful . Cetshwayo permitted European missionaries in Zululand . However , the activities of the missionaries were unwelcome to Cetshwayo . Though he did not harm or persecute the missionaries themselves , several converts were killed . The missionaries , for their part , were a source of hostile reports . While numerous Zulus of rival factions fled into Natal and some of the surrounding areas , Cetshwayo continued and maintained the peaceful relations with the Natal colonists that had prevailed for decades . Such was the political background when Cetshwayo became absolute ruler of the Zulus upon his father 's death in 1873 .",
"7": "As ruler , Cetshwayo set about reviving the military methods of his uncle Shaka as far as possible . He formed new age - set regiments and even succeeded in equipping his regiments with a few antiquated muskets and other outdated firearms . Most Zulu warriors were armed with an iklwa ( the Zulu refinement of the assegai thrusting spear ) and a shield made of cowhide . The Zulu army drilled in the personal and tactical use and coordination of this weapons system . While some Zulus also had firearms , their marksmanship training was poor and the quality and supply of powder and shot dreadful . The Zulu attitude towards firearms was that : `` The generality of Zulu warriors , however , would not have firearms -- the arms of a coward , as they said , for they enable the poltroon to kill the brave without awaiting his attack . '' Boundary commission and ultimatum ( edit ) The tension between Cetshwayo and the Transvaal over border disputes continued . Sir Theophilus Shepstone , whom Cetshwayo regarded as his friend , had supported him in the border dispute , but in 1877 he led a small force into the Transvaal and persuaded the Boers to give up their independence . Shepstone became administrator of the Transvaal , and in that role saw the border dispute from the other side . Shepstone claimed to have evidence supporting the Boer position but , ultimately , he failed to provide any . In a meeting with Zulu notables at Blood River in October 1877 , Shepstone attempted to placate the Zulu with paternal speeches , however they were unconvinced and accused Shepstone of betraying them . Shepstone 's subsequent reports to Carnarvon then began to paint the Zulu as an aggressive threat where he had previously presented Cetshwayo in a most favourable light . In February 1878 a commission was appointed by Henry Bulwer , the lieutenant - governor of Natal since 1875 , to report on the boundary question . The commission reported in July and found almost entirely in favour of the contention of the Zulu .",
"8": "However , Sir Henry Bartle Frere , then high commissioner and still pressing forward with Carnarvon 's federation plan , characterized the award as `` one - sided and unfair to the Boers , '' stipulated that on the land being given to the Zulu , the Boers living on it should be compensated if they left or protected if they remained . In addition , Frere planned to use the meeting on the boundary commission report with the Zulu representatives to also present a surprise ultimatum he had devised that would allow British forces under Lord Chelmsford , which he had previously been instructed to use only in defense against a Zulu invasion of Natal , to instead invade Zululand . Three incidents occurred in late July , August and September which Frere seized upon as his casus belli and were the basis for the ultimatum to which Frere knew Cetshwayo could not comply , giving Frere a pretext to attack the Zulu kingdom . The first two incidents related to the flight into Natal of two wives of Sihayo kaXonga and their subsequent seizure and execution by his brother and sons and were described thus : `` A wife of the chief Sihayo had left him and escaped into Natal . She was followed ( on 28 July 1878 ) by a party of Zulus , under Mehlokazulu , the chief son of Sihayo , and his brother , seized at the kraal where she had taken refuge , and carried back to Zululand , where she was put to death , in accordance with Zulu law ... `` A week later the same young men , with two other brothers and an uncle , captured in like manner another refugee wife of Sihayo , in the company of the young man with whom she had fled . This woman was also carried back , and is supposed to have been put to death likewise ; the young man with her although guilty in Zulu eyes of a most heinous crime , punishable with death , was safe from them on English soil ; they did not touch him . '' The third incident occurred in September , when two men were detained while on a sand bank of the Thukela River near the Middle Drift . Sir Bartle Frere described this matter in a despatch to Sir Michael Hicks Beach , who had replaced Carnarvon as Secretary of State for the Colonies : `` Mr.",
"9": "Smith , a surveyor in the Colonial Engineer Department , was on duty inspecting the road down to the Tugela , near Fort Buckingham , which had been made a few years ago by order of Sir Garnet Wolseley , and accompanied by Mr. Deighton , a trader , resident at Fort Buckingham , went down to the ford across the Tugela . The stream was very low , and ran under the Zulu bank , but they were on this side of it , and had not crossed when they were surrounded by a body of 15 or 20 armed Zulus , made prisoners , and taken off with their horses , which were on the Natal side of the river , and roughly treated and threatened for some time ; though , ultimately , at the instance of a headman who came up , they were released and allowed to depart . '' By themselves , these incidents were flimsy grounds upon which to found an invasion of Zululand . Bulwer did not initially hold Cetshwayo responsible for what was clearly not a political act in the seizure and murder of the two women . `` I have sent a message to the Zulu King to inform him of this act of violence and outrage by his subjects in Natal territory , and to request him to deliver Up to this Government to be tried for their offence , under the laws of the Colony , the persons of Mehlokazulu and Bekuzulu the two sons of Sirayo who were the leaders of the party . '' Cetshwayo also treated the complaint rather lightly , responding `` Cetywayo is sorry to have to acknowledge that the message brought by Umlungi is true , but he begs his Excellency will not take it in the light he sees the Natal Government seem to do , as what Sirayo 's sons did he can only attribute to a rash act of boys who in the zeal for their father 's house did not think of what they were doing . Cetywayo acknowledges that they deserve punishing , and he sends some of his izinduna , who will follow Umlungi with his words . Cetywayo states that no acts of his subjects will make him quarrel with his fathers of the house of Shaka . '' The original complaint carried to Cetshwayo from the lieutenant - governor was in the form of a request for the surrender of the culprits .",
"10": "The request was subsequently transformed by Sir Bartle Frere into a ' demand ' . Frere wrote to Hicks Beach , 30 September 1878 : `` Apart from whatever may be the general wish of the Zulu nation , it seems to me that the seizure of the two refugee women in British territory by an armed force crossing an unmistakable and well known boundary line , and carrying them off and murdering them with contemptuous disregard for the remonstrances of the Natal policemen , is itself an insult and a violation of British territory which can not be passed over , and unless apologised and atoned for by compliance with the Lieutenant Governor 's demands , that the leaders of the murderous gangs shall be given up to justice , it will be necessary to send to the Zulu King an ultimatum which must put an end to pacific relations with our neighbours . '' In reply , in at least three dispatches , 17 October , 21 November and 18 December , Hicks Beach emphatically states that war is to be avoided and a British invasion of Zululand prohibited . From 21 November dispatch : `` ... Her Majesty 's Government have arrived , it is my duty to impress upon you that in supplying these reinforcements it is the desire of Her Majesty 's Government not to furnish means for a campaign of invasion and conquest , but to afford such protection as may be necessary at this juncture to the lives and property of the colonists . Though the present aspect of affairs is menacing in a high degree , I can by no means arrive at the conclusion that war with the Zulus should be unavoidable , and I am confident that you , in concert with Sir H. Bulwer , will use every effort to overcome the existing difficulties by judgment and forbearance , and to avoid an evil so much to be deprecated as a Zulu war . '' . Hicks Beach After considerable discussion and exchanges of views between Sir Bartle Frere and Sir Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer , it was decided to arrange a meeting with representatives of the Zulu king . The ostensible reason for this indaba was to present the findings of the long - awaited Boundary Commission to the Zulu people . The occasion was also to be used to present the king with an ultimatum .",
"11": "By the time the ultimatum was presented , the two infractions by Sihayo 's sons and the roughing up of Smith and Deighton were only part of the justification used , as several matters had arisen in the meantime . One of these was Cetshwayo 's apparent breaking of promises he had given to the then Mr Theophilus Shepstone at the king 's ' coronation ' in 1872 . This farcical piece of theatre had been agreed to by Cetshwayo simply to satisfy the wishes of Shepstone and meant nothing to the Zulu people . Indeed , his real Zulu installation had taken place several weeks earlier when he had been acclaimed by his izinduna . A second addition to the ultimatum , which seems almost like an afterthought , required the surrender of Mbelini kaMswati . Mbelini was the son of a Swazi king who unsuccessfully disputed the succession with his brother , resulting in his exile from the kingdom . He took refuge with Cetshwayo and was granted land in the region of the Intombe River in western Zululand . ( It is entirely possible that Cetshwayo regarded him as a useful buffer between him and the Boers of the Transvaal . ) Here , he took up residence on the Tafelberg , a flat - topped mountain overlooking the river . Something of a brigand , Mbelini made raids on anyone in his area , Boer and Zulu alike , accruing cattle and prisoners in the process . With the annexation of the Transvaal , Britain had also to deal with Mbelini and because Frere was convinced that the bandit chief was in the pay of the Zulu king , his surrender was included in the ultimatum . The light in which Mbelini was regarded is shown in a paragraph from a memorandum written by Sir Henry Bulwer : `` The King disowned Umbilini 's acts by saying that Umbilini had been giving him trouble , that he had left the Zulu country in order to wrest the Swazi chieftainship from his brother , the reigning Chief , and that if he returned he should kill him .",
"12": "But there is nothing to show that he has in any way punished him , and , on the contrary , it is quite certain that even if Umbilini did not act with the express orders of Cetywayo , he did so with the knowledge that what he was doing would be agreeable to the King . '' Frere has been accused of chicanery by taking deliberate advantage of the length of time it took for correspondence to pass between South Africa and London to conceal his intentions from his political masters or at least defer giving them the necessary information until it was too late for them to act . The first intimation to the British government of his intention to make ' demands ' on the Zulu was in a private letter to Hicks Beach written on 14 October 1878 . The letter only arrived in London on 16 November and by then messengers had already been despatched from Natal to the Zulu king to request the presence of a delegation at the Lower Tugela on 11 December for the purpose of receiving the Boundary Commission 's findings . Had Hicks Beach then sent off a telegraph forbidding any action other than the announcement of the boundary award , it might have arrived in South Africa just in time to prevent the ultimatum being presented . No prohibition was sent and could hardly be expected to have been , for Hicks Beach had no means of knowing the urgency of the events that were in train . Nowhere in Frere 's letter was there anything to indicate how soon he intended to act , nor was there anything to suggest how stringent his demands would be . In January 1879 Hicks Beach wrote to Bartle Frere : `` I may observe that the communications which had previously been received from you had not entirely prepared them '' ( Her Majesty 's Government ) `` for the course which you have deemed it necessary to take . The representations made by Lord Chelmsford and yourself last autumn as to the urgent need of strengthening Her Majesty 's forces in South Africa were based upon the imminent danger of an invasion of Natal by the Zulus , and the inadequate means at that time at your disposal for meeting it . In order to afford protection to the lives and property of the colonists , the reinforcements asked for were supplied , and , in informing you of the decision of Her Majesty 's Government , I took the opportunity of impressing upon you the importance of using every effort to avoid war .",
"13": "But the terms which you have dictated to the Zulu king , however necessary to relieve the colony in future from an impending and increasing danger , are evidently such as he may not improbably refuse , even at the risk of war ; and I regret that the necessity for immediate action should have appeared to you so imperative as to preclude you from incurring the delay which would have been involved in consulting Her Majesty 's Government upon a subject of so much importance as the terms which Cetywayo should be required to accept before those terms were actually presented to the Zulu king . '' Hicks Beach had earlier admitted his helplessness with regard to the Frere 's actions in a telling note to his Prime Minister : `` I have impressed this ( non-aggressive ) view upon Sir B. Frere , both officially and privately , to the best of my power . But I can not really control him without a telegraph ( I do n't know that I could with one ) I feel it is as likely as not that he is at war with the Zulus at the present moment . '' Frere wanted to provoke a conflict with the Zulus and in that goal he succeeded . Cetshwayo rejected the demands of 11 December , by not responding by the end of the year . A concession was granted by Bartle Frere until 11 January 1879 , after which Bartle Frere deemed a state of war to exist . The British forces intended for the defense of Natal had already been on the march with the intention to attack the Zulu kingdom . On 10 January they were poised on the border . On 11 January , they crossed the border and invaded Zululand . Terms of the ultimatum ( edit ) The terms which were included in the ultimatum delivered to the representatives of King Cetshwayo on the banks of the Thukela river at the Ultimatum Tree on 11 December 1878 . No time was specified for compliance with item 4 , twenty days were allowed for compliance with items 1 -- 3 , that is , until 31 December inclusive ; ten days more were allowed for compliance with the remaining demands , items 4 -- 13 . The earlier time limits were subsequently altered so that all expired on 10 January 1879 .",
"14": "Surrender of Sihayo 's three sons and brother to be tried by the Natal courts . Payment of a fine of five hundred head of cattle for the outrages committed by the above and for Cetshwayo 's delay in complying with the request of the Natal Government for the surrender of the offenders . Payment of a hundred head of cattle for the offence committed against Messrs. Smith and Deighton . Surrender of the Swazi chief Umbilini and others to be named hereafter , to be tried by the Transvaal courts . Observance of the coronation promises . That the Zulu army be disbanded and the men allowed to go home . That the Zulu military system be discontinued and other military regulations adopted , to be decided upon after consultation with the Great Council and British Representatives . That every man , when he comes to man 's estate , shall be free to marry . All missionaries and their converts , who until 1877 lived in Zululand , shall be allowed to return and reoccupy their stations . All such missionaries shall be allowed to teach and any Zulu , if he chooses , shall be free to listen to their teaching . A British Agent shall be allowed to reside in Zululand , who will see that the above provisions are carried out . All disputes in which a missionary or European is concerned , shall be heard by the king in public and in presence of the Resident . No sentence of expulsion from Zululand shall be carried out until it has been approved by the Resident . For his part , Cetshwayo strenuously attempted to avoid war with the British and , should it occur , limit its scope and effects . He ordered his troops to defend their country only if attacked and not to carry the war beyond its borders . He directed them to avoid killing any of the invaders other than the regular British soldiers in their red coats .",
"15": "British invasion and repulse ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Inyezane , Battle of Isandlwana , Battle of Rorke 's Drift , Siege of Eshowe , Battle of Intombe , Battle of Hlobane , Battle of Kambula , and Battle of Gingindlovu Battle of Isandlwana painting by Charles Edwin Fripp ( 1854 -- 1906 ) The pretext for the war had its origins in border disputes between the Zulu leader , Cetshwayo , and the Boers in the Transvaal region . Following a commission enquiry on the border dispute which reported in favour of the Zulu nation in July 1878 , Sir Henry Bartle Frere , acting on his own , added an ultimatum to the commission meeting , much to the surprise of the Zulu representatives who then relayed it to Cetshwayo . Cetshwayo had not responded by the end of the year , so an extension was granted by Bartle Frere until 11 January 1879 . Cetshwayo returned no answer to the demands of Bartle Frere , and in January 1879 a British force under Lieutenant General Frederick Augustus Thesiger , 2nd Baron Chelmsford invaded Zululand , without authorization by the British Government . Lord Chelmsford , the Commander - in - Chief of British forces during the war , initially planned a five - pronged invasion of Zululand composed of over 15,000 troops in five columns and designed to encircle the Zulu army and force it to fight as he was concerned that the Zulus would avoid battle . In the event , Chelmsford settled on three invading columns with the main center column , now consisting of some 7800 men comprising the previously called No. 3 Column and Durnford 's No. 2 Column , under his direct command . He moved his troops from Pietermaritzburg to a forward camp at Helpmekaar , past Greytown . On 9 January 1879 they moved to Rorke 's Drift , and early on 11 January commenced crossing the Buffalo River into Zululand .",
"16": "Three columns were to invade Zululand , from the Lower Tugela , Rorke 's Drift , and Utrecht respectively , their objective being Ulundi , the royal capital . While Cetshwayo 's army numbered perhaps 35,000 men , it was essentially a militia force which could be called out in time of national danger . It had a very limited logistical capacity and could only stay in the field a few weeks before the troops would be obliged to return to their civilian duties . Zulu warriors were armed primarily with Assegai thrusting spears , known in Zulu as iklwa , clubs , some throwing spears and shields made of cowhide . The initial entry of all three columns was unopposed . On 22 January the centre column , which had advanced from Rorke 's Drift , was encamped near Isandlwana ; on the morning of that day Lord Chelmsford split his forces and moved out to support a reconnoitering party , leaving the camp in charge of Colonel Pulleine . The British were outmanoeuvred by the main Zulu army nearly 20,000 strong led by Ntshingwayo kaMahole Khoza . Chelmsford was lured eastward with much of his centre column by a Zulu diversionary force while the main Impi attacked his camp . Chelmsford 's decision not to set up the British camp defensively , contrary to established doctrine , and ignoring information that the Zulus were close at hand were decisions that the British were soon to regret . The ensuing Battle of Isandlwana was the greatest victory that the Zulu kingdom would enjoy during the war . The British centre column was wrecked and its camp annihilated with heavy casualties as well as the loss of all its supplies , ammunition and transport . The defeat left Chelmsford no choice but to hastily retreat out of Zululand . In the battle 's aftermath , a party of some 4,000 Zulu reserves mounted an unauthorised raid on the nearby British army border post of Rorke 's Drift and were driven off after 10 hours of ferocious fighting .",
"17": "Zulu warriors , 1879 ( Charles Edwin Fripp ) While the British central column under Chelmsford 's command was thus engaged , the right flank column on the coast , under Colonel Charles Pearson , crossed the Tugela River , skirmished with a Zulu impi that was attempting to set up an ambush at the Inyezane River , and advanced as far as the deserted missionary station of Eshowe , which he set about fortifying . On learning of the disaster at Isandlwana , Pearson made plans to withdraw back beyond the Tugela River . However , before he had decided whether or not to put these plans into effect , the Zulu army managed to cut off his supply lines , and the Siege of Eshowe had begun . Meanwhile , the left flank column at Utrecht , under Colonel Evelyn Wood , had originally been charged with occupying the Zulu tribes of north - west Zululand and preventing them from interfering with the British central column 's advance on Ulundi . To this end Wood set up camp at Tinta 's Kraal , just 10 miles south of Hlobane Mountain , where a force of 4,000 Zulus had been spotted . He planned to attack them on 24 January , but on learning of the disaster at Isandlwana , he decided to withdraw back to the Kraal . Thus one month after the British invasion , only their left flank column remained militarily effective , and it was too weak to conduct a campaign alone . The first invasion of Zululand had been a failure . Battle of the Intombe river It had never been Cetshwayo 's intention to invade Natal , but to simply fight within the boundaries of the Zulu kingdom . Chelmsford used the next two months to regroup and build a fresh invading force with the initial intention of relieving Pearson at Eshowe . The British government rushed seven regiments of re-inforcements to Natal , along with two artillery batteries . On 12 March , an armed escort of stores marching to Luneberg , was defeated by about 500 Zulus at the Battle of Intombe ; the British force suffered 80 killed and all the stores were lost . The first troops arrived at Durban on 7 March .",
"18": "On the 29th a column , under Lord Chelmsford , consisting of 3,400 British and 2,300 African soldiers , marched to the relief of Eshowe , entrenched camps being formed each night . Chelmsford ordered Sir Evelyn Wood 's troops to attack the abaQulusi Zulu stronghold in Hlobane . Lieutenant Colonel Redvers Buller , led the attack on Hlobane on 28 March . However , as the Zulu main army of 20,000 men approached to help their besieged tribesmen , the British force began a retreat which turned into a rout and were pursued by 1,000 Zulus of the abaQulusi who inflicted some 225 casualties on the British force . The next day 20,000 Zulu warriors attacked Wood 's 2,068 men in a well - fortified camp at Kambula , apparently without Cetshwayo 's permission . The British held them off in the Battle of Kambula and after five hours of heavy attacks the Zulus withdrew with heavy losses but were pursued by British mounted troops , who killed many more fleeing and wounded warriors . British losses amounted to 83 ( 28 killed and 55 wounded ) , while the Zulus lost up to 2,000 killed . The effect of the battle of Kambula on the Zulu army was severe . Their commander Mnyamana tried to get the regiments to return to Ulundi but many demoralised warriors simply went home . The burning of Ulundi While Woods was thus engaged , Chelmsford 's column was marching on Eshowe . On 2 April this force was attacked en route at Gingindlovu , the Zulu being repulsed . Their losses were heavy , estimated at 1,200 while the British only suffered two dead and 52 wounded . The next day they relieved Pearson 's men . They evacuated Eshowe on 5 April , after which the Zulu forces burned it down . Second invasion and the defeat of the Zulus ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Ulundi Last Sleep of the Brave , 1879 ( Alphonse de Neuville ) The new start of the larger , heavily reinforced second invasion was not promising for the British .",
"19": "Despite their successes at Kambula , Gingindlovu and Eshowe , they were right back where they had started from at the beginning of January . Nevertheless , Chelmsford had a pressing reason to proceed with haste -- Sir Garnet Wolseley was being sent to replace him , and he wanted to inflict a decisive defeat on Cetshwayo 's forces before then . With yet more reinforcements arriving , soon to total 16,000 British and 7,000 Native troops , Chelmsford reorganised his forces and again advanced into Zululand in June , this time with extreme caution building fortified camps all along the way to prevent any repeat of Isandlwana . One of the early British casualties was the exiled heir to the French throne , Imperial Prince Napoleon Eugene , who had volunteered to serve in the British army and was killed on 1 June while out with a reconnoitering party . Cetshwayo , knowing that the newly reinforced British would be a formidable opponent , attempted to negotiate a peace treaty . Chelmsford was not open to negotiations , as he wished to restore his reputation before Wolseley relieved him of command , and he proceeded to the royal kraal of Ulundi , intending to defeat the main Zulu army . On 4 July , the armies clashed at the Battle of Ulundi , and Cetshwayo 's forces were decisively defeated . Aftermath ( edit ) Part of a series on the Military history of South Africa Conflicts Khoikhoi -- Dutch Wars Anglo -- Dutch rivalry Xhosa Wars Ndwandwe -- Zulu War Anglo -- Zulu War First Anglo -- Boer War Second Anglo -- Boer War South African Wars ( 1879 -- 1915 ) First World War Second World War Korean War Border War National Defence Force Army Air Force History Navy Medical Services Special Forces Historical forces Union Defence Force South African Defence Force Lists Conflicts Military chiefs List of wars involving South Africa After the battle of Ulundi the Zulu army dispersed , most of the leading chiefs tendered their submission , and Cetshwayo became a fugitive . Wolseley , having relieved Chelmsford after Ulundi , took over the final operations .",
"20": "On 28 August the king was captured and sent to Cape Town ( It is said that scouts spotted the water - carriers of the king , distinctive because the water was carried above , not upon , their heads ) . His deposition was formally announced to the Zulu . Wolseley wasted no time in discarding Bartle Frere 's confederation scheme and drew up a new scheme which divided Zululand into thirteen chiefdoms headed by compliant chiefs which ensured that the Zulus would no longer unite under a single king and made internal divisions and civil wars inevitable . The dynasty of Shaka was deposed , and the Zulu country portioned among eleven Zulu chiefs , including Usibepu , John Dunn , a white adventurer , and Hlubi , a Basuto chief allied to the British in the war . Chelmsford received a Knight Grand Cross of Bath , largely because of Ulundi , however , he was severely criticized by the Horse Guards investigation and he would never serve in the field again . Bartle Frere was relegated to a minor post in Cape Town . Following the conclusion of the Anglo - Zulu War , Bishop Colenso interceded on behalf of Cetshwayo with the British government and succeeded in getting him released from Robben Island and returned to Zululand in 1883 . A Resident ( Melmoth Osborn ) was appointed to be the channel of communication between the chiefs and the British government . This arrangement led to much bloodshed and disturbance , and in 1882 the British government determined to restore Cetshwayo to power . In the meantime , however , blood feuds had been engendered between the chiefs Usibepu ( Zibebu ) and Hamu on the one side and the tribes who supported the ex-king and his family on the other . Cetshwayo 's party ( who now became known as the Usuthu ) suffered severely at the hands of the two chiefs , who were aided by a band of white freebooters . When Cetshwayo was restored Usibepu was left in possession of his territory , while Dunn 's land and that of the Basuto chief ( the country between the Tugela River and the Umhlatuzi , i.e.",
"21": "adjoining Natal ) was constituted a reserve , in which locations were to be provided for Zulu unwilling to serve the restored king . This new arrangement proved as futile as had Wolseley 's . Usibepu , having created a formidable force of well - armed and trained warriors , and being left in independence on the borders of Cetshwayo 's territory , viewed with displeasure the re-installation of his former king , and Cetshwayo was desirous of humbling his relative . A collision very soon took place ; Usibepu 's forces were victorious , and on 22 July 1883 , led by a troop of mounted Boer mercenary troops , he made a sudden descent upon Cetshwayo 's kraal at Ulundi , which he destroyed , massacring such of the inmates of both sexes as could not save themselves by flight . The king escaped , though wounded , into Nkandla forest . After appeals to Melmoth Osborn he moved to Eshowe , where he died soon after . Last veterans ( edit ) Colour Sergeant ( later Lieutenant - Colonel ) Frank Bourne , DCM ( 1854 -- 1945 ) . Last survivor of Rorke 's Drift . Private Charles Wallace Warden ( died 8 March 1953 ) Henry `` Harry '' Figg R.N. ( died 23 May 1953 ) Anglo - Zulu war in film ( edit ) Two film dramatisations of the war are : Zulu ( 1964 ) , which is based on the Battle at Rorke 's Drift , and Zulu Dawn ( 1979 ) , which deals with the Battle of Isandlwana . Monty Python 's The Meaning of Life ( 1983 ) also features the war in a comedic sketch in which men in tiger suits steal a British soldier 's leg . See also ( edit ) Victorian era portal Bambatha Rebellion Colony of Natal First Boer War History of the British Army Martini -- Henry Military History of South Africa Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Colenso ( 1880 , pp. 263 -- 64 ) gives 6,669 Imperial and Colonial troops and 9,035 Native Contingent .",
"22": "Morris ( 1998 , p. 292 ) gives 16,800 Jump up ^ Colenso ( 1880 , pp. 396 ) gives British strength in April as 22,545 . Jump up ^ Colenso ( 1880 , pp. 318 ) gives the total strength of the Zulu army at 35,000 , of which 4,000 remained with Cetshwayo while the rest marched in two columns . Jump up ^ Knight ( 2003 , p. 9 ) states `` By late 1878 Frere had manipulated a diplomatic crisis with the Zulus ... '' Jump up ^ Knight ( 2003 , p. 11 ) notes `` ... an ultimatum with which , Frere knew , they could not possibly comply '' . Jump up ^ Lock & Quantrill ( 2002 , p. 62 ) quote John Shepstone , Acting Secretary for Native Affairs at the time on the Zulu army : saying `` Equipment : Each man carries his shield and assegais , and a kaross or blanket if he possesses one , he may also have a war dress of monkey skins or ox tails , this is all . '' Jump up ^ Martineau ( 1895 , p. 242 ) gives much of the chapter , without sarcasm - or irony , to Bartle Frere 's remarkable rationalizations in undermining the commission 's conclusions . Jump up ^ Colenso ( 1880 , pp. 261 -- 62 ) says `` the terms ... are evidently such as he ( Cetshwayo ) may not improbably refuse , even at the risk of war ... to preclude you from incurring the delay ... involved in consulting Her Majesty 's Government upon a subject of so much importance as the terms ... '' Jump up ^ Colenso ( 1880 , pp. 263 -- 64 ) gives 7,800 : 1752 Imperial and Colonial troops and 6054 Native Contingent and 377 Conductors and Drivers for the Number 2 Column under Durnford and the Number 3 Column under Glynn which made up Chelmsford 's Main Column .",
"23": "The strength of the entire invasion force is given as a total of 16,506 for the five columns : 6,669 Imperial and colonial troops : 9,035 troops in the native contingent ; 802 Drivers , etc . Jump up ^ Knight ( 1996 , p. 11 ) states `` they were a part - time citizen army , and were armed primarily with traditional weapons . '' Jump up ^ Archer et al. ( 2008 , p. 462 ) state `` They had a national army of twenty - five thousand men equipped with cowhide shields , assegais and clubs . Jump up ^ Laband ( 2009 , p. 5 ) `` The Anglo - Zulu War is described in terms of the 1st invasion and 2nd invasion . '' Jump up ^ Morris ( 1998 , p. 474 ) gives 80 killed : 62 British soldiers , 3 European conductors and 15 native voorloopers . Jump up ^ Colenso ( 1880 , p. 353 ) notes `` The strength of the enemy was thought to be 20,000 of whom 1000 are supposed to have been killed . '' . Jump up ^ Raugh ( 2011 , p. 5 ) , gives 800 Zulu casualties . Knight ( 1995 , p. 142 ) says , ' 785 ( bodies ) were collected from close by the camp . Many more lay out on the line of retreat where the slaughter had been heaviest ... Perhaps as many as 2,000 died ' . Jump up ^ Raugh ( 2011 , p. 5 ) `` Chelmsford ... began his second invasion ... '' . Thompson ( 2006 , p. 75 ) `` Thus ended the first British invasion of Zululand . '' . Knight ( 2003 , p. 27 ) has a map titled : `` First invasion of Zululand '' . Morris ( 1998 , pp. 498 -- 511 ) has a chapter titled : `` The Second Invasion '' . Jump up ^ Morris 1998 , p. 498 . Jump up ^ Knight & Castle 1999 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Knight ( 1992 , 2002 ) , p. 8 .",
"24": "^ Jump up to : Spiers 2006 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Colenso 1880 , pp. 261 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Morris 1998 , pp. 291 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Gump 1996 , pp. 73 -- 93 . ^ Jump up to : Gump 1996 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Barthorp 2002 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Barthorp 2002 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Archer et al. 2008 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Knight 1996 , pp. 33 , 38 , 39 . Jump up ^ Bourquin 1978 . Jump up ^ Martineau 1895 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Gump 1996 , pp. 87 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Knight 2003 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Knight 2003 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Colenso 1880 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ British Parliamentary Papers , C. 2222 , No. 111 : Frere to Hicks Beach , 6 October 1878 . Jump up ^ British Parliamentary Papers , C. 2220 , No. 40 : Bulwer to Hicks Beach , 9 August 1878 . Jump up ^ British Parliamentary Papers , C. 2220 , Enclosure in No. 89 : Cetshwayo to Bulwer , 24 August 1879 . Jump up ^ British Parliamentary Papers , C. 2220 , No. 105 , Frere to Hicks Beach , 30 September 1878 . Jump up ^ Colenso 1880 , pp. 258 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Gump 1996 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ British Parliamentary Papers , C. 2260 , Enclosure 2 in No. 6 : Memorandum , 16 January 1879 . Jump up ^ Colenso 1880 , pp. 260 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Guy 1994 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Martineau 1895 , p. 248 .",
"25": "Jump up ^ Giliomee & Mbenga 2007 . Jump up ^ Knight 2005 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Lock & Quantrill 2002 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Knight 1995 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Lock & Quantrill 2002 , Ch 9 . Jump up ^ Gump 1996 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ `` The Rorke 's Drift VC Discussion Forum '' . rorkesdriftvc.com. 15 December 2001 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Henry `` Harry '' Figg at Find a Grave Further reading ( edit ) Archer , Christon I. ; Ferris , John R. ; Herwig , Holger H. ; Travers , Timothy H.E. ( 2008 ) . World History of Warfare . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 1941 - 0 . Barthorp , Michael ( 2002 ) . The Zulu War : Isandhlwana to Ulundi . Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 304 - 36270 - 0 . Bourquin , S. ( 1978 ) . `` The Zulu military organization and the challenge of 1879 '' . Military History Journal . 4 ( 4 ) . Brookes , Edgar H ; Webb , Colin de B. ( 1965 ) . A History of Natal . Brooklyn : University of Natal Press . ISBN 0 - 86980 - 579 - 7 . Colenso , Frances E. ( 1880 ) . History of the Zulu War and Its Origin . Assisted by Edward Durnford . London : Chapman & Hall . David , Saul ( February 2009 ) . `` The Forgotten Battles of the Zulu War '' . BBC History Magazine . 10 ( 2 ) . pp. 26 -- 33 . Dutton , Roy ( 2010 ) . Forgotten Heroes : Zulu & Basuto Wars including Complete Medal Roll . Infodial .",
"26": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 9556554 - 4 - 9 . French , Gerald ( 2014 ) ( 1939 ) . Lord Chelmsford and the Zulu War . London : John Lane , The Bodley Head . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4738 - 3510 - 8 . Giliomee , Hermann Buhr ; Mbenga , Bernard ( 2007 ) . New History of South Africa . Tafelberg . ISBN 978 - 0 - 624 - 04359 - 1 . Gump , James O. ( 1996 ) . The Dust Rose Like Smoke : The Subjugation of the Zulu and the Sioux . Bison Books . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7059 - 3 . Guy , Jeff ( 1994 ) . The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom : The Civil War in Zululand , 1879 -- 1884 . University of Natal Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86980 - 892 - 4 . Knight , Ian ( 1995 ) . Brave Men 's Blood : The Epic of the Zulu War , 1879 . Pen & Sword Military Classics . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 212 - 4 . Knight , Ian ( 1996 ) . Rorke 's Drift , 1879 : ' pinned Like Rats in a Hole ' . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 506 - 7 . Knight , Ian ( 2003 ) . The Zulu War 1879 . Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 612 - 6 . Knight , Ian ( 2005 ) . British Fortifications in Zululand 1879 . Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 829 - 8 . Knight , Ian ; Castle , Ian ( 1999 ) . British Army : Zulu War to the Boer War . Brassey 's UK . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85753 - 284 - 5 .",
"27": "Laband , John ; Knight , Ian ( 1996 ) . The Anglo - Zulu War . Stroud : Sutton . ISBN 0 - 86985 - 829 - 7 . Laband , John ( 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars . Scarecrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6300 - 2 . Lock , Ron ; Quantrill , Peter ( 2002 ) . Zulu Victory : The Epic of Isandlwana and the Cover - up . Greenhill . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 505 - 8 . Martineau , John ( 1895 ) . `` Chapter xix '' . The life and correspondence of the Right Hon . Sir Bartle Frere , bart. , G.C.B. , F.R.S. , etc . Vol . ii . London : J. Murray . Morris , Donald R. ( 1998 ) . The Washing of the Spears : A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation Under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879 . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80866 - 1 . Raugh , Harold E. ( 2011 ) . Anglo - Zulu War , 1879 : A Selected Bibliography . Scarecrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7227 - 1 . Spiers , Edward M. ( 2006 ) . The Scottish Soldier and Empire , 1854 -- 1902 . Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 2354 - 9 . Thompson , P.S. ( 2006 ) . Black Soldiers of the Queen : The Natal Native Contingent in the Anglo - Zulu War . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 5368 - 1 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Zululand '' .",
"28": "Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anglo - Zulu War . Rorke 's Drift and the Anglo -- Zulu War website Anglo -- Zulu War Historical Society The Keynsham Light Horse Anglo -- Zulu War , 1878 -- 1879 by Ralph Zuljan Colonial conflicts involving the English / British Empire 17th century Virginia ( 1609 -- 46 ) Swally ( 1612 ) Ormuz ( 1622 ) Saint Kitts ( 1626 ) Quebec ( 1628 ) Pequot War ( 1634 -- 38 ) Acadia ( 1654 -- 67 ) Anglo - Spanish War ( 1654 -- 60 ) Jamaica ( 1655 -- 1739 ) King Philip 's War ( 1675 -- 78 ) King William 's War ( 1688 -- 97 ) Ghana ( 1694 -- 1700 ) 18th century Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 -- 13 ) Tuscarora War ( 1711 -- 15 ) Yamasee War ( 1715 -- 17 ) Father Rale 's War / Dummer 's War ( 1722 -- 25 ) War of Jenkins ' Ear ( 1740 -- 42 ) King George 's War ( 1744 -- 48 ) Carnatic Wars ( 1746 -- 63 ) Nova Scotia ( 1749 -- 55 ) French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) Anglo -- Cherokee War ( 1758 -- 61 ) Jamaica ( 1762 ) Anglo - Spanish War ( 1762 -- 63 ) Pontiac 's War ( 1763 -- 66 ) Lord Dunmore 's War ( 1774 ) American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83",
"29": ") First Anglo -- Maratha War ( 1775 -- 82 ) Second Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1779 -- 84 ) Gold Coast ( 1781 -- 82 ) Sumatra ( 1782 -- 84 ) Australian Frontier Wars ( 1788 -- 1934 ) Nootka Sound ( 1789 ) Third Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1789 -- 92 ) Cotiote ( Wayanad ) War ( 1793 -- 1806 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 ) Jamaica ( 1795 -- 96 ) Ceylon ( 1795 ) Kandyan Wars ( 1796 -- 1818 ) Malta ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Fourth Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1798 -- 99 ) Dwyer 's Guerrilla Campaign ( 1799 -- 1803 ) 19th century Newfoundland ( 1800 ) Castle Hill convict rebellion Second Anglo -- Maratha War ( 1803 -- 05 ) Suriname ( 1804 ) Guiana ( 1804 ) Cape Colony ( 1806 ) Río de la Plata ( 1806 -- 07 ) Egypt ( 1807 ) Malta ( 1807 ) Reunion ( 1809 ) Seychelles ( 1809 ) Mauritius ( 1810 ) Java ( 1810 -- 11 ) Xhosa Wars ( 1811 -- 79 ) Martinique ( 1809 ) Guadeloupe ( 1810 ) USA ( 1812 -- 15 ) Nepal ( 1814 -- 16 ) Guadeloupe ( 1815 ) Cape Colony ( 1815 ) Third Anglo - Maratha War ( 1817 -- 18 ) Guiana ( 1823 ) Anglo - Ashanti wars ( 1824 -- 1901 ) First Anglo - Burmese War ( 1824 -- 26 ) Black War ( Van Diemen 's Land ,",
"30": "1828 -- 32 ) Jamaica ( 1831 -- 32 ) Malacca ( 1831 -- 33 ) Lower Canada ( 1837 -- 38 ) Upper Canada ( 1837 -- 38 ) Egyptian -- Ottoman War ( 1839 -- 41 ) First Anglo - Afghan War ( 1839 -- 42 ) First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) New Zealand Wars ( 1845 -- 72 ) First Anglo -- Sikh War ( 1845 -- 46 ) Río de la Plata ( 1845 -- 50 ) Ceylon ( 1848 ) Second Anglo -- Sikh War ( 1848 -- 49 ) Second Anglo -- Burmese War ( 1852 ) Eureka Rebellion ( 1852 ) Anglo -- Persian War ( 1856 -- 57 ) Second Opium War ( 1856 -- 60 ) Indian Rebellion ( 1857 -- 59 ) Ambela Campaign ( 1863 -- 64 ) Bhutan War ( 1864 -- 65 ) Fenian Rebellion in Canada ( 1866 -- 71 ) Abyssinia ( 1868 ) Manitoba ( 1870 ) Perak ( 1875 -- 76 ) Anglo -- Zulu War ( 1879 ) Second Anglo - Afghan War ( 1879 -- 80 ) Basutoland ( 1880 -- 81 ) First Boer War ( 1880 -- 81 ) Mahdist War ( 1881 -- 99 ) Anglo - Egyptian War ( 1882 ) Saskatchewan ( 1885 ) Central Africa ( 1886 -- 89 ) Third Anglo - Burmese War ( 1885 ) Mashonaland ( 1890 ) Hunza - Nagar Campaign ( 1891 ) Anglo - Manipur War ( 1891 ) Matabeleland ( 1893 -- 94 ) North Borneo ( 1894 -- 1905 ) Chitral Expedition ( 1895 ) Jameson Raid South Africa ( 1896 )",
"31": "Anglo -- Zanzibar War ( 1896 ) Matabeleland ( 1896 -- 97 ) Benin Expedition ( 1897 ) Siege of Malakand ( 1897 ) First Mohmand Campaign ( 1897 -- 98 ) Tirah Campaign ( 1897 -- 98 ) Six - Day War ( 1899 ) Boxer Rebellion ( 1898 -- 1901 ) Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) 20th century Somaliland ( 1900 -- 20 ) West Africa ( 1901 -- 02 ) Tibet expedition ( 1903 -- 04 ) Bambatha Rebellion ( 1906 ) Nyasaland ( 1915 ) Nigeria ( 1915 ) Nigeria ( 1918 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Waziristan campaign ( 1919 -- 1920 ) Iraq ( 1920 ) Malabar Rebellion ( 1921 ) Kurdistan ( 1922 -- 24 ) Transjordan ( 1923 ) Pink 's War ( 1925 ) Ikhwan Revolt ( 1927 -- 30 ) Barzani revolt ( 1931 -- 32 ) Second Mohmand Campaign ( 1935 ) Palestine ( 1936 -- 39 ) Waziristan campaign ( 1936 -- 1939 ) Ethiopia ( 1943 ) Indochina ( 1945 -- 46 ) Indonesia ( 1945 ) Sarawak ( 1946 -- 50 ) Malayan Emergency ( 1948 -- 60 ) Mau Mau Uprising Kenya ( 1952 -- 60 ) Oman ( 1954 -- 59 ) Cyprus Emergency ( 1955 -- 59 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Oman ( 1962 -- 76 ) Brunei ( 1962 ) Sarawak ( 1962 -- 90 ) Malaysia ( 1962 -- 66 ) Aden",
"32": "( 1963 -- 67 ) Falklands ( 1982 ) Political history of South Africa Defunct polities Kingdom of Mapungubwe ( c. 1075 -- c. 1220 ) Dutch Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1806 ) Mthethwa Paramountcy ( c. 1780 -- 1817 ) Ndwandwe Kingdom ( c. 1780 -- 1819 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 -- 1910 ) Zulu Kingdom ( 1816 -- 97 ) Natalia Republic ( 1839 -- 43 ) Natal Colony ( 1843 -- 1910 ) Orange Free State ( 1854 -- 1902 ) South African Republic ( 1856 -- 1902 ) Griqualand East ( 1861 -- 79 ) Griqualand West ( 1870 -- 73 ) Goshen ( 1882 -- 83 ) Stellaland ( 1882 -- 85 ) Nieuwe Republiek ( 1884 -- 88 ) Upingtonia ( 1885 -- 87 ) Klein Vrystaat ( 1886 -- 91 ) Orange River Colony ( 1902 -- 10 ) Transvaal Colony ( 1902 -- 10 ) Union of South Africa ( 1910 -- 61 ) Transkei ( 1976 -- 94 ) Bophuthatswana ( 1977 -- 94 ) Venda ( 1979 -- 94 ) Ciskei ( 1981 -- 94 ) Events 1652 -- 1815 Dutch settlement French Huguenot settlement Khoikhoi -- Dutch Wars Xhosa Wars Battle of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo - Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815 -- 1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek",
"33": "Boer Republics Transvaal Civil War Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush South African Wars South Africa Act 1909 1910 -- 1948 Maritz Rebellion Rand Rebellion Great Depression 1946 African Mine Workers ' Union strike Bantustans Apartheid era 1948 general election Apartheid legislation Pass laws Internal resistance Coloured - vote constitutional crisis Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Women 's March 1956 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Sharpeville massacre 1960 republic referendum International isolation Academic boycott Disinvestment Sporting boycott Olympics Rugby union Rivonia Trial Tar Baby Option Durban Moment Border War Israeli alliance Israel -- South Africa Agreement Soweto Uprising Weapons of mass destruction Project Coast Constructive engagement Church Street bombing 1983 constitutional reform referendum Langa massacre Rubicon speech Dakar Conference Third Force CODESA 1992 apartheid referendum Saint James Church massacre Bophuthatswana crisis Shell House massacre Post-apartheid 1994 general election Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Arms Deal Floor crossing Soweto bombings African Renaissance Xenophobia Marikana massacre 2012 Western Cape farm workers ' strike Nkandlagate 2014 platinum strike # RhodesMustFall protests # FeesMustFall student protests Tshwane riots Political culture African nationalism Afrikaner Calvinism Afrikaner nationalism Azania Baasskap Boerehaat Black Consciousness Movement Day of the Vow Greater South Africa Honorary whites",
"34": "Rooi gevaar Slavery Swart gevaar Uitlander Volkstaat Defunct organisations Civic and political organisations Afrikaner Bond Afrikaner Broederbond Afrikaner Party AITUP APO AVF BPC Black Sash CDA CTEG COD Congress Alliance COSG CP Dominion Party DP ( 1973 -- 1977 ) DP ( 1989 -- 2000 ) DPP ECC FA FD Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners GNP Het Volk HNP IDASA ID IP ISL Jeugkrag Johannesburg Reform Committee Labour Party ( 1910 -- 1958 ) Labour Party ( 1969 -- 1994 ) Liberal Party ( 1953 -- 1968 ) NA NCP Natal Indian Congress NLP NNP NP NPP NRP NUSAS PFP Progressive Party ( Cape Colony ) Progressive Party PRP Radio Freedom Reform Party SABP SADECO SAIC SASO SAYCO SAYRCO South African Party ( Cape Colony ) South African Party ( 1911 -- 1934 ) South African Party ( 1977 -- 1980 ) TNIP Torch Commando UFP United Party Unionist Party Volksparty Workers Party WOSA Trade unions and social movements APF BCM BLATU CNETU CTSWU FCWU FNETU FOSATU ICU IWW MUSA NEUM NURHS PAWE SAAPAWU SACTU SAIF",
"35": "SARHU SATUC Die Spoorbund UDF Umkosi Wezintaba Paramilitary and terrorist organisations APLA ARM BBB Boeremag Greyshirts MK Ossewabrandwag Orde van die Dood SANF Histories of political parties African National Congress Democratic Alliance Pan Africanist Congress of Azania NDL : 00574960 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"36": "php?title=Anglo-Zulu_War&oldid=821622183 '' Categories : Anglo - Zulu War Military history of South Africa Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa Wars involving the United Kingdom 1879 in the Colony of Natal Battles involving the Zulu History of KwaZulu - Natal History of South Africa 1879 in the Zulu Kingdom 1879 in the British Empire Invasions by the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2018 All articles lacking in - text citations Use dmy dates from June 2013 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 16 : 47 . About Wikipedia",
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8421534552620239493
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where does blonde hair green eyes come from
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[
"a low concentration in pigmentation"
] |
{
"0": "Blond - wikipedia Blond Jump to : navigation , search `` Blonde '' redirects here . For other uses , see Blond ( disambiguation ) and Blonde ( disambiguation ) . `` Platinum blond '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Platinum Blonde ( disambiguation ) . A girl with light blonde hair Blond ( male ) , blonde ( female ) , or fair hair , is a hair color characterized by low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin . The resultant visible hue depends on various factors , but always has some sort of yellowish color . The color can be from the very pale blond ( caused by a patchy , scarce distribution of pigment ) to reddish `` strawberry '' blond or golden - brownish ( `` sandy '' ) blond colors ( the latter with more eumelanin ) . Because hair color tends to darken with age , natural blond hair is generally very rare in adulthood . Naturally - occurring blond hair is primarily found in populations of northern European descent and is believed to have evolved to enable more efficient synthesis of Vitamin D , due to northern Europe 's lower levels of sunlight . Blond hair has also developed in other populations , although it is usually not as common , and can be found among natives of the Solomon Islands , Vanuatu , and Fiji , among the Berbers of North Africa , and among some Asians . In human culture , blond hair has long been associated with female beauty . Aphrodite , the Greek goddess of love and beauty , was reputed to have blond hair . In ancient Greece and Rome , blond hair was frequently associated with prostitutes , who dyed their hair using saffron dyes in order to attract customers . The Greeks stereotyped Thracians and slaves as blond and the Romans associated blondness with the Celts and the Germans to the north . In western Europe during the Middle Ages , long , blond hair was idealized as the paragon of female beauty . The Norse goddess Sif and the medieval heroine Iseult were both significantly portrayed as blond and , in medieval artwork , Eve , Mary Magdalene , and the Virgin Mary are often shown with blond hair . In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century , scientific racists categorized blond hair and blue eyes as characteristics of the supreme Nordic race .",
"1": "In contemporary culture , blond women are often stereotyped as sexually attractive , but unintelligent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology , spelling , and grammar 1.1 Origins and meanings 1.2 Usage 2 Varieties 3 Evolution of blond hair 4 Prevalence 4.1 Europe 4.2 Africa 4.3 Oceania 4.4 Asia 4.5 Americas 5 Historical cultural perceptions 5.1 Ancient Greece 5.2 Roman Empire 5.3 Medieval Europe 5.4 Early twentieth - century racism 6 Modern cultural associations 6.1 Sexuality 6.2 Lack of intelligence 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Bibliography 9 External links Etymology , spelling , and grammar Detail of a portrait of Crown Prince of Poland Sigismund Casimir Vasa ( c. 1644 ) , with characteristic blond hair which darkened with time as confirmed by his later effigies . Origins and meanings The word `` blond '' is first documented in English in 1481 and derives from Old French blund , blont , meaning `` a colour midway between golden and light chestnut '' . It gradually eclipsed the native term `` fair '' , of same meaning , from Old English fæġer , causing `` fair '' later to become a general term for `` light complexioned '' . This earlier use of `` fair '' survives in the proper name Fairfax , from Old English fæġer - feahs meaning `` blond hair '' . The French ( and thus also the derived English ) word `` blond '' has two possible origins . Some linguists say it comes from Medieval Latin blundus , meaning `` yellow '' , from Old Frankish blund which would relate it to Old English blonden - feax meaning `` grey - haired '' , from blondan / blandan meaning `` to mix '' ( Cf . blend ) . Also , Old English beblonden meant `` dyed '' , as ancient Germanic warriors were noted for dyeing their hair . However , linguists who favor a Latin origin for the word say that Medieval Latin blundus was a vulgar pronunciation of Latin flavus , also meaning `` yellow '' .",
"2": "Most authorities , especially French , attest the Frankish origin . The word was reintroduced into English in the 17th century from French , and was for some time considered French ; in French , `` blonde '' is a feminine adjective ; it describes a woman with blonde hair . Usage Emperor Pedro II of Brazil with blond hair , c. 1846 `` Blond '' , with its continued gender - varied usage , is one of few adjectives in written English to retain separate masculine and feminine grammatical genders . Each of the two forms , however , is pronounced identically . American Heritage 's Book of English Usage propounds that , insofar as `` a blonde '' can be used to describe a woman but not a man who is merely said to possess blond ( e ) hair , the term is an example of a `` sexist stereotype ( whereby ) women are primarily defined by their physical characteristics . '' The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) records that the phrase `` big blond beast '' was used in the 20th century to refer specifically to men `` of the Nordic type '' ( that is to say , blond - haired ) . The OED also records that blond as an adjective is especially used with reference to women , in which case it is likely to be spelt `` blonde '' , citing three Victorian usages of the term . The masculine version is used in the plural , in `` blonds of the European race '' , in a citation from 1833 Penny cyclopedia , which distinguishes genuine blondness as a Caucasian feature distinct from albinism . By the early 1990s , `` blonde moment '' or being a `` dumb blonde '' had come into common parlance to mean `` an instance of a person , esp . a woman ... being foolish or scatter - brained . '' Another hair color word of French origin , brunet ( te ) ( from the same Germanic root that gave `` brown '' ) , functions in the same way in orthodox English . The OED gives `` brunet '' as meaning `` dark - complexioned '' or a `` dark - complexioned person '' , citing a comparative usage of brunet and blond to Thomas Henry Huxley in saying , `` The present contrast of blonds and brunets existed among them . '' `` Brunette '' can be used , however , like `` blonde '' , to describe a mixed - gender populace .",
"3": "The OED quotes Grant Allen , `` The nation which resulted ... being sometimes blonde , sometimes brunette . '' `` Blond '' and `` blonde '' are also occasionally used to refer to objects that have a color reminiscent of fair hair . For example , the OED records its use in 19th - century poetic diction to describe flowers , `` a variety of clay ironstone of the coal measures '' , `` the colour of raw silk '' , a breed of ray , lager beer , and pale wood . Varieties Various subcategories of blond hair have been defined to describe the different shades and sources of the hair color more accurately . Common examples include the following : Blondes of different shades at WTMD 's First Thursday series in Canton , Baltimore , Maryland , United States , in June 2014 ash - blond : ashen or grayish blond . bleached blond , bottle blond , or peroxide blond : terms used to refer to artificially colored blond hair . blond / flaxen : when distinguished from other varieties , `` blond '' by itself refers to a light but not whitish blond , with no traces of red , gold , or brown ; this color is often described as `` flaxen '' . dirty blond or dishwater blond : dark blond with flecks of golden blond and brown . golden blond : a darker to rich , golden - yellow blond ( found mostly in Northeastern Europe , i.e. , Russia , Estonia ) . honey blond : dark iridescent blond . platinum blond or towheaded : whitish - blond ; almost all platinum blonds are children , although it is found on people in Northern Europe . `` Platinum blond '' is often used to describe bleached hair , while `` towheaded '' generally refers to natural hair color . sandy blond : grayish - hazel or cream - colored blond . strawberry blond or Venetian blond : reddish blond yellow : yellow - blond ( `` yellow '' can also be used to refer to hair which has been dyed yellow ) . A woman with long blonde hair A young man with light blond hair A woman with long blonde hair from behind Evolution of blond hair Natural lighter hair colors occur most often in Europe and less frequently in other areas . In Northern European populations , the occurrence of blond hair is very frequent .",
"4": "The hair color gene MC1R has at least seven variants in Europe , giving the continent a wide range of hair and eye shades . Based on a genetic research carried out at three Japanese universities , the date of the genetic mutation that resulted in blond hair in Europe has been isolated to about 11,000 years ago during the last ice age . A typical explanation found in the scientific literature for the evolution of light hair is related to the evolution of light skin , and in turn the requirement for vitamin D synthesis and northern Europe 's seasonal less solar radiation . Lighter skin is due to a low concentration in pigmentation , thus allowing more sunlight to trigger the production of vitamin D. In this way , high frequencies of light hair in northern latitudes are a result of the light skin adaptation to lower levels of solar radiation , which reduces the prevalence of rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency . The darker pigmentation at higher latitudes in certain ethnic groups such as the Inuit is explained by a greater proportion of seafood in their diet and by the climate which they live in , because in the polar climate there is more ice or snow on the ground , and this reflects the solar radiation onto the skin , making this environment lack the conditions for the person to have blond , brown or red hair , light skin and blue , grey or green eyes . An alternative hypothesis was presented by Canadian anthropologist Peter Frost , who claims blond hair evolved very quickly in a specific area at the end of the last ice age by means of sexual selection . According to Frost , the appearance of blond hair and blue eyes in some northern European women made them stand out from their rivals , and more sexually appealing to men , at a time of fierce competition for scarce males . Recent archaeological and genetic study published in 2014 found that seven `` Scandinavian hunter - gatherers '' found in the 7,700 - year - old Motala archaeological site in southern Sweden had both light skin gene variants , SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 , and that they had a third gene , HERC2 / OCA2 , which causes blue eyes and also contributes to lighter skin and blond hair .",
"5": "Genetic research published in 2014 and 2015 also indicates that Yamnaya Proto - Indo - Europeans who migrated to Europe in the Bronze Age were overwhelmingly dark - eyed ( brown ) , dark - haired and had a skin colour that was moderately light , though somewhat darker than that of the average modern European . Light pigmentation traits had already existed in pre-Indo - European Europeans ( both farmers and hunter - gatherers ) , and long - standing philological attempts to correlate them with the arrival of Indo - Europeans from the steppes were misguided . It is now hypothesized by researchers that blond hair evolved more than once . Published in May 2012 in Science , a study of people from the Solomon Islands in Melanesia found that an amino acid change in TYRP1 produced blonde hair . Prevalence Toddler with golden blonde hair Blond hair is most common in light - skinned infants and children , so much so that the term `` baby blond '' is often used for very light colored hair . Babies may be born with blond hair even among groups where adults rarely have blond hair , although such natural hair usually falls out quickly . Blond hair tends to turn darker with age , and many children 's blond hair turns light , medium , dark brown or black before or during their adult years . Because blond hair tends to turn brunette with age , natural blond hair is rare in adulthood ; according to the sociologist Christie Davies , only around five percent of adults in Europe and North America are naturally blond . A study conducted in 2003 concluded that only four percent of American adults are naturally blond . Nonetheless , a significant majority of Caucasian women ( perhaps as high as three in four ) dye their hair blond , a significantly higher percentage than for any other hair color . Europe A map published by Carleton S. Coon , attributed to Elmer Rising ( 1939 ) Blond hair is most common in Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea countries , where true blondism is believed to have originated . The pigmentation of both hair and eyes is lightest around the Baltic Sea , and darkness increases regularly and almost concentrically around this region .",
"6": "In France , according to a source published 1939 , blondism is more common in Normandy , and less common in the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean seacoast ; 26 % of French population has blond or light brown hair . A 2007 study of French females showed that by then roughly 20 % were blonde , although half of these blondes were fully fake . Roughly ten percent of French females are natural blondes , of which 60 % bleach their hair to a lighter nuance of blonde . In Portugal , an average 11 % of the population shows traces of blondism , peaking at 14.3 -- 15.1 % blondes in Povoa de Varzim in northern Portugal . In northern Spain , 17 % of the population shows traces of blondism , but in southern Spain just 2 % of the people are blond . In Italy , a study of Italian men conducted by Ridolfo Livi between 1859 and 1863 on the records of the National Conscription Service showed that 8.2 % of Italian men exhibited blond hair . Blondism frequency varies among regions from 12.6 % in Veneto , to 1.7 % in Sardinia . In a more detailed study from the 20th century geneticist Renato Biasutti , the regional contrasts of blondism frequency are better shown , with a greater occurrence in the northern regions where the figure could be over 20 % , and a lesser occurrence in the south such as Sardinia where the frequency was less than 2.4 % . With the exception of Benevento and the surrounding area where various shades of blond hair were present in 10 % -- 14.9 % of the population , other southern regions averaged between 2.5 % and 7.4 % . Africa Blondism is a common sight among Berbers of North Africa , especially in the Rif and Kabyle region . Blondism frequency varies among Berbers from 1 % among Jerban Berbers and 4 % among Mozabite Berbers and Shawia Berbers , to 11 % among Kabyle Berbers . In South Africa where there is a significant population of whites , mainly from Dutch and English ancestry , blondes may account for 3 - 4 % of the South African population .",
"7": "A number of blonde naturally mummified bodies of common people ( i.e. not proper mummies ) dating to Roman times have been found in the Fagg El Gamous cemetery in Egypt . `` Of those whose hair was preserved 54 % were blondes or redheads , and the percentage grows to 87 % when light - brown hair color is added . '' Excavations have been ongoing since the 1980s . Burials seem to be clustered by hair - colour . Oceania Blonde girl from Vanuatu Aboriginal Australians , especially in the west - central parts of the continent , have a high frequency of natural blond - to - brown hair . Blondness is also found in some other parts of the South Pacific , such as the Solomon Islands , Vanuatu , and Fiji , again with higher incidences in children . Blond hair in Melanesians is caused by an amino acid change in the gene TYRP1 . This mutation is at a frequency of 26 % in the Solomon Islands and is absent outside of Oceania . Asia Blonde hair can be found in any region of Asia , including West Asia , East Asia , Central Asia , and South Asia . In these parts of Asia blond hair is generally seen among children and usually turns into a shade of dark brown in adulthood . Environmental factors , for example sun exposure and nutrition status , often contribute to changes in hair color in Asia . Genetic research published in 2014 , 2015 and 2016 found that Yamnaya Proto - Indo - Europeans , who migrated to Europe in the early Bronze Age were overwhelmingly dark - eyed ( brown ) and dark - haired , and had a skin colour that was moderately light , though somewhat darker than that of the average modern European . While light pigmentation traits had already existed in pre-Indo - European Europeans ( both farmers and hunter - gatherers ) , long - standing philological attempts to correlate them with the arrival of Indo - Europeans from the steppes were misguided .",
"8": "Uyghur girl in Turpan , Xinjiang , China According to genetic studies , Yamnaya Proto - Indo - European migration to Europe led to Corded Ware culture , where Yamnaya Proto - Indo - Europeans mixed with `` Scandinavian hunter - gatherer '' women who carried genetic alleles HERC2 / OCA2 , which causes combination of blue eyes and blond hair . Proto - Indo - Iranians who split from Corded Ware culture formed the Andronovo culture and are believed to have spread genetic alleles HERC2 / OCA2 that cause blonde hair to parts of West Asia , Central Asia and South Asia . Genetic analysis in 2014 also found that people of the Afanasevo culture which flourished in the Altai Mountains were genetically identical to Yamnaya Proto - Indo - Europeans and that they did not carry genetic alleles for blonde hair or light eyes . The Afanasevo culture was later replaced by a second wave of Indo - European invaders from the Andronovo culture , who were a product of Corded Ware admixture that took place in Europe , and carried genetic alleles that cause blond hair and light eyes . In 2009 and 2014 , genomic study of Tarim mummies discovered in the Tarim Basin in present - day Xinjiang , China , showed that they were also a product of a Corded Ware admixture and were genetically closer to the Andronovo culture ( which split from Corded Ware culture ) than to the Yamnaya culture or Afanasevo culture . Today , higher frequencies of light hair in Asia are more prevalent among Pamiris , Kalash , Nuristani and Uyghur children than in adult populations of these ethnic groups . About 75 % of Russia is geographically considered North Asia ; however , the Asian portion of Russia contributes to only an estimate of 20 % of Russia 's total population . North Asia 's population has an estimate of 1 - 19 % with light hair . From the times of the Russian Tsardom of the 17th century through the Soviet Union rule in the 20th century , many ethnic Russians , Ukrainians , Belarusians , Lithuanians , Latvians , and Estonians were settled in or exiled en masse to Siberia and Central Asia . Blond hair is often seen in these groups , whereas the indigenous peoples are more likely to be dark haired .",
"9": "For instance , their descendants currently contribute to an estimated 25 % of Kazakhstan 's total population . Americas Many actors and actresses in Latin America and Hispanic United States have blond hair , blue eyes , and pale skin . Historical cultural perceptions Ancient Greece Left image : Reconstructed Blond Kouros 's Head of the Acropolis , c. 480 BC . Right image : Ganymede , a Trojan youth , rolling a hoop , Attic vase c. 500 BC . Most people in ancient Greece had dark hair and , as a result of this , the Greeks found blond hair immensely fascinating . In the Homeric epics , Menelaus the king of the Spartans is , together with some other Achaean leaders , portrayed as blond . Other blond characters in the Homeric poems are Peleus , Achilles , Meleager , Agamede , and Rhadamanthys . Aphrodite , the Greek goddess of love and beauty , was often described as golden - haired and portrayed with this color hair in art . Aphrodite 's master epithet in the Homeric epics is Χρυσεη ( Khryseē ) , which means `` golden '' . The traces of hair color on Greek korai probably reflect the colors the artists saw in natural hair ; these colors include a broad diversity of shades of blond , red , and brown . The minority of statues with blond hair range from strawberry blond up to platinum blond . Sappho of Lesbos ( c. 630 - 570 BC ) wrote that purple - colored wraps as headdress were good enough , except if the hair was blonde : `` ... for the girl who has hair that is yellower than a torch ( it is better to decorate it ) with wreaths of flowers in bloom . '' Sappho also praises Aphrodite for her golden hair , stating that since gold metal is free from rust , the goddess 's golden hair represents her freedom from ritual pollution . Sappho 's contemporary Alcman of Sparta praised golden hair as one of the most desirable qualities of a beautiful woman , describing in various poems `` the girl with the yellow hair '' and a girl `` with the hair like purest gold . ''",
"10": "In the fifth century BC , the sculptor Pheidias may have depicted the Greek goddess of wisdom Athena 's hair using gold in his famous statue of Athena Parthenos , which was displayed inside the Parthenon . The Greeks thought of the Thracians who lived to the north as having reddish - blond hair . Because many Greek slaves were captured from Thrace , slaves were stereotyped as blond or red - headed . `` Xanthias '' ( Ξανθίας ) , meaning `` reddish blond '' , was a common name for slaves in ancient Greece and a slave by this name appears in many of the comedies of Aristophanes . The most famous statue of Aphrodite , the Aphrodite of Knidos , sculpted in the fourth century BC by Praxiteles , represented the goddess 's hair using gold leaf and contributed to the popularity of the image of Aphrodite as a blonde goddess . Greek prostitutes frequently dyed their hair blond using saffron dyes or colored powders . Blond dye was highly expensive , took great effort to apply , and smelled repugnant , but none of these factors inhibited Greek prostitutes from dying their hair . As a result of this and the natural rarity of blond hair in the Mediterranean region , by the fourth century BC , blond hair was inextricably associated with prostitutes . The comic playwright Menander ( c. 342 / 41 -- c. 290 BC ) protests that `` no chaste woman ought to make her hair yellow . '' At another point , he deplores blonde hair dye as dangerous : `` What can we women do wise or brilliant , who sit with hair dyed yellow , outraging the character of gentlewomen , causing the overthrow of houses , the ruin of nuptials , and accusations on the part of children ? '' Historian and Egyptologist Joann Fletcher asserts that the Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great and members of the Macedonian - Greek Ptolemaic dynasty of Hellenistic Egypt had blond hair , such as Arsinoe II and Berenice II , while Cleopatra VII was likely a redhead given her appearance in a near - contemporary Roman painting from Herculaneum . Historian Michael Grant notes that Ptolemy II Philadelphus , pharaoh and husband to queen Arsinoe II , also had blonde hair .",
"11": "The male figure of the Etruscan sarcophagus known as the Sarcophagus of the Spouses ( Louvre , Paris ) , 520 - 510 BC The goddess Hera ( according to the description on the cup ) ; tondo of an Attic white - ground kylix from Vulci , c. 470 BC Terracotta vase in the shape of Dionysus ' head , c. 410 BC ; on display in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens , housed in the Stoa of Attalus Pottery vessel of Aphrodite in a shell ; from Attica , Classical Greece , discovered at Phanagoria , Taman Peninsula ( Bosporan Kingdom , southern Russia ) , early 4th century BC , Hermitage Museum , Saint Petersburg An ancient Greek pottery ( terracotta ) figurine from Taras ( modern Taranto ) , Magna Graecia , Altes Museum A mosaic of the Kasta Tomb in Amphipolis depicting the abduction of Persephone by Pluto , 4th century BC A youth pours a libation to a dead man sitting in a naiskos ; from an Apulian red - figure volute - krater pelike , 340 -- 320 BC Stag Hunt Mosaic , possibly depicting Alexander the Great , Pella , Greece , 4th century BC . Alexander the Great ( left ) , wearing a kausia and fighting an Asiatic lion with his friend Craterus ( detail ) ; late 4th - century BC mosaic from Pella Female acrobat shooting an arrow with a bow in her feet ; Gnathia style pelike ; 4th century BC Gnathia ware , southern Italy ( Magna Graecia ) , Apulian vase painting , 310 - 260 BC , Kinský Palace ( Prague ) Apulian red - figure Oinochoe with Lid by the Ganymed Painter ( Oinochoe ) and Armidale Painter ( Lid ) : head in a calyx between tendrils . About 340 - 310 BC . Antikensammlung Kiel . Detail of a krater with volutes in terracotta ; Greek art from Southern Italy , c. 330 - 320 BC .",
"12": "A Gnathia - style ceramic vessel from ancient Magna Graecia ( Apulia , Italy ) , depicting a blond winged youth with a Phrygian cap , with lion head spouts , by the `` Toledo '' painter , c. 300 BC Woman 's head on an alabastron in gnathia style ; Apulian vase painting , Magna Graecia , Antikensammlung Kiel Color reconstruction of statue of a young girl from the Parthenon in Athens , 520 BC . Based on analysis of trace pigments . East Frieze detail ( 6th - 5th century BC ) representing the battle of Troy , Achilles against Memnon ; color reproduction of the Treasury of Siphnos - Delphi , Archaeological Museum of Delphi Reconstructed polychromy of a vase - shaped tombstone from Athens , c. 330 BC , Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek , Copenhagen The Greek goddess Artemis . Color reconstruction of a 1st - century AD statue found in Pompeii . Reconstructed using analysis of trace pigments . It was an imitation of Greek statues of the 6th century BC . The Treu Head , 2nd century AD . Color reconstruction of marble head of likely a goddess . The head was found at the Esquiline Hill , Rome , and preserves numerous colour traces . Roman Empire On the left : Statue of Antinous ( Delphi ) , depiting Antinous , polychrome Parian marble , made during the reign of Hadrian ( r . 117 - 138 AD ) On the right : detail of athletic women in the `` bikini girls '' mosaic of the Villa Romana del Casale , Roman Sicily , 4th century AD During the early years of the Roman Empire , blond hair was associated with prostitutes . The preference changed to bleaching the hair blond when Greek culture , which practiced bleaching , reached Rome , and was reinforced when the legions that conquered Gaul returned with blond slaves . Sherrow also states that Roman women tried to lighten their hair , but the substances often caused hair loss , so they resorted to wigs made from the captives ' hair . According to Francis Owens , Roman literary records describe a large number of well - known Roman historical personalities as blond .",
"13": "In addition , 250 individuals are recorded to have had the name Flavius , meaning yellow , and there are various people named Rufus and Rutilius , meaning red haired and reddish - haired , respectively . Juvenal wrote in a satirical poem that Messalina , Roman empress of noble birth , would hide her black hair with a blonde wig for her nightly visits to the brothel : sed nigrum flavo crinem abscondente galero intravit calidum veteri centone lupanar . In his Commentary on the Aeneid of Virgil , Maurus Servius Honoratus noted that the respectable matron was only black haired , never blonde . In the same passage , he mentioned that Cato the Elder wrote that some matrons would sprinkle golden dust on their hair to make it reddish - color . Emperor Lucius Verus ( r . 161 -- 169 AD ) was said to sprinkle gold - dust on his already `` golden '' blond hair to make it even blonder and brighter . Commodus ( r . 177 - 192 ) , son of Marcus Aurelius ( a co-emperor with Lucius Verus ) , likewise had naturally curly blond hair . Roman frescoes from the Villa di Arianna , Stabiae , Italy , 1st century AD On the left : a domestic scene of a seated young man On the right : another domestic scene showing a woman looking in a mirror as she dresses ( or undresses ) her hair From an ethnic point of view , Roman authors associated blond and red hair with the Gauls and the Germans : e.g. , Virgil describes the hair of the Gauls as `` golden '' ( aurea caesaries ) , Tacitus wrote that `` the Germans have fierce blue eyes , red - blond hair ( rutilae comae ) , huge ( tall ) frames '' ; in accordance with Ammianus , almost all the Gauls were `` of tall stature , fair and ruddy '' . Celtic and Germanic peoples of the provinces , among the free subjects called peregrini , served in Rome 's armies as auxilia , such as the cavalry contingents in the army of Julius Caesar . Some became Roman citizens as far back as the 1st century BC , following a policy of Romanization of Gaul and Lesser Germania .",
"14": "For instance , Gaius Julius Civilis , a prince of the Batavii , was a Roman citizen either by birth or naturalization ( as indicated by his name ) . Before the Constitutio Antoniniana , which granted citizenship to all free men of the empire in 212 AD , entire auxiliary cohorts were occasionally granted citizenship for their performance in battle . Sometimes entire Celtic and Germanic tribes were granted citizenship , such as when emperor Otho granted citizenship to all of the Lingones in 69 AD . By the 1st century BC , the Roman Republic had expanded its control into parts of western Germany , and by 85 AD the provinces of Germania Inferior and Germania Superior were formally established there . Yet as late as the 4th century AD , Ausonius , a poet and tutor from Burdigala , wrote a poem about an Alemanni slave girl named Bissula , who he had recently freed after she 'd been taken as a prisoner of war in the campaigns of Valentinian I , noting that her adopted Latin language marked her as a woman of Latium yet her blond - haired , blue - eyed appearance ultimately signified her true origins from the Rhine . Further south , the Iberian peninsula was originally inhabited by Celtiberians outside of Roman control . The gradual Roman conquest of Iberia was completed by the early 1st century AD . The Romans established provinces such as Hispania Terraconensis that were inhabited largely by Gallaeci , whose red and blond - haired descendants ( which also include those of Visigothic origins ) have continued to inhabit northern areas of Spain such as Galicia and Portugal into the modern era . During the medieval period Spanish ladies preferred to dye their hair black , yet by the time of the Renaissance in the 16th century the fashion ( imported from Italy ) was to dye their hair blond or red . Roman fresco from Pompeii showing a Maenad in silk dress , 1st century AD Ancient Roman fresco ( detail ) featuring Perseus and the head of Medusa , Stabiae , Italy , 1st century AD .",
"15": "Fresco depicting a seated woman , from the Villa Arianna at Stabiae , 1st century AD Heracles and Omphale , Pompeian Fourth Style ( 45 -- 79 AD ) Roman fresco of a blond woman reading a text , Pompeian Fourth Style ( 60 - 79 AD ) , Pompeii Mosaic of Aphrodite from Pompeii A maenad holding a cupid , Pompeii , 1st century AD Ancient Roman bust of Antinous , made during the reign of Hadrian ( 117 -- 138 AD ) , National Archaeological Museum in Athens . Remnants of a Roman bust of a youth with a blond beard , perhaps depicting Roman emperor Commodus ( r . 177 -- 192 ) , National Archaeological Museum , Athens Polychrome marble statue depicting the goddess Tyche holding the infant Plutus in her arms , 2nd century AD , Istanbul Archaeological Museum Bust of Tiberius Julius Sauromates II ( d .",
"16": "210 AD ) , ruler of the Bosporan Kingdom in Roman Crimea , one of Rome 's client states A blond man in a Roman fresco from Klagenfurt , Austria , Landesmuseum für Kärnten A mosaic from Tusculum depicting Athena , 3rd century AD Roman mosaic depicting a feminine personification , from the Boathouse of Psyche in Daphne ( suburb of Antioch ) , beginning of 3rd century AD , Louvre Museum A boy holding a platter of fruits and what may be a bucket of crabs , in a kitchen with fish and squid , on the June panel from a mosaic depicting the months ( 3rd century ) A mosaic of young boys hunting from the Villa Romana del Casale , Roman Sicily , 4th century AD A Roman fresco depicting the goddess Diana hunting , 4th century AD , from the Via Livenza hypogeum in Rome Mosaic depicting Odysseus , from La Olmeda , Spain , late 4th -- 5th centuries AD Mosaic of a princess of Skyros ( detail from a larger scene of the Iliad showing Achilles and Odysseus ) from the villa of La Olmeda , Spain , late 4th -- 5th centuries AD Achilles being adored by princesses of Skyros , a scene from the Iliad where Odysseus ( Ulysses ) discovers him dressed as a woman and hiding among the princesses at the royal court of Skyros . A late Roman mosaic from La Olmeda , Spain , 4th -- 5th centuries AD Medieval Europe Mary Magdalene ( c. 1480 - 1487 ) , altarpiece in International Gothic style by Carlo Crivelli showing her with long , blond hair Medieval Scadinavian art and literature often places emphasis on the length and color of a woman 's hair , considering long , blonde hair to be the ideal . In Norse mythology , the goddess Sif has famously blonde hair , which some scholars have identified as representing golden wheat . In the Old Norse Gunnlaug Saga , Helga the Beautiful , described as `` the most beautiful woman in the world '' , is said to have hair that is `` as fair as beaten gold '' and so long that it can `` envelope her entirely '' .",
"17": "In the Poetic Edda poem Rígsþula , the blond man Jarl is considered to be the ancestor of the dominant warrior class . In Northern European folklore , supernatural beings value blonde hair in humans . Blonde babies are more likely to be stolen and replaced with changelings , and young blonde women are more likely to be lured away to the land of the beings . The Scandinavians were not the only ones to place strong emphasis on the beauty of blonde hair ; the French writer Christine de Pisan writes in her book The Treasure of the City of Ladies ( 1404 ) that `` there is nothing in the world lovelier on a woman 's head than beautiful blond hair . '' In medieval artwork , female saints are often shown with long , shimmering blonde hair , which emphasizes their holiness and virginity . At the same time , however , Eve is often shown with long , blonde hair , which frames her nude body and draws attention to her sexual attractiveness . In medieval Gothic paintings of the crucifixion of Jesus , the figure of Mary Magdalene is shown with long , blond hair , which flows down her back unbound in contrast to most of the women in the scenes , who are shown with dark hair , normally covered by a scarf . In the older versions of the story of Tristan and Iseult , Tristan falls in love with Iseult after seeing only a single lock of her long , blonde hair . In fact , Iseult was so closely associated with blondness that , in the poems of Chrétien de Troyes , she is called `` Iseult le Blonde '' . In Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales ( written from 1387 until 1400 ) , the knight describes the beautiful princess Emily in his tale , stating , `` yclothed was she fressh , for to devyse : / Hir yellow heer was broided in a tresse / Behinde hir bak , a yerde long , I gesse '' ( lines 1048 - 1050 ) . Because of blond hair 's relative commonness in northern Europe , especially among children , folk tales from these regions tend to feature large numbers of blond protagonists .",
"18": "Although these stories may not have been seen by their original tellers as idealizing blond hair , when they are read in cultures outside of northern Europe where blond hair `` has rarity value '' , they may seem to connote that blond hair is a sign of special purity . Fourteenth - century painting by Giusto de ' Menabuoi of Adam and Eve being expelled from Eden by an angel , showing all three as blond International Gothic showing Mary Magdalene covered by her long , blond hair as she is lifted by angels in SS . Johns ' Cathedral in Toruń Detail of the blond Virgin Mary from Leonardo da Vinci 's Annunciation ( c. 1472 - 1475 ) Adam and Eve ( 1507 ) by Albrecht Dürer , showing Eve with blond hair The Creation of Eve ( 1508 - 1512 ) by Michelangelo , showing Eve as blond The End of the Song ( 1902 ) by Edmund Leighton , showing Iseult from medieval legend with long , blond hair Loki cuts the hair of the goddess Sif in an illustration ( 1920 ) by Willy Pogany Early twentieth - century racism In the early twentieth century , blonde hair was considered a hallmark trait of the supposedly supreme `` Nordic race '' , as shown by these Nazi propaganda photographs , which were originally intended to demonstrate what pure Nordic Aryans were supposed to look like . In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , blond hair , white skin , blue eyes , a tall stature , a long head , and an angled nose were deemed by scientific racists as hallmarks of the so - called `` master race '' . In the nineteenth century , this race was usually referred to as the `` Germanic race '' , but after the turn of the twentieth century , it came to be more commonly known as the `` Nordic race '' . German and Scandinavian scientists and academics throughout the early part of the twentieth century studied racial typology to the point of obsession and debated the features of the Nordic race extensively . In the 1920s , the eugenicist Eugen Fischer invented the Fischer hair color table ( Fischer Haarfarbentafel ) to scientifically document hair color , which consisted of twenty - six bundles of cellulose fiber coated in non-fading colors attached to a palette and labeled with numbers .",
"19": "Lighter colors were given higher numbers and darker ones were given lower numbers , with the distinction between `` blond '' and `` brown '' being set between seven and eight . Fischer was a passionate supporter of Nazi eugenics and warned that the interbreeding of different races would result in the deterioration of modern civilization . Dispute over the exact distinction between blond and brown hair was a heated debate among Norwegian anthropologists during this period , with Halfdan Bryn arguing that the distinction should instead be set between six and seven . By the end of the 1920s , the International Federation of Eugenics Organizations ( IFEO ) , the leading international eugenics organization , became increasingly dominated by proponents of the racial hygiene movement , who sought to turn the organization into `` Blond International '' , which would be `` aimed at the purification and propagation of the Nordic race . '' After the Nazi Party came to power in Germany in 1933 , racial anthropology based on the ideas of genetic superiority and racial psychology `` became increasingly hegemonic in Germany . '' The Nazis revered blond hair as a quality of the herrenrasse ( `` master race '' ) . The idea of racial superiority , which once dominated the field of anthropology , has now been completely and unanimously rejected by modern scientists . Modern scientists have also rejected the assertions and beliefs of pre-World War II racialists . Classification of race based on physical characteristics such as hair color is seen as a `` flawed , pseudo-scientific relic of the past . '' Many modern scientists dispute whether the concept of `` race '' is even a useful classification for human beings at all . Modern cultural associations Sexuality Portrait of a Woman by Bartolomeo Veneto , traditionally assumed to be Lucrezia Borgia In contemporary popular culture , blonde women are stereotyped as being more sexually attractive to men than women with other hair colors . For example , Anita Loos popularized this idea in her 1925 novel Gentlemen Prefer Blondes . Some women have reported they feel other people expect them to be more fun - loving after having lightened their hair . The American novelist and screenwriter Raymond Chandler offers an appraisal of the blonde as social criticism in his novel The Long Goodbye ( 1953 ) : There are blondes and blondes and it is almost a joke word nowadays .",
"20": "All blondes have their points , except perhaps the metallic ones who are as blond as a Zulu under the bleach and as to disposition as soft as a sidewalk . There is the small cute blonde who cheeps and twitters , and the big statuesque blonde who straight - arms you with an ice - blue glare . There is the blonde who gives you the up - from - under look and smells lovely and shimmers and hangs on your arm and is always very tired when you take her home . She makes that helpless gesture and has that goddamned headache and you would like to slug her except that you are glad you found out about the headache before you invested too much time and money and hope in her . Because the headache will always be there , a weapon that never wears out and is as deadly as the bravo 's rapier or Lucrezia 's poison vial . There is the soft and willing and alcoholic blonde who does n't care what she wears as long as it is mink or where she goes as long as it is the Starlight Roof and there is plenty of dry champagne . There is the small perky blonde who is a little pal and wants to pay her own way and is full of sunshine and common sense and knows judo from the ground up and can toss a truck driver over her shoulder without missing more than one sentence out of the editorial in the Saturday Review . There is the pale , pale blonde with anemia of some non-fatal but incurable type . She is very languid and very shadowy and she speaks softly out of nowhere and you ca n't lay a finger on her because in the first place you do n't want to and in the second place she is reading The Waste Land or Dante in the original , or Kafka or Kierkegaard or studying Provençal . She adores music and when the New York Philharmonic is playing Hindemith she can tell you which one of the six bass viols came in a quarter of a beat too late . I hear Toscanini can also . That makes two of them .",
"21": "And lastly there is the gorgeous show piece who will outlast three kingpin racketeers and then marry a couple of millionaires at a million a head and end up with a pale rose villa at Cap Antibes , an Alfa - Romeo town car complete with pilot and co-pilot , and a stable of shopworn aristocrats , all of whom she will treat with the affectionate absent - mindedness of an elderly duke saying goodnight to his butler . The Saturday Evening Post ( 1910 ) . Fitzgerald was a frequent contributor in the 1920s . American novelist and short story writer F. Scott Fitzgerald , and chronicler of the Jazz Age , describes a blonde salesclerk working in Minneapolis , Minnesota in his short story `` At Your Age '' ( 1929 ) : Then looking up , he saw the blonde girl . She was a rare blonde , even in the Promised Land of Scandinavians , where pretty blondes were not rare . There was a warm color in her cheeks , lips and pink little hands that folded the powders into papers ; her hair , in long braids twisted about her head , was shining and alive . She seemed to Tom suddenly the cleanest person he knew of , and he caught his breath as he stepped forward and looked into her gray eyes . `` A can of talcum . '' `` What kind ? '' `` Any kind ... that 's fine . '' She looked back at him apparently without self - consciousness , ( and ) his heart raced with it wildly . '' Madonna popularized the short bleached blond haircut after the release of her third studio album True Blue and influenced both the 1980s fashion scene as well as many future female musicians like Christina Aguilera , Lady Gaga and Miley Cyrus . Lack of intelligence In Gentlemen Prefer Blondes ( 1953 ) , one of the films in which Monroe portrayed a sexually attractive and naïve `` dumb blonde '' Originating in Europe , the `` blonde stereotype '' is also associated with being less serious or less intelligent . Blonde jokes are a class of jokes based on the stereotype of blonde women as unintelligent . In Brazil , this extends to blonde women being looked down , as reflected in sexist jokes , as also sexually licentious .",
"22": "It is believed the originator of the `` dumb blonde '' was an eighteenth - century blonde French prostitute named Rosalie Duthé whose reputation of being beautiful but dumb inspired a play about her called Les Curiosites de la Foire ( Paris 1775 ) . Blonde actresses have contributed to this perception ; some of them include Marilyn Monroe , Judy Holliday , Jayne Mansfield , and Goldie Hawn during her time at Laugh - In . The British filmmaker Alfred Hitchcock preferred to cast blonde women for major roles in his films as he believed that the audience would suspect them the least , comparing them to `` virgin snow that shows up the bloody footprints '' , hence the term `` Hitchcock blonde '' . This stereotype has become so ingrained it has spawned counter-narratives , such as in the 2001 film Legally Blonde in which Elle Woods , played by Reese Witherspoon , succeeds at Harvard despite biases against her beauty and blonde hair . In the 1950s , the American actress Marilyn Monroe 's screen persona centered on her blonde hair and the stereotypes associated with it , especially dumbness , naïveté , sexual availability and artificiality . She often used a breathy , childish voice in her films , and in interviews gave the impression that everything she said was `` utterly innocent and uncalculated '' , parodying herself with double entendres that came to be known as `` Monroeisms '' . For example , when she was asked what she had on in the 1949 nude photo shoot , she replied , `` I had the radio on '' . Monroe often wore white to emphasize her blondness , and drew attention by wearing revealing outfits that showed off her figure . Although Monroe 's typecast screen persona as a dim - witted but sexually attractive blonde was a carefully crafted act , audiences and film critics believed it to be her real personality and did not realize that she was only acting . See also Science Disappearing blonde gene Human hair color Auburn hair Black hair Brown hair Red hair Society Blonde vs. brunette rivalry Blonde stereotype Ganguro Go Blonde Festival References Jump up ^ `` blonde blond , adj. and n . '' . OED Online . March 2012 . Oxford University Press . Web . 17 May 2012 .",
"23": "Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Blond ( Adj . ) . '' Online Etymology Dictionary . Web . 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Origin of `` blonde '' , from Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` 5 . Gender : Sexist Language and Assumptions § 2 . blond / brunet '' . The American Heritage Book of English Usage . A Practical and Authoritative Guide to Contemporary English . Bartleby.com. 1996 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2008 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` blonde , blond , a . and n . '' The Oxford English Dictionary . 2nd ed. 1989 . OED Online . Oxford University Press . 5 Aug. 2010 . Jump up ^ Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge , s.v. Albinos . Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge ( Great Britain , 1833 ) . Jump up ^ `` blonde , blond , a . and n . '' The Oxford English Dictionary . June 2006 ( draft editions ) . OED Online . Oxford University Press . 5 Aug. 2010 Jump up ^ `` brunet , a . and n . '' The Oxford English Dictionary . June 2006 ( draft editions ) . OED Online . Oxford University Press . 5 Aug. 2010 Jump up ^ `` brunette , n . and a . '' The Oxford English Dictionary . June 2006 ( draft editions ) . OED Online . Oxford University Press . 5 Aug. 2010 . Jump up ^ `` blonde , blond , a . and n . '' The Oxford English Dictionary . Additions Series 1997 . OED Online . Oxford University Press . 5 Aug. 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ash - blond '' . Merriam - Webster . Jump up ^ `` Peroxide blond '' . Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` Flaxen '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( Fourth ed . ) . Yahoo ! Education .",
"24": "2000 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2007 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flaxen '' . Merriam - Webster . Jump up ^ `` Dirty blond '' . Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` Dishwater blonde '' . Encarta . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Platinum blonde '' . Merriam - Webster . Jump up ^ `` Towhead '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( Fourth ed . ) . Yahoo ! Education . 2000 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Towhead '' . Merriam - Webster . Jump up ^ `` Sandy '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( Fourth ed . ) . Yahoo ! Education . 2000 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sandy '' . Merriam - Webster . Jump up ^ `` Strawberry blond '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( Fourth ed . ) . Yahoo ! Education . 2000 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nenarokoff - Van Burek , Anne ( 2013 ) . Ariadne 's Thread : The Women in My Family . FriesenPress . ISBN 9781460207192 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davydov , Denis Vasilʹevič ( 1999 ) . Troubetzkoy , Gregory , ed . In the Service of the Tsar Against Napoleon : The Memoirs of Denis Davidov , 1806 - 1814 . Greenhill Books / Lionel Leventhal , Limited . ISBN 9781853673733 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Daniel E. ( March 1 , 2000 ) .",
"25": "The Expansion of Everyday Life , 1860 - 1876 . University of Arkansas Press . ISBN 9781610751452 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ray Broadus ; Kreiser , Lawrence A. ( January 1 , 2003 ) . The Civil War and Reconstruction . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780313313257 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ France , Anatole ( 2010 ) . Works of Anatole France . MobileReference . ISBN 9781607785422 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cavegirls were first blondes to have fun '' , from The Times . Note , the end of the Times article reiterates the disappearing blonde gene hoax ; the online version replaced it with a rebuttal . Jump up ^ Dobson , Roger ; Taher , Abul ( 2006 - 02 - 26 ) . `` A corrected version of `` Cavegirls were first blondes to have fun '' `` . The Times . London . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Robins , Ashley H. Biological Perspectives on Human Pigmentation . Cambridge University Press , 1991 , pp. 195 -- 208 . ^ Jump up to : Abstract : `` European hair and eye colour : A case of frequency - dependent sexual selection ? '' from Evolution and Human Behavior , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , Pages 85 - 103 ( March 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Frost : Why Do Europeans Have So Many Hair and Eye Colors ? '' . cogweb.ucla.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Skoglund , P. ; Malmström , H. `` Genomic diversity and admixture differs for Stone - Age Scandinavian foragers and farmers '' . Science . 344 : 747 -- 750 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1253448 . ^ Jump up to : Haak , W. ; Lazaridis , I. `` Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo - European languages in Europe '' . Nature .",
"26": "522 : 207 -- 211 . Bibcode : 2015Natur. 522 ... 207H . doi : 10.1038 / nature14317 . PMC 5048219 . PMID 25731166 . ^ Jump up to : Wilde , Sandra ; Timpson , Adrian . `` Direct evidence for positive selection of skin , hair , and eye pigmentation in Europeans during the last 5,000 years '' . PNAS. 111 : 4832 -- 4837 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1316513111 . ^ Jump up to : Kenny , Eimear E. ; Timpson , Nicholas J. ( 4 May 2012 ) . `` Melanesian Blond Hair Is Caused by an Amino Acid Change in TYRP1 '' . Science . ^ Jump up to : Corbyn , Zoë ( 3 May 2012 ) . `` Blonde hair evolved more than once '' . Nature.com . ^ Jump up to : Ridley , Matt . Red Queen : Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature . Published by HarperCollins , 2nd ed. 2003 , pp. 293 -- 294 . ^ Jump up to : Davies 2011 , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Russell - Cole , Wilson & Hall 2013 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Russell - Cole , Wilson & Hall 2013 , pp. 51 - 53 . Jump up ^ https://unsafeharbour.wordpress.com/2012/02/19/distribution-of-light-hair-and-eyes-in-europe/ Jump up ^ Cavalli - Sforza , L. , Menozzi , P. and Piazza , A. ( 1994 ) . The History and Geography of Human Genes . Princeton : Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Coon , Carleton S . The Races of Europe . France as a whole finds but 4 per cent of black and near - black hair color , 23 per cent of dark brown , 43 per cent of medium brown , 14 per cent of light brown , 12 per cent of various degrees of blond , and some 4 per cent of reddish - brown and red .",
"27": "( ... ) The regional distribution of hair color in France follows closely that of stature . Although the position of the French in regard to hair pigmentation is intermediate between blond and black , the diagonal line from Mont St. Michel to Orleans , Lyons , and the Italian border divides the country into a northeastern quadrant , in which the hair is somewhat lighter than medium , and a southwestern , in which it is somewhat darker . High ratios of black and very dark brown hair are found not in the typically Alpine country , but along the slope of the Pyrenees , in Catalan - speaking country , and on the Mediterranean seacoast . Blond hair is commonest along the Channel , in regions settled by Saxons and Normans , in Burgundy and the country bordering Switzerland , and down the course of the Rhône . In northern France it seems to follow upstream the rivers which empty into the Channel . The hair color of the departments occupied by Flemish speakers , and of others directly across the Channel from England in Normandy , seems to be nearly as light as that in the southern English counties ; the coastal cantons of Brittany are lighter than the inland ones , and approximate a Cornish condition . In the same way , the northeastern French departments are probably as light - haired as some of the provinces of southern Germany . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ La Depeche , `` 5 millions de blondes en France , dont 50 % de fausses '' Jump up ^ Tamagnini Eusebio : `` A Pigmentacao dos Portugueses '' . Coimbra : Universidade de Coimbra . Instituto de Antropologia Portuguesa , 1936 . Contribuicoes para o Estudo da Antropologia Portuguesa . Vol . VI , no . 2 , 1936 pp. 121 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Mendes Correa : American Journal of Physical Anthropology , Vol 2 , 1919 . Jump up ^ Coon , Carleton S . The Races of Europe . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . In Spain , as a whole , some 29 per cent of the male population has black hair , some 68 per cent dark brown , while traces of blondism are visible in 17 per cent .",
"28": "( ... ) As in southern Spain , the skin color is evenly divided between a light brown , 45 per cent , and brunet - white , 45 per cent , while pinkish - white skins are found in only one - tenth of the population . Again as in Spain , the prevailing hair color is dark brown , which amounts to 68 per cent of the total ; blond and red hair is limited to 2 per cent . Jump up ^ Livi , Ridolfo ( 1921 ) . Antropometria Militare . Risultati Ottenuti Dallo Spoglio Dei Fogli Sanitarii Dei Militari Dello Classi 1859 - 63 . Turin : Nabu Press . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Biasutti , Renato ( 1941 ) . Razze e popoli della Terra . Turin : Union Tipografico - Editrice . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.theapricity.com/snpa/bilder/biasuttiblondism.jpg Jump up ^ `` ( Chapter XI , section 13 ) Eastern Barbary , Algeria and Tunisia '' . SNPA . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ C. Wilfred Griggs , `` Excavating a Christian Cemetery Near Selia , in the Fayum Region of Egypt '' , in Excavations at Seila , Egypt , ed. C. Wilfred Griggs , ( Provo , Utah : Religious Studies Center , Brigham Young University , 1988 ) , 74 -- 84 . Jump up ^ `` Egyptian Cemetery May Contain a Million Mummies History '' , December 19 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gray , John ( 1977 ) , The World of Hair , A Scientific Companion . Macmillan Press Limited ^ Jump up to : Wilde 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Allentoft 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Haak 2015 . Jump up ^ Keyser , Christine ; Sikora , Caroline . `` Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people '' . Springer ( journal ) . 522 : 167 -- 172 .",
"29": "doi : 10.1038 / nature14507 . Jump up ^ Shoumatoff , Nicholas ; Shoumatoff , Nina ( 2000 ) . Around the Roof of the World . University of Michigan Press . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08669 - 3 . Jump up ^ Vishnevsky , Anatoly. ( 15 August 2000 ) . `` Replacement Migration : Is it a solution for Russia ? '' ( PDF ) . Expert Group Meeting on Policy Responses to Population Ageing and Population Decline / UN / POP / PRA / 2000 / 14 . United Nations Population Division , Department of Economic and Social Affairs . pp. 6 , 10 . Jump up ^ Gene Pool and Gene Geography of Population : Vol. 1 . Nauka. 2000 . ISBN 5020258237 . Jump up ^ Balaresque , Patricia ; Bowden , Georgina R. ; Adams , Susan M. ; Leung , Ho - Yee ; King , Turi E. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . Penny , David , ed . `` A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for European Paternal Lineages '' . PLOS Biology . Public Library of Science . 8 ( 1 ) : e1000285 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 1000285 . PMC 2799514 . PMID 20087410 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The results of the national population census in 2009 '' . Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 12 November 2010 . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Flynn , Moya ( 1994 ) . Migrant resettlement in the Russian Federation : Reconstructing homes and homelands . ISBN 1843311178 . Jump up ^ Ramet , S. Petra ( 1993 ) . Religious Policy in the Soviet Union . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521416436 .",
"30": "Jump up ^ Robert Greenall , `` Russians left behind in Central Asia '' , BBC News , 23 November 2005 Jump up ^ Quinonez , Ernesto ( 2003 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Y Tu Black Mama Tambien '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ The Blond , Blue - Eyed Face of Spanish TV Jump up ^ Blonde , Blue - Eyed Euro - Cute Latinos on Spanish TV Jump up ^ Latinos Not Reflected on Spanish TV Jump up ^ What are Telenovelas ? -- Hispanic Culture Jump up ^ Racial Bias Charged On Spanish - Language TV Jump up ^ Black Electorate Jump up ^ Jones , Vanessa E. ( 2004 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Pride or Prejudice ? '' . Boston.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ POV - Corpus Film Description Jump up ^ Pitman 2003 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Myres , John Linton ( 1967 ) . Who were the Greeks ? , pp. 192 - 199 . University of California Press . Jump up ^ Pitman 2003 , pp. 9 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Pitman 2003 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Stieber 2004 , pp. 66 - 68 . Jump up ^ Stieber 2004 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Eddy 1977 , pp. 107 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall 2006 , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : Olson 1992 , pp. 304 -- 319 . Jump up ^ Pitman 2003 , pp. 9 - 10 , 14 - 15 . Jump up ^ Pitman 2003 , pp. 9 - 11 , 14 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Pitman 2003 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Fletcher 2008 , pp. 87 , 246 - 247 , see image plates and captions . Jump up ^ Grant 1992 , p. 5 .",
"31": "Jump up ^ Olga Palagia ( 2000 ) . `` Hephaestion 's Pyre and the Royal Hunt of Alexander , '' in A.B. Bosworth and E.J. Baynham ( eds ) , Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198152873 , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : Sherrow 2006 , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : Sherrow 2006 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Victoria Sherrow , For Appearance ' Sake : The Historical Encyclopedia of Good Looks , Beauty , and Grooming , Greenwood Publishing Group , p. 136 , Google Books Jump up ^ `` ( Francis Owen , The Germanic people ; their Origin Expansion & Culture '' , 1993 Barnes & Noble Books ISBN 0 - 88029 - 579 - 1 , page 49 . ) Jump up ^ Juv. 2.6. 120 - 121 Jump up ^ Serv . A. 4.698 Jump up ^ Michael Grant ( 1994 ) . The Antonines : The Roman Empire in Transition . London & New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 10754 - 7 , pp 27 - 28 . Jump up ^ Colin Wells ( 2004 ) ( 1984 , 1992 ) . The Roman Empire . Second Edition ( sixth reprint edition ) . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 77770 - 0 , p 255 . Jump up ^ Virg . Aen . 8.659 Jump up ^ Tac . Germania 4 Jump up ^ Amm. 15.12. 1 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , Adrian ( 2000 ) . Roman Warfare . Edited by John Keegan . Cassell , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Rüger , C. ( 2004 ) ( 1996 ) . `` Germany '' . In Alan K. Bowman ; Edward Champlin ; Andrew Lintott . The Cambridge Ancient History : X , The Augustan Empire , 43 B.C. - A.D. 69 .",
"32": "10 ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 523 -- 526 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 26430 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annales IV. 12 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , Adrian ( 2005 ) The Complete Roman Army . Thames & Hudson , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annales I. 78 Jump up ^ Rüger , C. ( 2004 ) ( 1996 ) . `` Germany '' . In Alan K. Bowman ; Edward Champlin ; Andrew Lintott . The Cambridge Ancient History : X , The Augustan Empire , 43 B.C. - A.D. 69 . 10 ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 527 -- 528 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 26430 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wolfram , Herwig ( 1997 ) ( 1990 ) . The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples . Translated by Thomas Dunlap . Berkeley , Los Angeles , London : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08511 - 6 . p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : James B. Minahan ( 2000 ) . One Europe , Many Nations : a Historical Dictionary of European National Groups . Westport and London : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30984 - 1 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Eric V. Alvarez ( 2002 ) . `` Cosmetics in Medieval and Renaissance Spain '' , in Janet Pérez and Maureen Ihrie ( eds ) , The Feminist Encyclopedia of Spanish Literature , A-M. 153 - 155 . Westport and London : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29346 - 5 , p. 154 Jump up ^ J. Carson Webster , The Labors of the Months in Antique and Mediaeval Art to the End of the Twelfth Century , Studies in the Humanities 4 ( Northwestern University Press , 1938 ) , p. 128 . In the collections of the Hermitage Museum . ^ Jump up to : Milliken 2012 , p.",
"33": "41 . Jump up ^ Ellis Davidson , H.R. ( 1965 ) . Gods and Myths of Northern Europe , page 84 . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 013627 - 4 Jump up ^ Katharine Briggs , An Encyclopedia of Fairies , Hobgoblins , Brownies , Boogies , and Other Supernatural Creatures , `` Golden Hair '' , p194 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 73467 - X Jump up ^ Milliken 2012 , pp. 41 - 43 . Jump up ^ Milliken 2012 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Schiller 1971 , pp. 154 -- 158 . ^ Jump up to : Milliken 2012 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Six 2014 , pp. 75 - 76 . ^ Jump up to : Kyllingstad 2014 , p. xiii . ^ Jump up to : Lichtman 2012 , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Kyllingstad 2014 , pp. xiii - xiv . Jump up ^ Lichtman 2012 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Lichtman 2012 , pp. 176 - 177 . Jump up ^ Lichtman 2012 , pp. 111 - 112 . Jump up ^ Lichtman 2012 , pp. 177 - 178 . Jump up ^ Lichtman 2012 , p. 177 . ^ Jump up to : Kyllingstad 2014 , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : Kyllingstad 2014 , p. xiv . ^ Jump up to : Kyllingstad 2014 , pp. xiv - xv . Jump up ^ Chandler , Raymond T. 1953 . The Long Goodbye , originally published by Houghton Mifflin in 1953 . Republished in Raymond Chandler : Later Novels and Writing . 1995 . Library of America Series , USA pp. 490 -- 491 .",
"34": "ISBN 9781883011086 Goodreads : http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/33504-there-are-blondes-and-blondes-and-it-is-almost-a Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Francis , S. 1929 . `` At Your Age '' . in The Price Was High : 50 Uncollected Stories by F. Scott Fitzgerald . Ed . Matthew J. Bruccoli . MJF Books , New York . ISBN 1 - 56731 - 106 - 7 Jump up ^ Short Stories , by F. Scott Fitzgerald , Saturday Evening Post , ( 17 August 1929 ) https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/f/fitzgerald/f_scott/short/chapter26.html Jump up ^ `` Madonna 's Influence on Fashion '' . Jump up ^ Thomas 1997 , pp. 277 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Revista Anagrama , Universidade de São Paulo , Stereotypes of women in blonde jokes pp. 6 - 8 , version 1 , edition 2 , 2007 Jump up ^ Allen , Richard ( 2007 ) . Hitchcock 's Romantic Irony . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 13574 - 0 . Jump up ^ Churchwell 2004 , pp. 21 -- 26 , 181 -- 185 . Jump up ^ Dyer 1986 , pp. 33 -- 34 ; Churchwell 2004 , pp. 25 , 57 -- 58 ; Banner 2012 , p. 185 ; Hall 2006 , p. 489 . Jump up ^ Banner 2012 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Churchwell 2004 , p. 25 ; Banner 2012 , pp. 246 -- 250 . Jump up ^ Banner 2012 , pp. 273 -- 276 .",
"35": "Bibliography Banner , Lois ( 2012 ) , Marilyn : The Passion and the Paradox , Bloomsbury , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4088 - 3133 - 5 Churchwell , Sarah ( 2004 ) , The Many Lives of Marilyn Monroe , Granta Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 42565 - 4 Davies , Christie ( 2011 ) , Jokes and Targets , Bloomington and Indianapolis , Indiana : Indiana University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 22302 - 9 Dyer , Richard ( 1986 ) , Heavenly Bodies : Film Stars and Society , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 31026 - 1 Eddy , Samuel ( 1977 ) , `` The Gold in the Athena Parthenos '' , American Journal of Archaeology , 81 ( 1 ) : 107 -- 11 , doi : 10.2307 / 503656 , JSTOR 503656 Fletcher , Joann ( 2008 ) , Cleopatra the Great : The Woman Behind the Legend , New York : Harper , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 058558 - 7 . Grant , Michael ( 1992 ) ( 1972 ) , Cleopatra , Edison , NJ : Barnes and Noble Books , ISBN 978 - 0880297257 . Hall , Susan G.",
"36": "( 2006 ) , American Icons : An Encyclopedia of the People , Places , and Things that Have Shaped Our Culture , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98429 - 8 Kyllingstad , Jon Røyne ( 2014 ) , Measuring the Master Race : Physical Anthropology in Norway , 1890 - 1945 , Cambridge , England : Open Book Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 909254 - 57 - 2 Lichtman , Loy ( 2012 ) , `` Reflection 10 : Pamela Anderson , Durer and Herrenvolk '' , in Ryan , Maureen , Reflections on Learning , Life and Work : Completing Doctoral Studies in Mid and Later Life and Career , Rotterdam , The Netherlands , Boston , Massachusetts , and Tapei , Taiwan : Sense Publishers , ISBN 978 - 94 - 6209 - 025 - 5 Marshall , C.W. ( 2006 ) , The Stagecraft and Performance of Roman Comedy , Cambridge , England : Cambirdge Unviversity Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86161 - 8 Milliken , Roberta ( 2012 ) , Ambiguous Locks : An Iconology of Hair in Medieval Art and Literature , Jefferson , North Carolina and London , England : MacFarlane & Company , Inc. , Publishers , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4870 - 8 Olson , S. Douglas ( January 1992 ) , `` Names and Naming in Aristophanic Comedy '' , The Classical Quarterly , The Classical Association , 42 ( 2 ) : 304 -- 319 , JSTOR 639409 Pitman , Joanna ( 2003 ) , On Blondes , New York City , New York and London , England : Bloomsbury , ISBN 1 - 58234 - 402 - 7 Russell - Cole , Kathy ; Wilson , Midge ; Hall , Ronald E. ( 2013 ) ( 1992 ) , The Color Complex : The Politics of Skin Color in a New Millennium , New York City , New York : Anchor Books , A Division of Random House , Inc.",
"37": ", ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 74423 - 4 Schiller , Gertud ( 1971 ) , Iconography of Christian Art , I , London , England : Lund Humphries , ISBN 0 - 85331 - 270 - 2 Sherrow , Victoria ( 2006 ) , `` Hair color '' , Encyclopedia of Hair : A Cultural History , Westport , Connecticut and London , England , ISBN 0 - 313 - 33145 - 6 Six , Abigail Lee ( 2014 ) , `` Chapter Five : Spinning Straw into Gold : Blond Hair and the Autobiographical Illusion in the Fiction of Esther Tusquets '' , in Molinaro , Nina L. ; Pertusa - Seva , Inmaculada , Esther Tusquets : Scholarly Correspondences , Cambridge , England : Cambridge Scholars Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4438 - 5908 - 0 Stieber , Mary ( 2004 ) , The Poetics of Appearance in the Attic Korai , Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press , ISBN 9780292701809 Thomas , Jeannie B. ( 1997 ) . `` Dumb Blondes , Dan Quayle , and Hillary Clinton : Gender , Sexuality , and Stupidity in Jokes '' . The Journal of American Folklore. 110 ( 437 ) : 277 -- 313 . doi : 10.2307 / 541162 . External links Look up blond in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blond hair . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blond hair in art .",
"38": "( hide ) Human hair color Hair color Black Blond Brown ( varieties : Chestnut Auburn ) Red ( varieties : Auburn Titian ) White / Grey Hair coloring Blue rinse Grecian Formula Hair dye stripping Hair highlighting Henna Hydrogen peroxide Blue hair Other Disappearing blonde gene Fischer -- Saller scale Fischer scale Melanocortin 1 receptor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blond&oldid=835491996 '' Categories : Blond hair Hair color Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Aymar aru Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lumbaart Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 00 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"39": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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coldplay song i will try to fix you
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{
"0": "Fix You - wikipedia Fix You This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 20 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For the Offspring song of the same name , see Rise and Fall , Rage and Grace . `` Fix You '' Single by Coldplay from the album X&Y B - side `` The World Turned Upside Down '' `` Pour Me '' ( Live at the Hollywood Bowl ) Released 5 September 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 05 ) Format 7 '' CD digital download Genre Post-Britpop alternative rock Length 4 : 54 ( album version ) 4 : 07 ( radio edit ) 4 : 37 ( single version ) Label Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) Chris Martin Jonny Buckland Guy Berryman Will Champion Producer ( s ) Ken Nelson Coldplay Coldplay singles chronology `` Speed of Sound '' ( 2005 ) `` Fix You '' ( 2005 ) `` Talk '' ( 2005 ) `` Speed of Sound '' ( 2005 ) `` Fix You '' ( 2005 ) `` Talk '' ( 2005 ) Music video `` Fix You '' on YouTube `` Fix You '' is a song by the British rock band Coldplay . It was written by all four members of the band for their third studio album , X&Y ( 2005 ) . The track is built around an organ accompanied by slow tempo drums and vocals . It was released on 5 September 2005 as the second single from X&Y and has reached number 4 on the UK Singles Chart . The song reached number 18 in the United States Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks . Promo singles were released for the UK and US .",
"1": "Blythe Danner , the mother of Gwyneth Paltrow and former mother - in - law of Chris Martin , stated in an interview in May 2012 that Martin ' wrote the song for Gwyneth when her father died and I weep every time I hear it ' . `` Fix You '' was critically acclaimed by music critics . It has been widely sampled , with different covers and sounds . The music video was garnered as a tribute to the 7 July 2005 London bombings . The guitar solo of `` Fix You '' is currently used as the player introduction at all of the National Hockey League 's Montreal Canadiens ' home games , during the three stars of the game selection after every Los Angeles Kings home win , and was played at Staples Center as the Stanley Cup was brought on the ice after the Kings ' victory in the 2014 Stanley Cup Final . The song is also used for the 2015 -- 16 New York Islanders inaugural season in Barclays Center . The song was played live at the Steve Jobs memorial / celebration - of - life event at Apple headquarters on 19 October 2011 in Cupertino , California and at One Love Manchester charity concert on 4 June 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Release 4 Reception 5 Music video 6 In popular culture 6.1 Cover versions 6.2 Film and television 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 9 Charts and certifications 9.1 Charts 9.2 Certifications 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) When writing the song , lead singer Martin originally intended to use a church - style organ for the track . Unable to gain access to the instrument , Martin instead used an old keyboard that his late father - in - law , Bruce Paltrow , gave to his daughter Gwyneth . However , in other instances Martin has claimed that `` Fix You '' is influenced by English alternative rock band Elbow 's 2003 anthem `` Grace Under Pressure '' . When asked about the development of the song , Martin said : `` My father - in - law Bruce Paltrow bought this big keyboard just before he died . No one had ever plugged it in . I plugged it in , and there was this incredible sound I 'd never heard before .",
"2": "All these songs poured out from this one sound . Something has to inspire you , and something else takes over . It 's very cloudy . '' Martin also noted that the song is `` probably the most important song we 've ever written '' . During a track - by - track analysis bassist Guy Berryman admitted that the song takes `` a bit of inspiration '' from Jimmy Cliff 's 1969 song `` Many Rivers to Cross '' . Berryman also added , `` It becomes its own thing , kind of like points of inspiration that kind of lead you down certain paths . Whenever you want to write a song like someone else , it ultimately ends up sounding like something different anyway . '' Composition ( edit ) `` Fix You '' excerpt The music of `` Fix You '' is built around a church - style organ . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The song , which is written in the key of E-flat major , features an organ and piano sound . The song starts with a hushed electric organ ballad , including Martin 's falsetto . The song then builds with acoustic guitar and piano , along with a string section during the beginning choruses . The sound then shifts with a plaintive three - note guitar line , ringing through a rhythmic upbeat drum tempo . The song then transitions to its bridge , which roars into an instrumentation of piano notes , electric & bass guitar riffs , drums , and a singalong chorus with an anthemic feel . A synthesizer then joins the instrumentation , during the second half of the bridge . The song finally ends with the beginning chorus , with slow , melancholic piano notes being played in the background . The message throughout the song , in which Martin sings , is words of encouragement : `` Lights will guide you home / And ignite your bones / And I will try to fix you . '' Michele Hatty of USA Weekend reported that Martin sings about recovering from grief in the song . Travis Gass of the Bangor Daily News wrote that Martin offers his sympathies for the downtrodden , with `` When you love someone but it goes to waste / Could it be worse ? '' . Release ( edit ) Coldplay released `` Fix You '' in the UK and US on 5 September 2005 as the second single of their third album .",
"3": "The single was pressed with two B - sides : `` The World Turned Upside Down '' and `` Pour Me '' . On 14 September 2005 , the band released the Fix You EP in the iTunes Store . In response to Hurricane Katrina , all of the sales went to the American Red Cross Hurricane 2005 Relief and the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences ' MusiCares Hurricane Relief Fund . Promotional singles were released in the UK and US . The track peaked at number four in the UK Singles Chart on 17 September 2005 . As of 30 July 2011 , the song had spent 122 weeks on that chart . It peaked at number 59 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 18 on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks . The song also charted on the Billboard Pop 100 and Hot Digital Songs . The single appeared in Australia 's Singles Chart in the number four position on 18 September 2005 , after retiring in the 58 spot . It also appeared at number eight on the Irish Singles Chart and spent seven consecutive weeks on the chart . On 14 November 2010 , the song re-entered the Australian singles chart at number 37 . In 2005 , Coldplay performed the song live on Saturday Night Live and the Live 8 event in July . It has also become the anthem for the event . In 2009 , the song also appeared on Coldplay 's live album , LeftRightLeftRightLeft . On 19 October 2011 , the band played the song at the `` Celebrating Steve '' event for Apple employees over a global media stream to all the Apple Stores . This event was also available for Apple customers via the company website . On 4 June 2017 , Coldplay performed `` Fix You '' at the One Love Manchester benefit concert for the victims of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing . Reception ( edit ) Chris Martin playing `` Fix You '' on a synthesiser during the band 's 2008 Viva la Vida Tour The song received widespread acclaim from music critics .",
"4": "In the Rolling Stone Magazine review of the album , critic Kelefa Sanneh wrote : `` One of the best is ' Fix You ' , an unabashedly sentimental song where Martin delivers words of encouragement in a gentle falsetto ( ... ) Proving once more that no band can deliver a stately rock ballad like this one . '' Paul McNamee of NME magazine wrote : `` It 's a wonderful song that shifts from simple stark piano and voice to a ringing , clattering burst of intent and proto - prog four - part harmony . '' Adrien Begrand of PopMatters in his review of the album , noted the song as the `` best ballad '' off X&Y . In 2005 , the song appeared at number two on Q magazine 's `` 100 Greatest Tracks of the Year '' , and was listed as one of the `` Tracks of the Year '' by NME in 2005 . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Fix You '' was directed by Sophie Muller , who had previously worked with the band for their 2002 video `` In My Place '' . The video was filmed at the end of two concerts on 4 and 5 July 2005 at the Reebok Stadium in Bolton , England , which were the band 's first ever stadium performances . The concert goers doubled as extras for the video shoot , which required two takes on each day to complete . In the first half of the video , Martin , wanders the streets of London starting at Tooley Street under London Bridge Station , while the slogan `` Make Trade Fair '' is projected onto the Royal National Theatre , using the same ITA2 colour scheme on the cover of X&Y . The tunnels that Martin is seen wandering within are located both in and around London St Pancras and King 's Cross railway stations , and the filming for the video took place during the time of the redevelopment and expansion of London St Pancras International . Martin is then seen walking across Waterloo Bridge , which crosses the River Thames , connecting the Southbank with The Strand . As soon as the electric guitar kicks in , Martin 's walk turns into a run as he darts through streets of London , until very quickly reaching the side of the stage at the Reebok Stadium in Bolton , where he joins the rest of the band for the song 's finale .",
"5": "The audience sings along with the song 's final refrain , and at the end of the video Martin thanks them for their support and wishes them goodnight . The video debuted on 1 August 2005 . It was nominated at the 15th annual Music Video Production Association Awards in the category of Adult Contemporary . After its release , the music video was repurposed as a tribute to the victims of the 7 July 2005 London bombings , although it was filmed before they occurred . In popular culture ( edit ) Cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song appears in The Acoustic Album ( 2006 ) . It was performed in 2006 by the New England octogenarian chorus group Young@Heart . The group 's performance was led by former chorus member Fred Knittle , who suffered from congestive heart failure and breathed with assistance from an oxygen tank . The performance was originally planned to be a duet between Knittle and Bob Salvini , another former chorus member , but Salvini died shortly before the show . Knittle performed it as a solo , as a tribute to his friend . The performance was initially recorded for a British documentary that aired on Channel 4 ; footage of the performance was uploaded to YouTube in November 2006 to positive response . An expanded version of the film , titled Young@Heart , debuted at the 2007 Los Angeles Film Festival and was released in US theatres in 2008 . On 21 June 2011 , The Voice contestant and eventual winner Javier Colon sang the song during the semi-finals of season 1 of the show . The studio version of the song was also released the following day as a download . On the NBC show The Sing - Off runners - up Street Corner Symphony performed the song on the Season 2 finale . The song also gets covered by Secondhand Serenade using only guitar riffs during the first half of the cover . On 31 July 2011 , at `` The Black Star Tour '' live in Rio de Janeiro , the Canadian singer Avril Lavigne sang the song .",
"6": "The song was covered on 4 October 2011 episode of Glee entitled `` Asian F '' , and is sung by Matthew Morrison and the Glee cast . On The X Factor UK , Janet Devlin covered this song on the first Live Show on 8 October 2011 . Ronan Parke covered this song on his debut album Ronan Parke . On The X Factor US , Drew Ryniewicz covered this song on the third Live Show on 9 November 2011 . On the Thanksgiving episode of the second season , the top 10 performed this song . Kelly Clarkson covered this song on one of her shows during her Stronger Tour . Straight No Chaser covered this song on their album With a Twist . On 19 January 2011 , Rianne Selwyn sang an orchestral , female version to this song . YouTube cover artists Boyce Avenue and Tyler Ward collaborated to cover this song on Boyce Avenue 's album Cover Collaborations , Vol. 2 . Alternative rock band Secondhand Serenade produced a secondary creation of the song in their album A Twist in My Story . Country artist Carrie Underwood performed the song on her Blown Away Tour . Marit Larsen performed the song at a session for Radio Hamburg in December 2011 . Charlie Lubeck performed this song as a last chance performance on the second season of The Glee Project . On 13 August 2012 , Yellowcard released a cover as a bonus track on their album Southern Air . Country group Little Big Town performed a cover for the American Red Cross : Music Builds disaster relief effort . Gabrielle Aplin covered the song during a session at BBC 's Maida Vale studio . Alexandra Burke covered the song for her second EP , # NewRules . Red Hot Chilli Pipers covered the song , and also performed the song live at HebCelt Fest 2013 . Gregorian and Amelia Brightman performed the song live on their Dark Side of the Chant tour in 2011 . Naturally 7 covered the song on their album Hidden In Plain Sight in 2015 . On November 24 , 2014 , The Voice contestant Matt McAndrew covered it during the top10 week .",
"7": "In December 2015 the song was used , alongside `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' , in the UK charity Christmas No 1 mashup song `` A Bridge Over You '' , by the choir of the Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust , selling more than 127,000 copies . Film and television ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song was featured in an episode of the American teen drama television series The O.C. , and then in Without a Trace , Cold Case and Brothers & Sisters . The half part of the song was played over the trailer for the 2006 film World Trade Center . It was also featured in the 2006 movie You , Me and Dupree . The track was nominated for an Ivor Novello Award in the category of Best Song musically and lyrically . The song was also nominated for an UK Festival Award in the category of Anthem of the Summer . On 14 March 2009 , the band performed a rendition of the song at the relief concert , Sound Relief , in Sydney , Australia . The song has been used on the final sequences of the episode `` I 'll Try to Fix You '' of the 2012 HBO 's television series The Newsroom , as well as an episode of Scrubs , and the final scene of the episode `` Cargo '' of the CBS series Cold Case . The song also briefly featured in the Australian family drama Packed to the Rafters . In 2013 , `` Fix You '' was used in the final episode of the first season of British public television Channel 4 's comedy - drama Derek . `` Fix You '' was played during an episode of Brothers & Sisters . On an episode of the BBC comedy game show Never Mind the Buzzcocks , the Coldplay song `` Violet Hill '' was used in a segment , and when regular panelist Noel Fielding said that he `` genuinely hated Coldplay , '' host David Tennant then played a snippet of `` Fix You '' and mouthed the line `` And I will try ... to fix you . '' Comedian Catherine Tate also finished the lyrics of the chorus correctly in a different segment of the same episode .",
"8": "The song was also played at the wedding of the Swedish prince Carl Philip and Sofia Hellqvist on 13 June 2015 , performed by Salem al Fakir . American ice dance team Maia Shibutani and Alex Shibutani used the song for their free dance in the 2015 - 2016 season . The song also appeared in the Season Two episode , `` Unfinished Business '' , of CBS medical drama Code Black and opening montage for the NHL Centennial Classic on Sportsnet . An arrangement of the song was performed live during the Top 11 elimination episode of the reality television singing competition program The Voice by Team Gwen ( Stefani ) members Brennley Brown and Hunter Plake , along with their coach , Stefani , herself , with the episode in question airing on May 2 , 2017 . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Fix You '' ( edit ) 4 : 37 2 . `` The World Turned Upside Down '' 4 : 32 3 . `` Pour Me '' ( Live at the Hollywood Bowl ) ( featured on the UK Enhanced CD , Australian , and US iTunes EP versions ) 5 : 01 4 .",
"9": "`` Fix You '' ( video ) ( featured on the UK Enhanced CD ) ) Personnel ( edit ) Chris Martin -- lead vocals , organ , piano , acoustic guitar , synthesizer Jonny Buckland -- lead electric guitar , backing vocals Guy Berryman -- bass guitar , backing vocals Will Champion -- drums , backing vocals Charts and certifications ( edit ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 25 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 58 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 25 Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 65 Italy ( FIMI ) 13 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 43 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 17 Poland ( OLiS ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 26 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 53 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 59 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 18 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 24 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 189 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 193 South Korean International Singles ( Gaon ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 54 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 10,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 1,046,246 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Das , Lina ( 3 May 2012 ) .",
"10": "`` ' English , polite , and a great dad ' : Why Gwynnie 's mum Blythe Danner adores her rock star son - in - law '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Kennedy , John . `` Coldplay on X&Y '' . Xfm . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay admit ' Fix You ' is a copy of Elbow 's track '' . Female First . 8 June 2005 . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Devin ( 30 May 2005 ) . `` Hot for Coldplay '' . Newsweek . MSNBC . Retrieved 15 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Breimeier , Russ ( 2005 ) . `` Coldplay : X&Y '' . Christianity Today . Archived from the original on 9 July 2008 . Retrieved 13 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Gundersen , Edna ( 2 June 2005 ) . `` Catch Coldplay '' . USA Today . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Devin ( 30 May 2005 ) . `` Hot For Coldplay '' . Newsweek . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Spout , Gene ( 12 August 2005 ) . `` Stardom and anonymity : Coldplay 's bassist has the best of both worlds '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 17 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay -- Fix You '' . NME. 19 September 2005 . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay -- Fix You review '' . Virgin Media . 5 September 2005 . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Michael ( 5 September 2005 ) . `` Coldplay -- Fix You -- Track reviews '' . MusicOMH . Archived from the original on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 28 October 2008 .",
"11": "^ Jump up to : Sanneh , Kelefa ( 16 June 2005 ) . `` X&Y -- Coldplay '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 6 February 2008 . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fix You Lyrics '' . MTV . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Downer , Adam ( 28 October 2005 ) . `` Coldplay -- X&Y Review '' . Sputnik Music . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Hatty , Michele ( 24 July 2005 ) . `` Now hear this '' . USA Weekend . Jump up ^ Gass , Travis ( 17 June 2005 ) . `` Coldplay 's new album brilliant , pompous '' . Bangor Daily News : 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coldplay Ezine : Issue 15 '' ( PDF ) . Coldplay.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 August 2006 . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fix You by Coldplay '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on 17 April 2007 . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats -- Coldplay '' . Chart Stats . Archived from the original on 7 March 2007 . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.webcitation.org/60QR9xR4U?url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/singles-chart/ ^ Jump up to : `` Artist Chart History '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 5 April 2013 . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austria Top 40 '' . Austrian Charts . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fix You '' . Irish Charts . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Singles Chart '' . Aria Charts. 15 November 2010 .",
"12": "Archived from the original on 8 February 2010 . Retrieved 16 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Ezine : Issue 14 '' ( PDF ) . Coldplay.com . July 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 August 2006 . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( 1 May 2009 ) . `` Coldplay Reward Fans With Free Live LP `` LeftRightLeftRightLeft '' `` . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 21 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( 4 June 2017 ) . `` One Love Manchester : Ariana Grande Opens Benefit Concert With ' Be Alright , ' Joins Black Eyed Peas for ' Where Is the Love ? ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNamee , Paul ( 23 May 2005 ) . `` Coldplay : X&Y '' . NME . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Begrand , Adrien ( 5 June 2005 ) . `` Coldplay : X&Y review '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Akbar , Arifa ( 2 December 2005 ) . `` Sensitive souls of rock ' n ' roll show their strength with album prize '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 14 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NME Tracks of the Year 2005 '' . NME . Archived from the original on 24 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Wiederhorn , Jon ( 12 August 2002 ) . `` Single Saves Coldplay '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( 2 August 2005 ) . `` Coldplay 's Clip For ' Fix You ' : All - New Footage Of Chris Martin Walking Around '' . MTV News . Retrieved 4 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matt ( 4 July 2005 ) .",
"13": "`` Reebok Stadium ( and filming the Fix You video ) '' . Coldplay Timeline . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bolton Wanderers '' . BBC Manchester . BBC . 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coldplay -- `` Fix You '' `` . Mvdbase.com . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Ansen , David ( 18 March 2008 ) . `` Songs in the Key of Life '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on 30 March 2008 . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Jake Coyle ( 24 June 2007 ) . `` Young@Heart bridges the age gap '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 6 December 2008 . Retrieved 13 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Ronni Gordon ( 9 March 2007 ) . `` ' Young@Heart ' documentary at Academy '' . The Republican . Retrieved 13 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Young@Heart -- 2008 '' . Variety . 9 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Horn , John ( 10 April 2008 ) . `` ' Juno ' set high box office standard for fest fare '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Music Builds -- Little Big Town -- Fix You '' . YouTube . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The NHS choir beat Justin Bieber to number one '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ J.J. Philbin and Michael Lange ( 2005 - 05 - 12 ) . `` The O. Sea '' . The O.C. Season 2 . Episode 23 . 42 minutes in . Fox . Jump up ^ Tannenbaum , Rob ( 29 May 2005 ) . `` Chill Factor '' . New York .",
"14": "Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ World Trade Center ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` World Trade Center information '' . Sound Track Info. 8 August 2006 . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ You , Me and Dupree ( DVD ) . Universal Pictures . 2006 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 25 April 2006 ) . `` Arctic Monkeys among Novello award hopefuls '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay top Ivor nomination list '' . BBC News . BBC . 24 April 2006 . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Ezine : Issue 16 '' ( PDF ) . Coldplay.com . December 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2007 . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Moran , Jonathon ( 15 March 2009 ) . `` Coldplay are Aussies for a day at Sound Relief '' . The Daily Telegraph ( Australia ) . News Corporation . Retrieved 16 March 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2012/07/are-tv-shows-overusing-coldplays-fix-you.html# Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Coldplay -- Fix You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Coldplay -- Fix You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Coldplay -- Fix You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Coldplay -- Fix You '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ `` Coldplay > Charts & Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 22 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Coldplay Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Coldplay -- Fix You '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 37 , 2011 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Coldplay -- Fix You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Coldplay -- Fix You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Singles Chart `` . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Coldplay -- Fix You '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Coldplay -- Fix You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Coldplay -- Fix You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coldplay : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Coldplay . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay -- Chart history '' Billboard Alternative Songs for Coldplay . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Coldplay . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Coldplay -- Fix You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` International Digital Chart -- Week 16 of 2017 '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2011 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 10 July 2011 .",
"16": "Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Coldplay -- Fix You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Coldplay -- Fix You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Fix You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Coldplay -- Fix You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Official website Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Coldplay Guy Berryman Jonny Buckland Will Champion Chris Martin Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums Parachutes A Rush of Blood to the Head X&Y Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends Mylo Xyloto Ghost Stories A Head Full of Dreams Live albums Live 2003 LeftRightLeftRightLeft Live 2012 Ghost Stories Live 2014 Compilation albums The Singles 1999 -- 2006 Extended plays Safety Brothers & Sisters The Blue Room Acoustic Mince Spies Remixes EP Prospekt 's March iTunes Festival : London 2011 Live in Madrid Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall A Sky Full of Stars Live from Spotify London Kaleidoscope EP",
"17": "Tours Parachutes Tour A Rush of Blood to the Head Tour Twisted Logic Tour Viva la Vida Tour Mylo Xyloto Tour Ghost Stories Tour A Head Full of Dreams Tour Additional personnel Phil Harvey Rik Simpson Davide Rossi Ken Nelson Brian Eno Markus Dravs Tappin Gofton Jon Hopkins Related articles Labels Atlantic Capitol EMI Fierce Panda Parlophone Commercial Mylo Xyloto Comics Tidal Xyloband Television Festival of Flame Hope for Haiti Now Super Bowl 50 halftime show Global Citizen Festival One Love Manchester Charity Make Trade Fair ( Product ) Red Apparatjik We Are Here Square Peg in a Round Hole Come to Life Book Category Coldplay songs Parachutes `` Do n't Panic '' `` Shiver '' `` Yellow '' `` Trouble '' A Rush of Blood to the Head `` In My Place '' `` God Put a Smile upon Your Face '' `` The Scientist '' `` Clocks '' Coldplay Live 2003 `` Moses '' X&Y `` White Shadows '' `` Fix You '' `` Talk '' `` Speed of Sound '' `` The Hardest Part '' Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends `` Life in Technicolor '' `` Cemeteries of London '' `` Lost ! ''",
"18": "`` 42 '' `` Lovers in Japan '' `` Yes '' `` Viva la Vida '' `` Violet Hill '' `` Strawberry Swing '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Prospekt 's March `` Life in Technicolor II '' `` Glass of Water '' `` Prospekt 's March / Poppyfields '' Mylo Xyloto `` Hurts Like Heaven '' `` Paradise '' `` Charlie Brown '' `` Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall '' `` Major Minus '' `` U.F.O. '' `` Princess of China '' `` Up in Flames '' `` Up with the Birds '' Ghost Stories `` Always in My Head '' `` Magic '' `` Ink '' `` True Love '' `` Midnight '' `` Another 's Arms '' `` Oceans '' `` A Sky Full of Stars '' `` O '' `` Ghost Story '' `` O ( Reprise ) '' A Head Full of Dreams `` A Head Full of Dreams '' `` Birds '' `` Hymn for the Weekend '' `` Everglow '' `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' `` Fun '' `` Up & Up '' Kaleidoscope `` All I Can Think About Is You '' `` Miracles ( Someone Special ) '' `` Aliens '' `` Something Just Like This '' `` Hypnotised '' Other songs `` Brothers & Sisters '' `` Gravity '' `` Lhuna '' `` Christmas Lights '' `` Moving to Mars '' `` Atlas '' `` Miracles '' Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fix_You&oldid=805900060 '' Categories : 2005 singles Coldplay songs Hurricane Katrina disaster relief charity singles Music videos directed by Sophie Muller Parlophone singles Rock ballads 2000s ballads Songs about death Songs in memory of deceased persons Songs written by Chris Martin Songs written by Guy Berryman Songs written by Jonny Buckland Songs written by Will Champion Song recordings produced by Ken Nelson ( British record producer ) Inspirational songs Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Korean - language",
"19": "sources ( ko ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use British English from December 2012 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Tip Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Tip Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano",
"20": "עברית ქართული Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 10 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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most assists in an nba all star game
|
[
"22",
"60",
"60 by West All-Stars (2017)"
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{
"0": "NBA All - Star game records - wikipedia NBA All - Star game records Jump to : navigation , search For NBA regular season records , see NBA regular season records . For NBA playoff and Finals records , see NBA post-season records . This article lists all - time leading figures achieved in the NBA All - Star Game in every major statistical category recognized by the league . This includes statistical records set by individuals in single All - Star games and over the course of their careers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Individual 1.1 MVPs 1.2 All - Star selections 1.3 Scoring 1.4 Minutes 1.5 Rebounds 1.6 Assists 1.7 Field goals 1.8 Free throws 1.9 Three - point shooting 1.10 Steals 1.11 Blocks 1.12 Triple doubles 2 Team 2.1 Scoring 2.2 Field goals 2.3 Three - point field goals 2.4 Free throws 2.5 Rebounds 2.6 Assists 2.7 Steals 2.8 Blocks 3 All - Star Weekend records 4 Other records 5 References 6 External links Individual ( edit ) Bob Pettit was named MVP of the NBA All - Star Game four times and holds the All - Star single - game record for rebounds with 27 .",
"1": "MVPs ( edit ) Most awards 4 by Bob Pettit ( 1 shared award ) ( 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1962 ) 4 by Kobe Bryant ( 1 shared award ) ( 2002 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 ) Most consecutive awards 2 by Bob Pettit ( 1 shared title ) ( 1958 , 1959 ) 2 by Russell Westbrook ( 2015 , 2016 ) All - Star selections ( edit ) Most selections 19 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most consecutive selections 17 by Kobe Bryant Most games played 18 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most games started 15 by Kobe Bryant Scoring ( edit ) Most points per game -- career ( 3 games min . )",
"2": "28.7 by Anthony Davis Most points -- career 314 by LeBron James Most points -- game 52 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most points -- half 30 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most points -- quarter 20 by Glen Rice ( 1997 ) 20 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Minutes ( edit ) Most minutes -- career 449 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most minutes -- game 42 by Oscar Robertson ( 1964 ) 42 by Bill Russell ( 1964 ) 42 by Jerry West ( 1964 ) 42 by Nate Thurmond ( 1967 ) Most minutes per game 32.7 by Bob Pettit Rebounds ( edit ) Most rebounds -- career 197 by Wilt Chamberlain Most offensive rebounds -- career 44 by Moses Malone Most defensive rebounds -- career 98 by Tim Duncan Most rebounds -- game 27 by Bob Pettit ( 1962 ) Most rebounds per game 16.2 by Bob Pettit Most offensive rebounds -- game 10 by Kobe Bryant ( 2011 ) Most defensive rebounds -- game 19 by Dikembe Mutombo ( 2001 ) Most rebounds -- half 16 by Bob Pettit ( 1962 ) 16 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 ) Most rebounds -- quarter 10 by Bob Pettit ( 1962 ) Assists ( edit ) Most assists -- career 127 by Magic Johnson Most assists -- game 22 by Magic Johnson ( 1984 ) Most assists per game 13.3 by Chris Paul Most assists -- half 13 by Magic Johnson ( 1984 ) Most assists -- quarter 9 by John Stockton ( 1989 ) Field goals ( edit ) Highest field goal percentage -- career .",
"3": "833 by Brandon Roy Most field goals made -- career 129 by LeBron James Most field goals made -- game 26 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most field goals made -- half 15 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most field goals made -- quarter 10 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most field goals attempted -- career 238 by Kobe Bryant Most field goals attempted -- game 39 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most field goals attempted -- half 22 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most field goals attempted -- quarter 15 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Free throws ( edit ) Highest free throw percentage -- career 1.000 by Archie Clark 1.000 by Gary Payton 1.000 by Clyde Drexler Most free throws made -- career 78 by Elgin Baylor Most free throws made -- game 12 by Elgin Baylor ( 1962 ) 12 by Oscar Robertson ( 1965 ) Most free throws made -- half 10 by Zelmo Beaty ( 1966 ) Most free throws made -- quarter 9 by Zelmo Beaty ( 1966 ) 9 by Julius Erving ( 1978 ) Most free throws attempted -- career 98 by Elgin Baylor 98 by Oscar Robertson Most free throws attempted -- game 16 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1962 ) Most free throws attempted -- half 12 by Zelmo Beaty ( 1966 ) Most free throws attempted -- quarter 11 by Julius Erving ( 1978 ) Three - point shooting ( edit ) Highest three point percentage -- career .",
"4": "600 by Glen Rice Most three point field goals made -- career 31 by LeBron James Most three point field goals made -- game 9 by Paul George ( 2016 ) Most three point field goals made -- half 7 by Russell Westbrook ( 2016 ) Most three point field goals attempted -- career 90 by LeBron James Most three point field goals attempted -- game 19 by Paul George ( 2016 ) Most three point field goals attempted -- half 11 by Kevin Durant ( 2014 ) 11 by Paul George ( 2016 ) Steals ( edit ) Most steals -- career 38 by Kobe Bryant Most steals per game 3.2 by Rick Barry Most steals -- game 8 by Rick Barry ( 1975 ) Most steals -- half 5 by Larry Bird ( 1986 ) Most steals -- quarter 4 by Fred Brown ( 1976 ) 4 by Larry Bird ( 1986 ) 4 by Isiah Thomas ( 1989 ) Blocks ( edit ) Most blocks -- career 31 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most blocks per game 2.0 by Alonzo Mourning Most blocks -- game 6 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( 1980 ) Most blocks -- half 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( 1980 ) 4 by Michael Jordan ( 1988 ) 4 by Hakeem Olajuwon ( 1994 ) Most blocks -- quarter 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( 1980 ) Triple doubles ( edit ) Michael Jordan -- 14 points , 11 rebounds , 11 assists in 26 minutes ( 1997 ) LeBron James -- 29 points , 12 rebounds , 10 assists in 32 minutes ( 2011 ) Dwyane Wade -- 24 points , 10 rebounds , 10 assists in 33 minutes ( 2012 ) Kevin Durant -- 21 points , 10 rebounds ,",
"5": "10 assists in 27 minutes ( 2017 ) Team ( edit ) Scoring ( edit ) Most points -- team 196 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most points -- both teams 374 ( 2017 ) Most points in a half -- team 104 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most points in a half -- both teams 189 ( 2017 ) Most points in a quarter -- team 53 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) 53 by East All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most points in a quarter -- both teams 101 ( 2017 ) Fewest points -- team 75 by East All - Stars ( 1953 ) Fewest points -- both teams 154 ( 1953 ) Largest margin of victory 40 ( 153 -- 113 ) by West All - Stars ( 1992 ) Smallest margin of victory 1 ( 124 -- 123 ) by East All - Stars ( 1965 ) 1 ( 108 -- 107 ) by West All - Stars ( 1971 ) 1 ( 125 -- 124 ) by West All - Stars ( 1977 ) 1 ( 111 -- 110 ) by East All - Stars ( 2001 ) Field goals ( edit ) Highest field goal percentage -- team 0.653 ( 64 / 98 ) by West All - Stars ( 1992 ) Highest field goal percentage -- both teams 0.578 ( 162 / 280 ) ( 2017 ) Lowest field goal percentage -- team 0.292 ( 35 / 120 ) by West All - Stars ( 1966 ) Lowest field goal percentage -- both teams 0.",
"6": "362 ( 59 / 163 ) ( 1953 ) Most field goals made -- team 84 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most field goals made -- both teams 162 ( 2017 ) Most field goals made in a half -- team 43 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most field goals made in a half -- both teams 83 ( 2017 ) Most field goals made in a quarter -- team 22 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most field goals made in a quarter -- both teams 42 ( 2017 ) Fewest field goals made -- team 25 by East All - Stars ( 1953 ) Fewest field goals made -- both teams 59 ( 1953 ) Most field goals attempted -- team 149 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most field goals attempted -- both teams 286 ( 2016 ) Most field goals attempted in a half -- team 79 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most field goals attempted in a half -- both teams 148 ( 2016 ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter -- team 41 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter -- both teams 77 ( 2016 ) Fewest field goals attempted -- team 66 by East All - Stars ( 1953 ) Fewest field goals attempted -- both teams 162 ( 1953 ) Three - point field goals ( edit ) Most three - point field goals made -- team 31 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most three - point field goals made -- both teams 51 ( 2016 ) Most three - point field goals attempted -- team 80 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most three - point field goals attempted -- both teams 139 ( 2016 ) Free throws ( edit ) Highest free throw percentage -- team 1.000 ( 18 / 18 ) by West All - Stars ( 1973 ) 1.000 ( 9 / 9 ) by East All - Stars ( 2014 ) 1.",
"7": "000 ( 4 / 4 ) by East All - Stars ( 2017 ) Highest free throw percentage -- both teams 0.875 ( 7 / 8 ) ( 2017 ) Lowest free throw percentage -- team 0.364 ( 4 / 11 ) by West All - Stars ( 2004 ) Lowest free throw percentage -- both teams 0.500 ( 16 / 32 ) ( 2004 ) 0.500 ( 11 / 22 ) ( 2007 ) 0.500 ( 14 / 28 ) ( 2008 ) Most free throws made -- team 40 by East All - Stars ( 1959 ) Most free throws made -- both teams 71 ( OT ) ( 1987 ) 70 ( 1961 ) Most free throws made in a half -- team 26 by East All - Stars ( 1959 ) Most free throws made in a half -- both teams 36 ( 1961 ) Most free throws made in a quarter -- team 19 by East All - Stars ( 1986 ) Most free throws made in a quarter -- both teams 27 ( 1986 ) Fewest free throws made -- team 1 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Fewest free throws made -- both teams 4 ( 2016 ) Most free throws attempted -- team 57 by West All - Stars ( 1970 ) Most free throws attempted -- both teams 95 ( 1956 ) Most free throws attempted in a half -- team 31 by East All - Stars ( 1959 ) Most free throws attempted in a half -- both teams 57 ( 1962 ) Most free throws attempted in a quarter -- team 25 by West All - Stars ( 1970 ) Most free throws attempted in a quarter -- both teams 33 ( 1962 ) 33 ( OT ) ( 1993 ) Fewest free throws attempted -- team",
"8": "2 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Fewest free throws attempted -- both teams 7 ( 2016 ) Rebounds ( edit ) Most rebounds recorded -- team 83 by East All - Stars ( 1966 ) Most rebounds recorded -- both teams 151 ( 1960 ) Most rebounds recorded in a half -- team 51 by East All - Stars ( 1966 ) Most rebounds recorded in a half -- both teams 98 ( 1962 ) 98 ( 1966 ) Most rebounds recorded in a quarter -- team 30 by West All - Stars ( 1966 ) Most rebounds recorded in a quarter -- both teams 58 ( 1966 ) Fewest rebounds recorded -- team 37 by West All - Stars ( 1983 ) Fewest rebounds recorded -- both teams 89 ( 1983 ) Assists ( edit ) Most assists -- team 60 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most assists -- both teams 103 ( 2017 ) Most assists in a half -- team 34 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most assists in a half -- both teams 57 ( 2017 ) Most assists in a quarter -- team 19 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most assists in a quarter -- both teams 29 ( 2017 ) Fewest assists -- team 15 by West All - Stars ( 1965 ) Fewest assists -- both teams 37 ( 1964 ) Steals ( edit ) Most steals -- team 24 by East All - Stars ( 1989 ) Most steals - both teams 40 ( 1989 ) Blocks ( edit ) Most blocks -- team 16 by West All - Stars ( 1980 1OT )",
"9": "12 by West All - Stars ( 1994 ) Most blocks -- both teams 25 ( 1980 1OT ) 21 ( 1994 ) All - Star Weekend records ( edit ) Most Skills Challenge Contests won 2 by Dwyane Wade ( 2006 , 2007 ) 2 by Steve Nash ( 2005 , 2010 ) 2 by Damian Lillard ( 2013 , 2014 ) Most consecutive Skills Challenge Contests won 2 by Dwyane Wade ( 2006 , 2007 ) 2 by Damian Lillard ( 2013 , 2014 ) Most Slam Dunk Contests won 3 by Nate Robinson ( 2006 , 2009 , 2010 ) Most consecutive Slam Dunk Contests won 2 by Michael Jordan ( 1987 , 1988 ) 2 by Jason Richardson ( 2002 , 2003 ) 2 by Nate Robinson ( 2009 , 2010 ) 2 by Zach LaVine ( 2015 , 2016 ) Most Three - Point Shootout Contests won 3 by Larry Bird ( 1986 , 1987 , 1988 ) 3 by Craig Hodges ( 1990 , 1991 , 1992 ) Most consecutive Three - Point Shootout Contests won 3 by Larry Bird ( 1986 , 1987 , 1988 ) 3 by Craig Hodges ( 1990 , 1991 , 1992 ) Youngest Slam Dunk Contest Champion Kobe Bryant ( 18 years , 169 days ) Youngest Three - Point Shootout Contest Champion Kyrie Irving ( 20 years , 330 days ) Youngest Skills Challenge Contest Champion Karl - Anthony Towns ( 20 years , 90 days ) Other records ( edit ) Attendance 108,713 for the 2010 NBA All - Star Game which was held in Cowboys Stadium at Arlington , Texas -- the largest attendance in history for any basketball game . Youngest All - Star Game MVP LeBron James ( 21 years ,",
"10": "51 days ) Oldest All - Star Game MVP Shaquille O'Neal ( 36 years , 346 days ) Youngest Rising Stars Challenge MVP Kyrie Irving ( 19 years , 338 days ) References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) http://NBA.com/history http://www.nbahoopsonline.com NBA All - Star Games All - Star Weekend Rising Stars Challenge Shooting Stars Competition Skills Challenge Three - Point Contest Slam Dunk Contest H-O-R-S-E Competition Celebrity Game Legends Classic All - Star Game MVP Award Records List of NBA All - Stars Vote leaders Head coaches Broadcasters TV ratings G League All - Star Game WNBA All - Star Game 1950s 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999",
"11": "2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 ,",
"12": "Africa 2017 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"13": "php?title=NBA_All-Star_Game_records&oldid=827082617 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 17 : 46 . About Wikipedia",
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who is the cast of the new tomb raider movie
|
[
"Alicia Vikander as Lara Croft",
"Dominic West, Walton Goggins, Daniel Wu, and Kristin Scott Thomas"
] |
{
"0": "Tomb Raider ( film ) - wikipedia Tomb Raider ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2018 film starring Alicia Vikander . For the 2001 film starring Angelina Jolie , see Lara Croft : Tomb Raider . Tomb Raider Theatrical release poster Directed by Roar Uthaug Produced by Graham King Screenplay by Geneva Robertson - Dworet Alastair Siddons Story by Evan Daugherty Geneva Robertson - Dworet Based on Tomb Raider by Crystal Dynamics Starring Alicia Vikander Music by Tom Holkenborg Cinematography George Richmond Edited by Stuart Baird Michael Tronick Production companies Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Warner Bros. Pictures GK Films Square Enix Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) ( Berlin ) March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) ( United Kingdom ) March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 118 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $90 - 106 million Box office $270.7 million Tomb Raider is a 2018 action - adventure film directed by Roar Uthaug , with a screenplay by Geneva Robertson - Dworet and Alastair Siddons , from a story by Evan Daugherty and Robertson - Dworet . It is based on the 2013 video game of the same name , with some elements of its sequel by Crystal Dynamics , and is a reboot of the Tomb Raider film series . The film stars Alicia Vikander as Lara Croft , who embarks on a perilous journey to her father 's last - known destination , hoping to solve the mystery of his disappearance . Dominic West , Walton Goggins , Daniel Wu , and Kristin Scott Thomas appear in supporting roles . Principal photography took place from January to June 2017 at the Warner Bros. Studios in the United Kingdom , and in Cape Town , South Africa .",
"1": "The first Tomb Raider film not to be distributed by Paramount Pictures , it was released in the United Kingdom on March 14 , 2018 and in the United States on March 16 , 2018 by Warner Bros. Pictures , in RealD 3D , IMAX 3D and IMAX . It has grossed $270 million worldwide , lifting it provisionally into the Top 10 highest - grossing film of 2018 ; currently , it ranks at 11th place . The film received mixed reviews from critics , with some describing the plot as `` paint - by - numbers '' , and others praising the grittiness and realistic take on the franchise . While Vikander 's performance was highlighted , the characterization of Croft drew a polarized response ; some described her as a `` capable , powerful and unobjectified heroine '' while others called her bland , and a `` punching bag and onlooker . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Future 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Following the disappearance of her father Richard Croft , Lara Croft makes a living as a bike courier . When she is arrested after a bike accident involving a police car , Richard 's business partner Ana Miller posts her bail and warns her that if she does not claim her inheritance , her father 's estate will be sold off . Lara reluctantly accepts and gains access to her father 's office . There she finds a pre-recorded message from Richard detailing his research into Himiko , the mythical Queen of Yamatai who was said to command the power over life and death . Richard warns Lara to destroy all of his research but Lara decides not to so she can investigate further . Lara travels to Hong Kong where she hires Lu Ren , captain of the ship Endurance , to sail into the Devil 's Sea to the island of Yamatai . The ship capsizes in a violent storm and Lara is washed ashore where she is knocked unconscious . She is revived by Mathias Vogel , the leader of an expedition to locate Himiko 's tomb .",
"2": "The expedition has been funded by a shadowy organisation called Trinity that seeks to harness and weaponise Himiko 's power . Vogel takes Lara prisoner , claiming that he killed her father and intends to use Richard 's research to continue his expedition . Lara escapes with the help of Lu Ren , who also survived the storm and has been put to work with the local fishermen digging for Himiko 's tomb . She evades capture but is seriously wounded in the process and passes out from her injuries . Lara regains consciousness after nightfall and is forced to kill a Trinity guard when she is nearly discovered . She follows a mysterious figure wandering the island and discovers that the figure is her father , who himself had been held captive on Yamatai . After Lara convinces him that she is real , Richard treats her injuries . Despite his protests , Lara sets off to recover his research from Vogel 's camp . Lara makes contact with Lu Ren , and he , along with the fishermen , stage distractions that allow Lara to infiltrate the Trinity camp and recover her father 's research . In the ensuing chaos , Richard makes his way to the Himiko 's tomb and is captured by Vogel , who persuades Lara to open the tomb . The party navigates a series of booby traps and locates Himiko 's sarcophagus . Two Trinity soldiers attempt to remove her corpse but become infected by Himiko 's `` power , '' which is actually a disease so potent that mere physical contact triggers immediate bodily disintegration . Vogel shoots the infected soldier , concluding that he can not remove Himiko 's body . He instead settles for detaching a finger , which he seals in a pouch . In the confusion , Lara and Richard overpower the remaining soldiers , though Vogel escapes and Richard becomes infected . Knowing there is no cure , Richard proposes destroying Himiko 's tomb to prevent the virus from spreading across the world . Lara gives chase to Vogel as Richard sets off a bomb , killing himself and sealing the tomb . Lara confronts Vogel and the two fight . Lara overpowers him and force - feeds him Himiko 's severed finger before kicking him down a deep chasm just as the infection takes over . She is rescued by Lu Ren and the fishermen , who then commandeer a Trinity helicopter to escape Yamatai .",
"3": "Lara returns to London , where she formally accepts her inheritance and inadvertently discovers that Trinity 's front company , Patna , is actually a subsidiary of Croft Holdings . She proceeds to investigate Trinity further among her father 's files and begins to suspect that Ana Miller is one of its agents who manipulated her into accepting her inheritance in order to have Lara sign over control of Croft Holdings ' business operations to her when Richard Croft stopped cooperating with Trinity . Having witnessed Trinity 's ruthlessness firsthand , she prepares for her next adventure to thwart their future plans - buying two Heckler & Koch USP Match pistols with stainless slides . Cast ( edit ) Alicia Vikander as Lara Croft Maisy De Freitas as 7 - year - old Lara Emily Carey as 14 - year - old Lara Dominic West as Lord Richard Croft , Lara 's archaeologist father . Walton Goggins as Mathias Vogel , a rival archaeologist of Richard Croft , and a member of Trinity , a shadowy organization . Daniel Wu as Lu Ren , the ship captain who helps Lara to search for her father . Kristin Scott Thomas as Ana Miller , an associate at Richard Croft 's company , Croft Holdings . Derek Jacobi as Mr. Yaffe , an associate at Croft Holdings . Nick Frost as Max , pawn shop owner and gun salesman . Jaime Winstone as Pamela , Max 's wife . Hannah John - Kamen as Sophie , Croft 's close friend . Antonio Aakeel as Nitin Ahuja , a shy friend of Lara . Duncan Airlie James as Terry , the Mixed Martial Arts club operator . Additionally , Annabel Wood portrays Rose , Lara 's opponent at the Mixed Martial Arts club , and Shekhar Varma and Rekha John - Cheriyan appear as Nitin 's parents . Josef Altin portrays Bruce , Lara 's boss , Billy Postlethwaite and Roger Nsengiyumva appear as Bill and Rog , Lara 's co-workers and opponents at the race , Michael Obiora portrays Baxter , Croft Holdings 's receptionist , Keenan Arrison portrays Rocket , a Trinity guard , and Alexandre Willaume plays Trinity 's lieutenant . Production ( edit ) GK Films first acquired the rights to make the film in 2011 .",
"4": "Norwegian director Roar Uthaug came on board in November 2015 , and Alicia Vikander was announced as the new Lara Croft in April 2016 . Deadline Hollywood had previously reported that Daisy Ridley was considered for the role , though she later stated in an interview that it was just a `` crazy rumor . '' Walton Goggins was announced to play the villain in December 2016 , and much of the rest of the cast was revealed in early 2017 . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on January 23 , 2017 in Cape Town , South Africa , and ended on June 9 , 2017 at Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden . Wilton House near Salisbury in Wiltshire was the location for exterior shots for Croft Manor . The waterfall sequence involving the plane was filmed at a waterpark at Lee Valley , outside of London , at a venue that had been built for the 2012 Summer Olympics , and was combined with footage filmed in South Africa . Release ( edit ) Tomb Raider premiered on March 2 , 2018 in Berlin , Germany , at an exclusive preview with invited guests and cosplaying fans . It was released in the United States on March 16 , 2018 , by Warner Bros. Pictures , days after the fifth anniversary of the franchise 's video game reboot . The film received an IMAX 3D and a RealD 3D release . Outside the US , the film was released in most territories between March 8 -- 16 , 2018 , in Japan on March 21 , 2018 , and in Poland on April 6 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of April 23 , 2018 , Tomb Raider has grossed $56.7 million in the United States and Canada , and $213.9 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $270 million . In order to break even , the film needs to gross at least $275 million worldwide . In the United States and Canada , Tomb Raider was released alongside Love , Simon and I Can Only Imagine , and was projected to gross $23 -- 29 million from 3,854 theaters in its opening weekend .",
"5": "The film made $9.1 million on its first day ( including $2.1 million from Thursday night previews ) . It went on to open to $23.5 million , finishing second at the box office , behind Black Panther ( $27 million in its fifth week ) . It fell 55 % to $10.6 million in its second weekend , finishing 5th at the box office . It grossed $4.9 million in its third weekend , falling 51 % and finishing seventh . Internationally , the film opened in nine Asian countries a week prior to its United States debut . It made $14.2 million over the weekend , with Korea 's $2.9 million being the biggest market . The film opened in China on March 16 , 2018 , and made $12.3 million the first day . It was the fifth - highest grossing day for a Warner Bros. film , opening 6 % higher than Wonder Woman , and went on to debut to $41 million . As of April 23 , 2018 , the film 's largest markets were China ( $79.2 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $10.8 million ) , France ( $10.3 million ) , and the Russian Commonwealth ( $7.5 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 49 % , based on 237 reviews , and an average rating of 5.4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Tomb Raider reboots the franchise with a more grounded approach and a star who 's clearly more than up to the task -- neither of which are well served by an uninspired origin story . '' At the time of its release , it was the best - reviewed live action video game film in the history of the site , before being surpassed by Rampage a month later . On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100 , based on 53 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score earned by the 2001 film ; PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 70 % positive score .",
"6": "Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 2 out of 4 stars and said , `` The Lara Croft reboot Tomb Raider is n't half bad for an hour . Then there 's another hour . That hour is quite bad . It 's no fun watching your action heroine get shoved , punched and kicked to the sidelines of her own movie , while the menfolk take over and take turns overacting before expiring . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a mixed review , criticizing the story but praising Vikander , and writing , `` When all the one - dimensional supporting characters and familiar action moves fall by the wayside , the one thing left standing is Vikander ... The film strains credulity even for a vid - game fantasy by letting the leading lady recover awfully quickly from bad injuries , but other than that Vikander commands attention and is the element here that makes Tomb Raider sort of watchable . '' Matt Bobkin of Exclaim ! gave the film a 5 out of 10 score , writing `` Tomb Raider is at its best when delivering mindless action , but do n't bother trying to glean any sort of deeper , subversive meaning . '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety praised the film , saying that `` The exciting surprise of the new Tomb Raider , directed by the Norwegian genre specialist Roar Uthaug , is that it does n't tamp down Vikander 's inner flame , or the three - dimensionality of her talent ; it does n't fold and insert her into an overly gymnastic and CGI - happy thrill ride . The movie is full of vine - swinging , bow - and - arrow - shooting , ancient - spirit - meeting action , but most of it is staged on a convincing human scale , one that 's been expertly tailored to its star 's understated directness . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , and said , `` this is a beautifully crafted and unpretentious piece of action cinema , with a number of sequences that are as gorgeous as they are thrilling , and a female hero who 's as elegant as she is deadly : an ass - kicking Audrey Hepburn . ''",
"7": "Future ( edit ) Producer Adrian Askarieh told IGN in an interview that he may oversee a film universe with Just Cause , Hitman , Tomb Raider , Deus Ex , and Thief . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film Releases '' . Variety Insight . Variety Media . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fabian , Daniel ( March 3 , 2018 ) . `` '' Tomb Raider `` : Das war die exklusive Preview mit Alicia Vikander '' . DVD-Forum.at ( in German ) . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` TOMB RAIDER - Premierenclip Deutsch HD German ( 2018 ) '' . Warner Bros. DE . YouTube . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TOMB RAIDER ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised For $460 M+ Profit ; Faith - Based ' I Can Only Imagine ' Surprises With $15 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilkenny , Katie ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) : Full Cast & Crew '' . IMDb . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ `` ' The Departed ' & ' The Town ' Producer Plans ' Tomb Raider ' Reboot For 2013 '' . The Film Stage . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' Reboot Finds Director ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Alicia Vikander to Star as Lara Croft in ' Tomb Raider ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Is ' Star Wars ' Daisy Ridley Being Eyed As Lara Croft In ' Tomb Raider ' Reboot ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 73 Questions With Daisy Ridley '' . Vogue . YouTube . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' Reboot Casts Walton Goggins as Villain Opposite Alicia Vikander ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Connor ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tomb Raider reboot movie is like Raiders of the Lost Ark according to bad guy actor Walton Goggins '' . GamesRadar+ . Future Publishing . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' : Walton Goggins on His `` Confused '' , `` Angry '' , and `` Desperate '' Villain `` . Collider . Future Media . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' Reboot Adds ' Into the Badlands ' Star Daniel Wu ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety .",
"9": "Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` Dominic West Joins Alicia Vikander in ' Tomb Raider ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Hannah John - Kamen Joins ' Tomb Raider ' Cast ; Andre Royo Steps Into Amazon 's ' Beautiful Boy ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` New Tomb Raider Movie Filming Has Begun ! '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tomb Raider Reboot Begins Shooting in January 2017 '' . MovieWeb . Watchr Media . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Myles , Sarah ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tomb Raider Movie Is About To Head Into Production '' . We Got This Covered . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` New Tomb Raider Movie Wraps Production '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) : Filming & Production '' . IMDb . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Failes , Ian ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` TOMB RAIDER : Transforming the Waterfall Scene with Frame - By - Frame VFX '' . VFX Voice . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Alicia Vikander 's ' Tomb Raider ' Gets 2018 Release Date '' . Variety . Penske Business Media .",
"10": "Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CS ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` IMAX and Warner Bros. Extend Deal to Include 12 More Films '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Fuster ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Will ' Tomb Raider ' Be the Movie to Finally Knock ' Black Panther ' From Box Office Perch ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Break Even At The Global B.O. ? ; ' Black Panther ' Sets Marvel Record -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros. Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Tops $500 M Overseas , $1 B WW With $67 M China Bow ; ' Tomb Raider ' Kicks Off -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2018 ) .",
"11": "`` ' Tomb Raider ' Opens with $12.3 Million on first day in China '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 46 Video Game Movies Ranked by Tomatometer '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raider Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' review : Alicia Vikander is a craftier Croft but vanishes in second half of movie '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bobkin , Matt ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider review '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Tomb Raider ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zoller Seitz , Matt ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Tomb Raider Movie Review and Summary '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Just Cause Movie Will Take Cues from Just Cause 3 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 .",
"12": "External links ( edit ) Official website Tomb Raider on IMDb Tomb Raider at Rotten Tomatoes Tomb Raider Lara Croft Video games Main titles First series Tomb Raider ( 1996 ) II III The Last Revelation Chronicles The Angel of Darkness Second series Legend Anniversary Underworld Third series Tomb Raider ( 2013 ) Rise of the Tomb Raider Spin - offs Handheld series Tomb Raider ( GBC ) Curse of the Sword The Prophecy Lara Croft series Guardian of Light Temple of Osiris Relic Run Go Films Lara Croft : Tomb Raider Lara Croft : Tomb Raider -- The Cradle of Life Tomb Raider Other media Revisioned : Tomb Raider Tomb Raider ( comic ) Tomb Raider Collectible Card Game Corporate Square Enix Square Enix Europe Crystal Dynamics Eidos Montréal Square Enix Montreal Core Design Related List of media Toby Gard Book Films directed by Roar Uthaug Cold Prey ( 2006 ) Magic Silver ( 2009 ) Escape ( 2012 ) The Wave ( 2015 ) Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomb_Raider_(film)&oldid=838487817 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2010s adventure films 2018 3D films British films British 3D films American films American 3D films British action thriller films British coming - of - age films American action thriller films American action adventure films American coming - of - age films Films directed by Roar Uthaug Films scored by Junkie XL Films set in London Films set in Hong Kong Films set in Japan Films set on islands Films set on oceans Films shot in London Films shot in England Films shot in South Africa IMAX films Live - action films based on video games Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Reboot films Tomb Raider films Works based on Square Enix video games Warner Bros.",
"13": "films Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 10 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
3,
8,
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0,
4,
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1,
7,
11,
5,
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2,
13
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[
3,
8,
9,
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4
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-2308595657305132985
|
where does the song 10 green bottles come from
|
[
"United Kingdom"
] |
{
"0": "Ten green bottles - Wikipedia Ten green bottles Jump to : navigation , search For the Vivian Jeanette Kaplan novel , see Ten Green Bottles ( book ) . Green bottles on a wall . `` Ten Green Bottles '' is a song that is popular in the United Kingdom . In essence , the song is a single verse repeated , each time with one bottle fewer : Ten green bottles hanging on the wall Ten green bottles hanging on the wall And if one green bottle should accidentally fall , There 'll be nine green bottles hanging on the wall . This pattern continues until the number of bottles reaches zero : One green bottle hanging on the wall , One green bottle hanging on the wall , And if that green bottle should accidentally fall , There 'll be no more bottles hanging on the wall . The word `` standing '' or `` sitting '' is sometimes substituted for `` hanging '' . Various other versions of the lyrics exist , many of them vulgar or satirical . See also ( edit ) 99 Bottles of Beer Ten German Bombers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Counting songs : Ten green bottles '' . Schools Raio : Audio resources for primary schools . BBC . 2015 . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten Green Bottles '' . Kididdles . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . This song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ten_Green_Bottles&oldid=802524474 '' Categories : Children 's songs British culture Fictional objects Song stubs Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 18 : 23 . About Wikipedia",
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[
0
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2393638031430483272
|
what was the first kind of vertebrate to exist on earth
|
[
"Myllokunmingia",
"believed to be the Myllokunmingia",
"the Myllokunmingia",
"Myllokunmingia",
"the Myllokunmingia"
] |
{
"0": "Vertebrate - wikipedia Vertebrate Jump to : navigation , search Vertebrate Temporal range : Cambrian -- Present , 520 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є O Pg Individual organisms from each major vertebrate group . Clockwise , starting from top left : Fire salamander ( Amphibia ) , saltwater crocodile ( Reptilia ) , southern cassowary ( Aves ) , black - and - rufous giant elephant shrew ( Mammalia ) , ocean sunfish ( Osteichthyes ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Clade : Craniata Subphylum : Vertebrata J-B . Lamarck , 1801 Simplified grouping ( see text ) Fishes ( cladistically including the Tetrapods ) Synonyms Ossea Batsch , 1788 Vertebrates / ˈvɜːrtɪbrɪts / comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata / - eɪ / ( chordates with backbones ) . Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata , with currently about 66,000 species described . Vertebrates include the jawless fish and the jawed vertebrates , which include the cartilaginous fish ( sharks , rays , and ratfish ) and the bony fish . A bony fish clade known as the lobe - finned fishes is included with tetrapods , which are further divided into amphibians , reptiles , mammals , and birds . Extant vertebrates range in size from the frog species Paedophryne amauensis , at as little as 7.7 mm ( 0.30 in ) , to the blue whale , at up to 33 m ( 108 ft ) . Vertebrates make up less than five percent of all described animal species ; the rest are invertebrates , which lack vertebral columns . The vertebrates traditionally include the hagfish , which do not have proper vertebrae due to their loss in evolution , though their closest living relatives , the lampreys , do . Hagfish do , however , possess a cranium .",
"1": "For this reason , the vertebrate subphylum is sometimes referred to as `` Craniata '' when discussing morphology . Molecular analysis since 1992 has suggested that hagfish are most closely related to lampreys , and so also are vertebrates in a monophyletic sense . Others consider them a sister group of vertebrates in the common taxon of craniata . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Anatomy and morphology 2.1 Vertebral column 2.2 Gills 2.3 Central nervous system 3 Evolutionary history 3.1 First vertebrates 3.2 From fish to amphibians 3.3 Mesozoic vertebrates 3.4 After the Mesozoic 4 Classification 4.1 Traditional classification 4.2 Phylogenetic relationships 5 Number of extant species 5.1 Vertebrate species databases 6 Reproductive systems 6.1 Inbreeding 6.1. 1 Inbreeding avoidance 6.2 Outcrossing 6.3 Parthenogenesis 6.4 Self - fertilization 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word origin of vertebrate derives from the Latin word vertebratus ( Pliny ) , meaning joint of the spine . The Proto - Indo - European language origins are still unclear . Vertebrate is derived from the word vertebra , which refers to any of the bones or segments of the spinal column . Anatomy and morphology ( edit ) See also : Vertebrate anatomy All vertebrates are built along the basic chordate body plan : a stiff rod running through the length of the animal ( vertebral column and / or notochord ) , with a hollow tube of nervous tissue ( the spinal cord ) above it and the gastrointestinal tract below . In all vertebrates , the mouth is found at , or right below , the anterior end of the animal , while the anus opens to the exterior before the end of the body . The remaining part of the body continuing after the anus forms a tail with vertebrae and spinal cord , but no gut .",
"2": "Vertebral column ( edit ) The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is the vertebral column , in which the notochord ( a stiff rod of uniform composition ) found in all chordates has been replaced by a segmented series of stiffer elements ( vertebrae ) separated by mobile joints ( intervertebral discs , derived embryonically and evolutionarily from the notochord ) . However , a few vertebrates have secondarily lost this anatomy , retaining the notochord into adulthood , such as the sturgeon and coelacanth . Jawed vertebrates are typified by paired appendages ( fins or legs , which may be secondarily lost ) , but this trait is not required in order for an animal to be a vertebrate . Fossilized skeleton of Diplodocus carnegii , showing an extreme example of the backbone that characterizes the vertebrates . Gills ( edit ) Gill arches bearing gills in a pike All basal vertebrates breathe with gills . The gills are carried right behind the head , bordering the posterior margins of a series of openings from the pharynx to the exterior . Each gill is supported by a cartilagenous or bony gill arch . The bony fish have three pairs of arches , cartilaginous fish have five to seven pairs , while the primitive jawless fish have seven . The vertebrate ancestor no doubt had more arches than this , as some of their chordate relatives have more than 50 pairs of gills . In amphibians and some primitive bony fishes , the larvae bear external gills , branching off from the gill arches . These are reduced in adulthood , their function taken over by the gills proper in fishes and by lungs in most amphibians . Some amphibians retain the external larval gills in adulthood , the complex internal gill system as seen in fish apparently being irrevocably lost very early in the evolution of tetrapods . While the more derived vertebrates lack gills , the gill arches form during fetal development , and form the basis of essential structures such as jaws , the thyroid gland , the larynx , the columella ( corresponding to the stapes in mammals ) and , in mammals , the malleus and incus .",
"3": "Central nervous system ( edit ) The central nervous system of vertebrates is based on a hollow nerve cord running along the length of the animal . Of particular importance and unique to vertebrates is the presence of neural crest cells . These are progenitors of stem cells , and critical to coordinating the functions of cellular components . Neural crest cells migrate through the body from the nerve cord during development , and initiate the formation of neural ganglia and structures such as the jaws and skull . The vertebrates are the only chordate group to exhibit cephalisation , the concentration of brain functions in the head . A slight swelling of the anterior end of the nerve cord is found in the lancelet , a chordate , though it lacks the eyes and other complex sense organs comparable to those of vertebrates . Other chordates do not show any trends towards cephalisation . A peripheral nervous system branches out from the nerve cord to innervate the various systems . The front end of the nerve tube is expanded by a thickening of the walls and expansion of the central canal of spinal cord into three primary brain vesicles : The prosencephalon ( forebrain ) , mesencephalon ( midbrain ) and rhombencephalon ( hindbrain ) , further differentiated in the various vertebrate groups . Two laterally placed eyes form around outgrowths from the midbrain , except in hagfish , though this may be a secondary loss . The forebrain is well developed and subdivided in most tetrapods , while the midbrain dominates in many fish and some salamanders . Vesicles of the forebrain are usually paired , giving rise to hemispheres like the cerebral hemispheres in mammals . The resulting anatomy of the central nervous system , with a single hollow nerve cord topped by a series of ( often paired ) vesicles , is unique to vertebrates . All invertebrates with well - developed brains , such as insects , spiders and squids , have a ventral rather than dorsal system of ganglions , with a split brain stem running on each side of the mouth or gut .",
"4": "Evolutionary history ( edit ) See also : Evolution of fish and Evolution of tetrapods First vertebrates ( edit ) The early vertebrate Haikouichthys Vertebrates originated about 525 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion , which saw the rise in organism diversity . The earliest known vertebrate is believed to be the Myllokunmingia . Another early vertebrate is Haikouichthys ercaicunensis . Unlike the other fauna that dominated the Cambrian , these groups had the basic vertebrate body plan : a notochord , rudimentary vertebrae , and a well - defined head and tail . All of these early vertebrates lacked jaws in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to the seabed . A vertebrate group of uncertain phylogeny , small - eel - like conodonts , are known from microfossils of their paired tooth segments from the late Cambrian to the end of the Triassic . From fish to amphibians ( edit ) Acanthostega , a fish - like early labyrinthodont . The first jawed vertebrates appeared in the latest Ordovician and became common in the Devonian , often known as the `` Age of Fishes '' . The two groups of bony fishes , the actinopterygii and sarcopterygii , evolved and became common . The Devonian also saw the demise of virtually all jawless fishes , save for lampreys and hagfish , as well as the Placodermi , a group of armoured fish that dominated the entirety of that period since the late Silurian . The Devonian also saw the rise of the first labyrinthodonts , which was a transitional form between fishes and amphibians . Mesozoic vertebrates ( edit ) Amniotes branched from labyrinthodonts in the subsequent Carboniferous period . The Parareptilia and synapsid amniotes were common during the late Paleozoic , while diapsids became dominant during the Mesozoic . In the sea , the bony fishes became dominant ; the birds , a derived form of dinosaurs , evolved in the Jurassic .",
"5": "The demise of the non-avian dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous allowed for the expansion of mammals , which had evolved from the therapsids , a group of synapsid amniotes , during the late Triassic Period . After the Mesozoic ( edit ) The Cenozoic world has seen great diversification of bony fishes , frogs , birds and mammals . Over half of all living vertebrate species ( about 32,000 species ) are fish ( non-tetrapod craniates ) , a diverse set of lineages that inhabit all the world 's aquatic ecosystems , from snow minnows ( Cypriniformes ) in Himalayan lakes at elevations over 4,600 metres ( 15,100 feet ) to flatfishes ( order Pleuronectiformes ) in the Challenger Deep , the deepest ocean trench at about 11,000 metres ( 36,000 feet ) . Fishes of myriad varieties are the main predators in most of the world 's water bodies , both freshwater and marine . The rest of the vertebrate species are tetrapods , a single lineage that includes amphibians ( with roughly 7,000 species ) ; mammals ( with approximately 5,500 species ) ; and reptiles and birds ( with about 20,000 species divided evenly between the two classes ) . Tetrapods comprise the dominant megafauna of most terrestrial environments and also include many partially or fully aquatic groups ( e.g. , sea snakes , penguins , cetaceans ) . Classification ( edit ) There are several ways of classifying animals . Evolutionary systematics relies on anatomy , physiology and evolutionary history , which is determined through similarities in anatomy and , if possible , the genetics of organisms . Phylogenetic classification is based solely on phylogeny . Evolutionary systematics gives an overview ; phylogenetic systematics gives detail . The two systems are thus complementary rather than opposed . Traditional classification ( edit ) Traditional spindle diagram of the evolution of the vertebrates at class level Conventional classification has living vertebrates grouped into seven classes based on traditional interpretations of gross anatomical and physiological traits . This classification is the one most commonly encountered in school textbooks , overviews , non-specialist , and popular works .",
"6": "The extant vertebrates are : Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha ( jawless fishes ) Class Chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fishes ) Class Osteichthyes ( bony fishes ) Class Amphibia ( amphibians ) Class Reptilia ( reptiles ) Class Aves ( birds ) Class Mammalia ( mammals ) In addition to these , there are two classes of extinct armoured fishes , the Placodermi and the Acanthodii . Other ways of classifying the vertebrates have been devised , particularly with emphasis on the phylogeny of early amphibians and reptiles . An example based on Janvier ( 1981 , 1997 ) , Shu et al. ( 2003 ) , and Benton ( 2004 ) is given here : Subphylum Vertebrata Palaeospondylus Superclass Agnatha or Cephalaspidomorphi ( lampreys and other jawless fishes ) Infraphylum Gnathostomata ( vertebrates with jaws ) Class † Placodermi ( extinct armoured fishes ) Class Chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fishes ) Class † Acanthodii ( extinct spiny `` sharks '' ) Superclass Osteichthyes ( bony vertebrates ) Class Actinopterygii ( ray - finned bony fishes ) Class Sarcopterygii ( lobe - finned fishes , including the tetrapods ) Class Amphibia ( amphibians , some ancestral to the amniotes ) - now a paraphyletic group Class Synapsida ( mammals and the extinct mammal - like reptiles ) Class Sauropsida ( reptiles and birds ) While this traditional classification is orderly , most of the groups are paraphyletic , i.e. do not contain all descendants of the class 's common ancestor . For instance , descendants of the first reptiles include modern reptiles , as well as mammals and birds . Most of the classes listed are not `` complete '' ( and are therefore paraphyletic ) taxa , meaning they do not include all the descendants of the first representative of the group .",
"7": "For example , the agnathans have given rise to the jawed vertebrates ; the bony fishes have given rise to the land vertebrates ; the traditional `` amphibians '' have given rise to the reptiles ( traditionally including the synapsids , or mammal - like `` reptiles '' ) , which in turn have given rise to the mammals and birds . Most scientists working with vertebrates use a classification based purely on phylogeny , organized by their known evolutionary history and sometimes disregarding the conventional interpretations of their anatomy and physiology . Phylogenetic relationships ( edit ) In phylogenetic taxonomy , the relationships between animals are not typically divided into ranks , but illustrated as a nested `` family tree '' known as a cladogram . Phylogenetic groups are given definitions based on their relationship to one another , rather than purely on physical traits , such as the presence of a backbone . This nesting pattern is often combined with traditional taxonomy ( as above ) , in a practice known as evolutionary taxonomy . The cladogram presented below is based on studies compiled by Philippe Janvier and others for the Tree of Life Web Project . Vertebrata Hyperoartia ( lampreys ) ? † Euconodonta unnamed † Pteraspidomorphi ? † Thelodonti unnamed ? † Anaspida unnamed † Galeaspida unnamed ? † Pituriaspida † Osteostraci Gnathostomata † Placodermi ( armoured fishes ) unnamed Acanthodians , incl . Chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fishes ) Euteleostomi Actinopterygii ( ray - finned fishes ) Sarcopterygii ( lobe - finned fish ) ? † Onychodontiformes Actinistia ( coelacanths ) unnamed † Porolepiformes Dipnoi ( lungfishes ) unnamed † Rhizodontimorpha † Tristichopteridae Tetrapoda Number of extant species ( edit ) The number of described vertebrate species are split evenly between tetrapods and fish .",
"8": "The following table lists the number of described extant species for each vertebrate class as estimated in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species , 2014.3 . Vertebrate groups Image Class Estimated number of described species Group totals Anamniote lack amniotic membrane so need to reproduce in water Jawless Fish Myxini ( hagfish ) 32,900 Hyperoartia ( lamprey ) Jawed cartilaginous fish ray - finned fish lobe - finned fish Tetrapods amphibians 7,302 33,278 Amniote have amniotic membrane adapted to reproducing on land reptiles 10,711 birds 10,425 mammals 5,513 Total described species 66,178 The IUCN estimates that 1,305,075 extant invertebrate species have been described , which means that less than 5 % of the described animal species in the world are vertebrates . Vertebrate species databases ( edit ) The following databases maintain ( more or less ) up - to - date lists of vertebrate species : Fish : Fishbase Amphibians : Amphibiaweb Reptiles : Reptile Database Birds : Avibase Mammals : Mammal species of the World Reproductive systems ( edit ) Nearly all vertebrates undergo sexual reproduction . They produce haploid gametes by meiosis . The smaller , motile gametes are spermatozoa and the larger , non-motile gametes are ova . These fuse by the process of fertilisation to form diploid zygotes , which develop into new individuals . Inbreeding ( edit ) During sexual reproduction , mating with a close relative ( inbreeding ) often leads to inbreeding depression . Inbreeding depression is considered to be largely due to expression of deleterious recessive mutations . The effects of inbreeding have been studied in many vertebrate species . In several species of fish , inbreeding was found to decrease reproductive success . Inbreeding was observed to increase juvenile mortality in 11 small animal species . A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives ( e.g.",
"9": "between half - and full siblings ) . This practice generally has a negative effect on measures of reproductive success , including decreased litter size and puppy survival . Incestuous matings in birds result in severe fitness costs due to inbreeding depression ( e.g. reduction in hatchability of eggs and reduced progeny survival ) . Inbreeding avoidance ( edit ) As a result of the negative fitness consequences of inbreeding , vertebrate species have evolved mechanisms to avoid inbreeding . Numerous inbreeding avoidance mechanisms operating prior to mating have been described . Toads and many other amphibians display breeding site fidelity . Individuals that return to natal ponds to breed will likely encounter siblings as potential mates . Although incest is possible , Bufo americanus siblings rarely mate . These toads likely recognize and actively avoid close kins as mates . Advertisement vocalizations by males appear to serve as cues by which females recognize their kin . Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms can also operate subsequent to copulation . In guppies , a post-copulatory mechanism of inbreeding avoidance occurs based on competition between sperm of rival males for achieving fertilization . In competitions between sperm from an unrelated male and from a full sibling male , a significant bias in paternity towards the unrelated male was observed . When female sand lizards mate with two or more males , sperm competition within the female 's reproductive tract may occur . Active selection of sperm by females appears to occur in a manner that enhances female fitness . On the basis of this selective process , the sperm of males that are more distantly related to the female are preferentially used for fertilization , rather than the sperm of close relatives . This preference may enhance the fitness of progeny by reducing inbreeding depression . Outcrossing ( edit ) Mating with unrelated or distantly related members of the same species is generally thought to provide the advantage of masking deleterious recessive mutations in progeny ( and see Heterosis ) . Vertebrates have evolved numerous diverse mechanisms for avoiding close inbreeding and promoting outcrossing ( and see Inbreeding avoidance ) . Outcrossing as a way of avoiding inbreeding depression , has been especially well studied in birds . For instance , inbreeding depression occurs in the great tit when the offspring are produced as a result of a mating between close relatives .",
"10": "In natural populations of the great tit ( Parus major ) , inbreeding is avoided by dispersal of individuals from their birthplace , which reduces the chance of mating with a close relative . The purple - crowned fairywren females paired with related males may undertake extra-pair matings that can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding . However , there are ecological and demographic constraints on extra pair matings . Nevertheless , 46 % of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra-pair young . Southern pied babblers ( Turdoides bicolor ) appear to avoid inbreeding in two ways . The first is through dispersal , and the second is by avoiding familiar group members as mates . Although both males and females disperse locally , they move outside the range where genetically related individuals are likely to be encountered . Within their group , individuals only acquire breeding positions when the opposite - sex breeder is unrelated . Cooperative breeding in birds typically occurs when offspring , usually males , delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin . Female offspring rarely stay at home , dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently , or to join unrelated groups . Parthenogenesis ( edit ) Parthenogenesis is a natural form of reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization . Reproduction in squamate reptiles is ordinarily sexual , with males having a ZZ pair of sex determining chromosomes , and females a ZW pair . However , various species , including the Colombian Rainbow boa ( Epicrates maurus ) , Agkistrodon contortrix ( copperhead snake ) and Agkistrodon piscivorus ( cotton mouth snake ) can also reproduce by facultative parthenogenesis - that is , they are capable of switching from a sexual mode of reproduction to an asexual mode - resulting in production of WW female progeny . The WW females are likely produced by terminal automixis . Mole salamanders are an ancient ( 2.4 - 3.8 million year - old ) unisexual vertebrate lineage . In the polyploid unisexual mole salamander females , a premeiotic endomitotic event doubles the number of chromosomes .",
"11": "As a result , the mature eggs produced subsequent to the two meiotic divisions have the same ploidy as the somatic cells of the female salamander . Synapsis and recombination during meiotic prophase I in these unisexual females is thought to ordinarily occur between identical sister chromosomes and occasionally between homologous chromosomes . Thus little , if any , genetic variation is produced . Recombination between homeologous chromosomes occurs only rarely , if at all . Since production of genetic variation is weak , at best , it is unlikely to provide a benefit sufficient to account for the long - term maintenance of meiosis in these organisms . However , meiosis may have been maintained during evolution by the efficient recombinational repair of DNA damages that meiosis provides , an advantage that could be realized at each generation . Self - fertilization ( edit ) The mangrove killifish ( Kryptolebias marmoratus ) produces both eggs and sperm by meiosis and routinely reproduces by self - fertilisation . The capacity for selfing in these fishes has apparently persisted for at least several hundred thousand years . Each individual hermaphrodite normally fertilizes itself when an egg and sperm that it has produced by an internal organ unite inside the fish 's body . In nature , this mode of reproduction can yield highly homozygous lines composed of individuals so genetically uniform as to be , in effect , identical to one another . Although inbreeding , especially in the extreme form of self - fertilization , is ordinarily regarded as detrimental because it leads to expression of deleterious recessive alleles , self - fertilization does provide the benefit of fertilization assurance ( reproductive assurance ) at each generation . See also ( edit ) Marine vertebrate Skeletal system of the horse References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Shu ; et al. ( 4 November 1999 ) . `` Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China '' . Nature . 402 ( 6757 ) : 42 -- 46 . Bibcode : 1999Natur. 402 ... 42S . doi : 10.1038 / 46965 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Kevin J. ; Cotton , James A. ; Gehling , James G. ; Pisani , Davide ( 27 April 2008 ) .",
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"17": "Jump up ^ Bickley , L.K. ; Brown , A.R. ; Hosken , D.J. ; Hamilton , P.B. ; Le Page , G. ; Paull , G.C. ; Owen , S.F. ; Tyler , C.R. ( February 2013 ) . `` Interactive effects of inbreeding and endocrine disruption on reproduction in a model laboratory fish '' . Evol Appl. 6 ( 2 ) : 279 -- 289 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1752 - 4571.2012. 00288. x . PMC 3689353 . PMID 23798977 . Jump up ^ Ralls , K. ; Ballou , J. ( 1982 ) . `` Effect of inbreeding on juvenile mortality in some small mammal species '' . Lab . Anim. 16 ( 2 ) : 159 -- 66 . doi : 10.1258 / 002367782781110151 . PMID 7043080 . Jump up ^ Leroy , G. ( August 2011 ) . `` Genetic diversity , inbreeding and breeding practices in dogs : results from pedigree analyses '' . Vet. J. 189 ( 2 ) : 177 -- 182 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tvjl. 2011.06. 016 . PMID 21737321 . Jump up ^ van der Beek , S. ; Nielen , A.L. ; Schukken , Y.H. ; Brascamp , E.W. ( 1999 ) . `` Evaluation of genetic , common - litter , and within - litter effects on preweaning mortality in a birth cohort of puppies '' . Am. J. Vet . Res. 60 ( 9 ) : 1106 -- 10 . PMID 10490080 . Jump up ^ Gresky , C. ; Hamann , H. ; Distl , O. ( 2005 ) . `` ( Influence of inbreeding on litter size and the proportion of stillborn puppies in dachshunds ) '' . Berl . Munch . Tierarztl .",
"18": "Wochenschr. ( in German ) . 118 ( 3 - 4 ) : 134 -- 9 . PMID 15803761 . Jump up ^ Leroy , G. ; Phocas , F. ; Hedan , B. ; Verrier , E. ; Rognon , X . ( 2015 ) . `` Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected canine breeds '' . Vet. J. 203 ( 1 ) : 74 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tvjl. 2014.11. 008 . PMID 25475165 . Jump up ^ Keller , L.F. ; Grant , P.R. ; Grant , B.R. ; Petren , K. ( 2002 ) . `` Environmental conditions affect the magnitude of inbreeding depression in survival of Darwin 's finches '' . Evolution. 56 ( 6 ) : 1229 -- 39 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0014 - 3820.2002. tb01434. x . PMID 12144022 . Jump up ^ Hemmings , N.L. ; Slate , J. ; Birkhead , T.R. ( 2012 ) . `` Inbreeding causes early death in a passerine bird '' . Nat Commun. 3 : 863 . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms1870 . PMID 22643890 . ^ Jump up to : Kingma , S.A. ; Hall , M.L. ; Peters , A. ( 2013 ) . `` Breeding synchronization facilitates extrapair mating for inbreeding avoidance '' . Behavioral Ecology. 24 ( 6 ) : 1390 -- 1397 . doi : 10.1093 / beheco / art078 . ^ Jump up to : Waldman , B. ; Rice , J.E. ; Honeycutt , R.L. ( 1992 ) . `` Kin recognition and incest avoidance in toads '' . Am. Zool. 32 : 18 -- 30 .",
"19": "doi : 10.1093 / icb / 32.1. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzpatrick , J.L. ; Evans , J.P. ( 2014 ) . `` Postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance in guppies '' . J. Evol. Biol. 27 ( 12 ) : 2585 -- 94 . doi : 10.1111 / jeb. 12545 . PMID 25387854 . ^ Jump up to : Olsson , M. ; Shine , R. ; Madsen , T. ; Gullberg , A. Tegelström H ( 1997 ) . `` Sperm choice by females '' . Trends Ecol . Evol. 12 ( 11 ) : 445 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / s0169 - 5347 ( 97 ) 85751 - 5 . PMID 21238151 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , H. ; Byerly , H.C. ; Hopf , F.A. ; Michod , R.E. ( 1985 ) . `` Genetic damage , mutation , and the evolution of sex '' . Science . 229 ( 4719 ) : 1277 -- 81 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 3898363 . PMID 3898363 . Jump up ^ Pusey , A. ; Wolf , M. ( 1996 ) . `` Inbreeding avoidance in animals '' . Trends Ecol . Evol. 11 ( 5 ) : 201 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / 0169 - 5347 ( 96 ) 10028 - 8 . PMID 21237809 . Jump up ^ Szulkin , M. ; Sheldon , B.C. ( 2008 ) . `` Dispersal as a means of inbreeding avoidance in a wild bird population '' . Proc. Biol. Sci. 275 ( 1635 ) : 703 -- 11 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2007.0989 . PMC 2596843 .",
"20": "PMID 18211876 . Jump up ^ Nelson - Flower , M.J. ; Hockey , P.A. ; O'Ryan , C. ; Ridley , A.R. ( 2012 ) . `` Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms : dispersal dynamics in cooperatively breeding southern pied babblers '' . J Anim Ecol. 81 ( 4 ) : 876 -- 83 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2656.2012. 01983. x . PMID 22471769 . Jump up ^ Riehl , C. ; Stern , C.A. ( 2015 ) . `` How cooperatively breeding birds identify relatives and avoid incest : New insights into dispersal and kin recognition '' . BioEssays. 37 ( 12 ) : 1303 -- 8 . doi : 10.1002 / bies. 201500120 . PMID 26577076 . Jump up ^ Booth , W. ; Smith , C.F. ; Eskridge , P.H. ; Hoss , S.K. ; Mendelson , J.R. ; Schuett , G.W. ( 2012 ) . `` Facultative parthenogenesis discovered in wild vertebrates '' . Biol. Lett. 8 ( 6 ) : 983 -- 5 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2012.0666 . PMC 3497136 . PMID 22977071 . Jump up ^ Booth , W. ; Million , L. ; Reynolds , R.G. ; Burghardt , G.M. ; Vargo , E.L. ; Schal , C. ; Tzika , A.C. ; Schuett , G.W. ( 2011 ) . `` Consecutive virgin births in the new world boid snake , the Colombian rainbow Boa , Epicrates maurus '' . J. Hered. 102 ( 6 ) : 759 -- 63 . doi : 10.1093 / jhered / esr080 . PMID 21868391 . Jump up ^ Bogart , J.P.",
"21": "; Bi , K. ; Fu , J. ; Noble , D.W. ; Niedzwiecki , J. ( February 2007 ) . `` Unisexual salamanders ( genus Ambystoma ) present a new reproductive mode for eukaryotes '' . Genome. 50 ( 2 ) : 119 -- 36 . doi : 10.1139 / g06 - 152 . PMID 17546077 . Jump up ^ Bi , K , ; Bogart , J.P. ( April 2010 ) . `` Probing the meiotic mechanism of intergenomic exchanges by genomic in situ hybridization on lampbrush chromosomes of unisexual Ambystoma ( Amphibia : Caudata ) '' . Chromosome Res. 18 ( 3 ) : 371 -- 82 . doi : 10.1007 / s10577 - 010 - 9121 - 3 . PMID 20358399 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bernstein , H. ; Bernstein , C. ; Michod , R.W. ( 2011 ) . Meiosis as an Evolutionary Adaptation for DNA Repair . Chapter 19 pages 357 - 382 in `` DNA Repair '' ( Inna Kruman editor ) . InTech Open Publisher . DOI : 10.5772 / 25117 ISBN 978 - 953 - 307 - 697 - 3 http://www.intechopen.com/books/dna-repair/meiosis-as-an-evolutionary-adaptation-for-dna-repair Jump up ^ Tatarenkov , A. ; Lima , S.M. ; Taylor , D.S. ; Avise , J.C. ( 25 August 2009 ) . `` Long - term retention of self - fertilization in a fish clade '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 ( 34 ) : 14456 -- 9 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0907852106 . PMC 2732792 . PMID 19706532 .",
"22": "Jump up ^ `` Gonadal morphology in the self - fertilizing mangrove killifish , Kryptolebias marmoratus '' . Ichthyological Research . 53 : 427 -- 430 . doi : 10.1007 / s10228 - 006 - 0362 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Avise , J.C. ; Tatarenkov , A. ( 13 November 2012 ) . `` Allard 's argument versus Baker 's contention for the adaptive significance of selfing in a hermaphroditic fish '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109 ( 46 ) : 18862 -- 7 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1217202109 . PMC 3503157 . PMID 23112206 . Jump up ^ Earley , R.L. ; Hanninen , A.F. ; Fuller , A. ; Garcia , M.J. ; Lee , E.A. ( 2012 ) . `` Phenotypic plasticity and integration in the mangrove rivulus ( Kryptolebias marmoratus ) : a prospectus '' . Integr . Comp. Biol. 52 ( 6 ) : 814 -- 27 . doi : 10.1093 / icb / ics118 . PMC 3501102 . PMID 22990587 . Bibliography ( edit ) Kardong , Kenneth V. ( 1998 ) . Vertebrates : Comparative Anatomy , Function , Evolution ( second ed . ) . USA : McGraw - Hill . pp. 747 pp. ISBN 0 - 697 - 28654 - 1 . `` Vertebrata '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 6 August 2007 .",
"23": "External links ( edit ) Wikispecies has information related to Vertebrata Tree of Life Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates Vertebrate Pests chapter in United States Environmental Protection Agency and University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences National Public Health Pesticide Applicator Training Manual The Vertebrates The Origin of Vertebrates Marc W. Kirschner , iBioSeminars , 2008 . Extant Animal phyla Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) n i m l i Porifera ( sponges ) Diploblasts ( Eumetazoa ) Ctenophora ( comb jellies ) ParaHoxozoa Placozoa ( Trichoplax ) Planulozoa Cnidaria ( jellyfish and relatives ) Bilateria ( Triploblasts ) ( see below ↓ ) ( hide ) Bilateria Xenacoelomorpha Xenoturbellida ( Xenoturbella ) Acoelomorpha acoels nemertodermatids p h r o z o Deuterostomia Chordata lancelets tunicates craniates / vertebrates Ambulacraria Echinodermata ( starfish and relatives )",
"24": "Hemichordata acorn worms pterobranchs r o o s o m i Ecdysozoa Scalidophora Kinorhyncha ( mud dragons ) Priapulida ( penis worms ) N + L + P Nematoida Nematoda ( roundworms ) Nematomorpha ( horsehair worms ) L + P Loricifera Panarthropoda Arthropoda ( arthropods ) Tardigrada ( waterbears ) Onychophora ( velvet worms ) p i r l i Gnathifera 1 Chaetognatha ( arrow worms ) Gnathostomulida ( jaw worms ) Micrognathozoa ( Limnognathia ) Syndermata Rotifera Acanthocephala Platytrochozoa R + M Mesozoa Orthonectida Dicyemida or Rhombozoa Rouphozoa 1 Platyhelminthes ( flatworms ) Gastrotricha ( hairybacks ) Lophotrochozoa Cycliophora ( Symbion ) Mollusca ( molluscs ) A + N Annelida ( ringed worms ) Nemertea ( ribbon worms ) Lophophorata Bryozoa Entoprocta or Kamptozoa Ectoprocta ( moss animals",
"25": ") Brachiozoa Brachiopoda ( lamp shells ) Phoronida ( horseshoe worms ) Major groups within phyla Sponges Calcareous Hexactinellid Demosponge Homoscleromorpha Cnidarians Anthozoa inc . corals Medusozoa inc . jellyfish Myxozoa Vertebrates Jawless fish Cartilaginous fish Bony fish Amphibians Reptiles / Birds Mammals Echinoderms Sea lilies Asterozoa inc . starfish Echinozoa Nematodes Chromadorea Enoplea Secernentea Arthropods Chelicerates / Arachnids Myriapods Crustaceans Hexapods / Insects Platyhelminths Turbellaria Trematoda Monogenea Cestoda Bryozoans Phylactolaemata Stenolaemata Gymnolaemata Annelids Polychaetes Clitellata Echiura Molluscs Gastropods Cephalopods Bivalves Chitons Tusk shells Phyla with ≥ 5000 extant species bolded See also Diploblasts Monoblastozoa ( nomen dubium ) 1 Platyzoa Extant chordate classes Kingdom Animalia ( unranked ) Bilateria Superphylum Deuterostomia Cephalochordata Leptocardii ( lancelets ) O l f o r s Urochordata ( tunicates ) Ascidiacea ( sea squirts ) Appendicularia ( larvaceans ) Thaliacea ( pyrosomes , salps ,",
"26": "doliolids ) Craniata ( Vertebrates + Myxini ) ( fish + Tetrapods ) Agnatha ( jawless fish ) Cyclostomata Myxini ( hagfish ) Hyperoartia ( lampreys ) Gnathostomata ( jawed vertebrates ) Chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fish : sharks , rays , chimaeras ) Osteichthyes ( bony fish ) Actinopterygii ( ray - finned fish ) Sarcopterygii ( lobe - finned fish ) Actinistia ( coelacanths ) 1 h i p i d i s i Dipnoi ( lungfish ) 1 r p o d Amphibia ( amphibians ) m n i o Synapsida Mammalia ( mammals ) Sauropsida ( withal Diapsida ) Lepidosauria Rhynchocephalia ( tuatara ) 2 Squamata ( scaled reptiles ) 2 Archelosauria Testudines ( turtles ) 2 3 Archosauria Crocodilia ( crocodilians ) 2 Aves ( birds ) 1subclasses of Sarcopterygii 2orders of class Reptilia ( reptiles ) 3traditionally placed in Anapsida italic are paraphyletic groups Animals portal Taxon identifiers Wd : Q25241 ADW : Vertebrata EoL : 2774383 EPPO : 1VERTQ Fauna Europaea : 16752 Fossilworks : 67149 IRMNG : 11905117 ITIS : 331030 NCBI : 7742 WoRMS : 146419 GND : 4066376 - 0 BNF : cb11974791b ( data ) NDL : 00570592 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&oldid=838203616 '' Categories : Vertebrates Terreneuvian first appearances Extant Cambrian first appearances Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de )",
"27": "CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from August 2013 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski",
"28": "Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch پنجابی پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча",
"29": "/ tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 115 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 15 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who played the original wonder woman on tv
|
[
"Lynda Carter",
"Lynda Carter",
"Lynda Carter",
"Lynda Carter",
"Lynda Carter"
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{
"0": "Wonder Woman ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Wonder Woman ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Wonder Woman First season title card Genre Science fantasy Action Adventure Based on Wonder Woman by William Moulton Marston Developed by Douglas S. Cramer Stanley Ralph Ross Starring Lynda Carter Lyle Waggoner Beatrice Colen ( season 1 ) Richard Eastham ( season 1 ) Norman Burton ( season 2 ) Saundra Sharp ( season 2 ) Theme music composer Charles Fox ( music ) Norman Gimbel ( lyrics ) Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 59 + movie pilot ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Douglas S. Cramer Wilford Lloyd Baumes Producer ( s ) Bruce Lansbury ( supervising producer , seasons 2 -- 3 ) Charles B. Fitzsimons Mark Rodgers Running time 42 -- 51 minutes Production company ( s ) The Douglas S. Cramer Co . Bruce Lansbury Productions , Ltd . Warner Bros. Television DC Comics Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network ABC ( pilot + season 1 ) CBS ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Original release November 7 , 1975 ( 1975 - 11 - 07 ) -- September 11 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 11 ) Wonder Woman , known from seasons 2 and 3 as The New Adventures of Wonder Woman , is an American television series based on the DC Comics comic book superhero of the same name . The show stars Lynda Carter as Wonder Woman / Diana Prince and Lyle Waggoner as Steve Trevor Sr. & Jr . It originally aired for three seasons from 1975 to 1979 . The show 's first season aired on ABC and is set in the 1940s during World War II . The second and third seasons aired on CBS and are set in the 1970s , with the title changed to The New Adventures of Wonder Woman , and a complete change of cast other than Carter and Waggoner . Waggoner 's character was changed to Steve Trevor Jr.",
"1": ", the son of his original character . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production history 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Notable guest stars 3 Plot 3.1 Pilot 3.1. 1 Synopsis 3.2 Season 1 3.3 Season 2 3.4 Season 3 4 Wonder Woman ' 77 Comic 5 Legacy 6 Reruns 7 Home video releases 8 Merchandising 9 Possible animated film 10 References 11 External links Production history ( edit ) Wonder Woman refers to both a 1974 television film and a 1975 - 1979 television series based on the DC Comics character of the same name . The 1974 television film called Wonder Woman directed by Vincent McEveety and starring Cathy Lee Crosby , was a pilot for an intended television series being considered by ABC . Ratings were described as `` respectable but not exactly wondrous , '' and ABC did not pick up the pilot . Instead , Warner Bros. and ABC developed the 1975 television series , Wonder Woman , that fit the more traditional presentation of the character as created by William Moulton Marston , turning away from the 1968 -- 72 era that had influenced the pilot . Wonder Woman , which premiered in 1975 , starred Lynda Carter and eventually led to the full series . Crosby would later claim that she was offered the chance to reprise the role in that series . Cast and characters ( edit ) Lynda Carter as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman This version of the character is exclusive to the continuity of the TV series Wonder Woman and is an adaptation of Diana Prince / Wonder Woman . The original character was created by William Moulton Marston and Harry G. Peter and first appeared in All - Star Comics # 8 . Beatrice Colen as Etta Candy ( season 1 ) General Phil Blankenship 's secretary . She is there to provide comic relief . Richard Eastham as General Philip Blankenship ( season 1 ) He works for the War Department during the early years of World War II . In 1942 , he worked with his subordinate Colonel Steve Trevor in an ongoing effort to prevent Nazi cells from infiltrating the United States and threatening the nation 's security .",
"2": "Blankenship also kept in close contact with Steve 's colleagues Diana Prince and Etta Candy . Blankenship never knew that Yeoman Prince was also Wonder Woman . Lyle Waggoner as Steve Trevor The original character was created by William Moulton Marston and Harry G. Peter and first appeared in All - Star Comics # 8 . The details surrounding the death of Steve Trevor remains largely unknown . What is known is that Steve died some time prior to 1977 . Debra Winger as Drusilla / Wonder Girl Born as the second daughter of Hippolyta , Queen of the Amazons , Drusilla grew up on Paradise Island along with her older sister , Princess Diana . After her sister left the island , she quickly became the finest archer and rider of the Amazons . When Hippolyta felt it was time for her elder daughter to return to the island , Drusilla was sent to America to urge her return . Reluctant to leave , Diana decided to show her younger sister of the need for Wonder Woman in the outside world . As part of this she convinced Drusilla to pose as Diana Prince 's teenage sister for a few days . During this time she accompanied General Blankenship on a car trip . They were attacked by Nazi spies who abducted the general and left her behind . Unable to contact her sister , she decided to go after the spies herself and transformed into Wonder Girl . Notable guest stars ( edit ) Christine Belford as Baroness Von Gunther Gary Burghoff as Alan in `` The Man Who Would n't Tell '' Bradford Dillman as Arthur Deal III / Thor Lynda Day George as Fausta Grables Bob Hastings as the Gatekeeper in `` The Pied Piper '' Russell Johnson as the Colonel in `` Disco Devil '' Carolyn Jones as Queen Hippolyta in `` Feminum Mystique : Parts 1 & 2 '' , & `` Wonder Woman in Hollywood '' Cloris Leachman as Queen Hippolyta Gavin MacLeod as Mr.",
"3": "Ellsworth Roddy McDowall as Henry Roberts Eve Plumb as Elena in `` The Pied Piper '' Robert Reed as the Falcon in `` The Pluto File '' Barry Van Dyke as Freddy in `` Wonder Woman in Hollywood '' Plot ( edit ) Pilot ( edit ) See also : List of Wonder Woman episodes Lynda Carter as Wonder Woman Despite the muted ratings of the earlier Cathy Lee Crosby television pilot , ABC still felt a Wonder Woman series had potential , and within a year another pilot was in production . Keen to make a distinction from the last pilot , producers gave the pilot the rather paradoxical title The New Original Wonder Woman . Scripting duties were given to Stanley Ralph Ross , who was instructed to be more faithful to the comic book and to create a subtle `` high comedy . '' Ross set the pilot in World War II , the era in which the original comic book began . After an intensive talent search , Lynda Carter , who had had a handful of minor acting roles and had been the 1972 Miss World USA and a Bob Hope USO cast member , was chosen for the lead role . For the role of Steve Trevor , the producers chose Lyle Waggoner , despite his dark brown , almost - black , hair not matching the comic 's blond Trevor , who at the time was better known as a comedic actor after several years co-starring in The Carol Burnett Show . He was also known to Ross as having been one of the leading candidates to play Batman a decade earlier , but instead Adam West was signed . Waggoner was also considered a pin - up hunk , having done a semi-nude pictorial in the first issue of Playgirl . Although the pilot followed the original comic book closely , in particular the aspect of Wonder Woman joining the military under the name Diana Prince , a number of elements were dropped . It mainly omitted Diana 's origin , including her birth on Paradise Island . The comic book Diana obtains the credentials of a look - alike nurse . Although the pilot shows Diana briefly as a nurse at one point , Diana takes on the identity of a Navy Yeoman Petty Officer First Class . One change , which was later to become synonymous with the show , was the transformation of Diana Prince into Wonder Woman by spinning .",
"4": "During the filming of the pilot , producers were trying to figure out a way to show how Diana Prince became Wonder Woman , when Carter suggested that she do a spin . Unlike the earlier pilot , the comic - book origins of the character were emphasized by the retention of the character 's traditional uniform ( the design of which was interpreted and executed by Donald Lee Feld , credited as `` Donfeld '' ) with the original setting and through the use of comic book elements . The series 's title sequence was animated in the form of a series of comic book panels featuring Wonder Woman performing a variety of heroic feats . Within the show , location and exposition were handled through comic book - style text panels . Transitions between scenes and commercial breaks were marked by animated starburst sequences . Synopsis ( edit ) In early 1942 , during the Second World War , American pilot Major Steve Trevor ( Waggoner ) bails out during an air battle over the Bermuda Triangle , location of Paradise Island . The island is home to the Amazons : beautiful , ageless women with great strength , agility , and intelligence . Amazon princess Diana ( Carter ) rescues the handsome unconscious Trevor and helps nurse him back to health . Her mother , the Amazon queen ( Cloris Leachman ; succeeded by Carolyn Jones and Beatrice Straight in later episodes ) , decrees that Olympic - style games shall be held to select one Amazon to return Trevor back to America . But she forbids her own daughter Diana , the princess , to participate . Diana states that since she is not allowed to participate , she does not want to be present for the games and will take a retreat to the other side of the island . The games are held with participants wearing masks and numbers , shown as Roman numerals in triangles on white sleeveless short tunic - dresses . Among the contestants is a blonde Amazon . During the events , the blonde Amazon shows exceptional skills and she ties for first with another Amazon . To break the deadlock , the `` bullets and bracelets '' event is decided as the tiebreaker , wherein each of the women takes turns shooting at the other ; the one being shot at must deflect the bullets with her bulletproof bracelets . The blond woman wins the event , superficially injuring her opponent 's arm . When she is pronounced the winner , she removes her mask and wig and reveals that she is Diana .",
"5": "Her mother , though initially shocked , relents and allows her to go to America . Diana 's uniform as Wonder Woman , designed by Queen Hippolyta , features emblems of America , the land to which she will be returning Steve Trevor . A golden belt will be the source of her strength and power while away from Paradise Island . She has her bullet - deflecting bracelets and also receives a golden lasso which is unbreakable and forces people to obey and tell the truth when bound with it . As shown later in flashback , Hippolyta also teaches Diana how to transform her clothes magically into the uniform . Diana , as Wonder Woman , flies to Washington , D.C. in an invisible plane . After dropping Trevor off at a hospital , the heroine stumbles upon a bank robbery , which she stops . A theatrical agent who sees her in action offers to help make her bullets and bracelets act a stage attraction . Diana is hesitant , but needing money in this new society , she agrees . Meanwhile , Trevor 's civilian secretary Marcia ( Stella Stevens ) is a double agent for the Nazi Fifth Columnists . She seeks to aid top spies in killing Trevor and opposing this new threat , Wonder Woman . Her first attempt is arranging for an accomplice to fire a machine gun at Wonder Woman during her stage act . Later , as spy activities increase , Trevor leaves the hospital but gets in a fight and is captured , prompting his `` nurse '' Diana to come to his rescue . Wonder Woman defeats Marcia in an extended fight sequence in the War Department . Having defeated Marcia , Wonder Woman thwarts a Nazi pilot who had plans to bomb the Brooklyn Navy Yard by using her invisible plane , and she rescues Trevor . With Marcia and the spy ring defeated , the film closes as Trevor and Brigadier General Blankenship talk about Trevor 's new secretary whom Blankenship selected not only for her outstanding clerical test scores , but her decidedly plain appearance in contrast to Marcia : the bespectacled Yeoman First Class Diana Prince USNR ( WR ) , Wonder Woman in disguise . Season 1 ( edit ) The pilot film aired on November 7 , 1975 , was a ratings success , and ABC quickly authorized the production of two one - hour specials which aired in April 1976 .",
"6": "These three productions would later be considered part of the show 's first season . The episodes scored strong ratings , and ABC ordered an additional 11 episodes for the new 1976 -- 77 TV season . The network began airing the episodes every few weeks apart at the beginning of the TV season in September 1976 . After mid-December 1976 , episodes aired on a weekly basis until mid-February 1977 . A few cast changes were made between the specials and the series . Former Happy Days recurring actress Beatrice Colen joined the cast as Corporal Etta Candy WAAC , General Blankenship 's secretary , thereby providing YN1 Prince with a subordinate . Three episodes featured Debra Winger as Diana 's younger sister , Drusilla , a.k.a. Wonder Girl , in one of her earliest acting roles . One of the most memorable aspects of the show that was developed during the first season was the transformation sequence that changed Diana Prince into her superheroine alter ego . The sequence in the original specials employed a slow fade between two synchronized shots , both filmed with an overcranked camera to create a slow motion effect . A twirling Diana Prince 's hair would fall loose as the shot transitioned to a twirling Wonder Woman holding her Diana clothes , which she would stow nearby in a closet or locker . ( How she changes back to Diana is never shown , although presumably she must return to the location to retrieve her clothes . ) To ensure both segments transitioned smoothly the camera was locked off ( secured in place ) while Carter 's clothing , make - up , and hair was altered between identities , a process Carter said on a DVD commentary typically took about 45 minutes . The spinning transformation was later incorporated into the comics and into animated appearances such as Justice League Unlimited . ( Prior to the series in which Carter starred , the transformation was depicted in the comics by way of Diana spinning her magic lasso around her body , with the lasso changing her clothes , or by simply changing at super-human speed . ) The iconic explosion overlay most associated with the TV show was introduced after the third episode to mask the cut point between the Diana and Wonder Woman clips , meaning they no longer needed to be perfectly aligned . This allowed them to be shot without a locked off camera at more convenient points in the production schedule , when Carter was already in the appropriate costume .",
"7": "The slow motion aspect of the sequence was dropped , and Wonder Woman was no longer left holding her Diana Prince clothes . A thunderclap sound effect accompanied the explosion effect ; both the explosion flash and its sound are apparently non-diegetic ( only heard by the audience , not within the narrative world ) , as demonstrated by Diana changing unnoticed in a dormitory of sleeping women , in adjoining office spaces , etc . Generally the audience never sees Wonder Woman change back to Diana Prince , although there is one occasion when it is almost shown : Wonder Woman reveals her secret identity to her little sister Drusilla by slowly turning on the spot , but the actual moment of transformation is masked by a cut - away reaction shot of Drusilla ( no thunderclap was heard ) . During season one , Wonder Woman has the ability to impersonate anyone 's voice , which came in handy over the telephone . She did not use this ability during seasons two and three . The series began at a time when violence on television was under intense scrutiny . As a result , Wonder Woman was less frequently seen punching or kicking people the way she did in the early episodes . She would usually be shown pushing and throwing enemies or using creativity to get them to somehow knock themselves out ( such as jumping high into the air to cause pursuers to collide ) . Despite the wartime setting , she almost never resorted to deadly force . The only exception occurs in the pilot episode when she sinks a German U-boat by crashing an airplane into it , presumably killing everyone aboard . Wonder Woman herself was occasionally overpowered by chloroform and poison gas , but she always came back in the second half of the show to save the day . In some episodes , her enemies learn the secret of her superhuman strength -- her magic belt -- and temporarily steal it , leaving her with average human strength . Her indestructible lasso and bracelets were stolen or taken away in one episode ( leaving her defenseless against gunfire ) , but Wonder Woman recovered them by the end of the episode . ( In the comics , Wonder Woman 's bracelets were welded onto her forearms , and she would lose most of her strength if men were to join them forcibly with metal . ) Season 2 establishes that Wonder Woman remained active from 1942 to 1945 and was honored by Franklin D. Roosevelt for her work against Axis attacks .",
"8": "Season 2 ( edit ) Despite good ratings for the series , ABC stalled on picking up the show for a second season . This was because Wonder Woman was a period piece , being set in the 1940s , which made the set , clothing , automobiles , etc. more expensive to produce . While ABC had not yet committed , the show 's production company Warner Bros. listened to an offer from rival network CBS . While ABC continued to make up its mind , CBS agreed to pick up the series on condition that the setting be changed from World War II ( the 1940s ) to the modern day ( the 1970s ) . Changing the title to The New Adventures of Wonder Woman , the series was moved away from international intrigue to a more conventional police / detective action - type show that was more common in the 1970s . Princess Diana , aging slowly because of her Amazon nature , returns from Paradise Island after a 35 - year absence ( looking virtually the same ) to become an agent with the Inter-Agency Defense Command ( IADC ) , a CIA / FBI - type organization fighting crime , espionage , and the occasional alien invasion . Strictly speaking , Lynda Carter was the only cast member whose character continued into the second and third seasons ( aside from a brief cameo appearance of Major Trevor ( Lyle Waggoner ) in Diana 's flashback when she first encountered his son and a framed photograph of him seen on the younger Trevor 's office credenza in season 3 ) . The original Steve Trevor was revealed to have risen to the rank of major general and died in the 35 - year interim between the first and second seasons , although Lyle Waggoner remained with the series , portraying Trevor 's son , Steve Jr . As a child , Steve Jr. had heard his late father 's stories of adventures with Wonder Woman during World War II . It is essentially confirmed in the second season première that his father never introduced him to Wonder Woman and that he had never even seen her photographed . It is similarly implied that he and YN1 Diana Prince were unaware of each other . Diana is taken aback by the younger Steve 's existence , implying that his father had never spoken of the boy to either Wonder Woman or YN1 Prince . This was particularly striking when she spoke to Steve Jr.",
"9": "about knowing his father well , from the j - shaped burn scar on his right shoulder , to the 20mm shell casing that he used as a paperweight . Despite ( or perhaps because of ) the fact that Wonder Woman had fallen in love with the first Steve Trevor , the producers chose to drop any suggestion that Steve Jr. and Wonder Woman were anything more than good friends . Indeed , when an impostor posing as Steve Jr. attempted to seduce Diana , she made it quite clear that she had no sexual interest in him . Executive producer Douglas S. Cramer noted the difficulties in maintaining long - term romantic tension between leads , because the resolution of that romantic tension often results in the cancellation of the series . Since Waggoner returned in a technically new role , Diana 's mother Hippolyta was the only other first season character to be seen or mentioned , though she was played by a new actress , Beatrice Straight , succeeding Carolyn Jones and Cloris Leachman in the role . The post-war fates of General Phil Blankenship , Etta Candy , and Drusilla / Wonder Girl were never revealed . Diana , Steve and Joe Atkinson ( Norman Burton ) , a weathered IADC agent , received their orders from a `` Charlie 's Angels - like '' character who is heard but never seen . Diana and Steve would go out and work the field while Joe assisted from the office . The Atkinson character was dropped after the ninth episode of this season , and Steve was given a promotion , becoming IADC Director , and Diana 's boss , in the process . This promotion for Steve Trevor meant that Lyle Waggoner was seen less in subsequent episodes for the remainder of the series ' run . In this season , the computer IRAC ( Information Retrieval Associative Computer ) , more informally known as `` Ira , '' was introduced : its first appearance is in season 2 , episode 1 , where Diana introduces her Diana Prince identity into its records , over IRAC 's protests . Ira was the IADC 's super-intelligent computer , who deduces that Diana Prince is really Wonder Woman , although he never shares this information with anyone , except Diana herself . Saundra Sharp joined the cast as Eve , Steve 's assistant ( the job held by Diana at the start of the season ) .",
"10": "Towards the end of the season , in the episode `` IRAC is Missing , '' a small mobile robot called Rover was added for comic relief . An offshoot of IRAC who performs duties such as delivering coffee and sorting mail , Rover speaks with a high - pitched voice , occasionally makes `` Beep Beep '' sounds and , like IRAC , is aware that Wonder Woman 's secret identity is Diana Prince . The theme song was re-written to remove references to the Axis , reflecting the series ' new present - day setting , and the action depicted in the opening 's animated comic book panels was similarly updated . Beginning with the episode `` The Man Who Made Volcanoes , '' the opening title sequence was changed again to an instrumental and more traditional `` action scenes '' opening . The animated stars used before and after commercial breaks were dropped . The producers of Wonder Woman generally maintained her no - kill policy , although there were exceptions : In the episode `` Anschluss ' 77 '' she is forced to destroy a clone of Adolf Hitler . Another episode made reference to a villain who was believed drowned following a previous unseen encounter with Diana / Wonder Woman . Unlike in the first season , Wonder Woman 's sources of power ( magic belt , bracelets , golden lasso ) were never removed from her and stolen by villains during the two years the series was set in the 1970s . Other changes in season two included a slight redesign ( again by Donald Lee Feld , still credited as `` Donfeld '' ) of Wonder Woman 's uniform . The bustier was more flexible , featured less gold metal in the eagle wings in favor of red cloth background , and was cut lower to highlight Carter 's décolletage and cleavage . The star - spangled bottoms were cut higher in the thighs , with the number of stars reduced , stopping below her hips , and rearranged in a more symmetrical starburst pattern . The bracelets changed from dull silver - grey to bright gold , and were noticeably smaller and thinner . Her tiara , appearing unchanged when on Wonder Woman 's head , would flatten to become a boomerang , and its ruby star functioned as a communications link to Paradise Island and her mother the queen . Feld also introduced multiple new variants on Wonder Woman 's uniform beginning in season two .",
"11": "She still wore the red - white - and - blue cape for special events or appearances from the first season , but without the skirt . ( This variant could be described as Wonder Woman 's `` full - dress uniform . '' ) A diving uniform was introduced -- this consisted of a navy - blue lycra body suit with matching gloves , gold bracelets , flat boots , and a flexible tiara ; this was featured whenever aquatic activity was required . The same uniform , with low - heeled boots and a gold helmet , was used to ride motorcycles . At first , Wonder Woman would switch to these newer uniforms by performing an extended spin in which she first changed from her Diana Prince clothes to Wonder Woman 's standard uniform , then continued to spin until a second light explosion occurred and she would appear in one of the newer variants . However , this extended spin device was dropped for expediency and Diana was then able to change into any of Wonder Woman 's uniforms in a single change . Wonder Woman 's invisible plane appeared a couple of times in season two , and not at all in season three . The plane 's shape was updated with the change in temporal setting , losing the rounded fuselage and modestly curved wings evocative of a World War II - era pursuit - fighter , in favor of a dart - like , delta winged jet . Season 3 ( edit ) With the beginning of the third season , further changes were made to target the show at a teenage audience . The title theme was re-recorded again to give it a disco beat , the use of the robot ' Rover ' was increased for comic effect , and episodes began to revolve around topical subjects like skateboarding , roller coasters and the environment . ( Feld also gave Wonder Woman a `` skate - boarder 's '' uniform , which was also capable of use for training in any `` extreme sport '' in which she participated . ) Teenagers or young adults were commonly used as main characters in the plot lines . Eve disappeared from the cast although she is mentioned once or twice . Episodes during this season showed Diana on assignments by herself far more often ( particularly outside of Washington DC ) , and Steve Trevor had become Diana 's boss and was seen less . Wonder Woman was also allowed to become a bit more physical in the third season and could now be seen throwing the occasional punch or kicking .",
"12": "The writers also came up with several unusual ways for Diana to execute her spinning transformation , the most notable instances occurring in the episode `` Stolen Faces '' in which Diana makes the change while falling off a tall building , and the season two episode `` The Pied Piper '' in which she changes while strapped into a spinning chair . Diana also exhibited other powers , particularly in the episode `` The Deadly Dolphin , '' in which she is shown communicating telepathically with animals ( reminiscent of the `` mental radio '' from the comics , which was never shown on the series ) and generating bursts of an unknown form of energy to scare away a killer shark . In the final episode produced , the writers attempted a `` relaunch '' of sorts by having Diana reassigned to the Los Angeles bureau of IADC with a new supporting cast . Though done in anticipation of a fourth season , the revamp was seen for only a single episode ( `` The Man Who Could Not Die '' ) , which set up an assortment of new supporting characters . These included Dale Hawthorn , Diana 's new IADC boss , Bret Cassiday ( Bob Seagren ) , a genetically enhanced man who was indestructible ( the titular character of the episode ) , as well as a streetwise youngster named T. Burton Phipps III who inexplicably is allowed to hang out at the IADC . Also added to the cast was a chimpanzee who , like Bret , is also indestructible . This episode was actually the last to be produced and should have ended the third season , but was shown out of sequence with the two - parter `` The Phantom of the Roller Coaster . '' These final three episodes aired by themselves in August -- September 1979 , months after the broadcast of the rest of season three , creating a mini-season , though they remain grouped as part of season three as opposed to being considered an abbreviated fourth season . CBS ultimately decided to move The Incredible Hulk up to the Friday 8 : 00 hour from 9 : 00 to introduce the new series The Dukes of Hazzard , but no further episodes of Wonder Woman were produced due to the lack of new cast members for a fourth season and low ratings . After her first musical television special , Carter gave up the role to focus more on her musical career .",
"13": "Wonder Woman ' 77 comic ( edit ) In October 2014 , DC announced an ongoing comic book series set in the Lynda Carter TV series continuity . The comic was written by Marc Andreyko . It was first published as digital chapters on DC Comics ' website . Wonder Woman ' 77 Special # 1 was published in May 2015 . A second Wonder Woman ' 77 Special collecting further digital first chapters was published in September 2015. . A third special was published in April 2016 . Wonder Woman teams up with Jaime Sommers in the crossover title Wonder Woman ' 77 Meets the Bionic Woman . Wonder Woman teams up with Batman in the crossover team up Batman ' 66 Meets Wonder Woman ' 77 writing by both Andreyko and Jeff Parker . Legacy ( edit ) This portrayal of the character strongly influenced the Wonder Woman comics . Most notably , the ballerina - style spinning transformation was incorporated into the comics . The spin has also been used in the animated television programs Super Friends and Justice League Unlimited . Reruns ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Reruns of Wonder Woman aired in syndication during the 1980s . It also aired on FX and Sci - Fi Channel in the 1990s and early 2000s . Beginning on December 28 , 2013 , the show airs Saturday evenings on the classic TV network Me - TV . In the UK , the series has been syndicated on several channels . In 2006 , Living broadcast the show every weekend as part of `` Hangover TV '' . As of 2015 , the series is shown on The Horror Channel and can also be seen on the MeTV network . Home Video releases ( edit ) Columbia House with Warner Home Video released the series on VHS videotapes through their Wonder Woman : The Collector 's Edition series from the late 1990s - early 2000s , which was only available through mail order subscriptions . Each volume contained two episodes .",
"14": "The Season Two episodes `` The Pied Piper '' and `` Flight To Oblivion , '' however , were not included on the VHS releases . Warner Home Video has released all three seasons of Wonder Woman on DVD in various regions , both separately and in a collected edition . DVD name Eps . Release date Details The Complete 1st Season 14 June 29 , 2004 All 14 episodes ( including the pilot ) with commentary by Lynda Carter and executive producer Douglas S. Cramer ; new documentary retrospective The Complete 2nd Season 22 March 1 , 2005 21 episodes plus a feature - length season premiere ; Bonus documentary : `` Revolutionizing a Classic : From Comic Book to Television '' The Complete 3rd Season 24 June 7 , 2005 Audio commentary by Carter on `` My Teenage Idol is Missing '' ; featurette : `` Wonder Woman : The Ultimate Feminist Icon '' ; The initial Region 1 release included a bonus DVD containing the first episode of the Captain Marvel television series Shazam ! , `` The Joy Riders '' The Complete Collection 60 November 6 , 2007 Pilot with commentary by Lynda Carter and executive producer Douglas S. Cramer ; new documentary retrospective ; Bonus documentary : `` Revolutionizing a Classic : From Comic Book to Television '' ; Audio commentary by Carter on `` My Teenage Idol is Missing '' ; featurette : `` Wonder Woman : The Ultimate Feminist Icon '' The pilot episode is included as a bonus feature on the February 23 , 2010 Blu - ray release of Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths . The complete series has been remastered in high definition and transformed to a more modern 16 : 9 widescreen format . This version is available for purchase on iTunes . Merchandising ( edit ) Mego Corporation released a line of dolls in 1976 to correspond with the TV series . The boxes originally featured Lynda Carter as Wonder Woman on the front flap . However , in 1977 , her image on the box was dropped and the line was revamped with only the Wonder Woman doll being featured and revised . The Mego dolls included Wonder Woman , Diana Prince , Queen Hippolyta , Nubia , and Steve Trevor .",
"15": "The line also included separate fashion outfits for Diana Prince that were released in Canada . Various playsets were also created but were not released for sale . DC Direct ( which creates merchandise for DC Comics ) released a Wonder Woman statue in 2007 which is based upon the image created by Lynda Carter . In 2015 , Hallmark released a Wonder Woman Christmas ornament bearing the likeness of Lynda Carter that also plays the intro to the television theme song . In July 2016 , prior to Comic - Con International , the New York Times ran a story about Dynamite Entertainment . In it , best - selling author Andy Mangels was revealed to be writing a prestigious new intercompany crossover mini-series for the company , in conjunction with DC Comics : Wonder Woman ' 77 Meets The Bionic Woman , bringing together the Lynda Carter television character with Lindsay Wagner 's fellow 1970s television super-heroine . The series was released in December 2016 . Possible animated film ( edit ) After the success of Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders , animated film based on the Batman TV series of the 1960s , Warner Bros. had stated that their executives are considering to make an animated film based on the classic Wonder Woman TV series , with Lynda Carter reprising her role by voicing the character ; along with an animated adaptation of the comic series Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B19qk6ywPaM Wonder Woman S03 DVD Extras The Ultimate Feminist Icon Jump up ^ Gary Westfahl , ed. ( 2005 ) . The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy , vol. 3 : Themes , Works , and Wonders . Greenwood Press . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( November 7 , 1975 ) . `` Wonder Woman Tries Comeback '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Jump up ^ Joby , Tom ( 1980 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Cathy Crosby turns down ' Wonder Woman ' offer '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Pendergast , Tom and Sara ( 2002 ) . St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture , vol. 4 . St. James Press . p. 72 .",
"16": "ISBN 1 - 55862 - 404 - X . Jump up ^ Carter , Lynda . The New Original Wonder Woman commentary ( DVD ) . Jump up ^ `` The Arboretum of Los Angeles County , 301 N. Baldwin Ave , in Arcadia , CA '' . TVLocations . Seeing Stars . ^ Jump up to : `` The Return of Wonder Woman '' . Wonder Woman . Season 2 . 1977 - 09 - 16 . CBS . Jump up ^ Cramer , Douglas S . The New Original Wonder Woman commentary ( DVD ) . Jump up ^ `` NYCC : DC Digital Adds `` Wonder Woman ' 77 , '' `` Mortal Kombat X '' & `` Fables : Wolf Among Us '' `` . Comic Book Resources . October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gustines , George Gene . `` Dynamite Entertainment Taps ' 70s TV to Expand Lineup of Comics '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Alex Ross And Cat Staggs ' Covers For Wonder Woman ' 77 / Bionic Woman # 1 , Out In December '' . Bleeding Cool . Avatar Press . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman From 1970s to Meet 1960s Batman in DC Cross-Over Project '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , Stephen ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Why Lynda Carter 's Wonder Woman Will Never Be Beaten '' . Moviepilot . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( November 24 , 2009 ) . `` Justice League - Crisis on Two Earths Announced for DVD and Blu - ray : Details , Extras , Box Art '' . TV Shows on DVD.com . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2009 . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman 12 '' Gallery `` .",
"17": "Mego Museum . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman - Wonder Wardrobe '' . Mego Museum . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman Playsets '' . Mego Museum . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` WB Possibly Planning Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles And Wonder Woman ' 77 Animated Films '' . 12 October 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wonder Woman ( TV series ) . Television in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal 1970s portal Wonder Woman ( TV series ) on IMDb New Original Wonder Woman ( 1975 pilot ) on IMDb Wonder Woman William Moulton Marston Elizabeth Holloway Marston H.G.",
"18": "Peter Other contributors Characters Wonder Women Diana Prince Orana Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Hippolyta Donna Troy Supporting characters Antiope Aphrodite Artemis Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Batman Drusilla Etta Candy Fury Hephaestus Hera Heracles / Hercules Hermes I Ching Julia and Vanessa Kapatelis Mala Nemesis ( Thomas Tresser ) Nubia The Olympian Orion Paula Philippus Poseidon Queen Hippolyta Helena Sandsmark Sarge Steel Superman Steve Trevor Wonder Girl ( Cassie Sandsmark Donna Troy ) Zeus Zola Adversaries Aegeus Angle Man Ares / Mars Baron Blitzkrieg Baroness Paula von Gunther Blue Snowman Veronica Cale Captain Wonder Cheetah Circe Dark Angel Decay Doctor Cyber Doctor Poison Doctor Psycho Duke of Deception Earl of Greed Egg Fu / Chang Tzu Eviless The First Born Genocide Giganta Hades Hypnota Kung Lord Conquest Mask Medusa Minister Blizzard Osira Queen Clea Red Panzer Silver Swan Tezcatlipoca Zara Factions Amazons of Themyscira Amazons of Bana - Mighdall Children of Ares Godwatch Gorilla Knights Olympian Gods Titans of Myth Villainy Inc .",
"19": "Locations Aeaea Boston , Massachusetts London , England Mount Olympus Thalarion Themyscira ( The Paradise Islands ) The Underworld Publications All Star Comics Amazonia Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity The Blue Amazon Comic Cavalcade The Legend of Wonder Woman Sensation Comics Superman and Wonder Woman : The Hidden Killer Superman / Wonder Woman Wonder Woman ' 77 The Wonder Woman Chronicles Wonder Woman : Earth One The World 's Greatest Superheroes Storylines Introducing Wonder Woman ( 1941 ) Gods and Mortals ( 1987 ) Challenge of the Gods ( 1987 -- 88 ) War of the Gods ( 1991 ) The Contest ( 1994 ) The Challenge of Artemis ( 1995 ) Paradise Island Lost ( 2001 ) Our Worlds at War ( 2001 ) The Hiketeia ( 2002 ) Down to Earth ( 2003 -- 04 ) Who Is Wonder Woman ? ( 2006 -- 07 ) Amazons Attack ! ( 2007 ) The Circle ( 2008 ) Ends of the Earth ( 2008 ) Rise of the Olympian ( 2009 ) Flashpoint ( 2011 ) The Lies ( 2016 ) Year One ( 2016 ) The Truth ( 2017 ) Godwatch ( 2017 ) Technology Bracelets Golden Girdle of Gaea Invisible plane Lasso of Truth Mental radio Pegasi Purple Ray Sky Kangas In other media Super Friends ( episodes ) Wonder Woman ( 1974 film ) Wonder Woman ( TV series ) ( episodes ) Justice League ( episodes ) Justice League Unlimited ( episodes ) Justice League : The New Frontier Wonder Woman ( 2009 film ) Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Wonder Woman ( 2011 TV pilot ) Young Justice DC Universe Online Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War The Lego Movie Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Justice League : Gods and Monsters Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League vs.",
"20": "Teen Titans Justice League Action Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Justice League Miscellaneous Alternative versions Earth - Two Bizarra Olive Byrne Cultural impact Professor Marston and the Wonder Women Literature Wonder Women ! The Untold Story of American Superheroines Portal Live - action television programs based on DC Comics TV series Current Arrow ( since 2012 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) The Flash ( since 2014 ) iZombie ( since 2015 ) Supergirl ( since 2015 ) Legends of Tomorrow ( since 2016 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) Preacher ( since 2016 ) Black Lightning ( since 2018 ) Krypton ( since 2018 ) Former Adventures of Superman ( 1952 -- 58 ) Batman ( 1966 -- 68 ) Shazam !",
"21": "( 1974 -- 77 ) The Secrets of Isis ( 1975 - 77 ) Wonder Woman ( 1975 -- 79 ) Superboy ( 1988 -- 92 ) Swamp Thing : The Series ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Flash ( 1990 -- 91 ) Human Target ( 1992 ) Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman ( 1993 -- 97 ) Smallville ( 2001 -- 11 ) Birds of Prey ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Human Target ( 2010 -- 11 ) Constantine ( 2014 -- 15 ) Powerless ( 2017 ) Upcoming Scalped ( TBA ) Titans ( 2018 ) TV films Wonder Woman The New Original Wonder Woman Justice League of America TV specials Unsold pilots The Adventures of Superpup The Adventures of Superboy Global Frequency Aquaman Wonder Woman It 's a Bird ... It 's a Plane ... It 's Superman Legends of the Superheroes See also Arrowverse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonder_Woman_(TV_series)&oldid=836870273 '' Categories : 1970s American television series 1975 American television series debuts 1979 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows American action television series American adventure television series American fantasy television series CBS network shows English - language television programs Nazis in fiction Superhero television programs Television series by Warner Bros. Television American television series revived after cancellation Television shows set in Washington , D.C.",
"22": "World War II television drama series Wonder Woman in other media World War II in television fiction Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 10 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is the main player in developing us foreign policy
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"the President of the United States"
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{
"0": "Foreign policy of the United States - Wikipedia Foreign policy of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The foreign policy of the United States is the way in which it interacts with foreign nations and sets standards of interaction for its organizations , corporations and system citizens of the United States . The officially stated goals of the foreign policy of the United States , including all the Bureaus and Offices in the United States Department of State , as mentioned in the Foreign Policy Agenda of the Department of State , are `` to build and sustain a more democratic , secure , and prosperous world for the benefit of the American people and the international community . '' In addition , the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs states as some of its jurisdictional goals : `` export controls , including nonproliferation of nuclear technology and nuclear hardware ; measures to foster commercial interaction with foreign nations and to safeguard American business abroad ; international commodity agreements ; international education ; and protection of American citizens abroad and expatriation . '' U.S.",
"1": "foreign policy and foreign aid have been the subject of much debate , praise and criticism , both domestically and abroad . Contents ( hide ) 1 Powers of the President 2 Powers of the Congress 3 Historical overview 3.1 20th century 3.1. 1 World War I 3.1. 2 World War II 3.1. 3 Cold War 3.2 21st century 4 Law 5 International agreements 5.1 Economic and general government 5.2 Freely Associated States 5.3 Non-participation in multi-lateral agreements 5.4 Hub and spoke vs multilateral 6 Oil 6.1 Persian Gulf 6.2 Canada 6.3 Africa 7 Foreign aid 8 Military 8.1 Mutual defense agreements 8.2 Other allies and multilateral organizations 8.3 Unilateral vs. multilateral military actions 8.4 Aid 8.5 Missile defense 8.6 Exporting democracy 8.6. 1 Opinion that U.S. intervention does not export democracy 8.6. 2 Opinion that U.S. intervention has mixed results 8.6. 3 Opinion that U.S. intervention effectively exports democracy 9 Global opinion 10 Covert actions 11 Influencing foreign elections 12 Human rights 13 War on Drugs 14 Criticism 15 Support 16 By country or region 16.1 United Kingdom 16.2 Canada 16.3 Mexico 16.4 Australia 16.5 Middle East 16.6 Japan 16.7 South Korea 16.8 China 16.9 Taiwan 16.10 ASEAN 16.10. 1 Indonesia 16.10. 2 Malaysia 16.10. 3 Myanmar 16.10. 4 Philippines 16.10. 5 Thailand 16.10.",
"2": "6 Vietnam 16.11 Eastern Europe 16.12 Kosovo 17 See also 17.1 Constitutional and international law 17.2 Diplomacy 17.3 Intelligence 17.4 Military 17.5 Policy and doctrine 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links Powers of the President ( edit ) Subject to the advice and consent role of the U.S. Senate , the President of the United States negotiates treaties with foreign nations , but treaties enter into force if ratified by two - thirds of the Senate . The President is also Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces , and as such has broad authority over the armed forces . Both the Secretary of State and ambassadors are appointed by the President , with the advice and consent of the Senate . The United States Secretary of State is the foreign minister of the United States and is the primary conductor of state - to - state diplomacy . Powers of the Congress ( edit ) The U.S. Constitution gives much of the foreign policy decision - making to the presidency , but the Senate has a role in ratifying treaties , and the Supreme Court interprets treaties when cases are presented to it . Main articles : Treaty Clause , War Powers Clause , Appointments Clause , and Foreign Commerce Clause Congress is the only branch of government that has the authority to declare war . Furthermore , Congress writes the civilian and military budget , thus has vast power in military action and foreign aid . Congress also has power to regulate commerce with foreign nations . Historical overview ( edit ) Main articles : History of U.S. foreign policy and Timeline of United States diplomatic history The Jay Treaty of 1795 aligned the U.S. more with Britain and less with France , leading to political polarization at home The main trend regarding the history of U.S. foreign policy since the American Revolution is the shift from non-interventionism before and after World War I , to its growth as a world power and global hegemony during and since World War II and the end of the Cold War in the 20th century . Since the 19th century , U.S. foreign policy also has been characterized by a shift from the realist school to the idealistic or Wilsonian school of international relations .",
"3": "Foreign policy themes were expressed considerably in George Washington 's farewell address ; these included among other things , observing good faith and justice towards all nations and cultivating peace and harmony with all , excluding both `` inveterate antipathies against particular nations , and passionate attachments for others '' , `` steer ( ing ) clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world '' , and advocating trade with all nations . These policies became the basis of the Federalist Party in the 1790s . But the rival Jeffersonians feared Britain and favored France in the 1790s , declaring the War of 1812 on Britain . After the 1778 alliance with France , the U.S. did not sign another permanent treaty until the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949 . Over time , other themes , key goals , attitudes , or stances have been variously expressed by Presidential ' doctrines ' , named for them . Initially these were uncommon events , but since WWII , these have been made by most presidents . Jeffersonians vigorously opposed a large standing army and any navy until attacks against American shipping by Barbary corsairs spurred the country into developing a naval force projection capability , resulting in the First Barbary War in 1801 . Despite two wars with European Powers -- the War of 1812 and the 1898 Spanish -- American War -- American foreign policy was peaceful and marked by steady expansion of its foreign trade during the 19th century . The 1803 Louisiana Purchase doubled the nation 's geographical area ; Spain ceded the territory of Florida in 1819 ; annexation brought in the independent Texas Republic in 1845 ; a war with Mexico in 1848 added California , Arizona , Utah , Nevada , and New Mexico . The U.S. bought Alaska from the Russian Empire in 1867 , and it annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 . Victory over Spain in 1898 brought the Philippines , and Puerto Rico , as well as oversight of Cuba . The short experiment in imperialism ended by 1908 , as the U.S. turned its attention to the Panama Canal and the stabilization of regions to its south , including Mexico . 20th century ( edit ) World War I ( edit ) The 20th century was marked by two world wars in which the United States , along with allied powers , defeated its enemies and increased its international reputation .",
"4": "President Wilson 's Fourteen Points was developed from his idealistic Wilsonianism program of spreading democracy and fighting militarism so as to end any wars . It became the basis of the German Armistice ( really a surrender ) and the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . The resulting Treaty of Versailles , due to European allies ' punitive and territorial designs , showed insufficient conformity with these points and the U.S. signed separate treaties with each of its adversaries ; due to Senate objections also , the U.S. never joined the League of Nations , which was established as a result of Wilson 's initiative . In the 1920s , the United States followed an independent course , and succeeded in a program of naval disarmament , and refunding the German economy . Operating outside the League it became a dominant player in diplomatic affairs . New York became the financial capital of the world , but the Wall Street Crash of 1929 hurled the Western industrialized world into the Great Depression . American trade policy relied on high tariffs under the Republicans , and reciprocal trade agreements under the Democrats , but in any case exports were at very low levels in the 1930s . World War II ( edit ) Main article : Diplomatic history of World War II § United States Allies of World War II at the Yalta Conference : Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin . The United States adopted a non-interventionist foreign policy from 1932 to 1938 , but then President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved toward strong support of the Allies in their wars against Germany and Japan . As a result of intense internal debate , the national policy was one of becoming the Arsenal of Democracy , that is financing and equipping the Allied armies without sending American combat soldiers . Roosevelt mentioned four fundamental freedoms , which ought to be enjoyed by people `` everywhere in the world '' ; these included the freedom of speech and religion , as well as freedom from want and fear . Roosevelt helped establish terms for a post-war world among potential allies at the Atlantic Conference ; specific points were included to correct earlier failures , which became a step toward the United Nations . American policy was to threaten Japan , to force it out of China , and to prevent its attacking the Soviet Union . However , Japan reacted by an attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , and the United States was at war with Japan , Germany , and Italy .",
"5": "Instead of the loans given to allies in World War I , the United States provided Lend - Lease grants of $50,000,000,000 . Working closely with Winston Churchill of Britain , and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union , Roosevelt sent his forces into the Pacific against Japan , then into North Africa against Italy and Germany , and finally into Europe starting with France and Italy in 1944 against the Germans . The American economy roared forward , doubling industrial production , and building vast quantities of airplanes , ships , tanks , munitions , and , finally , the atomic bomb . Much of the American war effort went to strategic bombers , which flattened the cities of Japan and Germany . Cold War ( edit ) Main article : Cold War Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong meets with U.S. President Richard Nixon , 1972 After the war , the U.S. rose to become the dominant non-colonial economic power with broad influence in much of the world , with the key policies of the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine . Almost immediately , however , the world witnessed division into broad two camps during the Cold War ; one side was led by the U.S. and the other by the Soviet Union , but this situation also led to the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement . This period lasted until almost the end of the 20th century and is thought to be both an ideological and power struggle between the two superpowers . A policy of containment was adopted to limit Soviet expansion , and a series of proxy wars were fought with mixed results . In 1991 , the Soviet Union dissolved into separate nations , and the Cold War formally ended as the United States gave separate diplomatic recognition to the Russian Federation and other former Soviet states . In domestic politics , foreign policy is not usually a central issue . In 1945 -- 1970 the Democratic Party took a strong anti-Communist line and supported wars in Korea and Vietnam . Then the party split with a strong dovish element ( typified by 1972 presidential candidate George McGovern ) . Many `` hawks '' joined the Neoconservative movement and started supporting the Republicans -- especially Reagan -- based on foreign policy .",
"6": "Meanwhile , down to 1952 the Republican Party was split between an isolationist wing , based in the Midwest and led by Senator Robert A. Taft , and an internationalist wing based in the East and led by Dwight D. Eisenhower . Eisenhower defeated Taft for the 1952 nomination largely on foreign policy grounds . Since then the Republicans have been characterized by a hawkish and intense American nationalism , and strong opposition to Communism , and strong support for Israel . 21st century ( edit ) In the 21st century , U.S. influence remains strong but , in relative terms , is declining in terms of economic output compared to rising nations such as China , India , Russia , Brazil , and the newly consolidated European Union . Substantial problems remain , such as climate change , nuclear proliferation , and the specter of nuclear terrorism . Foreign policy analysts Hachigian and Sutphen in their book The Next American Century suggest all six powers have similar vested interests in stability and terrorism prevention and trade ; if they can find common ground , then the next decades may be marked by peaceful growth and prosperity . In 2017 diplomats from other countries developed new tactics to deal with President Donald Trump . The New York Times reported on the eve of his first foreign trip as president : For foreign leaders trying to figure out the best way to approach an American president unlike any they have known , it is a time of experimentation . Embassies in Washington trade tips and ambassadors send cables to presidents and ministers back home suggesting how to handle a mercurial , strong - willed leader with no real experience on the world stage , a preference for personal diplomacy and a taste for glitz ... certain rules have emerged : Keep it short -- no 30 - minute monologue for a 30 - second attention span . Do not assume he knows the history of the country or its major points of contention . Compliment him on his Electoral College victory . Contrast him favorably with President Barack Obama . Do not get hung up on whatever was said during the campaign . Stay in regular touch . Do not go in with a shopping list but bring some sort of deal he can call a victory . Trump has numerous aides giving advice on foreign policy . The chief diplomat is Secretary of State Rex Tillerson .",
"7": "His major foreign policy positions , which sometimes are at odds with Trump , include : urging the United States to stay in the Trans - Pacific Partnership and the Paris climate accord , taking a hard line on Russia , advocating negotiations and dialogue to defuse the mounting crisis with North Korea , advocating for continued U.S. adherence to the Iran nuclear deal , taking a neutral position in the dispute between Qatar and Saudi Arabia , and reassuring jittery allies , from South Korea and Japan to our NATO partners , that America still has their back . Law ( edit ) Main articles : Treaty and Treaty Clause In the United States , there are three types of treaty - related law : Executive agreements Congressional - executive agreements are made by the President and Congress . A majority of both houses makes it binding much like regular legislation after it is signed by the president . The Constitution does not expressly state that these agreements are allowed , and constitutional scholars such as Laurence Tribe think they are unconstitutional . Sole executive agreements are made by the President alone . Treaties are formal written agreements specified by the Treaty Clause of the Constitution . The president makes a treaty with foreign powers , but then the proposed treaty must be ratified by a two - thirds vote in the Senate . For example , President Wilson proposed the Treaty of Versailles after World War I after consulting with allied powers , but this treaty was rejected by the U.S. Senate ; as a result , the U.S. subsequently made separate agreements with different nations . While most international law has a broader interpretation of the term treaty , the U.S. sense of the term is more restricted . In Missouri v. Holland , the Supreme Court ruled that the power to make treaties under the U.S. Constitution is a power separate from the other enumerated powers of the federal government , and hence the federal government can use treaties to legislate in areas which would otherwise fall within the exclusive authority of the states . International law in most nations considers all three of the above agreements as treaties . In most nations , treaty laws supersede domestic law . So if there is a conflict between a treaty obligation and a domestic law , then the treaty usually prevails . In contrast to most other nations , the United States considers the three types of agreements as distinct . Further , the United States incorporates treaty law into the body of U.S. federal law .",
"8": "As a result , Congress can modify or repeal treaties afterward . It can overrule an agreed - upon treaty obligation even if this is seen as a violation of the treaty under international law . Several U.S. court rulings confirmed this understanding , including the 1900 Supreme Court decision in Paquete Habana , a late 1950s decision in Reid v. Covert , and a lower court ruling in 1986 in Garcia - Mir v. Meese . Further , the Supreme Court has declared itself as having the power to rule a treaty as void by declaring it `` unconstitutional '' , although as of 2011 , it has never exercised this power . The State Department has taken the position that the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties represents established law . Generally , when the U.S. signs a treaty , it is binding . However , because of the Reid v. Covert decision , the U.S. adds a reservation to the text of every treaty that says , in effect , that the U.S. intends to abide by the treaty , but if the treaty is found to be in violation of the Constitution , then the U.S. legally ca n't abide by the treaty since the U.S. signature would be ultra vires . International agreements ( edit ) The United States has ratified and participates in many other multilateral treaties , including arms control treaties ( especially with the Soviet Union ) , human rights treaties , environmental protocols , and free trade agreements . Further information : List of United States treaties Economic and General government ( edit ) The United States is a founding member of the United Nations and most of its specialized agencies , notably including the World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund . The U.S. has at times has withheld payment of dues due to disagreements with the UN . The United States is also member of : Organization of American States Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OECD ) NAFTA , the regional trade bloc with Canada and Mexico World Trade Organization Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) Group of Seven ( G7 ) World Customs Organization Freely Associated States ( edit ) After it captured the islands from Japan during World War II , the United States administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands from 1947 to 1986 ( 1994 for Palau ) .",
"9": "The Northern Mariana Islands became a U.S. territory ( part of the United States ) , while Federated States of Micronesia , the Marshall Islands , and Palau became independent countries . Each has signed a Compact of Free Association that gives the United States exclusive military access in return for U.S. defense protection and conduct of military foreign affairs ( except the declaration of war ) and a few billion dollars of aid . These agreements also generally allow citizens of these countries to live and work in the United States with their spouses ( and vice versa ) , and provide for largely free trade . The federal government also grants access to services from domestic agencies , including the Federal Emergency Management Agency , National Weather Service , the United States Postal Service , the Federal Aviation Administration , the Federal Communications Commission , and U.S. representation to the International Frequency Registration Board of the International Telecommunication Union . Further information : Associated state Non-participation in multilateral agreements ( edit ) The United States notably does not participate in various international agreements adhered to by almost all other industrialized countries , by almost all the countries of the Americas , or by almost all other countries in the world . With a large population and economy , on a practical level this can undermine the effect of certain agreements , or give other countries a precedent to cite for non-participation in various agreements . In some cases the arguments against participation include that the United States should maximize its sovereignty and freedom of action , or that ratification would create a basis for lawsuits that would treat American citizens unfairly . In other cases , the debate became involved in domestic political issues , such as gun control , climate change , and the death penalty .",
"10": "Examples include : Versailles Treaty and the League of Nations covenant ( in force 1920 -- 45 , signed but not ratified ) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( took effect in 1976 , ratified with substantial reservations ) International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights ( took effect in 1976 , signed but not ratified ) American Convention on Human Rights ( took effect in 1978 ) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women ( took effect in 1981 , signed but not ratified ) Convention on the Rights of the Child ( took effect in 1990 , signed but not ratified ) United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( took effect in 1994 ) Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty ( signed in 1996 but never ratified and never took effect ) Mine Ban Treaty ( took effect in 1999 ) International Criminal Court ( took effect in 2002 ) Kyoto Protocol ( in force 2005 -- 12 , signed but not ratified ) Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture ( took effect in 2006 ) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ( took effect in 2008 , signed but not ratified ) Convention on Cluster Munitions ( took effect in 2010 ) International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance ( took effect in 2010 ) Arms Trade Treaty ( took effect in 2014 ) Other human rights treaties Further information : List of treaties unsigned or unratified by the United States Hub and spoke vs multilateral ( edit ) While America 's relationships with Europe have tended to be in terms of multilateral frameworks , such as NATO , America 's relations with Asia have tended to be based on a `` hub and spoke '' model using a series of bilateral relationships where states coordinate with the United States and do not collaborate with each other . On May 30 , 2009 , at the Shangri - La Dialogue Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates urged the nations of Asia to build on this hub and spoke model as they established and grew multilateral institutions such as ASEAN , APEC and the ad hoc arrangements in the area . However , in 2011 Gates said that the United States must serve as the `` indispensable nation , '' for building multilateral cooperation .",
"11": "Oil ( edit ) Persian Gulf ( edit ) Further information : Energy policy of the United States and Petroleum politics A U.S. soldier stands guard duty near a burning oil well in the Rumaila oil field , Iraq , April 2003 As of 2014 , the U.S. currently produces about 66 % of the oil that it consumes . While its imports have exceeded domestic production since the early 1990s , new hydraulic fracturing techniques and discovery of shale oil deposits in Canada and the American Dakotas offer the potential for increased energy independence from oil exporting countries such as OPEC . Former U.S. President George W. Bush identified dependence on imported oil as an urgent `` national security concern '' . Two - thirds of the world 's proven oil reserves are estimated to be found in the Persian Gulf . Despite its distance , the Persian Gulf region was first proclaimed to be of national interest to the United States during World War II . Petroleum is of central importance to modern armies , and the United States -- as the world 's leading oil producer at that time -- supplied most of the oil for the Allied armies . Many U.S. strategists were concerned that the war would dangerously reduce the U.S. oil supply , and so they sought to establish good relations with Saudi Arabia , a kingdom with large oil reserves . The Persian Gulf region continued to be regarded as an area of vital importance to the United States during the Cold War . Three Cold War United States Presidential doctrines -- the Truman Doctrine , the Eisenhower Doctrine , and the Nixon Doctrine -- played roles in the formulation of the Carter Doctrine , which stated that the United States would use military force if necessary to defend its `` national interests '' in the Persian Gulf region . Carter 's successor , President Ronald Reagan , extended the policy in October 1981 with what is sometimes called the `` Reagan Corollary to the Carter Doctrine '' , which proclaimed that the United States would intervene to protect Saudi Arabia , whose security was threatened after the outbreak of the Iran -- Iraq War . Some analysts have argued that the implementation of the Carter Doctrine and the Reagan Corollary also played a role in the outbreak of the 2003 Iraq War . Canada ( edit ) Almost all of Canada 's energy exports go to the United States , making it the largest foreign source of U.S.",
"12": "energy imports : Canada is consistently among the top sources for U.S. oil imports , and it is the largest source of U.S. natural gas and electricity imports . Africa ( edit ) In 2007 the U.S. was Sub-Saharan Africa 's largest single export market accounting for 28 % of exports ( second in total to the EU at 31 % ) . 81 % of U.S. imports from this region were petroleum products . Foreign aid ( edit ) Main articles : United States foreign aid and United States Agency for International Development Foreign assistance is a core component of the State Department 's international affairs budget , which is $49 billion in all for 2014 . Aid is considered an essential instrument of U.S. foreign policy . There are four major categories of non-military foreign assistance : bilateral development aid , economic assistance supporting U.S. political and security goals , humanitarian aid , and multilateral economic contributions ( for example , contributions to the World Bank and International Monetary Fund ) . In absolute dollar terms , the United States government is the largest international aid donor ( $23 billion in 2014 ) . The U.S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) manages the bulk of bilateral economic assistance ; the Treasury Department handles most multilateral aid . In addition many private agencies , churches and philanthropies provide aid . Although the United States is the largest donor in absolute dollar terms , it is actually ranked 19 out of 27 countries on the Commitment to Development Index . The CDI ranks the 27 richest donor countries on their policies that affect the developing world . In the aid component the United States is penalized for low net aid volume as a share of the economy , a large share of tied or partially tied aid , and a large share of aid given to less poor and relatively undemocratic governments . Foreign aid is a highly partisan issue in the United States , with liberals , on average , supporting foreign aid much more than conservatives do . Military ( edit ) As of 2016 , the United States is actively conducting military operations against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Al - Qaeda under the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists , including in areas of fighting in the Syrian Civil War and Yemeni Civil War .",
"13": "The Guantanamo Bay Naval Base holds what the federal government considers unlawful combatants from these ongoing activities , and has been a controversial issue in foreign relations , domestic politics , and Cuba -- United States relations . Other major U.S. military concerns include stability in Afghanistan and Iraq after the recent invasions of those countries , and Russian military activity in Ukraine . Mutual defense agreements ( edit ) A map of allies of the United States NATO member states , including their colonies and overseas possessions Major non-NATO allies , plus Republic of China ( Taiwan ) Signatories of Partnership for Peace with NATO The United States is a founding member of NATO , an alliance of 28 North American and European nations formed to defend Western Europe against the Soviet Union during the Cold War . Under the NATO charter , the United States is compelled to defend any NATO state that is attacked by a foreign power . The United States itself was the first country to invoke the mutual defense provisions of the alliance , in response to the September 11 attacks . The United States also has mutual military defense treaties with : Australia and New Zealand Japan South Korea Philippines Thailand , with other states formerly in the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Most countries in South America , Central America , and the Caribbean , through the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance The United States has responsibility for the defense of the three Compact of Free Association states : Federated States of Micronesia , the Marshall Islands , and Palau . Other allies and multilateral organizations ( edit ) Countries with U.S. military bases ( excluding the U.S. Coast Guard ) . In 1989 , the United States also granted five nations the major non-NATO ally status ( MNNA ) , and additions by later presidents have brought the list to 28 nations . Each such state has a unique relationship with the United States , involving various military and economic partnerships and alliances . U.S. Air Force Special Tactics Commandos training with Jordanian special operations forces and lesser agreements with : Taiwan Israel Saudi Arabia The U.S. participates in various military - related multi-lateral organizations , including : Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons International Atomic Energy Agency The U.S. also operates hundreds of military bases around the world . Unilateral vs.",
"14": "multilateral military actions ( edit ) The United States has undertaken unilateral and multilateral military operations throughout its history ( see Timeline of United States military operations ) . In the post-World War II era , the country has had permanent membership and veto power in the United Nations Security Council , allowing it to undertake any military action without formal Security Council opposition . With vast military expenditures , the United States is known as the sole remaining superpower after the collapse of the Soviet Union . The U.S. contributes a relatively small number of personnel for United Nations peacekeeping operations . It sometimes acts though NATO , as with the NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina , NATO bombing of Yugoslavia , and ISAF in Afghanistan , but often acts unilaterally or in ad - hoc coalitions as with the 2003 invasion of Iraq . The United Nations Charter requires that military operations be either for self - defense or affirmatively approved by the Security Council . Though many of their operations have followed these rules , the United States and NATO have been accused of committing crimes against peace in international law , for example in the 1999 Yugoslavia and 2003 Iraq operations . Aid ( edit ) Main articles : United States military aid , United States Foreign Military Financing , and Foreign Military Sales U.S. Soldiers unload humanitarian aid for distribution to the town of Rajan Kala , Afghanistan , December 2009 The U.S. provides military aid through many different channels . Counting the items that appear in the budget as ' Foreign Military Financing ' and ' Plan Colombia ' , the U.S. spent approximately $4.5 billion in military aid in 2001 , of which $2 billion went to Israel , $1.3 billion went to Egypt , and $1 billion went to Colombia . Since 9 / 11 , Pakistan has received approximately $11.5 billion in direct military aid . As of 2004 , according to Fox News , the U.S. had more than 700 military bases in 130 different countries . Estimated U.S. foreign military financing and aid by recipient for 2010 : Recipient Military aid 2010 ( USD Billions ) Iraq 6.50 Afghanistan 5.60 Israel 2.75 Egypt 1.75 Pakistan 1.60 Colombia .",
"15": "834 Jordan . 300 Palestinian Authority . 100 Yemen . 070 According to a 2016 report by the Congressional Research Service , the U.S. topped the market in global weapon sales for 2015 , with $40 billion sold . The largest buyers were Qatar , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , South Korea , Pakistan , Israel , the United Arab Emirates and Iraq . Missile defense ( edit ) Main articles : National missile defense and Strategic Defense Initiative The Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ) was a proposal by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23 , 1983 to use ground and space - based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles , later dubbed `` Star Wars '' . The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of mutual assured destruction ( MAD ) . Though it was never fully developed or deployed , the research and technologies of SDI paved the way for some anti-ballistic missile systems of today . In February 2007 , the U.S. started formal negotiations with Poland and Czech Republic concerning construction of missile shield installations in those countries for a Ground - Based Midcourse Defense system ( in April 2007 , 57 % of Poles opposed the plan ) . According to press reports the government of the Czech Republic agreed ( while 67 % Czechs disagree ) to host a missile defense radar on its territory while a base of missile interceptors is supposed to be built in Poland . Russia threatened to place short - range nuclear missiles on the Russia 's border with NATO if the United States refuses to abandon plans to deploy 10 interceptor missiles and a radar in Poland and the Czech Republic . In April 2007 , Putin warned of a new Cold War if the Americans deployed the shield in Central Europe . Putin also said that Russia is prepared to abandon its obligations under an Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty of 1987 with the United States . On August 14 , 2008 , the United States and Poland announced a deal to implement the missile defense system in Polish territory , with a tracking system placed in the Czech Republic .",
"16": "`` The fact that this was signed in a period of very difficult crisis in the relations between Russia and the United States over the situation in Georgia shows that , of course , the missile defense system will be deployed not against Iran but against the strategic potential of Russia '' , Dmitry Rogozin , Russia 's NATO envoy , said . Keir A. Lieber and Daryl G. Press , argue in Foreign Affairs that U.S. missile defenses are designed to secure Washington 's nuclear primacy and are chiefly directed at potential rivals , such as Russia and China . The authors note that Washington continues to eschew nuclear first strike and contend that deploying missile defenses `` would be valuable primarily in an offensive context , not a defensive one ; as an adjunct to a US First Strike capability , not as a stand - alone shield '' : If the United States launched a nuclear attack against Russia ( or China ) , the targeted country would be left with only a tiny surviving arsenal , if any at all . At that point , even a relatively modest or inefficient missile defense system might well be enough to protect against any retaliatory strikes . This analysis is corroborated by the Pentagon 's 1992 Defense Planning Guidance ( DPG ) , prepared by then Secretary of Defense Richard Cheney and his deputies . The DPG declares that the United States should use its power to `` prevent the reemergence of a new rival '' either on former Soviet territory or elsewhere . The authors of the Guidance determined that the United States had to `` Field a missile defense system as a shield against accidental missile launches or limited missile strikes by ' international outlaws ' '' and also must `` Find ways to integrate the ' new democracies ' of the former Soviet bloc into the U.S. - led system '' . The National Archive notes that Document 10 of the DPG includes wording about `` disarming capabilities to destroy '' which is followed by several blacked out words . `` This suggests that some of the heavily excised pages in the still - classified DPG drafts may include some discussion of preventive action against threatening nuclear and other WMD programs . '' Finally , Robert David English , writing in Foreign Affairs , observes that in addition to the deployment U.S. missile defenses , the DPG 's second recommendation has also been proceeding on course .",
"17": "`` Washington has pursued policies that have ignored Russian interests ( and sometimes international law as well ) in order to encircle Moscow with military alliances and trade blocs conducive to U.S. interests . '' Exporting democracy ( edit ) See also : American democracy promotion in the Middle East and North Africa In United States history , critics have charged that presidents have used democracy to justify military intervention abroad . Critics have also charged that the U.S. helped local militaries overthrow democratically elected governments in Iran , Guatemala , and in other instances . Studies have been devoted to the historical success rate of the U.S. in exporting democracy abroad . Some studies of American intervention have been pessimistic about the overall effectiveness of U.S. efforts to encourage democracy in foreign nations . Until recently , scholars have generally agreed with international relations professor Abraham Lowenthal that U.S. attempts to export democracy have been `` negligible , often counterproductive , and only occasionally positive . '' Other studies find U.S. intervention has had mixed results , and another by Hermann and Kegley has found that military interventions have improved democracy in other countries . Opinion that U.S. intervention does not export democracy ( edit ) Professor Paul W. Drake argued that the U.S. first attempted to export democracy in Latin America through intervention from 1912 to 1932 . Drake argued that this was contradictory because international law defines intervention as `` dictatorial interference in the affairs of another state for the purpose of altering the condition of things . '' The study suggested that efforts to promote democracy failed because democracy needs to develop out of internal conditions , and can not be forcibly imposed . There was disagreement about what constituted democracy ; Drake suggested American leaders sometimes defined democracy in a narrow sense of a nation having elections ; Drake suggested a broader understanding was needed . Further , there was disagreement about what constituted a `` rebellion '' ; Drake saw a pattern in which the U.S. State Department disapproved of any type of rebellion , even so - called `` revolutions '' , and in some instances rebellions against dictatorships . Historian Walter LaFeber stated , `` The world 's leading revolutionary nation ( the U.S. ) in the eighteenth century became the leading protector of the status quo in the twentieth century . '' Mesquita and Downs evaluated 35 U.S.",
"18": "interventions from 1945 to 2004 and concluded that in only one case , Colombia , did a `` full fledged , stable democracy '' develop within ten years following the intervention . Samia Amin Pei argued that nation building in developed countries usually unravelled four to six years after American intervention ended . Pei , based on study of a database on worldwide democracies called Polity , agreed with Mesquita and Downs that U.S. intervention efforts usually do n't produce real democracies , and that most cases result in greater authoritarianism after ten years . Professor Joshua Muravchik argued U.S. occupation was critical for Axis power democratization after World War II , but America 's failure to encourage democracy in the third world `` prove ... that U.S. military occupation is not a sufficient condition to make a country democratic . '' The success of democracy in former Axis countries such as Italy were seen as a result of high national per - capita income , although U.S. protection was seen as a key to stabilization and important for encouraging the transition to democracy . Steven Krasner agreed that there was a link between wealth and democracy ; when per - capita incomes of $6,000 were achieved in a democracy , there was little chance of that country ever reverting to an autocracy , according to an analysis of his research in the Los Angeles Times . Opinion that U.S. intervention has mixed results ( edit ) Tures examined 228 cases of American intervention from 1973 to 2005 , using Freedom House data . A plurality of interventions , 96 , caused no change in the country 's democracy . In 69 instances , the country became less democratic after the intervention . In the remaining 63 cases , a country became more democratic . However this does not take into account the direction the country would have gone with no U.S. intervention . Opinion that U.S. intervention effectively exports democracy ( edit ) Hermann and Kegley found that American military interventions designed to protect or promote democracy increased freedom in those countries . Peceny argued that the democracies created after military intervention are still closer to an autocracy than a democracy , quoting Przeworski `` while some democracies are more democratic than others , unless offices are contested , no regime should be considered democratic . ''",
"19": "Therefore , Peceny concludes , it is difficult to know from the Hermann and Kegley study whether U.S. intervention has only produced less repressive autocratic governments or genuine democracies . Peceny stated that the United States attempted to export democracy in 33 of its 93 20th - century military interventions . Peceny argued that proliberal policies after military intervention had a positive impact on democracy . Global opinion ( edit ) A global survey done by Pewglobal indicated that at ( as of 2014 ) least 33 surveyed countries have a positive view ( 50 % or above ) of the United States . With the top ten most positive countries being Philippines ( 92 % ) , Israel ( 84 % ) , South Korea ( 82 % ) , Kenya ( 80 % ) , El Salvador ( 80 % ) , Italy ( 78 % ) , Ghana ( 77 % ) , Vietnam ( 76 % ) , Bangladesh ( 76 % ) , and Tanzania ( 75 % ) . While 10 surveyed countries have the most negative view ( Below 50 % ) of the United States . With the countries being Egypt ( 10 % ) , Jordan ( 12 % ) , Pakistan ( 14 % ) , Turkey ( 19 % ) , Russia ( 23 % ) , Palestinian Territories ( 30 % ) , Greece ( 34 % ) , Argentina ( 36 % ) , Lebanon ( 41 % ) , Tunisia ( 42 % ) . American 's own view of the United States was viewed at 84 % .",
"20": "Covert actions ( edit ) Main articles : United States involvement in regime change and History of the Central Intelligence Agency See also : Clandestine HUMINT and covert action Covert United States involvement in regime change 1949 Syrian coup d'état 1949 -- 1953 Albania 1951 -- 56 Tibet 1953 Iranian coup d'état 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 1956 -- 57 Syria crisis 1957 -- 58 Indonesian rebellion 1959 -- 2000 Cuba , assassination attempts on Fidel Castro 1959 Cambodian `` Bangkok Plot '' 1960 Congo coup 1961 Cuba , Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 Cuba , Operation Mongoose 1961 Dominican Republic 1963 South Vietnamese coup 1964 Bolivian coup d'état 1964 Brazilian coup d'état 1966 Ghana coup d'état 1970 Cambodian coup 1971 Bolivian coup d'état 1970 -- 73 Chile 1979 -- 89 Afghanistan , Operation Cyclone 1981 -- 87 Nicaragua , Contras 1982 Chad 1991 Haiti 1996 Iraq coup attempt 2001 Afghanistan 2004 Haiti 2011 Libyan civil war 2011 -- 2017 Syria view talk United States foreign policy also includes covert actions to topple foreign governments that have been opposed to the United States . According to J. Dana Stuster , writing in Foreign Policy , there are seven `` confirmed cases '' where the U.S. -- acting principally through the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , but sometimes with the support of other parts of the U.S. government , including the Navy and State Department -- covertly assisted in the overthrow of a foreign government : Iran in 1953 , Guatemala in 1954 , Congo in 1960 , the Dominican Republic in 1961 , South Vietnam in 1963 , Brazil in 1964 , and Chile in 1973 . Stuster states that this list excludes `` U.S. - supported insurgencies and failed assassination attempts '' such as those directed against Cuba 's Fidel Castro , as well as instances where U.S.",
"21": "involvement has been alleged but not proven ( such as Syria in 1949 ) . In 1953 the CIA , working with the British government , initiated Operation Ajax against the Prime Minister of Iran Mohammad Mossadegh who had attempted to nationalize Iran 's oil , threatening the interests of the Anglo - Persian Oil Company . This had the effect of restoring and strengthening the authoritarian monarchical reign of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi . In 1957 , the CIA and Israeli Mossad aided the Iranian government in establishing its intelligence service , SAVAK , later blamed for the torture and execution of the regime 's opponents . A year later , in Operation PBSUCCESS , the CIA assisted the local military in toppling the democratically elected left - wing government of Jacobo Árbenz in Guatemala and installing the military dictator Carlos Castillo Armas . The United Fruit Company lobbied for Árbenz overthrow as his land reforms jeopardized their land holdings in Guatemala , and painted these reforms as a communist threat . The coup triggered a decades long civil war which claimed the lives of an estimated 200,000 people ( 42,275 individual cases have been documented ) , mostly through 626 massacres against the Maya population perpetrated by the U.S. - backed Guatemalan military . An independent Historical Clarification Commission found that U.S. corporations and government officials `` exercised pressure to maintain the country 's archaic and unjust socio - economic structure , '' and that the CIA backed illegal counterinsurgency operations . During the massacre of at least 500,000 alleged communists in 1960s Indonesia , U.S. government officials applauded the mass killings while providing covert assistance to the Indonesian military which helped facilitate them . This included the U.S. Embassy in Jakarta supplying Indonesian forces with lists of up to 5,000 names of suspected members of the Communist Party of Indonesia ( PKI ) , who were subsequently killed in the massacres . In 2001 , the CIA attempted to prevent the publication of the State Department volume Foreign Relations of the United States , 1964 -- 1968 , which documents the U.S. role in providing covert assistance to the Indonesian military for the express purpose of the extirpation of the PKI .",
"22": "In July 2016 , an international panel of judges ruled the killings constitute crimes against humanity , and that the US , along with other Western governments , were complicit in these crimes . In 1970 , the CIA worked with coup - plotters in Chile in the attempted kidnapping of General René Schneider , who was targeted for refusing to participate in a military coup upon the election of Salvador Allende . Schneider was shot in the botched attempt and died three days later . The CIA later paid the group $35,000 for the failed kidnapping . Influencing foreign elections ( edit ) Main article : Foreign electoral intervention According to one peer - reviewed study , the U.S. intervened in 81 foreign elections between 1946 and 2000 , while the Soviet Union or Russia intervened in 36 . Human rights ( edit ) See also : Human rights violations by the CIA , List of authoritarian regimes supported by the United States , United States and state - sponsored terrorism , and United States and state terrorism Zairean dictator Mobutu Sese Seko and Richard Nixon in Washington , D.C. , October 1973 Since the 1970s , issues of human rights have become increasingly important in American foreign policy . Congress took the lead in the 1970s . Following the Vietnam War , the feeling that U.S. foreign policy had grown apart from traditional American values was seized upon by Senator Donald M. Fraser ( D , MI ) , leading the Subcommittee on International Organizations and Movements , in criticizing Republican Foreign Policy under the Nixon administration . In the early 1970s , Congress concluded the Vietnam War and passed the War Powers Act . As `` part of a growing assertiveness by Congress about many aspects of Foreign Policy , '' Human Rights concerns became a battleground between the Legislative and the Executive branches in the formulation of foreign policy . David Forsythe points to three specific , early examples of Congress interjecting its own thoughts on foreign policy : Subsection ( a ) of the International Financial Assistance Act of 1977 : ensured assistance through international financial institutions would be limited to countries `` other than those whose governments engage in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights . ''",
"23": "Section 116 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 , as amended in 1984 : reads in part , `` No assistance may be provided under this part to the government of any country which engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights . '' Section 502B of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 , as amended in 1978 : `` No security assistance may be provided to any country the government of which engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights . '' Barack Obama with King Salman of Saudi Arabia , January 2015 . According to AI , `` For too long , the USA has shied away from publicly confronting Saudi Arabia over its human rights record , largely turning a blind eye to a mounting catalogue of abuses . '' These measures were repeatedly used by Congress , with varying success , to affect U.S. foreign policy towards the inclusion of Human Rights concerns . Specific examples include El Salvador , Nicaragua , Guatemala and South Africa . The Executive ( from Nixon to Reagan ) argued that the Cold War required placing regional security in favor of U.S. interests over any behavioral concerns of national allies . Congress argued the opposite , in favor of distancing the United States from oppressive regimes . Nevertheless , according to historian Daniel Goldhagen , during the last two decades of the Cold War , the number of American client states practicing mass murder outnumbered those of the Soviet Union . John Henry Coatsworth , a historian of Latin America and the provost of Columbia University , suggests the number of repression victims in Latin America alone far surpassed that of the USSR and its East European satellites during the period 1960 to 1990 . W. John Green contends that the United States was an `` essential enabler '' of `` Latin America 's political murder habit , bringing out and allowing to flourish some of the region 's worst tendencies . '' On December 6 , 2011 , Obama instructed agencies to consider LGBT rights when issuing financial aid to foreign countries . He also criticized Russia 's law discriminating against gays , joining other western leaders in the boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Russia . In June 2014 , a Chilean court ruled that the United States played a key role in the murders of Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi , both American citizens , shortly after the 1973 Chilean coup d'état .",
"24": "War on drugs ( edit ) Main article : War on Drugs United States foreign policy is influenced by the efforts of the U.S. government to control imports of illicit drugs , including cocaine , heroin , methamphetamine , and cannabis . This is especially true in Latin America , a focus for the U.S. War on Drugs . Those efforts date back to at least 1880 , when the U.S. and China completed an agreement that prohibited the shipment of opium between the two countries . Over a century later , the Foreign Relations Authorization Act requires the President to identify the major drug transit or major illicit drug - producing countries . In September 2005 , the following countries were identified : Bahamas , Bolivia , Brazil , Burma , Colombia , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Guatemala , Haiti , India , Jamaica , Laos , Mexico , Nigeria , Pakistan , Panama , Paraguay , Peru and Venezuela . Two of these , Burma and Venezuela are countries that the U.S. considers to have failed to adhere to their obligations under international counternarcotics agreements during the previous 12 months . Notably absent from the 2005 list were Afghanistan , the People 's Republic of China and Vietnam ; Canada was also omitted in spite of evidence that criminal groups there are increasingly involved in the production of MDMA destined for the United States and that large - scale cross-border trafficking of Canadian - grown cannabis continues . The U.S. believes that the Netherlands are successfully countering the production and flow of MDMA to the U.S. Criticism ( edit ) Main article : Criticism of American foreign policy Demonstration at Checkpoint Charlie in Berlin against the NSA surveillance program PRISM , June 2013 Critics from the left cite episodes that undercut leftist governments or showed support for Israel . Others cite human rights abuses and violations of international law . Critics have charged that the U.S. presidents have used democracy to justify military intervention abroad . Critics also point to declassified records which indicate that the CIA under Allen Dulles and the FBI under J. Edgar Hoover aggressively recruited more than 1,000 Nazis , including those responsible for war crimes , to use as spies and informants against the Soviet Union in the Cold War . The U.S.",
"25": "has faced criticism for backing right - wing dictators that systematically violated human rights , such as Augusto Pinochet of Chile , Alfredo Stroessner of Paraguay , Efraín Ríos Montt of Guatemala , Jorge Rafael Videla of Argentina , Hissène Habré of Chad Yahya Khan of Pakistan and Suharto of Indonesia . Critics have also accused the United States of supporting Operation Condor , an international campaign of political assassination and state terror organized by right - wing military dictatorships in the Southern Cone of South America . Journalists and human rights organizations have been critical of US - led airstrikes and targeted killings by drones which have in some cases resulted in collateral damage of civilian populations . In early 2017 , the U.S. faced criticism from some scholars , activists and media outlets for dropping 26,171 bombs on seven different countries throughout 2016 : Syria , Iraq , Afghanistan , Libya , Yemen , Somalia and Pakistan . Studies have been devoted to the historical success rate of the U.S. in exporting democracy abroad . Some studies of American intervention have been pessimistic about the overall effectiveness of U.S. efforts to encourage democracy in foreign nations . Some scholars have generally agreed with international relations professor Abraham Lowenthal that U.S. attempts to export democracy have been `` negligible , often counterproductive , and only occasionally positive . '' Other studies find U.S. intervention has had mixed results , and another by Hermann and Kegley has found that military interventions have improved democracy in other countries . A 2013 global poll in 68 countries with 66,000 respondents by Win / Gallup found that the U.S. is perceived as the biggest threat to world peace . Support ( edit ) President George W. Bush and Slovakia 's Prime Minister Mikulas Dzurinda are greeted by a crowd of thousands gathered in Bratislava 's Hviezdoslavovo Square ( February 2005 ) . Regarding support for certain anti-Communist dictatorships during the Cold War , a response is that they were seen as a necessary evil , with the alternatives even worse Communist or fundamentalist dictatorships . David Schmitz says this policy did not serve U.S. interests .",
"26": "Friendly tyrants resisted necessary reforms and destroyed the political center ( though not in South Korea ) , while the ' realist ' policy of coddling dictators brought a backlash among foreign populations with long memories . Many democracies have voluntary military ties with United States . See NATO , ANZUS , Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan , Mutual Defense Treaty with South Korea , and Major non-NATO ally . Those nations with military alliances with the U.S. can spend less on the military since they can count on U.S. protection . This may give a false impression that the U.S. is less peaceful than those nations . Research on the democratic peace theory has generally found that democracies , including the United States , have not made war on one another . There have been U.S. support for coups against some democracies , but for example Spencer R. Weart argues that part of the explanation was the perception , correct or not , that these states were turning into Communist dictatorships . Also important was the role of rarely transparent United States government agencies , who sometimes mislead or did not fully implement the decisions of elected civilian leaders . Empirical studies ( see democide ) have found that democracies , including the United States , have killed much fewer civilians than dictatorships . Media may be biased against the U.S. regarding reporting human rights violations . Studies have found that The New York Times coverage of worldwide human rights violations predominantly focuses on the human rights violations in nations where there is clear U.S. involvement , while having relatively little coverage of the human rights violations in other nations . For example , the bloodiest war in recent time , involving eight nations and killing millions of civilians , was the Second Congo War , which was almost completely ignored by the media . Niall Ferguson argues that the U.S. is incorrectly blamed for all the human rights violations in nations they have supported . He writes that it is generally agreed that Guatemala was the worst of the US - backed regimes during the Cold War . However , the U.S. can not credibly be blamed for all the 200,000 deaths during the long Guatemalan Civil War . The U.S. Intelligence Oversight Board writes that military aid was cut for long periods because of such violations , that the U.S.",
"27": "helped stop a coup in 1993 , and that efforts were made to improve the conduct of the security services . Bahraini pro-democracy protesters killed by the U.S. - allied regime , February 2011 Today the U.S. states that democratic nations best support U.S. national interests . According to the U.S. State Department , `` Democracy is the one national interest that helps to secure all the others . Democratically governed nations are more likely to secure the peace , deter aggression , expand open markets , promote economic development , protect American citizens , combat international terrorism and crime , uphold human and worker rights , avoid humanitarian crises and refugee flows , improve the global environment , and protect human health . '' According to former U.S. President Bill Clinton , `` Ultimately , the best strategy to ensure our security and to build a durable peace is to support the advance of democracy elsewhere . Democracies do n't attack each other . '' In one view mentioned by the U.S. State Department , democracy is also good for business . Countries that embrace political reforms are also more likely to pursue economic reforms that improve the productivity of businesses . Accordingly , since the mid-1980s , under President Ronald Reagan , there has been an increase in levels of foreign direct investment going to emerging market democracies relative to countries that have not undertaken political reforms . Leaked cables in 2010 suggested that the `` dark shadow of terrorism still dominates the United States ' relations with the world '' . The United States officially maintains that it supports democracy and human rights through several tools Examples of these tools are as follows : A published yearly report by the State Department entitled `` Advancing Freedom and Democracy '' , issued in compliance with ADVANCE Democracy Act of 2007 ( earlier the report was known as `` Supporting Human Rights and Democracy : The U.S. Record '' and was issued in compliance with a 2002 law ) . A yearly published `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices . '' In 2006 ( under President George W. Bush ) , the United States created a `` Human Rights Defenders Fund '' and `` Freedom Awards . '' The `` Human Rights and Democracy Achievement Award '' recognizes the exceptional achievement of officers of foreign affairs agencies posted abroad . The `` Ambassadorial Roundtable Series '' , created in 2006 , are informal discussions between newly confirmed U.S.",
"28": "Ambassadors and human rights and democracy non-governmental organizations . The National Endowment for Democracy , a private non-profit created by Congress in 1983 ( and signed into law by President Ronald Reagan ) , which is mostly funded by the U.S. Government and gives cash grants to strengthen democratic institutions around the world . By country or region ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It has been suggested that this section be merged into Foreign relations of the United States . ( Discuss ) Proposed since June 2016 . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : United Kingdom -- United States relations Further information : Special Relationship and Anglosphere Queen Elizabeth II welcomes President Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama to Buckingham Palace on April 1 , 2009 . United States foreign policy affirms its alliance with the United Kingdom as its most important bilateral relationship in the world , evidenced by aligned political affairs between the White House and 10 Downing Street , as well as joint military operations carried out between the two nations . While both the United States and the United Kingdom maintain close relationships with many other nations around the world , the level of cooperation in military planning , execution of military operations , nuclear weapons technology , and intelligence sharing with each other has been described as `` unparalleled '' among major powers throughout the 20th and early 21st century . The United States and Britain share the world 's largest foreign direct investment partnership . American investment in the United Kingdom reached $255.4 billion in 2002 , while British direct investment in the United States totaled $283.3 billion . Canada ( edit ) Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper ( right ) and President Obama ( left ) meet in Ottawa in February 2009 Main article : Canada -- United States relations The bilateral relationship between Canada and the United States is of notable importance to both countries . About 75 -- 85 % of Canadian trade is with the United States , and Canada is the United States ' largest trading partner and chief supplier of oil . While there are disputed issues between the two nations , relations are close and the two countries share the `` world 's longest undefended border . ''",
"29": "The border was demilitarized after the War of 1812 and , apart from minor raids , has remained peaceful . Military collaboration began during World War II and continued throughout the Cold War on both a bilateral basis and a multilateral relationship through NATO . A high volume of trade and migration between the United States and Canada since the 1850s has generated closer ties , despite continued Canadian fears of being culturally overwhelmed by its neighbor , which is nine times larger in terms of population and eleven times larger in terms of economy . The two economies have increasingly merged since the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) of 1994 , which also includes Mexico . Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Mexico -- United States relations The United States shares a unique and often complex relationship with Mexico . A history of armed conflict goes back to the Texas Revolution in the 1830s , the Mexican -- American War in the 1840s , and an American invasion in the 1910s . Important treaties include the Gadsden Purchase , and multilaterally with Canada , the North American Free Trade Agreement . The central issue in recent years has been illegal immigration , followed by illegal gun sales ( from the U.S. ) , drug smuggling ( to the U.S. ) and escalating drug cartel violence just south of the U.S. - Mexico border . Australia ( edit ) Main article : Australia -- United States relations Former Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd talks with United States President Barack Obama in Washington The United States ' relationship with Australia is a very close one , with Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stating that `` America does n't have a better friend in the world than Australia '' . The relationship is formalized by the ANZUS treaty and the Australia -- United States Free Trade Agreement . The two countries have a shared history , both have previously been British Colonies and many Americans flocked to the Australian goldfields in the 19th century . At a strategic level , the relationship really came to prominence in World War II , when the two nations worked extremely closely in the Pacific War against Japan , with General Douglas MacArthur undertaking his role as Supreme Allied Commander based in Australia , effectively having Australian troops and resources under his command . During this period , the cultural interaction between Australia and the U.S. were elevated to a higher level as over 1 million U.S.",
"30": "military personnel moved through Australia during the course of the war . The relationship continued to evolve throughout the second half of the 20th Century , and today now involves strong relationships at the executive and mid levels of government and the military , leading Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs , Kurt M. Campbell to declare that `` in the last ten years , ( Australia ) has ascended to one of the closest one or two allies ( of the U.S. ) on the planet '' . Middle East ( edit ) Main article : United States foreign policy in the Middle East The United States has many important allies in the Greater Middle East region . These allies are Turkey , Saudi Arabia , Morocco , Jordan , Afghanistan , Israel , Egypt , Kuwait , Bahrain and Qatar . Israel and Egypt are leading recipients of United States foreign aid , receiving $2.775 billion and 1.75 billion in 2010 . Turkey is an ally of the United States through its membership in NATO , while all of the other countries except Saudi Arabia and Qatar are major non-NATO allies . The United States toppled the government of Saddam Hussein during the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Turkey is host to approximately 90 B61 nuclear bombs at Incirlik Air Base . Other allies include Qatar , where 3,500 U.S. troops are based , and Bahrain , where the United States Navy maintains NSA Bahrain , home of NAVCENT and the Fifth Fleet . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Japan -- United States relations The relationship began in the 1850s as the U.S. was a major factor in forcing Japan to resume contacts with the outer world beyond a very restricted role . In the late 19th century the Japanese sent many delegations to Europe , and some to the U.S. , to discover and copy the latest technology and thereby modernize Japan very rapidly and allow it to build its own empire . There was some friction over control of Hawaii and the Philippines , but Japan stood aside as the U.S. annexed those lands in 1898 . Likewise the U.S. did not object when Japan took control of Korea . The two nations cooperated with the European powers in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900 , but the U.S.",
"31": "was increasingly troubled about Japan 's denial of the Open Door Policy that would ensure that all nations could do business with China on an equal basis . President Theodore Roosevelt admired Japan 's strength as it defeated a major European power , Russia . He brokered an end to the war between Russia and Japan in 1905 -- 6 . Anti-Japanese sentiment ( especially on the West Coast ) soured relations in the 1907 -- 24 era . In the 1930s the U.S. protested vehemently against Japan 's seizure of Manchuria ( 1931 ) , its war against China ( 1937 -- 45 ) , and its seizure of Indochina ( Vietnam ) 1940 -- 41 . American sympathies were with China and Japan rejected increasingly angry American demands that Japan pull out of China . The two nations fought an all - out war 1941 -- 45 ; the U.S. won a total victory , with heavy bombing ( including two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki ) that devastated Japan 's 50 largest industrial cities . The American army under Douglas MacArthur occupied and ruled Japan , 1945 -- 51 , with the successful goal of sponsoring a peaceful , prosperous and democratic nation . In 1951 , the U.S. and Japan signed Treaty of San Francisco and Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan , subsequently revised as Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan in 1960 , relations since then have been excellent . The United States considers Japan to be one of its closest allies , and it is both a Major Non-NATO ally and NATO contact country . The United States has several military bases in Japan including Yokosuka , which harbors the U.S. 7th Fleet . The JSDF , or Japanese Self Defense Force , cross train with the U.S. Military , often providing auxiliary security and conducting war games . When the U.S. President Barack Obama met with Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso in 2009 , he said the relationship with Japan as the `` cornerstone of security in East Asia '' . After the several years of critical moment during Japan 's Democratic Party administration , President Obama and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe reconfirmed the importance of its alliance and currently the U.S. and Japan negotiating to participate Trans - Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership .",
"32": "South Korea ( edit ) Main article : South Korea -- United States relations South Korea -- United States relations have been most extensive since 1945 , when the United States helped establish capitalism in South Korea and led the UN-sponsored Korean War against North Korea and China ( 1950 -- 53 ) . Stimulated by heavy American aid , South Korea 's rapid economic growth , democratization and modernization greatly reduced its U.S. dependency . Large numbers of U.S. forces remain in Korea . At the 2009 G - 20 London summit , U.S. President Barack Obama called South Korea `` one of America 's closest allies and greatest friends . '' China ( edit ) Main article : China - United States relations President Barack Obama addresses the opening session of the first U.S. -- China Strategic and Economic Dialogue . American relations with the People 's Republic of China are quite strong , yet complex . A great amount of trade between the two countries necessitates positive political relations , although occasional disagreements over tariffs , currency exchange rates and the Political status of Taiwan do occur . Nevertheless , the United States and China have an extremely extensive partnership . The U.S. criticizes China on human rights issues and in recent years , China has criticized the United States on human rights in return . Taiwan ( edit ) Main article : Republic of China -- United States relations Taiwan ( officially the Republic of China ) , does not have official diplomatic relations with America and no longer receives diplomatic recognition from the State Department of the United States , but it conducts unofficial diplomatic relations through its de facto embassy , commonly known as the `` American Institute in Taiwan ( AIT ) '' , and is considered to be a strong Asian ally and supporter of the United States . ASEAN ( edit ) Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) is an important partner for United States in both economic and geostrategic aspects . ASEAN 's geostrategic importance stems from many factors , including : the strategic location of member countries , the large shares of global trade that pass through regional waters , and the alliances and partnerships which the United States shares with ASEAN member states . In July 2009 , the United States signed ASEAN 's Treaty of Amity and Cooperation , which establishes guiding principles intended to build confidence among its signatories with the aim of maintaining regional peace and stability .",
"33": "Trade flows are robust and increasing between America and the ASEAN region . Indonesia ( edit ) Main article : Indonesia -- United States relations As the largest ASEAN member , Indonesia has played an active and prominent role in developing the organization . For United States , Indonesia is important for dealing with certain issues ; such as terrorism , democracy , and how United States project its relations with Islamic world , since Indonesia has the world 's largest Islamic population , and one that honors and respects religious diversity . The U.S. eyes Indonesia as a potential strategic ally in Southeast Asia . During his stately visit to Indonesia , U.S. President Barack Obama has held up Indonesia as an example of how a developing nation can embrace democracy and diversity . Malaysia ( edit ) Main article : Malaysia -- United States relations Despite increasingly strained relations under the Mahathir Mohamad government , ties have been thawed under Najib Razak 's administration . Economic ties are particularly robust , with the United States being Malaysia 's largest trading partner and Malaysia is the tenth - largest trading partner of the U.S. Annual two - way trade amounts to $49 billion . The United States and Malaysia launched negotiations for a bilateral free trade agreement ( FTA ) in June 2006 . The United States and Malaysia enjoy strong security cooperation . Malaysia hosts the Southeast Asia Regional Center for Counterterrorism ( SEARCCT ) , where over 2000 officials from various countries have received training . The United States is among the foreign countries that has collaborated with the center in conducting capacity building programmes . The U.S. and Malaysia share a strong military - to - military relationship with numerous exchanges , training , joint exercises , and visits . Myanmar ( edit ) Main article : Burma -- United States relations Bilateral ties have generally been strained but are slowly improving . The United States has placed broad sanctions on Burma because of the military crackdown in 1988 and the military regime 's refusal to honour the election results of the 1990 People 's Assembly election . Similarly , the European Union has placed embargoes on Burma , including an arms embargo , cessation of trade preferences , and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid .",
"34": "US and European government sanctions against the military government , alongside boycotts and other types direct pressure on corporations by western supporters of the Burmese democracy movement , have resulted in the withdrawal from Burma of most U.S. and many European companies . However , several Western companies remain due to loopholes in the sanctions . Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in Myanmar and to initiate new investments , particularly in natural resource extraction . Ongoing reforms have improved relations between Burma and the United States . Philippines ( edit ) Main article : Philippines -- United States relations The United States ruled the Philippines from 1898 to 1946 . The Spanish government ceded the Philippines to the United States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish -- American War . The United States finally recognized Philippine independence on July 4 , 1946 in the Treaty of Manila . July 4 was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until August 4 , 1964 when , upon the advice of historians and the urging of nationalists , President Diosdado Macapagal signed into law Republic Act No. 4166 designating June 12 as the country 's Independence Day . Since 2003 the U.S. has designated the Philippines as a Major Non-NATO Ally . Thailand ( edit ) Main article : Thailand -- United States relations Thailand and the U.S. are both former Southeast Asia Treaty Organization ( SEATO ) members , being close partners throughout the Cold War , and are still close allies . Since 2003 , the U.S. has designated Thailand as a Major Non-NATO Ally . Vietnam ( edit ) Main article : United States -- Vietnam relations United States involved in Vietnam War in 1955 to 1975 . In 1995 , President Bill Clinton announced the formal normalization of diplomatic relations with Vietnam . Today , the U.S. eyes Vietnam as a potential strategic ally in Southeast Asia . Eastern Europe ( edit ) President Barack Obama talks with Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk of Ukraine at the conclusion of their bilateral meeting in the Oval Office , March 12 , 2014 . U.S. Marines greet local Albanian boys in Kosovo on June 25 , 1999 American relations with Eastern Europe are influenced by the legacy of the Cold War .",
"35": "Since the collapse of the Soviet Union , former Communist - bloc states in Europe have gradually transitioned to democracy and capitalism . Many have also joined the European Union and NATO , strengthening economic ties with the broader Western world and gaining the military protection of the United States via the North Atlantic Treaty . Kosovo ( edit ) Main article : Kosovo -- United States relations The UN Security Council divided on the question of Kosovo 's declaration of independence . Kosovo declared its independence on February 17 , 2008 , whilst Serbia objected that Kosovo is part of its territory . Of the five members with veto power in the UN Security Council , the US , UK , and France recognized the declaration of independence , and China has expressed concern , while Russia considers it illegal . `` In its declaration of independence , Kosovo committed itself to the highest standards of democracy , including freedom and tolerance and justice for citizens of all ethnic backgrounds '' , President George W. Bush said on February 19 , 2008 . See also ( edit ) International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Constitutional and international law ( edit ) Advice and consent List of United States treaties Missouri v. Holland Treaty Clause Diplomacy ( edit ) Council on Foreign Relations Cowboy diplomacy List of diplomatic missions of the United States George Washington 's Farewell Address United States and the United Nations United States Agency for International Development List of diplomatic missions in the United States United States foreign aid The Washington Diplomat Intelligence ( edit ) Extraordinary rendition Special Activities Division Torture and the United States Military ( edit ) 2003 invasion of Iraq NATO United States Foreign Military Financing United States involvement in regime change United States military aid Policy and doctrine ( edit ) United States and state terrorism United States and state - sponsored terrorism Anti-Americanism American imperialism American exceptionalism Bush Doctrine Carter Doctrine China containment policy Containment Détente Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration Human rights in the United States Kirkpatrick Doctrine Human Rights Record of the United States ( Chinese publication ) Monroe Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Powell Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Roosevelt Corollary Special Relationship Truman Doctrine Criticism of American foreign policy United States foreign policy in the Middle East History of U.S.",
"36": "expansion and influence Foreign policy Military history Timeline of military operations List of wars List of bases Manifest destiny Non-interventionism Overseas interventions Pax Americana America 's Backyard Territorial acquisitions United States involvement in regime change References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Alphabetical List of Bureaus and Offices '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Budget and Planning '' . State.gov . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About the Committee '' . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ James M. McCormick , American Foreign Policy and Process ( 2009 ) ch. 7 -- 8 Jump up ^ George C. Herring , From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Richard Russell , `` American Diplomatic Realism : A Tradition Practised and Preached by George F. Kennan , '' Diplomacy and Statecraft , Nov 2000 , Vol. 11 Issue 3 , pp. 159 -- 83 Jump up ^ Oren , Michael B. ( 2005 - 11 - 03 ) . `` The Middle East and the Making of the United States , 1776 to 1815 '' . Jump up ^ Donald L. Miller ( 2015 ) . Supreme City : How Jazz Age Manhattan Gave Birth to Modern America . Simon and Schuster . pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Seymour Martin Lipset , `` Neoconservatism : Myth and reality . '' Society 25.5 ( 1988 ) : pp. 9 - 13 online . Jump up ^ Colin Dueck , Hard Line : The Republican Party and U.S. Foreign Policy since World War II ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Nikolas K. Gvosdev ( 2008 - 01 - 02 ) . `` FDR 's Children '' . National Interest . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2010 .",
"37": "Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 13 . Hachigian ... and Sutphen ... recognize that the global balance of power is changing ; that despite America 's continued predominance , the other pivotal powers `` do challenge American dominance and impinge on the freedom of action the U.S. has come to enjoy and expect . '' Rather than focusing on the negatives , however , they believe that these six powers have the same vested interests : All are dependent on the free flow of goods around the world and all require global stability in order to ensure continued economic growth ( and the prosperity it engenders ) . Jump up ^ See Peter Baker , `` Tips for Leaders Meeting Trump : Keep It Short and Give Him a Win , '' New York Times May 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ Aaron David Miller and Richard Sokolsky , `` Should Should Rex Tillerson Resign ? , '' Politico October 1 , 2017 Jump up ^ Laurence H. Tribe , `` Taking Text and Structure Seriously : Reflections on Free - Form Method in Constitutional Interpretation , '' 108 Harv . L. Rev. 1221 , 1227 ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ The power of the League was limited by the United States ' refusal to join . Northedge , F.S ( 1986 ) . The League of Nations : Its Life and Times , 1920 -- 1946 . Holmes & Meier . pp. 276 -- 78 . ISBN 0 - 7185 - 1316 - 9 . Jump up ^ The United States was responsible for 36 % of greenhouse gas emissions at the time of the Kyoto Protocol Jump up ^ The United States Should Ratify The Law Of The Sea Convention ( due to China citing U.S. citing non-ratification as a reason it does n't need to follow the agreement ) Jump up ^ `` Why wo n't America ratify the UN convention on children 's rights ? '' . Economist.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hufbauer , Gary Clyde ; Schott , Jeffrey J. ( 1994 ) . Western Hemisphere Economic Integration . Peterson Institute . pp. 132 -- 22 . Jump up ^ John Pike .",
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"41": "^ Jump up to : Meernik , James ( 1996 ) . `` United States Military Intervention and the Promotion of Democracy '' . Journal of Peace Research . 33 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 402 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022343396033004002 . ^ Jump up to : Tures , John A. `` Operation Exporting Freedom : The Quest for Democratization via United States Military Operations '' ( PDF ) . Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations . PDF file . ^ Jump up to : Lowenthal , Abraham ( 1991 ) . The United States and Latin American Democracy : Learning from History . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 243 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Peceny , Mark ( 1999 ) . Democracy at the Point of Bayonets . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . p. 183 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 01883 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Hermann , Margaret G. ; Kegley , Charles ( 1998 ) . `` The U.S. Use of Military Intervention to Promote Democracy : Evaluating the Record '' . International Interactions. 24 ( 2 ) : 91 -- 114 . doi : 10.1080 / 03050629808434922 . Jump up ^ Lowenthal , Abraham F. ( March 1 , 1991 ) . Exporting Democracy : The United States and Latin America . The Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 1 , 4 , 5 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 4132 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lafeber , Walter ( 1993 ) . Inevitable Revolutions : The United States in Central America . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30964 - 9 . Jump up ^ Factors included limits on executive power , clear rules for the transition of power , universal adult suffrage , and competitive elections . Jump up ^ Pei , Samia Amin ( March 17 , 2004 ) . `` Why Nation - Building Fails in Mid-Course '' . International Herald Tribune .",
"42": "Jump up ^ Peceny , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Muravchik , Joshua ( 1991 ) . Exporting Democracy : Fulfilling America 's Destiny . Washington , DC : American Enterprise Institute Press . pp. 91 -- 118 . ISBN 0 - 8447 - 3734 - 8 . Jump up ^ Krasner , Stephen D. ( November 26 , 2003 ) . `` We Do n't Know How To Build Democracy '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Przeworski , Adam ; Przeworski , Adam ; Limongi Neto , Fernando Papaterra ; Alvarez , Michael M. ( 1996 ) . `` What Makes Democracy Endure '' ( -- ) . Journal of Democracy . 7 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 55 . doi : 10.1353 / jod. 1996.0016 . Jump up ^ Peceny , p. 193 Jump up ^ Peceny , p. 2 Jump up ^ Review : Shifter , Michael ; Peceny , Mark ( Winter 2001 ) . `` Democracy at the Point of Bayonets '' . Latin American Politics and Society . 43 ( 4 ) : 150 . doi : 10.2307 / 3177036 . Jump up ^ `` Global Indicators Database '' . Pewglobal.org. April 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stuster , J. Dana ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Mapped : The 7 Governments the U.S. Has Overthrown '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Special Report : Secret History of the CIA in Iran '' . The New York Times . 2000 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Glenn E. ; Hooglund , Eric , eds. ( 2008 ) . Iran : A Country Study ( PDF ) ( Fifth ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress , Federal Research Division . p. 276 . ISBN 9780844411873 .",
"43": "Jump up ^ `` Timeline : A Modern History of Iran '' . PBS NewsHour . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen Schlesinger ( 3 June 2011 ) . Ghosts of Guatemala 's Past . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Navarro , Mireya ( February 26 , 1999 ) . `` Guatemalan Army Waged ' Genocide , ' New Report Finds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Maggie ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` The Secrets in Guatemala 's Bones '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Allan ( 2008 ) . The Geography of Genocide . University Press of America . p. 171 . ISBN 0761840974 . Jump up ^ Beech , Hannah ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Stood by as Indonesia Killed a Half - Million People , Papers Show '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Bradley ( 2010 ) . Economists with Guns : Authoritarian Development and U.S. -- Indonesian Relations , 1960 - 1968 . Stanford University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 0804771820 . Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army - led massacre of alleged PKI members , and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party 's unarmed supporters might not go far enough , permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the ( Johnson ) Administration 's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia . ^ Jump up to : Kai Thaler ( December 2 , 2015 ) . 50 years ago today , American diplomats endorsed mass killings in Indonesia . Here 's what that means for today . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 .",
"44": "^ Jump up to : Margaret Scott ( November 2 , 2015 ) The Indonesian Massacre : What Did the US Know ? The New York Review of Books . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Samantha Michaels ( October 1 , 2015 ) . It 's Been 50 Years Since the Biggest US - Backed Genocide You 've Never Heard Of . Mother Jones . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bellamy , Alex J. ( 2012 ) . Massacres and Morality : Mass Atrocities in an Age of Civilian Immunity . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 928842 - 9 . p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Aarons ( 2007 ) . `` Justice Betrayed : Post-1945 Responses to Genocide . '' In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L.H. McCormack ( eds ) . The Legacy of Nuremberg : Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance ? ( International Humanitarian Law ) . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 9004156917 pp. 80 -- 81 Jump up ^ Vickers , Adrian ( 2005 ) . A History of Modern Indonesia . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54262 - 6 p. 157 Jump up ^ Friend , Theodore ( 2003 ) . Indonesian Destinies . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01137 - 6 p. 117 Jump up ^ Valentino , Benjamin A. ( 2005 ) . Final Solutions : Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century . Cornell University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0801472732 . Jump up ^ U.S. Seeks to Keep Lid on Far East Purge Role . The Associated Press via The Los Angeles Times , July 28 , 2001 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas Blanton ( ed ) . CIA STALLING STATE DEPARTMENT HISTORIES : STATE HISTORIANS CONCLUDE U.S.",
"45": "PASSED NAMES OF COMMUNISTS TO INDONESIAN ARMY , WHICH KILLED AT LEAST 105,000 IN 1965 -- 66 . National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 52. , July 27 , 2001 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Juliet ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tribunal finds Indonesia guilty of 1965 genocide ; US , UK complicit '' . CNN . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CIA Admits Involvement in Chile . ABC News . September 20 Jump up ^ John Dinges . The Condor Years : How Pinochet And His Allies Brought Terrorism To Three Continents . The New Press , 2005 . p. 20 . ISBN 1565849779 Jump up ^ Levin , Dov H. ( June 2016 ) . `` When the Great Power Gets a Vote : The Effects of Great Power Electoral Interventions on Election Results '' . International Studies Quarterly . 60 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 202 . See the full list of interventions in the appendix . Jump up ^ Joe Renouard , Human Rights in American Foreign Policy : From the 1960s to the Soviet Collapse ( U of Pennsylvania Press , 2016 ) . 324 pp . ^ Jump up to : Crabb , Cecil V. ; Pat Holt ( 1992 ) . Invitation to Struggle : Congress , the President and Foreign Policy ( 2nd ed . ) . Michigan : Congressional Quarterly . pp. 187 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87187 - 622 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Forsythe , David ( 1988 ) . Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy : Congress Reconsidered . Gainesville : University Press of Florida . pp. 1 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 0885 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia : President Obama must not shirk responsibility to tackle human rights during visit '' . Amnesty International . March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Daniel Goldhagen ( 2009 ) .",
"46": "Worse Than War . PublicAffairs . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 769 - 8 p. 537 `` During the 1970s and 1980s , the number of American client states practicing mass - murderous politics exceeded those of the Soviets . '' Jump up ^ Coatsworth , John Henry ( 2012 ) . `` The Cold War in Central America , 1975 -- 1991 '' . In Leffler , Melvyn P. ; Westad , Odd Arne . The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( Volume 3 ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 230 . ISBN 978 - 1107602311 . Jump up ^ W. John Green ( June 1 , 2015 ) . A History of Political Murder in Latin America : Killing the Messengers of Change Archived March 10 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... SUNY Press . p. 147 . ISBN 1438456638 Jump up ^ McVeigh , Karen ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` Gay rights must be criterion for U.S. aid allocations , instructs Obama '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adomanis , Mark ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` Barack Obama Is Right To Promote Gay Rights In Russia , Now He Should Be Consistent '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bershidsky , Leonid ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` Putin Plays Games to Salvage Olympics '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pascale Bonnefoy ( 30 June 2014 ) . Chilean Court Rules U.S. Had Role in Murders . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Memorandum for the Secretary of State '' . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. 15 September 2005 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Eric Lichtblau ( October 26 , 2014 ) . In Cold War , U.S.",
"47": "Spy Agencies Used 1,000 Nazis . The New York Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Nazis Next Door : Eric Lichtblau on How the CIA & FBI Secretly Sheltered Nazi War Criminals . Democracy Now ! October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Kornbluh ( September 11 , 2013 ) . The Pinochet File : A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability . The New Press . ISBN 1595589120 p. xviii ^ Jump up to : Walter L. Hixson ( 2009 ) . The Myth of American Diplomacy : National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy . Yale University Press . p. 223 . ISBN 0300151314 Jump up ^ What Guilt Does the U.S. Bear in Guatemala ? The New York Times , May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Duncan Campbell ( December 5 , 2003 ) . Kissinger approved Argentinian ' dirty war ' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hissène Habré , Ex-President of Chad , Is Convicted of War Crimes . The New York Times . May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ From U.S. Ally to Convicted War Criminal : Inside Chad 's Hissène Habré 's Close Ties to Reagan Admin . Democracy Now ! May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Looking Away from Genocide . The New Yorker . November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McSherry , J. Patrice ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 5 : `` Industrial repression '' and Operation Condor in Latin America `` . In Esparza , Marcia ; Henry R. Huttenbach ; Daniel Feierstein . State Violence and Genocide in Latin America : The Cold War Years ( Critical Terrorism Studies ) . Routledge . p. 107 . ISBN 0415664578 . Operation Condor also had the covert support of the US government .",
"48": "Washington provided Condor with military intelligence and training , financial assistance , advanced computers , sophisticated tracking technology , and access to the continental telecommunications system housed in the Panama Canal Zone . Jump up ^ Greg Grandin ( 2011 ) . The Last Colonial Massacre : Latin America in the Cold War . University of Chicago Press . p. 75 . ISBN 9780226306902 Jump up ^ U.S. - led airstrikes in Syria kill civilians , rights groups say . CNN . July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Scahill and the staff of The Intercept ( 2016 ) . The Assassination Complex : Inside the Government 's Secret Drone Warfare Program . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9781501144134 Jump up ^ Grandin , Greg ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why Did the US Drop 26,171 Bombs on the World Last Year ? '' . The Nation . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Agerholm , Harriet ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Map shows where President Barack Obama dropped his 20,000 bombs '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Medea ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` America dropped 26,171 bombs in 2016 . What a bloody end to Obama 's reign '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodenough , Patrick . `` And The Country Posing The Greatest Threat to Peace as 2013 Ends is ... '' . CNS News . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` US the biggest threat to world peace in 2013 -- poll '' . Rt.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Editorial , Post ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) . `` US is the greatest threat to world peace : poll New York Post '' . Nypost.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ The United States and Right - Wing Dictatorships , 1965 -- 1989 .",
"49": "David F. Schmitz. 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Do the sums , then compare U.S. and Communist crimes from the Cold War Telegraph , 11 December 2005 , Niall Ferguson Jump up ^ Give peace a rating May 31 , 2007 , from The Economist print edition Jump up ^ Japan ranked as world 's 5th most peaceful nation : report Japan Today , May 31 , 2007 Jump up ^ Weart , Spencer R. ( 1998 ) . Never at War . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 07017 - 9 . pp. 221 -- 24 , 314 . Jump up ^ Death By Government By R.J. Rummel New Brunswick , N.J. : Transaction Publishers , 1994 . Online links : ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Jump up ^ No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust ? Archived October 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Barbara Harff , 2003 . Jump up ^ Caliendo , S.M. ( 1999 ) . `` All the News That 's Fit to Print ? New York Times Coverage of Human - Rights Violations '' . The Harvard International Journal of Press Politics . 4 : 48 -- 69 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Caliendo , Stephen. ; Gibney , Mark . ( 2006 ) . `` American Print Media Coverage of Human Rights Violations '' . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Report on the Guatemala Review Intelligence Oversight Board . June 28 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Democracy '' . State.gov . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Bill ( January 28 , 2000 ) . `` 1994 State Of The Union Address '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2006 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2008 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ; Lehren , Andrew W.",
"50": "( 2010 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Leaked Cables Offer Raw Look at U.S. Diplomacy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 26 . The cables show that nearly a decade after the attacks of Sept. 11 , 2001 , the dark shadow of terrorism still dominates the United States ' relations with the world ... Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor '' . State.gov . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Advancing Freedom and Democracy '' . State.gov . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supporting Human Rights and Democracy : The U.S. Record '' . State.gov . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Reports '' . State.gov . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` International Human Rights Week '' . Web.archive.org . December 15 , 2006 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Ambassadorial Roundtable Series '' . Web.archive.org . March 14 , 2007 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James , Wither ( March 2006 ) . `` An Endangered Partnership : The Anglo - American Defence Relationship in the Early Twenty - first Century '' . European Security . 15 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 65 . ISSN 0966 - 2839 . doi : 10.1080 / 09662830600776694 . Jump up ^ US Department of State , Background Note on the United Kingdom Jump up ^ John Herd Thompson , and Stephen J. Randall , Canada and the United States : Ambivalent Allies ( 4th ed . McGill - Queen 's University Press , 2008 ) is the standard scholarly survey Jump up ^ `` 5 . Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . International Monetary Fund . 2011 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . 15,064 billions ( figure for 2011 ) 313 million persons Jump up ^ `` Canada '' .",
"51": "International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Tim Padgett , `` Mexico 's Calderón Needs to Listen , Not Just Lecture U.S. '' TIME May 19 , 2010 online Jump up ^ Burton Kirkwood , The History of Mexico ( 2010 ) pp 97 -- 99 , 138 -- 52 , 216 Jump up ^ Lyndal Curtis for The World Today ( 2009 - 03 - 25 ) . `` Rudd 's warm Washington welcome -- ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) '' . Abc.net.au . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Q + A : Guyon Espiner interviews Kurt Campbell '' . Television New Zealand . October 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Amy Belasco . `` The Cost of Iraq , Afghanistan , and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9 / 11 '' ( PDF ) . Fas.org . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report : US considers withdrawing nuclear bombs from Turkey '' . Todayszaman.com. 2010 - 04 - 03 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sciutto , Jim . `` U.S. Troops Preparing for War in Qatar - ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Foster Rhea Dulles , Yankees and Samurai : America 's Role in the Emergence of Modern Japan , 1791 -- 1900 ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Walter LaFeber , The Clash : A History of US -- Japan Relations ( W.W. Norton , 1997 ) Jump up ^ Kessler , Glenn ( 2009 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Japanese Prime Minister Meets With Obama , Says Economy Complicates North Korea Talks '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Calmes , Jackie ( 2013 - 02 - 22 ) .",
"52": "`` Japan and United States Reaffirm Their Close Ties '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Joint Statement by the United States and Japan '' . whitehouse.gov . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jae Ho Chung , Between Ally and Partner : Korea - China Relations and the United States ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ `` President Obama Vows Strengthened U.S. - South Korea Ties '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nancy Bernkopf Tucker , ed. , Dangerous Strait : The U.S. - Taiwan - China Crisis ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Daniel Seah , `` The Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia : The Issue of Non-Intervention and its Accession by Australia and the USA , '' Chinese Journal of international Law and ( 2012 ) 11 # 4 pp. 785 -- 822 online Jump up ^ See `` Editorial : The ASEAN cage Jakarta Post7 July 2011 '' . Jump up ^ U.S. - Indonesia Military Relations in The Anti-Terror War Archived October 12 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Truman Project '' . Trumanproject.org . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 404 '' . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Obama hails Indonesia as example for world '' . BBC News . November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Obama delivers a speech in the University of Indonesia Archived November 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The EU 's relations with Burma / Myanmar '' . European Union . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ The List : Burma 's Economic Lifelines . Foreign Policy .",
"53": "October 2007 Jump up ^ TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES . SIGNED AT MANILA , ON 4 JULY 1946 ( PDF ) , United Nations , archived from the original ( pdf ) on July 23 , 2011 , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 Jump up ^ REPUBLIC ACT NO . 4166 -- AN ACT CHANGING THE DATE OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE DAY FROM JULY FOUR TO JUNE TWELVE , AND DECLARING JULY FOUR AS PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC DAY , FURTHER AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE SECTION TWENTY - NINE OF THE REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE , Chanrobles law library , August 4 , 1964 , retrieved 2008 - 06 - 11 Jump up ^ Bush Hails Kosovo Independence Archived August 21 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. Department of State 's Bureau of International Information Programs Jump up ^ Bush insists Kosovo must be independent and receives hero 's welcome in Albania , The Guardian Further reading ( edit ) Bailey , Thomas . A Diplomatic History of the American People ( 10th ed . Prentice Hall , 1980 ) Blum , William . Killing Hope : U.S. Military and C.I.A. Interventions since World War II ( Common Courage Press , 2003 ) Borgwardt , Elizabeth . `` A New Deal for the World '' ( Harvard UP , 2005 ) Chomsky , Noam . Hegemony or Survival : America 's Quest for Global Dominance ( Metropolitan Books , 2003 ) Cohen , Warren I . The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations : Volume 4 , America in the Age of Soviet Power , 1945 -- 1991 ( Cambridge UP , 1995 ) Dueck , Colin . Hard Line : The Republican Party and U.S. Foreign Policy since World War II ( 2010 ) . Fawcett , Louise , ed . International Relations of the Middle East ( 3rd ed . Oxford U.P. 2013 ) Freedman , Lawrence .",
"54": "A Choice of Enemies : America Confronts the Middle East ( PublicAffairs , 2009 ) Gries , Peter Hays . The Politics of American Foreign Policy : How Ideology Divides Liberals and Conservatives over Foreign Affairs ( Stanford University Press , 2014 ) Hastedt , Glenn P. Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy ( Facts on File , 2004 ) Hermann , Margaret G. ; Kegley , Charles ( 1998 ) . `` The U.S. Use of Military Intervention to Promote Democracy : Evaluating the Record '' . International Interactions. 24 ( 2 ) : 91 -- 114 . doi : 10.1080 / 03050629808434922 . Herring , George C. From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2008 ) Hixson , Walter L. The Myth of American Diplomacy : National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy . Yale University Press , 2009 . ISBN 0300151314 Hook , Steven W. and John Spanier . American Foreign Policy Since WWII ( 19th ed. 2012 ) Ikenberry , G. John , ed . American Foreign Policy : Theoretical Essays ( 6th ed . Wadsworth , 2010 ) , 640pp ; essays by scholars Iriye , Akira . The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations : Volume 3 , The Globalizing of America , 1913 -- 1945 ( Cambridge UP , 1995 ) Jentleson , Bruce W. American Foreign Policy : The Dynamics of Choice in the 21st Century ( 4th ed . W.W. Norton , 2010 ) Jentleson , Bruce W. and Thomas G. Paterson , eds . Encyclopedia of U.S. Foreign Relations ( 4 vol 1997 ) , long historical articles by scholars LaFeber , Walter . The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations : The American Search for Opportunity , 1865 -- 1913 , vol. 2 ( Cambridge UP , 1995 ) Lowenthal , Abraham F. ( March 1 , 1991 ) .",
"55": "Exporting Democracy : The United States and Latin America . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 4132 - 1 . McCormick , James M. et al . The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy : Insights and Evidence ( 2012 ) McDougall , Walter . `` Promised Land , Crusader State '' ( 2004 ) Mead , Walter Russell , and Richard C. Leone . Special Providence : American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World ( 2002 ) Meernik , James ( 1996 ) . `` United States Military Intervention and the Promotion of Democracy '' . Journal of Peace Research . 33 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 402 . JSTOR 424565 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022343396033004002 . Nichols , Christopher McKnight . `` Promise and Peril : America at the Dawn of a Global Age '' ( 2011 ) Paterson , Thomas G. and others . American Foreign Relations ( 6th ed. 2 vol , Wadsworth , 2004 ) , a detailed history Perkins , Bradford . The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations : Volume 1 , The Creation of a Republican Empire , 1776 -- 1865 ( Cambridge UP , 1995 ) Sergent , Daniel J. A Superpower Transformed : The Remaking of American Foreign Relations in the 1970s ( 2015 ) Schulzinger , Robert . A Companion to American Foreign Relations ( Wiley Blackwell Companions to American History ) ( 2006 ) . 26 essays by scholars ; emphasis on historiography Smith , Tony ; Richard C. Leone ( 1995 ) . America 's Mission : The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 04466 - X . Watry , David M. Diplomacy at the Brink : Eisenhower , Churchill , and Eden in the Cold War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2014 . Wittkopf , Eugene R. et al.",
"56": "American Foreign Policy : Pattern and Process ( 2007 ) External links ( edit ) History of the United States ' relations with the countries of the world Milestones of U.S. diplomatic history Foreign Relations of the United States ( FRUS ) : Official Documentary History of U.S. Foreign Relations Foreign Relations and International Aid from UCB Libraries G U.S. Political Parties and Foreign Policy , a background Q&A by Council on Foreign Relations Foreign Relations of the United States 1861 -- 1960 ( full text from the University of Wisconsin - Madison Libraries ) Confidence in U.S. Foreign Policy Index Tracking survey of American public attitudes on foreign policy , conducted by Public Agenda with Foreign Affairs magazine . An interactive map of some examples of a sampling of U.S. Foreign Policy Analysis of Congressional - Executive Agreements ( Article by Steve Charnovitz from the American Journal of International Law ) A PDF file of the Congressional Research Service report , Library of Congress , Treaties and other International Agreements : the Role of the United States Senate Rethinking U.S. Aid from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Peter Gowan interview on U.S. foreign policy since 1945 The Good Country from Commentary The American Empire : Murder Inc . Chris Hedges interviews American investigative journalist Allan Nairn Public policy of the United States Agricultural Arctic Climate change ( G.W. Bush ) Domestic ( Reagan , G.W. Bush ) Drug Economic ( G.W. Bush , Obama ) Energy ( Obama ) Environmental Fiscal Foreign ( History , Criticism , Reagan , Clinton , G.W. Bush , Obama , Trump ) Gun control ( Clinton ) Low - level radioactive waste Monetary Native American ( Nixon , Obama ) Nuclear energy Science Social ( Obama ) Space ( G.W.",
"57": "Bush , Obama ) Stem cell Telecommunications Trade Visa Foreign relations of the United States Bilateral relations Africa East Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Middle Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe North Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland West Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Ivory Coast The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Aruba Barbados Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St.",
"58": "Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Northern Bermuda Canada trade relations Mexico South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Japan Macau Mongolia North Korea South Korea Taiwan South Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan ( military relations ) Sri Lanka Southeast Brunei Burma Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam West Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Georgia Iran Iraq Israel military relations Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe East Belarus Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Moldova Poland Romania Russia Slovakia Ukraine North Denmark Estonia Finland Iceland Ireland Latvia Lithuania Norway Sweden United Kingdom South Andorra Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Italy Kosovo Macedonia Malta Montenegro Portugal San Marino Serbia Slovenia Spain Vatican City West Austria Belgium France Germany Liechtenstein Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Switzerland Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Former states Kingdom of Hawaii Republic of Texas Russian Empire Soviet Union Multilateral relations Arab League Commonwealth of Nations European Union Latin America United Nations Third Border Initiative International organizations ( hide ) Doctrines , policies ,",
"59": "concepts Presidential doctrines Proclamation of Neutrality Monroe Roosevelt Corollary Good Neighbor policy Truman Eisenhower Kennedy Johnson Nixon Carter Reagan Clinton Bush Obama Other doctrines Lodge Corollary Stimson Kirkpatrick Weinberger Powell Rumsfeld Wolfowitz Policies and concepts Blowback Containment Domino theory Non-interventionism Progressive realism Rollback Special Relationship Taiwan Relations Act United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1895 / 1896 -- 1954 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Civil Rights Movement Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Collapse of the Soviet Union War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory states territories counties cities , towns , and villages Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western",
"60": "Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive President Executive Office Cabinet / Executive departments Civil service Independent agencies Law enforcement Public policy Legislature Congress Senate Vice President President pro tempore House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Federal judiciary Supreme Court Courts of appeals District courts Law Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps Political divisions List of states and territories of the United States States Territories Federal district Native American autonomous administrative divisions United States Minor Outlying Islands Associated states Local government in the United States Federal enclave Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Vetos in the UN Security Council Ideologies Anti-Americanism Exceptionalism Nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State governments",
"61": "governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Wall Street Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing in the United States Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime Incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Affirmative action Intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights Racism Same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care Health insurance Health care reform Abortion Hunger Obesity Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance",
"62": "Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States&oldid=806832401 '' Categories : United States law Foreign policy United States foreign policy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Use American English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with limited geographic scope from November 2013 Articles to be merged from June 2016 All articles to be merged Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2013 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Română Русский Simple English Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 12 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Louisiana Purchase - wikipedia Louisiana Purchase Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Louisiana Purchase ( disambiguation ) . Louisiana Purchase Vente de la Louisiane Expansion of the United States ← 1803 -- 1804 → → The modern United States , with Louisiana Purchase overlay History Established July 4 , 1803 Disestablished October 1 , 1804 Today part of United States Canada The Louisiana Purchase ( French : Vente de la Louisiane `` Sale of Louisiana '' ) was the acquisition of the Louisiana territory ( 828,000 square miles or 2.14 million km2 ) by the United States from France in 1803 . The U.S. paid fifty million francs ( $11,250,000 / € 9,100,000 ) and a cancellation of debts worth eighteen million francs ( $3,750,000 ) for a total of sixty - eight million francs ( $15 million , equivalent to $300 million in 2016 ) . The Louisiana territory included land from fifteen present U.S. states and two Canadian provinces . The territory contained land that forms Arkansas , Missouri , Iowa , Oklahoma , Kansas , and Nebraska ; the portion of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River ; a large portion of North Dakota ; a large portion of South Dakota ; the northeastern section of New Mexico ; the northern portion of Texas ; the area of Montana , Wyoming , and Colorado east of the Continental Divide ; Louisiana west of the Mississippi River ( plus New Orleans ) ; and small portions of land within the present Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan . Its non-native population was around 60,000 inhabitants , of whom half were African slaves . The Kingdom of France controlled the Louisiana territory from 1699 until it was ceded to Spain in 1762 . In 1800 , Napoleon , then the First Consul of the French Republic , hoping to re-establish an empire in North America , regained ownership of Louisiana . However , France 's failure to put down the revolt in Saint - Domingue , coupled with the prospect of renewed warfare with the United Kingdom , prompted Napoleon to sell Louisiana to the United States to fund his military . The Americans originally sought to purchase only the port city of New Orleans and its adjacent coastal lands , but quickly accepted the bargain .",
"1": "The Louisiana Purchase occurred during the term of the third President of the United States , Thomas Jefferson . Before the purchase was finalized , the decision faced Federalist Party opposition ; they argued that it was unconstitutional to acquire any territory . Jefferson agreed that the U.S. Constitution did not contain explicit provisions for acquiring territory , but he asserted that his constitutional power to negotiate treaties was sufficient . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Negotiation 3 Domestic opposition and constitutionality 4 Treaty signing 5 Formal transfers and initial organization 6 Boundaries 7 Slavery 8 Asserting U.S. possession 9 Financing 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Footnotes 11.2 Works cited 12 Further reading 13 External links Background 1804 map of `` Louisiana '' , edged on the west by the Rocky Mountains Throughout the second half of the 18th century , Louisiana was a pawn on the chessboard of European politics . It was controlled by the French , who had a few small settlements along the Mississippi and other main rivers . France ceded the territory to Spain in the secret Treaty of Fontainebleau ( 1762 ) . Following French defeat in the Seven Years ' War , Spain gained control of the territory west of the Mississippi and the British the territory to the east of the river . Following the establishment of the United States , the Americans controlled the area east of the Mississippi and north of New Orleans . The main issue for the Americans was free transit of the Mississippi to the sea . As the lands were being gradually settled by a few American migrants , many Americans , including Jefferson , assumed that the territory would be acquired `` piece by piece . '' The risk of another power taking it from a weakened Spain made a `` profound reconsideration '' of this policy necessary . New Orleans was already important for shipping agricultural goods to and from the areas of the United States west of the Appalachian Mountains . Pinckney 's Treaty , signed with Spain on October 27 , 1795 , gave American merchants `` right of deposit '' in New Orleans , granting them use of the port to store goods for export . Americans used this right to transport products such as flour , tobacco , pork , bacon , lard , feathers , cider , butter , and cheese .",
"2": "The treaty also recognized American rights to navigate the entire Mississippi , which had become vital to the growing trade of the western territories . In 1798 , Spain revoked the treaty allowing American use of New Orleans , greatly upsetting Americans . In 1801 , Spanish Governor Don Juan Manuel de Salcedo took over from the Marquess of Casa Calvo , and restored the American right to deposit goods . However , in 1800 Spain had ceded the Louisiana territory back to France as part of Napoleon 's secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso . The territory nominally remained under Spanish control , until a transfer of power to France on 30 November 1803 , just three weeks before the formal cession of the territory to the United States on 20 December 1803 . A further ceremony was held in St. Louis , Upper Louisiana regarding the New Orleans formalities . The 9 -- 10 March 1804 event is remembered as Three Flags Day . James Monroe and Robert R. Livingston had traveled to Paris to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans in January 1803 . Their instructions were to negotiate or purchase control of New Orleans and its environs ; they did not anticipate the much larger acquisition which would follow . The Louisiana Purchase was by far the largest territorial gain in U.S. history . Stretching from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains , the purchase doubled the size of the United States . Before 1803 , Louisiana had been under Spanish control for forty years . Although Spain aided the rebels in the American Revolutionary War , the Spanish did n't want the Americans to settle in their territory . Although the purchase was thought of by some as unjust and unconstitutional , Jefferson determined that his constitutional power to negotiate treaties allowed the purchase of what became fifteen states . In hindsight , the Louisiana Purchase could be considered one of his greatest contributions to the United States . On April 18 , 1802 , Jefferson penned a letter to United States Ambassador to France Robert Livingston . It was an intentional exhortation to make this supposedly mild diplomat strongly warn the French of their perilous course . The letter began : The cession of Louisiana and the Floridas by Spain to France works most sorely on the U.S. On this subject the Secretary of State has written to you fully .",
"3": "Yet I can not forbear recurring to it personally , so deep is the impression it makes in my mind . It completely reverses all the political relations of the U.S. and will form a new epoch in our political course . Of all nations of any consideration France is the one which hitherto has offered the fewest points on which we could have any conflict of right , and the most points of a communion of interests . From these causes we have ever looked to her as our natural friend , as one with which we never could have an occasion of difference . Her growth therefore we viewed as our own , her misfortunes ours . There is on the globe one single spot , the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy . It is New Orleans , through which the produce of three - eighths of our territory must pass to market , and from its fertility it will ere long yield more than half of our whole produce and contain more than half our inhabitants . France placing herself in that door assumes to us the attitude of defiance . Spain might have retained it quietly for years . Her pacific dispositions , her feeble state , would induce her to increase our facilities there , so that her possession of the place would be hardly felt by us , and it would not perhaps be very long before some circumstance might arise which might make the cession of it to us the price of something of more worth to her . Not so can it ever be in the hands of France . The impetuosity of her temper , the energy and restlessness of her character , placed in a point of eternal friction with us ... Jefferson 's letter went on with the same heat to a much quoted passage about `` the day that France takes possession of New Orleans . '' Not only did he say that day would be a low point in France 's history , for it would seal America 's marriage with the British fleet and nation , but he added , astonishingly , that it would start a massive shipbuilding program . Negotiation While the transfer of the territory by Spain back to France in 1800 went largely unnoticed , fear of an eventual French invasion spread nationwide when , in 1801 , Napoleon sent a military force to secure New Orleans . Southerners feared that Napoleon would free all the slaves in Louisiana , which could trigger slave uprisings elsewhere .",
"4": "Though Jefferson urged moderation , Federalists sought to use this against Jefferson and called for hostilities against France . Undercutting them , Jefferson took up the banner and threatened an alliance with the United Kingdom , although relations were uneasy in that direction . In 1801 Jefferson supported France in its plan to take back Saint - Domingue ( present - day Haiti ) , which was then under control of Toussaint Louverture after a slave rebellion . Jefferson sent Livingston to Paris in 1801 after discovering the transfer of Louisiana from Spain to France under the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso . Livingston was authorized to purchase New Orleans . In January 1802 , France sent General Charles Leclerc to Saint - Domingue ( present - day Haiti ) to re-establish slavery , which had been abolished by the constitution of the French Republic of 1795 , as well as to reduce the rights of free people of color and take back control of the island from Toussaint Louverture . Louverture had fended off invasions of St. Domingue by the Spanish and British empires , but had also begun to consolidate power for himself on the island . Before the Revolution , France had derived enormous wealth from St. Domingue at the cost of the lives and freedom of the slaves . Napoleon wanted its revenues and productivity for France restored . Alarmed over the French actions and its intention to re-establish an empire in North America , Jefferson declared neutrality in relation to the Caribbean , refusing credit and other assistance to the French , but allowing war contraband to get through to the rebels to prevent France from regaining a foothold . In November 1803 , France withdrew its 7,000 surviving troops from Saint - Domingue ( more than two - thirds of its troops died there ) and gave up its ambitions in the Western Hemisphere . In 1804 Haiti declared its independence ; but , fearing a slave revolt at home , Jefferson and Congress refused to recognize the new republic , the second in the Western Hemisphere , and imposed a trade embargo against it . This , together with later claims by France to reconquer Haiti , encouraged by the United Kingdom , made it more difficult for Haiti to recover after ten years of wars . In 1803 , Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours , a French nobleman , began to help negotiate with France at the request of Jefferson .",
"5": "Du Pont was living in the United States at the time and had close ties to Jefferson as well as the prominent politicians in France . He engaged in back - channel diplomacy with Napoleon on Jefferson 's behalf during a visit to France and originated the idea of the much larger Louisiana Purchase as a way to defuse potential conflict between the United States and Napoleon over North America . Jefferson disliked the idea of purchasing Louisiana from France , as that could imply that France had a right to be in Louisiana . Jefferson had concerns that a U.S. president did not have the constitutional authority to make such a deal . He also thought that to do so would erode states ' rights by increasing federal executive power . On the other hand , he was aware of the potential threat that France could be in that region and was prepared to go to war to prevent a strong French presence there . Throughout this time , Jefferson had up - to - date intelligence on Napoleon 's military activities and intentions in North America . Part of his evolving strategy involved giving du Pont some information that was withheld from Livingston . He also gave intentionally conflicting instructions to the two . Desperate to avoid possible war with France , Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris in 1803 to negotiate a settlement , with instructions to go to London to negotiate an alliance if the talks in Paris failed . Spain procrastinated until late 1802 in executing the treaty to transfer Louisiana to France , which allowed American hostility to build . Also , Spain 's refusal to cede Florida to France meant that Louisiana would be indefensible . Monroe had been formally expelled from France on his last diplomatic mission , and the choice to send him again conveyed a sense of seriousness . Napoleon needed peace with the United Kingdom to implement the Treaty of San Ildefonso and take possession of Louisiana . Otherwise , Louisiana would be an easy prey for the UK or even for the United States . But in early 1803 , continuing war between France and the UK seemed unavoidable . On March 11 , 1803 , Napoleon began preparing to invade the UK . As Napoleon had failed to re-enslave the emancipated population of Haiti , he abandoned his plans to rebuild France 's New World empire . Without sufficient revenues from sugar colonies in the Caribbean , Louisiana had little value to him .",
"6": "Spain had not yet completed the transfer of Louisiana to France , and war between France and the UK was imminent . Out of anger towards Spain and the unique opportunity to sell something that was useless and not truly his yet , Napoleon decided to sell the entire territory . Although the foreign minister Talleyrand opposed the plan , on April 10 , 1803 , Napoleon told the Treasury Minister François de Barbé - Marbois that he was considering selling the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States . On April 11 , 1803 , just days before Monroe 's arrival , Barbé - Marbois offered Livingston all of Louisiana for $15 million , ( equivalent to about $300 million in 2016 dollars , ) which averages to less than three cents per acre ( 7 ¢ / ha ) . The American representatives were prepared to pay up to $10 million for New Orleans and its environs , but were dumbfounded when the vastly larger territory was offered for $15 million . Jefferson had authorized Livingston only to purchase New Orleans . However , Livingston was certain that the United States would accept the offer . The Americans thought that Napoleon might withdraw the offer at any time , preventing the United States from acquiring New Orleans , so they agreed and signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty on April 30 , 1803 . On July 4 , 1803 , the treaty reached Washington , D.C. . The Louisiana Territory was vast , stretching from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to Rupert 's Land in the north , and from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west . Acquiring the territory would double the size of the United States , at a sum of less than 3 cents per acre . Domestic opposition and constitutionality The original treaty of the Louisiana Purchase Henry Adams and other historians have argued that Jefferson acted hypocritically with the Louisiana Purchase , due to his position as a strict constructionist regarding the Constitution since he stretched the intent of that document to justify his purchase . This argument goes as follows : The American purchase of the Louisiana territory was not accomplished without domestic opposition . Jefferson 's philosophical consistency was in question because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution . Many people believed that he and others , including James Madison , were doing something they surely would have argued against with Alexander Hamilton .",
"7": "The Federalists strongly opposed the purchase , favoring close relations with Britain over closer ties to Napoleon , and were concerned that the United States had paid a large sum of money just to declare war on Spain . Both Federalists and Jeffersonians were concerned over the purchase 's constitutionality . Many members of the House of Representatives opposed the purchase . Majority Leader John Randolph led the opposition . The House called for a vote to deny the request for the purchase , but it failed by two votes , 59 -- 57 . The Federalists even tried to prove the land belonged to Spain , not France , but available records proved otherwise . The Federalists also feared that the power of the Atlantic seaboard states would be threatened by the new citizens in the West , whose political and economic priorities were bound to conflict with those of the merchants and bankers of New England . There was also concern that an increase in the number of slave - holding states created out of the new territory would exacerbate divisions between North and South as well . A group of Northern Federalists led by Senator Timothy Pickering of Massachusetts went so far as to explore the idea of a separate northern confederacy . Another concern was whether it was proper to grant citizenship to the French , Spanish , and free black people living in New Orleans , as the treaty would dictate . Critics in Congress worried whether these `` foreigners '' , unacquainted with democracy , could or should become citizens . Spain protested the transfer on two grounds : First , France had previously promised in a note not to alienate Louisiana to a third party and second , France had not fulfilled the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso by having the King of Etruria recognized by all European powers . The French government replied that these objections were baseless since the promise not to alienate Louisiana was not in the treaty of San Ildefonso itself and therefore had no legal force , and the Spanish government had ordered Louisiana to be transferred in October 1802 despite knowing for months that Britain had not recognized the King of Etruria in the Treaty of Amiens .",
"8": "Transfer of Louisiana by Ford P. Kaiser for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition ( 1904 ) Henry Adams claimed `` The sale of Louisiana to the United States was trebly invalid ; if it were French property , Bonaparte could not constitutionally alienate it without the consent of the French Chambers ; if it were Spanish property , he could not alienate it at all ; if Spain had a right of reclamation , his sale was worthless . '' The sale of course was not `` worthless '' -- the U.S. actually did take possession . Furthermore , the Spanish prime minister had authorized the U.S. to negotiate with the French government `` the acquisition of territories which may suit their interests . '' Spain turned the territory over to France in a ceremony in New Orleans on November 30 , a month before France turned it over to American officials . Other historians counter the above arguments regarding Jefferson 's alleged hypocrisy by asserting that countries change their borders in two ways : ( 1 ) conquest , or ( 2 ) an agreement between nations , otherwise known as a treaty . The Louisiana Purchase was the latter , a treaty . The Constitution specifically grants the president the power to negotiate treaties ( Art . II , Sec. 2 ) , which is just what Jefferson did . Jefferson 's Secretary of State , James Madison ( the `` Father of the Constitution '' ) , assured Jefferson that the Louisiana Purchase was well within even the strictest interpretation of the Constitution . Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin added that since the power to negotiate treaties was specifically granted to the president , the only way extending the country 's territory by treaty could not be a presidential power would be if it were specifically excluded by the Constitution ( which it was not ) . Jefferson , as a strict constructionist , was right to be concerned about staying within the bounds of the Constitution , but felt the power of these arguments and was willing to `` acquiesce with satisfaction '' if the Congress approved the treaty . The Senate quickly ratified the treaty , and the House , with equal alacrity , authorized the required funding , as the Constitution specifies . The opposition of New England Federalists to the Louisiana Purchase was primarily economic self - interest , not any legitimate concern over constitutionality or whether France indeed owned Louisiana or was required to sell it back to Spain should it desire to dispose of the territory .",
"9": "The Northerners were not enthusiastic about Western farmers gaining another outlet for their crops that did not require the use of New England ports . Also , many Federalists were speculators in lands in upstate New York and New England and were hoping to sell these lands to farmers , who might go west instead , if the Louisiana Purchase went through . They also feared that this would lead to Western states being formed , which would likely be Republican , and dilute the political power of New England Federalists . When Spain later objected to the United States purchasing Louisiana from France , Madison responded that America had first approached Spain about purchasing the property , but had been told by Spain itself that America would have to treat with France for the territory . Treaty signing Issue of 1953 , commemorating the 150th Anniversary of signing The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on 30 April by Robert Livingston , James Monroe , and Barbé Marbois in Paris . Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4 . After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803 , Livingston made this famous statement , `` We have lived long , but this is the noblest work of our whole lives ... From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank . '' The United States Senate advised and consented to ratification of the treaty with a vote of twenty - four to seven on October 20 . The Senators who voted against the treaty were : Simeon Olcott and William Plumer of New Hampshire , William Wells and Samuel White of Delaware , James Hillhouse and Uriah Tracy of Connecticut , and Timothy Pickering of Massachusetts . On the following day , October 21 , 1803 , the Senate authorized Jefferson to take possession of the territory and establish a temporary military government . In legislation enacted on October 31 , Congress made temporary provisions for local civil government to continue as it had under French and Spanish rule and authorized the President to use military forces to maintain order . Plans were also set forth for several missions to explore and chart the territory , the most famous being the Lewis and Clark Expedition . A timeline of legislation can be found at the Library of Congress : American Memory : The Louisiana Purchase Legislative Timeline -- 1803 - 1804 .",
"10": "Formal transfers and initial organization Flag raising in the Place d'Armes of New Orleans , marking the transfer of sovereignty over French Louisiana to the United States , December 20 , 1803 , as depicted by Thure de Thulstrup France turned over New Orleans , the historic colonial capital , on December 20 , 1803 , at the Cabildo , with a flag - raising ceremony in the Plaza de Armas , now Jackson Square . Just three weeks earlier , on November 30 , 1803 , Spanish officials had formally conveyed the colonial lands and their administration to France . On March 9 and 10 , 1804 , another ceremony , commemorated as Three Flags Day , was conducted in St. Louis , to transfer ownership of Upper Louisiana from Spain to the French First Republic , and then from France to the United States . From March 10 to September 30 , 1804 , Upper Louisiana was supervised as a military district , under Commandant Amos Stoddard . Effective October 1 , 1804 , the purchased territory was organized into the Territory of Orleans ( most of which would become the state of Louisiana ) and the District of Louisiana , which was temporarily under control of the governor and judicial system of the Indiana Territory . The following year , the District of Louisiana was renamed the Territory of Louisiana , aka Louisiana Territory ( 1805 -- 1812 ) . New Orleans was the administrative capital of the Orleans Territory , and St. Louis was the capital of the Louisiana Territory . Boundaries A dispute soon arose between Spain and the United States regarding the extent of Louisiana . The territory 's boundaries had not been defined in the 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau that ceded it from France to Spain , nor in the 1801 Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ceding it back to France , nor the 1803 Louisiana Purchase agreement ceding it to the United States . The United States claimed Louisiana included the entire western portion of the Mississippi River drainage basin to the crest of the Rocky Mountains and land extending southeast to the Rio Grande and West Florida . Spain insisted that Louisiana comprised no more than the western bank of the Mississippi River and the cities of New Orleans and St. Louis . The dispute was ultimately resolved by the Adams -- Onís Treaty of 1819 , with the United States gaining most of what it had claimed in the west .",
"11": "The Purchase was one of several territorial additions to the U.S. The relatively narrow Louisiana of New Spain had been a special province under the jurisdiction of the Captaincy General of Cuba while the vast region to the west was in 1803 still considered part of the Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas . Louisiana had never been considered one of New Spain 's internal provinces . If the territory included all the tributaries of the Mississippi on its western bank , the northern reaches of the Purchase extended into the equally ill - defined British possession -- Rupert 's Land of British North America , now part of Canada . The Purchase originally extended just beyond the 50th parallel . However , the territory north of the 49th parallel ( including the Milk River and Poplar River watersheds ) was ceded to the UK in exchange for parts of the Red River Basin south of 49th parallel in the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 . The eastern boundary of the Louisiana purchase was the Mississippi River , from its source to the 31st parallel , though the source of the Mississippi was , at the time , unknown . The eastern boundary below the 31st parallel was unclear . The U.S. claimed the land as far as the Perdido River , and Spain claimed that the border of its Florida Colony remained the Mississippi River . In early 1804 , Congress passed the Mobile Act , which recognized West Florida as part of the United States . The Adams -- Onís Treaty with Spain ( 1819 ) resolved the issue upon ratification in 1821 . Today , the 31st parallel is the northern boundary of the western half of the Florida Panhandle , and the Perdido is the western boundary of Florida . Because the western boundary was contested at the time of the Purchase , President Jefferson immediately began to organize three missions to explore and map the new territory . All three started from the Mississippi River . The Lewis and Clark Expedition ( 1804 ) traveled up the Missouri River ; the Red River Expedition ( 1806 ) explored the Red River basin ; the Pike Expedition ( 1806 ) also started up the Missouri , but turned south to explore the Arkansas River watershed .",
"12": "The maps and journals of the explorers helped to define the boundaries during the negotiations leading to the Adams -- Onís Treaty , which set the western boundary as follows : north up the Sabine River from the Gulf of Mexico to its intersection with the 32nd parallel , due north to the Red River , up the Red River to the 100th meridian , north to the Arkansas River , up the Arkansas River to its headwaters , due north to the 42nd parallel and due west to its previous boundary . Slavery See also : History of slavery in Louisiana , History of slavery in Missouri , and Slavery in the United States Governing the Louisiana Territory was more difficult than acquiring it . Its European peoples , of ethnic French , Spanish and Mexican descent , were largely Catholic ; in addition , there was a large population of enslaved Africans made up of a high proportion of recent arrivals , as Spain had continued the international slave trade . This was particularly true in the area of the present - day state of Louisiana , which also contained a large number of free people of color . Both present - day Arkansas and Missouri already had some slaveholders in the early 19th century . During this period , south Louisiana received an influx of French - speaking refugee planters , who were permitted to bring their slaves with them , and other refugees fleeing the large slave revolt in Saint - Domingue , today 's Haiti . Many Southern slaveholders feared that acquisition of the new territory might inspire American - held slaves to follow the example of those in Saint - Domingue and revolt . They wanted the US government to establish laws allowing slavery in the newly acquired territory so they could be supported in taking their slaves there to undertake new agricultural enterprises , as well as to reduce the threat of future slave rebellions . The Louisiana Territory was broken into smaller portions for administration , and the territories passed slavery laws similar to those in the southern states but incorporating provisions from the preceding French and Spanish rule ( for instance , Spain had prohibited slavery of Native Americans in 1769 , but some slaves of mixed African - Native American descent were still being held in St. Louis in Upper Louisiana when the U.S. took over ) . In a freedom suit that went from Missouri to the US Supreme Court , slavery of Native Americans was finally ended in 1836 . The institutionalization of slavery under U.S.",
"13": "law in the Louisiana Territory contributed to the American Civil War a half century later . As states organized within the territory , the status of slavery in each state became a matter of contention in Congress , as southern states wanted slavery extended to the west , and northern states just as strongly opposed new states being admitted as `` slave states . '' The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was a temporary solution . Asserting U.S. possession Plan of Fort Madison , built in 1808 to establish U.S. control over the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase , drawn 1810 After the early explorations , the U.S. government sought to establish control of the region , since trade along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers was still dominated by British and French traders from Canada and allied Indians , especially the Sauk and Fox . The U.S. adapted the former Spanish facility at Fort Bellefontaine as a fur trading post near St. Louis in 1804 for business with the Sauk and Fox . In 1808 two military forts with trading factories were built , Fort Osage along the Missouri River in western present - day Missouri and Fort Madison along the Upper Mississippi River in eastern present - day Iowa . With tensions increasing with Great Britain , in 1809 Fort Bellefontaine was converted to a U.S. military fort , and was used for that purpose until 1826 . During the War of 1812 , Great Britain and allied Indians defeated U.S. forces in the Upper Mississippi ; the U.S. abandoned Forts Osage and Madison , as well as several other U.S. forts built during the war , including Fort Johnson and Fort Shelby . After U.S. ownership of the region was confirmed in the Treaty of Ghent ( 1814 ) , the U.S. built or expanded forts along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers , including adding to Fort Bellefontaine , and constructing Fort Armstrong ( 1816 ) and Fort Edwards ( 1816 ) in Illinois , Fort Crawford ( 1816 ) in Prairie du Chien Wisconsin , Fort Snelling ( 1819 ) in Minnesota , and Fort Atkinson ( 1819 ) in Nebraska . Financing The American government used $3 million in gold as a down payment , and issued bonds for the balance to pay France for the purchase .",
"14": "Earlier that year , Francis Baring and Company of London had become the U.S. government 's official banking agent in London . Because of this favored position , the U.S. asked the Baring firm to handle the transaction . Francis Baring 's son Alexander was in Paris at the time and helped in the negotiations . Another Baring advantage was a close relationship with Hope and Company of Amsterdam . The two banking houses worked together to facilitate and underwrite the Purchase . Because Napoleon wanted to receive his money as quickly as possible , the two firms received the American bonds and shipped the gold to France . Napoleon used the money to finance his planned invasion of England , which never took place . See also Louisiana portal History portal Alaska Purchase Florida Purchase Corps of Discovery Franco - American alliance List of French possessions and colonies New France Historic regions of the United States Louisiana Purchase Historic State Park Territorial evolution of the United States Territories of the United States on stamps References Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Congressional series of United States public documents '' . U.S. Government Printing Office . January 1 , 1864 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Herring ( 2008 ) , p. 99 ^ Jump up to : Meinig ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Warren , Rebecca ( 1976 ) . `` The Role of American Diplomacy in the Louisiana Purchase '' . pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase History , Facts , & Map '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Three Flags Day - Naked History '' . Naked History . 2017 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Reliving Lewis and Clark : Louisiana Purchase Ceremony '' . news.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Things You May Not Know About the Louisiana Purchase '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com .",
"15": "Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2006 ) , pp. 4 -- 48 Jump up ^ Cerami ( 2003 ) , pp. 57 - 58 ^ Jump up to : Herring ( 2008 ) , p. 100 Jump up ^ `` Milestones : 1801 -- 1829 - Office of the Historian '' . history.state.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Matthewson ( 1995 ) , p. 221 Jump up ^ Matthewson ( 1995 ) , p. 209 Jump up ^ Matthewson ( 1996 ) , pp. 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Duke ( 1977 ) , pp. 77 -- 83 Jump up ^ Herring ( 2008 ) , p. 101 Jump up ^ Kuepper , Justin ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` 3 Of The Most Lucrative Land Deals In History '' . Jump up ^ Thomas , Ryland ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2018 ) . `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series . Jump up ^ Burgan ( 2002 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Documents of American History : Louisiana Purchase '' . Web Guides . Library of Congress . March 29 , 2011 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malone , Roeder & Lang ( 1991 ) , p. 30 Jump up ^ Rodriguez ( 2002 ) , pp. 139 -- 40 Jump up ^ Fleming ( 2003 ) , pp. 149ff Jump up ^ Nugent ( 2009 ) , pp. 65 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Gayarre ( 1867 ) , p. 544 . Jump up ^ Adams ( 2011 ) , pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Nugent ( 2009 ) , pp.",
"16": "66 -- 67 Jump up ^ Lawson & Seidman ( 2008 ) , pp. 20 -- 22 Jump up ^ Banning ( 1995 ) , pp. 7 -- 9 , 178 , 326 -- 7 , 330 -- 3 , 345 -- 6 , 360 -- 1 , 371 , 384 . ^ Jump up to : Ketcham ( 2003 ) , pp. 420 -- 2 . Jump up ^ The fledgling United States did not have $15 million in its treasury ; it borrowed the sum from Great Britain , at an annual interest rate of six percent . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Lewis ( 2003 ) , p. 79 Jump up ^ Peterson , Merrill D. ( 1974 ) . `` James Madison : A Biography in his Own Words '' . Newsweek . pp. 237 -- 46 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Louisiana Purchase : Noble Bargain , Difficult Journey '' . Lpb.org . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase Thomas Jefferson 's Monticello '' . www.monticello.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Louisiana Purchase Legislative Timeline '' . The Louisiana Purchase Legislative Timeline . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Schoultz ( 1998 ) , pp. 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ Haynes ( 2010 ) , pp. 115 -- 16 Jump up ^ Hämäläinen ( 2008 ) , p. 183 Jump up ^ Weber ( 1994 ) , pp. 223 , 293 ^ Jump up to : Herring ( 2008 ) , p. 104 ^ Jump up to : Foley , William E. ( October 1984 ) . `` Slave Freedom Suits before Dred Scott : The Case of Marie Jean Scypion 's Descendants '' . Missouri Historical Review . 79 ( 1 ) : 1 . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 -- via The State Historical Society of Missouri . Jump up ^ Luttig ( 1920 ) .",
"17": "^ Jump up to : Prucha ( 1969 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ziegler ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Fleming ( 2003 ) , pp. 129ff . Works cited Adams , Henry ( 2011 ) ( 1889 ) . History of the United States of America ( 1801 -- 1817 ) . vol. 2 : During the First Administration of Thomas Jefferson . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781108033039 . Banning , Lance ( 1995 ) . The Sacred Fire of Liberty : James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . Burgan , Michael ( 2002 ) . The Louisiana Purchase . Capstone . ISBN 9780756502102 . Cerami , Charles A. ( 2003 ) . Jefferson 's Great Gamble . Sourcebooks . ISBN 9781402234354 . Duke , Marc ( 1977 ) . The du Ponts : Portrait of a Dynasty . Saturday Review Press . ISBN 0 - 8415 - 0429 - 6 . Fleming , Thomas J. ( 2003 ) . The Louisiana Purchase . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 26738 - 6 . Gayarre , Charles ( 1867 ) . History of Louisiana . Hämäläinen , Pekka ( 2008 ) . The Comanche Empire . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12654 - 9 . Haynes , Robert V. ( 2010 ) . The Mississippi Territory and the Southwest Frontier , 1795 -- 1817 . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2577 - 0 . Herring , George ( 2008 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 976553 - 7 . Ketcham , Ralph ( 2003 ) . James Madison : A Biography .",
"18": "Newtown CT : American Political Biography Press . ISBN 9780813912653 . Kennedy , David M. ; Cohen , Lizabeth & Bailey , Thomas Andrew ( 2008 ) . The American Pageant : A History of the American People . Wadsworth . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 16654 - 4 . Lawson , Gary & Seidman , Guy ( 2008 ) . The Constitution of Empire : Territorial Expansion and American Legal History . Yale University Press . ISBN 0300128967 . Lewis , James E. , Jr. ( 2003 ) . The Louisiana Purchase : Jefferson 's Noble Bargain ? . UNC Press Books . Luttig , John C. ( 1920 ) . Journal of a Fur - trading Expedition on the Upper Missouri : 1812 -- 1813 . Kansas City MO : The Missouri Historical Society . Malone , Michael P. ; Roeder , Richard B. & Lang , William L. ( 1991 ) . Montana : A History of Two Centuries . Seattle : University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 97129 - 0 . Meinig , D.W. ( 1995 ) . The Shaping of America : Volume 2 . Yale University Press . ISBN 9780300062908 . Matthewson , Tim ( May 1995 ) . `` Jefferson and Haiti '' . The Journal of Southern History . 61 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 48 . JSTOR 2211576 . Matthewson , Tim ( March 1996 ) . `` Jefferson and the Non-Recognition of Haiti '' . American Philosophical Society . 140 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 48 . JSTOR 987274 . Nugent , Walter ( 2009 ) . Habits of Empire : A History of American Expansionism . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7818 - 9 . Prucha , Francis P. ( 1969 ) . The Sword of the Republic : The United States Army on the Frontier 1783 -- 1846 . New York : Macmillan .",
"19": "Rodriguez , Junius P. ( 2002 ) . The Louisiana Purchase : A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781576071885 . Schoultz , Lars ( 1998 ) . Beneath the United States . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 92276 - 1 . Thompson , Linda ( 2006 ) . The Louisiana Purchase . Rourke Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59515 - 513 - 9 . Weber , David J. ( 1994 ) . The Spanish Frontier in North America . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 05917 - 5 . Ziegler , Philip ( 1988 ) . The Sixth Great Power : Barings 1762 -- 1929 . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 217508 - 8 . Further reading Hermann ( 1900 ) . The Louisiana Purchase and our title west of the Rocky Mountains : with a review of annexation by the United States . Hosmer , James Kendall ( 1902 ) . Louisiana Purchase . New York : D. Appleton & Co . Marshall ( 1914 ) . A History of the Western Boundary of the Louisiana Purchase , 1819 - 1841 . U.S. Dept. of State ( 1903 ) . State papers and correspondence bearing upon the purchase of the territory of Louisiana . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louisiana Purchase . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Louisiana Purchase Treaty Text of the Louisiana Purchase Treaty Library of Congress : Louisiana Purchase Treaty Teaching about the Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase Bicentennial 1803 -- 2003 * Lewis and Clark Trail Louisiana Purchase and Lewis & Clark student and teacher guide : dates , people , analysis , multimedia New Orleans / Louisiana Purchase 1803 The Haitian Revolution and the Louisiana Purchase Case and Controversies in U.S. History , Page 42 Senator Pickering explains his opposition to the Louisiana Purchase , 1803 .",
"20": "Booknotes interview with Jon Kukla on A Wilderness So Immense : The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America , July 6 , 2003 . Territorial expansion of the United States Thirteen Colonies ( 1776 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) Red River Cession ( 1818 ) Adams -- Onís Treaty ( 1819 ) Texas Annexation ( 1845 ) Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) Mexican Cession ( 1848 ) Gadsden Purchase ( 1853 ) Guano Islands Act ( 1856 ) Alaska Purchase ( 1867 ) Annexation of Hawaii ( 1898 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Tripartite Convention ( 1899 ) Treaty of Cession of Tutuila ( 1900 ) Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa ( 1904 ) Treaty of the Danish West Indies ( 1917 ) Concept : Manifest destiny Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author ,",
"21": "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member ,",
"22": "Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr.",
"23": "( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) ← John Adams James Madison → Category James Madison 4th President of the United States ( 1809 -- 1817 ) 5th U.S. Secretary of State ( 1801 -- 1809 ) United States House of Representatives ( 1789 -- 1797 ) Congress of the Confederation ( 1781 -- 1783 ) Virginia House of Delegates ( 1776 -- 1779 , 1784 -- 1786 ) `` Father of the Constitution '' Co-wrote , 1776 Virginia Constitution 1786 Annapolis Convention 1787 Constitutional Convention Virginia Plan Constitution of the United States Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 The Federalist Papers written by Madison No. 10 No. 51 Virginia Ratifying Convention United States Bill of Rights 27th amendment Constitution drafting and ratification timeline Founding Fathers Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Tecumseh 's War Battle of Tippecanoe War of 1812 origins Burning of Washington The Octagon House Treaty of Ghent Seven Buildings residence results Second Barbary War Era of Good Feelings Second Bank of the United States State of the Union Address ( 1810 1814 1815 1816 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other noted accomplisments Co-founder , American Whig Society Supervised the Louisiana Purchase Anti-Administration party Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Democratic - Republican Party First Party System republicanism Library of Congress Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Report of 1800 Other writings The Papers of James Madison Life Early life and career Belle Grove Plantation , birthplace Montpelier Elections U.S. House of Representatives election , 1789 1790 1792 1794 U.S.",
"24": "presidential election , 1808 1812 Legacy and popular culture James Madison Memorial Building James Madison University James Madison College Madison , Wisconsin Madison Square Madison River Madison Street U.S. postage stamps James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation James Madison Freedom of Information Award James Madison Award James Madison Institute A More Perfect Union ( 1989 film ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 miniseries ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment Marbury v. Madison National Gazette Paul Jennings Madisonian Model American Philosophical Society The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Family Dolley Madison ( wife ) John Payne Todd ( stepson ) James Madison , Sr. ( father ) Nelly Conway Madison ( mother ) William Madison ( brother ) Ambrose Madison ( paternal grandfather ) James Madison ( cousin ) George Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) Thomas Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) John Madison ( great - grandfather ) Lucy Washington ( sister - in - law ) ← Thomas Jefferson James Monroe → Category James Monroe 5th President of the United States ( 1817 -- 1825 ) 5th U.S.",
"25": "Secretary of State ( 1811 -- 1817 ) United States Secretary of War ( 1814 -- 1815 ) Governor of Virginia ( 1799 -- 1802 , 1811 ) United States Minister to the United Kingdom ( 1803 -- 1808 ) United States Minister to France ( 1794 -- 1796 ) United States Senator from Virginia ( 1790 -- 1794 ) Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation from Virginia ( 1783 -- 1786 ) Founding events Virginia Ratifying Convention Founding Fathers Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Florida Treaty Treaty of 1818 Panic of 1819 Era of Good Feelings Missouri Compromise Seminole Wars Monroe Doctrine Tariff of 1824 State of the Union Address , 1824 Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other noted accomplisments Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase Monroe -- Pinkney Treaty War of 1812 Life Early life and career Birthplace and boyhood home Revolutionary War service Battle of Trenton Monroe Hill home and office James Monroe Law Office , Museum , and Memorial Library Ash Lawn -- Highland Oak Hill James Monroe Tomb Elections U.S. Senate election , 1790 1792 Governor of Virginia election , 1799 U.S. presidential election , 1808 1816 1820 Legacy and popular culture Monrovia , capital of Liberia List of places named for James Monroe Monroe , Michigan Monroe , Georgia Monroe County , Kentucky Monroe County , New York Monroe Township , New Jersey Monroe Hill ( 2015 film ) U.S. postage stamps Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar Related Virginia dynasty Monroe on slavery American Colonization Society Family Elizabeth Kortright ( wife ) George Hay ( son - in - law ) Samuel L.",
"26": "Gouverneur ( son - in - law ) Spence Monroe ( father ) Elizabeth Jones ( mother ) ← James Madison John Quincy Adams → Commons Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource texts US Presidency Portal French overseas empire Former Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean French North Africa Algeria Morocco Tunisia French West Africa Côte d'Ivoire Dahomey French Sudan Guinea Mauritania Arguin Island Niger Senegal Upper Volta French Togoland James Island Albreda French Equatorial Africa Chad Gabon Middle Congo Ubangi - Shari French Cameroons French Comoros Anjouan Grande Comore Mohéli French Somaliland ( Djibouti ) Madagascar Isle de France Former French colonies in the Americas New France Acadia Louisiana Canada Terre Neuve French Caribbean Dominica Grenada The Grenadines Saint - Domingue Haïti , Dominican Republic Saint Kitts & Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent Tobago Virgin Islands Equinoctial France Berbice France Antarctique Inini French colonization of the Americas French West India Company Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania French India Chandernagor Coromandel Coast Madras Mahé Pondichéry Karaikal Yanaon Indochinese Union Cambodia Laos Vietnam Cochinchina Annam Tonkin Kouang - Tchéou - Wan , China French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon State of Syria Aleppo Damascus Alawite State Greater Lebanon Jabal al - Druze Sanjak of Alexandretta Oceania New Hebrides Vanuatu Port Louis - Philippe ( Akaroa ) France -- Asia relations French East India Company Present Overseas France ( hide ) Inhabited areas Overseas departments French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte Réunion Overseas collectivities French Polynesia St. Barthélemy St. Martin St.",
"27": "Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Sui generis collectivity New Caledonia Uninhabited areas Pacific Ocean Clipperton Island Overseas territory ( French Southern and Antarctic Lands ) Île Amsterdam Île Saint - Paul Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands Adélie Land Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean Bassas da India Europa Island Glorioso Islands Juan de Nova Island Tromelin Island Also known as overseas regions Claimed by Comoros Claimed by Madagascar Claimed by Mauritius History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women This Is America , Charlie Brown Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louisiana_Purchase&oldid=837133393 '' Categories : States and territories established in 1803 States and territories disestablished in 1804 Louisiana Purchase Colonial United States ( French ) History of United States expansionism 1803 in France 1803 in New France 1803 in the United States 1803 treaties Treaties involving territorial changes Colonial Louisiana Louisiana Territory Great Plains Midwestern United States Pre-statehood history of Arkansas Pre-statehood history of Iowa Pre-statehood history of Kansas Pre-statehood history of Louisiana Pre-statehood history of Missouri Pre-statehood history of Montana Pre-statehood history of Nebraska Pre-statehood history of North Dakota Pre-statehood history of Oklahoma Pre-statehood history of South Dakota Pre-statehood history of Wyoming History of St.",
"28": "Louis Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2015 Articles needing more detailed references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from February 2015 Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 22 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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28,
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[
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what is the name of india 29 state
|
[
"Rajasthan"
] |
{
"0": "List of state and union territory capitals in India - wikipedia List of state and union territory capitals in India Jump to : navigation , search States and union territories of India ordered by Area Population Abbreviations Capitals Child Nutrition Crime rate Electricity penetration Fertility rate Forest cover GDP ( per capita ) Highest point HIV awareness HDI Home ownership Household size Human Trafficking Institutional delivery Life expectancy at birth Literacy rate Media exposure Number of Vehicles Number of voters Obesity Open defecation Origin of name Places of worship Poverty Power capacity Safe Drinking Water Safety of Women School Enrollment Rate Sex ratio Suicides Tax revenues TV ownership Toilet availability Transport network Underweight people Unemployment Vaccination coverage India is a country located in southern Asia . With over 1.3 billion people , India is the most populous democracy in the world . It is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 29 states and 7 union territories . All states , as well as the union territories of Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi , have elected legislatures and governments , both patterned on the Westminster model . The remaining five union territories are directly ruled by the centre through appointed administrators . In 1956 , under the States Reorganisation Act , states were reorganised on a linguistic basis . Since then , their structure has remained largely unchanged . Each state or union territory is further divided into administrative districts ... The state and union territory capitals are sorted according to no legislative and judicial capitals . The administrative capital is where the executive government offices are located , the legislative capital is where the state assembly convenes , and the judicial capital is the location of the state or territorial High Courts . Union territories are marked with a dagger ( ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 Explanatory notes 3 Citations 4 References 5 External links List ( edit ) No . State or union territory Administrative capitals Legislative capitals Judiciary capitals Year capital was established The Former capital Andaman and Nicobar Islands Port Blair Port Blair Kolkata 1955 Calcutta ( 1945 --",
"1": "1955 ) Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad ( de jure to 2024 ) Amaravati ( de facto from 2017 ) Amaravati Hyderabad 1956 2017 Kurnool ( 1953 - 1956 ) Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Itanagar Guwahati 1986 Assam Dispur Guwahati Guwahati Shillong ( 1874 -- 1952 ) 5 Bihar Patna Patna Patna 1912 6 Chandigarh Chandigarh -- Chandigarh 1966 -- 7 Chhattisgarh Naya Raipur Raipur Bilaspur 2000 -- 8 Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa -- Mumbai 1945 Mumbai ( 1954 -- 1961 ) Panaji ( 1961 -- 1987 ) 9 Daman and Diu Daman -- Mumbai Ahmedabad ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Panaji ( 1963 -- 1987 ) 10 National Capital Territory of Delhi New Delhi New Delhi New Delhi 1931 -- 11 Goa Panaji Porvorim Mumbai 1961 Panaji ( 1961 -- 1987 ) 12 Gujarat Gandhinagar Gandhinagar Ahmedabad 1960 Ahmedabad ( 1960 -- 1970 ) 13 Haryana Chandigarh Chandigarh Chandigarh 1966 -- 14 Himachal Pradesh",
"2": "Shimla Dharamshala ( W / 2nd ) Shimla ( Summer ) Dharamsala ( Winter ) Shimla 1971 2017 Bilaspur ( 1950 -- 1956 ) 15 Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar ( Summer ) Jammu ( Winter ) Srinagar ( Summer ) Jammu ( Winter ) Srinagar ( Summer ) Jammu ( Winter ) 1947 -- 16 Jharkhand Ranchi Ranchi Ranchi 2000 17 Karnataka Bengaluru Bengaluru Bengaluru 1940 ( Mysore ) 18 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram Kochi 1956 19 Lakshadweep Kavaratti Kavaratti Kochi 1956 20 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Bhopal Jabalpur 1956 Nagpur ( 1861 -- 1956 ) 21 Maharashtra Mumbai Nagpur ( W / 2nd ) Mumbai ( S + B ) Nagpur ( W ) Mumbai 1818 1960 -- 22 Manipur Imphal Imphal Imphal 1947 -- 23 Meghalaya Shillong Shillong Shillong 1970 -- 24 Mizoram Aizawl Aizawl Guwahati 1972 -- 25 Nagaland Kohima Kohima Guwahati 1963 -- 26 Odisha Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar",
"3": "Cuttack 1948 Cuttack ( 1936 -- 1948 ) 27 Puducherry Puducherry Puducherry Chennai 1954 Madras ( 1948 -- 1954 ) 28 Punjab Chandigarh Chandigarh Chandigarh 1966 29 Rajasthan Jaipur Jaipur Jodhpur 1950 -- 30 Sikkim Gangtok Gangtok Gangtok 1890 -- 31 Tamil Nadu Chennai Chennai Chennai 1956 32 Telangana Hyderabad Hyderabad Hyderabad 2014 -- 33 Tripura Agartala Agartala Agartala 1956 -- 34 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Lucknow Allahabad 1938 -- 35 Uttarakhand Dehradun Dehradun Nainital 2000 -- 36 West Bengal Kolkata Kolkata Kolkata 1947 Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ After the formation of Telangana , as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , both states will share Hyderabad as their common capital for up to ten years . The new capital of Andhra Pradesh is going to be Amaravati , decided by the Andhra Pradesh government in April , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shilong was the joint capital of Assam and Meghalaya until 1971 . Jump up ^ Chandigarh is the capital of the states of Punjab and Haryana , and is a Union Territory , separate from the two states . Jump up ^ Raipur is the interim capital of Chhattisgarh .",
"4": "The town of Naya Raipur 17 km from Raipur is envisaged as the state 's new capital . Jump up ^ Panaji was the capital of Goa from 1843 when it was ruled by the Portuguese . Jump up ^ Nagpur was the capital of Central Provinces and Berar which was a province from 1861 until 1950 . Central Province became the major constituent of Madhya Pradesh , after it was formed in 1950 . Nagpur remained the capital of the new state . In 1956 , Berar ( Vidarbha ) was separated from Madhya Pradesh , and merged with the Bombay State . Nagpur thus lost the status of a capital city . In 1960 , under the Nagpur pact , Nagpur became the second capital of Maharashtra . Jump up ^ Mumbai / Bombay was the capital of Bombay Presidency which was a province until 1950 . After that Bombay became the capital of Bombay State . Subsequently , Bombay State was split into Gujarat and Maharashtra in 1960 . Jump up ^ In 1960 , under the Nagpur pact , Nagpur became the second capital of Maharashtra . Although an official notification to this effect was only given in 1988 . The India yearbook of the government of India still does not mention Nagpur , being either the second or winter capital of Maharashtra . Jump up ^ Under the Nagpur pact , one of the preconditions for Vidarbha joining the state of Maharastra was that , at least one of the legislative sessions every year should be held in Nagpur . The winter session is held in Nagpur . Jump up ^ Gangtok has been the capital of Sikkim since 1890 . Sikkim joined the Indian Union in 1975 . Jump up ^ Chennai ( Madras ) was the capital of the Madras Presidency since 1839 , which was redrawn as Madras State in 1956 . Madras State was renamed as Tamil Nadu in 1968 . Jump up ^ After the formation of Telangana , as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , both states will share Hyderabad as their common capital for ten years . The new Andhra Pradesh Capital City capital is going to be Amaravati , decided by the Andhra Pradesh government in April , 2016 .",
"5": "Jump up ^ Dehradun is the interim capital of Uttarakhand . The town of Gairsain is envisaged as the state 's new capital . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Library of Congress 2004 . Jump up ^ Sharma 2007 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : `` After 2200 Years , Amaravati Gets Back Power ! '' . Gulte.com . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AP Government Portal - Official Andhra Pradesh State Govt . Portal '' . Ap.gov.in . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Baruah 1999 , p. xiii . Jump up ^ Menon & Banerjea 2002 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Ring 1996 , p. 288 . Jump up ^ `` Dharamshala Declared Second Capital of Himachal Hill Post '' . www.hillpost.in . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Boland - Crewe & Lea 2002 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Kumāra 1998 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Kini 1974 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Khandewale 1989 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Spate 1953 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Sati & Kumar 2004 , pp. 9 -- 10 . References ( edit ) Baruah , Sanjib ( 1999 ) . India Against Itself : Assam and the Politics of Nationality . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3491 - 6 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Boland - Crewe , Tara ; Lea , David , eds. ( 15 November 2002 ) . The Territories and States of India . Europa . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 148 - 3 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 .",
"6": "`` Country Profile : India '' ( PDF ) , Library of Congress Country Studies ( 5th ed . ) , Library of Congress Federal Research Division , December 2004 , retrieved 30 September 2011 Khandewale , Shrinivas Vishnu ( 1989 ) . Industrial Area and Regional Resources : A Case Study of Nagpur Industrial Area . Mittal Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7099 - 134 - 2 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Mathew , George ( 1995 ) . Status of Panchayati Raj in the States of India , 1994 . Concept Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 553 - 9 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Kini , N.G.S. ( 1974 ) . The City Voter in India : A Study of 1967 General Elections in Nagpur . Abhinav Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88386 - 524 - 8 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Kumāra , Braja Bihārī ( 1 January 1998 ) . Small States Syndrome In India . Concept Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 691 - 8 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Kippen , James ( 2006 ) . Gurudev 's Drumming Legacy : Music , Theory , and Nationalism in the Mr̥daṅg Aur Tablā Vādanpaddhati of Gurudev Patwardhan . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 5424 - 7 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Menon , N.R. Madhava ; Banerjea , D. ( 2002 ) . Criminal Justice India Series : Haryana , 2002 . Allied Publishers in collaboration with National University of Juridical Sciences . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7764 - 518 - 7 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 .",
"7": "`` Post-Independence Era '' , History of Andhra Pradesh , Government of Andhra Pradesh , archived from the original on 20 December 2013 , retrieved 4 August 2012 Ring , Trudy ( 1 January 1996 ) . Asia and Oceania : International Dictionary of Historic Places . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 1 - 884964 - 04 - 6 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Sati , Vishwambhar Prasad ; Kumar , Kamlesh ( 2004 ) . Uttaranchal : Dilemma Of Plenties And Scarcities . Mittal Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7099 - 898 - 3 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Sharma , B.K. ( August 2007 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 4th ed . ) . Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 3246 - 1 . Spate , Oskar Hermann Khristian ( 1953 ) . The Changing Map Of Asia A Political Geography . Taylor & Francis . Retrieved 15 August 2012 .",
"8": "External links ( edit ) List of states in India Legislative bodies in India ( hide ) State and Union Territory capitals of India Agartala Aizawl Amaravati ( de facto ) Bangalore Bhopal Bhubaneswar Chandigarh Chennai Daman Dehradun ( interim ) New Delhi Dispur Gandhinagar Gangtok Hyderabad Imphal Itanagar Jaipur Jammu ( in winter ) Kavaratti Kohima Kolkata Lucknow Mumbai Panaji Patna Pondicherry Port Blair Raipur Ranchi Shillong Shimla Silvassa Srinagar ( in summer ) Thiruvananthapuram Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India&oldid=837988173 '' Categories : States and union territories of India - related lists Indian capital cities Lists of cities in India Lists of capitals of country subdivisions Cities and towns in India by state or territory Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 07 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"9": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did harvard become an ivy league school
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{
"0": "Ivy League - wikipedia Ivy League Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the group of colleges and the athletic conference that gave the group its name . For other uses , see Ivy League ( disambiguation ) . Ivy League Established 1954 Association NCAA Division Division I Subdivision FCS Members 8 Sports fielded 33 men 's : 17 women 's : 16 Region Northeast Headquarters Princeton , New Jersey Commissioner Robin Harris ( since 2009 ) Website ivyleaguesports.com Locations The Ivy League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private universities in the Northeastern United States . The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group beyond the sports context . The eight members are Brown University , Columbia University , Cornell University , Dartmouth College , Harvard University , the University of Pennsylvania , Princeton University , and Yale University . The term Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence , selectivity in admissions , and social elitism . While the term was in use as early as 1933 , it became official only after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954 . Seven of the eight schools were founded during the United States colonial period ; Cornell was founded in 1865 . Ivy League institutions account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution ; the other two are Rutgers University and the College of William & Mary . Ivy League schools are generally viewed as some of the most prestigious , and are ranked among the best universities worldwide by U.S. News & World Report . All eight universities place in the top fourteen of the U.S. News & World Report 2018 national university rankings , including the top four schools and five of the top eight . U.S. News has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university in each of the past eighteen years ending with the 2018 rankings : Princeton eleven times , Harvard twice , and the two schools tied for first five times . Undergraduate enrollments range from about 4,000 to 14,000 , making them larger than those of a typical private liberal arts college and smaller than a typical public state university .",
"1": "Total enrollments , including graduate students , range from approximately 6,400 at Dartmouth to over 20,000 at Columbia , Cornell , Harvard , and Penn . Ivy League financial endowments range from Brown 's $3.5 billion to Harvard 's $34.5 billion , the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world . Locations of Ivy League universities Contents ( hide ) 1 Members 2 History 2.1 Year founded 2.2 Origin of the name 2.3 Pre -- Ivy League 2.4 History of the athletic league 2.4. 1 19th and early 20th centuries 2.4. 2 Post -- World War II 3 Academics 3.1 Admissions 3.2 Prestige 3.3 Collaboration 4 Culture 4.1 Fashion and lifestyle 4.2 Social elitism 4.3 U.S. presidents in the Ivy League 5 Student demographics 5.1 Geographic distribution 5.2 Socioeconomics and social class 6 Competition and athletics 6.1 Teams 6.2 Historical results 6.3 Rivalries 6.3. 1 Intra-conference football rivalries 6.3. 2 Extra-conference football rivalries 7 Championships 7.1 NCAA team championships 8 Athletic facilities 9 Other Ivies 9.1 Ivy Plus 10 See also 11 Notes 12 External links Members Ivy League universities have some of the largest university financial endowments in the world , which allows the universities to provide many resources for their academic programs and research endeavors . As of 2014 , Harvard University has an endowment of $36.4 billion . Additionally , each university receives millions of dollars in research grants and other subsidies from federal and state governments . Institution Location Athletic nickname Enrollment 2017 Endowment Academic staff Colors Brown University Providence , Rhode Island Bears 7003864900000000000 ♠ 8,649 $3.5 billion 7002736000000000000 ♠ 736 Columbia University New York City ,",
"2": "New York Lions 7004229200000000000 ♠ 22,920 $10.0 billion 7003376300000000000 ♠ 3,763 Cornell University Ithaca , New York Big Red 7004206330000000000 ♠ 20,633 $6.8 billion 7003290800000000000 ♠ 2,908 Dartmouth College Hanover , New Hampshire Big Green 7003614100000000000 ♠ 6,141 $4.96 billion 571 Harvard University Cambridge , Massachusetts Crimson 7004212250000000000 ♠ 21,225 $37.1 billion 7003467100000000000 ♠ 4,671 University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Quakers 7004206430000000000 ♠ 20,643 $12.2 billion 7003446400000000000 ♠ 4,464 Princeton University Princeton , New Jersey Tigers 7003759200000000000 ♠ 7,592 $23.8 billion 7003117200000000000 ♠ 1,172 Yale University New Haven , Connecticut Bulldogs 7004116660000000000 ♠ 11,666 $27.8 billion 7003414000000000000 ♠ 4,140 History Year founded Institution Founded Founding affiliation Harvard University 1636 as New College Calvinist ( Congregationalist Puritans ) Yale University 1701 as Collegiate School Calvinist ( Congregationalist ) University of Pennsylvania 1740 as Unnamed Charity School Nonsectarian , founded by Church of England / Methodists members Princeton University 1746 as College of New Jersey Nonsectarian , founded by Calvinist Presbyterians Columbia University 1754 as King 's College Church of England Brown University 1764 as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Baptist ,",
"3": "founding charter promises `` no religious tests '' and `` full liberty of conscience '' Dartmouth College 1769 Calvinist ( Congregationalist ) Cornell University 1865 Nonsectarian Note : Six of the eight Ivy League universities consider their founding dates to be simply the date that they received their charters and thus became legal corporations with the authority to grant academic degrees . Harvard University uses the date that the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony formally allocated funds for the creation of a college . Harvard was chartered in 1650 , although classes had been conducted for approximately a decade by then . The University of Pennsylvania initially considered its founding date to be 1750 ; this is the year which appears on the first iteration of the university seal . Later in Penn 's early history , the university changed its officially recognized founding date to 1749 , which was used for all of the nineteenth century , including a centennial celebration in 1849 . In 1899 , Penn 's board of trustees formally adopted a third founding date of 1740 , in response to a petition from Penn 's General Alumni Society . Penn was chartered in 1755 , the same year collegiate classes began . `` Religious affiliation '' refers to financial sponsorship , formal association with , and promotion by , a religious denomination . All of the schools in the Ivy League are private and not currently associated with any religion . Origin of the name Harvard Yard , 2007 : Hollis Hall , Stoughton Hall , and Holworthy Hall Brown 's Front Green , 2012 : Hope College , Manning Hall , University Hall , and Slater Hall Yale 's Old Campus , 2012 : Durfee Hall , Battell Chapel , Farnham Hall , and Lawrence Hall On the Dartmouth Green , 2007 : Dartmouth Hall and Thornton Hall Students have long revered the ivied walls of older colleges . `` Planting the ivy '' was a customary class day ceremony at many colleges in the 1800s . In 1893 , an alumnus told The Harvard Crimson , `` In 1850 , class day was placed upon the University Calendar ... the custom of planting the ivy , while the ivy oration was delivered , arose about this time . ''",
"4": "At Penn , graduating seniors started the custom of planting ivy at a university building each spring in 1873 and that practice was formally designated as `` Ivy Day '' in 1874 . Ivy planting ceremonies are reported for Yale , Simmons , Bryn Mawr and many others . Princeton 's `` Ivy Club '' was founded in 1879 . The first usage of Ivy in reference to a group of colleges is from sportswriter Stanley Woodward ( 1895 -- 1965 ) . A proportion of our eastern ivy colleges are meeting little fellows another Saturday before plunging into the strife and the turmoil . -- Stanley Woodward , New York Tribune , October 14 , 1933 , describing the football season The first known instance of the term Ivy League being used appeared in The Christian Science Monitor on February 7 , 1935 . Several sportswriters and other journalists used the term shortly later to refer to the older colleges , those along the northeastern seaboard of the United States , chiefly the nine institutions with origins dating from the colonial era , together with the United States Military Academy ( West Point ) , the United States Naval Academy , and a few others . These schools were known for their long - standing traditions in intercollegiate athletics , often being the first schools to participate in such activities . However , at this time , none of these institutions made efforts to form an athletic league . A common folk etymology attributes the name to the Roman numeral for four ( IV ) , asserting that there was such a sports league originally with four members . The Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins helped to perpetuate this belief . The supposed `` IV League '' was formed over a century ago and consisted of Harvard , Yale , Princeton , and a fourth school that varies depending on who is telling the story . However , it is clear that Harvard , Princeton , Yale and Columbia met on November 23 , 1876 at the so - called Massasoit Convention to decide on uniform rules for the emerging game of American football , which rapidly spread . Pre -- Ivy League Chancellor Green Library at Princeton , 2007 Robinson Hall at Brown , 2009 Cornell baseball player , 1908 Seven out of the eight Ivy League schools were founded before the American Revolution ; Cornell was founded just after the American Civil War .",
"5": "These seven were the primary colleges in the Northern and Middle Colonies , and their early faculties and founding boards were largely drawn from other Ivy League institutions . There were also some British graduates from the University of Cambridge , the University of Oxford , the University of St. Andrews , the University of Edinburgh , and elsewhere on their boards . Similarly , the founder of The College of William & Mary , in 1693 , was a British graduate of the University of Edinburgh . Cornell provided Stanford University with its first president . The influence of these institutions on the founding of other colleges and universities is notable . This included the Southern public college movement which blossomed in the decades surrounding the turn of the 19th century when Georgia , South Carolina , North Carolina and Virginia established what became the flagship universities for each of these states . In 1801 , a majority of the first board of trustees for what became the University of South Carolina were Princeton alumni . They appointed Jonathan Maxcy , a Brown graduate , as the university 's first president . Thomas Cooper , an Oxford alumnus and University of Pennsylvania faculty member , became the second president of the South Carolina college . The founders of the University of California came from Yale , hence the school colors of University of California are Yale Blue and California Gold . Some of the Ivy League schools have identifiable Protestant roots , while others were founded as non-sectarian schools . Church of England King 's College broke up during the Revolution and was reformed as public nonsectarian Columbia College . In the early nineteenth century , the specific purpose of training Calvinist ministers was handed off to theological seminaries , but a denominational tone and such relics as compulsory chapel often lasted well into the twentieth century . Penn and Brown were officially founded as nonsectarian schools . Brown 's charter promised no religious tests and `` full liberty of conscience '' , but placed control in the hands of a board of twenty - two Baptists , five Quakers , four Congregationalists , and five Episcopalians . Cornell has been strongly nonsectarian from its founding . `` Ivy League '' is sometimes used as a way of referring to an elite class , even though institutions such as Cornell University were among the first in the United States to reject racial and gender discrimination in their admissions policies . This dates back to at least 1935 .",
"6": "Novels and memoirs attest this sense , as a social elite ; to some degree independent of the actual schools . After the Second World War , the present Ivy League institutions slowly widened their selection of their students . They had always had distinguished faculties ; some of the first Americans with doctorates had taught for them ; but they now decided that they could not both be world - class research institutions and be competitive in the highest ranks of American college sport ; in addition , the schools experienced the scandals of any other big - time football programs , although more quietly . History of the athletic League Yale University 's four - oared crew team , posing with the 1876 Centennial Regatta trophy . The 1879 Brown baseball varsity , with W.E. White seated second from right ; White 's appearance in an 1879 major league game , the first for an African American , came 68 years before Jackie Robinson permanently broke the baseball color line Yale rowing team in the annual Harvard -- Yale Regatta , 2007 Penn 's ICAA track champions in 1907 19th and early 20th centuries The first formal athletic league involving eventual Ivy League schools ( or any US colleges , for that matter ) was created in 1870 with the formation of the Rowing Association of American Colleges . The RAAC hosted a de facto national championship in rowing during the period 1870 -- 1894 . In 1895 , Cornell , Columbia , and Penn founded the Intercollegiate Rowing Association , which remains the oldest collegiate athletic organizing body in the US . To this day , the IRA Championship Regatta determines the national champion in rowing and all of the Ivies are regularly invited to compete . A basketball league was later created in 1902 , when Columbia , Cornell , Harvard , Yale and Princeton formed the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League ; they were later joined by Penn and Dartmouth . In 1906 , the organization that eventually became the National Collegiate Athletic Association was formed , primarily to formalize rules for the emerging sport of football . But of the 39 original member colleges in the NCAA , only two of them ( Dartmouth and Penn ) later became Ivies . In February 1903 , intercollegiate wrestling began when Yale accepted a challenge from Columbia , published in the Yale News .",
"7": "The dual meet took place prior to a basketball game hosted by Columbia and resulted in a tie . Two years later , Penn and Princeton also added wrestling teams , leading to the formation of the student - run Intercollegiate Wrestling Association , now the Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association ( EIWA ) , the first and oldest collegiate wrestling league in the US . In 1930 , Columbia , Cornell , Dartmouth , Penn , Princeton and Yale formed the Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League ; they were later joined by Harvard , Brown , Army and Navy . Before the formal establishment of the Ivy League , there was an `` unwritten and unspoken agreement among certain Eastern colleges on athletic relations '' . The earliest reference to the `` Ivy colleges '' came in 1933 , when Stanley Woodward of the New York Herald Tribune used it to refer to the eight current members plus Army . In 1935 , the Associated Press reported on an example of collaboration between the schools : The athletic authorities of the so - called `` Ivy League '' are considering drastic measures to curb the increasing tendency toward riotous attacks on goal posts and other encroachments by spectators on playing fields . -- The Associated Press , The New York Times Despite such collaboration , the universities did not seem to consider the formation of the league as imminent . Romeyn Berry , Cornell 's manager of athletics , reported the situation in January 1936 as follows : I can say with certainty that in the last five years -- and markedly in the last three months -- there has been a strong drift among the eight or ten universities of the East which see a good deal of one another in sport toward a closer bond of confidence and cooperation and toward the formation of a common front against the threat of a breakdown in the ideals of amateur sport in the interests of supposed expediency . Please do not regard that statement as implying the organization of an Eastern conference or even a poetic `` Ivy League '' . That sort of thing does not seem to be in the cards at the moment .",
"8": "Within a year of this statement and having held month - long discussions about the proposal , on December 3 , 1936 , the idea of `` the formation of an Ivy League '' gained enough traction among the undergraduate bodies of the universities that the Columbia Daily Spectator , The Cornell Daily Sun , The Dartmouth , The Harvard Crimson , The Daily Pennsylvanian , The Daily Princetonian and the Yale Daily News would simultaneously run an editorial entitled `` Now Is the Time '' , encouraging the seven universities to form the league in an effort to preserve the ideals of athletics . Part of the editorial read as follows : The Ivy League exists already in the minds of a good many of those connected with football , and we fail to see why the seven schools concerned should be satisfied to let it exist as a purely nebulous entity where there are so many practical benefits which would be possible under definite organized association . The seven colleges involved fall naturally together by reason of their common interests and similar general standards and by dint of their established national reputation they are in a particularly advantageous position to assume leadership for the preservation of the ideals of intercollegiate athletics . The Ivies have been competing in sports as long as intercollegiate sports have existed in the United States . Rowing teams from Harvard and Yale met in the first sporting event held between students of two U.S. colleges on Lake Winnipesaukee , New Hampshire , on August 3 , 1852 . Harvard 's team , `` The Oneida '' , won the race and was presented with trophy black walnut oars from then presidential nominee General Franklin Pierce . The proposal did not succeed -- on January 11 , 1937 , the athletic authorities at the schools rejected the `` possibility of a heptagonal league in football such as these institutions maintain in basketball , baseball and track . '' However , they noted that the league `` has such promising possibilities that it may not be dismissed and must be the subject of further consideration . '' Post -- World War ii Students in Stell Hall at Dartmouth 's Tuck School of Business , 2007 Students of Yale College , 1866 In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first Ivy Group Agreement , which set academic , financial , and athletic standards for the football teams . The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard - Yale - Princeton Presidents ' Agreement of 1916 .",
"9": "The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant 's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions : The members of the Group reaffirm their prohibition of athletic scholarships . Athletes shall be admitted as students and awarded financial aid only on the basis of the same academic standards and economic need as are applied to all other students . In 1954 , the presidents extended the Ivy Group Agreement to all intercollegiate sports , effective with the 1955 -- 56 basketball season . This is generally reckoned as the formal formation of the Ivy League . As part of the transition , Brown , the only Ivy that had n't joined the EIBL , did so for the 1954 -- 55 season . A year later , the Ivy League absorbed the EIBL . The Ivy League claims the EIBL 's history as its own . Through the EIBL , it is the oldest basketball conference in Division I . As late as the 1960s many of the Ivy League universities ' undergraduate programs remained open only to men , with Cornell the only one to have been coeducational from its founding ( 1865 ) and Columbia being the last ( 1983 ) to become coeducational . Before they became coeducational , many of the Ivy schools maintained extensive social ties with nearby Seven Sisters women 's colleges , including weekend visits , dances and parties inviting Ivy and Seven Sisters students to mingle . This was the case not only at Barnard College and Radcliffe College , which are adjacent to Columbia and Harvard , but at more distant institutions as well . The movie Animal House includes a satiric version of the formerly common visits by Dartmouth men to Massachusetts to meet Smith and Mount Holyoke women , a drive of more than two hours . As noted by Irene Harwarth , Mindi Maline , and Elizabeth DeBra , `` The ' Seven Sisters ' was the name given to Barnard , Smith , Mount Holyoke , Vassar , Bryn Mawr , Wellesley , and Radcliffe , because of their parallel to the Ivy League men 's colleges . ''",
"10": "In 1982 the Ivy League considered adding two members , with Army , Navy , and Northwestern as the most likely candidates ; if it had done so , the league could probably have avoided being moved into the recently created Division I - AA ( now Division I FCS ) for football . In 1983 , following the admission of women to Columbia College , Columbia University and Barnard College entered into an athletic consortium agreement by which students from both schools compete together on Columbia University women 's athletic teams , which replaced the women 's teams previously sponsored by Barnard . When Army and Navy departed the Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League in 1992 , all intercollegiate competition involving the eight schools became united under the Ivy League banner . Academics Admissions Admission statistics ( Class of 2020 ) Applicants Admission rates Brown 32,390 9.01 % Columbia 36,292 6.04 % Cornell 44,966 13.96 % Dartmouth 20,675 10.52 % Harvard 39,041 5.22 % Penn 38,918 9.4 % Princeton 29,303 6.46 % Yale 31,455 6.27 % The Ivy League schools are highly selective , with acceptance rates since 2000 ranging from 6 to 16 percent at each of the universities . Admitted students come from around the world , although students from New England and the Northeastern United States make up a significant proportion of students . Prestige See also : List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation Members of the League have been highly ranked by various university rankings .",
"11": "National academic rankings University ( in alphabetical order ) ARWU ( 2017 ) Forbes ( 2017 ) USNWR ( 2018 ) Washington Monthly ( 2017 ) Brown 101 - 150 9 14 41 Columbia 8 14 5 16 Cornell 14 15 14 32 Dartmouth 201 - 300 12 11 27 Harvard Penn 17 7 8 7 Princeton 6 11 Yale 11 10 Further , Ivy League members have produced many Nobel laureates , winners of the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences . According to the Nobel Foundation 's website , as of 2016 the number of prize - winners affiliated with each Ivy League university at the time of their awards is : Brown , 2 ; Columbia , 17 ; Cornell , 8 ; Dartmouth , 0 ; Harvard , 36 ; Penn , 4 ; Princeton , 14 ; and Yale , 8 . In addition , each university self - reports their number of affiliated Nobel laureates , but they use varying definitions for which Nobel winners they claim ( for example , alumni , active faculty , former faculty , visiting faculty , adjunct faculty , etc . ) Collaboration Collaboration between the member schools is illustrated by the student - led Ivy Council that meets in the fall and spring of each year , with representatives from every Ivy League school . The governing body of the Ivy League is the Council of Ivy Group Presidents , composed of each university president . During meetings , the presidents often discuss common procedures and initiatives for the universities . Culture Fashion and lifestyle See also : Ivy League ( clothes ) , Preppy , Take Ivy , and Ivy League ( haircut ) Statue of Benjamin Franklin on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania , 2011 Different fashion trends and styles have emerged from Ivy League campuses over time , and fashion trends such as Ivy League and Preppy are styles often associated with the Ivy League and its culture . Ivy League style is a style of men 's dress , popular during the late 1950s , believed to have originated on Ivy League campuses .",
"12": "The clothing stores J. Press and Brooks Brothers represent perhaps the quintessential Ivy League dress manner . The Ivy League style is said to be the predecessor to the preppy style of dress . Preppy fashion started around 1912 to the late 1940s and 1950s as the Ivy League style of dress . J. Press represents the quintessential preppy clothing brand , stemming from the collegiate traditions that shaped the preppy subculture . In the mid-twentieth century J. Press and Brooks Brothers , both being pioneers in preppy fashion , had stores on Ivy League school campuses , including Harvard , Princeton , and Yale . Some typical preppy styles also reflect traditional upper class New England leisure activities , such as equestrian , sailing or yachting , hunting , fencing , rowing , lacrosse , tennis , golf , and rugby . Longtime New England outdoor outfitters , such as L.L. Bean , became part of conventional preppy style . This can be seen in sport stripes and colours , equestrian clothing , plaid shirts , field jackets and nautical - themed accessories . Vacationing in Palm Beach , Florida , long popular with the East Coast upper class , led to the emergence of bright colour combinations in leisure wear seen in some brands such as Lilly Pulitzer . By the 1980s , other brands such as Lacoste , Izod and Dooney & Bourke became associated with preppy style . Today , these styles continue to be popular on Ivy League campuses , throughout the U.S. , and abroad , and are oftentimes labeled as `` Classic American style '' or `` Traditional American style '' . Social elitism The A.D. White Reading Room at Cornell 's Uris Library , 2008 A cartoon portrait of the stereotypical Columbia man , 1902 The Ivy League is often associated with the upper class White Anglo - Saxon Protestant community of the Northeast , Old Money , or more generally , the American upper middle and upper classes . Although most Ivy League students come from upper middle - and upper - class families , the student body has become increasingly more economically and ethnically diverse . The universities provide significant financial aid to help increase the enrollment of lower income and middle class students . Several reports suggest , however , that the proportion of students from less - affluent families remains low .",
"13": "Phrases such as `` Ivy League snobbery '' are ubiquitous in nonfiction and fiction writing of the early and mid-twentieth century . A Louis Auchincloss character dreads `` the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges '' . A business writer , warning in 2001 against discriminatory hiring , presented a cautionary example of an attitude to avoid ( the bracketed phrase is his ) : We Ivy Leaguers ( read : mostly white and Anglo ) know that an Ivy League degree is a mark of the kind of person who is likely to succeed in this organization . The phrase Ivy League historically has been perceived as connected not only with academic excellence , but also with social elitism . In 1936 , sportswriter John Kieran noted that student editors at Harvard , Yale , Princeton , Cornell , Columbia , Dartmouth , and Penn were advocating the formation of an athletic association . In urging them to consider `` Army and Navy and Georgetown and Fordham and Syracuse and Brown and Pitt '' as candidates for membership , he exhorted : It would be well for the proponents of the Ivy League to make it clear ( to themselves especially ) that the proposed group would be inclusive but not `` exclusive '' as this term is used with a slight up - tilting of the tip of the nose . Aspects of Ivy stereotyping were illustrated during the 1988 presidential election , when George H.W. Bush ( Yale ' 48 ) derided Michael Dukakis ( graduate of Harvard Law School ) for having `` foreign - policy views born in Harvard Yard 's boutique . '' New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd asked `` Was n't this a case of the pot calling the kettle elite ? '' Bush explained , however , that , unlike Harvard , Yale 's reputation was `` so diffuse , there is n't a symbol , I do n't think , in the Yale situation , any symbolism in it ... Harvard boutique to me has the connotation of liberalism and elitism '' and said Harvard in his remark was intended to represent `` a philosophical enclave '' and not a statement about class . Columnist Russell Baker opined that `` Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard .",
"14": "All they know is that both are full of rich , fancy , stuck - up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their undershirt no matter how hot the weather gets . '' Still , the last five presidents have all attended Ivy League schools for at least part of their education -- George H.W. Bush ( Yale undergrad ) , Bill Clinton ( Yale Law School ) , George W. Bush ( Yale undergrad , Harvard Business School ) , Barack Obama ( Columbia undergrad , Harvard Law School ) , and Donald Trump ( Penn undergrad ) . U.S. presidents in the Ivy League See also : List of Presidents of the United States by education Franklin Delano Roosevelt , third from left , top row , with his Harvard class in 1904 Of the forty - four men who have served as President of the United States , fifteen have graduated from an Ivy League university . Of them , eight have degrees from Harvard , five from Yale , three from Columbia , two from Princeton and one from Penn . Twelve presidents have earned Ivy undergraduate degrees . Three of these were transfer students : Donald Trump transferred from Fordham University , Barack Obama transferred from Occidental College and John F. Kennedy transferred from another Ivy , Princeton , where he had been class of 1939 . John Adams was the first president to graduate from college , graduating from Harvard in 1755 . President School ( s ) Graduation year John Adams Harvard University 1755 James Madison Princeton University 1771 John Quincy Adams Harvard University 1787 William Henry Harrison University of Pennsylvania ( withdrew ) Rutherford B. Hayes Harvard Law School 1845 Theodore Roosevelt Harvard University Columbia Law School 1880 ( withdrew ) ( Awarded J.D. in 2008 , class of 1882 ) William Howard Taft Yale University 1878 Woodrow Wilson Princeton University 1879 Franklin D. Roosevelt Harvard University Columbia Law School 1903 ( withdrew ) ( Awarded J.D. in 2008 , class of 1907 ) John F. Kennedy Princeton University Harvard University ( withdrew ) 1940 Gerald Ford Yale Law School 1941 George H.W.",
"15": "Bush Yale University 1948 Bill Clinton Yale Law School 1973 George W. Bush Yale University Harvard Business School 1968 Barack Obama Columbia University Harvard Law School 1991 Donald Trump University of Pennsylvania 1968 Student demographics Racial and / or ethnic background ( 2011 ) Asian Black Hispanic ( of any race ) Non-Hispanic White Other / international Unknown Brown 14 % 6 % 10 % 45 % 14 % 11 % Columbia 15 % 8 % 13 % 41 % 17 % 6 % Cornell 17 % 6 % 10 % 46 % 13 % 10 % Dartmouth 14 % 8 % 9 % 48 % 13 % 8 % Harvard 12 % 7 % 9 % 45 % 22 % 6 % Penn 19 % 7 % 8 % 46 % 13 % 7 % Princeton 18 % 7 % 8 % 49 % 15 % 3 % Yale 15 % 6 % 8 % 58 % 5 % 8 % United States 5 % 13 % 17 % 63 % 4 % NA Geographic distribution Students of the Ivy League largely hail from the Northeast , largely from the New York City , Boston , and Philadelphia areas . As all eight Ivy League universities are within the Northeast , it is no surprise that most graduates end up working and residing in the Northeast after graduation . An unscientific survey of Harvard seniors from the Class of 2013 found that 42 % hailed from the Northeast and 55 % overall were planning on working and residing in the Northeast . Boston and New York City are traditionally where many Ivy League graduates end up living . Socioeconomics and social class Harvard Law School students circa 1895 Students of the Ivy League , both graduate and undergraduate , come primarily from upper middle and upper class families .",
"16": "In recent years , however , the universities have looked towards increasing socioeconomic and class diversity , by providing greater financial aid packages to applicants from lower , working , and middle class American families . In 2013 , 46 % of Harvard undergraduate students came from families in the top 3.8 % of all American households ( i.e. , over $200,000 annual income ) . In 2012 , the bottom 25 % of the American income distribution accounted for only 3 -- 4 % of students at Brown , a figure that had remained unchanged since 1992 . In 2014 , 69 % of incoming freshmen students at Yale College came from families with annual incomes of over $120,000 , putting most Yale College students in the upper middle and / or upper class . ( The median household income in the U.S. in 2013 was $52,700 . ) In the 2011 -- 2012 academic year , students qualifying for Pell Grants ( federally funded scholarships on the basis of need ) comprised 20 % at Harvard , 18 % at Cornell , 17 % at Penn , 16 % at Columbia , 15 % at Dartmouth and Brown , 14 % at Yale , and 12 % at Princeton . Nationally , 35 % of American university students qualify for a Pell Grant . Competition and athletics Cornell plays Brown at Cornell 's Homecoming game , October 2017 . The Yale Bowl in 2001 during the annual football game played between Harvard and Yale Ivy champions are recognized in sixteen men 's and sixteen women 's sports . In some sports , Ivy teams actually compete as members of another league , the Ivy championship being decided by isolating the members ' records in play against each other ; for example , the six league members who participate in ice hockey do so as members of ECAC Hockey , but an Ivy champion is extrapolated each year . The Ivy League was the last Division I basketball conference to institute a conference postseason tournament ; the first tournaments for men and women were held at the end of the 2016 -- 17 season . The tournaments only award the Ivy League automatic bids for the NCAA Division I Men 's and Women 's Basketball Tournaments ; the official conference championships continue to be awarded based solely on regular - season results .",
"17": "Before the 2016 -- 17 season , the automatic bids were based solely on regular - season record , with a one - game playoff ( or series of one - game playoffs if more than two teams were tied ) held to determine the automatic bid . The Ivy League is one of only two Division I conferences which award their official basketball championships solely on regular - season results ; the other is the Southeastern Conference . Since its inception , an Ivy League school has yet to win either the men 's or women 's Division I NCAA Basketball Tournament . On average , each Ivy school has more than 35 varsity teams . All eight are in the top 20 for number of sports offered for both men and women among Division I schools . Unlike most Division I athletic conferences , the Ivy League prohibits the granting of athletic scholarships ; all scholarships awarded are need - based ( financial aid ) . In addition , the Ivies have a rigid policy against redshirting , even for medical reasons ; an athlete loses a year of eligibility for every year enrolled at an Ivy institution . Ivy League teams ' non-league games are often against the members of the Patriot League , which have similar academic standards and athletic scholarship policies ( although unlike the Ivies , the Patriot League allows redshirting ) . In the time before recruiting for college sports became dominated by those offering athletic scholarships and lowered academic standards for athletes , the Ivy League was successful in many sports relative to other universities in the country . In particular , Princeton won 26 recognized national championships in college football ( last in 1935 ) , and Yale won 18 ( last in 1927 ) . Both of these totals are considerably higher than those of other historically strong programs such as Alabama , which has won 15 , Notre Dame , which claims 11 but is credited by many sources with 13 , and USC , which has won 11 . Yale , whose coach Walter Camp was the `` Father of American Football , '' held on to its place as the all - time wins leader in college football throughout the entire 20th century , but was finally passed by Michigan on November 10 , 2001 . Harvard , Yale , Princeton and Penn each have over a dozen former scholar - athletes enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame .",
"18": "Currently Dartmouth holds the record for most Ivy League football titles , with 18 , followed closely by Harvard and Penn , each with 17 titles . In addition , the Ivy League has produced Super Bowl winners Kevin Boothe ( Cornell ) , two - time Pro Bowler Zak DeOssie ( Brown ) , Sean Morey ( Brown ) , All - Pro selection Matt Birk ( Harvard ) , Calvin Hill ( Yale ) , Derrick Harmon ( Cornell ) and 1999 `` Mr. Irrelevant '' Jim Finn ( Penn ) . Beginning with the 1982 football season , the Ivy League has competed in Division I - AA ( renamed FCS in 2006 ) . The Ivy League teams are eligible for the FCS tournament held to determine the national champion , and the league champion is eligible for an automatic bid ( and any other team may qualify for an at - large selection ) from the NCAA . However , the Ivy League has not played any postseason games at all since 1956 due to the league 's concerns about the extended December schedule 's effects on academics . For this reason , any Ivy League team invited to the FCS playoffs turns down the bid . The Ivy League plays a strict 10 - game schedule , compared to other FCS members ' schedules of 11 ( or , in some seasons , 12 ) regular season games , plus post-season , which was most recently expanded in 2013 to five rounds with 24 teams , with a bye week for the top eight teams . Football is the only sport in which the Ivy League declines to compete for a national title . In addition to varsity football , Penn , Princeton and Cornell also field teams in the eight - team Collegiate Sprint Football League , in which all players must weigh 172 pounds or less . Penn and Princeton are the last remaining founding members of the league from its 1934 debut , and Cornell is the next - oldest , joining in 1937 . Yale and Columbia previously fielded teams in the league but no longer do so .",
"19": "Teams Teams in Ivy League competition Sport Men 's Women 's Baseball 8 - Basketball 8 8 Cross-country 8 8 Fencing 6 7 Field hockey - 8 Football 8 - Golf 8 7 Ice hockey 6 6 Lacrosse 7 8 Rowing 7 7 Soccer 8 8 Softball - 8 Squash 8 8 Swimming and diving 7 8 Tennis 8 8 Track and field ( indoor ) 8 8 Track and field ( outdoor ) 8 8 Volleyball - 8 Wrestling 6 - The Ivy League is home to some of the oldest college rugby teams in the United States . Although these teams are not `` varsity '' sports , they compete annually in the Ivy Rugby Conference . Historical results Total championships won ( 1956 -- 2017 ) Institution Ivy League Championships NCAA Team Championships Princeton University Tigers 476 12 Harvard University Crimson 415 Cornell University Big Red 231 5 University of Pennsylvania Quakers 210 Yale University Bulldogs 202 Dartmouth College Big Green 140 Brown University Bears 123 7 Columbia University Lions 105 11 The table above includes the number of team championships won from the beginning of official Ivy League competition ( 1956 -- 57 academic year ) through 2016 - 17 . Princeton and Harvard have on occasion won ten or more Ivy League titles in a year , an achievement accomplished 10 times by Harvard and 24 times by Princeton , including a conference - record 15 championships in 2010 -- 11 . Only once has one of the other six schools earned more than eight titles in a single academic year ( Cornell with nine in 2005 -- 06 ) . In the 38 academic years beginning 1979 -- 80 , Princeton has averaged 10 championships per year , one - third of the conference total of 33 sponsored sports .",
"20": "In the 12 academic years beginning 2005 -- 06 Princeton has won championships in 31 different sports , all except wrestling and men 's tennis . Rivalries Built in 1927 , Penn 's Palestra is shown around 2006 Performance of a Greek play at Harvard Stadium in 1903 Rivalries run deep in the Ivy League . For instance , Princeton and Penn are longstanding men 's basketball rivals ; `` Puck Frinceton '' T - shirts are worn by Quaker fans at games . In only 11 instances in the history of Ivy League basketball , and in only seven seasons since Yale 's 1962 title , has neither Penn nor Princeton won at least a share of the Ivy League title in basketball , with Princeton champion or co-champion 26 times and Penn 25 times . Penn has won 21 outright , Princeton 19 outright . Princeton has been a co-champion 7 times , sharing 4 of those titles with Penn ( these 4 seasons represent the only times Penn has been co-champion ) . Harvard won its first title of either variety in 2011 , losing a dramatic play - off game to Princeton for the NCAA tournament bid , then rebounded to win outright championships in 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 . Harvard also won the 2013 Great Alaska Shootout , defeating TCU to become the only Ivy League school to win the now - defunct tournament . Rivalries exist between other Ivy league teams in other sports , including Cornell and Harvard in hockey , Harvard and Princeton in swimming , and Harvard and Penn in football ( Penn and Harvard have won 28 Ivy League Football Championships since 1982 , Penn - 16 ; Harvard - 12 ) . During that time Penn has had 8 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships and Harvard has had 6 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships . In men 's lacrosse , Cornell and Princeton are perennial rivals , and they are the only two Ivy League teams to have won the NCAA tournament . In 2009 , the Big Red and Tigers met for their 70th game in the NCAA tournament . No team other than Harvard or Princeton has won the men 's swimming conference title outright since 1972 , although Yale , Columbia , and Cornell have shared the title with Harvard and Princeton during this time .",
"21": "Similarly , no program other than Princeton and Harvard has won the women 's swimming championship since Brown 's 1999 title . Princeton or Cornell has won every indoor and outdoor track and field championship , both men 's and women 's , every year since 2002 -- 03 , with one exception ( Columbia women won indoor championship in 2012 ) . Harvard and Yale are football and crew rivals although the competition has become unbalanced ; Harvard has won all but one of the last 15 football games and all but one of the last 13 crew races . Intra-conference football rivalries Teams Name Trophy First met Games played Series record Columbia - Cornell Empire State Bowl Empire Cup 1889 103 games 36 -- 64 -- 3 Cornell - Penn None Trustee 's Cup 1893 122 games 46 -- 71 -- 5 Dartmouth - Princeton None Sawhorse Dollar 1897 95 games 48 -- 43 -- 4 Harvard - Yale The Game None 1875 132 games 59 -- 65 -- 8 Princeton - Yale None None 1873 138 games 52 -- 76 -- 10 The Yale - Princeton series is the nation 's second longest , exceeded only by `` The Rivalry '' between Lehigh and Lafayette , which began later in 1884 but included two or three games in each of 17 early seasons . For the first three decades of the Yale - Princeton rivalry , the two played their season - ending game at a neutral site , usually New York City , and with one exception ( 1890 : Harvard ) , the winner of the game also won at least a share of the national championship that year , covering the period 1869 through 1903 . This phenomenon of a finale contest at a neutral site for the national title created a social occasion for the society elite of the metropolitan area akin to a Super Bowl in the era prior to the establishment of the NFL in 1920 . These football games were also financially profitable for the two universities , so much that they began to play baseball games in New York City as well , drawing record crowds for that sport also , largely from the same social demographic .",
"22": "In a period when the only professional sports were fledgling baseball leagues , these high - profile early contests between Princeton and Yale played a role in popularizing spectator sports , demonstrating their financial potential and raising public awareness of Ivy universities at a time when few people attended college . Extra-conference football rivalries Teams Name Trophy First met Games played Series record Brown - Rhode Island None Governor 's Cup 1909 98 games 70 -- 26 -- 2 Columbia - Fordham None Liberty Cup 1890 22 games 12 -- 10 -- 0 Cornell - Colgate None None 1896 95 games 48 -- 44 -- 3 Dartmouth - New Hampshire Granite Bowl Granite Bowl Trophy 1901 37 games 17 -- 18 -- 2 Harvard - Holy Cross None None 1904 67 games 41 -- 24 -- 2 Penn - Lafayette None None 1882 90 games 63 -- 23 -- 4 Penn - Lehigh None None 1885 56 games 43 - 13 Princeton - Rutgers None None 1869 71 games 53 -- 17 -- 1 Yale - Army None None 1893 45 games 22 -- 16 -- 8 Championships NCAA team championships This list , which is current through July 1 , 2015 , includes NCAA championships and women 's AIAW championships ( one each for Yale and Dartmouth ) . Excluded from this list are all other national championships earned outside the scope of NCAA competition , including football titles and retroactive Helms Foundation titles .",
"23": "School Total Men Women Co-ed Nickname Yale University 29 26 0 Bulldogs Princeton University 24 19 Tigers Columbia University 14 11 0 Lions Harvard University 10 7 Crimson Brown University 7 0 7 0 Bears Cornell University 5 5 0 0 Big Red Dartmouth College 5 Big Green University of Pennsylvania 0 Quakers ^ Jump up to : The NCAA started sponsoring the intercollegiate golf championship in 1939 , but it retained the titles from the 41 championships previously conferred by the National Intercollegiate Golf Association in its records . Of these pre-NCAA titles , Yale , Princeton , Harvard and Dartmouth won 20 , 11 , 6 and 1 , respectively . See also : List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships and List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships Athletic facilities Football stadium Basketball arena Baseball field Hockey rink Soccer stadium School Name Capacity Year Name Capacity Year Name Capacity Year Name Capacity Year Name Capacity Year Brown Brown Stadium 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 1925 Pizzitola Sports Center 7003280000000000000 ♠ 2,800 Murray Stadium 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 1959 Meehan Auditorium 7003310000000000000 ♠ 3,100 1961 Stevenson Field 7003350000000000000 ♠ 3,500 1979 Columbia Wien Stadium 7004170000000000000 ♠ 17,000 1984 Levien Gymnasium 7003340800000000000 ♠ 3,408 Hal Robertson Field at Phillip Satow Stadium N / A N / A Non-hockey school Commisso Soccer Stadium 7003350000000000000 ♠ 3,",
"24": "500 1985 Cornell Schoellkopf Field 7004255970000000000 ♠ 25,597 1915 Newman Arena 7003447200000000000 ♠ 4,472 Hoy Field 7002500000000000000 ♠ 500 1922 Lynah Rink 7003426700000000000 ♠ 4,267 1957 Charles F. Berman Field 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 2000 Dartmouth Memorial Field 7004156000000000000 ♠ 15,600 1923 Leede Arena 7003210000000000000 ♠ 2,100 1986 Red Rolfe Field at Biondi Park 7003200000000000000 ♠ 2,000 2008 Thompson Arena 7003450000000000000 ♠ 4,500 Burnham Field 7003160000000000000 ♠ 1,600 2007 Harvard Harvard Stadium 7004308980000000000 ♠ 30,898 1903 Lavietes Pavilion 7003219500000000000 ♠ 2,195 1926 Joseph J. O'Donnell Field 7003160000000000000 ♠ 1,600 1898 Bright Hockey Center 7003285000000000000 ♠ 2,850 1956 Soldiers Field Soccer Stadium 7003250000000000000 ♠ 2,500 Penn Franklin Field 7004525930000000000 ♠ 52,593 1895 The Palestra 7003872200000000000 ♠ 8,722 1927 Meiklejohn Stadium 7002850000000000000 ♠ 850 2000 Class of 1923 Arena 7003250000000000000 ♠ 2,500 1972 Rhodes Field 7003170000000000000 ♠ 1,700 2002 Princeton Princeton University Stadium 7004278000000000000 ♠ 27,",
"25": "800 1998 Jadwin Gymnasium 7003685400000000000 ♠ 6,854 1969 Bill Clarke Field 7002850000000000000 ♠ 850 1961 Hobey Baker Memorial Rink 7003209400000000000 ♠ 2,094 1923 Roberts Stadium 7003300000000000000 ♠ 3,000 2008 Yale Yale Bowl 7004614460000000000 ♠ 61,446 1914 Payne Whitney Gymnasium 7003310000000000000 ♠ 3,100 1932 Yale Field 7003620000000000000 ♠ 6,200 1927 Ingalls Rink 7003348600000000000 ♠ 3,486 1958 Reese Stadium 7003300000000000000 ♠ 3,000 1981 Other Ivies The term Ivy is often used to connote a positive comparison to or association with the Ivy League , often along academic lines . The term has been used to describe the Little Ivies , a grouping of small liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States . Other uses include the Southern Ivies , Hidden Ivies , and the Public Ivies . The 2007 edition of Newsweek 's How to Get Into College Now , the editors designated 25 schools as `` New Ivies '' . Ivy Plus The term Ivy Plus is sometimes used to refer to the Ancient Eight plus several other schools for purposes of alumni associations , university affiliations , or endowment comparisons . In his book Untangling the Ivy League , Zawel writes , `` The inclusion of non -- Ivy League schools under this term is commonplace for some schools and extremely rare for others . Among these other schools , Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford University are almost always included . The University of Chicago and Duke University are often included as well . '' In their 2015 book Acing Admissions , Mehta and Dixit write , `` The ( Ivy Plus schools ) include , but are not limited to : Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , Stanford University and Northwestern University .",
"26": "Besides selectivity , these Ivy Plus colleges are thought to share similar values around academic and professional excellence , intellectual curiosity , leadership and civil engagement . '' See also University portal Little Ivies -- a grouping of small liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States . Seven Sisters -- seven liberal arts colleges all previously open to only enrollment by women considered the Ivy League of female - only colleges Little Three -- three private liberal arts colleges in Massachusetts and Connecticut ( Amherst , Wesleyan , and Williams ) , in contrast to the Big Three ( a term used to refer to Harvard , Yale , and Princeton ) of the Ivy League . Colby - Bates - Bowdoin Consortium -- three private liberal arts colleges in Maine ( Bates , Bowdoin and Colby ) known as the Maine Big Three contrasting also with the Ivy League 's Big Three . List of Ivy League medical schools -- schools of the Ivy League universities that offer medical education ( both MDs and PhDs ) . List of Ivy League law schools -- schools of the Ivy League universities that offer various law degrees . List of Ivy League business schools -- schools of the Ivy League universities that offer various business degrees , especially the MBA . Hidden Ivies : Thirty Colleges of Excellence -- complementary use of Ivy to characterize schools in the United States that showcase academic excellence . Jesuit Ivy -- complementary use of Ivy to characterize Boston College . Black Ivy League -- informal list of private historically black colleges that attracted a high number of top African American students . Notes Jump up ^ `` Executive Director Robin Harris '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Princeton Campus Guide -- Ivy League '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ivy League History and Timeline '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Best Colleges '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` National University Rankings '' . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 11 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ Dartmouth and Cornell respectively Jump up ^ `` U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2013 Endowment Market Value '' ( published Jan. 28 , 2014 ) . `` National Association of College and University Business Officers ( NACUBO ) '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Private Universities With Largest Financial Endowments '' . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Dan ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Harvard Endowment Earns 15.4 % Return for Fiscal 2014 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Clark , Brian E. ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` With a 13.4 percent return , Brown University 's endowment grows to $3.5 billion '' . Brown . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Faculty & Employees '' . Brown University . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Xia , Karen ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Columbia University endowment increases to over $10 billion , reports 13.7 percent return '' . Columbia Spectator . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full - time faculty distribution by school / division , Fall 2007 - 2017 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Walters , Karen ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Endowment performance ' solid , ' hits highest total ever '' . Cornell Chronicle . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dartmouth Announces Endowment Returns '' . Dartmouth Office of Communications . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Brandon J. ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Harvard Returns 8.1 Percent in ' Disappointing ' Fiscal Year 2017 '' . The Harvard Crimson . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) .",
"28": "Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Penn : Penn Facts '' . The University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Princeton endowment earns 12.5 percent return '' . Princeton Office of Communications . October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Conroy , Tom ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Investment return of 11.3 % brings Yale endowment value to $27.2 billion '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The institution , though founded in 1636 , did not receive its name until 1639 . It was nameless for its first two years Jump up ^ See University of Pennsylvania for details of the circumstances of Penn 's origin . Penn considered its founding date to be 1749 for over a century. ( 1 ) In 1895 , elite universities in the United States agreed that henceforth formal academic processions would place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution 's founding dates . Penn 's periodical `` The Alumni Register , '' published by the General Alumni Society , then began a grassroots campaign to retroactively revise the university 's founding date to 1740 , in order to appear older than Princeton University , which had been chartered in 1746 . In 1899 , the Board of Trustees acceded to the alumni initiative and voted to change the founding date to 1740 . The rationale offered in 1899 was that , in 1750 , founder Benjamin Franklin and his original board of trustees purchased a completed but unused building and assumed an unnamed trust from a group which had hoped to begin a church and charity school in Philadelphia . This edifice was commonly called the `` New Building '' by local citizens and was referred to by such name in Franklin 's memoirs as well as the legal bill of sale in Penn 's archives . No name is stated or known for the associated educational trust , hence `` Unnamed Charity School '' serves as a placeholder to refer to the trust which is the premise for Penn 's association with a founding date of 1740 .",
"29": "The first named entity in Penn 's early history was the 1751 secondary school for boys and charity school for indigent children called `` Academy and Charitable School in the Province of Pennsylvania . '' ( 2 ) Undergraduate education began in 1755 and the organization then changed its name to `` College , Academy and Charity School of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania . '' ( 3 ) Operation of the charity school was discontinued a few years later . Jump up ^ Penn 's website , like other sources , makes an important point of Penn 's heritage being nonsectarian , associated with Benjamin Franklin and the Academy of Philadelphia 's nonsectarian board of trustees : `` The goal of Franklin 's nonsectarian , practical plan would be the education of a business and governing class rather than of clergymen . '' ( 4 ) . Jencks and Riesman ( 2001 ) write `` The Anglicans who founded the University of Pennsylvania , however , were evidently anxious not to alienate Philadelphia 's Quakers , and they made their new college officially nonsectarian . '' In Franklin 's 1749 founding Proposals relating to the education of youth in Pensilvania ( page images ) Archived 2007 - 10 - 18 at the Wayback Machine. , religion is not mentioned directly as a subject of study , but he states in a footnote that the study of `` History will also afford frequent Opportunities of showing the Necessity of a Publick Religion , from its Usefulness to the Publicks ; the Advantage of a Religious Character among private Persons ; the Mischiefs of Superstition , &c. and the Excellency of the CHRISTIAN RELIGION above all others antient or modern . '' Starting in 1751 , the same trustees also operated a Charity School for Boys , whose curriculum combined `` general principles of Christianity '' with practical instruction leading toward careers in business and the `` mechanical arts . '' ( 5 ) , and thus might be described as `` non-denominational Christian . '' The charity school was originally planned and a trust was organized on paper in 1740 by followers of travelling evangelist George Whitefield . The school was to have operated inside a church supported by the same group of adherents . But the organizers ran short of financing and , although the frame of the building was raised , the interior was left unfinished .",
"30": "The founders of the Academy of Philadelphia purchased the unused building in 1750 for their new venture and , in the process , assumed the original trust . Since 1899 , Penn has claimed a founding date of 1740 , based on the organizational date of the charity school and the premise that it had institutional identity with the Academy of Philadelphia . Whitefield was a firebrand Methodist associated with The Great Awakening ; since the Methodists did not formally break from the Church of England until 1784 , Whitefield in 1740 would be labelled Episcopalian , and in fact Brown University , emphasizing its own pioneering nonsectarianism , refers to Penn 's origin as `` Episcopalian ''. ( 6 ) Penn is sometimes assumed to have Quaker ties ( its athletic teams are called `` Quakers , '' and the cross-registration alliance between Penn , Haverford , Swarthmore and Bryn Mawr is known as the `` Quaker Consortium . '' ) But Penn 's website does not assert any formal affiliation with Quakerism , historic or otherwise , and Haverford College implicitly asserts a non-Quaker origin for Penn when it states that `` Founded in 1833 , Haverford is the oldest institution of higher learning with Quaker roots in North America . '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Protestant Episcopal Church -- LoveToKnow 1911 '' . 1911encyclopedia.org. 2006 - 10 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Brown Admission : Our History '' . Brown.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` University Chapel : Orange Key Virtual Tour of Princeton University '' . Princeton University . Jump up ^ Brown 's website characterizes it as `` the Baptist answer to Congregationalist Yale and Harvard ; Presbyterian Princeton ; and Episcopalian Penn and Columbia , '' but adds that at the time it was `` the only one that welcomed students of all religious persuasions . ''",
"31": "( 7 ) Brown 's charter stated that `` into this liberal and catholic institution shall never be admitted any religious tests , but on the contrary , all the members hereof shall forever enjoy full , free , absolute , and uninterrupted liberty of conscience . '' The charter called for twenty - two of the thirty - six trustees to be Baptists , but required that the remainder be `` five Friends , four Congregationalists , and five Episcopalians . '' ( 8 ) Jump up ^ Hughes , Samuel ( 2002 ) . `` Whiskey , Loose Women , and Fig Leaves : The University 's seal has a curious history '' . Pennsylvania Gazette. 100 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ `` Class Day , New and Old '' . Jump up ^ `` Penn : Ivy day and Ivy Stones , a Penn Tradition '' . Jump up ^ Boston Daily Globe , Jun 27 , 1882 , p. 4 : `` CLASS DAY. : Yale Seniors Plant the Ivy , Sing `` Blage , '' and Entertain the Beauty of New Haven ; '' Jump up ^ Boston Evening Transcript , Jun 11 , 1912 , p. 12 , `` Simmons Seniors Hosts Class Day Exercises Late in Afternoon , Planting of the Ivy will be One of the Features ; Jump up ^ `` Play a Romance and Plant Ivy , Pretty Class Day Exercises of the Women 's College '' . The Gazette Times . June 9 , 1907 . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Ivy Club : History '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Yale Book of Quotations '' ( 2006 ) Yale University Press edited by Fred R. Shapiro Jump up ^ `` The Yale Book of Quotations '' ( 2006 ) Yale University Press , edited by Fred R. Shapiro Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary entry for `` Ivy League '' Jump up ^ The Chicago Public Library reports the `` IV League '' explanation , ( 9 ) sourced only from the Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins .",
"32": "Jump up ^ Various Ask Ezra student columns report the `` IV League '' explanation , apparently relying on the Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins as the sole source : ( 10 ) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) Jump up ^ `` The Penn Current / October 17 , 2002 / Ask Benny '' . Upenn.edu . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` This according to the Penn history of varsity football '' . Archives.upenn.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Resource : Student history '' . Resource.berkeley.edu . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Joseph ( 2003 ) . Snobbery : The American Version . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 34073 - 4 . p. 55 , `` by WASP Baltzell meant something much more specific ; he intended to cover a select group of people who passed through a congeries of elite American institutions : certain eastern prep schools , the Ivy League colleges , and the Episcopal Church among them . '' ^ Jump up to : Auchincloss , Louis ( 2004 ) . East Side Story . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 45244 - 3 . p. 179 , `` he dreaded the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges '' Jump up ^ McDonald , Janet ( 2000 ) . Project Girl . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22345 - 4 . p. 163 `` Newsweek is a morass of incest , nepotism , elitism , racism and utter classic white male patriarchal corruption ... It is completely Ivy League -- a Vassar / Columbia J - School dumping ground ... I will always be excluded , regardless of how many Ivy League degrees I acquire , because of the next level of hurdles : family connections and money . '' Jump up ^ scandals : James Axtell , The Making of Princeton University ( 2006 ) , p.",
"33": "274 ; quoting a former executive director of the Ivy League Jump up ^ Robert Siegel , `` Black Baseball Pioneer William White 's 1879 Game , '' National Public Radio , broadcast Jan. 30 , 2004 ( audio at npr.org ) ; Stefan Fatsis , `` Mystery of Baseball : Was William White Game 's First Black ? '' , Wall Street Journal , Jan. 30 , 2004 ; Peter Morris and Stefan Fatsis , `` Baseball 's Secret Pioneer : William Edward White , the first black player in major - league history , '' Slate , Feb. 4 , 2014 ; `` Bill White ( whitebi01 ) '' , Baseball-Reference.com ; Rick Harris , Brown University Baseball : A Legacy of the game ( Charleston : The History Press , 2012 ) , pp. 41 -- 43 Jump up ^ `` Columbia Celebrates College Wrestling Centennial '' . Columbia College Today . Jump up ^ `` Colleges Searching for Check On Trend to Goal Post Riots '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 1935 - 12 - 06 . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Robert F. Kelley ( 1936 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Cornell Club Here Welcomes Lynah '' . The New York Times . p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Immediate Formation of Ivy League Advocated at Seven Eastern Colleges '' . The New York Times . 1936 - 12 - 03 . p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` The Harvard Crimson : : News : : AN EDITORIAL '' . Thecrimson.com. 1936 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Plea for an Ivy Football League Rejected by College Authorities '' . The New York Times . 1937 - 01 - 12 . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Gwertzman , Bernard M. ( October 13 , 1956 ) . `` Ivy League : Formalizing the Fact '' . The Harvard Crimson . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ivy Group '' Archived 2015 - 01 - 18 at the Wayback Machine.",
"34": ", Sports-reference.com Jump up ^ `` Official 2009 NCAA Men 's Basketball Records Book - p. 221 `` Division I Conference Alignment History '' '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archived : Women 's Colleges in the United States : History , Issues , and Challenges '' . Ed.gov . Archived from the original on 2005 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ White , Gordon S. Jr. ( 1982 - 01 - 10 ) . `` Ivy League Considers Adding 2 Schools '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Nick Anderson , `` Ivy League admission rate : 8 - point - something - something - percent '' , The Washington Post March 28 , 2014 . Local references for the schools ' statistics are footnoted at their entries Jump up ^ Jillian Lanney , `` Brown admits record - low 8.6 percent '' , The Brown Daily Herald , March 31 , 2014 ; sourcing admissions dean Jim Miller : 30,432 applied , 2,619 admitted , 8.61 percent Jump up ^ Samantha Cooney , `` CC and SEAS admission decisions mailed this afternoon , 6.94 percent of applicants admitted '' , spectrum.columbiaspectator.com , March 27 , 2014 ; sourcing admissions dean Jessica Marinaccio : 32,952 applied , 2,291 admitted , 6.953 percent .",
"35": "* Nick Anderson , op cit , used an applied number of 32,967 , giving 6.949 percent Jump up ^ Annie Bui , `` Cornell Admits Most Selective Class in University History '' , Cornell Daily Sun , March 28 , 2014 ; sourcing associate vice provost for enrollment Jason C. Locke : 43,041 applied , 6,014 admitted , 13.97 percent Jump up ^ Zac Hardwick , `` College accepts 11.5 percent of applicants '' , The Dartmouth , March 28 , 2014 ; sourcing admissions dean Maria Laskaris : 19,296 applied , 2,220 admitted , 11.50 percent Jump up ^ Theodore R. Delwiche , `` Harvard Makes Admissions Offers to 5.9 Percent of Applicants to the Class f 2018 '' , The Harvard Crimson , March 27 , 2014 ; sourcing admissions dean William R. Fitzsimmons : 34,295 applied , 2,023 admitted , 5.899 percent Jump up ^ Fiona Glisson , `` Admission numbers released : The class of 2018 is the most competitive in Penn 's history '' , The Daily Pennsylvanian , March 27 , 2014 ; sourcing admissions dean Eric Furda : 35,868 applied , 3,583 admitted , 9.99 percent .",
"36": "* The Penn news - release figure of 9.9 percent ( rounded down from 9.99 percent ) was disputed in the Washington Post by higher education reporter Nick Anderson ( `` Ivy League admission rate : 8 - point - something - something - percent '' , The Washington Post March 28 , 2014 ) , who published a rounded - up percentage of 10.0 , supported by rounded - up figures released by Cornell , Harvard , Princeton , and Yale ; Anderson 's article was discussed in Penn 's CollegeConfidential.com forum `` University of Pennsylvania Class of 2018 Waitlist '' Jump up ^ Corinne Lowe , `` Princeton offers admission to 7.28 percent of applicants '' , The Daily Princetonian , March 27 , 2014 ; sourcing admissions dean Janet Rapelye : 26,641 applied , 1,939 admitted , 7.28 percent Jump up ^ Rishabh Bhandari , `` 6.26 percent of applicants admitted to class of 2018 '' , Yale Daily News , March 27 , 2014 ; sourcing admissions dean Jeremiah Quinlan : 30,932 applied , 1,935 admitted , 6.26 percent Jump up ^ Waldman , Peter ( 4 September 2014 ) . `` How to Get Into an Ivy League College -- Guaranteed '' . Bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ `` National University Rankings '' . U.S. News & World Report LP . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Annicchiarico , Francesca ; Weinstock , Samuel Y. ( 3 September 2013 ) . `` Freshman Survey Part I : Meet Harvard 's Class of 2017 '' . The Harvard Crimson . Jump up ^ `` Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017 '' . Academic Ranking of World Universities . Jump up ^ `` America 's Top Colleges '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` National University Rankings -- Top National Universities '' . U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ `` 2017 National Universities Rankings '' . Washington Monthly . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Laureates and Research Affiliations '' . Nobelprize.org .",
"37": "Jump up ^ Elements of Fashion and Apparel Design . New Age Publishers . p. 25 . ISBN 81 - 224 - 1371 - 4 . Ivy League : A popular look for men in the fifties that originated on such campuses as Harvard , Priceton ( sic ) and Yale ; a forerunner to the preppie look ; a style characterized by button down collar shirts and pants with a small buckle in the back . ^ Jump up to : Zlotnick , Sarah ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` Your cheat sheet to preppy style '' . The Washingtonian . Jump up ^ Peterson , Amy T. ; Ann T. Kellogg ( 2008 ) . The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through American History 1900 to the Present : 1900 -- 1949 . ABC - CLIO . p. 285 . ISBN 9780313043345 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Guide to American Style '' . Details . Jump up ^ Rapoport , Adam ( 31 March 2008 ) . `` The American Way '' . GQ . Jump up ^ Epstein , Joseph ( 2003 ) . Snobbery : The American Version . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 34073 - 4 . p. 55 , `` by WASP Baltzell meant something much more specific ; he intended to cover a select group of people who passed through a congeries of elite American institutions : certain eastern prep schools , the Ivy League colleges , and the Episcopal Church among them . '' and Wolff , Robert Paul ( 1992 ) . The Ideal of the University . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 603 - X . p. viii : `` My genial , aristocratic contempt for Clark Kerr 's celebration of the University of California was as much an expression of Ivy League snobbery as it was of radical social critique . '' Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Alan ( 19 September 2012 ) . `` The End Of WASP - Dominated Politics '' . NPR.org . Jump up ^ Orlet , Christopher ( 23 August 2012 ) . `` Missing the WASPs '' . The American Spectator .",
"38": "Jump up ^ Feldman , Noah ( 2010 - 06 - 27 ) . `` The Triumphant Decline of the WASP '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Hayes , Robin J. ( February 2014 ) . `` Why Ivy League Schools Are So Bad at Economic Diversity '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Time magazine , Noliwe M. Rooks , Feb. 27 , 2013 , The Biggest Barrier to Elite Education Is n't Affordability . It 's Accessibility , Retrieved Aug. 27 , 2014 , `` ... accessibility of these schools to students who are poor , minority ... the weight that Ivy League and other highly selective schools ... unfortunate set of circumstances ... gifted minority , poor and working class students can benefit most from the educational opportunities ... '' Jump up ^ August 26 , 2014 , Boston Globe ( via NY Times ) , A Generation Later , Poor are Still Rare at Elite Colleges , Retrieved Aug. 30 , 2014 , `` more elite group of 28 private colleges and universities , including all eight Ivy League members , ... from 2001 to 2009 , ... enrollment of students from the bottom 40 percent of family incomes increased from just 10 percent to 11 percent ... '' Jump up ^ Wolff , Robert Paul ( 1992 ) . The Ideal of the University . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 603 - X . p. viii : `` My genial , aristocratic contempt for Clark Kerr 's celebration of the University of California was as much an expression of Ivy League snobbery as it was of radical social critique . '' Jump up ^ Williams , Mark ( 2001 ) . The 10 Lenses : your guide to living and working in a multicultural world . Capital Books . , p. 85 Jump up ^ Kieran , John ( December 4 , 1936 ) . `` Sports of the Times -- The Ivy League '' . The New York Times . p. 36 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 .",
"39": "There will now be a little test of ' the power of the press ' in intercollegiate circles since the student editors at Harvard , Yale , Princeton , Cornell , Columbia , Dartmouth and Penn are coming out in a group for the formation of an Ivy League in football . The idea is n't new ... It would be well for the proponents of the Ivy League to make it clear ( to themselves especially ) that the proposed group would be inclusive but not ' exclusive ' as this term is used with a slight up - tilting of the tip of the nose . '' He recommended the consideration of `` plenty of institutions covered with home - grown ivy that are not included in the proposed group . ( such as ) Army and Navy and Georgetown and Fordham and Syracuse and Brown and Pitt , just to offer a few examples that come to mind '' and noted that `` Pitt and Georgetown and Brown and Bowdoin and Rutgers were old when Cornell was shining new , and Fordham and Holy Cross had some building draped in ivy before the plaster was dry in the walls that now tower high about Cayuga 's waters . Jump up ^ Webster G. Tarpley ; Anton Chaitkin . `` George Bush : The Unauthorized Biography : Chapter XXII Bush Takes The Presidency '' . Webster G. Tarpley . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Dowd , Maureen ( 1998 ) , `` Bush Traces How Yale Differs From Harvard . '' The New York Times , June 11 , 1998 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Baker , Russell ( 1998 ) , `` The Ivy Hayseed . '' The New York Times , June 15 , 1988 , p . A31 Jump up ^ New York Sun , Presidents Roosevelt Honored With Posthumous Columbia Degrees , September 26 , 2008 Jump up ^ Columbia Law School , Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt to Receive Posthumous Law Degrees from Columbia Law School , September 25 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Ivy League Schools Do n't Reflect U.S. Minority Ratios '' . www.nationaljournal.com . Archived from the original on 18 March 2015 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` USA QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . U.S.",
"40": "Department of Commerce . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Harvard Crimson '' . The Harvard Crimson , Inc . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's Where Ivy League Students Go When They Graduate ( Presentation ) '' . Business Insider. 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Why Do So Many Ivy League Grads Go to Wall Steet ? '' . The Atlantic . 17 February 2012 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Ivy League in the Age of Obama '' . The American Conservative . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Best and the Greediest ? Ivy League Students Are Still Heading to Wall Street '' . Alternet . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McGrath , Maggie ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` The Challenge Of Being Poor At America 's Richest Colleges '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Nickens , Margaret ; Nussenbaum , Kate ( 23 April 2012 ) . `` How diverse are we ? '' . The Brown Daily Herald . Jump up ^ Miele , Adriana ( 22 January 2014 ) . `` MIELE : Wanted , fewer dumb students '' . Yale Daily News . Jump up ^ Zax , David . `` Wanted : smart students from poor families '' . Yale Alumni Magazine . Jump up ^ `` The Ivy League Adds Men 's , Women 's Basketball Tournaments Beginning in 2017 '' ( Press release ) . Ivy League . March 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yale basketball shares Ivy League title '' . Yale Daily News . 2002 - 03 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Through the Years : SEC Champions '' ( PDF ) .",
"41": "2015 -- 2016 SEC Men 's Basketball Media Guide . Southeastern Conference . p. 61 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . From 1933 -- 50 the SEC Champion was determined by a tournament , except for 1935 . Since 1951 , when the round - robin schedule was introduced , the title has been decided by a winning percentage on the conference schedule . Jump up ^ `` Through the Years : SEC Champions '' ( PDF ) . 2015 -- 2016 SEC Women 's Basketball Media Guide . Southeastern Conference . p. 54 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Since 1986 , the SEC champion has been determined by the regular season schedule . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . The Ivy League . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Brown , C.L. ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Which players injured last season will make the strongest comebacks ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . It 's easy to forget what Siyani Chambers has meant to Harvard as a three - time all - Ivy League player because he was n't enrolled in school last season . The Ivy League does n't allow redshirts , so Chambers was forced to withdraw after a preseason ACL injury if he wanted to return for his senior season . Jump up ^ `` Recognized National Championships by Year '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Archived from the original on 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ New York Times -- 2006 - 11 - 17 Jump up ^ `` Ivy League '' . Council of Ivy League Presidents and The Ivy League . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ivy League Championships -- By School '' . Council of Ivy League Presidents and The Ivy League . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ivy League Championships -- Women 's Sports '' . Council of Ivy League Presidents and The Ivy League . Archived from the original on 12 October 2014 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 .",
"42": "Jump up ^ `` The game : the tables are turned -- Penn hoops travel to Jadwin tonight for premier rivalry of Ivy League basketball '' . The Daily Princetonian. 2002 - 02 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The rivalry ? Not with Penn 's paltry performance this season '' . The Daily Princetonian. 2002 - 02 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ivy League Basketball Archived June 27 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ivy League Football Archived January 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ New wrinkle in the Cornell Princeton lacrosse rivalry , The Ithaca Journal , May 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Rivalry : Lehigh vs. Lafayette '' . LehigSports.com . Archived from the original on 21 April 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Wallace , William N. ( 16 November 1997 ) . `` A Woeful Yale Loses To Princeton '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Hyland , Tim . `` College Football National Champions : The Complete List '' . About.com . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Colman , Dan ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` Princeton v. Yale , 1903 : The Oldest College Football Game on Film '' . OpenCulture.com . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1903 College Football National Championship '' . TipTop25.com . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Princeton Beats Yale '' . The New York Times . 19 June 1904 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CHAMPIONSHIPS SUMMARY THROUGH JAN. 8 , 2018 '' ( PDF ) .",
"43": "Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Ivy Facilities '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rhodes Field -- PennAthletics.com -- The Official Website of University of Pennsylvania Athletics '' . Pennathletics.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` NESCAC '' . www.nescac.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` America 's 25 New Elite ' Ivies ' '' . Newsweek.com. 2006 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Babbit , Nory ( Fall 2005 ) . `` Yale Hosts Ivy Plus Conference '' . The Blue Print . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Zawel , Marc ( September 1 , 2005 ) . `` Defining the Ivy League '' . Untangling the Ivy League . College Prowler . p. 9 . ISBN 1 - 59658 - 500 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Ivy Plus Sustainability Working Group '' . Yale . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` ivy plus annual fund '' . harvard . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Ivy + Alumni Relations Conference '' . Princeton . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Robert ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` Risk pays off for endowments '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 .",
"44": "Jump up ^ Perloff - Giles , Alexandra ( March 11 , 2008 ) . `` Columbia , MIT Fall Into Line on Aid '' . The Harvard Crimson . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Anthony ( November 29 , 2007 ) . `` The Dangerous Wealth of the Ivy League '' . Businessweek . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Josh ; Antoinette Schoar ; Jialan Wang ( Summer 2008 ) . `` Secrets of the Academy : The Drivers of University Endowment Success '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives . Nashville , TN : The American Economic Association . 22 ( 3 ) : 207 -- 22 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 22.3. 207 . ISSN 0895 - 3309 . OCLC 16474127 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Kavita ; Dixit , Kimberly Wright ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` How to Choose a College '' . Acing Admissions . HarperCollins Publishers . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5106 - 794 - 8 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 .",
"45": "External links Official website Ivy League Brown Bears Columbia Lions Cornell Big Red Dartmouth Big Green Harvard Crimson Princeton Tigers Penn Quakers Yale Bulldogs Links to related articles Ivy League rivalries Conference Brown -- Penn Brown -- Princeton Brown -- Yale Columbia -- Cornell Columbia -- Harvard Cornell -- Dartmouth Cornell -- Harvard ( hockey ) Cornell -- Penn Cornell -- Princeton ( lacrosse ) Dartmouth -- Harvard Dartmouth -- Yale Harvard -- Penn Harvard -- Princeton Harvard -- Yale games Harvard -- Yale ( hockey ) Penn -- Princeton Penn -- Princeton ( basketball ) Penn -- Yale Princeton -- Yale Non-conference Brown -- Rhode Island Boston College -- Harvard ( basketball ) Colgate -- Cornell Cornell -- Hobart Dartmouth -- New Hampshire The Liberty Cup ( Columbia -- Fordham ) Battle of 33rd Street ( Penn -- Drexel ) Philadelphia Big 5 ( Penn vs. La Salle , Saint Joseph 's , Temple ,",
"46": "and Villanova ) Beanpot ( Harvard -- Boston College -- Boston University -- Northeastern ) Princeton -- Rutgers Battle of Whitney Avenue ( Quinnipiac -- Yale ) Ocean State Cup ( Brown -- Bryant -- Providence -- Rhode Island ) NCAA Division I FCS conferences Big Sky Conference Big South Conference Colonial Athletic Association Ivy League Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference Missouri Valley Football Conference Northeast Conference Ohio Valley Conference Patriot League Pioneer Football League Southern Conference Southland Conference Southwestern Athletic Conference Independents NCAA Division I Football Championship NCAA Division I basketball conferences American Athletic Conference America East Conference Atlantic 10 Conference Atlantic Coast Conference Atlantic Sun Conference Big 12 Conference Big East Conference Big Sky Conference Big South Conference Big Ten Conference Big West Conference Colonial Athletic Association Conference USA Horizon League Ivy League Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Mid-American Conference Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Missouri Valley Conference Mountain West Conference Northeast Conference Ohio Valley Conference Pac - 12 Conference Patriot League Southeastern Conference Southern Conference Southwestern Athletic Conference The Summit League Sun Belt Conference West Coast Conference Western Athletic Conference Independents Championships : Men / Women VIAF : 130345285 LCCN : n95061019 GND : 7728340 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"47": "php?title=Ivy_League&oldid=837902039 '' Categories : Ivy League Northeastern United States Sports organisations established in 1954 Sports in the Eastern United States 1954 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gàidhlig 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 ,",
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when does the call of the wild take place
|
[
"the 1890s",
"during the 1890s Klondike Gold Rush",
"during the 1890s Klondike Gold Rush",
"during the 1890s Klondike Gold Rush, when strong sled dogs were in high demand",
"1890s"
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{
"0": "The Call of the Wild - wikipedia The Call of the Wild Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Call of the Wild ( disambiguation ) . The Call of the Wild First edition cover Author Jack London Illustrator Philip R. Goodwin and Charles Livingston Bull Cover artist Charles Edward Hooper Country United States Language English Genre Adventure fiction Publisher Macmillan Publication date 1903 Media type Print ( Serial , Hardcover & Paperback ) Pages 515 pp ( First Edition ) OCLC 28228581 The Call of the Wild is a short adventure novel by Jack London published in 1903 and set in Yukon , Canada during the 1890s Klondike Gold Rush , when strong sled dogs were in high demand . The central character of the novel is a dog named Buck . The story opens at a ranch in Santa Clara Valley , California , when Buck is stolen from his home and sold into service as a sled dog in Alaska . He becomes progressively feral in the harsh environment , where he is forced to fight to survive and dominate other dogs . By the end , he sheds the veneer of civilization , and relies on primordial instinct and learned experience to emerge as a leader in the wild . London spent almost a year in the Yukon , and his observations form much of the material for the book . The story was serialized in the Saturday Evening Post in the summer of 1903 and was published a month later in book form . The book 's great popularity and success made a reputation for London . As early as 1923 , the story was adapted to film , and it has since seen several more cinematic adaptations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Background 3 Publication history 3.1 Editions 4 Genre 5 Themes 6 Writing style 7 Reception and legacy 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Summary ( edit ) The story opens with Buck , a large and powerful St. Bernard - Scotch Shepherd , living happily in California 's Santa Clara Valley as the pampered pet of rich Judge Miller and his family . However , he is stolen by the gardener 's assistant , Manuel , and sold to finance his gambling addiction .",
"1": "He is shipped to Seattle . Put in a crate , he is starved and ill - treated . When released , he attacks his overseer , known only as the `` man in the red sweater '' but is badly beaten and taught to respect the `` law of the club '' . Buck is then sold to a pair of French - Canadian dispatchers from the Canadian government , François and Perrault , who take him with them to the Klondike region of Canada . There , they train him as a sled dog . From his teammates , he quickly learns to survive cold winter nights and the pack society . A rivalry develops between Buck and the vicious , quarrelsome lead dog , Spitz . Buck eventually beats Spitz in a fight . Spitz is killed by the pack after his defeat by Buck , and Buck eventually becomes the leader of the team . When Francois and Perrault reach Dawson with their dispatches , and are given new orders from the Canadian government , the team is then sold to a `` Scottish half - breed '' man , who is also working the mail service . The dogs must carry heavy loads to the mining areas , and the journeys they make are tiresome and long . One of the team , a morose husky named Dave , becomes sick and is eventually shot . Buck 's next owners are a trio of stampeders ( Hal , Charles , and a woman named Mercedes from the United States ) , who are inexperienced at surviving in the Northern wilderness . They struggle to control the sled and ignore warnings that the spring melt poses dangers . They overfeed the dogs and then starve them when the food runs out . On their journey they meet John Thornton , an experienced outdoorsman , who notices the dogs have been poorly treated and are in a weakened condition . He warns the trio against crossing the river , but they ignore his advice and order Buck to move on . Exhausted , starving , and sensing the danger ahead , Buck refuses and continues to lie unmoving in the snow . After Buck is beaten by Hal , Thornton recognizes him to be a remarkable dog . Disgusted by the driver 's treatment of Buck , Thornton hits Hal with the butt of his axe , cuts Buck free from his traces , and tells the trio he is keeping him , much to Hal 's displeasure .",
"2": "After some argument , the trio leaves and tries to cross the river , but as Thornton warned , the ice breaks , and the three fall into the river and drown , along with the sled and neglected dogs . Buck comes to love and grow devoted to Thornton as he nurses him back to health . He saves Thornton when the man falls into a river . After Thornton takes him on trips to pan for gold , a bonanza king ( someone who hit it rich in a certain area ) , named Matthewson , wagers Thornton on the dog 's strength and devotion . Buck wins by breaking a half - ton ( 1,000 - pound ( 450 kg ) ) sled free of the frozen ground , pulling it 100 yards ( 91 m ) and winning US $1,600 in gold dust . A king of the Skookum Benches offers a large sum to buy Buck , but Thornton has grown fond of him and declines . While Thornton and his friends continue their search for gold , Buck explores the wilderness and socializes with a timber wolf from a local pack . One night , he returns from a long hunt with the wolf pack to find that his beloved master and the others in the camp have been killed by a group of Yeehat natives . Buck eventually kills the natives to avenge Thornton , and he then is attacked by an entire pack of wolves . Buck wins the fight , then finds that the same timber wolf he had socialized with is in the pack he fought . Buck then follows the wolf and its pack into the forest , and answers the call of the wild . At the end of the story , Buck returns each year as the Ghost Dog of the Northland Legend , to mourn at the site of Thornton 's death . Background ( edit ) Miners carry gear up the Chilkoot Pass to reach the Klondike California native Jack London had traveled around the United States as a hobo , returned to California to finish high school ( he dropped out at age 14 ) , and spent a year in college at Berkeley , when in 1897 he went to the Klondike by way of Alaska during the height of the Klondike Gold Rush . Later , he said of the experience : `` It was in the Klondike I found myself . ''",
"3": "He left California in July and traveled by boat to Dyea , Alaska , where he landed and went inland . To reach the gold fields , he and his party transported their gear over the Chilkoot Pass , often carrying loads as heavy as 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) on their backs . They were successful in staking claims to eight gold mines along the Stewart River . London stayed in the Klondike for almost a year , living temporarily in the frontier town of Dawson City , before moving to a nearby winter camp , where he spent the winter in a temporary shelter reading books he had brought : Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species and John Milton 's Paradise Lost . In the winter of 1898 , Dawson City ( today mostly deserted ) was a city comprising about 30,000 miners , a saloon , an opera house , and a street of brothels . Klondike routes map In the spring , as the annual gold stampeders began to stream in , London left . He had contracted scurvy , common in the Arctic winters where fresh produce was unavailable . When his gums began to swell he decided to return to California . With his companions , he rafted 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) down the Yukon River , through portions of the wildest territory in the region , until they reached St. Michael . There , he hired himself out on a boat to earn return passage to San Francisco . In Alaska , London found the material that inspired him to write The Call of the Wild . Dyea Beach was the primary point of arrival for miners when London traveled through there , but because its access was treacherous Skagway soon became the new arrival point for prospectors . To reach the Klondike , miners had to navigate White Pass , known as `` Dead Horse Pass '' , where horse carcasses littered the route because they could not survive the harsh and steep ascent . Horses were replaced with dogs as pack animals to transport material over the pass ; particularly strong dogs with thick fur were `` much desired , scarce and high in price '' . London would have seen many dogs , especially prized Husky sled dogs , in Dawson City and in the winter camps situated close to the main sled route . He was friends with Marshall Latham Bond and his brother Louis Whitford Bond , the owners of a mixed St.",
"4": "Bernard - Scotch Collie dog about which London later wrote : `` Yes , Buck is based on your dog at Dawson . '' Beinecke Library at Yale University holds a photograph of Bond 's dog , taken during London 's stay in the Klondike in 1897 . The depiction of the California ranch in the beginning of the story was based on the Bond family ranch . Publication history ( edit ) On his return to California , London was unable to find work and relied on odd jobs such as cutting grass . He submitted a query letter to the San Francisco Bulletin proposing a story about his Alaskan adventure , but the idea was rejected because , as the editor told him , `` Interest in Alaska has subsided in an amazing degree . '' A few years later , London wrote a short story about a dog named Bâtard who , at the end of the story , kills his master . London sold the piece to Cosmopolitan Magazine , which published it in the June 1902 issue under the title `` Diablo -- A Dog '' . London 's biographer , Earle Labor , says that London then began work on The Call of the Wild to `` redeem the species '' from his dark characterization of dogs in `` Bâtard '' . Expecting to write a short story , London explains : `` I meant it to be a companion to my other dog story `` Bâtard '' ... but it got away from me , and instead of 4,000 words it ran 32,000 before I could call a halt . '' Written as a frontier story about the gold rush , The Call of the Wild was meant for the pulp market . It was first published in four installments in The Saturday Evening Post , which bought it for $750 in 1903 . In the same year , London sold all rights to the story for $2,000 to Macmillan , which published it in book format . The book has never been out of print since that time . Editions ( edit ) The first edition , by Macmillan , released in August 1903 , had 10 tipped - in color plates by illustrators Philip R. Goodwin and Charles Livingston Bull , and a color frontispiece by Charles Edward Hooper ; it sold for $1.50 . It is presently available with the original illustrations at the Internet Archive .",
"5": "Genre ( edit ) Buck proves himself as leader of the pack when he fights Spitz `` to the death '' . The Call of the Wild falls into the genre of animal fiction , in which an animal is anthropomorphized and given human traits . In the story , London attributes human thoughts and insights to Buck , so much so that when the story was published he was accused of being a nature faker for attributing `` unnatural '' feelings to a dog . Along with his contemporaries Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser , London was influenced by the naturalism of European writers such as Émile Zola , in which themes such as heredity versus environment were explored . London 's use of the genre gave it a new vibrancy , according to scholar Richard Lehan . The story is also an example of American pastoralism -- a prevailing theme in American literature -- in which the mythic hero returns to nature . As with other characters of American literature , such as Rip van Winkle and Huckleberry Finn , Buck symbolizes a reaction against industrialization and social convention with a return to nature . London presents the motif simply , clearly , and powerfully in the story , a motif later echoed by 20th century American writers William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway ( most notably in `` Big Two - Hearted River '' ) . Doctorow says of the story that it is `` fervently American '' . The enduring appeal of the story , according to American literature scholar Donald Pizer , is that it is a combination of allegory , parable , and fable . The story incorporates elements of age - old animal fables , such as Aesop 's Fables , in which animals speak truth , and traditional beast fables , in which the beast `` substitutes wit for insight '' . London was influenced by Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book , written a few years earlier , with its combination of parable and animal fable , and by other animal stories popular in the early 20th century . In The Call of the Wild , London intensifies and adds layers of meaning that are lacking in these stories . As a writer London tended to skimp on form , according to biographer Labor , and neither The Call of the Wild nor White Fang `` is a conventional novel '' .",
"6": "The story follows the archetypal `` myth of the hero '' ; Buck , who is the hero , takes a journey , is transformed , and achieves an apotheosis . The format of the story is divided into four distinct parts , according to Labor . In the first part , Buck experiences violence and struggles for survival ; in the second part , he proves himself a leader of the pack ; the third part brings him to his death ( symbolically and almost literally ) ; and in the fourth and final part , he undergoes rebirth . Themes ( edit ) London 's story is a tale of survival and a return to primitivism . Pizer writes that : `` the strong , the shrewd , and the cunning shall prevail when ... life is bestial '' . Pizer also finds evident in the story a Christian theme of love and redemption , as shown by Buck 's refusal to revert to violence until after the death of Thornton , who had won Buck 's love and loyalty . London , who went so far as to fight for custody of one of his own dogs , understood that loyalty between dogs ( particularly working dogs ) and their masters is built on trust and love . The Call of the Wild ( cover of the Saturday Evening Post shown ) is about the survival of the fittest . Writing in the `` Introduction '' to the Modern Library edition of The Call of the Wild , E.L. Doctorow says the theme is based on Darwin 's concept of survival of the fittest . London places Buck in conflict with humans , in conflict with the other dogs , and in conflict with his environment -- all of which he must challenge , survive , and conquer . Buck , a domesticated dog , must call on his atavistic hereditary traits to survive ; he must learn to be wild to become wild , according to Tina Gianquitto . He learns that in a world where the `` club and the fang '' are law , where the law of the pack rules and a good - natured dog such as Curly can be torn to pieces by pack members , that survival by whatever means is paramount . London also explores the question of `` nature vs. nurture '' , according to Pizer . Buck , raised as a pet , is by heredity a wolf .",
"7": "The change of environment releases his innate characteristics and strengths to the point where he fights for survival and becomes leader of the pack . Furthermore , Pizer maintains that the story appeals to human nature with the theme of the strong prevailing , particularly when faced with harsh circumstances , and a return to the wild . The veneer of civilization is thin and fragile , writes Doctorow , and in the story London exposes the brutality at the core of humanity and the ease with which humans revert to a state of primitivism . His interest in Marxism is evident in the sub-theme that humanity is motivated by materialism ; and his interest in Nietzschean philosophy is shown by Buck 's characterization . Gianquitto writes that in Buck 's characterization , London created a type of Nietschean Übermensch -- in this case a dog that reaches mythic proportions . Doctorow sees the story as a caricature of a bildungsroman -- in which a character learns and grows -- in that Buck becomes progressively less civilized . Gianquitto explains that Buck has evolved to the point that he is ready to join a wolf pack , which has a social structure uniquely adapted to and successful in the harsh arctic environment , unlike humans , who are weak in the harsh environment . Writing style ( edit ) Old longings nomadic leap , Chafing at custom 's chain ; Again from its brumal sleep Wakens the ferine strain . John Myers O'Hara , Atavism The first chapter opens with the first quatrain of John Myers O'Hara 's poem , Atavism , published in 1902 in The Bookman . The stanza outlines one of the main motifs of The Call of the Wild : that Buck , when removed from the `` sun - kissed '' Santa Clara Valley where he was raised , will revert to his wolf heritage with its innate instincts and characteristics . The themes are conveyed through London 's use of symbolism and imagery which , according to Labor , vary in the different phases of the story . The imagery and symbolism in the first phase , to do with the journey and self - discovery , depict physical violence , with strong images of pain and blood . In the second phase fatigue becomes a dominant image and death is a dominant symbol , as Buck comes close to being killed .",
"8": "The third phase is a period of renewal and rebirth and takes place in the spring , before ending with the fourth phase , when Buck fully reverts to nature is placed in a vast and `` weird atmosphere '' , a place of pure emptiness . The setting is allegorical . The southern lands represent the soft , materialistic world ; the north symbolizes a world beyond civilization and is inherently competitive . The harshness , brutality , and emptiness in Alaska reduce life to its essence , as London learned , and shows in Buck 's story . Buck must defeat Spitz , the dog who symbolically tries to get ahead and take control . When Buck is sold to Charles , Hal , and Mercedes , he finds himself in a camp that is dirty . They treat their dogs badly ; they are artificial interlopers in the pristine landscape . Conversely , Buck 's next masters , John Thornton and his two companions , are described as `` living close to the earth '' . They keep a clean camp , treat their animals well , and represent man 's nobility in nature . Unlike Buck , Thornton loses his fight with his fellow species , and not until Thornton 's death does Buck revert fully to the wild and his primordial state . The characters too are symbolic of types . Charles , Hal and Mercedes symbolize vanity and ignorance , while Thornton and his companions represent loyalty , purity , and love . Much of the imagery is stark and simple with an emphasis on images of cold , snow , ice , darkness , meat , and blood . London varied his prose style to reflect the action . He wrote in an over-affected style in his descriptions of Charles , Hal , and Mercedes ' camp as a reflection of their intrusion in the wilderness . Conversely when describing Buck and his actions , London wrote in a style that was pared down and simple -- a style that would influence and be the forebear of Hemingway 's style . The story was written as a frontier adventure and in such a way that it worked well as a serial . As Doctorow points out , it is good episodic writing that embodies the style of magazine adventure writing popular in that period . `` It leaves us with satisfaction at its outcome , a story well and truly told , '' he said .",
"9": "Reception and legacy ( edit ) Cover of Classics Illustrated The Call of the Wild , published in 1952 The Call of the Wild was enormously popular from the moment it was published . H.L. Menken wrote of London 's story : `` No other popular writer of his time did any better writing than you will find in Call of the Wild . '' A reviewer for The New York Times wrote of it in 1903 : `` If nothing else makes Mr. London 's book popular , it ought to be rendered so by the complete way in which it will satisfy the love of dog fights apparently inherent in every man . '' The reviewer for The Atlantic Monthly wrote that it was a book : `` untouched by bookishness ... The making and the achievement of such a hero ( Buck ) constitute , not a pretty story at all , but a very powerful one . '' The book secured London a place in the canon of American literature . The first printing of 10,000 copies sold out immediately ; it is still one of the best known stories written by an American author , and continues to be read and taught in schools . It has been published in 47 languages . London 's first success , the book secured his prospects as a writer and gained him a readership that stayed with him throughout his career . After the success of The Call of the Wild London wrote to Macmillan in 1904 proposing a second book ( White Fang ) in which he wanted to describe the opposite of Buck : a dog that transforms from wild to tame : `` I 'm going to reverse the process ... Instead of devolution of decivilization ... I 'm going to give the evolution , the civilization of a dog . '' The first adaptation of London 's story was a silent film made in 1923 . The 1935 version starring Clark Gable and Loretta Young expanded John Thornton 's role and was the first `` talkie '' to feature the story . The 1972 movie The Call of the Wild , starring Charlton Heston as John Thornton , was filmed in Finland . The Snoopy TV special What a Nightmare , Charlie Brown ! is another adaptation . French Canadian film Director Christian Duguay has announced financing and distribution for a version of The Call of the Wild to be released in 2018 .",
"10": "References ( edit ) Jump up ^ London 1998 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ London 1903 , Chapter 1 . Jump up ^ London 1903 , Chapter 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jack London '' 1998 , p. vi . Jump up ^ Courbier - Tavenier , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Courbier - Tavenier , p. 240 -- 241 . Jump up ^ Dyer , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Labor & Reesman , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Giantquitto , ' Endnotes ' , pp. 294 -- 295 . Jump up ^ Dyer , p. 59 . Jump up ^ `` Comments and Questions '' , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Courbier - Tavenier , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Doon . Jump up ^ Labor & Reesman , pp. 39 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Labor & Reesman , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Doctorow , p. xi . ^ Jump up to : Dyer , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 409 . Jump up ^ Leypoldt , p. 201 . Jump up ^ London , Jack & Goodwin , Philip R. ( Illustrator ) & Bull , Charles Livingston ( Illustrator ) ( 1903 ) . The Call of the Wild ( First ed . ) . MacMillan . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Pizer , pp. 108 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Lehan , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Benoit , p. 246 -- 248 . ^ Jump up to : Doctorow , p. xv . Jump up ^ Pizer , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Pizer , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Labor & Reesman , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Labor & Reesman , pp. 41 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Pizer , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Pizer , pp. 109 -- 110 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ Giantquitto , ' Introduction ' , p. xxiv . Jump up ^ Giantquitto , ' Introduction ' , p. xvii . ^ Jump up to : Giantquitto , ' Introduction ' , p. xiii . Jump up ^ Giantquitto , ' Introduction ' , pp. xx -- xxi . Jump up ^ London 1998 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Giantquitto , ' Endnotes ' , p. 293 . Jump up ^ Labor & Reesman , pp. 41 -- 45 . ^ Jump up to : Doctorow , p. xiv . Jump up ^ `` Comments and Questions '' , p. 302 . Jump up ^ `` Comments and Questions '' , pp. 302 -- 303 . Jump up ^ Giantquitto , ' Introduction ' , p. xxii . Jump up ^ WorldCat . Jump up ^ Labor & Reesman , p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Call of the Wild , 1923 '' . Silent Hollywood.com . Jump up ^ `` Inspired '' , p. 298 . Jump up ^ https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-call-of-the-wild-secures-finance-and-distribution-deal/5123687.article Screen Daily Bibliography Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Call of the Wild Benoit , Raymond ( Summer 1968 ) . `` Jack London 's ' The Call of the Wild ' '' . American Quarterly . The Johns Hopkins University Press . 20 ( 2 ) : 246 -- 248 . doi : 10.2307 / 2711035 . JSTOR 2711035 . Courbier - Tavenier , Jacqueline ( 1999 ) . `` The Call of the Wild and The Jungle : Jack London and Upton Sinclair 's Animal and Human Jungles '' . In Pizer , Donald . Cambridge Companion to American Realism and Naturalism : Howells to London . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43876 - 6 . Doctorow , E.L. ; London , Jack ( 1998 ) . `` Introduction '' .",
"12": "The Call of the Wild , White Fang & To Build a Fire . The Modern Library hundred best novels of the twentieth century . 88 ( reprint ed . ) . Modern Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 75251 - 3 . OCLC 38884558 . Doon , Ellen . `` Marshall Bond Papers '' . New Haven , Conn , USA : Yale University . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Dyer , Daniel ( April 1988 ) . `` Answering the Call of the Wild '' . The English Journal . National Council of Teachers of English . 77 ( 4 ) : 57 -- 62 . doi : 10.2307 / 819308 . JSTOR 819308 . Barnes & Noble ( 2003 ) . `` ' Jack London ' -- Biographical Note '' . The Call of the Wild and White Fang . Barnes and Noble Classics . Introduction by Tina Giantquitto ( reprint ed . ) . Barnes & Noble . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59308 - 002 - 0 . Barnes & Noble ( 2003 ) . `` ' The World of Jack London ' '' . The Call of the Wild and White Fang . Barnes and Noble Classics . Introduction by Tina Giantquitto ( reprint ed . ) . Barnes & Noble . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59308 - 002 - 0 . Giantquitto , Tina ( 2003 ) . `` ' Introduction ' '' . The Call of the Wild and White Fang . Barnes and Noble Classics . Introduction by Tina Giantquitto ( reprint ed . ) . Barnes & Noble . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59308 - 002 - 0 . Giantquitto , Tina ( 2003 ) . `` ' Endnotes ' '' . The Call of the Wild and White Fang . Barnes and Noble Classics . Introduction by Tina Giantquitto ( reprint ed . ) . Barnes & Noble . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59308 - 002 - 0 . Barnes & Noble ( 2003 ) .",
"13": "`` Inspired by ' The Call of the Wild ' and ' White Fang ' '' . The Call of the Wild and White Fang . Barnes and Noble Classics . Introduction by Tina Giantquitto ( reprint ed . ) . Barnes & Noble . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59308 - 002 - 0 . Barnes & Noble ( 2003 ) . `` ' Comments and Questions ' '' . The Call of the Wild and White Fang . Barnes and Noble Classics . Introduction by Tina Giantquitto ( reprint ed . ) . Barnes & Noble . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59308 - 002 - 0 . Lehan , Richard ( 1999 ) . `` The European Background '' . In Pizer , Donald . Cambridge Companion to American Realism and Naturalism : Howells to London . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43876 - 6 . `` Jack London 's ' The Call of the Wild ' '' . Publishers Weekly . F. Leypoldt. 64 ( 1 ) . August 1 , 1903 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Labor , Earle ; Reesman , Jeanne Campbell ( 1994 ) . Jack London . Twayne 's United States authors series . 230 ( revised , illustrated ed . ) . New York : Twayne Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8057 - 4033 - 2 . OCLC 485895575 . London , Jack ( 1903 ) . The Call of the Wild . Wikisource . London , Jack ( 1998 ) . The Call of the Wild , White Fang & To Build a Fire . The Modern Library hundred best novels of the twentieth century . 88 . Introduction by E.L. Doctorow ( reprint ed . ) . Modern Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 75251 - 3 . OCLC 38884558 . Modern Library ( 1998 ) . `` ' Jack London ' -- Biographical Note '' . The Call of the Wild , White Fang & To Build a Fire .",
"14": "The Modern Library hundred best novels of the twentieth century . 88 . Introduction by E.L. Doctorow ( reprint ed . ) . Modern Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 75251 - 3 . OCLC 38884558 . Pizer , Donald ( 1983 ) . `` Jack London : The Problem of Form '' . Studies in the Literary Imagination. 16 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 115 . Smith , Geoffrey D. ( August 13 , 1997 ) . American Fiction , 1901 -- 1925 : A Bibliography . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43469 - 0 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . `` London , Jack 1876 -- 1916 '' . The call of the wild . WorldCat . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Fusco , Richard . `` On Primitivism in The Call of the Wild . American Literary Realism , 1870 - 1910 . Vol. 20 , No. 1 ( Fall , 1987 ) , pp. 76 -- 80 McCrum , Robert . `` The 100 best novels : No 35 - The Call of the Wild by Jack London ( 1903 ) '' . The Guardian . 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Call of the Wild . The Call of the Wild public domain audiobook at LibriVox ( hide ) Works by Jack London Novels The Cruise of the Dazzler ( 1902 ) A Daughter of the Snows ( 1902 ) The Call of the Wild ( 1903 ) The Kempton - Wace Letters ( 1903 ,",
"15": "anonymously co-authored with Anna Strunsky ) The Sea - Wolf ( 1904 ) The Game ( 1905 ) Before Adam ( 1906 ) White Fang ( 1906 ) The Iron Heel ( 1908 ) Martin Eden ( 1909 ) Burning Daylight ( 1910 ) Adventure ( 1911 ) The Scarlet Plague ( 1912 ) A Son of the Sun ( 1912 ) The Abysmal Brute ( 1913 ) The Valley of the Moon ( 1913 ) The Mutiny of the Elsinore ( 1914 ) The Star Rover ( 1915 ) The Little Lady of the Big House ( 1916 ) Jerry of the Islands ( 1917 ) Michael , Brother of Jerry ( 1917 ) Hearts of Three ( 1920 ) The Assassination Bureau , Ltd ( 1963 ) ( Unfinished , completed by Robert L.",
"16": "Fish ) Short stories `` A Thousand Deaths '' ( 1899 ) `` The Law of Life '' ( 1901 ) `` Bâtard '' ( 1902 ) `` Moon - Face '' ( 1902 ) `` The Leopard Man 's Story '' ( 1903 ) `` To Build a Fire '' ( 1908 ) `` The Dream of Debs '' ( 1909 ) `` A Piece of Steak '' ( 1909 ) `` The South of the Slot '' ( 1909 ) `` The Heathen '' ( 1910 ) `` The Mexican '' ( 1911 ) `` The Unparalleled Invasion '' ( 1914 ) `` The Red One '' ( 1918 ) Short story collections Lost Face ( 1910 ) South Sea Tales ( 1911 ) Non-fiction The People of the Abyss ( 1903 ) The Road ( 1907 ) The Cruise of the Snark ( 1911 ) John Barleycorn ( 1913 ) Jack London 's The Call of the Wild ( 1903 ) Films The Call of the Wild ( 1923 ) Call of the Wild ( 1935 ) The Call of the Wild ( 1972 ) The Call of the Wild ( 1976 ) Call of the Wild ( 2009 ) TV What a Nightmare , Charlie Brown ! ( 1978 special ) The Call of the Wild : Dog of the Yukon ( 1997 movie ) Call of the Wild ( 2000 series ) Related White Fang VIAF : 179138821 LCCN : n79125605 GND : 4488621 - 4 BNF : cb14420507m ( data ) NLA : 35877047 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"17": "php?title=The_Call_of_the_Wild&oldid=819351287 '' Categories : The Call of the Wild 1903 American novels American adventure novels American novels adapted into films Cruelty to animals in fiction Dogs in literature Klondike Gold Rush in fiction Novels about animals Novels adapted into comics Novels by Jack London Novels first published in serial form Novels set in Yukon Works originally published in The Saturday Evening Post Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Commons category without a link on Wikidata Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Magyar മലയാളം 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 22 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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7549291271483002097
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who were the first kings to issue coins bearing their names
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[
"the Indo-Greek kings"
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{
"0": "Satavahana dynasty - Wikipedia Satavahana dynasty Jump to : navigation , search Satavahana Empire 1st century BCE -- 2nd century CE Approximate extent of the Satavahana empire under Gautamiputra Satkarni Capital Pratishthana , Amaravati Languages Prakrit , Telugu , Tamil Religion Hinduism , Buddhism Government Monarchy Historical era Antiquity Established 1st century BCE Disestablished 2nd century CE Preceded by Succeeded by Maurya Empire Kanva dynasty Western Kshatrapas Andhra Ikshvaku Chutu dynasty Pallava dynasty Today part of India Satavahana Kings Simuka ( 100 - 70 BCE ) Kanha ( 70 - 60 BCE ) Satakarni ( 1st BCE ) Sivasvati ( 1st century CE ) Gautamiputra Satakarni ( 2nd century CE ) Vasishthiputra Pulumavi ( 2nd century CE ) Vashishtiputra Satakarni ( 2nd century CE ) Shivaskanda Satakarni ( 2nd century CE ) Yajna Sri Satakarni ( 2nd century CE ) Vijaya ( 2nd century CE ) The Satavahanas ( IAST : Sātavāhana ) , also referred to as the Andhras in the Puranas , were an ancient Indian dynasty based in the Deccan region . Most modern scholars believe that the Satavahana rule began in the first century BCE and lasted until the second century CE , although some assign the beginning of their rule to as early as the 3rd century BCE . The Satavahana kingdom mainly comprised the present - day Telangana , Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra . At different times , their rule extended to parts of modern Gujarat , Madhya Pradesh , and Karnataka . The dynasty had different capital cities at different times , including Pratishthana ( Paithan ) and Amaravati ( Dharanikota ) .",
"1": "The origin of the dynasty is uncertain , but according to the Puranas , their first king overthrew the Kanva dynasty . In the post-Maurya era , the Satavahanas established peace in the Deccan region , and resisted the onslaught of foreign invaders . In particular their struggles with the Saka Western Satraps went on for a long time . The dynasty reached its zenith under the rule of Gautamiputra Satakarni and his successor Vasisthiputra Pulamavi . The kingdom fragmented into smaller states by the early 3rd century CE . The Satavahanas were early issuers of Indian state coinage struck with images of their rulers . They formed a cultural bridge and played a vital role in trade and the transfer of ideas and culture to and from the Indo - Gangetic Plain to the southern tip of India . They supported Brahmanism as well as Buddhism , and patronised Prakrit literature . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Original homeland 2 History 2.1 Foundation 2.2 Early expansion 2.2. 1 Art of Sanchi 2.3 First Saka invasion 2.4 First revival 2.5 Second Saka invasion 2.6 Second revival 2.7 Decline 3 Territorial extent 4 Administration 5 Economy 6 Religion 7 Inscriptions 8 Coinage 9 Cultural achievements 9.1 Sculptures 9.2 Bronze 9.3 Architecture 9.4 Paintings 9.5 Art of Amaravati 10 List of rulers 10.1 Puranic lists 10.2 Purana - based lists 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 External links Origins The date and place of origin of the Satavahanas , as well as the meaning of the dynasty 's name , are a matter of debate among the historians . Some of these debates have happened in the context of regionalism , with the present - day Andhra Pradesh , Maharashtra , Karnataka and Telangana being variously claimed as the original homeland of the Satavahanas .",
"2": "Etymology According to one theory , the word `` Satavahana '' is a Prakrit form of the Sanskrit Sapta - Vahana ( `` driven by seven '' ; in Hindu mythology , the chariot of the sun god is drawn by seven horses ) . This would indicate that the Satavahanas originally claimed association with the legendary solar dynasty , as was common in ancient India . According to Inguva Kartikeya Sarma , the dynasty 's name is derived from the words sata ( `` sharpened '' , `` nimble '' or `` swift '' ) and vahana ( `` vehicle '' ) ; the expression thus means `` one who rides a nimble horse '' . Another theory connects their name to the earlier Satiyaputa dynasty . Yet another theory derives their name from the Munda words Sadam ( `` horse '' ) and Harpan ( `` son '' ) , implying `` son of the performer of a horse sacrifice '' . Several rulers of the dynasty bear the name or title `` Satakarni '' . Satavahana , Satakarni , Satakani and Shalivahana appear to be variations of the same word . Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi theorized that the word `` Satakarni '' is derived from the Munda words sada ( `` horse '' ) and kon ( `` son '' ) . The Puranas use the name `` Andhra '' or `` Andhra - Bhritya '' for the Satavahanas . The term `` Andhra '' may refer to ethnicity or territory of the dynasty ( see Original homeland below ) . It does not appear in the dynasty 's own records . Original homeland Cave No. 19 of Satavahana king Kanha at the Nasik caves , 1st century BCE . Krishna inscription of king Kanha in cave No. 19 , Nasik caves . This is the oldest known Satavahana inscription , circa 100 - 70 BCE . The use of the name `` Andhra '' in the Puranas has led some scholars to believe that the dynasty originated in the eastern Deccan region ( the historic Andhra region , present - day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana ) .",
"3": "At Kotilingala in Telangana , coins bearing the legend `` Rano Siri Chimuka Satavahanasa '' were found . Epigraphist and numismastist P.V.P. Sastry initially identified Chimuka with the dynasty 's founder Simuka , because of which Kotilingala came to be known as the only place where coins attributed to Simuka were found . Coins attributed to Simuka 's successors Kanha and Satakarni I were also discovered at Kotilingla . Based on these discoveries , historians such as D.R. Reddy , S. Reddy and Shankar R. Goyal theorized that Kotlingala was the original home of the Satavahanas . However , the coin samples from Kotlingala are small , and it is not certain if these coins were minted there or reached there from somewhere else . Moreover , the identification of Chimuka of Kotilingala with the dynasty 's founder Simuka has been contested by several scholars including P.L. Gupta and I.K. Sarma , who identified Chimuka as a later ruler . P.V.P. Sastry also later changed his view , and stated that the two kings were different . As for the Puranas , these texts were compiled much later , during the Gupta period , and it is not certain if the Satavahanas were referred to as Andhras during their time . Naneghat inscription . Dated to 70 - 60 BCE , in the reign of Satakarni I . Another section of scholars believe that the Satavahanas originated in western Deccan ( present - day Maharashtra ) . All four extant inscriptions from the early Satavahana period ( c. 1st century BCE ) have been found in and around this region . The oldest known Satavahana inscription was found at Cave No. 19 of the Pandavleni Caves in Nashik district , and was issued during the reign of Kanha ( 100 - 70 BCE ) . An inscription found at Naneghat was issued by Nayanika ( or Naganika ) , the widow of Satakarni I ; another inscription found at Naneghat has been dated to the same period on a paleographic basis .",
"4": "A slightly later inscription dated to the reign of Satakarni II has been found at Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh , located to the north of Maharashtra . The majority of the other Satavahana inscriptions have also been found in western Deccan . On the other hand , the epigraphic evidence from eastern Deccan does not mention the Satavahanas before the 4th century CE . At Nevasa , a seal and coins attributed to Kanha have been discovered . Coins attributed to Satakarni I have also been discovered at Nashik , Nevasa and Pauni in Maharashtra ( besides places in eastern Deccan and present - day Madhya Pradesh ) . Based on this evidence , some historians argue that the Satavahanas initially came to power in the area around their capital Pratishthana ( modern Paithan , Maharashtra ) and then expanded their territory to eastern Deccan . Carla Sinopoli cautions that the inference about the western Deccan origin of the Satavahanas is `` tentative at best '' given the small sample of early inscriptions . Kanha 's Pandavleni mentions the term maha - matra ( officer - in - charge ) , which indicates that the early Satavahanas followed the Mauryan administrative model . C. Margabandhu theorized that the Satavahanas were called Andhras because they were natives of eastern Deccan ( the Andhra region ) , although they first established their empire in western Deccan after having served as Mauryan subordinates . Himanshu Prabha Ray ( 1986 ) opposes this theory , stating that the Andhra was originally an ethnic term , and did not come to denote the geographical region of eastern Deccan until well after the Satavahana period . According to Vidya Dehejia , the writers of the Puranas ( which were compiled after the Satavahana period ) mistook the Satavahana presence in eastern Deccan as evidence for their origin in that region , and wrongly labeled them as `` Andhra '' . Some scholars also suggest that the dynasty originated in present - day Karnataka , and initially owed allegiance to some Andhra rulers ( because of which they were called Andhra - Bhrityas or `` servants of the Andhras '' .",
"5": "V.S. Sukthankar theorized that the territorial division Satavahani - Satahani ( Satavahanihara or Satahani - rattha ) , in present - day Bellary district , was the homeland of the Satavahana family . A stupa in Kanaganahalli village of Karnataka , dated between the first century BCE and first century CE , features limestone panels depicting portraits of Chimuka ( Simuka ) , Satakani ( Satakarni ) and other Satavahana rulers . History Information about the Satavahanas comes from the Puranas , some Buddhist and Jain texts , the dynasty 's inscriptions and coins , and foreign ( Greek and Roman ) accounts that focus on trade . The information provided by these sources is not sufficient to reconstruct the dynasty 's history with absolute certainty . As a result , there are multiple theories about the Satavahana chronology . Foundation Satavahana depiction of the city of Kushinagar in the War over the Buddha 's Relics , South Gate , Stupa no . 1 , Sanchi . Simuka is mentioned as the first king in a list of royals in a Satavahana inscription at Naneghat . The various Puranas state that the first king of the dynasty ruled for 23 years , and mention his name variously as Sishuka , Sindhuka , Chhismaka , Shipraka , etc . These are believed to be corrupted spellings of Simuka , resulting from copying and re-copying of manuscripts . Simuka can not be dated with certainty based on available evidence . Based on the following theories , the beginning of the Satavahana rule is dated variously from 271 BCE to 30 BCE . According to the Puranas , the first Andhra king overthrew the Kanva rule . D.C. Sircar dated this event to c. 30 BCE , a theory supported by many other scholars . The Matsya Purana mentions that the Andhra dynasty ruled for around 450 years . As the Satavahana rule ended in the early 3rd century , the beginning of their rule can be dated to the 3rd century BCE .",
"6": "The Indica of Megasthenes ( 350 -- 290 BCE ) mentions a powerful tribe named `` Andarae '' , whose king maintained an army of 100,000 infantry , 2,000 cavalry and 1,000 elephants . If Andarae is identified with the Andhras , this can be considered additional evidence of Satavahana rule starting in the 3rd century BCE . The Brahmanda Purana states that `` the four Kanvas will rule the earth for 45 years ; then ( it ) will again go to the Andhras '' . Based on this statement , the proponents of this theory argue that the Satavahana rule began immediately after the Maurya rule , followed by a Kanva interregnum , and then , a revival of the Satavahana rule . According to one version of the theory Simuka succeeded the Mauryans . A variation of the theory is that Simuka was the person who restored the Satavahana rule by overthrowing the Kanvas ; the compiler of the Puranas confused him with the founder of the dynasty . Most modern scholars believe that the Satavahana ruler began in the first century BCE and lasted until the second century CE . This theory is based on Puranic records as well as archaeological and numismatic evidence . The theory that dates their rule to an earlier period is now largely discredited because the various Puranas contradict each other , and are not fully supported by epigraphic or numismatic evidence . Early expansion Simuka was succeeded by his brother Kanha ( also known as Krishna ) , who extended the kingdom up to Nashik in the west . His successor Satakarni I conquered western Malwa , Anupa ( Narmada valley ) and Vidarbha , taking advantage of the turmoil caused by Greek invasions of northern India . He performed Vedic sacrifices including Ashvamedha and Rajasuya . Instead of the Buddhists , he patronised Brahmins and donated a substantial amount of wealth to them . The Hathigumpha inscription of the Kalinga king Kharavela mentions a king named `` Satakani '' or `` Satakamini '' , who some identify with Satakarni I . The inscription describes dispatching of an army and Kharavela 's threat to a city .",
"7": "Since the inscription is only partially legible , different scholars interpret the events described in the inscription differently . According to R.D. Banerji and Sailendra Nath Sen , Kharavela sent out an army against Satakarni . According to Bhagwal Lal , Satakarni wanted to avoid an invasion of his kingdom by Kharavela . So , he sent horses , elephants , chariots and men to Kharavela as a tribute . According to Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya , Kharavela 's army diverted its course after failing to advance against Satakarni . According to Alain Daniélou , Kharavela was friendly with Satakarni , and only crossed his kingdom without any clashes . Satakarni 's successor Satakarni II ruled for 56 years , during which he captured eastern Malwa from the Shungas . He was succeeded by Lambodara . The coins of Lambodara 's son and successor Apilaka have been found in eastern Madhya Pradesh . Art of Sanchi In that period , the Satavahanas contributed greatly to the embellishment of the Buddhist stupa of Sanchi . It was heavily repaired under King Satakarni II . The gateways and the balustrade were built after 70 BCE , and appear to have been commissioned by the Satavahanas . An inscription on the Southern Gateway records that it was the work of Satakarni II 's royal architect Ananda . An inscription records the gift of one of the top architraves of the Southern Gateway by the artisans of the Satavahana Emperor Satakarni : Gift of Ananda , the son of Vasithi , the foreman of the artisans of rajan Siri Satakarni Sanchi under the Satavahanas 1st century BCE / CE . Architrave Architrave Yakshini . Pillar capital . Lion pillar capital . The Miracle of Walking in the air at Savrasti . Pipal tree . Miracle of the Buddha walking on the River Nairanjana Bimbisara with his royal cortege issuing from the city of Rajagriha to visit the Buddha .",
"8": "Foreigners making a dedication to the Great Stupa at Sanchi . Procession of king Suddhodana from Kapilavastu . First Saka invasion Little is known about Apilaka 's successors , except cryptic references to one Kuntala Satakarni . The next well - known ruler of the dynasty was Hāla , who composed Gaha Sattasai in Maharashtri Prakrit . Like Hala , his four successors also ruled for very short periods ( a total of 12 years ) , indicating troubled times for the Satavahanas . Epigraphic and numismatic evidence suggests that the Satavahanas earlier controlled the northern Deccan plateau , the northern Konkan coastal plains , and the mountain passes connecting these two regions . During 15 - 40 CE , their northern neighbours - the Western Kshatrapas - extended their influence into these regions . The Western Kshatrapa ruler Nahapana is known to have ruled the former Satavahana territory , as attested by the inscriptions of his governor and son - in - law , Rishabhadatta . First revival A coin of Nahapana restruck by the Satavahana king Gautamiputra Satakarni . Nahapana 's profile and coin legend are still clearly visible . Satavahana architecture at Cave No. 3 of the Pandavleni Caves in Nashik . This cave was probably started during the reign of Gautamiputra Satakarni , and was finished and dedicated to the Buddhist Samgha during the reign of his son Vasishthiputra Pulumavi , crica 150 CE . The Satavahana power was revived by Gautamiputra Satakarni , who is considered the greatest of the Satavahana rulers . Charles Higham dates his reign c. 103 -- c. 127 CE . S. Nagaraju dates it 106 -- 130 CE . The king defeated by him appears to have been the Western Kshatrapa ruler Nahapana , as suggested by Nahapana 's coins overstuck with names and titles of Gautamiputra .",
"9": "The Nashik prashasti inscription of Gautamiputra 's mother Gautami Balashri , dated to the 20th year after his death , records his achievements . The most liberal interpretation of the inscription suggests that his kingdom extended from the present - day Rajasthan in the north to Krishna river in the south , and from Saurashtra in the west to Kalinga in the east . He assumed the titles Raja - Raja ( King of Kings ) and Maharaja ( Great King ) , and was described as the Lord of Vindhya . During the last years of his reign , his administration was apparently handled by his mother , which could have been a result of an illness or military preoccupation . According to the Nasik inscription made by his mother Gautami Balashri , he was the one ... ... who crushed down the pride and conceit of the Kshatriyas ; who destroyed the Sakas ( Western Satraps ) , Yavanas ( Indo - Greeks ) and Pahlavas ( Indo - Parthians ) , ... who rooted out the Khakharata family ( the Kshaharata family of Nahapana ) ; who restored the glory of the Satavahana race . -- Inscription of Queen Mother Gautami Balashri at Cave No. 3 of the Pandavleni Caves in Nashik . Gautamiputra was succeeded by his son Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi ( or Pulumayi ) . According to Sailendra Nath Sen , Pulumavi ruled from 96 -- 119 CE . According to Charles Higham , he ascended the throne around 110 CE . Pulumavi features in a large number of Satavahana inscriptions and his coins have been found distributed over a wide area . This indicates that he maintained Gautamiputra 's territory , and ruled a prosperous kingdom . He is believed to have added the Bellary region to Satakarni 's kingdom . His coins featuring ships with double mast have been found on the Coromandel Coast , indicating involvement in maritime trade and naval power . The old stupa at Amaravati was renovated during his reign . Second Saka invasion Coin of Vashishtiputra Satakarni . Pulumavi 's successor was his brother Vashishtiputra Satakarni .",
"10": "According to S.N. Sen he ruled during 120 -- 149 CE ; according to Charles Higham , his regnal years spanned 138 -- 145 CE . He entered into a marriage alliance with the Western Satraps , marrying the daughter of Rudradaman I . The Junagadh inscription of Rudradaman I states that he defeated Satakarni , the lord of Dakshinapatha ( Deccan ) , twice . It also states that he spared the life of the defeated ruler because of close relations : `` Rudradaman ( ... ) who obtained good report because he , in spite of having twice in fair fight completely defeated Satakarni , the lord of Dakshinapatha , on account of the nearness of their connection did not destroy him . '' -- Junagadh rock inscription According to D.R. Bhandarkar and Dineshchandra Sircar , the ruler defeated by Rudradaman was Gautamiputra Satakarni . However , E.J. Rapson believed that the defeated ruler was his son Vasishthiputra Pulumavi . Shailendra Nath Sen and Charles Higham believe that the defeated ruler was Vashishtiputra 's successor Shivaskanda or Shiva Sri Pulumayi ( or Pulumavi ) . As a result of his victories , Rudradaman regained all the former territories previously held by Nahapana , except for the extreme south territories of Pune and Nasik . Satavahana dominions were limited to their original base in the Deccan and eastern central India around Amaravati . Second revival Coin of Yajna Sri Satakarni , British Museum . Sri Yajna Sātakarni , the last person belonging to the main Satavahana dynastic line , briefly revived the Satavahana rule . According to S.N. Sen , he ruled during 170 -- 199 CE . Charles Higham dates the end of his reign to 181 CE . His coins feature images of ships , which suggest naval and marine trade success . Wide distribution of his coins , and inscriptions at Nashik , Kanheri and Guntur indicate that his rule extended over both eastern and western parts of Deccan .",
"11": "He recovered much of the territory lost the Western Kshatrapas , and issued silver coinage , imitating them . During the last years of his reign , the Abhiras captured the northern parts of the kingdom , around Nashik region . Decline After Yajna Satakarni , the dynasty was soon extinguished following the rise of its feudatories , perhaps on account of a decline in central power . Yajna Sri was succeeded by Madhariputra Swami Isvarasena . The next king Vijaya ruled for 6 years . His son Vasishthiputra Sri Chadha Satakarni ruled for 10 years . Pulumavi IV , the last king of the main line , ruled until c. 225 CE . During his reign , several Buddhist monuments were constructed at Nagarjunakonda and Amaravati . Madhya Pradesh was also part of his kingdom . After the death of Pulumavi IV , the Satavahana empire fragmented into five smaller kingdoms : Northern part , ruled by a collateral branch of the Satavahanas ( which ended in early 4th century ) Western part around Nashik , ruled by the Abhiras Eastern part ( Krishna - Guntur region ) , ruled by the Andhra Ikshvakus South - western parts ( northern Karanataka ) , ruled by the Chutus of Banavasi South - eastern part , ruled by the Pallavas Territorial extent The Satavahana territory included northern Deccan region , spanning the present - day Andhra Pradesh , Maharashtra and Telangana states . At times , their rule also extended to present - day Gujarat , Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh . The Nashik prashasti inscription issued by Gautami Balashri , the mother of Gautamiputra Satakarni , claims that her son ruled an extensive territory that stretched from Gujarat in the north to northern Karnataka in the south . It is not clear if Gautamiputra had effective control over these claimed territories . In any case , historical evidence suggests that his control over these territories did not last long . Moreover , this realm was not continuous : many areas in this region remained under the control of the hunter - gatherers and other tribal communities . The Satavahana capital kept shifting with time .",
"12": "The Nashik inscription describes Gautamiputra as the lord of Benakataka , suggesting that this was the name of his capital . Ptolemy ( 2nd century CE ) mentioned Pratishthana ( modern Paithan ) as the capital of Pulumavi . At other times , the Satavahana capitals included Amaravati ( Dharanikota ) and Junnar . M.K. Dhavalikar theorized that the original Satavahana capital was located at Junnar , but had to be moved to Pratishthana because of Saka - Kushana incursions from the north - west . Several Satavahana - era inscriptions record grants to religious monasteries . The settlements most frequently mentioned as the residences of donors in these inscriptions include the sea ports of Sopara , Kalyan , Bharucha , Kuda ( unidentified ) , and Chaul . The most frequently mentioned inland settlements include Dhenukakata ( unidentified ) , Junnar , Nashik , Paithan , and Karadh . Other important Satavahana sites in western Deccan include Govardhana , Nevasa , Ter , and Vadgaon - Madhavpur . The ones in eastern Deccan include Amaravati , Dhulikatta , Kotalingala and Peddabankur . Administration The Satavahanas followed the administration guidelines of the Shastras . Their government was less top - heavy than that of the Mauryans , and featured several levels of feudatories : Rajan , the hereditary rulers Rajas , petty princes who struck coins in their own names Maharathis , hereditary lords who could grant villages in their own names and maintained matrimonial relations with the ruling family Mahabhojas Mahasenapati ( civil administrator under Pulumavi II ; governor of a janapada under Pulumavi IV ) Mahatalavara ( `` great watchman '' ) The royal princes ( kumaras ) were appointed as viceroys of the provinces . The ahara appears to have been the largest geographical subdivision of the Satavahana polity . Several inscriptions refer to aharas named after the governors appointed to rule them ( e.g.",
"13": "Govardhanahara , Mamalahara , Satavanihara and Kapurahara ) . This suggests that the Satavahanas attempted to build a formal administrative and revenue collection structure . The inscriptions of Gautamiputra Satakarni suggest the existence of a bureaucratic structure , although it is not certain how stable and effective this structure was . For example , two inscriptions from Nashik Cave 11 record donations of agricultural land to ascetic communities . They state that the ascetics would enjoy tax exemption and non-interference from the royal officials . The first inscription states that the grant was approved by Gautamiputra 's minister Sivagupta on the king 's verbal orders , and preserved by the `` great lords '' . The second inscription records a grant by Gautamiputra and his mother , and mentions Syamaka as the minister of the Govardhana ahara . It states that the charter was approved by a woman named Lota , who according to archaeologist James Burgess ' interpretation , was the chief lady - in - waiting of Gautamiputra 's mother . The Satavahana - era inscriptions mention three types of settlements : nagara ( city ) , nigama ( market town ) and gama ( village ) . Economy Indian ship on lead coin of Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi , testimony to the naval , seafaring and trading capabilities of the Satavahanas during the 1st -- 2nd century CE . The Satavahanas participated in ( and benefited from ) economic expansion through intensification of agriculture , increased production of other commodities , and trade within and beyond the Indian subcontinent . During the Satavahana period , several large settlements emerged in the fertile areas , especially along the major rivers . The amount of land under agricultural use also expanded significantly , as a result of forest clearance and construction of irrigation reservoirs . The exploitation of sites with mineral resources may have increased during the Satavahana period , leading to the emergence of new settlements in these areas . Such sites facilitated commerce and crafts ( such as ceramic ware ) . The increased craft production during the Satavahana period is evident from archaeological discoveries at sites such as Kotalingala , as well as epigraphic references to artisans and guilds .",
"14": "The Satavahanas controlled the Indian sea coast , and as a result , they dominated the growing Indian trade with the Roman Empire . The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mentions two important Satavahana trade centres : Pratishthana and Tagara . Other important urban centres included Kondapur , Banavasi and Madhavpur . Nanaghat was the site of an important pass that linked the Satavahana capital Pratishthana to the sea . Religion The Pompeii Lakshmi ivory statuette was found in the ruin of Pompeii ( destroyed in an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE ) . It is thought to have come from Bhokardan in the Satavahana realm in the first half of the 1st century CE . It testifies to Indo - Roman trade relations in the beginning of our era . The Satavahanas were Hindus and claimed Brahmanical status , although they also made generous donations to Buddhist monasteries . The lay people in the Satavahana period generally did not exclusively support a particular religious group . The Naneghat inscription of Nayanika , recorded on the walls of a Buddhist monastic cave , mentions that her husband Satakarni I performed several Vedic sacrifices , including ashvamedha ( horse sacrifice ) , rajasuya ( royal consecration ) , and agnyadheya ( fire ceremony ) . The inscription also records subsantial fees paid to Brahmin priests and attendees for these sacrifices . For example , 10,001 cows were granted for the Bhagala - Dasaratra sacrifice ; and 24,400 coins were granted for another sacrifice , whose name is not clear . In the Nashik inscription of Gautami Balashri , her son Gautamiputra Satakarni is called `` ekabamhana '' , which is interpreted by some as `` unrivaled Brahmana '' , thus indicating a Brahmin origin . However , R.G. Bhandarkar interprets this word as `` the only protector of the Brahmins '' . A number of Buddhist monastic sites emerged in the Deccan region during the Satavahana period . However , the exact relations between these monasteries and the Satavahana government is not clear .",
"15": "The Pandavleni Caves inscription issued during the reign of Kanha states that the cave was excavated by maha - matra ( officer - in - charge ) of the shramanas ( non-Vedic ascetics ) . Based on this , Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya concludes that Kanha favoured Buddhism , and had an administrative department dedicated to the welfare of Buddhist monks . However , Carla M. Sinopoli notes that although there are some records of donations to the Buddhist monasteries by the Satavahana royals , the vast majority of the donations were made by the non-royals . The most common among these donors were merchants , and many of the monasteries were located along the important trade routes . The merchants probably donated to the monasteries , because these sites facilitated trade by serving as rest houses , and possibly by directly participating in the trade . The monasteries appear to have been an important venue for displaying charitable donations , including the donations made to non-Buddhists ( especially Brahmins ) . Inscriptions The inscription on the Southern Gateway at Sanchi mentioning `` Gift of Ananda , the son of Vasithi , the foreman of the artisans of rajan Siri Satakarni '' ( the inscription is written in three lines over the dome of the stupa in this relief ) . Circa 50 BCE - 0 CE . Several Brahmi script inscriptions are available from the Satavahana period , but most of these record donations to Buddhist institutions by individuals , and do not provide much information about the dynasty . The inscriptions issued by the Satavahana royals themselves also primarily concern religious donations , although some of them provide some information about the rulers and the imperial structure . The earliest extant Satavahana inscription is from Nashik Cave 19 , which states that the cave was commissioned by Mahamatra Saman of Nashik during the reign of king Kanha . At Naneghat , an inscription issued by Nayanika , the widow of Satakarni I , has been found . It records Nayanika 's lineage and mentions the Vedic sacrifices performed by the royal family . Another inscription at Naneghat comprises names of Satavahana royals , appearing as labels over their bas - relief portraits .",
"16": "The portraits are now completely eroded , but the inscription is believed to be contemporary to Nayanika 's inscription on a paleographic basis . The next oldest Satavahana - era inscription appears on a sculpted gateway element of Stupa 1 at Sanchi . It states that the element was donated by Ananda , who was the son of Siri Satakarni 's foreman of artisans . This inscription is probably from the reign of Satakarni II . Coinage The Satavahanas are among the earliest Indian rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers , starting with king Gautamiputra Satakarni , a practice derived from that of the Western Kshatrapas he defeated , itself originating with the Indo - Greek kings to the northwest . Thousands of lead , copper and potin Satavahana coins have been discovered in the Deccan region ; a few gold and silver coins are also available . These coins do not feature uniform design or size , and suggest that multiple minting locations existed within the Satavahana territory , leading to regional differences in coinage . The coin legends of the Satavahanas , in all areas and all periods , used a Prakrit dialect without exception . Some reverse coin legends are in Tamil , and Telugu languages . Several coins carry titles or matronyms that were common to multiple rulers ( e.g. Satavahana , Satakarni , and Pulumavi ) , so the number of rulers attested by coinage can not be determined with certainty . The names of 16 to 20 rulers appear on the various coins . Some of these rulers appear to be local elites rather than the Satavahana monarchs . The Satavahana coins give unique indications as to their chronology , language , and even facial features ( curly hair , long ears and strong lips ) . They issued mainly lead and copper coins ; their portrait - style silver coins were usually struck over coins of the Western Kshatrapa kings . The Satavahana coins also display various traditional symbols , such as elephants , lions , horses and chaityas ( stupas ) , as well as the `` Ujjain symbol '' , a cross with four circles at the end .",
"17": "Early Satavahana coinage , Satakarni issue , Maharashtra -- Vidarbha type , 1st century BCE . Satavahana 1st century BCE coin inscribed in Brahmi : `` ( Sataka ) Nisa '' . British Museum Coin of Gautamiputra Yajna Satakarni ( r . 167 -- 196 CE ) . Cultural achievements The Satavahanas patronised the Prakrit language instead of Sanskrit . The Satavahana king Hāla is famous for compiling the collection of Maharashtri poems known as the Gaha Sattasai ( Sanskrit : Gāthā Saptashatī ) , although from linguistic evidence it seems that the work now extant must have been re-edited in the succeeding century or two . Through this book , it was evident that agriculture was the main means of livelihood . Also many sorts of superstitions had prevailed . Additionally , Gunadhya , the minister of Hala , was the author of Brihatkatha . Sculptures Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar writes that `` The Satavahana sculptures unfortunately has never been recognized as an independent school in spite of the fact it has its own distinctive characteristic features . The earliest in point of time is that in the Bhaja Vihara cave which marks the beginning of sculptural art in the Satavahana dominion around 200BC . It is profusely decorated with carvings , and even pillars have a lotus capital crowned with sphinx - like mythic animals . '' Dhavalikar also writes that in Chankama `` the panel occurring on the west pillar of Northern Gateway portrays a very important event in Buddha 's life . It depicts votaries , two each on either side of what looks like a ladder which actually is the promenade which Buddha is supposed to have walked . It is said that Buddha , after attaining Enlightment , spent four weeks near the Bodhi tree . Of these , the third week he spent walking along the promenade ( chankama ) to and fro . ''",
"18": "Along with some of the above major Satavahana sculptures some more sculptures existed -- namely , Dvarapala , Gajalaksmi , Shalabhanjikas , Royal Procession , Decorative pillar , etc . Bronze Royal earrings , Andhra Pradesh , 1st Century BCE . Several metal figurines are found that could be attributed to the Satavahanas . A hoard of unique bronze objects were also found from Bramhapuri . Numerous articles obtained from there were Indian but also reflected Roman and Italian influence . A small statue of Poseidon , wine jugs , and a plaque depicting Perseus and Andromeda were also obtained from the house from where the objects were found . The fine elephant in the Ashmolean Museum , the Yaksi image in the British Museum , and the cornucopia found in Posheri , kept at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya can also be attributed to the Satavahana period . Architecture Sculptures of Amravati represent the architectural development of the Satavahana periods . They built Buddhist stupas in Amravati ( 95 feet high ) . They also constructed a large number of stupas at Goli , Jaggiahpeta , Gantasala , Amravati Bhattiprolu , and Shri Parvatam . Caves IX and X , containing Ajanta paintings , were patronized by Satavahana , and the painting throughout the caves appear to have started with them . Ashokan Stupas were enlarged , the earlier bricks and wood works being replaced with stone works . The most famous of these monuments are the stupas , the most famous among them being the Amravati Stupa and the Nagarjunakonda Stupa . Paintings The Satavahana paintings are the earliest surviving specimens -- excluding prehistoric -- in India , and they are to be found only at the Ajanta . There were two phases of artistic activity of Ajanta : the first occurring in the 2nd to 1st centuries BC , when Hinayana caves were excavated during Satavahana rule ; the later in the second half of the 5th century under the Vakatakas .",
"19": "Vagaries of nature and some vandalism have taken a heavy toll on the Ajanta Caves . Only a few fragments related to the Satavahanas have survived in Caves No. 9 and 10 , both of which are chaitya - grihas with stupas . The most important surviving painting of the Satavahana period at Ajanta is the Chhadanta Jataka in Cave No. 10 , but that , too , is only fragmentary . It is a painting of an elephant named Bodhisattva with six tusks , related to a mythological story . The human figures , both male and female , are typically Satavahanas , almost identical with their counterparts on the Sanchi Gateways so far as their physiognomy , costumes , and jewellery are concerned . The only difference is that the Sanchi figures have shed some of their weight . Art of Amaravati The Satavahana rulers are also remarkable for their contributions to Buddhist art and architecture . They built great stupas in the Krishna River Valley , including the stupa at Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh . The stupas were decorated in marble slabs and sculpted with scenes from the life of the Buddha , portrayed in a characteristic slim and elegant style . The Amaravati style of sculpture also influenced the sculpture of Southeast Asia . Amaravati Marbles , fragments of Buddhist stupa Fragment of Amaravati stupa Mara 's assault on the Buddha , 2nd century , Amaravati Ajanta Cave No. 9 , possibly of Satavahana era Scroll supported by Indian Yaksha , Amaravati , 2nd -- 3rd century CE . List of rulers Multiple Puranas contain chronology of Satavahana kings . However , there are inconsistencies among the various Puranas over the number of kings in the dynasty , the names of the kings , and the length of their rule . In addition , some of the kings listed in the Puranas are not attested via archaeological and numismatic evidence . Similarly , there are some kings known from coins and inscriptions , whose names are not found in the Puranic lists . The reconstructions of the Satavahana kings by historians fall into two categories .",
"20": "According to the first one , 30 Satavahana kings ruled for around 450 years , starting from Simuka 's rule immediately after the fall of the Mauryan empire . This view relies heavily on the Puranas , and is now largely discredited . According to the second ( and more widely accepted ) category of reconstructions , the Satavahana rule started in around first century BCE . The chronologies in this category contain a smaller number of kings , and combine Puranic records with archaeological , numismatic and textual evidence . Because of uncertainty regarding the establishment date of the Satavahana kingdom , it is difficult to give absolute dates for the reigns of the Satavahana kings . Therefore , many modern scholars do not assign absolute dates to the reigns of the historically attested Satavahana kings , and those who do vary greatly with each other . Himanshu Prabha Ray provides the following chronology , based on archaeological and numismatic evidence : Simuka ( before 100 BCE ) Kanha ( 100 -- 70 BCE ) Satakarni I ( 70 -- 60 BCE ) Satakarni II ( 50 -- 25 BCE ) Kshatrapa interregnum with vassal Satavahana kings like Hāla Nahapana ( 54 - 100 CE ) Gautamiputra Satakarni ( 86 -- 110 CE ) Pulumavi ( 110 -- 138 CE ) Vashishtiputra Satakarni ( 138 -- 145 CE ) Shiva Shri Pulumavi ( 145 -- 152 CE ) Shiva Skanda Satakarni ( 145 -- 152 CE ) Yajna Shri Satakarni ( 152 -- 181 CE ) Vijaya Satakarni Regional rulers of south - eastern Deccan : Chandra Shri Pulumavi II Abhira Isvasena Madhariputra Sakasena Haritiputra Satakarni Puranic lists The various Puranas give different lists of the Satavahana rulers .",
"21": "The Matsya Purana states that 30 Andhra kings ruled for 460 years , but some of its manuscripts name only 19 kings whose reigns add up to 448.5 years . The Vayu Purana also mentions that there were 30 Andhra kings , but its various manuscripts name only 17 , 18 , and 19 kings respectively ; the reigns add up to 272.5 , 300 , and 411 years respectively . Many of thse kings are not attested by historical evidence . On the other hand , some Satavahana kings attested by numismatic evidence ( such as Rudra Satakarni ) are not mentioned in the Puranas at all . Different scholars have explained these anamolies in different ways . Scholars such as R.G. Bhandarkar , D.C. Sircar and H.C. Raychaudhuri theorized that the Vayu Purana mentions only the main imperial branch of the dynasty , while the Matsya Purana puts together princes of all its branches . The names of the Andhra kings ( in IAST ) , as mentioned in the various Puranas , are given below . These names vary across different manuscripts of the same Puranas , and some names are missing in some of the manuscripts . The list given below for each Purana contains the most exhaustive version . In the Puranas , Krishna ( IAST : Kṛṣṇa ) is described as brother of the first king , who overthrew the Kanva king Susharman . All other kings are described as sons of their predecessors . The first king of the Andhra - Bhrityas is also known as Shudraka or Suraka in the Kumarika Khanda of Skanda Purana ( not present in the table below ) . Puranic genealogy of Andhra dynasty # Ruler Coins Epigraphy Bhagavata Brahmanda Matsya Vayu Vishnu Reign ( years ) Alternative names and reigns Simuka ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 23 Śiśuka ( Matsya ) , Sindhuka ( Vayu ) , Śipraka ( Vishnu ) ,",
"22": "Chhismaka ( Brahmanda ) Kṛṣṇa ( Kanha ) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 18 Śatakarṇi I ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 10 Śantakarṇa ( Bhagavata ) , Mallakarni - 10 or 18 years ( Matsya ) , Śri Śatakarṇi ( Vishnu ) Pūrṇotsanga ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 18 Paurṇamāsa ( Bhagavata ) 5 Skandastambhi ✓ ✓ 18 Śrivasvani ( Matsya ) 6 Śatakarṇi II ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 56 7 Lambodara ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 18 8 Āpīlaka ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 12 Apītaka ( Matsya ) , Ivīlaka ( Vishnu ) , Hivilaka ( Bhagavata ) 9 Meghasvāti ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 18 Saudāsa ( Brahmanda ) 10 Svāti ( Śatakarṇi ) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 12 11 Skandasvāti ✓ ✓ 7 Skandasvati - 28 years ( Brahmanda ) 12 Mṛgendra - Svātikarṇa ✓ ✓ Mahendra Śatakarṇi ( Brahmanda ) 13 Kuntala - Svātikarṇa ✓ ✓ 8 14 Svātikarṇa ✓ ✓ 15 Pulomavi I ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 24 Pulomavi - 36 years ( Matsya ) , Aṭamāna ( Bhagavata ) , Paṭimavi ( Vayu ) ,",
"23": "Paṭumat ( Vishnu ) , Ābhi - Brahmanda 16 Gaurakṛṣṇa ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 25 Gorakśāśvaśri ( Matsya ) , Nemi Kṛṣṇa ( Vayu ) , Arishṭakarman ( Vishnu ) 17 Hāla ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 5 Hāleya ( Bhagavata ) ; 1 year in one manuscript 18 Mandalaka ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 5 Talaka ( Bhagavata ) , Saptaka ( Vayu ) , Pattalaka ( Vishnu ) , Bhavaka ( Brahmanda ) 19 Purindrasena ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 5 Purīṣabhiru ( Bhagavata ) , Purikaṣena - 21 years ( Vayu ) , Pravillasena ( Vishnu ) , Pravillasena - 12 years ( Brahmanda ) 20 Sundara Śatakarṇi ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Sundara Svatikarṇa ( Matsya ) , Sunandana ( Bhagavata ) 21 Cakora Śatakarṇi ( Chakora ) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 0.5 22 Śivasvāti ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 28 Svātisena - 1 year ( Brahmanda ) , Śivasvāmi ( Vayu ) 23 Gautamīputra ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 21 Yantramati - 34 years ( Brahmanda ) , Gotamīputra ( Bhagavata and Vishnu ) ; 24 years according to inscriptions 24 Pulomavi II ( Vashishtiputra ) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 28 Purīmān ( Bhagavata ) , Pulomat ( Matsya ) , Pulimat ( Vishnu ) .",
"24": "See also : Vashishtiputra Satakarni . 25 Śivaśri ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 Madaśirā ( Bhagavata ) 26 Śivaskanda Śatakarṇi ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 27 Yajñaśri ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 29 Yajñaśri Śatakarṇi - 19 years ( Brahmanda ) , Yajñaśri - 9 , 20 or 29 years ( Matsya ) 28 Vijaya ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 6 29 Candraśri ( Chandrashri ) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Candravijaya ( Bhagavata ) , Daṇḍaśri ( Brahmanda and Vayu ) , Vada - Śri or Candra - Śri - Śatakarṇi - 10 years ( Matsya ) 30 Pulomavi III ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 Sulomadhi ( Bhagavata ) , Pulomavit ( Matsya ) , Pulomarchis ( Vishnu ) Purana - based lists S. Nagaraju relies on the Puranic lists of 30 kings , and gives the following regnal dates : Simuka ( r . 228 -- 205 BCE ) Krishna ( r . 205 -- 187 BCE ) Satakarni I ( r . 187 -- 177 BCE ) Purnotsanga ( r . 177 -- 159 BCE ) Skandhastambhi ( r . 159 -- 141 BCE ) Satakarni II ( r . 141 -- 85 BCE ) Lambodara ( r . 85 -- 67 BCE ) Apilaka ( r . 67 -- 55 BCE ) Meghasvati ( r . 55 -- 37 BCE ) Svati ( r . 37 -- 19 BCE ) Skandasvati ( r .",
"25": "19 -- 12 BCE ) Mrigendra Satakarni ( r . 12 -- 9 BCE ) Kunatala Satakarni ( r . 9 -- 1 BCE ) Satakarni III ( r . 1 BCE - 1 CE ) Pulumavi I ( r . 1 -- 36 CE ) Gaura Krishna ( r . 36 -- 61 CE ) Hāla ( r . 61 -- 66 CE ) Mandalaka aka Puttalaka or Pulumavi II ( r . 69 -- 71 CE ) Purindrasena ( r . 71 -- 76 CE ) Sundara Satakarni ( r . 76 -- 77 CE ) Chakora Satakarni ( r . 77 -- 78 CE ) Shivasvati ( r . 78 -- 106 CE ) Gautamiputra Satkarni ( r . 106 -- 130 CE ) Vasisthiputra aka Pulumavi III ( r . 130 -- 158 CE ) Shiva Sri Satakarni ( r . 158 -- 165 CE ) Shivaskanda Satakarni ( r . 165 -- 172 ) Sri Yajna Satakarni ( r . 172 -- 201 CE ) Vijaya Satakarni ( r . 201 -- 207 CE ) Chandra Sri Satakarni ( r . 207 -- 214 CE ) Pulumavi IV ( r . 217 -- 224 CE ) References Jump up ^ Nagaswamy , N ( 1995 ) , Roman Karur , Brahad Prakashan , OCLC 191007985 , archived from the original on 20 July 2011 Jump up ^ Mahadevan 2003 , pp.",
"26": "199 -- 205 Jump up ^ Panneerselvam , R ( 1969 ) , `` Further light on the bilingual coin of the Sātavāhanas '' , Indo - Iranian Journal , 4 ( 11 ) : 281 -- 288 , doi : 10.1163 / 000000069790078428 Jump up ^ Yandel , Keith ( 2000 ) , Religion and Public Culture : Encounters and Identities in Modern South India , Routledge Curzon , p. 235 , 253 , ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1101 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Carla M. Sinopoli 2001 , p. 163 . ^ Jump up to : Carla M. Sinopoli 2001 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Ajay Mitra Shastri 1998 , pp. 20 - 21 . Jump up ^ I.K. Sarma 1980 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Sailendra Nath Sen 1999 , pp. 172 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi 1975 , p. 243 . ^ Jump up to : Carla M. Sinopoli 2001 , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Carla M. Sinopoli 2001 , p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : Himanshu Prabha Ray 1986 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Ajay Mitra Shastri 1999 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ G. Mannepalli 2013 , p. 107 - 113 . Jump up ^ P. Raghunadha Rao 1993 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Carla M. Sinopoli 2001 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ I.K. Sarma 1980 , pp. 126 - 130 . ^ Jump up to : Akira Shimada 2012 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Brancaccio , Pia ( 2010 ) . The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad : Transformations in Art and Religion . BRILL . p. 61 . ISBN 9004185259 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ B.S.L. Hanumantha Rao 1976 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Singh 2008 , pp. 381 -- 382 . Jump up ^ Carla M. Sinopoli 2001 , p. 168 - 170 . ^ Jump up to : Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya 1974 , pp. 17 - 56 . Jump up ^ Carla M. Sinopoli 2001 , pp. 167 - 168 . Jump up ^ Sailendra Nath Sen 1999 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Hemchandra Raychaudhuri 2006 , pp. 342 , 360 , 363 -- 364 . Jump up ^ Akira Shimada 2012 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Carla M. Sinopoli 2001 , pp. 162 - 163 . ^ Jump up to : M.K. Dhavalikar 1996 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Ajay Mitra Shastri 1998 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Upinder Singh 2008 , pp. 381 -- 384 . ^ Jump up to : Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya 1974 , pp. 17 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : Charles Higham 2009 , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Upinder Singh 2008 , p. 382 . Jump up ^ Sailendra Nath Sen 1999 , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Bhagwanlal Indraji ( 1885 ) . `` The Hâtigumphâ and three other inscriptions in the Udayagiri caves near Cuttack '' . Proceedings of the Leyden International Oriental Congress for 1883 . pp. 144 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya 1974 , pp. 44 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Alain Daniélou ( 11 February 2003 ) . A Brief History of India . Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 139 -- 141 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59477 - 794 - 3 .",
"28": "Jump up ^ Satavahana Art by M.K. Dhavalikar , p. 19 Jump up ^ Original text `` L1 : Rano Siri Satakarnisa L2 : avesanisa Vasithiputasa L3 : Anamdasa danam '' , Marshall , John . A guide to Sanchi . p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : R.C.C. Fynes 1995 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : R.C.C. Fynes 1995 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Rajesh Kumar Singh ( 2013 ) . Ajanta Paintings : 86 Panels of Jatakas and Other Themes . Hari Sena . pp. 15 -- 16 . ISBN 9788192510750 . Jump up ^ Inscription of Queen Mother Gautami Balashri at Cave No. 3 of the Pandavleni Caves in Nashik Jump up ^ Mala Dutta 1990 , pp. 52 . Jump up ^ `` '' The different branches of the Satavahana family , which ruled in different parts of the kingdom after the decline in central authority , weres soon ousted by new powers some of which were probably feudatories at the outset . '' Majumdar , Ramesh Chandra ( 2003 ) . Ancient India . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass . ^ Jump up to : Carla M. Sinopoli 2001 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Carla M. Sinopoli 2001 , p. 439 . Jump up ^ Kosambi , Damodar Dharmanand ( 1956 ) , `` Satavahana Origins '' , Introduction to the study of India history ( second 1975 ed . ) , Mumbai : Popular Prakashan , pp. 243 , 244 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7154 - 038 - 9 Jump up ^ M.K. Dhavalikar ( 2004 ) . Satavahana Art . Delhi : Sharada . p. 22 . ISBN 81 - 88934 - 04 - 6 .",
"29": "^ Jump up to : Carla M. Sinopoli 2001 , p. 171 . ^ Jump up to : Carla M. Sinopoli 2001 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Carla M. Sinopoli 2001 , p. 177 . ^ Jump up to : Carla M. Sinopoli 2001 , p. 178 . ^ Jump up to : Carla M. Sinopoli 2001 , p. 172 . ^ Jump up to : Carla M. Sinopoli 2001 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Carla M. Sinopoli 2001 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Carla M. Sinopoli 2001 , pp. 175 - 176 . Jump up ^ Sen 1999 , pp. 173 -- 174 . Jump up ^ John Marshall , `` A guide to Sanchi '' , p. 48 Jump up ^ Keith E. Yandell Keith E. Yandell ; John J. Paul ( 2013 ) . Religion and Public Culture : Encounters and Identities in Modern South India . Taylor & Francis . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 81808 - 0 . Jump up ^ Pollock , Sheldon ( 2003 ) . The Language of the Gods in the World of Men : Sanskrit , Culture , and Power in Premodern India . University of California Press . p. 290 . ISBN 0 - 5202 - 4500 - 8 . Jump up ^ Datta , Amaresh ( 1988 - 01 - 01 ) . Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature . Sahitya Akademi . p. 1375 . ISBN 9788126011940 . Jump up ^ M.K. Dhavalikar 2004 , p. 57 : `` The Satavahana sculptures unfortunately has never been recognized as an independent school in spite of the fact it has its own distinctive characteristic features . The earliest in point of time is that in the Bhaja Vihara cave which marks the beginning of sculptural art in the Satavahana dominion around 200BC .",
"30": "It is profusely decorated with carvings , and even pillars have a lotus capital crowned with sphinx - like mythic animals . '' Jump up ^ M.K. Dhavalikar 2004 , p. 63 : `` ... the panel occurring on the west pillar of Northern Gateway portrays a very important event in Buddha 's life . It depicts votaries , two each on either side of what looks like a ladder which actually is the promenade which Buddha is supposed to have walked . It is said that Buddha , after attaining Enlightment , spent four weeks near the Bodhi tree . Of these , the third week he spent walking along the promenade ( chankama ) to and fro . '' Jump up ^ These sculptures are mentioned in Satavahana Art by M.K Dhavalikar . Only names have been mentioned . Jump up ^ Dhavalikar , M.K. ( 2004 ) . Satavahana Art . Sharada Publishing House . p. 91 . ISBN 81 - 88934 - 04 - 6 . Jump up ^ Chattopadhyaya , Brajadulal ( 2009 - 01 - 01 ) . A Social History of Early India . Pearson Education India . p. 259 . ISBN 9788131719589 . Jump up ^ Dhavalikar , M.K. ( 2004 ) . Satavahana Art . Sharada Publishing House . p. 95 . ISBN 81 - 88934 - 04 - 6 . Jump up ^ M.K. Dhavalikar 2004 , pp. 77 , 81 , 84 . Jump up ^ Carla M. Sinopoli 2001 , pp. 166 - 168 . ^ Jump up to : M.K. Dhavalikar 1996 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Kr̥shṇājī Pāṇḍuraṅga Kulakarṇī ( 1927 ) . Sanskrit Drama & Dramatists : Their Chronology , Mind and Art . Jump up ^ M.K. Dhavalikar 1996 , p. 139 .",
"31": "Jump up ^ Sir Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar ( 1884 ) . Early History of the Dekkan Down to the Mahomedan Conquest . Printed at the Government Central Press . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Robert Sewell ( 1884 ) . Lists of Inscriptions , and Sketch of the Dynasties of Southern India . 2 . Government Press . p. 145 . Bibliography Ajay Mitra Shastri ( 1999 ) . The Age of the Sātavāhanas . Aryan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7305 - 158 - 6 . Ajay Mitra Shastri ( 1998 ) . The Sātavāhanas and the Western Kshatrapas : a historical framework . Dattsons . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7192 - 031 - 0 . Akira Shimada ( 9 November 2012 ) . Early Buddhist Architecture in Context . BRILL . ISBN 90 - 04 - 23283 - 4 . B.S.L. Hanumantha Rao ( 1976 ) . The Age of Satavahanas . Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi . Carla M. Sinopoli ( 2001 ) . `` On the edge of empire : form and substance in the Satavahana dynasty '' . In Susan E. Alcock . Empires : Perspectives from Archaeology and History . Cambridge University Press . Charles Higham ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations . Infobase . ISBN 9781438109961 . Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi ( 1975 ) . An Introduction to the Study of Indian History . Popular Prakashan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7154 - 038 - 9 . G. Mannepalli ( 2013 ) . `` Courses towards Trade in Early Andhra '' ( PDF ) . American International Journal of Research in Humanities , Arts and Social Sciences . 4 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 113 . Harry Falk ( 2009 ) .",
"32": "`` Two Dated Sātavāhana Epigraphs '' . Indo - Iranian Journal . 52 ( 2 ) : 197 -- 206 . doi : 10.1163 / 001972409X445924 . ISSN 0019 - 7246 . Hemchandra Raychaudhuri ( 2006 ) . Political History of Ancient India : From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty . Cosmo Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 307 - 0291 - 9 . Himanshu Prabha Ray ( 1986 ) . Monastery and guild : commerce under the Sātavāhanas . Oxford University Press . I.K. Sarma ( 1980 ) . Coinage of the Satavahana Empire . Agam . Mala Dutta ( 1990 ) . A Study of the Sātavāhana Coinage . Harman . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85151 - 39 - 7 . M.K. Dhavalikar ( 2004 ) . Satavahana Art . Delhi : B.L Bansal , Sharada . ISBN 81 - 88934 - 04 - 6 . M.K. Dhavalikar ( 1996 ) . `` Sātavāhana Chronology : A Re-examination '' . Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute . Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute . 77 ( 1 / 4 ) : 133 -- 140 . P. Raghunadha Rao ( 1993 ) . Ancient and medieval history of Andhra Pradesh . Sterling Publishers . ISBN 978 - 81 - 207 - 1495 - 3 . R.C.C. Fynes ( 1995 ) . `` The Religious Patronage of the Satavahana Dynasty '' . South Asian Studies . 11 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 50 . Sailendra Nath Sen ( 1999 ) . Ancient Indian History and Civilization . New Age International . ISBN 9788122411980 .",
"33": "Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya ( 1974 ) . Some Early Dynasties of South India . Motilal Banarsidass . Upinder Singh ( 2008 ) . A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : From the Stone Age to the 12th Century . Pearson Education India . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 1120 - 0 . Joglekar , S.A. `` SĀTAVĀHANA AND SĀTAKARṆI . '' Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute , vol. 27 , no . 3 / 4 , 1946 , pp. 237 -- 287 . www.jstor.org/stable/41688591 . Pradhan , Shruti S. `` FROM THE SĀTAVĀHANAS TO THE ANDHRAS AND THE ANDHRA - BHRTYAS . '' Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute , vol. 75 , no . 1 / 4 , 1994 , pp. 121 -- 142 . www.jstor.org/stable/41694410 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Satavahana . Links to related articles Part of a series on Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Chronology of the Telugu people , Andhra Pradesh , and Telangana history Geography Political history History and Kingdoms Assaka Satavahanas Andhra Ikshvaku Ananda Gotrika Shalankayanas Vishnukundinas Pallava dynasty Eastern Chalukyas Kota Vamsa Chagi Velanati Chodas Kakatiya dynasty Musunuri Nayaks Recherla Nayaks Pemmasani Nayaks Vijayanagara Empire Reddy dynasty Bahmani Sultanate Qutb Shahi dynasty Hyderabad State British Raj Part of a series on the History of India Ancient ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian , c . 500,000 BCE Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c.",
"34": "3300 BCE Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE Jhusi 7106 BCE Lahuradewa 7000 BCE Mehrgarh 7000 - 2600 BCE Indus Valley Civilization , c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period , c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas , c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty , c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical ( show ) Maurya Dynasty , c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty , c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty , c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty , c. 30 -- c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty , c. 30 BCE -- c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty , c. 200 -- c. 550 CE Early medieval ( show ) Chalukya Dynasty , c. 543 -- c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty , c. 606 CE -- c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty , c. 724 -- c. 760 CE Arab Invasion , c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle , c. 760 -- c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty , c. 848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 -- c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c.",
"35": "1342 -- c. 1576 CE Early modern ( show ) Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 -- c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 -- c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah , c. 1576 -- c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire , c. 1674 -- c. 1818 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 -- c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE Modern ( show ) The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 -- c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India , c. 1947 CE -- present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History Wars involving India Outline of South Asian history Palaeolithic ( 2,500,000 -- 250,000 BC ) ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian Culture Neolithic ( 10,",
"36": "800 -- 3300 BC ) ( show ) Bhirrana Culture ( 7570 -- 6200 BC ) Mehrgarh Culture ( 7000 -- 3300 BC ) Edakkal Culture ( 5000 -- 3000 BC ) Chalcolithic ( 3500 -- 1500 BC ) ( show ) Ahar - Banas Culture ( 3000 -- 1500 BC ) Pandu Culture ( 1600 -- 1500 BC ) Malwa Culture ( 1600 -- 1300 BC ) Jorwe Culture ( 1400 -- 700 BC ) Bronze Age ( 3300 -- 1300 BC ) ( show ) Indus Valley Civilisation ( 3300 -- 1300 BC ) -- Early Harappan Culture ( 3300 -- 2600 BC ) -- Mature Harappan Culture ( 2600 -- 1900 BC ) -- Late Harappan Culture ( 1900 -- 1300 BC ) Vedic Civilisation ( 2000 -- 500 BC ) -- Ochre Coloured Pottery culture ( 2000 -- 1600 BC ) -- Swat culture ( 1600 -- 500 BC ) Iron Age ( 1500 -- 200 BC ) ( show ) Vedic Civilisation ( 1500 -- 500 BC ) -- Janapadas ( 1500 -- 600 BC ) -- Black and Red ware culture ( 1300 -- 1000 BC ) -- Painted Grey Ware culture ( 1200 -- 600 BC ) -- Northern Black Polished Ware ( 700 -- 200 BC ) Pradyota Dynasty ( 799 -- 684 BC ) Haryanka Dynasty ( 684 -- 424 BC ) Three Crowned Kingdoms ( c. 600 BC -- AD 1600 ) Maha Janapadas ( c.",
"37": "600 -- 300 BC ) Achaemenid Empire ( 550 -- 330 BC ) Ror Dynasty ( 450 BC -- AD 489 ) Shishunaga Dynasty ( 424 -- 345 BC ) Nanda Empire ( 380 -- 321 BC ) Macedonian Empire ( 330 -- 323 BC ) Maurya Empire ( 321 -- 184 BC ) Seleucid India ( 312 -- 303 BC ) Pandya Empire ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1345 ) Chera Kingdom ( c. 300 BC - AD 1102 ) Chola Empire ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1279 ) Pallava Empire ( c. 250 BC -- AD 800 ) Maha - Megha - Vahana Empire ( c. 250 BC -- c . AD 500 ) Parthian Empire ( 247 BC -- AD 224 ) Middle Kingdoms ( 230 BC -- AD 1206 ) ( show ) Satavahana Empire ( 230 BC -- AD 220 ) Kuninda Kingdom ( 200 BC -- AD 300 ) Mitra Dynasty ( c. 150 -- c. 50 BC ) Shunga Empire ( 185 -- 73 BC ) Indo - Greek Kingdom ( 180 BC -- AD 10 ) Kanva Empire ( 75 -- 26 BC ) Indo - Scythian Kingdom ( 50 BC -- AD 400 ) Indo - Parthian Kingdom ( AD 21 -- c. 130 ) Western Satrap Empire ( AD 35 -- 405 ) Kushan Empire ( AD 60 -- 240 ) Bharshiva Dynasty ( 170 -- 350 ) Nagas of Padmavati ( 210 -- 340 ) Sasanian Empire ( 224 -- 651 ) Indo - Sassanid Kingdom ( 230 -- 360 ) Vakataka Empire ( c. 250 -- c. 500 ) Kalabhras Empire ( c. 250 -- c.",
"38": "600 ) Gupta Empire ( 280 -- 550 ) Kadamba Empire ( 345 -- 525 ) Western Ganga Kingdom ( 350 -- 1000 ) Kamarupa Kingdom ( 350 -- 1100 ) Vishnukundina Empire ( 420 -- 624 ) Maitraka Empire ( 475 -- 767 ) Huna Kingdom ( 475 -- 576 ) Rai Kingdom ( 489 -- 632 ) Kabul Shahi Empire ( c. 500 -- 1026 ) Chalukya Empire ( 543 -- 753 ) Maukhari Empire ( c. 550 -- c. 700 ) Harsha Empire ( 606 -- 647 ) Tibetan Empire ( 618 -- 841 ) Eastern Chalukya Kingdom ( 624 -- 1075 ) Rashidun Caliphate ( 632 -- 661 ) Gurjara - Pratihara Empire ( 650 -- 1036 ) Umayyad Caliphate ( 661 -- 750 ) Pala Empire ( 750 -- 1174 ) Rashtrakuta Empire ( 753 -- 982 ) Paramara Kingdom ( 800 -- 1327 ) Yadava Empire ( 850 -- 1334 ) Chaulukya Kingdom ( 942 -- 1244 ) Western Chalukya Empire ( 973 -- 1189 ) Lohara Kingdom ( 1003 -- 1320 ) Hoysala Empire ( 1040 -- 1346 ) Sena Empire ( 1070 -- 1230 ) Eastern Ganga Empire ( 1078 -- 1434 ) Kakatiya Kingdom ( 1083 -- 1323 ) Zamorin Kingdom ( 1102 -- 1766 ) Kalachuris of Tripuri ( 675 - 1210 ) Kalachuris of Kalyani ( 1156 -- 1184 ) Chutiya Kingdom ( 1187 -- 1673 ) Deva Kingdom ( c. 1200 -- c. 1300 ) Late medieval period ( 1206 --",
"39": "1526 ) ( show ) Delhi Sultanate ( 1206 -- 1526 ) -- Mamluk Sultanate ( 1206 -- 1290 ) -- Khalji Sultanate ( 1290 -- 1320 ) -- Tughlaq Sultanate ( 1320 -- 1414 ) -- Sayyid Sultanate ( 1414 -- 1451 ) -- Lodi Sultanate ( 1451 -- 1526 ) Ahom Kingdom ( 1228 -- 1826 ) Chitradurga Kingdom ( 1300 -- 1779 ) Reddy Kingdom ( 1325 -- 1448 ) Vijayanagara Empire ( 1336 -- 1646 ) Bengal Sultanate ( 1352 -- 1576 ) Garhwal Kingdom ( 1358 -- 1803 ) Mysore Kingdom ( 1399 -- 1947 ) Gajapati Kingdom ( 1434 -- 1541 ) Deccan Sultanates ( 1490 -- 1596 ) -- Ahmadnagar Sultanate ( 1490 -- 1636 ) -- Berar Sultanate ( 1490 -- 1574 ) -- Bidar Sultanate ( 1492 -- 1619 ) -- Bijapur Sultanate ( 1492 -- 1686 ) -- Golkonda Sultanate ( 1518 -- 1687 ) Keladi Kingdom ( 1499 -- 1763 ) Koch Kingdom ( 1515 -- 1947 ) Early modern period ( 1526 -- 1858 ) ( show ) Mughal Empire ( 1526 -- 1858 ) Sur Empire ( 1540 -- 1556 ) Madurai Kingdom",
"40": "( 1559 -- 1736 ) Thanjavur Kingdom ( 1572 -- 1918 ) Bengal Subah ( 1576 -- 1757 ) Marava Kingdom ( 1600 -- 1750 ) Thondaiman Kingdom ( 1650 -- 1948 ) Maratha Empire ( 1674 -- 1818 ) Sikh Confederacy ( 1707 -- 1799 ) Travancore Kingdom ( 1729 -- 1947 ) Sikh Empire ( 1799 -- 1849 ) Colonial states ( 1510 -- 1961 ) ( show ) Portuguese India ( 1510 -- 1961 ) Dutch India ( 1605 -- 1825 ) Danish India ( 1620 -- 1869 ) French India ( 1759 -- 1954 ) Company Raj ( 1757 -- 1858 ) British Raj ( 1858 -- 1947 ) Periods of Sri Lanka ( show ) Prehistory ( Until 543 BC ) Early kingdoms period ( 543 BC -- 377 BC ) Anuradhapura period ( 377 BC -- AD 1017 ) Polonnaruwa period ( 1056 -- 1232 ) Transitional period ( 1232 -- 1505 ) Crisis of the Sixteenth Century ( 1505 -- 1594 ) Kandyan period ( 1594 -- 1815 ) British Ceylon ( 1815 -- 1948 ) Contemporary Sri Lanka ( 1948 -- present ) National histories ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka",
"41": "Regional histories ( show ) Assam Balochistan Bengal Bihar Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Kabul Kashmir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Rajasthan Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Punjab Odisha Sindh South India Tamil Nadu Tibet Specialised histories ( show ) Agriculture Architecture Coinage Demographics Dynasties Economy Education Indology Influence on Southeast Asia Language Literature Maritime Metallurgy Military Partition of India Pakistan studies Philosophy Religion Science & Technology Timeline Middle kingdoms of India Timeline and cultural period Northwestern India ( Punjab - Sapta Sindhu ) Indo - Gangetic Plain Central India Southern India Upper Gangetic Plain ( Kuru - Panchala ) Middle Gangetic Plain Lower Gangetic Plain IRON AGE Culture Late Vedic Period Late Vedic Period ( Brahmin ideology ) Painted Grey Ware culture Late Vedic Period ( Kshatriya / Shramanic culture ) Northern Black Polished Ware Pre-history 6th century BC Gandhara Kuru - Panchala Magadha Adivasi ( tribes ) Culture Persian - Greek influences `` Second Urbanisation '' Rise of Shramana movements Jainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga Pre-history 5th century BC ( Persian rule ) Shishunaga dynasty Adivasi ( tribes ) 4th century BC ( Greek conquests ) Nanda empire HISTORICAL AGE Culture Spread of Buddhism Pre-history",
"42": "Sangam period ( 300 BC -- 200 AD ) 3rd century BC Maurya Empire Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam Culture Preclassical Hinduism - `` Hindu Synthesis '' ( ca . 200 BC - 300 AD ) Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition Mahayana Buddhism Sangam period ( continued ) ( 300 BC -- 200 AD ) 2nd century BC Indo - Greek Kingdom Shunga Empire Maha - Meghavahana Dynasty Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam 1st century BC 1st century AD Indo - Scythians Indo - Parthians Kuninda Kingdom 2nd century Kushan Empire 3rd century Kushano - Sasanian Kingdom Kushan Empire Western Satraps Kamarupa kingdom Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Culture `` Golden Age of Hinduism '' ( ca . AD 320 - 650 ) Puranas Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism 4th century Kidarites Gupta Empire Varman dynasty Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Kadamba Dynasty Western Ganga Dynasty 5th century Hephthalite Empire Alchon Huns Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Vishnukundina 6th century Nezak Huns Kabul Shahi Maitraka Adivasi ( tribes ) Badami Chalukyas Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Culture Late - Classical Hinduism ( ca .",
"43": "AD 650 - 1100 ) Advaita Vedanta - Tantra Decline of Buddhism in India 7th century Indo - Sassanids Vakataka dynasty Empire of Harsha Mlechchha dynasty Adivasi ( tribes ) Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Pandyan Kingdom ( Revival ) Pallava 8th century Kabul Shahi Pala Empire Pandyan Kingdom Kalachuri 9th century Gurjara - Pratihara Rashtrakuta dynasty Pandyan Kingdom Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Cholas ) Chera Perumals of Makkotai 10th century Ghaznavids Pala dynasty Kamboja - Pala dynasty Kalyani Chalukyas Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Cholas ) Chera Perumals of Makkotai Rashtrakuta hide References and sources for table References Jump up ^ Samuel Jump up ^ Samuel Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Micheals ( 2004 ) p. 40 Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 41 Sources Flood , Gavin D. ( 1996 ) , An Introduction to Hinduism , Cambridge University Press Hiltebeitel , Alf ( 2002 ) , Hinduism . In : Joseph Kitagawa , `` The Religious Traditions of Asia : Religion , History , and Culture '' , Routledge Michaels , Axel ( 2004 ) , Hinduism . Past and present , Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press Samuel , Geoffrey ( 2010 ) , The Origins of Yoga and Tantra .",
"44": "Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century , Cambridge University Press Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satavahana_dynasty&oldid=831042154 '' Categories : Former monarchies of Asia Former countries in South Asia Satavahana dynasty States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century Empires and kingdoms of India History of Andhra Pradesh History of Telangana History of Maharashtra Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Former country articles requiring maintenance Articles containing Sanskrit - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 11 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"45": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when do new episodes of riverdale season 2 come out
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{
"0": "Riverdale ( 2017 TV series ) - wikipedia Riverdale ( 2017 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Riverdale Genre Teen drama Mystery Based on Characters by Archie Comics Developed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa Starring KJ Apa Lili Reinhart Camila Mendes Cole Sprouse Marisol Nichols Madelaine Petsch Ashleigh Murray Mädchen Amick Luke Perry Mark Consuelos Casey Cott Skeet Ulrich Narrated by Cole Sprouse Composer ( s ) Blake Neely Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 24 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jon Goldwater Sarah Schechter Greg Berlanti Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa Producer ( s ) J.B. Moranville Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Stephen Jackson David Lanzenberg Editor ( s ) Paul Karasick Harry Jierjian Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Berlanti Productions Archie Comics Warner Bros. Television CBS Television Studios Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Original release January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Riverdale is an American television series based on the characters of Archie Comics . The series was adapted for The CW by Archie Comics ' chief creative officer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa . The series is produced by Warner Bros. Television and CBS Television Studios , in association with Berlanti Productions and Archie Comics . Originally conceived as a feature film adaptation for Warner Bros. Pictures , the idea was re-imagined as a television series for Fox . In 2015 , development on the project moved to The CW , where the series was ordered for a pilot . Filming takes place in Vancouver , British Columbia .",
"1": "The series features an ensemble cast based on the characters of Archie Comics , with KJ Apa in the role of Archie Andrews ; Lili Reinhart as Betty Cooper , Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge , and Cole Sprouse as Jughead Jones , the series ' narrator . The cast also features Ashleigh Murray as Josie McCoy and Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom . Other characters in the series include Fred Andrews , Alice Cooper , FP Jones , and Hermione Lodge , the parents of Archie , Betty , Jughead , and Veronica respectively . The thirteen - episode first season premiered on January 26 , 2017 to positive reviews , before concluding on May 11 , 2017 . On March 7 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a second season , which premiered on October 11 , 2017 . On December 1 , 2017 , a spin - off series based on the comic book Chilling Adventures of Sabrina was ordered to series by Netflix with a two - season order . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Homages to other films and TV series 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Comic - book adaptation 6 Music 6.1 Season 1 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Ratings 7.2. 1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 7.2. 2 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 7.3 Awards and nominations 8 Spin - off 9 References 10 External links Premise The series follows Archie Andrews ' life in the small town of Riverdale and explores the darkness hidden behind its seemingly perfect image .",
"2": "Cast and characters Main KJ Apa as Archibald `` Archie '' Andrews : An intense and conflicted teen , Archie is a boyish high school sophomore who got pumped up over the summer working at his father 's construction business . He is now juggling the interest of several girls , as well as trying to balance his passion for writing and performing music -- against the wishes of his father and his football coach . Lili Reinhart as Elizabeth `` Betty '' Cooper : A sweet , smart , eager - to - please and beautiful girl with a longtime crush on her best friend , Archie . She is tired of being the perfect daughter , student , sister , etc. , so she turns to her new friend , Veronica , for life advice -- much to the consternation of her emotionally brittle mother . Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge : A beautiful , sophisticated , confident , silver - tongued high school sophomore and former socialite . Veronica is the `` new girl '' in town and is eager for a fresh start . Veronica sees the move to Riverdale from New York as an opportunity to reinvent herself while making amends to redeem herself from the rich spoiled girl she once was . Humbled from her old ways in the past and from an embezzlement scandal involving her father , she and her mother have lost most of their status and wealth . Cole Sprouse as Forsythe `` Jughead '' Jones III : A philosophically inclined social outcast who was once Archie 's best friend , and who is still dealing with the rift that developed between them over the summer . His father is the leader of a local motorcycle gang called the Southside Serpents . Marisol Nichols as Hermione Lodge : Veronica 's mother , who has returned to Riverdale with her daughter in order to continue a deal established by Lodge Industries and to start an affair with Fred Andrews , following the recent incarceration of her husband Hiram Lodge . Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom : A wealthy , entitled , and manipulative girl who recently lost her twin brother in a mysterious accident . Ashleigh Murray as Josephine `` Josie '' McCoy : A striving , competitive , fierce , snooty , and ambitious girl who is the lead singer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats .",
"3": "Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper : Polly and Betty 's mother , who is the editor of the local paper . She is a controlling and demanding perfectionist who places exceedingly high expectations on her daughters . Luke Perry as Frederick `` Fred '' Andrews : Archie 's father , who owns a construction firm that he hopes his son will take over one day . Mark Consuelos as Hiram Lodge : Veronica 's father , who was recently incarcerated for illegal activities . Consuelos joined the cast for the second season after his character was only mentioned by name in season one . Casey Cott as Kevin Keller : An openly gay high school student who is friends with Archie , Betty and Veronica . He is the son of Riverdale 's sheriff . Cott was promoted to series regular in the second season . Skeet Ulrich as Forsythe `` F.P. '' Jones II : Jughead 's estranged father and the leader of the Southside Serpents , a gang of criminals that live and operate on the fringes of Riverdale . Ulrich was promoted to series regular in the second season . Recurring Martin Cummins as Tom Keller : The town 's police sheriff and Kevin 's father . Robin Givens as Sierra McCoy : the Mayor of Riverdale and mother of Josie McCoy . Nathalie Boltt as Penelope Blossom : Cheryl and Jason 's mother . Lochlyn Munro as Hal Cooper : Polly and Betty 's father , and Alice Cooper 's husband . Colin Lawrence as Floyd Clayton : Chuck 's father , and coach of Riverdale Bulldogs Football Team . Peter James Bryant as Waldo Weatherbee : Riverdale High School 's principal . Sarah Habel as Geraldine Grundy : Riverdale High School 's young music teacher , who had a sexual relationship with Archie over the summer . It is revealed in the fourth episode of Riverdale that Grundy moved to Riverdale after changing her name from Jennifer Gibson after her divorce , to escape from an abusive relationship . Since then Grundy has moved from Riverdale to avoid police capture because of her relationship with Archie . Ross Butler ( season 1 ) and Charles Melton ( season 2 ) as Reginald `` Reggie '' Mantle : Archie 's long - time friend and rival , a football player at Riverdale High and town prankster .",
"4": "Butler left the series after season 1 owing to his commitments as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why ; Melton has been cast to take over the role of Reggie in season 2 . Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton : A football - star jock at Riverdale High School with a reputation for being a player Rob Raco as Joaquin DeSantos : The youngest member of the Southside Serpents , who finds himself tied between a romantic relationship with Kevin and the mystery of Jason Blossom 's murder . Asha Bromfield as Melody Valentine : The drummer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats . Cody Kearsley as Marmaduke `` Moose '' Mason : Archie 's bicurious jock friend who propositions Kevin . Hayley Law as Valerie Brown : The songwriter , bassist , and backup vocalist for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats and Archie 's ex-girlfriend . Emilija Baranac as Midge Klump : Moose 's girlfriend and member of Riverdale 's cheerleading squad . Shannon Purser as Ethel Muggs : A victim of Chuck Clayton 's slut - shaming who is also facing problems with her dad 's condition due to Hiram Lodge . Trevor Stines as Jason Blossom : Cheryl 's twin brother , whose murder hangs over the town of Riverdale . Olivia Ryan Stern as Tina Patel : The super-smart little sister of Archie Comics character Raj Patel , Tina has been described as an Indian Veronica . Tina is one of Cheryl Blossom 's best friends . Caitlin Mitchell - Markovitch as Ginger Lopez : One of Cheryl 's best friends . Major Curda as Dilton Doiley : The leader of the town 's troop of Ranger Scouts . Daniel Yang portrayed Dilton in the pilot . Tiera Skovbye as Polly Cooper : Betty 's older sister , and the daughter of Alice and Hal Cooper . She is pregnant with Jason Blossom 's children . Barclay Hope as Clifford Blossom : Cheryl and Jason 's father . Alvin Sanders as Pop Tate : The owner of the local diner ; Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe . Tom McBeath as Smithers : The Lodge family butler .",
"5": "Adain Bradley as Trev Brown : Valerie 's younger brother . Brit Morgan as Penny Peabody : A member of the Southside Serpents , who blackmails Jughead in season 2 . Vanessa Morgan as Toni Topaz : A bisexual member of the Southside Serpents , who befriends Jughead in season 2 . Graham Phillips as Nick St. Clair : A devious , trouble - making bad boy from Veronica 's past , who comes to Riverdale looking to win her back in season 2 . Cameron McDonald as Joseph Svenson : The janitor at Riverdale High School in season 2 and notably the only survivor of the Conway family massacre forty years ago by the hands of the Riverdale Reaper . Hart Denton as Chic Smith : Betty and Polly 's long - lost older brother . Guest Raúl Castillo as Oscar Castillo : A serious and successful songwriter from New York who is a visiting professor at Riverdale 's Carson College who agrees to audition Archie in the hopes of possibly mentoring the aspiring singer - songwriter . Molly Ringwald as Mary Andrews : Archie 's mother , who left two years ago to Chicago to follow her dreams , but returns to Riverdale in her family 's hour of need . She not only reconnects with Archie and her husband , Fred , but also her former high school friends Hermione and Alice . Episodes Series overview Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions inc . DVR ) 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 154 1.69 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) TBA TBA TBA Season 1 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.",
"6": "viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) T15. 10136 1.38 During an eventful summer , including the supposed drowning of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July , Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music . He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper , the sweet girl - next - door who harbors her own secret -- her feelings for Archie . Meanwhile , Veronica Lodge , the daughter of Hermione and Hiram , a millionaire facing embezzlement charges , arrives in town , instantly capturing Archie 's attention . Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing , Betty and Veronica become fast friends , united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad , Cheryl Blossom , who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother 's death . Archie 's former best friend , Jughead Jones , begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer , including what happened between him and Archie . Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason 's body , which has a gunshot wound to the head , by the lake . `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) T13. 20302 1.15 Veronica 's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls , while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair . Kevin , disturbed by the discovery of Jason 's body , refuses to acknowledge Moose 's affections for him . Jughead , after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands , deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff , Kevin 's father . Archie asks his father , Fred , for advice and decides to come clean . Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty , but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty 's sister , Polly , for Jason 's death .",
"7": "At a pep rally in his honor , Cheryl runs away after hallucinating Jason on the field ; in the locker room , where Veronica has followed to comfort her , Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to `` come back . '' Against the wishes of her mother , Alice , Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica , while Archie also reconciles with Jughead . The next day , during science class , Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason 's autopsy , which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July . `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' Lee Toland Krieger Yolonda E. Lawrence February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) T13. 20303 1.20 Cheryl admits to Sheriff Keller and her parents , Clifford and Penelope , that Jason wanted to run away and she helped him fake his drowning . Betty , upset with how Alice is attacking the Blossom family in the press , restarts the school newspaper , The Blue and Gold , and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died . Veronica is enraged to learn that Chuck Clayton , whom she had one date with , has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and , when he refuses to stop , she , Betty , and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends , including Jason , to the shaming . Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop 's Scoutmaster , Dilton Doiley , during a training exercise . Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean . Fred builds a grounded Archie a studio in which to practice , Chuck is kicked off the football team , and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together . Dilton reveals that he saw Miss Grundy 's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie 's secret is at risk . `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' Mark Piznarski Michael Grassi February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) T13.",
"8": "20304 1.14 Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive - in where he works is closing and compares Riverdale 's atmosphere of suspicion to that of Salem . At the diner , Betty spots Archie and Fred having dinner with Miss Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship . Under the guise of an interview , Betty questions Miss Grundy about her life , while Veronica demands answers from Hermione upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger ; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened . Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago . They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name `` Jennifer Gibson . '' Grundy reveals that she was in an abusive relationship and only wanted to escape . At the drive - in 's final night , Veronica spots Hermione meeting with the same man from before . Alice exposes Archie 's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial , but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town . Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason 's murder has been stolen . Jughead vandalizes the projectionist 's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader , who turns out to be his father . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' Jesse Warn Ross Maxwell February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) T13. 20305 0.98 Angry at Cheryl for helping Jason run away , Clifford and Penelope refuse to allow her to speak at Jason 's memorial , but Cheryl does so anyway , ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left . Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie Mantle against each other for the coveted spot of team captain . Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor , who ultimately decides not to teach him . Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs . Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner . He and Betty encounter Jason 's grandmother , Rose , who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged .",
"9": "While cleaning the diner , Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it , a warning from the Serpents . Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great - grandfather Cooper decades before . Archie is named captain , but turns it down to focus on his music . Jughead and Betty deduce that her father , Hal , is responsible for stealing the sheriff 's evidence . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' Steven A. Adelson Tessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas Zwart March 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) T13. 20306 1.09 With Riverdale High 's annual variety show approaching , Valerie 's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie . Meanwhile , Betty and Jughead 's investigation into Jason 's murder brings them face - to - face with Betty 's sister Polly , who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth , unaware of Jason 's death and seven months pregnant . As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother , she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes . At the same time , Hermione 's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Fred . Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show . Betty confronts Hal and Alice about Jason 's death to no avail , but grows closer to Jughead , eventually kissing him . After , they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason 's belongings . However , an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive , around the same time that Polly escapes from the home . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' Allison Anders Aaron Allen March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) T13. 20307 1.03 Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her , which fails . As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers , Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house .",
"10": "Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly . F.P. , after being offered a job by Fred , reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together , but Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail . Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice . Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason 's murder , but Fred provides Keller with an alibi . Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly , so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead . F.P. is revealed to have Jason 's jacket in his trailer . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' David Katzenberg Julia Cohen March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) T13. 20308 0.99 Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for `` some biker gang '' , implied to be the Southside Serpents , in exchange for money before both of them ran away . Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly . Fred 's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford . Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project , but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop . After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents ' bar , Archie realizes Jughead 's father is a Serpent . At the baby shower , Penelope and Alice argue over with whom Polly should live . Alice learns that Hal threatened Polly with an abortion , and when he refuses to let her come back , Alice kicks him out of the Cooper household . F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred 's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred 's construction site . Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms . 9 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' Lee Rose James DeWille April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) T13.",
"11": "20309 0.91 As the Blossom family 's annual maple tree - tapping ceremony approaches , Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort . When he refuses , Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor . Veronica grows close to Ethel but , when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram 's investors , she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship . Alice prepares to publish a full - blown exposé on the Blossoms , but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house . Betty gets a call from Archie , learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason 's death . She and Jughead decide to write the tell - all exposé in The Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them . Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him , Archie attempts to reconcile with Val , but she breaks up with him . 10 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' Dawn Wilkinson Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) T13. 20310 0.87 Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce , leaving Archie alone . Betty learns that Jughead 's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party . She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house . Hiram threatens retaliation against Hermione if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf . The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl , who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends . F.P. also shows up after Betty 's insistence . Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave , but Cheryl forces him to stay for a `` game '' in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets . Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over . He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice , implying she was once a member of the Serpents . Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss . Veronica agrees to testify on Hiram 's behalf . To Archie 's surprise , his father returns home with his mother , Mary .",
"12": "11 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' Kevin Sullivan Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) T13. 20311 0.89 While Archie and his mother reconnect , Veronica learns that Hiram may soon be released from prison . F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead 's novel , urging him to consider moving on . To learn the truth about Hiram , Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason 's murder . The Blossoms , increasingly suspicious of Polly , forbid her from entering their master bedroom . Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together . Polly and Cheryl discover the former 's engagement ring in Penelope 's jewelry collection , which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with Clifford . At a contentious dinner , Alice tries to question F.P. , but he shuts her down . Afterwards , he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family . While Archie and Veronica perform `` Kids in America '' at homecoming , the police execute a search warrant on F.P. 's trailer , find a gun , and arrest him for murder . Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason 's death . 12 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' Rob Seidenglanz Michael Grassi May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) T13. 20312 0.98 Jughead calls his mother , but she refuses to let him move in with her . F.P. confesses to everything , including Jason 's murder . Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence and learn the family secret : the Coopers are , in fact , Blossoms by blood , making Jason and Polly 's relationship technically incest . The Coopers take Polly back to their home . Mary , posing as F.P. 's lawyer , advises Jughead to visit his father , who tells him never to come see him again . With Joaquin 's help , the group tracks down one of F.P.",
"13": "'s associates , but finds him dead of an apparent overdose . The police are summoned and find a bag full of money with Hermione 's initials on it . With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects , Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin and find Jason 's varsity jacket . Inside one of the pockets , they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason , which they tell Cheryl . Nevertheless , Jughead learns that his father 's other charges will not be dropped . Veronica learns that Hiram has been released and is coming to Riverdale and Mary returns to Chicago . When the police go to arrest Clifford , they discover he has hanged himself in the syrup distillery . 13 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) T13. 20313 0.96 It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and Jason found out . Clifford killed Jason to stop him from exposing the family business . F.P. is cleared of all charges relating to the murder , but remains in police custody . Alice reveals to Betty that , in high school , she found out she was pregnant , but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child , a baby boy , for adoption . Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High . Devastated by her father 's secrets and suicide , Cheryl attempts to drown herself in Sweetwater River , but Archie , along with Veronica , Betty , and Jughead , saves her . Cheryl later burns down the Thornhill mansion , much to Penelope 's dismay . The next day , Archie meets Fred at Pop 's , where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money . He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint . When Archie tries to intervene , the gunman shoots Fred . Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.",
"14": "viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' Rob Seidenglanz Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) T13. 20801 2.34 After being shot , Fred is rushed to the hospital by Archie , who is soon joined by his friends . Sheriff Keller gains a description of the shooter from Archie and calls him in for a lineup , but none of the men in the lineup are the shooter . When Veronica searches Fred 's belongings , Archie sees that his wallet is missing . Betty and Jughead visit Pop 's to look for the wallet but find nothing ; instead , they learn from Pop that the shooter did not take any money from the register , meaning that it was actually a hit against Fred . Jughead asks the Southside Serpents to investigate the shooting , but to no avail . Veronica accuses Hermione of hiring a hitman to kill Fred , but she vehemently denies this and tensions develop between them when Veronica is not sure of her mother is telling the truth . Meanwhile , Cheryl intimidates Penelope -- who suffers severe burns due to the fire at their mansion and is hospitalized -- into lying that it was an accident . Fred survives his shooting . Hiram returns to Riverdale , further escalating the tensions in the Lodge family . In the nearby town of Greendale , Ms. Grundy is strangled to death by Fred 's shooter . 15 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' Allison Anders Michael Grassi October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) T13. 20802 1.76 After learning of Ms. Grundy 's murder , an increasingly anxious Archie suspects that her death is connected with Fred 's shooting , which pushes him to get a gun from Dilton Doiley . Following the shooting , business at Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe has declined , leading Pop to consider selling the diner , but Betty convinces Pop to let her throw a retro fun night to drum up business . Jughead learns that F.P.",
"15": "is facing 20 years in prison and seeks help from Penny Peabody , a Serpent lawyer , who advises Jughead to ask the Blossoms to testify on F.P. 's behalf . Cheryl initially refuses , but relents when Betty extorts her with the video of Jason 's murder . With Cheryl 's testimony , the judge decides to revisit F.P 's sentence . Hiram quietly buys the diner from Pop , but tells Veronica he made a `` charitable donation '' . In the woods , Moose Mason and Midge Klump take some jingle jangle ( a new drug to Riverdale ) , and as they do so , they are shot by Fred 's shooter . 16 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' Kevin Sullivan Ross Maxwell October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) T13. 20803 1.62 Kevin , who was in the forest , hears the gunshots and rushes to find Midge crying . Moose , who shielded Midge from the gunfire , is hospitalized and survives . Following the incident , Archie founds a vigilante group called the Red Circle , to protect Riverdale High students . The Coopers receive a letter from `` the Black Hood '' , taking responsibility for the shootings and the murder of Ms. Grundy , and detailing his intentions to target sinners . Polly leaves town , fearing for her babies . Meanwhile , Jughead begins his tenure at Southside High , befriends Toni Topaz , a Serpent , and refounds the school newspaper , the Red and Black , under the advisory of English teacher Robert Philips . Kevin keeps going out late at night , which concerns Betty . Betty follows him on one of his runs , which leads to him lashing out at her . Hiram tells Archie that he should utilize the Black Hood 's main weapons for the Red Circle . Inspired by this , the Red Circle makes a video calling out the Black Hood . 17 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' Allison Anders Amanda Lasher November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) T13.",
"16": "20804 1.51 Archie 's viral video results in negative repercussions , as Principal Waldo Weatherbee demands he disband the Red Circle . Though Archie refuses , the Red Circle disbands regardless due to the football team being suspended but later reassembles when Archie runs afoul of the Serpents and assists him in a rumble , in which Dilton is injured . Veronica finds out that Archie intends to murder the Black Hood and convinces him to discard his gun . Betty receives a letter from the Black Hood , revealing that her speech from the jubilee ball inspired his actions and gives her a cipher that only she could solve . Mayor Sierra McCoy ( Josie 's mother ) hosts a town meeting to discuss action against the Black Hood , in which Alice blames the Serpents , but Fred argues against letting fear rule them . Betty and Jughead figure out that the Black Hood intends to attack town hall and have the meeting evacuated , before showing the letter to her parents , Sheriff Keller and Mayor McCoy . Later , Betty receives a call from the Black Hood . 18 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' Ellen Pressman Aaron Allen November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) T13. 20805 1.47 The Black Hood reveals to Betty that he knows where Polly is and threatens to kill her unless she publishes a mugshot of Alice , which she does . Hiram invites the St. Clair 's , friends of the Lodges from New York . On the Southside , Jughead attempts to stop Sweet Pea and the Serpents from blowing up the Riverdale Register office and joins the gang to prevent this from happening . The Black Hood forces Betty to cut ties with Veronica and Jughead and later gives her a hood . At the Lodge 's open house event , Nick St. Clair drugs Cheryl and takes her back to his hotel room to rape her , but is stopped and beaten by Veronica and the Pussycats . Jughead and Toni sit in his trailer , where he tells her his relationship with Betty is over ; they kiss .",
"17": "Back at Betty 's house , the Black Hood tells her she has broken the rules and he will now kill Polly unless she gives him the name of a `` sinner '' to kill , to which Betty names Nick St. Clair . 19 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' Maggie Kiley Tessa Leigh Williams & Arabella Anderson November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) T13. 20806 1.43 The Black Hood challenges Betty to find the identity of The Sugarman , who has been supplying the jingle jangle to Riverdale . Cheryl wants to press charges against Nick , whom the Black Hood did not attack , but Penelope agrees not to in exchange for money from the St. Clair 's . Archie goes to Southside High , where he saves Jughead from a raid organized by McCoy and Sheriff Keller . Tall Boy , F.P. 's right hand man , reaches an agreement with the Ghoulies , the dealers of jingle jangle . Jughead and Archie visit F.P. , who tells Jughead to challenge the Ghoulies to a race . During the race , Archie pulls the brake on Jughead 's car , and reveals he called Sheriff Keller , who arrests the Ghoulies leader . Veronica convinces Hiram and Hermione to stop investing with the St. Clair 's , while Cheryl does the same with Penelope . Later , the Lodges receive a call that the St. Clair 's have been run off the road , but will recover in months . Penelope reveals to Cheryl that the Sugarman is Robert Philips ; Cheryl later tells Betty , who exposes him in the Blue and Gold . Philips is subsequently arrested and shot by the Black Hood in jail . 20 7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' Dawn Wilkinson James DeWille November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) T13. 20807 1.45 After killing Phillips , the Black Hood leaves a letter at Pop 's challenging Riverdale to go 48 hours without sinning , or he will kill again .",
"18": "Jughead is enlisted by Penny Peabody to deliver a crate of drugs to repay her for her earlier help , which he does with Archie . She says this is a one - time thing , but Jughead later finds she was lying . Josie begins to receive weird messages from a secret admirer , implied to be Cheryl , including a box with a pig 's heart . Mayor McCoy reprimands her for coming home late , revealing she has received death threats . Betty , realizing that Phillips was killed in the sheriff 's office , believes Sheriff Keller might be the Black Hood . She investigates , but Keller is able to provide proof that he is not the Black Hood . However , Betty and Veronica discover that he is having an affair with Mayor McCoy . Archie , Jughead , Betty , Veronica , Josie , and Cheryl all gather at Pop 's . After Jughead leaves to visit F.P. , the Black Hood calls Pop to inform him Riverdale failed his challenge , and Pop grimly announces that `` The reckoning is upon us '' . 21 8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' Kevin Sullivan Yolonda Lawrence December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) T13. 20808 1.48 F.P. is released from jail and begins working at Pop 's , intending to quit the Serpents . Jughead and Betty decide to throw F.P. a `` retirement '' party at the Whyte Worm , so they enlist Archie and Veronica to do the detective work . While Jughead reconnects with his dad , Betty goes to the Whyte Worm to organize the party . There , she meets Toni and tells her she wants to keep watch over Jughead . Archie and Veronica follow a lead on a past serial killer called the Riverdale Reaper , who murdered a family of four before being killed himself by a lynch mob . Their investigation leads them to discover there was a fifth member of the family , which they discover to be the school 's janitor , Joseph Svenson . Archie and Veronica confront Svenson , but decide he is n't the Black Hood . At the party , F.P. , who is upset that Jughead helped Peabody , decides to stay with the Serpents .",
"19": "Outside , Veronica breaks up with Archie following a discussion about love . Jughead , not wanting to bring Betty into the Serpents ' business , also ends their relationship . 22 9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' Rob Seidenglanz Shepard Boucher December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) T13. 20809 1.43 Fred receives a hospital bill of $86,000 . Failing to convince her parents to help Fred , Veronica sneaks into Hiram 's study and finds out that he bought Pop 's . She later convinces him and Hermione to stop hiding secrets from her and help Fred . Jughead rallies the younger Serpents , who kidnap Peabody and cut off her Serpent tattoo . Betty and Archie receive a box from the Black Hood , containing Svenson 's finger . They then receive a call from the Black Hood , who challenges them to find Svenson . They are able to find Svenson 's location , but instead find an empty coffin . The Black Hood then arrives and tries to force Betty into burying Archie alive , but flees when the police arrive . After a chase , Keller shoots and kills the Black Hood before he can escape . The Black Hood is then revealed to be Svenson himself . Later , with the Black Hood dead , Veronica and Archie get back together , while Betty throws away all of her findings surrounding Svenson , but she keeps the hood he gave her earlier . 23 10 `` Chapter Twenty - Three : The Blackboard Jungle '' Tim Hunter Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) T13. 20810 1.44 The Lodges strike a deal with Mayor McCoy for land which involves shutting down Southside High , causing Jughead , Toni , Sweet Pea and the other Serpents to transfer to Riverdale High , putting them at odds with other students . Archie is approached by FBI Agent Adams , who wants his help on finding proof of Hiram 's criminal dealings . Archie agrees to help in exchange for immunity for Veronica and Fred .",
"20": "Archie investigates Nick , who implies that Hiram was behind his car crash , which broke both of his legs . Despite Hal 's objections , Betty and Alice track down Alice 's son she gave up for adoption , Chic . Chic initially refuses to come with them , but Betty returns to his residence and saves him from an assault , bringing him to the Cooper household . Jughead , following advice from FP , gets his fellow Serpents to lay low . Archie reveals to Adams that he secretly doubts Svenson was really the Black Hood . That night , Chic lurks in Betty 's room while she sleeps . 24 11 `` Chapter Twenty - Four : The Wrestler '' Gregg Araki Greg Murray & Devon Turner January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) T13. 20811 TBD Pickens ' Day , a day in remembrance of Riverdale 's founder , nears . Adams tells Archie to get close to Hiram . With Veronica 's urging , he tries out for the wrestling team in order to impress Hiram , a former wrestler . This , however , causes tension between the two to rise . Betty learns that Chic is a webcam model , and attempts to reach out to him , talking about her ' dark side ' . Mayor McCoy organizes the Pickens ' Day festival , which the Lodges attempt to spin as a festival with North / Southside unity , with the Serpents as security . Jughead interviews Toni 's grandfather for a school project , learning that Toni 's grandfather was a member of a Native American tribe which was slaughtered by Pickens . Jughead publishes this story as an article , escalting tensions with the two sides . Tensions arise between Veronica and Josie , with McCoy driving a wedge between the two . At the Pickens Day fest , the Serpents protest the event , but Hiram spins their words positively . That night , Archie meets with Hiram , who offers Archie his business tutelage , which Archie accepts . The next morning , McCoy , Sheriff Keller , and the Lodges meet at the statue of Pickens , which has been decapitated . They decide to blame the desecration on the Serpents .",
"21": "25 12 `` Chapter Twenty - Five : The Wicked and the Divine '' Rachel Talalay Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) T13. 20812 TBD 26 13 `` Chapter Twenty - Six : The Tell - Tale Heart '' Julie Plec Michael Grassi February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) TBA TBD 27 14 `` Chapter Twenty - Seven : The Hills Have Eyes '' David Katzenberg Ross Maxwell TBA TBA TBD 28 15 `` Chapter Twenty - Eight : There Will Be Blood '' Mark Piznarski Aaron Allen TBA TBA TBD 29 16 `` Chapter Twenty - Nine : Primary Colors '' Sherwin Shilati James DeWille TBA TBA TBD 30 17 `` Chapter Thirty : The Noose Tightens '' Alexis Ostrander Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson TBA TBA TBD 31 18 `` Chapter Thirty - One : A Night to Remember '' Jason Stone Arabella Anderson & Tessa Leigh Williams April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) TBA TBD This episode will be a musical event covering songs from Carrie : The Musical . Production Development Warner Bros. began development on an Archie feature film in 2013 , after a pitch from writer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa and director Jason Moore that would place Archie 's gang into a teen comedy feature film in the John Hughes tradition . The duo brought the project to Warner Bros. , where a VP recommended a more high - concept direction involving time travel or interdimensional portals , suggesting Louis C.K. to portray an older Archie . Dan Lin and Roy Lee became producers on the project , which eventually stalled as priorities shifted at the studio towards larger tentpole films and was reimagined as a television series . Riverdale was originally in development at Fox , with the network landing the project in 2014 with a script deal plus penalty .",
"22": "However , Fox did not go forward with the project . In 2015 , the show 's development was moved to The CW , which officially ordered a pilot on January 29 , 2016 . On March 7 , 2017 , The CW announced that the series had been renewed for a second season . Casting Casting Archie was a difficult process , with Aguirre - Sacasa stating `` I think we literally saw every redheaded young guy in L.A. It certainly felt that way . '' The production team found KJ Apa just three days before they had to present screen tests to the network , which created tension in the last few days leading up to the studio presentation . In April 2017 , it was announced Mark Consuelos had signed on for the second season to play Veronica Lodge 's father , Hiram Lodge . The role was in second position to his existing role on Pitch but the cancellation of that series was announced on May 1 , 2017 . The next month , it was announced Charles Melton was cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 due to his status as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why . It was also announced that Casey Cott , who played Kevin Keller , was promoted to a series regular . In July 2017 , it was announced that True Blood star Brit Morgan had been cast in the recurring role of Penny Peabody , an attorney the Southside Serpents call in case of any run - ins with the law . In August 2017 , it was announced Graham Phillips had been cast to play Nick St. Clair , Veronica 's ex-boyfriend from New York . Filming The Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe set in Vancouver , Canada Filming of the pilot began on March 14 , 2016 , and ended on April 1 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7 , 2016 , in Vancouver . Sets include Pop Tate 's Chock'lit Shoppe , a copy of the functioning diner used in the pilot that is so realistic a truck driver parked his 18 - wheeler there , believing that it was open . Season two will also be filmed in Vancouver and the nearby Fraser Valley .",
"23": "Principal photography began on June 22 , 2017 . The aerial view of Riverdale is actually drawn from stock footage used in the series Pretty Little Liars , Gilmore Girls , and the landmark setting are the same utilized in both of the aforementioned series as well as in Hart of Dixie . Homages to other films and TV series Several reviewers had noted that the series ' episode titles , are often taken directly or slightly altered from the titles of older films . For example , De Elizabeth of TeenVogue points out that Riverdale 's pilot episode was named `` River 's Edge '' after the 1986 film of the same name , and the season finale also takes its name from 1997 's The Sweet Hereafter . Executive producer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa notes that this is a deliberate choice , in order to hint at what will happen in that episode . Additionally , Katie - Kouise Smith , of Popbuzz , notes that the opening credits for Riverdale mirror those of the Twin Peaks television series , and are intended as an homage to that series ' creator , David Lynch . Release Broadcast Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Riverdale , making the series available as an original series to its platform less than a day after its original U.S. broadcast . Marketing In July 2016 , members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic - Con to promote the upcoming series , where they premiered the first episode `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' . The first trailer for the series was released in early December 2016 , while additional teasers followed later that month and into 2017 . The CW also sponsored multiple Tastemade videos , where they cooked several foods that are popular in the Archie universe . Comic - book adaptation Along with heavily promoting the TV series in their regular comics since January 2017 , Archie Comics are planning to release a comic book adaptation of Riverdale , featuring auxiliary story arcs set within the television series ' own continuity . The comic book adaptation is being headed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa himself , along with various other writers from the show . Alongside a one - shot pilot issue , illustrated by Alitha Martinez , released in March 2017 , the first issue of the ongoing Riverdale comic book series was set to release starting April 2017 .",
"24": "In addition to the adaptation , Archie Comics are releasing a series of compilation graphic novels branded under the title Road to Riverdale . This series features early issues from the New Riverdale reboot line , introducing the audience of the TV series to the regular ongoing comic series that inspired it . Archie Comics plans to re-print the volumes of Road to Riverdale in subsequent months as digest magazines . The first volume was released in March 2017 . Music Musical performances are featured throughout the series , a blend of cover versions and originals . Songs performed in episodes are released as digital singles after broadcast ; WaterTower Music released a digital compilation of the season 1 songs on May 12 , 2017 . An album of Blake Neely 's scoring for season 1 was released on compact disc by La - La Land Records and simultaneously on download by WaterTower Music on July 18 , 2017 . Season 1 ( show ) Riverdale : Season 1 ( Original Television Soundtrack ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Song That Everyone Sings '' KJ Apa 3 : 46 2 . `` Fear Nothing '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law 2 : 37 3 . `` All Through The Night '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law 2 : 37 4 . `` Dance Dance Dance '' KJ Apa 1 : 00 5 . `` Candy Girl ( Sugar Sugar ) '' ( Cover of the Inner Circle version feat . Flo Rida ; full - length version , Petsch is not heard on the aired version . ) Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Madelaine Petsch 2 : 19 6 . `` I Feel Love '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Camila Mendes 3 : 11 7 . `` I 'll Try '' KJ Apa 3 : 15 8 . `` I Got You '' KJ Apa and Hayley Law 3 : 32 9 .",
"25": "`` Kids in America '' KJ Apa and Camila Mendes 2 : 55 10 . `` Our Fair Riverdale '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law 1 : 19 11 . `` Astronaut '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Camila Mendes 3 : 28 12 . `` These Are the Moments I Remember '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law , Camila Mendes and KJ Apa 2 : 58 ( show ) Riverdale : Season 1 ( Original Television Score ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Riverdale '' Blake Neely 2 : 58 2 . `` If You Love Me '' Blake Neely 2 : 06 3 . `` Viral Gossip in Town '' Blake Neely 3 : 08 4 . `` Everyone a Suspect '' Blake Neely 2 : 33 5 . `` Receiving the Jersey '' Blake Neely 1 : 56 6 . `` Doubts and Accusations '' Blake Neely 2 : 24 7 . `` All is OK With Milkshakes '' Blake Neely 2 : 48 8 . `` Long Reach '' Blake Neely 3 : 47 9 . `` Ended Up Drowning '' Blake Neely 4 : 11 10 . `` Irreconcilable '' Blake Neely 3 : 25 11 . `` So Many Questions '' Blake Neely 2 : 42 12 . `` A Gift / Forced to Leave '' Blake Neely 3 : 23 13 . `` Not Making the Play '' Blake Neely 3 : 25 14 . `` Overwhelming Evidence '' Blake Neely 3 : 53 15 . `` Realizations '' Blake Neely 2 : 02 16 . `` Do You Feel Guilty ? '' Blake Neely 2 : 38 17 .",
"26": "`` Into the Woods '' Blake Neely 3 : 21 18 . `` Name of the Game '' Blake Neely 3 : 38 19 . `` Angry and Vulnerable Girls '' Blake Neely 2 : 52 20 . `` Results of the Father '' Blake Neely 4 : 39 21 . `` Your Father Was Arrested '' Blake Neely 2 : 44 22 . `` The Recording '' Blake Neely 4 : 12 23 . `` Oh , Mommy ! '' Blake Neely 3 : 51 24 . `` What Floats Beneath '' Blake Neely 3 : 29 25 . `` Never Safe '' Blake Neely 1 : 59 Reception Critical response Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 88 % ( 54 reviews ) 68 ( 36 reviews ) 86 % ( 11 reviews ) TBD The first season of Riverdale has received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a fresh rating of 88 % based on 54 reviews , with a weighted average of 7.69 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Riverdale offers an amusingly self - aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie , odd , daring , and above all addictive . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 68 out of 100 based on 36 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Dave Nemetz of TVLine gave the series a `` B + '' saying that it turned , `` out to be an artfully crafted , instantly engaging teen soap with loads of potential . '' Some writers have criticized the series for its handling of minority characters . While reviewing the first season , Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle declared `` the show marginalizes and ignores the ( people of color ) in the cast to the point where they may as well not be there . ''",
"27": "In an article for Vulture , Angelica Jade Bastien discussed the show 's treatment of Josie and the Pussycats ( who are each played by African Americans ) , noting , `` They 're not characters so much as they are a vehicle for a Message . Josie and her fellow pussycats are positioned to communicate the message that Riverdale is more modern and inclusive than teen dramas of the past , even though it has yet to prove it beyond its casting . '' Monique Jones of Ebony noted , `` Despite the show 's multi-racial casting choices , it seems like Riverdale is still a mostly white town . '' She also expressed fondness for the relationship between Archie Andrews and Valerie Brown , but declared `` Archie should n't be what makes Valerie interesting to us '' . Ratings Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 9 : 00 pm 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 1.38 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 0.96 2016 -- 17 154 1.69 0.7 / 2 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 2.34 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Riverdale : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Source : Nielsen Media Research Season 1 ( 2017 ) No .",
"28": "Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' January 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 1.01 0.9 2.38 `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' February 2 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.15 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.91 `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' February 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.20 N / A 0.71 N / A 1.90 `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' February 16 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.14 0.4 0.73 0.8 1.87 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' February 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.71 0.7 1.69 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! ''",
"29": "March 2 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.09 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' March 9 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.03 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' March 30 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.99 N / A 0.55 N / A 1.54 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' April 6 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 N / A 0.63 N / A 1.54 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' April 13 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.48 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' April 27 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.89 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' May 4 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.56 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' May 11 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.96 N / A 0.56 N / A 1.52 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' October 11 , 2017 0.",
"30": "8 / 3 2.34 0.6 1.40 1.4 3.74 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' October 18 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.76 0.6 1.34 1.2 3.10 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' October 25 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.62 0.6 1.32 1.2 2.94 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' November 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.51 0.5 1.30 1.1 2.80 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' November 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.47 0.5 1.23 1.0 2.70 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' November 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.43 0.5 1.23 1.0 2.66 7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' November 29 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.45 0.5 1.19 1.0 2.64 8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' December 6 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.48 0.6 1.20 1.1 2.68 9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' December 13 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.43 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` Chapter Twenty - Three : The Blackboard Jungle '' January 17 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.",
"31": "44 TBD TBD TBD TBD Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Riverdale Won Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series KJ Apa Nominated Breakthrough Performance KJ Apa Won Leo Awards Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series Tyler Harron for `` Pilot - Chapter 1 '' Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Breakout TV Star K.J. Apa Nominated Lili Reinhart Won Choice Drama TV Actor Cole Sprouse Won Choice Drama TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Hissy Fit Madelaine Petsch Won Choice Scene Stealer Camila Mendes Won Choice TV Ship Lili Reinhart and Cole Sprouse Won Spin - off In September 2017 , it was reported that a live - action television series was being developed for The CW by Warner Bros. Television and Berlanti Productions , with a planned release in the 2018 -- 2019 television season . Based on the comic series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina , featuring the Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch , the series would be a companion series to Riverdale. Lee Toland Krieger will direct the pilot , which will be written by Aguirre - Sacasa . Both are executive producers along with Berlanti , Schechter , and Goldwater . In December 2017 , it was reported that the project had moved to Netflix under a yet - to - be-announced new title . Two seasons , comprising ten episodes each , have been ordered by the streaming service . In January 2018 , it was announced that the lead role of Sabrina Spellman would be portrayed by Kiernan Shipka , and CW president Mark Pedowitz noted that , `` at the moment , there is no discussion about crossing over '' with Riverdale . References Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` CW Picks Up Four Pilots Including Greg Berlanti 's Archie Comics Project ' Riverdale ' '' . Variety .",
"32": "Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Finds Its Archie & Josie : KJ Apa To Topline CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Archie Comics CW Pilot Casts Its Betty Cooper & Jughead Jones '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Veronica '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Hermione Lodge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Cheryl Blossom '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Casts Mädchen Amick As Alice Cooper '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Luke Perry To Play Archie 's Dad In Archie Comics CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Consuelos Joins ' Riverdale ' For Season 2 ; ' Suits ' Casts Dulé Hill '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 .",
"33": "^ Jump up to : @ CWRiverdaleNews ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Episode 10 is called ' The Lost Weekend ' It confirms Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton and the recasting of Dilton Doily . And Mary Andrews 😱 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Scream 's Skeet Ulrich Joins Riverdale -- As Jughead 's Dad ? '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Skeet Ulrich Upped To Series Regular For Season 2 Of the CW Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Martin Cummins Jan 13 , 2017 at 11 : 20pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Robin Givens Cast As Riverdale 's Mayor In The CW Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mädchen Amick on Twitter '' -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Ge , Linda ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` CW 's Archie Pilot ' Riverdale ' Casts Reggie , Moose and Dilton ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Set to Recast a Major Character Ahead of Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Riverdale ' Casts Its New Reggie '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ RiverdaleBrazil ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Rob Raco added to cast of CW 's Riverdale as `` Joaquin '' '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter .",
"34": "Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Barb from Stranger Things to join Archie reboot Riverdale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/TieraSkovbye1/status/793673086956662784 Jump up ^ Wickman , Kase ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale : Pop Tate is a Nightmare Dressed Like a Diner Chef '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Casts Hart Denton to Play Betty 's Long - Lost Brother Chic '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Looking ' Star Raúl Castillo Joins The CW 's ' Riverdale ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Molly Ringwald Joins The CW 's ' Riverdale ' as Archie 's Mom '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Apa , KJ ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` First ep of riverdale season 2 is wrapped up . directed by the legend @ robseidenglanz who is an epic director , but more importantly , an epic human being . One of the narliest weeks of shooting I 've done in a wee while , ca n't wait for you guys to see what we 're doing with Season2 ! ! 1 in the bank ! ! 21 left to go . # deehaa haha u know what 's up when u get into your trailer in the morning and the only wardrobe you have is a pair of skin * coloured jocks '' .",
"35": "Retrieved July 7 , 2017 -- via Instagram . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjust down , Mary Tyler Moore special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up ; ' Great Indoors , ' ' Powerless , ' ' Mom , ' ' Chicago Med ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' How to Get Away with Murder ' finale , ' Training Day ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' When We Rise , ' ' Life in Pieces ' rerun adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mom ' and NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers .",
"36": "Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 .",
"37": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist , ' ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' X-Files ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 212 ) `` Chapter Twenty - Five : The Wicked and the Divine '' `` . The Futon Critic .",
"38": "Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 213 ) `` Chapter Twenty - Six : The Tell - Tale Heart '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` It 's the day after Thanksgiving & the # Riverdale train keeps chugging along . A weekend away for the core - four turns ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` And meanwhile , coming up in # Riverdale ... the unlikeliest return of all ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Last night , it was Christmas in # Riverdale , but it 's election season in Vancouver ... MORE . HIGH SCHOOL . HI - JINX ! ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` New year , new day , new # Riverdale script . New problems for the gang ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Matt ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Sets Musical Episode Around Stephen King Classic ' Carrie ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Guys , you will NOT believe this episode of # Riverdale ... # neverforget '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Barth , Bob ( February 20 , 2017 ) .",
"39": "`` A Touch of Evil with creator and show runner Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa '' . Welcome to Riverdale : Official Podcast ( Podcast ) . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` For a Bizarre Moment , Riverdale Was Almost a Time - Travel Movie Starring Louis C.K '' . io9 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama Series ' Riverdale ' Set At Fox With Greg Berlanti Producing '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama ' Riverdale ' Moved To CW With Greg Berlanti Producing -- Comic Con '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' , ' Transylvania ' , ' No Tomorrow ' & Mars Drama Get CW Pilot Orders '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Renewed For Season 2 By the CW '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jung , E. Alex ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` How Riverdale Found Its ( Hot ) Archie Andrews '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Consuelos Joins ' Riverdale ' For Season 2 ; ' Suits ' Casts Dulé Hill '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Fox 's Pitch Cancelled After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 .",
"40": "Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Series Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Brit Morgan Set To Recur In Season 2 Of the CW Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Riverdale ' : Meet Veronica 's Ex-Boyfriend '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Casts The Good Wife Alum as Veronica 's Ex '' . TV Guide . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIVERDALE NEWS ! on Twitter : `` # RIVERDALE has officially wrapped filming ! '' `` . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2016 : Los Angeles Continues Rebound , New York Tally Slips '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movies and TV Shows Filming in Vancouver Soon '' . Whatsfilming.ca . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Cole Sprouse on Riverdale , your drunk uncle at Thanksgiving , and Jughead 's Asexuality '' . New York . Jump up ^ Lehn , Don . `` Riverdale `` Pop 's Chock - Lit Shoppe '' Season 2 Premiere Screening In Mission Thursday October 12 ( VIDEO ) `` . FraserValleyNewsNetwork . FVN . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Katie - Louise . `` 17 Surprising Facts About `` Riverdale '' That We Bet You Did n't Even Know `` . Popbuzz . Popbuzz.com .",
"41": "Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , russ . `` The Movies That Will Inspire Riverdale Season 2 '' . ComicBook / tv . Comicbook.com . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Whyte , Woodrow . `` Riverdale Has Been Dropping Massive Clues About The Plot And You 've 100 % Missed Them '' . Popbuzz . Popbuzz . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth , De . `` What the Episode Titles of `` Riverdale '' Really Mean `` . TeenVogue.com . Vogue . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale '' . Netflix Media Center . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix UK Acquires The CW 's ' Riverdale ' , Freeform 's ' Beyond ' & Polyamorous Comedy ' You Me Her ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : Riverdale pilot things to know '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' -- via Youtube . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' -- via Youtube . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 26 , 2017 at 8 : 01pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 23 , 2017 at 9 : 14pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 17 , 2017 at 8 : 01pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ C. , Ron ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Check out a preview of RIVERDALE ONE SHOT and more new Archie Comics on sale 3 / 1 / 17 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : C. , Ron ( January 23 , 2017 ) .",
"42": "`` Get a sneak peek at the Archie Comics solicitations for April 2017 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.soundtrack.net/album/riverdale-season-1/ Jump up ^ https://tvsourcemagazine.com/2017/07/riverdale-season-1-score-gets-limited-edition-cd-release/ Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/riverdale-season-1-original-television-soundtrack/1234693908 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/riverdale-season-1-original-television-score/1259595742 Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Review : Archie Gets a Dark , Moody Update ... and Surprise , It Works ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Kadeen ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Has A Huge Representation Problem Despite Its Amazingly Diverse Cast '' . Bustle.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bastien , Angelica ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Why Do Teen Dramas Like ' Riverdale ' Keep Sidelining Black Female Characters ? '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Monique ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale 's ' Woke Report Card '' . Ebony . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale .",
"43": "Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 .",
"44": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) .",
"45": "`` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staley , Brandon ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl , Luke Cage , Doctor Strange Win at Annual Saturn Awards '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 winners and nominees by name '' . Leo Awards . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Companion Series ' The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ' In the Works at The CW '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sabrina The Teenage Witch Series Picked Up By Netflix With 2 - Season Order '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 5 , 2018 ) .",
"46": "`` Kiernan Shipka To Star In Netflix 's Sabrina The Teenage Witch Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Why the Sabrina the Teenage Witch series went to Netflix over the CW '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . External links Official website Riverdale on IMDb Archie Comics properties in other media Television series Archie The Archie Show Archie 's TV Funnies The U.S. of Archie The New Archie and Sabrina Hour The New Archies Archie 's Weird Mysteries Riverdale Episodes `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' Sabrina Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( 1970 ) Groovie Goolies Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( 1996 ) Sabrina : The Animated Series Sabrina 's Secret Life Sabrina : Secrets of a Teenage Witch Sabrina Josie Josie and the Pussycats ( 1970 ) Films Archie : To Riverdale and Back Again Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( 1996 ) Sabrina Goes to Rome Sabrina Down Under Josie and the Pussycats ( 2001 ) The Archies in Jugman Sabrina : Friends Forever Music The Archies The Archies Everything 's Archie `` Sugar , Sugar '' `` Seventeen Ai n't Young '' `` Jingle Jangle '' Josie and the Pussycats Sabrina the Teenage Witch See also : Archie Comics in popular culture List of Sabrina , the Teenage Witch Books ,",
"47": "CDs and DVDs The CW programming Former 2000s debuts 13 : Fear Is Real 4Real 7th Heaven 90210 Aliens in America All of Us America 's Next Top Model The Beautiful Life : TBL Beauty and the Geek Crowned : The Mother of All Pageants CW Now Easy Money Everybody Hates Chris Farmer Wants a Wife The Game Gilmore Girls Girlfriends Gossip Girl Hidden Palms Hitched or Ditched In Harm 's Way Judge Jeanine Pirro Life Is Wild Melrose Place One Tree Hill Online Nation Privileged Pussycat Dolls Present Reaper Reba Runaway Smallville Stylista The Tyra Banks Show The Vampire Diaries Valentine Veronica Mars WWE Friday Night SmackDown 2010s debuts 18 to Life A Wicked Offer Beauty & the Beast The Bill Cunningham Show ( daytime ) Breaking Pointe Capture The Carrie Diaries The Catalina Cedric 's Barber Battle Containment Cult Dates Emily Owens , M.D. Famous in 12 Fly Girls Frequency H8R Hart of Dixie Hellcats High Society MADtv Nikita No Tomorrow Oh Sit ! The L.A.",
"48": "Complex Lifechangers Life Unexpected The Messengers The Next : Fame Is at Your Doorstep Perfect Score Plain Jane Reign Remodeled Ringer The Secret Circle Shedding for the Wedding Significant Mother Star - Crossed The Tomorrow People Current The 100 ( since 2014 ) Arrow ( since 2012 ) Black Lightning ( since 2018 ) Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ( since 2015 ) Dynasty ( since 2017 ) The Flash ( since 2014 ) iZombie ( since 2015 ) Jane the Virgin ( since 2014 ) Legends of Tomorrow ( since 2016 ) Masters of Illusion ( since 2014 ) The Originals ( since 2013 ) Penn & Teller : Fool Us ( since 2014 ) Riverdale ( since 2017 ) The Robert Irvine Show ( since 2016 , daytime ) Supergirl ( since 2016 ) Supernatural ( since 2006 ) Valor ( since 2017 ) Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( since 2013 ) Upcoming Life Sentence ( 2018 ) Book Category Teen Choice Award for Choice Drama Series Dawson 's Creek ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 7th Heaven ( 2001 -- 03 ) The O.C. ( 2004 -- 06 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( 2007 ) Gossip Girl ( 2008 -- 11 ) Pretty Little Liars ( 2012 -- 16 ) Riverdale ( 2017 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Breakout Series Popular ( 2000 ) The Bernie Mac Show ( 2002 ) 8 Simple Rules ( 2003 ) The O.C.",
"49": "( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Gossip Girl ( 2008 ) Jonas ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) The Voice ( 2011 ) The X Factor ( 2012 ) The Fosters ( 2013 ) Faking It ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) Shadowhunters ( 2016 ) Riverdale ( 2017 ) 2010s portal Culture portal Television in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riverdale_(2017_TV_series)&oldid=822314521 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2010s American LGBT - related television series 2010s American mystery television series 2017 American television series debuts Alcohol abuse in television American high school television series American teen drama television series Bullying in television The CW shows English - language television programs Fictional rivalries Filicide in fiction Fire in fiction Gangs in fiction Gay - related television programs Homelessness in popular culture Male sexual fluidity in fiction Media portrayals of the working class Motorcycling in fiction Murder in television Sexuality and age in fiction Snakes in popular culture Suicide in television Teenage pregnancy in television Television programs about drugs Television programs adapted into comics Television programs based on Archie Comics Television series about dysfunctional families Television series about friendship Television series about journalists Television series about sisters Television series about twins Television series based on singers and musicians Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Warner Bros.",
"50": "Television Television series produced in Vancouver Television series set in fictional populated places Television shows set in the United States Unemployment in fiction Works about high school football in the United States Works about misogyny Works about sexual harassment Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 17 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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3918096352404329238
|
who played the colorado kid in rio bravo
|
[
"Ricky Nelson",
"Ricky Nelson",
"Ricky Nelson",
"Ricky Nelson",
"Ricky Nelson"
] |
{
"0": "Rio Bravo ( film ) - wikipedia Rio Bravo ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Rio Bravo . Rio Bravo Theatrical release poster Directed by Howard Hawks Produced by Howard Hawks Screenplay by Jules Furthman Leigh Brackett Based on `` Rio Bravo '' by B.H. McCampbell Starring John Wayne Dean Martin Ricky Nelson Angie Dickinson Walter Brennan Ward Bond John Russell Music by Dimitri Tiomkin Cinematography Russell Harlan Edited by Folmar Blangsted Production company Warner Bros . Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date March 18 , 1959 ( 1959 - 03 - 18 ) ( USA ) Running time 141 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $5.2 million ( est . US / Canada rentals ) Rio Bravo is a 1959 American Western film produced and directed by Howard Hawks and starring John Wayne , Dean Martin , Ricky Nelson , Angie Dickinson , Walter Brennan , and Ward Bond . Written by Jules Furthman and Leigh Brackett , based on the short story `` Rio Bravo '' by B.H. McCampbell , the film is about the sheriff of the town of Rio Bravo , Texas , who arrests the brother of a powerful local rancher to help his drunken deputy / friend . With the help of a cripple and a young gunfighter , they hold off the rancher 's gang . Rio Bravo was filmed on location at Old Tucson Studios outside Tucson , Arizona , in Technicolor . In 2014 , Rio Bravo was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 High Noon debate 5 Reception 6 Remakes and inspirations 6.1 Remakes 6.2 Inspirations 7 Music 8 Comic book adaption 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) In the town of Rio Bravo , Texas , sheriff 's deputy Dude ( Dean Martin ) , who has acquired the contemptuous nickname Borrachón ( pronounced ( bo. raˈtʃon ) , Spanish for `` big drunk '' ) , enters a saloon but can not afford a drink . Joe Burdette ( Claude Akins ) , brother of rancher Nathan Burdette , watches as a barfly ( Myron Healey ) , tosses a silver dollar into a spittoon . Presidio County , Texas , Sheriff John T. Chance ( John Wayne ) appears and kicks the spittoon away , looking at Dude with disgust . Dude is shamed by his plight and takes out his anger on Chance , knocking him out with an ax handle . Joe begins punching Dude , then shoots and kills an unarmed bystander who tries to intervene . Joe heads to his brother 's saloon , where a bloody Chance comes to arrest him for the murder of the bystander . Another patron draws his gun on Chance , but Dude shoots the gun out of the man 's hand . Joe is locked up in the local jail . Chance is willing to deputize Dude , provided he can stay sober . Both remember how good with a gun Dude used to be . Chance 's friend Pat Wheeler ( Ward Bond ) and his wagon train of supplies stop in town , with a young gunslinger , Colorado Ryan ( Ricky Nelson ) , riding guard . Inside the jail , Stumpy ( Walter Brennan ) , Chance 's game - legged deputy , keeps watch over the jail and Joe , who knows that Stumpy holds an old grudge against Joe 's wealthy and powerful brother . Joe warns his jailers that Nathan Burdette will not like how his brother is being treated . A mysterious woman nicknamed Feathers ( Angie Dickinson ) is in the saloon , playing poker . In the meantime , Dude and Chance patrol the town .",
"2": "Hotel owner Carlos ( Pedro Gonzalez - Gonzalez ) stops the sheriff , saying Wheeler has been talking too much about Chance needing help . In the saloon , Chance implores Wheeler to stop , as it will draw attention from the wrong people . Wheeler suggests that Colorado could be of assistance , but Colorado politely declines , saying he wants to `` mind my own business '' . Colorado also promises not to start any trouble without telling the sheriff first . Feathers leaves the poker game a winner . Chance follows her up to her room and confronts her as a card cheat , with his evidence three missing aces from the deck of cards being used in the game and a handbill indicating she is wanted for card cheating . Colorado intervenes , saying another participant in the game is the real cheat . They confront the card cheat and prove his guilt . Chance refuses to apologize to Feathers for doing his job , but is no longer in a hurry to make her leave town . As Wheeler is walking back to the hotel , he is shot dead by a Burdette man hiding in the stable . Colorado offers to help , but is angrily turned away by Chance , who says , `` You had a chance to get in this and you did n't want it . '' Chance and Dude flush out the shooter , who escapes into Nathan 's saloon after Dude wounds him . Dude believes the man has muddy boots , but everyone in the bar has clean boots . Two of Burdette 's men suggest Dude needs a drink and one throws a silver dollar into a spittoon . The bartender puts a beer on the bar , but Dude notices blood dripping into the glass from above . He turns , fires , and kills the shooter . Chance goes back to the hotel to sleep . Without his knowledge , Feathers stands guard at the door to keep him safe , then returns to her room when he awakens . Chance discovers what she did and advises that she should leave on the next stagecoach . Nathan Burdette ( John Russell ) arrives in town with his men , intent on seeing his brother Joe . Dude is standing guard and confiscating all guns . One of Burdette 's men ignores him until Dude cuts one of his horse 's reins with a single shot . Nathan agrees to turn in their guns until they leave .",
"3": "Carlos says Feathers will not get on the stagecoach . She tells the sheriff she does not want to leave , then gives him a kiss . He indicates if he were not in such a fix at the jail , things between them might be different . Colorado visits the jail to tell Chance the meaning of a song , `` Degüello '' , or `` The Cutthroat Song '' , that Nathan is paying men to play at his saloon . The song , reported to have been played by Antonio López de Santa Anna 's men at the siege of the Alamo , indicates that `` no quarter '' will be given to one 's enemy , no mercy . Dude is trying hard to stay sober . He is given back his guns ( the ones he had before he left town , sold by Dude , but bought back by Chance ) , as well as some clothes he left behind . The next morning , while Dude is standing guard at the town entryway , four Burdette men attack him from behind and tie him up in a stable . Others get the drop on Chance , whose rifle is just out of reach . From inside the hotel , acting on Colorado 's instructions , Feathers throws a flower pot through a window a moment after Colorado steps out on the porch , distracting the Burdette men . Colorado quickly throws Chance 's rifle to him and the two men shoot the three Burdette hands . Chance decides to have his men hole up in the jail , as it will take several more days for the United States Marshal to arrive to take Joe to the Presidio . Dude 's nerves are shot , but as he is about to take a drink , the sound of `` The Cutthroat Song '' played by Burdette 's musicians steels his resolve . He and Chance go to the hotel to round up additional supplies , but Carlos and Consuela are captured by Burdette 's men , who trick Chance into charging and falling over a rope tied at the bottom of the stairs . Dude and Feathers are unable to help . Chance is ordered to take the men to the jail to let Joe go . He is reluctant to do so , but Dude implores Chance to cooperate , saying that Stumpy is alone and has no food or water to hold out very long .",
"4": "The remaining Burdette men at the hotel take Dude hostage and Nathan Burdette offers to trade him later for Joe . Stumpy opens fire at the jail , holding off Burdette 's men . Chance and Colorado then take Joe to make the trade for Dude at a warehouse , leaving Stumpy behind because of his bad leg . During the trade , walking in opposite directions , Dude tackles Joe and they scuffle while a gunfight erupts . Stumpy turns up and helps even the odds . Dude overpowers Joe . The lawmen throw dynamite sticks at the warehouse where Burdette and his men are based , shooting the sticks to explode them . After a few explosions rock the warehouse , the criminals surrender . All is quiet in town as Chance gets reacquainted with Feathers , who models a skimpy new costume she will be wearing in her new job singing at the hotel . After a pair of sheer tights comes floating from a window to the street , a delighted Stumpy retrieves it , but Dude cautions him to mind his own business . Cast ( edit ) John Wayne and Angie Dickinson in Rio Bravo John Wayne as John T. Chance Dean Martin as Dude Ricky Nelson as Colorado / Ryan Angie Dickinson as Feathers Walter Brennan as Stumpy Ward Bond as Pat Wheeler John Russell as Nathan Burdette Pedro Gonzalez Gonzalez as Carlos Robante Estelita Rodriguez as Consuela Robante Claude Akins as Joe Burdette Joseph Shimada as Burt Malcolm Atterbury and Harry Carey Jr. also receive a screen credit in the film 's opening , but their scenes were deleted from the final film . Production ( edit ) Ricky Nelson performing the song `` Get Along Home , Cindy '' in Rio Bravo Exteriors for the film were shot at Old Tucson Studios , just outside Tucson . Filming took place in the summer of 1958 , and the movie 's credits gave 1958 as the year of production , although the film was not released until 1959 . Rio Bravo is generally regarded as one of Hawks ' best , and is notable for its long opening scene which contains no dialogue . The film received favorable reviews , and was successful , taking in over US $ 5.5 million . The musical score was composed by Dimitri Tiomkin .",
"5": "His score includes the hauntingly ominous `` El Degüello '' theme , which is heard several times . The Colorado character identifies the tune as `` The Cutthroat Song '' . He relates that the song was played on the orders of General Antonio López de Santa Anna to the Texans holed up in the Alamo , to signify that no quarter would be given to them . The tune was used the following year in Wayne 's film , The Alamo . Composer Ennio Morricone recalled that director Sergio Leone asked him to write `` Dimitri Tiomkin music '' for A Fistful of Dollars . The trumpet theme is similar to Tiomkin 's `` Degüello '' ( the Italian title of Rio Bravo was Un dollaro d'onore , A Dollar of Honor ) . Because the film starred a crooner , Martin , and a teen idol , Nelson , Hawks included three songs in the soundtrack . Before the big showdown , in the jail house , Martin sings `` My Rifle , My Pony , and Me '' ( which contained new lyrics to a Tiomkin tune that appeared in Red River ) accompanied by Nelson , after which Nelson sings a brief version of `` Get Along Home , Cindy '' , accompanied by Martin and Brennan . Over the closing credits , Martin , backed by the Nelson Riddle Orchestra , sings a specially composed song , `` Rio Bravo '' , written by Tiomkin with lyrics by Paul Francis Webster . Nelson later paid homage to both the film and his character , Colorado , by including the song `` Restless Kid '' on his 1959 LP , Ricky Sings Again . Members of the Western Writers of America chose `` My Rifle , My Pony , and Me '' as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . A brief clip from Rio Bravo was among the archive footage later incorporated into the opening sequence of Wayne 's last film , The Shootist , to illustrate the backstory of Wayne 's character . High Noon debate ( edit ) The film was made as a response to High Noon , which is sometimes thought to be an allegory for blacklisting in Hollywood , as well as a critique of McCarthyism . Wayne would later call High Noon `` un-American '' and say he did not regret helping run the writer , Carl Foreman , out of the country .",
"6": "Director Howard Hawks went on the record to criticize High Noon by saying , `` I did n't think a good sheriff was going to go running around town like a chicken with his head cut off asking for help , and finally his Quaker wife had to save him . '' According to film historian Emanuel Levy , Wayne and Hawks teamed up deliberately to rebut High Noon by telling a somewhat similar story their own way : portraying a hero who does not show fear or inner conflict and who never repudiates his commitment to public duty , while only allying himself with capable people , despite offers of help from many other characters . In Rio Bravo , Chance is surrounded by allies -- a deputy who is brave and good with a gun , despite recovering from alcoholism ( Dude ) , a young untried but self - assured gunfighter ( Colorado ) , a limping `` crippled '' old man who is doggedly loyal ( Stumpy ) , a Mexican innkeeper ( Carlos ) , his wife ( Consuela ) , and an attractive young woman ( Feathers ) -- and repeatedly turns down aid from anyone he does not think is capable of helping him , though in the final shootout they come to help him anyway . `` Who 'll turn up next ? '' Wayne asks amid the gunfire , to which Colorado replies : `` Maybe the girl with another flower pot . '' Reception ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , Rio Bravo was not originally even reviewed for Sight & Sound ; in August 1976 , Leslie Halliwell gave the film two out of four stars , describing it as a `` cheerfully overlong and slow - moving Western '' that was nevertheless `` very watchable for those with time to spare '' . The film was taken more seriously by independent British critics such as Robin Wood , who rated it as his top film of all time and wrote a book on it in 2003 for the British Film Institute , publishers of Sight & Sound . It now has a 100 % Rotten Tomatoes rating and was the second highest - ranking Western in the 2012 Sight & Sound critics ' poll of the greatest films ever made . In 2008 , the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Western Films list . Remakes and inspirations ( edit ) Remakes ( edit ) Howard Hawks went on to make two loose variations of Rio Bravo , on both occasions under a different title .",
"7": "Both of these remakes were directed by Hawks , both starred John Wayne , and in each case , the script was written by Leigh Brackett . All involve lawmen working against an entrenched criminal element , partially by `` holing up '' in their jailhouses . The first remake , El Dorado , was filmed in 1966 , but its release was held up by Paramount until the late summer of 1967 . In this film , Robert Mitchum played the Dean Martin role , Arthur Hunnicutt the Walter Brennan character , and James Caan the Ricky Nelson role . Hawks again named the Nelson / Caan character after a state ( in this case , Mississippi ) and in a wry , humorous twist on the original film , Hawks made him inept with firearms , but skilled with a knife . The second remake , Rio Lobo , was made in 1970 with a plot much further off the original mold , starting with the absence of a lawman - turned - drunkard character . This began with a Confederate train robbery of a Union gold shipment during the American Civil War , then moved to a postwar Texas county thoroughly controlled by a rich , arrogant rancher . The heroes , with the exception of an old man similar to Brennan and Hunnicutt 's characters in the previous pictures ( Jack Elam here ) , were complete outsiders . Along with Wayne and Elam , this movie starred Mexican film star Jorge Rivero ( as Frenchie ) , Christopher Mitchum ( Robert Mitchum 's son ) , and Jennifer O'Neill . Inspirations ( edit ) Feathers ' dialogue was occasionally inspired by the character of `` Slim '' ( Lauren Bacall ) in the 1944 To Have and Have Not , as when , after the first kiss , she says : `` It 's better when two people do it , '' recalling the phrase `` It 's even better when you help ; '' and again later when she says , `` I 'm hard to get -- you 're going to have to say you want me , '' recalling Slim 's `` I 'm hard to get , Steve -- all you have to do is ask me . '' L'homme à l'étoile d'argent ( The Man with the Silver Star ) , a 1969 album from the French comics series Lt. Blueberry was directly inspired by Rio Bravo . The plot is virtually the same .",
"8": "Blueberry plays the role of sheriff John T. Chance ; McClure , a whiskey - adoring old man , combines the roles of Dude and Stumpy ; Dusty plays the role of Colorado ; Miss March , the teacher , plays the role of a less morally challenged Feathers ; and instead of the Burdettes , it has the Bass brothers . John Carpenter 's 1976 film Assault on Precinct 13 , though not a remake of Rio Bravo , was inspired by the film . Carpenter borrowed some elements from the earlier film 's plot , but set it in 1970s Los Angeles . He also paid homage to the original film by using the pseudonym `` John T. Chance '' , the name of Wayne 's character , for his editing credit . This film was also remade in 2005 by Jean - Francois Richet , starring Ethan Hawke , Laurence Fishburne , Gabriel Byrne , Maria Bello , Drea de Matteo , John Leguizamo , Brian Dennehy , and Ja Rule , moving the film 's setting to Detroit . Ghosts of Mars , a 2001 film also by Carpenter , retains many of the elements that were developed in Rio Bravo and Assault on Precinct 13 , but takes place in a science - fiction setting . The Nest , a 2002 film by Florent Emilio Siri , starring Samy Naceri , Benoît Magimel , Nadia Farès , Pascal Greggory , and Sami Bouajila , is a quasi-remake of Assault on Precinct 13 . Borrachón : A Prequel to Rio Bravo , by Kevin Cullen , 2016 . This book is a prequel to the Rio Bravo story and film and provides the complete background leading up to the classic tale .",
"9": "Music ( edit ) `` My Rifle , My Pony and Me '' -- sung by Dean Martin and Ricky Nelson `` Cindy '' -- sung by Ricky Nelson , Dean Martin and Walter Brennan `` Rio Bravo '' -- sung by Dean Martin ( end credits ) Comic book adaption ( edit ) Dell Four Color # 1018 ( June 1959 ) See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1959 John Wayne filmography El Dorado ( 1966 ) Rio Lobo ( 1970 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1959 : Probable Domestic Take '' , Variety , 6 January 1960 p. 34 . Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2014/14-210.html Jump up ^ Commemoration : Howard Hawks ' Rio Bravo , Warner Bros. DVD supplement . Jump up ^ The Handbook of Texas Online , Texas State Historical Association ( retrieved on November 22 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Un dollaro d'onore '' . Wikipedia ( in Italian ) . 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Munn , Michael ( 2005 ) . John Wayne : The Man Behind the Myth . New York : Penguin . p. 190 . ISBN 0451214145 . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Blacklist Archived 2009 - 02 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Manfred Weidhorn . `` High Noon . '' Bright Lights Film Journal . February 2005 . Accessed 12 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Stafford , Jeff . `` Rio Bravo '' . TCM Film Article . Turner Entertainment Network . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Levy , Emanuel . `` High Noon : Why John Wayne Hated the Film '' . Cinema 24 / 7 . Retrieved 1 February 2015 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ The Movie article by Phil Hardy , 1980 Jump up ^ Halliwell , Leslie ( 1979 ) . Halliwell 's Film Guide to 8,000 English Language Films , Hart - Davis , MacGibbon , Granada . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' top 100 '' . British Film Institute . 2012 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Dell Four Color # 1018 '' . Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Dell Four Color # 1018 at the Comic Book DB Further reading ( edit ) Byman , Jeremy ( 2004 ) . Showdown at High Noon . Metuchen : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 4998 - 4 . McCarthy , Todd ( 2000 ) . Howard Hawks . New York : Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3740 - 7 . Roberts , Randy ( 1997 ) . John Wayne . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8970 - 7 . Wood , Robin ( 2006 ) . Howard Hawks . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3276 - 5 . Wood , Robin ( 2003 ) . Rio Bravo . London : BFI Pub . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 966 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rio Bravo .",
"11": "Rio Bravo at the American Film Institute Catalog Rio Bravo on IMDb Rio Bravo at AllMovie Rio Bravo at the TCM Movie Database Rio Bravo at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Howard Hawks The Road to Glory ( 1926 ) Fig Leaves ( 1926 ) Cradle Snatchers ( 1927 ) Paid to Love ( 1927 ) A Girl in Every Port ( 1928 ) Fazil ( 1928 ) The Air Circus ( 1928 ) Trent 's Last Case ( 1929 ) The Dawn Patrol ( 1930 ) The Criminal Code ( 1931 ) Scarface ( 1932 ) The Crowd Roars ( 1932 ) Tiger Shark ( 1932 ) Today We Live ( 1933 ) The Prizefighter and the Lady ( 1933 ) Viva Villa ! ( 1934 ) Twentieth Century ( 1934 ) Barbary Coast ( 1935 ) Ceiling Zero ( 1936 ) The Road to Glory ( 1936 ) Come and Get It ( 1936 ) Bringing Up Baby ( 1938 ) Only Angels Have Wings ( 1939 ) His Girl Friday ( 1940 ) Sergeant York ( 1941 ) Ball of Fire ( 1941 ) Air Force ( 1943 ) The Outlaw ( 1943 ) ( uncredited ) To Have and Have Not ( 1944 ) The Big Sleep ( 1946 ) Red River ( 1948 ) A Song Is Born ( 1948 ) I Was a Male War Bride ( 1949 ) The Big Sky ( 1951 ) Monkey Business ( 1952 ) O. Henry 's Full House ( 1952 ) Gentlemen Prefer Blondes ( 1953 ) Land of the Pharaohs ( 1955 ) Rio Bravo ( 1959 ) Hatari ! ( 1962 ) Man 's Favorite Sport ?",
"12": "( 1964 ) Red Line 7000 ( 1965 ) El Dorado ( 1966 ) Rio Lobo ( 1970 ) VIAF : 316751659 GND : 4764446 - 1 SUDOC : 104486708 BNF : cb145169957 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rio_Bravo_(film)&oldid=817646117 '' Categories : 1959 films English - language films 1950s Western ( genre ) films American Western ( genre ) films American buddy films Films scored by Dimitri Tiomkin Films about alcoholism Films directed by Howard Hawks Films set in Texas Films shot in Arizona Films shot in California Screenplays by Leigh Brackett Warner Bros. films United States National Film Registry films Screenplays by Jules Furthman American films Siege films Films adapted into comics Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 18 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.",
"13": ", a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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4909751661083802256
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when did refrigerator perry play for the bears
|
[
"1985–1993",
"1985–1993",
"1985–1993",
"1985–1993",
"1985–1993"
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{
"0": "William Perry ( American football ) - wikipedia William Perry ( American football ) Jump to : navigation , search For other people with the same name , see William Perry ( disambiguation ) . William Perry No. 72 , 90 , 95 Position : Defensive tackle , fullback Date of birth : ( 1962 - 12 - 16 ) December 16 , 1962 ( age 54 ) Place of birth : Aiken , South Carolina Height : 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) Weight : 350 lb ( 159 kg ) Career information High school : Aiken ( SC ) College : Clemson NFL Draft : 1985 / Round : 1 / Pick : 22 Career history Chicago Bears ( 1985 -- 1993 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 1993 -- 1994 ) London Monarchs ( 1996 ) Career highlights and awards Inducted to the ( WWE ) Hall of Fame ( 2006 ) Super Bowl champion ( XX ) Consensus All - American ( 1983 ) Career NFL statistics Sacks : 29.5 Games : 138 Offensive TDs : 3 Player stats at NFL.com William Anthony Perry ( born December 16 , 1962 ) is a former American professional football player who was a defensive lineman in the National Football League ( NFL ) for ten seasons during the 1980s and 1990s . Perry played college football for Clemson University , and was recognized as an All - American . He was selected in the first round of the 1985 NFL Draft , and played professionally for the Chicago Bears and Philadelphia Eagles of the NFL . In reference to his imposing size , he was popularly known as `` The Refrigerator '' or , abbreviated , `` The Fridge . '' Perry also occasionally played at fullback at the goal line due to his size and power .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 College career 3 Professional career 4 Beyond football 4.1 Business ventures 4.2 Music 4.3 Media appearances 4.4 Trivia 5 Personal life 6 References 7 External links Early years ( edit ) Perry was born in Aiken , South Carolina . He has stated in an interview that `` Even when I was little , I was big '' ; by the time he was 11 years old , he weighed 200 pounds . Frequently ridiculed for his weight while growing up , Perry took advantage of his athleticism to silence his critics . He attended Aiken High School and played as a 295 - pound nose guard on the school 's football team and ran on its track team . During an exercise in which his coach instructed all of his fastest players to line up for a 100 - yard dash , Perry joined the group of running backs , wide receivers and defensive backs and eventually was timed as the 6th fastest runner on the entire team , with a time of 11.00 seconds flat . He was also able to run the 100 meters under 12 seconds , and competed in the shot put event , recording a top - throw of 16.44 m ( 53 ft 11 in ) . He could also execute 360 - degree dunks on regulation basketball hoops and perform complicated dives into the swimming pool . College career ( edit ) Perry 's athletic performances earned him a full - ride scholarship to attend Clemson University in Clemson , South Carolina , where he played for coach Danny Ford 's Clemson Tigers football team from 1981 to 1984 . He was a member of a national championship team in 1981 , and was recognized as a consensus first - team All - American as a junior in 1983 . As a freshman in 1981 , he earned his `` refrigerator '' nickname when a fellow player could barely squeeze into an elevator with Perry and their laundry which they were taking to be washed . The player , Ray Brown , said `` Man , you 're about as big as a refrigerator . '' Professional career ( edit ) In 1985 , he was selected in the first round of the 1985 NFL Draft by the Chicago Bears ; he had been hand - picked by coach Mike Ditka .",
"2": "However , defensive coordinator Buddy Ryan , who had a highly acrimonious relationship with Ditka , called Perry a `` wasted draft - pick '' . Perry soon became a pawn in the political power struggle between Ditka and Ryan . Perry 's `` Refrigerator '' nickname followed him into the NFL and he quickly became a favorite of the Chicago Bears fans . Teammates called him `` Biscuit , '' as in `` one biscuit shy of 350 pounds . '' While Ryan refused to play Perry , Ditka decided to use Perry as a fullback when the team was near the opponents ' goal line or in fourth and short situations , either as a ball carrier or a lead blocker for star running back Walter Payton . Ditka stated the inspiration for using Perry as a fullback came to him during five - yard sprint exercises . During his rookie season , Perry rushed for two touchdowns and caught a pass for one . Perry even had the opportunity to run the ball during Super Bowl XX , as a nod to his popularity and contributions to the team 's success . The first time he got the ball , he was tackled for a one - yard loss while attempting to throw his first NFL pass on a halfback option play . The second time he got the ball , he scored a touchdown ( running over Patriots linebacker Larry McGrew in the process ) . About halfway through his rookie season , Ryan finally began to play Perry , who soon proved that he was a capable defensive lineman . His Super Bowl ring size is the largest of any professional football player in the history of the event . His ring size is 25 , while the ring size for the average adult male is between 10 and 12 . Perry went on to play for ten years in the NFL , retiring after the 1994 season . In his ten years as a pro , he regularly struggled with his weight , which hampered his performance at times . He played in 138 games , recording 29.5 sacks and five fumble recoveries , which he returned for a total of 71 yards . In his offensive career he ran five yards for two touchdowns , and had one reception for another touchdown . Perry later attempted a comeback , playing an unremarkable 1996 season with the London Monarchs of the World League of American Football ( later NFL Europa ) .",
"3": "Beyond football ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` William Perry '' American football -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Business ventures ( edit ) In 2006 , he began marketing his own branded barbecue sauce . Also in 2006 , he turned down an offer to become Director of Football Operations for the Continental Indoor Football League 's Chicago Slaughter . Music ( edit ) During his popular tenure with the Bears , Perry participated in the recording of two rap records , both in 1985 , in addition to the team 's very popular `` Super Bowl Shuffle '' . Walter Payton and Perry recorded an anti-drug , pro-peace rap tune entitled `` Together '' which was written by four Evanston , Illinois teens . It was re-released in 1999 with part of the profits going to the Walter Payton Foundation . Media appearances ( edit ) Perry participated in a World Wrestling Federation battle royal at WrestleMania 2 in Rosemont , Illinois in 1986 . In 2006 , he returned to the Chicago area to be inducted into the `` Celebrity Wing '' of the WWE Hall of Fame by John Cena . In 2000 , he was defeated by Bob Sapp in a toughman boxing competition on FX .",
"4": "In 2002 , he lost in the third round to 7 ft 7 in ( 2.3 m ) former NBA basketball player Manute Bol in a charity boxing match on the Fox Network 's Celebrity Boxing program . In 2003 , he appeared in Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest as a `` celebrity contestant . '' He stopped eating 5 minutes into the competition . This was parodied in an episode of TV Funhouse from the November 11 , 2006 episode of Saturday Night Live in which Takeru Kobayashi plays a hot dog eating superhero . After Kobayashi saves the day by eating a lot of hot dogs , a cartoon William Perry makes an appearance saying `` Damn ! '' in Japanese . He participated in the 2006 Lingerie Bowl as the super sub . He made a guest appearance in the 1980s television show The A-Team . In the 21st episode of the 4th season ( The Trouble with Harry ) `` Fridge '' signs into the same hospital The A-Team is using to help their friend Harry recover . Throughout the episode , Perry only has a few lines -- including the funny : `` They 'll never catch him '' , referring to his NFL playing days -- but he gives out `` Bears '' caps in the final scene . B.A. Baracus and Hulk Hogan ( who guest starred in the episode as well ) react angrily when they do n't get a cap , but the large sized Perry is able to calm them down with his huge smile . In 2003 , he appeared in a TV movie on Comedy Central called Windy City Heat , opposite an aspiring actor named Perry Caravello , who is led to believe he is acting in a major motion picture . He also made a short appearance in the opening of According to Jim ( Season 8 , Episode 15 ) . He starred in a commercial in the 1980s with Jim McMahon , fellow Chicago Bears teammate , for Coke Classic and Coke . He appears on the Chef Tony infomercial endorsing My Rotisserie in a number of acted scenes where he plays poker with his friends , while singing the praises of the kitchen appliance . During Super Bowl XLIV , Perry joined other members of the 1985 Chicago Bears in resurrecting the Super Bowl Shuffle in a Boost Mobile commercial .",
"5": "In 2002 , Perry competed on the 2nd edition of Celebrity Boxing losing to NBA star Manute Bol by unanimous decision . He also made an appearance on an episode of the Comedy Central series , The Man Show . Trivia ( edit ) Popular rap trio The Fat Boys recorded a twelve - inch single titled `` Chillin ' with the Refrigerator '' released on Sutra Records . A novelty hit , `` Frig - O - Rator , '' was released in December 1985 on the Motown label by Roq - In ' Zoo and featured sound bites of Bears game plays . The following year The Fridge was yet again remembered in a rap song , this time by the obscure Los Angeles - based hip - hop group Hard Machine who released the single `` Refrigerator . '' Perry is one of several real people to be immortalized with a 3.75 in ( 9.5 cm ) G.I. Joe action figure of himself as The Fridge . The figure was offered in 1986 , the same year the Bears defeated the New England Patriots in the Super Bowl . In 2013 , Perry was named as both original ( as fullback ) and unlockable ( as defensive tackle ) All - Player Legend on Madden 25 , the only player to be named twice , and his career as a running back was only until 1990 . Personal life ( edit ) In June 2008 , he was diagnosed with Guillain -- Barré syndrome , a chronic inflammation disorder of the peripheral nerves . On April 22 , 2009 , Perry was hospitalized in South Carolina in serious condition from his Guillain -- Barré syndrome . Perry spent approximately a month in the hospital before being released . In June 2010 , it was reported that Perry suffered from hearing loss , but also that he was improving after his diagnosis of Guillain -- Barré syndrome . He had lost more than one hundred pounds ( 50 kg ) , but was , by this time , back up to 330 lb ( 150 kg ) . In February 2011 , ESPN ran a somber article about him , citing ongoing health and drinking problems , and a weight of 400 lb ( 180 kg ) . In January 2016 , Perry , weighing more than 425 pounds , checked himself into the hospital to receive treatment for diabetes .",
"6": "Now confined to a wheelchair , Perry revealed he had no feeling in his feet and is in danger of having his leg amputated . In April 2011 , Cliff Forrest , a 10 - year - old child , discovered Perry 's Super Bowl ring for sale . With help from his mother , he purchased it for $8,500 and returned the ring to Perry . In September 2015 , it was reported that Perry 's Super Bowl ring was auctioned off for more than $200,000 by the man Perry had sold it to several years earlier . As of October 29 , 2014 , Perry has been confined to his late father 's home . Michael Dean Perry , his younger brother and another former NFL defensive lineman is William 's assigned Guardian and Conservator for his affairs . July 30 , 2015 , Perry 's Super Bowl ring , the largest Super Bowl ring ever made , was auctioned off to an unknown bidder . As of September 23 , 2015 , Perry is living off a monthly social security disability check , and also gets some disability money from the NFL as he lives in an assisted living townhouse . Perry was hospitalized in Chicago with a leg infection following his return to Soldier Field January 3 , 2016 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Friend , Tom ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` How ' The Fridge ' lost his way '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.trackingfootball.com/players/william-perry-11512/ Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/02/02/get-ready-for-30-for-30-with-these-amazing-facts-about-the-1985-chicago-bears/ Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` 20 interesting facts about ' 85 Bears '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated for Kids , p. 39 , February 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.thefridgebbqsauce.net/ Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Characters : William Perry '' . National Football League . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ `` Episode 15 Summary '' . Jump up ^ `` Fat Boys - Discography '' . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZxBVCPbT6Fw&feature=em-uploademail Madden 25 Connected Franchise - List of All Player Legends Jump up ^ Yumasun.com article . Jump up ^ Fridge in serious condition . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` ' Fridge ' back up to 330 pounds '' . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Tom Friend ( 6 February 2011 ) . `` How ' The Fridge ' lost his way '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Chicago Sun - Times ( 6 January 2016 ) . `` William Perry in hospital to treat diabetes '' . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Modrowski , Roman ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` William Perry gets Super Bowl ring back '' . ESPNChicago.com . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Placko , Dane \\ date = September 23 , 2015 . `` Ex-Bear William ' The Fridge ' Perry at center of family feud '' . Fox32Chicago.com . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.charlotteobserver.com/latest-news/article9207224.html Jump up ^ http://www.foxsports.com/nfl/story/william-the-refrigerator-perry-auctioning-super-bowl-xx-20-ring-chicago-bears-size-25-072915 Jump up ^ https://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/39088834_1985-chicago-bears-super-bowl-xx-championship-ri Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/blog/chicago/bears/post/_/id/4701670/report-william-refridgerator-perry-hospitalized-in-chicago External links ( edit ) Official website WWE Profile of William Perry 1981 Clemson Tigers football team -- consensus national champions Dan Benish",
"8": "Jeff Bryant Jeff Davis Bubba Diggs Andy Headen Donald Igwebuike Homer Jordan Terry Kinard Kevin Mack Chuck McSwain Rod McSwain William Perry Perry Tuttle Head coach : Danny Ford Assistant coaches : Curley Hallman Tom Harper Chuck Reedy Nelson Stokley 1983 College Football All - America Team consensus selections Offense QB Steve Young RB Mike Rozier RB Bo Jackson RB Greg Allen RB Napoleon McCallum WR Irving Fryar TE Gordon Hudson OL Bill Fralic OL Terry Long OL Dean Steinkuhler OL Doug Dawson C Tony Slaton Defense DL Rick Bryan DL Reggie White DL William Perry DL William Fuller LB Ricky Hunley LB Wilber Marshall LB Ron Rivera LB Jeff Leiding DB Russell Carter DB Jerry Gray DB Terry Hoage DB Don Rogers Special teams PK Luis Zendejas P Jack Weil 1985 NFL draft first - round selections Bruce Smith Bill Fralic Ray Childress Chris Doleman Duane Bickett Lomas Brown Ken Ruettgers Ron Holmes Kevin Allen Al Toon Richard Johnson Jim Lachey Eddie Brown Derrick Burroughs Ethan Horton Jerry Rice Kevin Brooks Freddie Joe Nunn George Adams Darryl Sims Jerry Gray William Perry Jessie Hester Alvin Toles Emanuel King Steve Sewell Lorenzo Hampton Trevor Matich Chicago Bears 1985 NFL draft selections William Perry",
"9": "Reggie Phillips Kevin Butler Thomas Sanders Jim Morrissey Chicago Bears Super Bowl XX champions 4 Steve Fuller 6 Kevin Butler 8 Maury Buford 9 Jim McMahon 18 Mike Tomczak 20 Thomas Sanders 21 Leslie Frazier 22 Dave Duerson 23 Shaun Gayle 24 Jeff Fisher 26 Matt Suhey 27 Mike Richardson 29 Dennis Gentry 31 Ken Taylor 33 Calvin Thomas 34 Walter Payton 45 Gary Fencik 48 Reggie Phillips 50 Mike Singletary 51 Jim Morrissey 52 Cliff Thrift 53 Dan Rains 54 Brian Cabral 55 Otis Wilson 57 Tom Thayer 58 Wilber Marshall 59 Ron Rivera 60 Tom Andrews 62 Mark Bortz 63 Jay Hilgenberg 70 Henry Waechter 71 Andy Frederick 72 William Perry 73 Mike Hartenstine 74 Jim Covert 75 Stefan Humphries 76 Steve McMichael 78 Keith Van Horne 79 Kurt Becker 80 Tim Wrightman 81 James Maness 82 Ken Margerum 83 Willie Gault 84 Brian Baschnagel 85 Dennis McKinnon 86 Brad Anderson 87 Emery Moorehead 88 Pat Dunsmore 89 Mitch Krenk 95 Richard Dent ( MVP ) 96 Keith Ortego 98 Tyrone Keys 99 Dan Hampton Head coach : Mike Ditka Coaches : Dale Haupt Ed Hughes Steve Kazor Jim LaRue Ted Plumb Johnny Roland Buddy Ryan Dick Stanfel WWE Hall of Fame Inductees",
"10": "1990s Class of 1993 André the Giant Class of 1994 Arnold Skaaland Bobo Brazil Buddy Rogers Chief Jay Strongbow Freddie Blassie Gorilla Monsoon James Dudley Class of 1995 Antonino Rocca Ernie Ladd The Fabulous Moolah George Steele The Grand Wizard Ivan Putski Pedro Morales Class of 1996 Jimmy Snuka Johnny Rodz Killer Kowalski Lou Albano Mikel Scicluna Pat Patterson The Valiant Brothers ( Jimmy Valiant and Johnny Valiant ) Vincent J. McMahon 2000s Class of 2004 Big John Studd Superstar Billy Graham Bobby Heenan Don Muraco Greg Valentine Harley Race Jesse Ventura Junkyard Dog Pete Rose Sgt . Slaughter Tito Santana Class of 2005 Bob Orton Jr . Hulk Hogan The Iron Sheik Jimmy Hart Nikolai Volkoff Paul Orndorff Roddy Piper Class of 2006 The Blackjacks ( Blackjack Mulligan and Blackjack Lanza ) Bret Hart Eddie Guerrero Gene Okerlund Sensational Sherri Tony Atlas Verne Gagne William Perry Class of 2007 Mr. Perfect Dusty Rhodes Jerry Lawler Jim Ross Mr. Fuji Nick Bockwinkel The Sheik The Wild Samoans ( Afa Anoaʻi and Sika Anoa'i ) Class of 2008 The Brisco Brothers ( Gerald Brisco and Jack Brisco ) Eddie Graham Gordon Solie Mae Young Peter Maivia Ric Flair Rocky Johnson Class of 2009 Bill Watts The Funk Brothers ( Terry Funk and Dory Funk Jr . )",
"11": "Howard Finkel Koko B. Ware Ricky Steamboat Stone Cold Steve Austin The Von Erich Family ( Chris Von Erich , David Von Erich , Fritz Von Erich , Kerry Von Erich , Kevin Von Erich and Mike Von Erich ) 2010s Class of 2010 Antonio Inoki Bob Uecker Gorgeous George Mad Dog Vachon Stu Hart Ted DiBiase Wendi Richter Class of 2011 Abdullah the Butcher Bob Armstrong Drew Carey Jim Duggan The Road Warriors ( Road Warrior Hawk , Road Warrior Animal and Paul Ellering ) Shawn Michaels Sunny Class of 2012 Edge The Four Horsemen ( Arn Anderson , Barry Windham , J.J. Dillon , Ric Flair and Tully Blanchard ) Mil Máscaras Mike Tyson Ron Simmons Yokozuna Class of 2013 Bob Backlund Booker T Bruno Sammartino Donald Trump Mick Foley Trish Stratus Class of 2014 Carlos Colón Jake `` The Snake '' Roberts Lita Mr. T Paul Bearer Razor Ramon The Ultimate Warrior Class of 2015 Alundra Blayze Arnold Schwarzenegger The Bushwhackers ( Butch Miller and Luke Williams ) Connor Michalek Kevin Nash Larry Zbyszko Randy Savage Rikishi Tatsumi Fujinami Class of 2016 Big Boss Man Ed Lewis The Fabulous Freebirds ( Michael Hayes , Buddy Roberts , Jimmy Garvin and Terry Gordy ) Frank Gotch George Hackenschmidt The Godfather Jacqueline Joan Lunden Lou Thesz Mildred Burke Pat O'Connor Sailor Art Thomas Snoop Dogg Stan Hansen Sting Class of 2017 Kurt Angle Martin Burns June Byers Haystacks Calhoun The Rock ' n ' Roll Express ( Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson ) Judy Grable Dr.",
"12": "Jerry Graham Eric LeGrand Theodore Long Luther Lindsay Toots Mondt Diamond Dallas Page Beth Phoenix Rikidōzan Rick Rude Bearcat Wright VIAF : 8832579 LCCN : n85243604 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Perry_(American_football)&oldid=804291812 '' Categories : 1962 births Living people African - American players of American football All - American college football players American football defensive tackles Chicago Bears players Clemson Tigers football players London Monarchs players People from Aiken County , South Carolina Philadelphia Eagles players WWE Hall of Fame American male professional wrestlers Super Bowl champions Hidden categories : NFL player missing current team parameter BLP articles lacking sources from November 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Français Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 00 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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what is the main character's name in layer cake
|
[
"XXXX",
"XXXX,",
"XXXX",
"Daniel Craig",
"XXXX"
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{
"0": "Layer Cake ( film ) - Wikipedia Layer Cake ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Layer Cake Theatrical release poster Directed by Matthew Vaughn Produced by Adam Bohling David Reid Matthew Vaughn Screenplay by J.J. Connolly Based on Layer Cake by J.J. Connolly Starring Daniel Craig Colm Meaney Kenneth Cranham George Harris Jamie Foreman Sienna Miller Michael Gambon Music by Lisa Gerrard Ilan Eshkeri Cinematography Ben Davis Edited by Jon Harris Production company Marv Films Distributed by Sony Pictures Entertainment Release date 1 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 01 ) Running time 105 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget $6.5 million Box office $11.9 million Layer Cake ( also occasionally stylised as L4YER CAKƐ ) is a 2004 British crime thriller film directed by Matthew Vaughn , in his directorial debut . The screenplay was adapted by J.J. Connolly from his novel of the same name . The film 's plot revolves around a London - based criminal known as XXXX , played by Daniel Craig , working in the trade of cocaine who wishes to leave the drug business . The film also features Tom Hardy , Colm Meaney , and Sienna Miller . The film was produced by Adam Bohling , David Reid and Matthew Vaughn , with Stephen Marks as executive producer . The title refers to the social strata , especially in the British criminal underworld . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Home media 6 Continuation 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise.",
"1": "( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A 30 - something man ( XXXX ) , is a London underworld criminal who has established himself as one of the biggest cocaine suppliers in the city , with effective legitimate cover . Considering himself a businessman and patience as a prime virtue , XXXX leaves the darker aspects of the business to his henchman Morty , a man having recently ended a 10 - year prison sentence for murder . Once he has earned enough to ensure his long - term financial security , XXXX plans to retire . On the evening XXXX intends to set these plans into motion , his sponsor and powerful supplier Jimmy Price puts two crucial missions in his hands . The first is to track down Charlie , the teenage daughter of Jimmy 's associate Eddie Temple , who has fled a rehabilitation centre along with her drug - addicted boyfriend Pinky . XXXX decides to enlist two con men , Cody and Tiptoes , to perform this task . They investigate , and find the boyfriend dead and Charlie apparently kidnapped , although no ransom has been demanded . The second mission Jimmy assigns to XXXX is to organise the purchase and distribution of one million ecstasy tablets from a low - level gangster who styles himself `` The Duke '' . Unbeknownst to XXXX , the pills had been stolen from a gang of Serbian war criminals based in the Netherlands , a massive drug production outfit with an honour - avenging bent . XXXX encounters the Duke 's out - of - touch nephew Sidney at a bar and becomes attracted to his disillusioned girlfriend Tammy . XXXX tries to broker the sale of the ecstasy pills to Liverpool gangsters Trevor and Shanks , but they refuse , informing him of the drugs ' purloined nature , and that in response the Serbs have sent an assassin , known as Dragan , to find the pills and kill those responsible for their theft . Duke had mentioned XXXX 's name to the Serbs beforehand , so he too is in danger . Members of the Duke 's gang soon start turning up dead and the Duke himself goes missing . XXXX arranges a tryst with Tammy , but before it can be consummated , he is kidnapped by henchmen of Eddie Temple , father of Charlie , the missing girl .",
"2": "Eddie informs him that Jimmy Price has recently lost £ 13 million in a failed investment in Africa and planned for XXXX to find Charlie so Jimmy could take her hostage until Eddie could get him his money back . Jimmy was also hoping to sell the pills to recoup his losses ; Eddie then plays XXXX a recording indicating that Jimmy has been a long - term informant for Scotland Yard and intends to betray XXXX to the police as soon as the deal is done , planning to gain clemency from the deal and also take away XXXX 's wealth . Eddie demands that XXXX sells the pills to himself instead . A furious XXXX shoots and kills Jimmy at his home , but does so with a gun that Gene , Jimmy 's henchman and his main liaison with XXXX , had used to commit a prior murder , putting Gene under police attention . XXXX then discovers that his accountant , who operated his legitimate front and was referred to him by Jimmy Price , has stolen all of his money and disappeared . Gene and Morty initially suspect XXXX of foulplay ; after being shown the evidence of Jimmy 's snitching , the pair acknowledge XXXX as the group 's new acting boss and show him the corpse of the Duke . Gene killed him along with girlfriend and crime - partner , Slasher , when the latter threatened to alert the police about the pills . To recoup something from the fiasco , XXXX tips the police off to the Duke 's hideout , who then conduct a raid . XXXX is intentionally present during the raid to feign purchasing the pills from the Duke 's crew , and Dragan , who has been following XXXX , witnesses the raid from afar as the police confiscate the drugs while XXXX and Duke 's surviving crew escape . Meanwhile , XXXX has arranged for Cody and Tiptoes to infiltrate the raiding police and con the unit out of the pills . XXXX delivers the severed head of the Duke to Dragan as a peace offering , who reports back to his Serbian boss that the police have seized the drugs . Cody and Tiptoes return the drugs to XXXX in exchange for a fee , and XXXX in turn looks to sell them to Eddie Temple as planned . However , during the handover at the latter 's bonded warehouse , Eddie 's henchmen rob his crew of the drugs at gunpoint .",
"3": "To end XXXX 's faux assignment given by Jimmy , Eddie reveals that his daughter Charlie 's boyfriend died at his men 's hands ; she was recovered before Jimmy Price ever tasked XXXX with finding her , and Eddie had her put back into rehab all this time . To mollify XXXX , Eddie gives him a `` Welcome to the Layer Cake '' : a membership to the Stoke Park Country Club of which he is ( and Jimmy was ) a member . Expecting betrayal , XXXX successfully arranges for Trevor , Shanks , and young Dizzy to steal the drugs back from Eddie 's men . The gang assembles for lunch at the Stoke Park Club , honoring XXXX their new boss . However , he declines , stating his intention to stick to his planned retirement all along . When leaving the club with Tammy , mentally running through the names of his fellow murdered businessmen he hopes to avoid joining , XXXX is shot by a heart - broken Sidney . XXXX collapses bleeding , and he lies twitching on the front steps while contemplating his possible death . Cast ( edit ) Daniel Craig as XXXX Colm Meaney as Gene Kenneth Cranham as Jimmy Price George Harris as Morty Jamie Foreman as the Duke Michael Gambon as Eddie Temple Marcel Iureş as Slavo Tom Hardy as Clarkie Tamer Hassan as Terry Ben Whishaw as Sidney Burn Gorman as Gazza Sally Hawkins as Slasher Sienna Miller as Tammy Dexter Fletcher as Cody Steve John Shepherd as Tiptoes Daniel Moorehead as Dizzy Louis Emerick as Trevor Stephen Walters as Shanks Francis Magee as Paul the boatman Dragan Mićanović as Dragan Nathalie Lunghi as Charlie Jason Flemyng as Crazy Larry Production ( edit ) Filming began in June 2003 . Queen 's Gate Mews , SW7 , was used as the filming location for the home of Daniel Craig 's character XXXX . Soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack from Layer Cake is composed of 14 tracks .",
"4": "`` Hayling '' -- FC Kahuna `` Opening '' -- Ilan Eshkeri and Steve McLaughlin `` She Sells Sanctuary '' -- The Cult `` Ca n't Get Blue Monday Out of My Head '' ( Original Radio Edit ) -- Kylie Minogue `` You Got the Love '' ( Original bootleg radio mix ) -- The Source feat . Candi Staton `` Drive to the Boatyard '' -- Ilan Eshkeri `` Junky Fight '' -- Lisa Gerrard `` Making Plans for Nigel '' -- XTC `` Ordinary World '' -- Duran Duran `` Ruthless Gravity '' -- Craig Armstrong `` Four to the Floor '' ( Soulsavers Mix ) -- Starsailor `` Drive to the Warehouse '' -- Ilan Eshkeri and Lisa Gerrard `` Aria '' ( Layer Cake Speech ) -- Lisa Gerrard with Michael Gambon `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' -- Joe Cocker The Rolling Stones song `` Gimme Shelter '' also features in the film but does not appear on the soundtrack album . Release ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Film Release date Box office revenue Box office ranking Budget Reference Worldwide United States United States International Worldwide All time United States All time worldwide Layer Cake May 2005 May 2005 $2,339,957 $9,510,257 $11,850,214 # 5,288 Unknown $6.5 million Critical response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Entertainment Weekly Layer Cake 81 % ( 133 reviews ) 73 / 100 ( 30 reviews ) Layer Cake received positive reviews , with an 81 % `` fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average of 7.1 / 10 based on 134 reviews . The critical consensus states that it is `` A stylized , electric British crime thriller '' . The film has an average score of 73 based on 30 reviews on Metacritic .",
"5": "Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times remarked , `` The movie was directed by Matthew Vaughn , who produced Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels and Snatch , and this one works better than those films because it does n't try so hard to be clever and tries harder to be menacing '' . Of Craig 's performance , he said , `` Craig is fascinating here as a criminal who is very smart , and finds that is not an advantage because while you might be able to figure out what another smart person is about to do , dumbos like the men he works for are likely to do anything '' . He gave the film 3.5 / 4 stars . Craig 's starring role in the film has been cited as the performance that led to his high - profile casting as James Bond . Home media ( edit ) Layer Cake was released on DVD and VHS on 23 August 2005 and on Blu - ray in 2007 . It was also re-released in 2014 . Continuation ( edit ) Jason Statham 's production company is said to have the rights to produce a sequel , entitled Viva La Madness with Statham taking the XXXX role from Craig . On 17 September 2015 , it was reported that Viva La Madness will be a TV show for Gaumont International Television . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` LAYER CAKE ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 10 August 2004 . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Layer Cake ( 2005 ) '' . the - numbers . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Layer Cake ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Mews News . Lurot Brand . Published Spring 2010 . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Layer Cake '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Layer Cake '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Layer Cake '' . Metacritic . CBS .",
"6": "13 May 2005 . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( 30 June 2008 ) . `` Daniel Craig 's Role As James Bond Allowed Him To Become A ' Fool ' -- Movie News Story MTV Movie News '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura . `` Jason Statham to Star in TV Drama ' Viva La Madness ' from Gaumont '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Layer Cake Layer Cake on IMDb Layer Cake at Box Office Mojo Layer Cake at Rotten Tomatoes Layer Cake at Metacritic BBC interview with Matthew Vaughn ( hide ) Matthew Vaughn Director Layer Cake ( 2004 ) Stardust ( 2007 ) Kick - Ass ( 2010 ) X-Men : First Class ( 2011 ) Kingsman : The Secret Service ( 2014 ) Kingsman : The Golden Circle ( 2017 ) Writer only The Debt ( 2010 , also producer ) X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) Producer only The Innocent Sleep ( 1996 ) Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1998 ) Snatch ( 2000 ) Mean Machine ( 2001 ) Swept Away ( 2002 ) Harry Brown ( 2009 ) Kick - Ass 2 ( 2013 ) Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) Eddie the Eagle ( 2016 ) Production company Marv Films Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"7": "php?title=Layer_Cake_(film)&oldid=836212239 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2000s crime drama films 2000s crime thriller films 2000s thriller drama films British films British crime drama films British crime thriller films British gangster films British heist films Directorial debut films Films about drugs Films about murderers Films based on British novels Films directed by Matthew Vaughn Films set in London Films shot in Amsterdam Sony Pictures Classics films Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use British English from September 2014 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Sardu Suomi Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 10 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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1869544962035349915
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who played the original steve mcgarrett on hawaii five-o
|
[
"John Joseph Patrick Ryan",
"Jack Lord",
"John Joseph Patrick Ryan",
"John Joseph Patrick Ryan",
"John Joseph Patrick Ryan (December 30, 1920 – January 21, 1998), best known by his stage name, Jack Lord"
] |
{
"0": "Jack Lord - wikipedia Jack Lord Jump to : navigation , search Jack Lord Lord as Detective Steve McGarrett in Hawaii Five - O John Joseph Patrick Ryan ( 1920 - 12 - 30 ) December 30 , 1920 Brooklyn , New York , U.S. January 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 21 ) ( aged 77 ) Honolulu , Hawaii , U.S Cause of death Congestive heart failure Occupation Artist , actor , director , producer , philanthropist Years active 1949 -- 1980 Known for Steve McGarrett in Hawaii Five - O Spouse ( s ) Ann Cicily Ward ( m . 1944 ; div. 1947 ) Marie De Narde ( m . 1949 ) Children John Joseph Patrick Ryan ( December 30 , 1920 -- January 21 , 1998 ) , best known by his stage name , Jack Lord , was an American television , film and Broadway actor and director and producer . He was known for his starring role as Steve McGarrett in the CBS television program Hawaii Five - O , which ran from 1968 to 1980 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Career 2.1 Hawaii Five - O 3 Artist 4 Personal life 5 Popular culture 6 Death 7 Memorial 8 Filmography 9 References 10 External links Early years ( edit ) Born in Brooklyn , New York , Lord was the son of Irish - American parents . His father , William Lawrence Ryan , was a steamship company executive . He grew up in Morris Park ( now known as Richmond Hill ) , Queens , New York . Young Lord developed his equestrian skills on his mother 's fruit farm in the Hudson River Valley . He started spending summers at sea , and from the decks of cargo ships painted and sketched the landscapes he encountered -- Africa , the Mediterranean and China . He was educated at St. Benedict Joseph Labre School , John Adams High School , in Ozone Park , New York , and the United States Merchant Marine Academy , then located at Fort Trumbull in New London , Connecticut , graduating as an Ensign with a Third Mates License .",
"1": "He attended New York University ( NYU ) on a football scholarship , and earned a degree in Fine Arts . He spent the first year of the United States ' involvement in World War II with the United States Army Corps of Engineers , building bridges in Persia . He returned to the Merchant Marine as an Able Seaman before enrolling in the deck officer course at Fort Trumbull . While making maritime training films , he took to the idea of acting . Career ( edit ) Lord received theatrical training from Sanford Meisner at the Neighborhood Playhouse . He worked first as a car salesman for Horgan Ford , then later as a Cadillac salesman in New York to fund his studies . Later he studied at the Actors Studio . His Broadway debut was as Slim Murphy in Horton Foote 's The Traveling Lady with Kim Stanley . The show ran for 30 performances , October 27 , 1954 through November 20 , 1954 . Lord won the Theatre World Award for his performance . Lord was then cast as Brick in a replacement for Ben Gazzara in the 1955 -- 1956 production of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof . He had been in The Little Hut ( his first play ) , The Illegitimist , and The Savage . His first commercial film role was in the 1949 film The Red Menace a.k.a. Project X , an anti-Communist production . He was associate producer in his 1950 film Cry Murder . In 1957 , Lord starred in Williamsburg : the Story of a Patriot , which has run daily at Colonial Williamsburg since then . In 1958 , Lord co-starred as Buck Walden in God 's Little Acre , the film adaptation of Erskine Caldwell 's 1933 novel . Lord was the first actor to play the character Felix Leiter in the James Bond film series , introduced in the first Bond film , Dr. No . According to screenwriter Richard Maibaum , Lord demanded co-star billing , a bigger role and more money to reprise the role in Goldfinger , which resulted in director Guy Hamilton casting Cec Linder in the role . In 1962 , Lord starred as series namesake Stoney Burke , a rodeo cowboy from Mission Ridge , South Dakota .",
"2": "The basis for the series was real - life champion rodeo rider Casey Tibbs . The series featured Warren Oates and Bruce Dern in recurring supporting roles . Lord credited Gary Cooper as his on - screen role model , and the inspiration for his characterization of Stoney Burke . Lord was considered for Eliot Ness in The Untouchables before Robert Stack won the role . Ironically , he appeared in the Season One episode `` The Jake Lingle Killing . '' In 1965 he guest - starred as Colonel ' Pres ' Gallagher in second - season episode 5 , `` Big Brother '' of 12 O - Clock High . Other television guest appearances include Appointment with Adventure , The Americans , Bonanza , The High Chaparral , Combat ! , The Man from U.N.C.L.E. , The Reporter starring Harry Guardino , The Fugitive , The Invaders , Rawhide , Ironside , and The F.B.I. Lord appeared on the first episode of Have Gun , Will Travel . In 1968 , Lord appeared with Susan Strasberg in the film The Name of the Game Is Kill . According to William Shatner , in 1966 , Gene Roddenberry offered Lord the role of Captain James T. Kirk on Star Trek , to replace Jeffrey Hunter , whose wife was making too many demands . Lord asked for 50 percent ownership of the show , so Roddenberry offered the role to Shatner . Hawaii Five - O ( edit ) Lord in 1974 . Jack Lord helped conceive Hawaii Five - O and starred for its 12 seasons as Detective Stephen McGarrett , appointed by the Governor to head the ( fictional ) State Police criminal investigation department in Honolulu , Hawaii . The opening sequence includes a shot of Lord standing on a penthouse balcony of The Ilikai hotel . Chin Ho Kelly , the name of the police detective played by Kam Fong , was a tip - of - the - hat to Ilikai developer Chinn Ho . Lord 's catchphrase , `` Book ' em , Danno ! '' , became a part of pop culture . He was instrumental in the casting of native Hawaiians , instead of mainland actors .",
"3": "Lord insisted his character drive Ford vehicles ; McGarrett drove a 1967 Mercury Park Lane in the pilot , a 1968 Park Lane from 1968 -- 1974 , and a 1974 Mercury Marquis for the remainder of the series ( this very car was shown in the 2010 remake ) . Lord was a perfectionist . At the airing of its last episode , Hawaii Five - O was the longest - running cop show in television history . When series creator Leonard Freeman died in 1974 , the show 's ownership was shared among Lord , CBS and Freeman 's estate , with a contract that made Lord executive producer and gave him complete control over content . He was a hands - on partner who paid attention to minute details , and was known for battles with network executives . Artist ( edit ) During his years at NYU , Lord and his brother Bill opened the Village Academy of Arts . Jack 's childhood dream was to become an artist . His first professional sale was in 1941 to the Metropolitan Museum of Art for his two linoleum cuts , entitled Vermont and Fishing Shacks , Block Island . Personal life ( edit ) Lord 's first marriage to Anne Willard ended in divorce in 1947 . Lord met his son ( from his first marriage ) only once when the boy was an infant . The boy was later killed in an accident at age 13 . Jack met his second wife while house hunting in upstate New York . On January 17 , 1949 , Lord married Marie de Narde , who gave up her career in fashion design to devote her life to him . Marie designed Lord 's off - camera wardrobe , as well as her own . Lord was a chain - smoker who failed at traditional methods of quitting . According to Lord , it was his faith in God that broke his habit . Lord and a friend visited a Catholic church where both knelt while Lord promised God he would stop smoking . Lord was known for being a cultured man who loved reading poetry out loud on the set of his television show and for being reclusive at his Honolulu home . Popular culture ( edit ) Cinematographers sometimes refer to a 50mm lens ( `` 5 - 0 '' ) as a `` Jack Lord '' in reference to the name of the show that made him famous .",
"4": "Actress Traci Lords chose that stage name because he was the first man to make her `` hot . '' Death ( edit ) After his series ended in 1980 , Lord kept a low profile , rarely making public appearances . His final TV appearance was that same year in a failed pilot for a new CBS series called M Station : Hawaii which he also directed . Lord suffered from Alzheimer 's disease for seven years before his death . He died of congestive heart failure at his home in Honolulu , on January 21 , 1998 , at age 77 , leaving an estate of $40 million . He was a philanthropist and the entire estate went to Hawaiian charities upon his wife Marie 's death in 2005 . Lord 's death was not widely covered by the media ; accordingly , Randy Cassingham used this as the start of his Honorary Unsubscribe featurette in his online newsletter This is True . Memorial ( edit ) A bronze bust of Lord by Hawaii sculptor Lynn Weiler Liverton was unveiled in a ceremony at the Kahala Mall on June 19 , 2004 . The Lords lived in a condominium in the Kahala area , and they were known to frequent the neighborhood mall . The nonprofit Jack Lord Memorial Fund , which raised the money for the memorial , was co-chaired by British Hawaii Five - O fan Esperanza Isaac and Lord 's co-star Doug Mossman . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1949 The Red Menace aka Project X John Bates 1950 Cry Murder Tommy Warren Associate producer 1950 The Tattooed Stranger Det . Deke Del Vecchio Uncredited 1955 The Court - Martial of Billy Mitchell Lt. Cmdr .",
"5": "Zachary `` Zack '' Lansdowne 1956 The Vagabond King Ferrebouc 1957 Tip on a Dead Jockey Jimmy Heldon 1957 Williamsburg : the Story of a Patriot John Fry 1958 The True Story of Lynn Stuart Willie Down 1958 God 's Little Acre Buck Walden 1958 Man of the West Coaley Tobin 1959 The Hangman Johnny Bishop 1960 Walk Like a Dragon Lincoln `` Linc '' Bartlett 1962 Dr. No Felix Leiter 1967 The Ride to Hangman 's Tree Guy Russell 1968 The Name of the Game Is Kill Symcha Lipa 1968 The Counterfeit Killer Don Owens Jerry Maguire Det . Capt . Steve McGarrett Uncredited Archive footage 2000 Screwed Det . Capt . Steve McGarrett Uncredited Archive footage Television Year Title Role Episode title / Notes 1954 Man Against Crime `` The Chinese Dolls '' 1954 Suspense `` String '' 1955 Danger `` Season for Murder '' 1955 Armstrong Circle Theatre `` Buckskin '' 1955 Appointment with Adventure Bill `` Five in Judgment 1955 The Elgin Hour Lieutenant Davis `` Combat Medics '' 1956 The Philco Television Playhouse `` This Land Is Mine '' 1956 Omnibus `` One Nation '' 1956 Westinghouse Studio One Paul Chester `` An Incident of Love '' 1956 Westinghouse Studio One Matt `` A Day Before Battle '' 1957 Conflict `` Pattern for Violence '' 1957 Climax ! Charlie Mullaney `` Mr.",
"6": "Runyon of Broadway '' 1957 Have Gun -- Will Travel Dave Enderby `` Three Bells to Perdido '' 1957 Gunsmoke Myles Brandell Nate Brandell `` Doc 's Reward '' 1957 Playhouse 90 Jim Kester `` Lone Woman '' 1958 Playhouse 90 Homer Aswell `` Reunion '' 1958 U.S. Marshal Matt Bonner `` Sentenced to Death '' 1958 The Millionaire Lee Randolph `` The Lee Randolph Story '' 1959 Rawhide Blake `` Incident of the Calico Gun '' 1959 The Loretta Young Show Joe `` Marriage Crisis '' 1959 The Untouchables Bill Hagen `` The Jake Lingle Killing '' 1959 The Lineup Army Armitage `` The Strange Return of Army Armitage '' 1959 Alcoa Presents : One Step Beyond Dan Gardner `` Father Image '' 1960 Bonanza Clay Renton `` The Outcast '' 1960 Naked City Cary Glennon `` The Human Trap '' 1961 Route 66 Gabe Johnson `` Play It Glissando '' 1961 The Americans Charlie Goodwin `` Half Moon Road '' 1961 Outlaws Jim Houston `` The Bell '' 1961 Stagecoach West Russ Doty `` House of Violence '' 1961 Stagecoach West Johnny Kane `` The Butcher '' 1961 Rawhide Paul Evans `` Incident of His Brother 's Keeper '' 1961 Cain 's Hundred Wilt Farrell `` Dead Load '' 1962 Checkmate Ernie Chapin `` The Star System '' 1962 Here 's Hollywood Himself May 18 , 1962 1962 -- 1963 Stoney Burke Stoney Burke 32 episodes 1964 Dr. Kildare Dr.",
"7": "Frank Michaels `` A Willing Suspension of Disbelief '' 1964 The Greatest Show on Earth Wally Walker `` Man in a Hole '' 1964 The Reporter Nick Castle `` How Much for a Prince ? '' 1965 Wagon Train Lee Barton `` The Echo Pass Story '' 1965 Kraft Suspense Theatre Paul Campbell `` The Long Ravine '' 1965 The Loner Reverend Mr. Booker `` The Vespers '' 1965 Combat ! Barney McKlosky `` The Linesman '' 1965 Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre Abe Perez `` The Crime '' 1965 Twelve O'Clock High Lt. Col. Preston Gallagher `` Big Brother '' 1966 Laredo Jab Harlan `` Above the Law '' 1966 Twelve O'Clock High Col. Yates `` Face of a Shadow '' 1966 The F.B.I. Frank Andreas Shroeder `` Collison Course '' 1966 The Virginian Roy Dallman `` High Stakes '' 1966 Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre Don Owens `` The Faceless Man '' 1966 Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre Harry Marcus `` Storm Crossing '' 1966 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson Himself 1966 The Doomsday Flight Special Agent Frank Thompson Television film 1967 The Invaders George Vikor `` Vikor '' 1967 The Fugitive Alan Bartlett `` Goodbye My Love '' 1967 Ironside John Trask `` Dead Man 's Tale '' 1967 The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Pharos Mandor `` The Master 's Touch '' 1968 The High Chaparral Dan Brookes `` The Kinsman '' 1968 -- 1980 Hawaii Five - O Det . Capt .",
"8": "Steve McGarrett 281 episodes 1969 The Mike Douglas Show Himself 1969 The Ed Sullivan Show Himself Audience bow 1978 30th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards Himself 1979 Good Morning America Himself 1980 The Whales That Would n't Die Narrator 1980 M Station : Hawaii Admiral Henderson Television film Director Executive producer Final on - screen role ( final film role ) 1999 The James Bond Story Felix Leiter Archive footage 2007 La tele de tu vida Det . Capt . Steve McGarrett Archive footage 2016 Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series ) Steve McGarrett Episode `` Makaukau ' oe e Pa'ani ? '' / `` Ready to Play ? '' , CG effects , Body double Ken Matepi , Voiced by Cam Clarke References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Day , Carol ( 9 February 1998 ) . `` Stranger in Paradise '' . People . 49 ( 5 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` About Jack Lord , Actor and Artist '' . The Richmond Hill Historical Society . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Book ' em Danno - Jack Lord Dies '' . Star - News . 23 January 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Mifflin , Lawrie ( 23 January 1998 ) . `` Jack Lord , 77 , Helped Direct And Starred In ' Hawaii Five - O '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Peterson , B ( 12 January 1992 ) . `` Jack Lord Remained in Hawaii to Paint '' . The Buffalo News . Jump up ^ Laurent , Lawrence ( 1 July 1973 ) . `` Jack Lord Finds Heaven in Hawaii '' . The Toledo Blade . Jump up ^ Rawlins , Michael R ( 2003 ) . The Last American Sailors : A Wild Ride in the Modern Merchant Marine . IUniverse . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 30117 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Laurent , Lawrence ( 16 January 1972 ) .",
"9": "`` No Resting , Coasting for Lord '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . ^ Jump up to : Vallance , Tom ( 23 January 1998 ) . `` Obituary : Jack Lord '' . The Independent - UK . Jump up ^ Brode , Douglas ; Parker , Fess ( 2009 ) . Shooting Stars of the Small Screen : Encyclopedia of TV Western Actors , 1946 -- present . University of Texas Press . p. 204 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71849 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Traveling Lady '' . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Krampner , Jon ( 2006 ) . Female Brando : The Legend of Kim Stanley . Back Stage Books . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 8847 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Theatre World Awards '' . Theatre World Awards . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cat on a Hot Tin Roof '' . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Lord Obit '' . Theatre World : 252 . 1997 -- 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Williamsburg : the Story of a Patriot '' . History.org . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Jarlett , Franklin ( 1977 ) . Robert Ryan : A Biography and Critical Filmography . McFarland & Company . p. 233 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0476 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Staff and Friends of Scarecrow ( 2004 ) . The Scarecrow Video Movie Guide . Sasquatch Books . p. 569 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57061 - 415 - 6 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lee The Richard Maibaum Interview p. 26 Starlog # 68 March 1983 Jump up ^ Jackson , Ronald ( 2008 ) . 50 Years Of The Television Western . AuthorHouse . p. 290 .",
"10": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 4343 - 5925 - 4 . Jump up ^ Allen , Michael ( 1998 ) . Rodeo Cowboys In The North American Imagination . University of Nevada Press . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87417 - 315 - 4 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Kenneth ( 2000 ) . Eliot Ness and the Untouchables : The Historical Reality and the Film and Television Depictions . McFarland & Company . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0772 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lisanti , Tom ( 2010 ) . Fantasy Femmes of Sixties Cinema : Interviews With 20 Actresses from Biker , Beach , and Elvis Movies . McFarland & Company . p. 274 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6101 - 1 . Jump up ^ Shatner , William ; Fisher , David ( 2009 ) . Up Till Now : The Autobiography . St. Martin 's Griffin . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 56163 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Philip M ; Roberts , Graham ( 2005 ) . The Historian , Television , and Television History . University Of Luton Press . pp. 77 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86020 - 586 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Karen ( 1997 ) . Booking Hawaii Five - O : An Episode Guide and Critical History of the 1968 -- 1980 Television Detective Series . McFarland & Company . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0171 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Peck , Michael . `` TV Guide - Our Take '' . TV Guide . TV Guide ( 28 July 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Hanneman , Mufi ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Jack Lord Only His Secretary Knew '' . Midweek . Honolulu Star Advertiser .",
"11": "Jump up ^ `` A-Z Guide of Film Production Terms '' . Kinema. 2008 . Jump up ^ Traci Lords on IMDb Jump up ^ Fernandez , Collin ( 13 December 2007 ) . `` My battle with Alzheimer 's '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Donnelley , Paul ( 2003 ) . Fade to Black : A Book of Movie Obituaries . Omnibus Press . pp. 434 , 435 . ISBN 978 - 0711995123 . Jump up ^ Daysog , Rick ( 22 January 2006 ) . `` From Jack and Marie Lord , a parting gift of $40 million '' . Honolulu Advertiser . Jump up ^ `` About Honorary Unsubscribe '' . Honorary Unsubscribe . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Tim ( 17 June 2004 ) . `` Busted ! '' . Honolulu Advertiser . Jump up ^ `` Jack Lord Statue '' . Hawaii Five - O Fan Club . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jack Lord .",
"12": "Jack Lord on IMDb Jack Lord at the Internet Broadway Database Jack Lord at the University of Wisconsin 's Actors Studio audio collection Jack Lord at Find a Grave Jack Lord early in career ; NYP Library Jack Lord Website -- A comprehensive Website on Jack Lord Preceded by None Felix Leiter actor 1962 Succeeded by Cec Linder VIAF : 69140759 LCCN : n81064607 ISNI : 0000 0001 1493 1242 BNF : cb14200383d ( data ) IATH : w6mm9916 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Lord&oldid=807042729 '' Categories : 1920 births 1998 deaths 20th - century American male actors American male film actors American male television actors American military personnel of World War II American people of Irish descent Male actors from New York City New York University alumni Western ( genre ) television actors Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 14 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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9,
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1,
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[
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-2362225378701070067
|
what year did return of the mack come out
|
[
"March 1996",
"1996",
"18 March 1996",
"1996",
"1996"
] |
{
"0": "Return of the Mack - wikipedia Return of the Mack Jump to : navigation , search For the album , see Return of the Mack ( album ) . Not to be confused with Return of the Mac . `` Return of the Mack '' Standard UK / European cover art Single by Mark Morrison from the album Return of the Mack B - side `` Remix '' Released 18 March 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 18 ) Format CD single CD maxi 12 '' maxi Recorded 1995 Genre Hip hop soul new jack swing R&B dance - pop Length 4 : 34 ( UK album version ) 3 : 33 ( UK radio edit ) 7 : 20 ( US album version ) Label Atlantic , WEA Songwriter ( s ) Mark Morrison Phil Chill Chuckii Booker Gerald Levert C.J. Anthony Adrian Belew Chris Frantz Steven Stanley Tina Weymouth ( uncredited ) Producer ( s ) Mark Morrison Phil Chill Mark Morrison singles chronology `` Let 's Get Down '' ( 1995 ) `` Return of the Mack '' ( 1996 ) `` Crazy ( remix ) '' ( 1996 ) `` Let 's Get Down '' ( 1995 ) `` Return of the Mack '' ( 1996 ) `` Crazy ( remix ) '' ( 1996 ) Alternate cover American single cover `` Return of the Mack '' is a song written and recorded by the German - born British R&B singer Mark Morrison . It was released in the United Kingdom in March 1996 and topped the UK Singles Chart a month later . It reached the # 1 spot on the UK Singles Chart and # 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in early - Summer 1997 for one week behind `` MMMBop '' by Hanson , and went Platinum .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Formats and track listings 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Decade - end charts 3.4 Certifications 3.5 Chart successions 4 Release history 5 Legacy 6 Mann version 6.1 Music video 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Track listing 6.4 Charts 6.5 Release history 7 Nevada version 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Certifications 7.4 Release history 8 Sampling 9 References 10 External links Composition ( edit ) The song 's beat is sampled from the song `` Genius of Love '' by American band Tom Tom Club . `` Games '' by Chuckii Booker was also sampled . Formats and track listings ( edit ) CD single -- US `` Return of the Mack '' ( C&J X-Tended Street Mix / US Album Version ) -- 7 : 20 CD single -- Europe `` Return of the Mack '' ( C&J Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 32 `` Return of the Mack '' ( Joe T.",
"2": "Vannelli Light Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 57 `` Return of the Mack '' ( C&J Street Mix / UK Album Version ) -- 4 : 34 `` Return of the Mack '' ( Terence Dackombe Mind Tricks Mix ) -- 3 : 46 `` Return of the Mack '' ( D - Influence Mix ) -- 4 : 29 `` Return of the Mack '' ( Full Crew Mix ) -- 3 : 56 `` Return of the Mack '' ( Sir Gant Mix ) -- 4 : 58 12 '' maxi -- US `` Return of the Mack '' ( X-tended C&J Street Mix / US Album Version ) -- 7 : 20 `` Return of the Mack '' ( Da Beatminerz Mix ) -- 4 : 39 `` Return of the Mack '' ( Acappella Mix ) -- 2 : 56 `` Trippin ' '' ( C&J Street Mix ) -- 4 : 23 `` Trippin ' '' ( Salaam Remi Mix ) -- 4 : 23 `` Return of the Mack '' ( Instrumental ) -- 5 : 53 12 '' maxi -- Europe `` Return of the Mack '' ( C&J Street Mix / UK Album Version ) -- 4 : 34 `` Return of the Mack '' ( D - Influence Mix ) -- 4 : 29 `` Return of the Mack '' ( Joe T. Vannelli Light Mix ) -- 7 : 30 `` Return of the Mack '' ( Joe T.",
"3": "Vannelli X-tended Corvette Mix ) -- 6 : 44 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 -- 98 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 7 Canada Dance ( RPM ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 17 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 5 France ( SNEP ) 12 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 25 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip Hop Songs US Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 8 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 82 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 59 Dutch Top 40 21 French Singles Chart 36 New Zealand Singles Chart 17 Swiss Singles Chart 34 UK Singles Chart 5 Chart ( 1997 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 8 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 100 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 0 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 921,665 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,400,",
"4": "000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Chart successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` Firestarter '' by The Prodigy UK Singles Chart number - one single 14 April 1996 -- 21 April 1996 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Fastlove '' by George Michael Preceded by `` Wannabe '' by Spice Girls Canadian RPM Dance chart number - one single 3 March 1997 -- 24 March 1997 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Discothèque '' by U2 Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United Kingdom 18 March 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 18 ) Atlantic , WEA CD single United States 16 February 1997 ( 1997 - 02 - 16 ) Legacy ( edit ) The song appears in the episode `` Fantasy Island '' of the HBO show Entourage . The song appears on the episode `` The Gang Group Dates '' of the hit show It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia . The song is referenced in UK grime artist Skepta 's track , `` That 's Not Me '' where he declares : `` It 's the Return of the Mack / I 'm still alive just like 2Pac '' . The song appears in the Season 5 episode of New Girl , `` A Chill Day In . '' The song is covered by both American rapper Mann , Swedish DJ Nevada , and Lady Bee . A clip of the song appears in the third episode of Master of None , where Dev is dancing with Rachel during an after party . In May 2017 , David Miami created a music video for international fast - food chain Burger King 's food product Mac n ' Cheetos featuring The Burger King and Chester Cheetah dancing to a version of `` Return of the Mack '' called `` Return of the Mac n ' Cheetos '' .",
"5": "Mann version ( edit ) `` The Mack '' Single by Mann featuring Iyaz and Snoop Dogg from the album Mann 's World Released 23 May 2011 ( UK ) 5 July 2011 ( US ) Format Digital download Recorded 2011 Genre G - Funk Length 3 : 35 Label The Island Def Jam Music Group Songwriter ( s ) Mark Morrison Phil Chill Chuckii Booker Gerald Levert C.J. Anthony Adrian Belew Chris Frantz Steven Stanley Tina Weymouth ( uncredited ) Producer ( s ) J.R. Rotem Mann singles chronology `` Buzzin ' '' ( 2010 ) `` The Mack '' ( 2011 ) `` Music Sounds Better with U '' ( 2011 ) `` Buzzin ' '' ( 2010 ) `` The Mack '' ( 2011 ) `` Music Sounds Better with U '' ( 2011 ) Snoop Dogg singles chronology `` If I Was You ( OMG ) '' ( 2011 ) If I Was You ( OMG ) 2011 `` The Mack '' ( 2011 ) The Mack2011 `` Young , Wild & Free '' ( 2011 ) Iyaz singles chronology `` Break My Bank '' ( 2010 ) Break My Bank 2010 `` The Mack '' ( 2011 ) The Mack2011 `` Pretty Girls '' ( 2011 ) Pretty Girls 2011 Young , Wild & Free 2011 American hip - hop / rap artist Mann released a cover version of the song , featuring vocals from Snoop Dogg and Iyaz . His version is simply titled `` The Mack '' . The single was released in the United Kingdom on 23 May 2011 as a digital download . The Music Video premiered on Mann 's YouTube Channel on 28 June . It was released in the United States on 5 July 2011 . Music video ( edit ) A music video to accompany the release of `` The Mack '' was first released onto YouTube on June 23 , 2011 at a total length of three minutes and fifty - five seconds .",
"6": "It features Mann , Iyaz and Snoop Dogg , at a pool party that starts off in the day into the night and they are surrounded by women . Mark is also shown entering London Heathrow airport and then driving a car . Critical reception ( edit ) Lewis Corner of Digital Spy gave the song a positive review stating , `` I 'm tryin ' to bag a chick from a centerfold and I 'm tryin ' burn bread like it 's gon na be toast , '' the pint - sized rapper curiously explains between an instantly recognisable chorus that samples Mark Morrison 's ' 96 classic ' Return Of The Mack ' -- the robotic tones courtesy of Iyaz . `` Mann , he was buzzed , and he 's on my level , Snoop fo shizzles as he continues to heap praise on the rising star . With such an endorsement , that ever - tricky second single should n't be an issue for long '' , rewarding it three of five stars . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Mack '' ( feat .",
"7": "Snoop Dogg & Iyaz ) 3 : 35 Charts ( edit ) Charts ( 2011 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 68 Australian Urban ( ARIA ) 20 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 25 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 38 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 36 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 28 Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United Kingdom 23 May 2011 Digital download The Island Def Jam Music Group Nevada version ( edit ) `` The Mack '' Single by Nevada featuring Mark Morrison and Fetty Wap Released 23 September 2016 Format Digital download Genre Tropical house Length 2 : 47 Label Straightforward Nourishing Capitol Songwriter ( s ) William Maxwell Mark Morrison Pyramids in Paris Jonathan White Producer ( s ) Nevada Mark Morrison singles chronology `` My Life 2.0 '' ( 2016 ) My Life 2.02016 `` The Mack '' ( 2016 ) The Mack2016 Fetty Wap singles chronology `` Different Now '' ( 2016 ) Different Now2016 `` The Mack '' ( 2016 ) The Mack2016 `` With You '' ( 2017 ) With You2017 String Module Error : Match not found2016 Stockholm - based DJ Nevada released a cover version of the song titled `` The Mack '' , twenty years after the release of the original version . Nevada 's cover features the vocal collaboration of Mark Morrison and American rapper Fetty Wap . The song was written by Morrison , William Maxwell , Pyramids in Paris , and Jonathan White . It was released to digital download through Straightforward Music , Nourishing Music , and Capitol Records on 23 September 2016 . This song has since received commercial successful by peaking inside top 20 in Australia , Ireland , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom , while received chart appearance in many other countries .",
"8": "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 38 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 22 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 79 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 30 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 33 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 28 Ireland ( IRMA ) 14 Italy ( FIMI ) 53 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 46 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Portugal ( AFP ) 50 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 15 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 45 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 83 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 66 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 14 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 97 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Worldwide 23 September 2016 Digital download Straightforward Nourishing Capitol Italy 28 October 2016 Contemporary hit radio Universal Sampling ( edit ) In 2012 `` Return of the Mack '' was sampled again in a song by Trae Tha Truth called `` I 'm On '' which samples the opening vocals from `` Return of the Mack '' and features MDMA , Lupe Fiasco , Big Boi , Wale & Wiz Khalifa . And in June 2012 , he made a remix called `` I 'm On 2.0 '' .",
"9": "References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Return Of The Mack : Joe Belmaati '' . Belmaati.com. 2009 - 10 - 31 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Mark Morrison -- Return of the Mack '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Mark Morrison -- Return of the Mack '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mark Morrison -- Return of the Mack '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mark Morrison -- Return of the Mack '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World : Denmark ( IFPI / Nielsen Marketing Research ) 07 / 04 / 96 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 108 ( 29page = 41 ) . 20 July 1996 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Mark Morrison -- Return of the Mack '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Mark Morrison Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward -- Fireball Media Group . `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia -- Indice per Interprete : M '' . Hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Mark Morrison search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Mark Morrison -- Return of the Mack '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Mark Morrison -- Return of the Mack '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Mark Morrison -- Return of the Mack '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Mark Morrison -- Return of the Mack '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : Mark Morrison singles , Billboard charts allmusic.com ( Retrieved 15 May 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 50 Singles 1996 '' . Aria.com.au . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 1996 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 19 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Snepmusique.com , le site du Snep '' . Disqueenfrance.com . Archived from the original on 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand End of Year Chart 1996 '' . THE OFFICIAL NZ MUSIC CHART . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Swiss Year - End Charts 1996 '' . swisscharts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive -- 1990s Singles '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1997 '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2009 . Retrieved 28 August 2010 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield ( 25 December 1999 ) . 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s : Diary of a Decade -- The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Retrieved 15 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles 1996 '' . Imgur.com ( original document published by ARIA ) . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Mark Morrisson -- Return of the Mack '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Mark Morrison ; ' Return of the Mack ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Mark Morrison -- Return of the Mack '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Mark Morrison -- Return of the Mack '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Return of the Mack in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Morrison , Mark -- Return of the Mack '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1997 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications Inc. 110 ( 5 ) : 76 . 31 January 1998 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Carra , Mallory ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Aziz Ansari & ' Master Of None ' Love `` Return Of The Mack '' Just As Much As You Did In The 90s `` . Bustle . Bustle Digital Group . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 .",
"12": "Jump up ^ Rutherford , Kevin ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Mark Morrison 's ' Return of the Mack ' Crowns THR 's Top TV Songs for November , Powered by Shazam '' . Billboard . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tardio , Andres ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Aziz Ansari 's `` Master of None '' Hip - Hop Moments , From Eminem To Busta Rhymes - MTV `` . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Ann - Christine ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The King and Chester Cheetah Want You to Stuff Your Face With Jumbo Cheetos Oozing With Mac N ' Cheese '' . Creativity . Crain Communications . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Video '' . Jump up ^ Lewis Corner . `` Mann ft . Snoop Dogg & Iyaz : ' The Mack ' '' . Digital Spy . digitalspy.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Chartifacts -- Week Commencing : 1st August 2011 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mann feat . Snoop Dogg and Iyaz -- The Mack '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mann feat . Snoop Dogg and Iyaz -- The Mack '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ McNeil , Keith ( 3 October 2016 ) . `` Nevada -- The Mack ( feat . Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap ) '' . The Hype Magazine . The Hype Magazine , Inc . Retrieved 25 October 2016 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ `` Nevada -- The Mack '' . EDM Sauce. 25 September 2016 . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Morrison and Fetty Wap team up for Return of the Mack 20th anniversary revamp '' . Xposé Entertainment . TV3 Group . 29 September 2016 . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Mack -- Nevada '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Mack ( feat . Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap ) -- Single by Nevada on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Apple Music . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Nevada feat . Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap -- The Mack '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Nevada feat . Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap -- The Mack '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Nevada feat . Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap -- The Mack '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Nevada feat . Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap -- The Mack '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Nevada . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201648 into search . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Nevada feat . Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap -- The Mack '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 27 January 2017 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 48 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 1 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Nevada feat . Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap -- The Mack '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ. 28 November 2016 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Nevada feat . Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap -- The Mack '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201646 into search . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Nevada feat . Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap -- The Mack '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Nevada . Retrieved 14 March 2017 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA CHART WATCH # 414 '' . auspOp. 1 April 2017 . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Nevada feat . Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap -- The Mack '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Nevada feat . Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap -- The Mack '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Enter The Mack in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Worldwide releases for digital single of `` The Mack '' : For Brazil : `` The Mack ( feat . Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap ) -- Single by Nevada on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( BR ) ( in Portuguese ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . For Japan : `` The Mack ( feat . Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap ) -- Single by Nevada on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( JP ) ( in Japanese ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . For New Zealand : `` The Mack ( feat . Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap ) -- Single by Nevada on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( NZ ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . For the UK : `` The Mack ( feat . Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap ) -- Single by Nevada on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( UK ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . For the US : `` The Mack ( feat . Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap ) -- Single by Nevada on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NEVADA `` The Mack '' ( Radio Date : 28 / 10 / 2016 ) `` . radiodate.it . Radio Airplay S.R.L . Retrieved 25 October 2016 .",
"16": "Christopher G. Feldman , The Billboard Book of Number 2 Singles , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 7695 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Official YouTube music video Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Official YouTube video of Mann version of song Mark Morrison Studio albums Return of the Mack ( 1996 ) Innocent Man ( 2006 ) EPs Only God Can Judge Me ( 1997 ) I Am What I Am ( 2014 ) Singles `` Return of the Mack '' `` Horny '' Related articles Discography Mann Studio albums Mann 's World Singles `` Buzzin ' ( Remix ) '' `` The Mack '' Featured singles `` Music Sounds Better with U '' `` Dance With You '' Promotional singles `` Ghetto Girl '' `` Text '' Related articles Beluga Heights Records Island Def Jam J.R. Rotem Snoop Dogg songs Discography Awards and nominations Tha Dogg Pound singles discography 213 singles discography Tha Eastsidaz singles discography 7 Days of Funk singles discography Doggystyle `` Gin and Juice '' `` Lodi Dodi '' `` Murder Was the Case '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` Doggy Dogg World '' Tha Doggfather `` Doggfather '' `` Vapors '' `` Snoop 's Upside Ya Head '' Da Game Is to Be Sold , Not to Be Told `` Woof '' `` Still a G Thang '' No Limit Top Dogg `` Snoopafella '' `` G Bedtime Stories '' `` Down for My N 's '' `` Bitch Please '' `` Just Dippin ' '' Tha Last Meal `` Hennesey n Buddah '' `` Snoop Dogg ( What 's My Name Pt.",
"17": "2 ) '' `` Wrong Idea '' `` Lay Low '' `` Loosen ' Control '' Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss `` From tha Chuuuch to da Palace '' `` Beautiful '' `` Paper 'd Up '' `` Pimp Slapp 'd '' `` Mission Cleopatra '' R&G ( Rhythm & Gangsta ) : The Masterpiece `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' `` Ups & Downs '' `` Let 's Get Blown '' `` Signs '' `` Girl Like U '' Tha Blue Carpet Treatment `` Vato '' `` That 's That '' `` Candy ( Drippin ' Like Water ) '' `` Boss ' Life '' `` I Wanna Fuck You '' `` Imagine '' Ego Trippin ' `` Neva Have 2 Worry '' `` Sexual Eruption '' `` Life of da Party '' `` My Medicine '' `` Those Gurlz '' Malice n Wonderland `` I Wanna Rock '' `` Gangsta Luv '' More Malice : Deluxe Album & Movie `` I Wanna Rock ( G - Mix ) '' `` That Tree '' Doggumentary `` Platinum '' `` Boom '' `` Wet '' Mac & Devin Go to High School `` Smokin ' On '' `` Young , Wild & Free '' Reincarnated `` Rebel Way '' `` Here Comes the King '' `` Lighters Up '' `` No Guns Allowed '' `` Smoke the Weed '' `` The Good Good '' `` Torn Apart '' `` Ashtrays and Heartbreaks '' `` La La La '' 7 Days of Funk `` Hit Da Pavement '' `` Faden Away '' Bush `` California Roll '' `` Awake '' `` So Many Pros '' `` Peaches N Cream '' Coolaid `` Point Seen Money Gone '' `` Kush Ups '' Neva Left `` Lavender ( Nightfall Remix ) '' `` Vapors ( DJ Battlecat Remix ) '' As featured artist `` Deep Cover '' `` Nuthin ' but a ' G ' Thang '' `` Fuck wit Dre Day '' `` Let Me Ride '' `` Bitches Ai n't Shit '' `` Afro Puffs '' `` What Would You Do '' `` New York ,",
"18": "New York '' `` All bout U '' `` 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted '' `` Come and Get with Me '' `` Cali Chronic '' `` Fuck You '' `` Still D.R.E. '' `` Bow Wow ( That 's My Name ) '' `` Crybaby '' `` The Next Episode '' `` Bitch Please II '' `` Welcome to Atlanta ( Coast to Coast Remix ) '' `` Holidae In '' `` P.I.M.P.",
"19": "( Remix ) '' `` I Wanna Thank Ya '' `` The Wash '' `` Gangsta Zone '' `` Say Somethin ' '' `` Keep Bouncin ' '' `` Buttons '' `` Cali Iz Active '' `` Go to Church '' `` Gangsta Walk '' `` Hollywood Divorce '' `` My 64 '' `` 9mm '' `` What a Job '' `` Ghetto '' `` Bottle Pop '' `` Day Dreaming '' `` Hot Girl '' `` Dime Piece '' `` I Do '' `` All I Do Is Win '' `` California Gurls '' `` Get ' Em Girls '' `` Kush '' `` Boyfriend '' `` Mr Endowed ( Remix ) '' `` Last Night '' `` If I Was You ( OMG ) '' `` The Mack '' `` Want U Back `` I Drink I Smoke '' `` Slow Motion '' `` Major Distribution '' `` Dynamite '' `` Wiggle '' `` Hangover '' `` You and Your Friends '' `` Stuck on a Feeling '' `` Dumb Shit '' `` My Cutie Pie '' `` Professional Rapper '' `` No Social Media '' `` Westside '' `` Way Back '' Other singles `` We Just Wanna Party with You '' `` Undercova Funk ( Give Up the Funk ) '' `` Do U Wanna Roll ( Dolittle Theme ) '' `` Just a Baby Boy '' `` Real Soon '' `` Back Up '' `` I 'm from Long Beach '' `` Late Nights '' Book Category Template Iyaz Studio albums Replay Aurora Singles `` Replay '' `` Solo '' `` So Big '' `` Pretty Girls '' `` Da Da Da '' Featured singles `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Pyramid '' `` Break My Bank '' `` Gonna Get This '' `` The Mack '' `` Slow Motion '' Related articles J.R. Rotem Sean Kingston Warner Bros.",
"20": "Records Beluga Heights Talking Heads David Byrne Chris Frantz Jerry Harrison Tina Weymouth Studio albums Talking Heads : 77 More Songs About Buildings and Food Fear of Music Remain in Light Speaking in Tongues Little Creatures True Stories Naked Live albums The Name of This Band Is Talking Heads Stop Making Sense Compilations Sand in the Vaseline : Popular Favorites Once in a Lifetime : The Best of Talking Heads Once in a Lifetime The Best of Talking Heads Talking Heads Bonus Rarities and Outtakes Singles `` Love → Building on Fire '' `` Psycho Killer '' `` Take Me to the River '' `` Life During Wartime '' `` I Zimbra '' `` Cities '' `` Crosseyed and Painless '' `` Once in a Lifetime '' `` Houses in Motion '' ( alternate mix ) `` Life During Wartime '' ( live ) `` Burning Down the House '' `` This Must Be the Place ( Naive Melody ) '' `` Girlfriend Is Better '' ( live ) `` Road to Nowhere '' `` And She Was '' `` Once in a Lifetime '' ( live ) `` This Must Be the Place ( Naive Melody ) '' ( live ) `` Wild Wild Life '' `` Blind '' `` ( Nothing But ) Flowers '' `` Sax and Violins '' Other songs `` Mind '' `` Heaven '' ' `` Born Under Punches ( The Heat Goes On ) '' Filmography Stop Making Sense True Stories Storytelling Giant Related articles Discography Brian Eno How Music Works `` King 's Lead Hat '' My Life in the Bush of Ghosts No Talking , Just Head Sounds from True Stories Tom Tom Club Category Commons Wikiquote Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Return_of_the_Mack&oldid=803159887 '' Categories : 1996 singles 1997 singles Mark Morrison songs Snoop Dogg songs Iyaz songs Fetty Wap songs Music videos directed by Jake Nava Debut singles Number - one dance singles in Canada UK Singles Chart number - one singles Rhythm and blues songs",
"21": "Songs written by Mark Morrison 1996 songs Dance - pop songs Hip hop soul songs New jack swing songs Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use British English from July 2011 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Music infoboxes with malformed table placement Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for UKrandb Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Talk",
"22": "Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 20 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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the xix of the social security act of 1965 established
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"0": "Social Security amendments of 1965 - wikipedia Social Security amendments of 1965 Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Social Security Amendments of 1965 Other short titles Health Insurance for the Aged Act Old - Age , Survivors , and Disability Insurance Amendments of 1965 Long title An Act to provide a hospital insurance program for the aged under the Social Security Act with a supplementary health benefits program and an expanded program of medical assistance , to increase benefits under the Old - Age , Survivors , and Disability Insurance System , to improve the Federal - State public assistance programs , and for other purposes . Enacted by the 89th United States Congress Effective July 30 , 1965 Citations Public law 89 - 97 Statutes at Large 79 Stat. 286 Codification Acts amended Social Security Act Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 6675 by Wilbur Mills ( D -- AR ) on March 29 , 1965 Committee consideration by House Ways and Means Passed the House on April 8 , 1965 ( 313 - 115 ) Passed the Senate on July 9 , 1965 ( 68 - 21 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on July 27 , 1965 ; agreed to by the House on July 27 , 1965 ( 307 - 116 ) and by the Senate on July 28 , 1965 ( 70 - 24 ) Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 30 , 1965 The Social Security Amendments of 1965 , Pub. L. 89 -- 97 , 79 Stat. 286 , enacted July 30 , 1965 , was legislation in the United States whose most important provisions resulted in creation of two programs : Medicare and Medicaid . The legislation initially provided federal health insurance for the elderly ( over 65 ) and for poor families .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Previous administrations 1.2 Johnson administration 1.3 House of Representatives 1.4 Senate 1.5 Final passage 2 References History ( edit ) Many politicians were involved in drafting the final bill that was introduced to the United States Congress in March 1965 . On July 30 , 1965 President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the bill into law . The concept of national health insurance began in the early 20th century in the United States and then came to prominence during the Truman administration . Between 1958 and 1964 , controversy grew and a bill was drafted . The signing of the act , as part of Johnson 's Great Society , began an era with a greater emphasis on public health issues . Medicare and Medicaid became the United States ' first public health insurance programs . The legislation was vigorously opposed by the American Medical Association until it had been enacted , following which the AMA cooperated in its implementation . In 1912 Theodore Roosevelt included social insurance for sickness in the platform of his Progressive Party ( United States , 1912 ) . Around 1915 the group American Association for Labor Legislation attempted to introduce a medical insurance bill to some state legislatures . These attempts were not successful , and as a result controversy about national insurance came about . National groups supporting the idea of government health insurance included the AFL - CIO , the American Nurses Association , National Association of Social Workers , and the Socialist Party USA . The most prominent opponent of national medical insurance was the American Medical Association ( AMA ) ; others included the American Hospital Association , the US Chamber of Commerce , and the Life Insurance Association of People . Previous administrations ( edit ) In 1935 , when President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act , medical benefits were left out of the bill . The committee that Roosevelt appointed to study issues related to Social Security wanted to include health insurance in the bill . However , the committee was concerned that amending the bill to include health insurance would kill the entire bill . Harry Truman took on the idea of national medical care and tried to integrate it into his Fair Deal program . Truman 's attempts were also unsuccessful , though during his presidency the fight for national medical care became specific to the aged population .",
"2": "Once the targeted age was decided , a lengthy debate began over presenting a coherent medical care bill to Congress . The Conservative coalition dominated the House Ways and Means Committee , which complicated attempts to pass social health programs . Wilbur Mills ( D - AR ) , chair of the committee , later played a role in creating the health care program that was integrated into the Social Security Act . In 1960 , the Kerr - Mills Act created the Medical Assistance for the Aged ( MAA ) program which gave states the power to decide which patients needed financial assistance . The federal government would provide matching funds to the states for the program . Some states did not participate or abide by the Act . Another preliminary bill , the King - Anderson Bill , was introduced in 1962 . Under it , some hospital and nursing home costs for patients 65 and older would have been covered . Although this bill was defeated in committee , the vote was narrow ( 12 -- 11 ) , signaling a shift in attitudes . Johnson administration ( edit ) With the election of Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 , Democrats controlled both the Presidency and the Congress , claiming a 2 : 1 ratio to Republicans in the House and 32 more seats in the Senate . The Democrats in the House Ways and Means Committee shifted away from Southern Democrats , making the committee more sympathetic towards health insurance reform . Those who had previously worked on the King - Anderson Bill drafted a new bill providing coverage of the aged , limited hospitalization and nursing home insurance benefits , and Social Security financing . Wilbur Cohen , Assistant Secretary for Legislation of the Department of Health , Education and Welfare ( and later Secretary ) , pushed the Medicare bill . Cohen convinced Johnson to give the bill high priority , and Johnson declared its importance to his Great Society program . The bill was introduced as companion bills , H.R. 1 and S. 1 , given the numbers as the first bill introduced in each House of the new Congress . House of Representatives ( edit ) The groups previously opposed to the legislation switched their focus from opposing the bill to creating new versions of it . As a result , three forms of the bill emerged : John Byrnes ' , the American Medical Association 's , and the administration 's bill ( known as Medicare ) .",
"3": "Byrnes was a Republican committee member who proposed that doctors ' services and drugs be financed ; participation in coverage would be voluntary for the aged . If an elderly patient did need the help , his or her financing would be `` scaled to the amounts of the participant 's Social Security cash benefits '' and the financing would come from the government 's revenues . The AMA proposed Eldercare , which provided government financing for physician 's services , surgical charges , drugs , nursing home costs , x-ray and lab services . When brought back to the Ways and Means committee , three bills were presented : Byrnes , ' Eldercare , and Medicare . When deliberations began in 1965 , both AMA members and their suggestions were rejected . Wilbur Mills , the chair of the Ways and Means committee , suggested combining Byrnes ' ideas and Medicare . His committee took on the task of drafting H.R. 6675 , the bill that ultimately became law . In combining the two bills , John Byrnes 's suggestion , which included lower taxes , had to be altered as higher taxes were necessary for the program 's predicted costs . The Ways and Means Committee reported favorably on the new bill to the full House of Representatives on March 29 after a straight party committee vote of 17 to 8 . During debate on the House floor , Republicans offered a substitute bill that would have made participation fully voluntary . It was narrowly defeated 236 to 191 , with 128 of 138 Republicans in favor of the substitute . H.R. 6675 was passed in the House on April 8 , 1965 by a vote of 313 to 115 . Senate ( edit ) The biggest threat to the passage of H.R. 6675 in the Senate came from liberal Democrats who were eager to expand coverage of the bill . As amended and passed in the Senate on July 19 by a vote of 68 to 2 , H.R. 6675 would have cost approximately $800 million more than the House - passed bill . Final passage ( edit ) The bill went to conference committee where Representative Mills worked to eliminate practically all of the Senate amendments . The bill went through more than five hundred amendments before being passed by majority vote in the House ( 307 -- 116 ) on July 27 and in the Senate on July 28 ( 70 -- 24 ) .",
"4": "The legislation made two amendments to the Social Security Act of 1935 . Title XVIII , which became known as Medicare , includes Part A , which provides hospital insurance for the aged , and Part B , which provides supplementary medical insurance . Title XIX , which became known as Medicaid , provides for the states to finance health care for individuals who were at or close to the public assistance level with federal matching funds . On July 30 , 1965 , President Johnson signed the bill , making it Public Law 89 - 97 . The signing took place in Independence , Missouri and was attended by Harry S. Truman . Johnson credited Truman with `` planting the seeds of compassion and duty which have today flowered into care for the sick and serenity for the fearful '' . Implementation of the amendments required extensive data processing and the re-configuration of hospital policies nationwide . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ LaTour , K. ( 2013 ) . Health Information Management : Concepts , Principles , and Practice ( 4th ed ) . AHIMA Press . Retrieved from `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Marmor , T.R. ( 2000 ) . The Politics of Medicare : Second Edition ( Social Institutions and Social Change ) . Jump up ^ `` companion bill or measure glossary term '' . www.senate.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Social Security Act Amendments The Legislation '' . acsc.lib.udel.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security History '' . www.ssa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Act Amendments ( 1965 ) '' . Our Documents . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 6 April 2016 .",
"5": "( hide ) Social Security ( United States ) Key articles History of Social Security Social Security Administration Social Security number Assistance programs Disability Determination Services Retirement Insurance Benefits Social Security Disability Insurance Supplemental Security Income Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Ticket to Work Unemployment benefits Health care Medicaid Medicare SCHIP Law Disability fraud FICA Revenue Act of 1942 Social Security Act Social Security Amendments of 1965 Social Security Death Index Social Security Trust Fund Windfall Elimination Provision Other Legacy debt Numident Office of the Chief Actuary Primary Insurance Amount Social Security debate ( United States ) Social Security Wage Base Years of coverage Lyndon B. Johnson 36th President of the United States ( 1963 -- 1969 ) 37th Vice President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Texas ( 1949 -- 1961 ) U.S.",
"6": "Representative for TX - 10 ( 1937 -- 1949 ) Presidency 1963 inauguration 1965 inauguration Great Society Architectural Barriers Act Child Nutrition Act Civil Rights Act of 1964 Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Head Start Program Job Corps Elementary and Secondary Education Act Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Fair Housing Act of 1968 Food Stamp Act of 1964 Glassboro Summit Gun Control Act of 1968 Higher Education Act of 1965 Upward Bound TRIO Teacher Corps Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Johnson Doctrine Dominican Republic occupation Medicare Medicaid Meritorious Service Medal National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities Non-Discrimination in Federal contracts Executive Order 11375 Older Americans Act Operation CHAOS Outer Space Treaty Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution `` Credibility gap '' VISTA Voting Rights Act of 1965 War on Poverty White House Conference on Civil Rights White House preservation State of the Union Address , 1966 1968 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Life Early years and career Operation Texas Texas Broadcasting Company Johnson Amendment Bashir Ahmad Legacy Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Day Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs Memorial Grove on the Potomac U.S.",
"7": "Postage stamp Books Bibliography Elections United States House of Representatives special elections , 1937 United States House of Representatives elections , 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 United States Senate special elections , 1941 United States Senate elections , 1948 1954 1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries , 1960 1964 1968 Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 1964 United States presidential election , 1960 1964 Popular culture Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture Daisy advertisement Johnson cult The Years of Lyndon Johnson All the Way ( 2012 play , 2016 film ) LBJ ( 2017 film ) Family Claudia `` Lady Bird '' Taylor Johnson ( wife ) Lynda Bird Johnson Robb ( daughter ) Luci Baines Johnson ( daughter ) Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. ( father ) Rebekah Baines Johnson ( mother ) Sam Houston Johnson ( brother ) Samuel Ealy Johnson , Sr. ( grandfather ) Joseph Wilson Baines ( grandfather ) George Washington Baines ( great - grandfather ) Chuck Robb ( son - in - law ) ← John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_Security_Amendments_of_1965&oldid=836926671 '' Categories : 1965 in law Social Security ( United States ) United States federal health legislation Medicare and Medicaid ( United States ) Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 17 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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|
who wrote the song if i were a boy
|
[
"BC Jean and Toby Gad",
"BC Jean",
"Toby Gad",
"BC Jean and Toby Gad",
"BC Jean",
"Toby Gad",
"BC Jean",
"Toby Gad"
] |
{
"0": "If I Were a Boy - wikipedia If I Were a Boy Jump to : navigation , search For the novel by Haki Stërmilli , see If I Were a Boy ( novel ) . `` If I Were a Boy '' Single by Beyoncé from the album I Am ... Sasha Fierce A-side `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' Released October 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 08 ) Format CD digital download Recorded 2008 ; Roc the Mic Studios , Strawberrybee Productions , GAD Studios Genre Pop Length 4 : 09 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) BC Jean Toby Gad Producer ( s ) Toby Gad Beyoncé Knowles Beyoncé singles chronology `` Love in This Club Part II '' ( 2008 ) `` If I Were a Boy '' ( 2008 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( 2008 ) `` Love in This Club Part II '' ( 2008 ) `` If I Were a Boy '' ( 2008 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( 2008 ) `` If I Were a Boy '' is a song performed by American singer and songwriter Beyoncé from her third studio album I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) . It was written by BC Jean and Toby Gad , who also handled its production alongside Beyoncé . Inspired by the difficult break - up of a romantic relationship , the song was initially recorded by Jean , whose record company rejected it . Beyoncé then recorded her own version . Jean was upset when she learned that Beyoncé was releasing it as a single , but eventually , they reached an agreement . Columbia Records released `` If I Were a Boy '' to US radio on October 8 , 2008 , as a double A-side single album 's alongside `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' as the lead singles . The two songs showcased the contrast between Beyoncé 's personality and her aggressive onstage persona , Sasha Fierce . A Spanish version of the song , titled `` Si Yo Fuera un Chico '' , was digitally released in Mexico and Spain .",
"1": "`` If I Were a Boy '' is a pop and R&B introspective ballad which draws influences from folk rock through its instrumentation of which includes acoustic guitars , drums and strings . The song 's lyrics lament the misunderstandings between the genders and indict the male side of relationships . `` If I Were a Boy '' was well received by critics , who complimented Beyoncé 's tormented and emotive vocal performance and called the song her best work to date . The single was a commercial success as it placed in the top ten on twenty - five different singles charts . It topped the charts in more than eight European countries , including the United Kingdom , where it is Beyoncé 's best - selling single . `` If I Were a Boy '' peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and earned multi-platinum certifications in Australia , Canada , and the US . The accompanying music video for `` If I Were a Boy '' was directed by Jake Nava and shot in black - and - white . With a theme of role reversal , it is conceptually similar to the American comedy film Freaky Friday ( 1976 ) . A video for the Spanish version of the ballad was edited from the original clip . Beyoncé promoted `` If I Were a Boy '' through live performances at venues including The Oprah Winfrey Show , the 52nd Grammy Awards , and the I Am ... World Tour ( 2009 -- 10 ) . The song has been covered several times on televised music competitions . American singer Reba McEntire sang a country version of the ballad on Country Music Television ( CMT ) , and a studio version was released as the second single from her 2010 album , All the Women I Am .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and production 1.1 Jean 's response 2 Composition and lyrical interpretation 3 Release 4 Critical reception 5 Chart performance 6 Music video 6.1 Background and concept 6.2 Synopsis 6.3 Reception and accolades 7 Live performances 7.1 Fake tape 8 Formats and track listings 9 Credits and personnel 10 Charts 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year - end charts 10.3 Decade - end charts 10.4 All - time charts 11 Certifications 12 Release history 12.1 Radio adds 12.2 Purchasable release 13 Cover versions 13.1 The X Factor performances 13.2 Reba McEntire version 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Writing and production ( edit ) `` If I Were a Boy '' was written by BC Jean and Toby Gad . It is the opening ballad of the I Am ... disc of the double album I Am ... Sasha Fierce . It is the only song on either disc that Beyoncé did not co-write . Most of the lyrics were written by Jean , who was inspired by the break - up of a romantic relationship . One day Jean and Gad visited a pizzeria in Times Square in New York City . Although tempted , Jean refrained from eating pizza because she was dieting . She then thought that if she were a boy , she would have eaten without regret . After reflecting on the idea , she concluded that she would have been a better man than her past lover . Gad captured Jean 's ideas on a pocket recorder , and they went to the studio the same day . Once there , she wrote the lyrics and melody in about 15 minutes . She then recorded the song in less than half an hour , with Gad on the guitar . After completing her version of `` If I Were a Boy '' , Jean presented it to her record company , which rejected the song . Gad and Jean had co-written 12 songs , including `` If I Were a Boy '' , for the singer 's debut album . As the deal with Jean 's record company fell apart , Gad marketed the songs to established artists .",
"3": "Beyoncé liked `` If I Were a Boy '' and recorded her own version of it for her album I Am ... Sasha Fierce . Gad and Beyoncé produced the track in 2008 at Roc the Mic Studios and Strawberry Productions in New York City and at GAD Studios in Ibiza . Gad did the musical arrangements , assisted in recording the music , and played the instruments alongside his brother Jens Gad and Reggie Syience Perry . Jim Caruana recorded Beyoncé 's vocals at Roc the Mic Studios . Mark `` Spike '' Stent mixed the track with assistance from Matt Green at The Record Plant in Los Angeles . `` If I Were a Boy '' was placed on the I Am ... disc of I Am ... Sasha Fierce , as it is a ballad that shows Beyoncé 's insecurities about love and the person she is `` underneath all the makeup , underneath the lights and underneath all the exciting star drama '' . In an interview with Essence magazine , Beyoncé explained that `` If I Were a Boy '' is `` broad '' and different from her previous releases because it is not a traditional R&B song . She added , `` I had to try it , because I remember Aretha Franklin said a great singer can sing anything and make it her own . '' Beyoncé was also motivated by her audience 's strong expectations from her as a singer . While preparing her third solo album , Beyoncé wanted to experiment with stronger lyrics and record ballads like `` If I Were a Boy '' because , `` the music and the emotion in the story is told ( sic ) so much better . It 's a better connection because you can hear it and it 's not all these other distractions . I really wanted people to hear my voice and hear what I had to say . '' Jean 's response ( edit ) After Jean 's version of `` If I Were a Boy '' was rejected by her record company , she was upset that Beyoncé recorded and released the ballad . Roger Friedman of Fox News wrote that Jean was first informed that Beyoncé recorded the song by a stranger . The Daily Telegraph reported that Beyoncé 's father and then - manager Mathew Knowles pursued the publishing rights of `` If I Were a Boy '' after realizing that it had the potential to become a big hit .",
"4": "Jean used her Myspace account to express her frustration : `` I have been reading some of these comments and to set the record straight from the horse 's mouth -- IF I WERE A BOY is my song ; YES , I wrote this song ; It is my story ; a painful one , and the song is very dear to me . You can hear the original version on my myspace site . '' Friedman later reported that Beyoncé and Jean had come to terms . The deal included a promise that Beyoncé would record a duet with Jean for her debut album . In an interview with Eric R. Danton of the Hartford Courant , Jean was asked about her reaction when she heard that Beyoncé was recording `` If I Were a Boy '' . She was initially surprised when people regarded her as a songwriter because she envisioned herself as `` do ( ing ) the whole artist thing as well '' . Jean added , `` It 's an amazing compliment , but I was like , ' That 's great , but it 's going to be on my album ! ' And it can be on my album , too , I just did n't realize how it worked ... At first when I got this , people did n't know that I was an artist , so it was , like , ' Oh , this songwriter BC . ' '' `` If I Were a Boy '' was the first song she ever recorded , and she initially did not intend to hand it to another singer . Jean said that the fact that Beyoncé recorded the ballad provided many opportunities , and she was approached by many people who wanted to purchase her lyrics . She refused their offers , desiring to use her songs for her own album . However , Jean still intends to write for other artists . Composition and lyrical interpretation ( edit ) `` If I Were a Boy '' `` If I Were a Boy '' is an acoustic guitar - driven midtempo pop ballad with folk rock influences , featuring Knowles deliver a tormented vocal performance . On the final chorus , she ornaments her vocal lines with melodic crescendos and sings an octave higher than she does on the rest of the song . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` If I Were a Boy '' is a midtempo pop and R&B ballad , with folk rock and soft rock influences .",
"5": "The song was composed using common time in the key of G ♭ major and has a moderate tempo of 90 beats per minute . It was written in the common verse - chorus form ; the verses are supported by four chords and follow a vi - IV - I-V chord progression in the form E ♭ m -- B -- G ♭ -- D ♭ / F. Ed Masle of The Arizona Republic noted that the progression is reminiscent of Nirvana 's 1991 song `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' . Instrumentation is provided by a piano , acoustic guitars , live drums , and strings as well as hand claps which are used throughout the song . Beyoncé 's vocals span the range from a low of F ♯ to the high of E. Her singing gets higher and louder as she employs melodic crescendos . Critics noted that Beyoncé delivers a tormented performance with unwavering sentiments . The lyrics of `` If I Were a Boy '' are about a gender - swapping thought experiment , through which Beyoncé analyses the ideologies of a tense relationship . As she sings about things she would do if she were a boy , Beyoncé highlights the vulnerability of a woman and ponders how things would be different if men had women 's sense of empathy . During the first part of the ballad , Beyoncé alternates between the role of her flawed partner and that of the better man she would be . In the first verse , she envisions herself impersonating her unfeeling love interest as she sings about consuming beer with other men , chasing after girls , and treating her lover cruelly , before adding that she would never be confronted for it . Beyoncé then sings the chorus , in which she gives her vision of life as a better man , `` I think I could understand / How it feels to love a girl / I swear I 'd be a better man '' , because she knows `` how it hurts when you lose the one you wanted / ' cause he 's taken you for granted and everything you had got destroyed '' . In the second verse , Beyoncé resigns herself and continues to sing about cruelties that men often inflict on women . Still imagining herself impersonating the man who has wronged her , she highlights how some men switch off their phones to avoid ex-lovers after having found another girl .",
"6": "Beyoncé continues , `` I 'd put myself first / And make the rules as I go / ' Cause I know that she 'd be faithful / Waitin ' for me to come home '' . She then repeats the chorus ; the intensity with which she sings gradually increases until she hits her upper register and seems close to crying . During the bridge , Beyoncé stops singing about the male behaviors she would indulge in if she were a man and addresses her callous lover directly . As Beyoncé emphasizes how it feels to be cheated on , she sings her vocal lines an octave higher than she did in the rest of the song . She finally tells him that it is too late to come back and apologize . In the last verse , Beyoncé concludes , `` But you 're just a boy '' . Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music notes that she `` ( pushes ) her voice into a thin , pleading whine '' at this point . With a squeak in her voice , she repeats the chorus for the final time as she fights to remain strong , not allowing her agony to bring her down . Release ( edit ) Beyoncé performing `` If I Were a Boy '' at the O2 Arena , in London , England during her I Am ... World Tour `` If I Were a Boy '' and `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' were released simultaneously as the double album 's two lead singles . The songs were taken from different discs of the album to demonstrate Beyoncé 's conflicting personalities , the album 's central theme . This motif was demonstrated by placing the ballads on a separate disc from the uptempo tracks . `` If I Were a Boy '' and `` Single Ladies '' were initially planned to debut on US radio stations on October 7 , 2008 , but both premiered the following day . `` If I Were a Boy '' debuted on Z100 's Elvis Duran and the Morning Show , while `` Single Ladies '' first aired on New York mainstream urban radio station Power 105.1 . Both singles were added to rhythmic contemporary radio on October 13 , 2008 . That same day , `` If I Were a Boy '' was sent to contemporary hit radio , and `` Single Ladies was sent to urban contemporary radio . On November 24 , 2008 , `` If I Were a Boy '' was sent to US urban radio .",
"7": "Two digital EPs , each containing seven dance remixes of `` If I Were a Boy '' were released on February 10 , 2009 , in the US . The ballad was first released internationally as a stand - alone digital download in Oceania and most European countries on October 17 , 2008 . In France and the United Kingdom , `` If I Were a Boy '' was serviced digitally on October 26 , 2008 . On November 7 , 2008 , a two - track CD single , including `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' as the B - side , went on sale in all European countries , Oceania , and in Canada . In Canada two different digital EPs were made available on February 3 and 10 , 2009 . A Spanish version of `` If I Were a Boy '' was translated by Rudy Pérez and mixed by Andrés Bermúdez at The Beach House in Miami . Titled `` Si Yo Fuera un Chico ( If I Were a Boy ) '' , this version was only included on copies of I Am ... Sasha Fierce in Mexico as well as iTunes Stores in Latin America and Spain , where it was released as a stand - alone single on February 3 , 2009 . Critical reception ( edit ) `` If I Were a Boy '' was widely acclaimed by contemporary music critics , who applauded Beyoncé 's vocal performance and called the song her best yet . Billboard magazine 's critic Chuck Taylor wrote that `` If I Were a Boy '' is Beyoncé 's `` most affecting offering '' since `` Listen '' ( 2006 ) . He praised her vocals as `` breathtaking , exquisitely emotive , mournful , and mature '' and added that the song `` exudes the fragrance of a Grammy Award '' . According to Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times , `` If I Were a Boy '' is Beyoncé 's Streisand moment and `` a tender , fairly simple ballad that ( she ) uses to prove she 's a great vocal actress '' . Powers concluded , `` This is n't just another breakup song ; it 's an elegy for female empowerment , Beyoncé 's admission that no amount of money , fame or skill can solve the basic inequity between her man 's heart and her own . ''",
"8": "Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine wrote that `` If I Were a Boy '' could become as commercially successful as `` Irreplaceable '' because of its radio - friendly appeal . James Montgomery of MTV News complimented the `` tear - jerking power '' of `` If I Were a Boy '' and noted that it reveals `` sides of Beyoncé we never knew existed '' . `` Her tone is gentle , open : Instead of the snap of ' Single Ladies ' and ' Irreplaceable , ' there 's real sadness as she shuts this door ... In the end , Beyoncé ca n't resist arching her eyebrow ; she 's a survivor , and she wo n't let her pain completely unmake her . But that 's the final , poignant point of this excellent song . In Beyoncé 's world view , an independent woman must sacrifice the princess fantasy she was sold as a child , and keep that steely edge , even when her world is melting around her . The compassion Beyoncé 's vocal conveys as ' If I Were a Boy ' concludes is as much for the man who ca n't fulfill romance 's impossible dream as it is for herself . '' -- Los Angeles Times ' Ann Powers reviewing `` If I Were a Boy '' . Matos Michaelangelo of The A.V. Club remarked that `` If I Were a Boy '' has `` boilerplate lyrics '' that would fit perfectly in a Hayley Mills film . Nick Levine of Digital Spy wrote in his review of the album that `` If I Were a Boy '' has the `` most interesting lyrics '' of the entire record . In a separate review of `` If I Were a Boy '' , Levine awarded it four stars out of five , writing that Beyoncé 's vocals on the song are passionate . He praised the lyrics for not being overwritten and commended their `` emotional punch '' and `` very strong melody '' which he said can make people feel that they have always known the song . Pitchfork Media 's Ryan Dombal called `` If I Were a Boy '' an `` effective and affecting gender - bender '' . Allmusic writer Andy Kellman felt that though the ballad sounds like `` the watery backdrop for a singing competition finale '' , it is the most outstanding song on I Am ... Sasha Fierce thanks to its lyrics and Beyoncé 's tormented performance .",
"9": "Colin McGuire of PopMatters felt that `` If I Were a Boy '' was the highlight of the first disc of the double album . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times described the song as one of the greatest pop songs of the last few years and one of Beyoncé 's most complicated vocal performances . Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle commented that `` If I Were a Boy '' is an `` elegant new musical direction '' for Beyoncé and praised it for being different from the songs played on Top 40 radio . By contrast , Stacey Anderson of Spin magazine was unimpressed with `` If I Were a Boy '' , calling it a glistening and boring ballad . Adam Mazmanian of The Washington Times noted that the musical composition of `` If I Were a Boy '' has `` a spare ( and ) cinematic quality that ( Beyoncé ) fills with an expansive voice '' , which nevertheless falters at times . A 2010 review of `` well - intended yet misguided feminist anthems '' in The A.V. Club noted the song had both a `` fresh perspective and a sense of self - awareness '' but cast is as `` a soppy wallow in whiny self - pity and broad stereotyping '' . Erika Ramirez and Jason Lipshutz of Billboard magazine placed `` If I Were a Boy '' at number 19 on a list of Beyoncé 's 30 biggest Billboard hits published for Beyoncé 's thirtieth birthday . They wrote that the song `` found Beyoncé at her most honest , drawing in both women and men '' . `` If I Were a Boy '' was nominated for the Best Foreign Song at the 2009 Porin Awards in Croatia . On The Village Voice 's year - end Pazz & Jop singles list , `` If I Were a Boy '' was ranked at numbers 37 and 546 in 2008 and 2009 respectively . Chart performance ( edit ) For the week ending October 25 , 2008 , `` If I Were a Boy '' debuted at number one - hundred on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , based solely on airplay . In its third charting week , the song rose from number sixty eight to number three on the Hot 100 chart as its digital download counterpart debuted at the top of the US Hot Digital Songs chart , selling 190,000 units .",
"10": "It became Beyoncé 's fourth number one on the Hot Digital Songs chart , following `` Check on It '' ( 2005 ) , `` Irreplaceable '' ( 2006 ) , and `` Beautiful Liar '' ( 2007 ) . `` If I Were a Boy '' also became her tenth top - ten single on the Hot 100 as a solo artist . On November 15 , 2008 , the song fell to fifth , where it stayed for one further week . However , it regained its number three position on November 29 , 2008 , as it returned to the top spot of the Hot Digital Songs chart , selling 170,000 units . `` If I Were a Boy '' sold 654,000 digital downloads in four weeks . The following week , the song fell to number two on the Hot Digital Songs chart , selling 44,000 less copies than `` Single Ladies '' , which debuted at number one . `` If I Were a Boy '' maintained its position at number three on the Hot 100 chart while `` Single Ladies '' soared to number two on the chart . Beyoncé became the seventh female to have two songs in the top five positions of the Hot 100 chart . On October 13 , 2009 , `` If I Were a Boy '' was certified triple - platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipping over two million copies . As of December 2017 , the song had sold 3,375,000 digital units in the US . On November 2 , 2008 , `` If I Were a Boy '' was the highest debut of the week on the Australian Singles Chart , entering at number twelve . The song peaked at number three for three non-consecutive weeks during the same month . It was certified triple - platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for selling over 210,000 copies . `` If I Were a Boy '' debuted at number eight in New Zealand on October 27 , 2008 , and peaked at number two for four non-consecutive weeks in November and December 2008 . In its twelfth charting week , it was certified platinum after twelve weeks by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) , representing shipment of 15,000 copies .",
"11": "The song debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart , selling 64,554 downloads on November 15 , 2008 . The following week , it fell to number three with sales of 57,917 copies . On November 23 , 2008 , it rebounded to number one , selling 47,949 copies , becoming Beyoncé 's fourth number - one single in the UK as a solo artist ; it was her sixth including her career with Destiny 's Child . `` If I Were a Boy '' remained in the top five until the end of 2008 and was the 16th highest - selling single of that year . The ballad was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for sales of over 600,000 copies . It was the 68th highest selling single of the 2000s in the UK , where it is Beyoncé 's highest - selling solo single , with sales of 746,000 units as of November 2013 . Music video ( edit ) Background and concept ( edit ) Beyoncé portraying an NYPD officer in the official music video for `` If I Were a Boy '' The music video for `` If I Were a Boy '' was directed by Jake Nava and was shot in black - and - white in New York City with the video for `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' . A Spanish version of the music video , titled `` Si Yo Fuera Un Chico '' , was released with the same concepts as the main one ; it was edited from the original with the Spanish version of the song dubbed over it . The music video for `` If I Were a Boy '' is reflective of the stance as an independent woman that Beyoncé has taken throughout her career . In an interview with Billboard magazine , Beyoncé revealed that the concept of the video is similar to the American comedy film Freaky Friday ( 1976 ) ; its theme is role reversal . She also said that it would depict things that men commonly do to hurt their partners , like not answering their phones , before adding that the video is about little things that mean a lot in relationships . Beyoncé explained : In the beginning of the video , my husband makes me breakfast and he 's excited about it , and I kind of do n't have time to eat .",
"12": "As a police officer , I have a male partner and the video goes through our days . My husband 's at work and has attractive girls flirting with him but he declines their advances . I have a guy flirting with me , and I flirt back . Beyoncé said that by the end of the video , viewers would realize the husband is a police officer and Beyoncé , as the female character , has been doing things her husband has done to her . MTV News writer Jennifer Vineyard 's analysis of the concept concluded , `` When we first saw it from a different perspective , Beyoncé 's behavior seemed more abnormal . And when it 's the guy doing everything she just did in the previous scenes , it becomes all too familiar -- which is Beyoncé 's point . '' Synopsis ( edit ) The video begins with Beyoncé and her husband saying a few words , including `` intimacy '' , `` honesty '' , and `` commitment '' , and then saying the words `` you '' , `` me '' , and `` us '' together . When the action starts , Beyoncé is seen working as a police officer . Her husband ( played by NFL player Eddie Goines ) is very supportive . He makes her breakfast , spends time at work looking for a present for her and forgoes socializing with attractive coworkers so he can be available when his wife arrives home . However , Beyoncé is not thinking about him at all . Instead , she spends her free time with other officers , particularly her male partner , whom she seems enamored with . Her husband calls her , but she ignores the phone . Later , when her husband gives her earrings , she puts them on to go dancing with her partner at a party . Her husband is upset when he sees them , and when he confronts her about this , she acts like he is making a big deal out of nothing . `` When you act like that , I do n't think you realize how it makes me look or feel '' , he tells her . Beyoncé then asks him in a condescending tone , `` Why are you so jealous ? It 's not like I 'm sleeping with the guy . '' Then the story reverses , and Beyoncé starts to cry . Her husband 's situation is actually her experience -- he is a police officer who takes his supportive wife for granted .",
"13": "Reception and accolades ( edit ) Beyoncé premiered the video , alongside the video for `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' , on MTV 's Total Request Live show on October 13 , 2008 . It was included on Beyoncé 's 2009 remix album with videography , Above and Beyoncé . Jennifer Vineyard of MTV News described the video as a `` meaningful one -- and it comes with a twist that requires repeat viewing '' . She noted that if the video did not exist , she would not have seen the tomboy side of Beyoncé . A writer for Rap - Up commented , `` Beyoncé delivers one of the year 's best videos with the black and white clip . '' Jennifer Cady of E ! Online praised the video , writing that it has a `` serious melodramatic storyline '' . She further noted that it was `` slow and everyone overacts , but be sure to catch the end where a major twist will probably change your outlook on the dynamics of male -- female relationships forever '' . The clip was ranked at number seventy - two on BET : Notarized Top 100 Videos of 2008 countdown and at number twenty - five on BET J 's Last Call 2008 ! Top 50 Countdown . It was nominated for Video of the Year at the 2009 BET Awards but lost to Beyoncé 's other video for `` Single Ladies '' . The video also received nominations for Best Female Video at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards Japan and for Outstanding Music Video at the 2009 NAACP Image Awards . In July 2009 , the video was certified gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) for shipping over 5,000 units . Live performances ( edit ) Beyoncé pictured during the performance of `` If I Were a Boy '' at the Los Premios 40 Principales in Spain , 2008 Beyoncé first performed `` If I Were a Boy '' on November 6 , 2008 , at the MTV Europe Music Awards . She later performed the song during the sixth series of the British television show Strictly Come Dancing and the 2008 World Music Awards in Monaco on November 9 , 2008 , which was followed by another performance on The Oprah Winfrey Show on November 13 , 2008 .",
"14": "On November 16 , 2008 , backed by a live band , Beyoncé sang a medley of `` If I Were a Boy '' , then switched to `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' , and concluded with `` Crazy in Love '' during the final episode of Total Request Live . The song was sung again on November 26 , 2008 , during her appearance on The Tyra Banks Show . During this performance , Beyoncé begins to cry nearing the end of the song . On December 12 , 2008 , a pre-taped performance aired on the eighth season of the French show Star Academy as Beyoncé could not appear due to busy schedule . During the same day , Beyoncé performed `` If I Were a Boy '' on Los Premios 40 Principales in Spain . She also performed the ballad on December 13 , 2008 , live at The X Factor finale in the UK . Beyoncé sang a medley of `` If I Were a Boy '' and Alanis Morissette 's 1995 song `` You Oughta Know '' on January 31 , 2010 , at the 52nd Grammy Awards ceremony . She wore a `` futuristic , spiked black '' outfit with matching shoes , and `` pranced , spun and did the Dutty Wine while the crowd cheered in approval '' , according to Jayson Rodriguez of MTV News . Beyoncé was also backed by 50 backup dancers dressed as a riot gear . Ben Sisario of The New York Times commented that Beyoncé `` was elaborately staged and typically athletic '' during the performance . William Goodman of Spin magazine noted that Beyoncé `` owned '' the night 's most powerful performance . Erika Ramirez of Billboard magazine put the performance at number three on her list of `` Beyoncé 's 5 Biggest TV Performances '' . Beyoncé interpolated a verse from `` You Oughta Know '' into her performance of `` If I Were a Boy '' at the Glastonbury Festival on June 26 , 2011 . In addition to her performances of the song on television and at award ceremonies , `` If I Were a Boy '' was included on the set lists of Beyoncé 's I Am ... World Tour ( 2009 -- 10 ) and I Am ... Yours revue .",
"15": "It was subsequently included on her live albums , I Am ... World Tour and I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas . Prior to the performance of the song at the tour , outtakes of its music video were used . Beyoncé later appeared performing `` If I Were a Boy '' wearing Ray - Bans , a leather breastplate , aviator shades and a bulletproof - looking one - piece further asking the crowd to sing along the track . During the bridge of the song , she included excerpts from Morissette 's `` You Oughta Know '' and Tupac Shakur 's `` California Love '' while imitating a male person with her moves . Alice Jones of The Independent wrote in her review that Beyoncé `` whip ( s ) up a quasi-feminist singalong . '' Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone noted that the singer channeled her `` ferocious onstage persona '' , Sasha Fierce . Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times compared Beyoncé 's wardrobe and dancing with that of Ciara . In May 2012 , Beyoncé performed `` If I Were a Boy '' during her Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live revue at Revel in Atlantic City , New Jersey . Before Beyoncé started to sing , she noted that `` ( everyone knows ) how it feels to be hurt and lied to '' . During the performance , she mashed Goo Goo Dolls ' `` Iris '' ( 1998 ) and reworked the rhythm of `` If I Were a Boy '' to fit with the cover . Elysa Gardner of USA Today noted that the ballad `` became a jangly guitar - pop number '' during the show . Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly wrote that `` the most attention - grabbing moments of the night ... came when she dipped into other artists ' catalogs '' . In 2013 , `` If I Were a Boy '' was included in the set list of The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour where it featured the string motif from The Verve 's `` Bitter Sweet Symphony '' ( 1997 ) . Fake tape ( edit ) `` Despite the denials -- and even as the original Today broadcast below shows -- every time Beyoncé hits the high notes the camera jumps to a far away wide shot spotlighting the audience . So that 's kind of suspicious .",
"16": "But it also seems evident that the fake recording simply pitch - shifts at random -- not even American Idol 's worst rejects sound that awful . So we 're not going to throw B ( eyoncé ) into a club that features Britney Spears , Enrique Iglesias and Ashlee Simpson as blatant abusers of prerecorded material just yet . '' -- Rolling Stone 's Daniel Kreps . In January 2009 , Matthew Zeghibe , a 26 - year - old computer art student from Connecticut , used pitch - correction software to make a clip that he claimed was the soundboard recording of `` If I Were a Boy '' from Beyoncé 's Today show appearance in November 2008 . In the tape , Beyoncé sang drastically off - key . A corresponding video was leaked onto the internet , and it went viral . It was even played on American radio stations on April 21 , 2009 ; Howard Stern played the recording , describing it as `` the unedited board mix '' of Beyoncé 's live performance . According to Us Weekly , Mathew Knowles was the first to cast doubt on the recording 's authenticity , saying that the tape seemed to have been altered . He added that `` at 12 years into Beyoncé 's career , the last thing someone should be questioning is her vocal ability . That would be like questioning if Kobe Bryant could shoot a jump shot . '' On April 22 , TMZ.com reported that the tape was a hoax . They revealed that they had spoken to the person who modified the soundboard tapes , and the alleged culprit told them , `` It 's a little bit crazy . No one in their right mind would sound like that , and no one would cheer for someone singing like that . '' The following day , Beyoncé spoke about the allegations to MTV News . She stated that the report was ridiculous and that the timing of the video would draw publicity to two of her upcoming television performances . In an interview with Chris Harris of Rolling Stone , Zeghibe said that he was surprised by how much attention the clip received and by Beyoncé 's reaction to it . He admitted that he had previously given the same treatment to Christina Aguilera and Britney Spears , and that he did not feel he had to apologize for the hoax : I was just trying to make a point .",
"17": "I wanted to show people how easy it is to manipulate someone 's voice . If I can do it with a clip I pulled off of TV , imagine what they are doing on records and during live performances . The entire industry has been so manipulated , because there 's such an emphasis on perfection , so when something like this happens , it causes such a stir . I knew something had to have happened to make it jump so fast . It 's wild how much the story 's been twisted . It 's just always been fun for me to manipulate artists , and make it sound crazy . It was just for a good laugh . It was a goof , just for fun . I do a lot of parodies on my YouTube channel , and it just so happens this one got a little out of hand . It was just what I 've learned in school , and it 's fun I could fool so many people and get away with it . A lot of people had a lot of laughs because of it , so why should I apologize ? If you ca n't poke fun at yourself , I do n't know what kind of person you are . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Download single `` If I Were a Boy '' -- 4 : 09 Dance Mixes EP Vol.",
"18": "1 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Maurice Joshua Mojo UK Main Remix ) -- 6 : 30 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Maurice Joshua Mojo UK Dub Remix ) -- 6 : 28 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Karmatronic Main Remix ) -- 6 : 25 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( DJ Escape & Dom Capello Main Remix ) -- 8 : 28 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Maurice Joshua UK Remix Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 14 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Karmatronic Remix Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 31 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( DJ Escape & Dom Capello Remix Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 07 Si Yo Fuera un Chico ( Spain digital single ) `` Si Yo Fuera un Chico ( If I Were a Boy ) '' -- 4 : 09 `` Si Yo Fuera un Chico ( If I Were a Boy ) '' ( Video ) -- 5 : 02 Dance Mixes EP Vol. 2 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Lost Daze Main Remix ) -- 5 : 08 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Mark Picchiotti Club Remix ) -- 7 : 15 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Mark Picchiotti Dub Remix ) -- 7 : 15 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Chase `` Girls '' Club Remix ) -- 8 : 28 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Lost Daze Remix Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 05 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Mark Picchiotti Remix Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 42 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Chase `` Girls '' Remix Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 31 Credits and personnel ( edit ) If I Were a Boy Brittany Jean Carlson -- songwriter Jens Gad -- live drums Toby Gad -- musical arrangements , other instruments , recorder , producer , songwriter Matt Green -- audio mixing assistant Beyoncé Knowles -- producer , vocals performed by Reggie Syience Perry -- guitar , additional drums Mark `` Spike '' Stent -- audio mixer Si Yo Fuera un Chico Andrés Bermúdez -- audio mixer ,",
"19": "vocals recorded by Britney Jean Carlson -- songwriter Jens Gad -- live drums Toby Gad -- musical arrangements , other instruments , music recorded by , music producer , songwriter Beyoncé Knowles -- music producer , vocals performed by Rudy Pérez -- translator , vocal producer Reggie Syience Perry -- guitar , additional drums Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 -- 09 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart Australian Urban Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 9 Brazilian Billboard Hot 100 Canadian Hot 100 Czech Airplay Chart 7 Danish Singles Chart Dutch Top 40 European Hot 100 Singles Finnish Singles Chart 11 French Singles Chart 5 German Singles Chart Hungarian Airplay Chart 5 Irish Singles Chart Israeli Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart Japan Hot 100 10 New Zealand Singles Chart Norwegian Singles Chart Poland ( Airplay Chart ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovak Airplay Chart Spanish Singles Chart Swedish Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart UK Singles Chart UK R&B Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 16 US Hot Dance Club Play US Pop 100 6 US Adult Contemporary 16 US Rhythmic Top 40 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart (",
"20": "2008 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 44 Australian Urban Singles Chart 20 Dutch Top 40 35 French Singles Chart 80 German Singles Chart 71 Irish Singles Chart 16 New Zealand Singles Chart 27 Norwegian Singles Chart 16 Swedish Singles Chart 21 Swiss Singles Chart 46 UK Singles Chart 16 Chart ( 2009 ) Position Australian Urban Singles Chart 27 Austrian Singles Chart 37 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 51 Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 66 BR Billboard Hot 100 Canadian Hot 100 31 Dutch Top 40 68 European Hot 100 Singles 11 French Singles Chart 41 French Airplay Chart 59 German Singles Chart 46 Hungarian Airplay Chart 32 Irish Singles Chart 47 Norwegian Singles Chart 18 Spanish Singles Chart 31 Swedish Singles Chart 43 Swiss Singles Chart 27 UK Singles Chart 74 US Billboard Hot 100 48 US Hot 100 Airplay 69 US Hot Dance Club Songs 45 US Hot Digital Songs 46 US Hot R&B / Hip Hop Songs 90 Chart ( 2011 ) Position Belgian Catalog Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 88 Chart ( 2012 ) Position Belgian Catalog Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 98 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Charts",
"21": "( 2000 -- 09 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 100 UK Top 100 Songs 68 All - time charts ( edit ) Charts Position Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 457 UK Digital Singles Chart 29 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 30,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 20,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 887,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 3,375,000 Mastertone Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 20,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 Music video Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Radio adds ( edit ) Radio add dates and formats Country Date Format United States October 13 , 2008 Rhythmic Contemporary hit radio November 24 , 2008 Urban contemporary Purchasable release ( edit ) Release dates , record label and format details Country Date Format Label United States October 28 , 2008 Digital Download Columbia Records February 10 , 2009 Digital EPs ( Volume 1 & 2 ) Europe October 17 , 2008 Digital Download November 7 , 2008 CD single Australia October 17 , 2008 Digital Download November 7 , 2008 CD single New Zealand October 17 , 2008 Digital Download November 7 ,",
"22": "2008 CD single France October 26 , 2008 Digital Download November 7 , 2008 CD single United Kingdom October 26 , 2008 Digital Download November 7 , 2008 CD single Canada November 7 , 2008 CD single February 3 , 2009 Digital EP ( Volume 1 ) February 10 , 2009 Digital EP ( Volume 2 ) Germany November 7 , 2008 CD single Spain February 3 , 2009 Digital Download ( Spanish Version ) Cover versions ( edit ) Jamaican dancehall singer Althea Hewitt released a reggae cover of `` If I Were a Boy '' to iTunes Stores on December 19 , 2008 . Nicole Sullivan and Tisha Campbell - Martin covered `` If I Were a Boy '' during the episode `` The Shape of Things to Come '' on the sitcom Rita Rocks which aired on October 13 , 2009 . During the finale of the tenth season of American Idol on May 25 , 2011 , the lady contestants joined together onstage to perform `` If I Were a Boy '' along with a medley of Beyoncé 's other singles . Caterina Torres covered the song during the second series of The Voice ( Australia ) on May 12 , 2013 . Torres ' version peaked at number 28 on the Australian Singles Chart on May 26 , 2013 . On June 8 , 2013 , singer Asanda covered the song during the final of the seventh series of Britain 's Got Talent . Glee cast member Alex Newell covered the song for the fifth season episode `` The End of Twerk '' . The song was released in iTunes Store on November 11 , 2013 . Michael Slezak of TVLine praised his rendition of the song as `` fantastic '' and `` flawless '' . Lauren Hoffman from Vulture and Derek Chavis from The Baltimore Sun described his rendition as one of the best covers recorded for the series . Marc Snetiker of Entertainment Weekly praised the inclusion of the song in the episode and described Newell 's vocals as `` incredible '' while Billboard 's Rae Votta described the cover as `` absolutely stunning '' .",
"23": "The X Factor performances ( edit ) On October 6 , 2011 , during the first season of The X Factor US , 13 - year - old Rachel Crow covered the song during one of her auditions . She was backed by a piano and went sombre as she sang . Her performance brought judge Nicole Scherzinger to tears . Gil Kaufman of MTV News commented that the cover showed off `` her preternaturally powerful ( and ) growly range '' . Both Joe Berkowitz of Rolling Stone and Jennifer Still of Digital Spy noted that Crow 's performance was well executed despite her young age . Sarah Maloy of Billboard magazine commented that her performance was `` sensational as always '' . On December 3 , 2011 , during the eighth series of the British televised music competition The X Factor , girl band Little Mix covered the `` If I Were a Boy '' . Digital Spy 's Daniel Sperling noted that the cover contained `` a little Amelia Lily-esque shouting '' . On September 26 , 2012 , during the second season of The X Factor in the United States , Dinah Jane Hansen covered `` If I Were a Boy '' . Annie Barrett of Entertainment Weekly praised Hansen 's singing , writing that she `` stunned the crowd with a vocal so powerful '' and `` made the song her own '' . Bruna Nessif of E ! Online praised her `` powerful '' rendition , and Peter Larsen of The Orange County Register wrote that she left the judges `` speechless , ( and ) blown away by the power and beauty of her voice '' . Then , on December 5 , 2012 , during the same show , Carly Rose Sonenclar also covered the song . Jennifer Still of Digital Spy noted that she sounded `` effortless on those long , belting notes and shows a lot of restraint in the verses as well '' . On August 18 , 2013 , during the fifth season of The X Factor Australia , Dami Im covered the song during the home visits round . Lorna Simpson also covered `` If I Were a Boy '' during the home visits round on the tenth season on The X Factor in the UK on October 4 , 2013 . On December 4 , 2014 , Ellona Santiago covered the song in week 6 of the third season for her Unplugged performance .",
"24": "Reba McEntire version ( edit ) `` If I Were a Boy '' Single by Reba McEntire from the album All the Women I Am Released January 24 , 2011 Format Music download Genre Country Length 3 : 32 ( radio edit ) 3 : 52 ( album version ) Label Valory / Starstruck Songwriter ( s ) BC Jean Toby Gad Producer ( s ) Dann Huff Reba McEntire singles chronology `` Turn on the Radio '' ( 2010 ) `` If I Were a Boy '' ( 2011 ) `` When Love Gets a Hold of You '' ( 2011 ) `` Turn on the Radio '' ( 2010 ) `` If I Were a Boy '' ( 2011 ) `` When Love Gets a Hold of You '' ( 2011 ) The song was covered by American country singer Reba McEntire on the television program Unplugged on Country Music Television . The cover was accompanied by a music video that premiered on June 18 , 2010 , which depicted McEntire performing the song live . In late 2010 , she recorded a studio version , and it was added to country radio on January 24 , 2011 , by Starstruck Entertainment and Valory Music Group as the second single from her studio album All the Women I Am ( 2010 ) . McEntire revealed that she originally wanted to only cover her own hits . However , her husband and manager , Narvel Blackstock wanted her to do a cover song . Blackstock finally came up with the idea that she should record her own version of Beyoncé 's `` If I Were a Boy '' . Speaking about her version of the song , McEntire said : `` When I got the song and the lyrics , I thought it was an incredible song ... And , to me , it turned out to be a country song , when we got our instrumentation on it and everything . And some people go , ' Well , why in the world would you do a pop song ? ' I just think music is music . You 've got good and you 've got bad , and I try to stay on the good side . '' McEntire 's cover has generally been met with positive reception .",
"25": "Jessica Phillips of Country Weekly magazine described her cover as a `` soulful countrified look at love from a male perspective '' . Steve Morse at The Boston Globe said that McEntire translated the song `` artfully into country '' . Billboard magazine 's Mikael Wood praised the cover , comparing it with McEntire 's cover of Kelly Clarkson 's `` Because of You '' . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times noted that McEntire `` sounds as if she 's already inhabiting the role '' in the song . Allmusic critic Thom Jurek was less favorable , writing that it was unrecognizable to the original , before adding , `` It contains none of the original 's drama ; in its place is a failed attempt at a soft rock power ballad . '' Following McEntire 's live performance at the CMA awards , the song debuted at number 60 on the Hot Country Songs charts as an album cut dated for the week ending November 27 , 2010 . It re-entered at number 60 on the chart dated for the week ending January 29 , 2011 , and peaked at number 22 in April 2011 . It also peaked at number 23 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart in April 2011 . The official music video for the cover premiered on Oprah.com on February 28 at midnight , followed by an exclusive interview . It was directed by Peter Zavadil . After her first performance of the song on Unplugged on the Country Music Television , McEntire also performed the song at the Country Music Association ( CMA ) awards on November 10 , 2010 . Mawuse Ziegbe of MTV News praised her cover , writing , `` Singing with no band onstage , donning a glittery black dress with her signature red hair flowing to her shoulders , the legendary vocalist 's performance scored a standing ovation . '' Jillian Mapes and Megan Vick of Billboard praised the performance , writing , `` As if Beyonce 's 2008 ballad ' If I Were a Boy ' was n't moving enough , country queen Reba McEntire 's smokey twang and solemn stance turned the song on its head . '' They also noted that the simple and powerful performance `` is enough to inspire tears , or at least goosebumps . ''",
"26": "Country Music Television 's Chet Flippo felt that McEntire 's performance was `` the musical highlight of the evening '' and added that it was `` a lesson of what country music should be striving for these days '' . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times gave a mixed review of her performance , writing that `` ( McEntire ) did something unexpected , softening her delivery and finding the creases in the song , as if Beyoncé were whispering to her from the wings . '' However , Entertainment Weekly 's Mandi Bierly wrote that the lyrics were `` just too young for ( McEntire ) , and when it comes to the chorus , I want someone to belt it '' . See also ( edit ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2008 List of European number - one hits of 2008 List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2000s List of best - selling singles of the 2000s ( decade ) in the United Kingdom List of best - selling music downloads in the United Kingdom List of number - one singles of the 2000s ( Sweden ) List of number - one songs of the 2000s ( Denmark ) List of number - one songs in Norway References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Danton , Eric R. ( January 11 , 2009 ) . `` A Girl 's Pizza - inspired Musing Produces A Smash Hit '' . Hartford Courant . Tribune Company . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Knowles , Beyoncé ( 2008 ) . I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( Liner Notes ) ( Compact Disc ) . Beyoncé Knowles . New York City , New York : Columbia Records . p. 2 . 88607 42884 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing date announced for Beyonce 's ' I Am ... ' world tour '' . China Daily . China Daily Group . October 13 , 2009 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Neil ( November 10 , 2008 ) .",
"27": "`` Beyoncé vs BC Jean : girls behaving badly '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kraines , Talia ( November 17 , 2008 ) . `` Beyoncé I Am ... Sasha Fierce Review '' . BBC Music . BBC . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Vineyard , Jennifer ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Beyonce Album Preview : I Am ... Sasha Fierce Shines Light On B 's Alter Ego '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Vineyard , Jennifer ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` Beyonce Releases Two Tracks From ' I Am ... ' , Inspired By Jay - Z And Etta James '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Beyonce 's ' Stolen ' New Hit Record '' . Fox News Channel . News Corporation . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Beyonce To Perform On ' TRL ' Finale '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Caramanica , Jon ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Covers by Justin Bieber , Weezer , Reba McEntire , Kidd Rock -- Cover to Cover : The Why and Wherefore '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DeRogatis , Jim ( November 11 , 2008 ) . `` Beyoncé , `` I Am ... Sasha Fierce '' ( Sony ) `` . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 .",
"28": "^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . Review : I Am ... Sasha Fierce . Allmusic Rovi Corporation . Retrieved on December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Schou , Solvej ( November 28 , 2008 ) . `` Album : I Am ... Sasha Fierce '' . Associated Press via Lodi News - Sentinel . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` If I Were a Boy -- Digital Sheet Music ( Digital Download ) '' . Musicnotes.com . Cherry Lane Music Co. , Inc . Jump up ^ Hirsh , Marc ( December 31 , 2008 ) . `` Striking a Chord '' . The Boston Globe . The New York Times Company . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Masley , Ed ( January 8 , 2012 ) . `` Beyonce 's other babies : 12 essential singles '' . The Arizona Republic . Gannett Company . p. 3 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Greenblatt , Leah ( November 5 , 2008 ) . `` Review : ' I Am ... Sasha Fierce ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Heller , Jason ; Koski , Genevieve ; Pierce , Leonard ; Robinson , Tasha ; Ryan , Kyle ; Withrow , Emily ; Zulkey , Claire ( March 15 , 2010 ) . `` A soundproofed room of one 's own : 17 well - intended yet misguided feminist anthems '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Guerra , Joey ( November 17 , 2008 ) . `` Album Review : Beyonce I Am ... Sasha Fierce '' . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Powers , Ann ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` First Listen : Beyoncé 's ' If I Were a Boy ' and ' Single Ladies ' '' .",
"29": "Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Slezak , Michael ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` Beyonce 's ' If I Were a Boy ' : What do you think ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sterdan , Darryl ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` Review Album : Beyoncé -- I Am ... Sasha Fierce '' . Jam ! . Sun Media . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Vineyard , Jennifer ( October 13 , 2008 ) . `` Beyonce 's Very Different New Videos : One Has Dancing , One Has Relationship Problems '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Tapper , Christina ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` Beyoncé 's Double Debut '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McAlpine , Fraser ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Beyoncé - ' If I Were A Boy ' '' . BBC Music . BBC . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Danton , Eric R. ( November 17 , 2008 ) . `` CD Review : ' I Am ... Sasha Fierce ' by Beyonce '' . Hartford Courant . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( September 11 , 2008 ) . `` Beyoncé 's New LP , Featuring Justin Timberlake , Due November 18 '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Beyoncé -- ' Single Ladies ' and ' If I Were a Boy ' '' .",
"30": "Rap - Up . Devin Lazerine . October 8 , 2008 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Going for Adds -- Rhythmic Archived October 14 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . R&R . October 13 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` CHR '' . FMQB . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2009 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Going for Adds -- Urban '' . R&R . October 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Going for Adds -- Urban '' . R&R . November 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` If I Were A Boy -- Dance Mixes -- Volume I '' . Amazon.com ( US ) . Amazon Inc . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` If I Were A Boy -- Dance Mixes -- Volume II '' . Amazon.com ( US ) . Amazon Inc . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` If I Were a Boy -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( Australia ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` If I Were a Boy -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( New Zealand ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` If I Were a Boy -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( Belgium ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` If I Were A Boy '' . Amazon.com ( France ) . Amazon Inc . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` If I Were A Boy '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) . Amazon Inc .",
"31": "Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` If I Were a Boy -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( Belgium ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` If I Were a Boy ( Single ) '' ( in German ) . Amazon.com ( Germany ) . Amazon Inc . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` If I Were a Boy -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( Australia ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` If I Were a Boy -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( New Zealand ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` If I Were a Boy -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( Canada ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` If I Were a Boy ( Dance Mixes , Vol . I ) by Beyoncé '' . iTunes Store ( Canada ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` If I Were a Boy ( Dance Mixes , Vol. II ) by Beyoncé '' . iTunes Store ( Canada ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Knowles , Beyoncé ( 2008 ) . I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( Deluxe Edition ) ( Liner Notes ) ( Compact Disc ) . Beyoncé Knowles . New York City , New York : Columbia Records . p. 8 . 88607 42884 2 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce in Mexico '' . Saharis Online . November 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Si Yo Fuera un Chico ( digital single ) '' . iTunes Store ( Spain ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Chuck ( October 17 , 2008 ) .",
"32": "`` Billboard singles reviews : Beyonce , Britney '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cinquemani , Sal . ( November 12 , 2008 ) Review : I Am ... Sasha Fierce . Slant Magazine . Retrieved on December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` Beyonce 's Road To The Grammys Proves She Is A Fierce Diva '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Matos , Michaelangelo ( November 17 , 2008 ) . `` Music -- Album Review -- Beyoncé : ' I Am ... Sasha Fierce ' '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levine , Nick ( November 17 , 2008 ) . `` Music -- Album Review -- Beyoncé : ' I Am ... Sasha Fierce ' '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi ( UK ) Ltd . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levine , Nick ( November 10 , 2008 ) . `` Music -- Beyoncé : ' If I Were A Boy ' '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi ( UK ) Ltd . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dombal , Ryan . ( November 21 , 2008 ) Review : I Am ... Sasha Fierce . Pitchfork Media . Ryan Schreiber . Retrieved on December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McGuire , Colin ( February 9 , 2009 ) . Review : I Am ... Sasha Fierce . PopMatters . Retrieved on November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Stacey ( December 12 , 2008 ) . Review : I Am ... Sasha Fierce Archived June 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Spin . Spin Media LLC . Retrieved on December 16 , 2011 .",
"33": "Jump up ^ Mazmanian , Adam ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` Beyonce 's two faces '' . The Washington Times . News World Media Development . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Erika ; Lipshutz , Jason . `` Beyoncé 's 30 Biggest Billboard Hits '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . p. 2 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Institut Hrvatske Glazbene Industrije -- Nominacije `` Porin 2009 '' '' ( in Croatian ) . Croatian Phonographic Association . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Pazz and Jop Singles - 2008 '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York Pazz and Jop Singles - 2009 '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Chart Beat : Britney Spears , Beyonce , Labelle , Jennifer Hudson , Bob Dylan , Lindsay Lohan '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Jonathan ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` T.I. Continues Hot 100 Dominance '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` Week Ending Oct. 26 , 2008 : Headbangers Beat Out High - Schoolers '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo !. Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 -- Week of November 15 , 2008 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . November 15 , 2008 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 -- Week of November 22 , 2008 '' .",
"34": "Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . November 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 -- Week of November 29 , 2008 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . November 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Songs -- Week of November 29 , 2008 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . November 29 , 2008 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( November 19 , 2008 ) . `` Week Ending Nov. 16 , 2008 : Teens On Top '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo !. Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jenson , David ( November 30 , 2008 ) . `` Beyoncé : I Am ... Bigger Than Nickelback , David Cook '' . New Sabah Times . Inna Kinabalu Sdn Bhd . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( November 27 , 2008 ) . `` T.I. Fends Off Beyonce , Remains Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold and Platinum '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` BeyScan - United States Sales '' . BeyScan . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Single Top 50 ( November 2 , 2008 ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beyoncé -- If I Were A Boy ( Song ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 .",
"35": "^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Singles Accreditations '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand charts portal '' . Charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé -- IF I Were a Boy ( Song ) '' . Charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Zealand Latest Gold / Platinum Singles '' . RadioScope . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UK Singles Top 75 ( November 15 , 2008 ) '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UK Singles Top 75 ( November 22 , 2008 ) '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` UK Singles Top 75 ( November 29 , 2008 ) '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Paul ( November 24 , 2008 ) . `` Lewis Back Atop UK Album Chart '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UK Singles Top 75 ( December 27 , 2008 ) '' . The Official Charts Company . December 27 , 2008 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charts Plus Year end 2009 '' ( PDF ) . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Awards Search '' . British Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Radio 1 Official Chart of the Decade , as broadcast on BBC Radio 1 on Tuesday December 29 , 2009 , presented by Nihal Tyagi Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( November 28 , 2013 ) .",
"36": "`` Official Charts Flashback 2008 : Beyoncé -- If I Were A Boy '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( September 12 , 2009 ) . `` Beyoncé 's VMA - Nominated ' Single Ladies ' Video Began As An Afterthought '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé -- Si Yo Fuera Un Chico '' . MTV UK . MTV Networks . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beyonce Turns The Tables In ' Boy ' Video '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up With Eddie Goines ' Beyonce is Truly a Legend ' '' . Beyoncé Knowles 's Official Website . November 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé to Release Above and Beyoncé -- Video Collection & Dance Mixes ! '' . Beyoncé Knowles ' Official Website . May 26 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Beyoncé -- ' If I Were a Boy ' '' . Rap - Up . Devin Lazerine . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cady , Jennifer ( October 13 , 2008 ) . `` Beyoncé Debuts Two New Music Videos '' . E ! Online . NBC Universal . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BET Unveils the Best 100 Music Videos of 2008 -- Notarized '' ( Press release ) . Black Entertainment Television . January 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nero , Mark Edward . `` 2009 BET Awards '' . About.com . The New York Times Company .",
"37": "Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards Japan '' . MTV Japan . MTV Networks . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce , Tyler Perry dominate NAACP Image nominations '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Platinum Database '' . Canadian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards : Show '' . Rap - Up . Devin Lazerine . November 6 , 2008 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin , Dan ( November 10 , 2008 ) . `` Beyoncé : I want to be Wonder Woman '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 World Music Awards '' . CBS News . CBS . p. 1 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé Sings `` If I Were a Boy '' `` . The Oprah Winfrey Show . November 13 , 2008 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( November 17 , 2008 ) . `` Justin Timberlake , Beyonce , Eminem , Fall Out Boy Mark End Of An Era At ' TRL ' Finale '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Urgent : Beyoncé ne sera pas à la Star Academy vendredi soir ... enfin pas vraiment ! ( réactualisé ) '' ( URGENT : Beyoncé will not be in Star Academy Friday night ... well not really ! ( Updated ) ) . Pure People . December 10 , 2008 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ García , Jesüs ( December 13 , 2008 ) .",
"38": "`` Pleno de El Canto del Loco '' ( Full of the Song of the Crazy ) . El País ( in Spanish ) . PRISA . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Mike ( December 14 , 2008 ) . `` Alexandra Burke claims X Factor title after seeing off rivals in final '' . Daily Record . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sisario , Ben ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` Biggest Haul at Grammys Goes to Beyoncé '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Jayson ( January 31 , 2010 ) . `` Beyonce Covers Alanis Morissette At Grammys '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , William ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Beyonce , Taylor Swift , Kings of Leon Lead Grammys '' . Spin . Spin Media LLC . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sisario , Ben ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` At Hot Contest , Cool Beyoncé Is a Dynamo but Never a Diva '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Erika ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` Beyonce 's 5 Biggest TV Performances '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce covers Kings Of Leon and Prince at Glastonbury '' . NME . IPC Media . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ganz , Caryn ( June 22 , 2008 ) . `` Beyonce Brings Hits , Jay - Z to `` I Am ... '' Tour opener in New York `` . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 .",
"39": "Jump up ^ Arseniuk , Melissa ( August 3 , 2009 ) . `` A night with the bootylicious Beyoncé '' . Las Vegas Weekly . The Greenspun Corporation . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I Am ... World Tour '' . Amazon.com ( Germany ) . Amazon Inc . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kellman , Andy . `` I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Alice ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Beyoncé , 02 Arena , London '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Jayson ( June 22 , 2009 ) . `` Beyonce , Jay - Z Thrill New York Crowd At I Am ... Stop '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Emery , Patrick ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` Choreographed self - belief '' . The Australian . News Limited . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Music World Entertainment ( 2010 ) Beyoncé - I Am ... World Tour ( Liner Notes ) Columbia Records . Jump up ^ Powers , Ann ( July 13 , 2009 ) . `` Pop Music Review - Live : Beyoncé at Honda Center '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Emily ( May 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Feels so good to be back home on stage ' : Beyonce shows off her post-baby curves as she performs for first time since Blue 's birth '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Maura ( May 27 , 2012 ) .",
"40": "`` Live : Beyoncé Brings The House Down At Atlantic City 's Newest Casino '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice Media . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ganz , Caryn ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Run the World ( Showgirls ) : Beyonce Gets Back to Business in Atlantic City '' . Spin . Spin Media LLC . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Erika ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Beyonce Returns to the Stage in Atlantic City '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Obama , daughters attend Beyonce concert '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . May 27 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Elysa ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Beyonce wows in first post-baby performance '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Beyonce 's post-baby concerts : Whitney Houston tribute , Goo Goo Dolls and Lauryn Hill songs '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé makes nod to The Verve at London 's O2 Arena '' . NME . IPC Media . April 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kreps , Daniel ( April 22 , 2009 ) . `` Beyonce Calls Today Show Singing Scandal ' Ridiculous ' '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Chris ( April 23 , 2009 ) .",
"41": "`` Beyonce `` Today '' Hoaxer Says He Was Trying To Make A Point `` . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Vena , Jocelyn ( April 22 , 2009 ) . `` Beyonce Comments On Fake ' Screeching ' Tape '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beyonce Mime Recording ' Fake ' '' . MTV UK . MTV Networks . April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` If I Were A Boy : Beyonce Knowles '' . Amazon.com ( US ) . Amazon Inc . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Week Commencing 24th November 2008 ~ Issue # 978 '' ( PDF ) ( 980 ) . ARIA Charts . Pandora Archive . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé reúne 164 mil pessoas em sua primeira turnê pelo Brasil '' ( in Portuguese ) . Universo Online . Grupo Folha . February 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard Canadian Hot 100 for Beyonce . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé -- If I Were a Boy '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( Czech Republic ) . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- 6 December 2008 Week 49 '' ( in Dutch ) . Top 40 Netherland . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard European Hot 100 Singles for Beyonce . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Charts -- Singles Top 10 -- 21.11.",
"42": "2008 '' . Germancharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rádios Top 40 játszási lista ( 2009 . 02 . 23 . -- 2009 . 03 . 01 . ) '' ( in Hungarian ) . Mahasz . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Beyoncé '' . Irish-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Media Forest : Airplay chart '' . mediaforest.biz . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard Japan Hot 100 for Beyonce . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Music Control '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé -- If I Were a Boy '' ( in Slovak ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( Slovakia ) . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UK R&B Chart '' . Official Charts Company . January 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard Hot 100 for Beyonce . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Beyonce . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard Hot Dance Club Play for Beyonce . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé -- Billboard Albums & Singles '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 .",
"43": "Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé - If I Were a Boy '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Mediadate = 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé -- Awards '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pandora Archive Year End Charts 2008 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA Charts . Pandora Archive . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Year end Charts 2008 '' . Dutchcharts.nl . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Classements - Annuels 2008 '' ( in French ) . Disqueenfrance.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Germany Top 100 Singles ~ 2008 '' . Musicharts.net . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Year End Charts '' . International Recording Media Association . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RIANZ Singles Chart annual '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista Topp 20 Nykommerne Oeverst Paa Aarslista - 2008 '' ( in Norwegian ) . farojournalen . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2009 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2008 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 .",
"44": "Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year End Charts 2008 '' . Swisscharts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 UK Singles Chart '' ( PDF ) . ChartsPlus . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pandora Archive Year End Charts 2009 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA Charts . Pandora Archive . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austria Top 75 Singles of 2009 '' . Austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts 2009 '' . Ultratop 50 . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts 2009 '' . Ultratop 50 . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Halo , de Beyoncé , é a música mais tocada nas rádios brasileiras em 2009 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Universo Online . Grupo Folha . January 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Music Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Top 40 Year End '' . MegaCharts . Top 40 Web ( Netherlands ) . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Year End : European Hot 100 Singles '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . December 19 , 2009 . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Best selling physical albums in 2009 in France '' ( PDF ) . Disqueenfrance.com . p. 22 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 .",
"45": "Jump up ^ `` Classement Radio 2007 '' . Disqueenfrance.com . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts Year End : German Singles Chart '' . Viva . Media Control Charts . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Éves összesített listák -- MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 ( súlyozott ) '' . Mahasz . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Year End Charts '' . International Recording Media Association . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista Topp 20 Nykommerne Oeverst Paa Aarslista - 2009 '' ( in Norwegian ) . farojournalen . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart : PROMUSICAE 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Productores de Música de España . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2009 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year End Charts 2009 '' . Swisscharts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 UK Singles Chart '' ( PDF ) . ChartsPlus . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Music Hits , Top 100 Music Charts , Top 100 Songs & The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts -- Radio Songs '' .",
"46": "Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Club Music , Hot Dance Songs , Club Songs , Dance Club Music Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts -- Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Hip - Hop and R&B Songs & Singles '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2011 ( Flanders ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2012 ( Flanders ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 singles of the decade ( ARIA ) '' . Adelaide . News Limited . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ewige Bestenliste - Singles '' . Hitparade ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delta Goodrem 's talents top the charts '' . BBC Online . BBC . January 2 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Beyonce -- If I Were a Boy '' . Music Canada . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Beyonce -- If I Were a Boy '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Beyonce ; ' If I Were a Boy ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 .",
"47": "Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2009 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Beyonce ; ' If I Were a Boy ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Beyonce 's Official Top 20 biggest songs in the UK revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian single certifications -- Beyoncé -- If I Were a Boy '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Beyoncé -- If I Were a Boy '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` If I Were a Boy '' . Amazon.com ( France ) . Amazon Inc . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` If I Were a Boy '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) . Amazon Inc . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` If I Were a Boy -- Single by Althea Hewitt '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Nicole ; Campbell - Martin , Tisha ( October 13 , 2009 ) . `` The Shape of Things to Come '' . Rita Rocks . Season 2 . Episode 6 . Lifetime . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce Dons Her Diva Crown On ' American Idol ' Finale '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hardie , Giles ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Fuego , fuego , fuego ! It 's The Voice recap '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 .",
"48": "Jump up ^ `` Caterina Torres -- If I Were A Boy '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chen , Karen ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` BGT 's Asanda may get record deal '' . Independent Online . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - If I Were a Boy ( Glee Cast Version ) - Single by Glee Cast '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 12 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Glee Recap : Twerk - Life Balance ( Updated ) '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Lauren ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Glee Recap : Twerking , Moles , and ' Blurred Lines ' '' . Vulture. New York . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chavis , Derek ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee ' recap : ' The End of Twerk ' '' . The Baltimore Sun . Tribune Company . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee ' recap : Nice Twerk If You Can Get It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. p. 2 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Votta , Rae ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : The ' End of Twerk ' Episode Not As Bad As It Sounds '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` ' The X Factor ' recap : ' Tis the Season to be Caterwaul - y '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. p. 2 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 .",
"49": "^ Jump up to : Still , Jennifer ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' The X Factor ' USA : Boot Camp Day 2 recap : Top 32 revealed '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi ( UK ) Ltd . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( October 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' X Factor ' Boot Camp Sends Chris Rene , Rachel Crow Through '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Berkowitz , Joe ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` ' X Factor ' Recap : A Swirling Cauldron of Drama '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Maloy , Sarah ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' X Factor ' Boot Camp Ends : Finalists Chosen & Assigned Mentors '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . p. 1 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hollis , Richard ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` X Factor final thoughts '' . The Sun . News International . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Holly ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` Consolation prize ? After Little Mix get slammed on X Factor , Tulisa heads out with Fazer and receives diamond covered trophy '' . Daily Mail . Daily Mail and General Trust . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Daniel ( December 3 , 2011 ) . `` ' X Factor ' Semi-Final : Live Blog '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi ( UK ) Ltd . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Barrett , Annie ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` ' The X Factor ' recap : Full House '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( September 26 , 2012 ) .",
"50": "`` X Factor Recap : Gene Simmons ' Daughter Sophie Auditions and Steps Out of Dad 's Shadow '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` O.C. teens make their marks on ' X Factor ' and ' The Voice ' '' . The Orange County Register . Freedom Communications . October 9 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lika , Lindita ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` Mamaroneck 's Sonenclar To Sing Beyonce Song On ' X Factor ' '' . Mamaroneck Daily Voice . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Still , Jennifer ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` ' The X Factor ' USA : Top 6 perform unplugged , viewers ' choice tracks '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi ( UK ) Ltd . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dami Im Returns as Matt Gresham Pulls Out of the Competition '' . Take 40 Australia . MCM Media . August 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Strictly Come Dancing Beats The X Factor in the Saturday night ratings battle for a second week running '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . October 6 , 2013 . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Reba McEntire Covers Beyoncé '' . Rap - Up . Devin Lazerine . December 19 , 2011 . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reba McEntire : If I Were a Boy '' . Country Music Television . June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Going for Adds -- Country '' . R&R . January 24 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 .",
"51": "Jump up ^ Dunham , Nancy ( August 13 , 2010 ) . `` Reba McEntire Introduces Us to ' All the Women I Am ' '' . The Boot . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reba 's Exclusive Premiere Of ' If I Were A Boy ' '' . WYCD ( 99.5 FM , `` Detroit 's 99.5 WYCD '' ) . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jame ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` Reba McEntire takes on Beyonce '' . Jam ! . Sun Media . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Jessica ( November 5 , 2010 ) . `` All the Women I Am : Reba McEntire -- Reviews -- Country Weekly Magazine '' . Country Weekly . American Media Inc . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Morse , Steve ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` Reba McEntire , ' All the Women I Am ' '' . The Boston Globe . The New York Times Company . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` Reba McEntire `` All the Women I Am '' `` . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom . `` All The Women I Am -- Reba McEntire '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs -- Week of November 27 , 2010 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs -- Week of January 29 , 2011 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs -- Update '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 .",
"52": "Jump up ^ `` Bubbling Under Hot 100 Week of April 9 , 2011 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reba 's `` If I Were A Boy '' Video to World Premiere on Oprah.com `` . Reba McEntire Official Website . February 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CMA Awards 2010 live : All the performances as they happen '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ziegbe , Mawuse ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` CMA Awards Ruled By Country Couple Miranda Lambert And Blake Shelton '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mapes , Jillian ; Vick , Megan ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` 5 Must - See Moments at the 2010 CMA Awards '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Flippo , Chet ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` Nashville Skyline : CMA Awards Rightfully Salute Brad Paisley , Miranda Lambert '' . Country Music Television . Viacom . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` CMA Awards : Best and worst of the broadcast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) `` If I Were a Boy '' music video on YouTube Beyoncé songs Discography Dangerously in Love `` Crazy in Love '' `` Naughty Girl '' `` Baby Boy '' `` Me ,",
"53": "Myself and I '' `` The Closer I Get to You '' `` Dangerously in Love 2 '' `` Daddy '' Live at Wembley `` What 's It Gonna Be '' `` Wishing on a Star '' B'Day `` Déjà Vu '' `` Get Me Bodied '' `` Suga Mama '' `` Upgrade U '' `` Ring the Alarm '' `` Kitty Kat '' `` Freakum Dress '' `` Green Light '' `` Irreplaceable '' `` Resentment '' `` Check on It '' `` Beautiful Liar / Bello Embustero '' `` Welcome to Hollywood '' `` Flaws and All '' `` Still in Love ( Kissing You ) '' `` Listen '' `` Amor Gitano '' I Am .",
"54": "Sasha Fierce `` If I Were a Boy '' `` Halo '' `` Broken - Hearted Girl '' `` Ave Maria '' `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' `` Radio '' `` Diva '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Video Phone '' `` Ego '' `` Honesty '' `` Why Do n't You Love Me '' `` Poison '' `` 1 + 1 '' `` I Care '' `` I Miss You '' `` Best Thing I Never Had '' `` Party '' `` Rather Die Young '' `` Start Over '' `` Love On Top '' `` Countdown '' `` End of Time '' `` I Was Here '' `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' `` Lay Up Under Me '' `` Schoolin ' Life '' `` Dance for You '' Beyoncé `` Pretty Hurts '' `` Haunted '' `` Drunk in Love '' `` Blow '' `` No Angel '' `` Partition '' `` Jealous '' `` Rocket '' `` Mine '' `` XO '' `` Flawless '' `` Superpower '' `` Heaven '' `` 7 / 11 '' `` Ring Off '' Lemonade `` Pray You Catch Me '' `` Hold Up '' `` Do n't Hurt Yourself '' `` Sorry '' `` 6 Inch '' `` Daddy Lessons '' `` Love Drought '' `` Sandcastles '' `` Forward '' `` Freedom '' `` All Night '' `` Formation '' As featured artist `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Feeling Myself '' `` Fighting Temptation '' `` Hollywood '' `` Hymn for the Weekend '' `` I Got That '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lift Off '' `` Love a Woman '' `` Love in This Club Part II '' `` Mi Gente '' `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' `` Put It in a Love Song '' `` Runnin ' ( Lose It All ) '' `` Say Yes '' `` See Me Now '' `` Shining '' `` Telephone '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Walk on Water '' `` What More Can I Give '' Other songs `` A",
"55": "Woman Like Me '' `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' `` At Last '' `` Back to Black '' `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' `` Die with You '' `` Fever '' `` God Bless the USA '' `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' `` In da Club ( Sexy Lil Thug ) '' `` One Night Only '' `` Perfect Duet '' `` Summertime '' `` Work It Out '' Book Template WikiProject Reba McEntire 2000s - 2010s singles So Good Together `` I 'll Be '' `` We 're So Good Together '' Greatest Hits Volume III : I 'm a Survivor `` I 'm a Survivor '' `` Sweet Music Man '' Room to Breathe `` I 'm Gonna Take That Mountain '' `` Somebody '' `` He Gets That from Me '' `` My Sister '' Reba # 1 's `` You 're Gonna Be ( Always Loved by Me ) '' `` Love Needs a Holiday '' Reba : Duets `` Because of You '' ( with Kelly Clarkson ) `` The Only Promise That Remains '' ( with Justin Timberlake ) `` Every Other Weekend '' ( with Kenny Chesney ) Keep On Loving You `` Strange '' `` Consider Me Gone '' `` I Keep On Loving You '' All the Women I Am `` Turn On the Radio '' `` If I Were a Boy '' `` When Love Gets a Hold of You '' `` Somebody 's Chelsea '' Love Somebody `` Going Out Like That '' `` Until They Do n't Love You '' `` Just Like Them Horses '' Promotional singles `` The New Me '' `` Goodbye Looks",
"56": "Good on Me '' Guest singles `` Cowgirls Do n't Cry '' ( with Brooks & Dunn ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_I_Were_a_Boy&oldid=816613598 '' Categories : 2000s ballads 2008 singles 2011 singles 2008 songs Beyoncé songs Reba McEntire songs Number - one singles in Denmark Dutch Top 40 number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden UK Singles Chart number - one singles UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles Music videos directed by Jake Nava Songs with feminist themes Songs written by Toby Gad Pop ballads Song recordings produced by Toby Gad Song recordings produced by Dann Huff Columbia Records singles Big Machine Records singles Music videos directed by Peter Zavadil Songs written by BC Jean Song recordings produced by Beyoncé Black - and - white music videos Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Slovak - language sources ( sk ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart making named ref Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification",
"57": "Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Deutsch Dolnoserbski Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Ślůnski Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 14 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial bridge - wikipedia Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial bridge Jump to : navigation , search Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge The bridge in front of the Hoover Dam Coordinates 36 ° 0 ′ 45 '' N 114 ° 44 ′ 29 '' W / 36.01250 ° N 114.74139 ° W / 36.01250 ; - 114.74139 ( Hoover Dam Bypass ) Coordinates : 36 ° 0 ′ 45 '' N 114 ° 44 ′ 29 '' W / 36.01250 ° N 114.74139 ° W / 36.01250 ; - 114.74139 ( Hoover Dam Bypass ) Carries US 93 Crosses Colorado River Locale Lake Mead National Recreation Area , Clark County , Nevada -- Mohave County , Arizona Official name Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge Other name ( s ) Hoover Dam Bypass Bridge Maintained by Arizona Department of Transportation ( ADOT ) Nevada Department of Transportation ( NDOT ) Characteristics Design concrete - steel composite arch bridge Total length 1,900 feet ( 579 m ) Longest span 1,060 ft ( 323 m ) Clearance below 900 ft ( 270 m ) History Designer Bridge Designer T.Y. Lin International Design Manager HDR , Inc . Construction start February 14 , 2005 Construction end October 14 , 2010 Construction cost $240 million Opened October 16 , 2010 ( to pedestrians ) ; October 19 , 2010 ( regular traffic ) Statistics Daily traffic 15,000 New bridge and bypass highway at Hoover Dam . The Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge is an arch bridge in the United States that spans the Colorado River between the states of Arizona and Nevada . The bridge is located within the Lake Mead National Recreation Area approximately 30 miles ( 48 km ) southeast of Las Vegas , and carries U.S. Route 93 over the Colorado River .",
"1": "Opened in 2010 , it was the key component of the Hoover Dam Bypass project , which rerouted US 93 from its previous routing along the top of Hoover Dam and removed several hairpin turns and blind curves from the route . It is jointly named for Mike O'Callaghan , Governor of Nevada from 1971 -- 1979 , and Pat Tillman , an American football player who left his career with the Arizona Cardinals to enlist in the United States Army and was later killed in Afghanistan by friendly fire . As early as the 1960s , officials identified the US 93 route over Hoover Dam to be dangerous and inadequate for projected traffic volumes . From 1998 -- 2001 , officials from Arizona , Nevada , and several federal government agencies collaborated to determine the best routing for an alternative river crossing . In March 2001 , the Federal Highway Administration selected the route , which crosses the Colorado River approximately 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) downstream of Hoover Dam . Construction of the bridge approaches began in 2003 , and construction of the bridge itself began in February 2005 . The bridge was completed in 2010 and the entire bypass route opened to vehicle traffic on October 19 , 2010 . The Hoover Dam Bypass project was completed within budget at a cost of $240 million ; the bridge portion cost $114 million . The bridge was the first concrete - steel composite arch bridge built in the United States , and incorporates the widest concrete arch in the Western Hemisphere . At 900 feet ( 270 m ) above the Colorado River , it is the second highest bridge in the United States after the Royal Gorge Bridge , and is the world 's highest concrete arch bridge . The bridge is slated to be part of Interstate 11 once the highway is completed in this area , replacing US 93 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design 3 Construction 4 Naming 5 Incidents 5.1 Construction crane collapse 5.2 Fatalities 5.3 Suicides 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Citations 10 External links History ( edit ) In 1935 , the American Association of State Highway Officials ( AASHO , later AASHTO ) authorized a southward extension of U.S.",
"2": "Route 93 from its previous southern terminus in Glendale , Nevada to Kingman , Arizona by way of Las Vegas and Boulder City , crossing the Colorado River on the newly constructed Hoover Dam ( also known then as Boulder Dam ) . Clark County was sparsely populated at the time , with a population of less than 9,000 at the 1930 U.S. Census ( compared to an estimated 2 million in 2013 ) . Development in and around Las Vegas in the latter half of the 20th century made Las Vegas and its surrounding area a tourist attraction , and US 93 became an important transportation corridor for passenger and commercial traffic between Las Vegas and Phoenix . In 1995 , the portion of US 93 over Hoover Dam was included as part of the CANAMEX Corridor , a high - priority transportation corridor established under the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . This bridge is a key component of the proposed Interstate 11 project . Through traffic on US 93 combined with pedestrian and tourist traffic at Hoover Dam itself led to major traffic congestion on the dam and on the approaches to the dam . The approaches featured hairpin turns on both the Nevada and Arizona sides of the dam , and the terrain caused limited sight distances around curves . In addition to traffic safety considerations , officials were also concerned about the safety and security of Hoover Dam , specifically the impact a vehicle accident could have on the dam 's operation and the waters of Lake Mead . Officials first discussed the need for a new Colorado River crossing that would bypass the dam in the 1960s . The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation , which operates the dam , began work on the `` Colorado River Bridge Project '' in 1989 , but the project was put on hold in 1995 . In 1997 the Federal Highway Administration took over the project and released a draft environmental impact statement in 1998 . From 1998 -- 2001 state officials from Arizona and Nevada as well as several federal government agencies studied the feasibility of several alternative routes and river crossings , as well as the feasibility of modifying the roadway over the dam , restricting traffic over the dam , or doing nothing . In March 2001 the Federal Highway Administration issued a Record of Decision indicating its selection of the `` Sugarloaf Mountain Alternative '' routing .",
"3": "The project called for approximately 2.2 miles ( 3.5 km ) of highway in Nevada , 1.1 miles ( 1.8 km ) of highway in Arizona , and a 1,900 - foot ( 580 m ) bridge that would cross the river 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) downstream ( south ) of Hoover Dam . Design work began in July 2001 . Security measures implemented following the September 11 attacks prohibited commercial truck traffic from driving across Hoover Dam . Prior to the completion of the bridge , through commercial vehicles were required to follow a 104 - mile ( 167 km ) detour route between Boulder City and Kingman via US 95 , Nevada State Route 163 , the Colorado River crossing between Laughlin , Nevada and Bullhead City , Arizona , and Arizona State Route 68 ; the detour added 23 - mile ( 37 km ) to the normal journey on US 93 . Design ( edit ) The completed bridge viewed from Nevada in December 2010 Project design was by the Hoover Support team , led by HDR , Inc. and including T.Y. Lin International , Sverdrup Civil , Inc. , and other specialist contributors . The bridge has a length of 1,900 feet ( 579 m ) and a 1,060 ft ( 320 m ) span . The roadway is 900 ft ( 270 m ) above the Colorado River and four lanes wide . This is the first concrete - and - steel composite arch bridge built in the United States . It includes the widest concrete arch in the Western Hemisphere and is also the second highest bridge in the nation , with the arch 840 ft ( 260 m ) above the river . The twin arch ribs are connected by steel struts . The composite design , using concrete for the arch and columns with steel construction for the roadway deck , was selected for schedule and cost control while being aesthetically compatible with the Hoover Dam . Sean Holstege in The Arizona Republic has called the bridge `` an American triumph '' . USA Today called it `` America 's Newest Wonder '' on October 18 , 2010 . Pedestrian access is provided over the bridge to tourists who wish to take in a different view of the nearby dam and river below , but the dam is not visible for those driving across it .",
"4": "A parking area is provided near the bridge on the Nevada side at what was a staging area during construction . A set of stairs and disabled access ramps lead to the sidewalk across the bridge . Construction ( edit ) The bridge under construction , January 2009 Work began in 2003 on the approaches in both states and the construction contract for the arch bridge was awarded in October 2004 . The largest obstacle to the project was the river crossing . The bridge and the bypass were constructed by a consortium of different government agencies and contractors , among them the Federal Highway Administration , the Arizona Department of Transportation , and Nevada Department of Transportation , with RE Monks Construction and Vastco , Inc , constructing the Arizona Approach , Edward Kraemer & Sons , Inc , the Nevada Approach and Las Vegas Paving Corporation undertaking the roadway surfacing on both approaches . The bridge itself was built by Obayashi Corporation and PSM Construction USA , Inc. , while Frehner Construction Company , Inc. was responsible for completing the final roadway installations . A permit problem between Clark County and the subcontractor Casino Ready Mix arose in May 2006 over the operation of a concrete - batch plant for the project , and this caused a four - month delay . Construction of the arches , showing the diagonal cable stays and the high - line crane . June 2009 Construction required hoisting workers and up to 50 short tons ( 45 t ) of materials 890 feet ( 270 m ) above the Colorado River using 2,300 ft ( 700 m ) - long steel cables held aloft by a `` high - line '' crane system . High winds caused a cableway failure in September 2006 , resulting in a further two - year delay . The approach spans , consisting of seven pairs of concrete columns -- five on the Nevada side and two on the Arizona side -- were completed in March 2008 . In November 2008 , construction worker Sherman Jones died in an accident . Completed Arch in September 2009 The arches are made of 106 pieces -- 53 per arch -- mostly 24 ft ( 7.3 m ) cast in place sections . The arch was constructed from both sides of the bridge concurrently , supported by diagonal cable stays strung from temporary towers . The twin arch spans were completed with the casting of the center segments in August 2009 .",
"5": "That same month , the two halves of the arch were completed , and were ⁄ inch ( 9.5 mm ) apart ; the gap was filled with a block of reinforced concrete . The temporary cable stays were removed , leaving the arch self - supporting . By December , all eight of the vertical piers on the arch had been set and capped , and at the end of the month the first two of thirty - six 50 - short - ton ( 45 t ) steel girders had been set into place . The nearly complete bridge seen from a helicopter in February 2010 By mid-April 2010 , all of the girders were set in place , and for the first time construction crews could walk across the structure from Arizona to Nevada . Shortly thereafter , the pouring of the bridge deck began . The bridge deck was fully paved in July , and the high - line cranes were removed from the site as the overall project neared completion . The bridge was completed with a dedication ceremony on October 14 , 2010 . and a grand opening party on October 16 . It was opened to bicycle and pedestrian traffic on October 18 and to vehicular traffic on October 19 , a few weeks earlier than estimated . The building of the bridge was featured in episode 5x02 of the TV series Extreme Engineering . The filming of this episode took place before the start of work on the arch . When the bridge opened to traffic , the roadway over Hoover Dam was closed to through traffic , and all visitor access to the dam was routed to the Nevada side ; vehicles are still allowed to drive across the dam to the Arizona side following a security inspection , but must return to the Nevada side to return to US 93 . The former US 93 route between the dam and its junction with the present US 93 route has been re-designated as Nevada State Route 172 . Naming ( edit ) In late 2004 , the proposed bridge name honoring Mike O'Callaghan and Pat Tillman was announced at a ceremony by the Governor of Nevada , Kenny Guinn , and the Governor of Arizona , Janet Napolitano .",
"6": "O'Callaghan , a decorated Korean War veteran , was the Governor of Nevada from 1971 through 1979 , and he was the executive editor at the Las Vegas Sun newspaper for many years until his death on March 5 , 2004 . Tillman had been a football player for the Arizona State University and for the Arizona Cardinals . He gave up his multimillion - dollar career in the National Football League to enlist as an infantryman in the U.S. Army , but he was killed by friendly fire in Afghanistan on April 22 , 2004 . Incidents ( edit ) View from upstream of Hoover Dam with Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge in background Construction crane collapse ( edit ) Strong winds gusting across the Black Canyon on September 15 , 2006 , appear to have been the cause for the collapse of the `` high - line '' crane system that was used to carry workmen and materials at the bridge site . No injuries or fatalities occurred because of this accident . Limited construction work resumed in October 2006 , but this accident caused a two - year delay in construction . The bridge - construction companies Obayashi Corp. and PSM Construction , USA , Inc. absorbed the cost of the debris removal and the rebuilding of the cranes . The reconstruction contract for the cranes was awarded to Cincinnati 's F&M Mafco Inc . Fatalities ( edit ) Work was also halted when a Las Vegas construction worker , 48 - year - old Sherman Jones , was killed during construction while adjusting a cable used to align temporary concrete towers , when a jack punctured his chest . Suicides ( edit ) The first known suicide at the bridge took place on April 7 , 2012 . Federal officials were unable to persuade the victim not to jump from the pedestrian walkway overlooking the dam . Others have happened since . Recent known suicides at the bridge include a woman who jumped on January 10 , 2014 , becoming the 7th suicide according to the Las Vegas Review Journal ( LVRJ ) . The eighth suicide victim was a man who jumped on April 15 , 2014 ( LVRJ ) .",
"7": "Representatives of the Nevada Department of Transportation `` are constantly monitoring the situation , '' and were `` planning to discuss potential preventative measures on the bypass bridge '' at their August or September 2012 meeting . See also ( edit ) Bridges portal Arizona portal Nevada portal List of bridges in the United States by height Robert Maillart , Swiss civil engineer and designer of the similar Salginatobel Bridge ( 1929 -- 1930 ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The arch rise is 277 ft ( 84 m ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Hoover Dam Bypass . Central Federal Lands Highway Division and HDR Engineering . October 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Soaring Hoover Dam bypass bridge finally complete . ^ Jump up to : `` Construction Activities '' . Hoover Dam Bypass . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Holstege , Sean ( August 20 , 2010 ) . `` Las Vegas route over Hoover Dam bridge coming soon '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.mtnmouse.com/nevada/hoover_dam_bridge.html Jump up ^ http://highestbridges.com/wiki/index.php?title=Mike_O'Callaghan-Pat_Tilman_Memorial_Bridge Jump up ^ `` CANAMEX Federal Definition '' . CANAMEX Corridor Coalition . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2008 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Norman , Jean Reid ( August 12 , 2009 ) . `` Boulder City Council endorses Vegas - to - Phoenix interstate '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. 93 Hoover Dam Bypass Project Record of Decision '' ( PDF ) . Federal Highway Administration . March 2001 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , Kyle B. ( August 1 , 2009 ) .",
"8": "`` Hoover Dam bypass bridge inches toward completion '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hoover Dam Bypass Update No 8 '' ( PDF ) . Hoover Dam Bypass . February 2002 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Holstege , Sean ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Hoover Dam bridge is America 's newest wonder '' . USAToday . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Goodyear , Klamerus & Turton 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Design Activities '' . Hoover Dam Bypass . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Holstege , Sean ( October 17 , 2010 ) . `` Hoover Dam bypass bridge an American triumph '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : McCabe , Francis ( March 31 , 2008 ) . `` Towering Achievement '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . ISSN 1097 - 1645 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2008 . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Illia & Cho 2010 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Illia & Cho 2009 , pp. 20 -- 21 . Sidebar giving a timeline of the project . Jump up ^ Illia & Cho 2009 , p. 24 . `` In early 2006 , ( the project 's ) local concrete supplier , Casino Ready Mix Inc. , was found to be unlicensed , causing a 4 - month delay . '' Jump up ^ Fried , Stephen ( October 17 , 2010 ) . `` The Birth of a Modern Marvel '' . Parade Magazine . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Construction Photo Album : Images from December 2009 '' . Hoover Dam Bypass . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Quine , Michael ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Hoover Dam bypass bridge dedicated '' .",
"9": "Las Vegas Review - Journal . ISSN 1097 - 1645 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Kyle ( October 16 , 2010 ) . `` Bridging America event draws thousands '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Kyle ( October 9 , 2010 ) . `` Bicyclists get early glimpse of Hoover Dam bypass bridge '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cannon , K.M. ( October 16 , 2010 ) . `` Thousands walk new Hoover Dam Bypass bridge '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . ISSN 1097 - 1645 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Illia & Cho 2009 , p. 18 . `` ( The crossing ) is scheduled to open in November 2010 . '' Jump up ^ `` Visiting Hoover Dam : A Traveler 's Guide '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Illia , Tony ( April 13 , 2009 ) . `` The missing link '' . Las Vegas Business Press . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Leong , Grace ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` Diving for debris : A.F. company cleans up Hoover Dam bypass damage '' . Daily Herald . Provo , Utah . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Manning , Mary ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Worker dies at Hoover Dam bypass bridge project '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Holstege , Sean ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` Hoover Dam bypass bridge an epic marvel '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shine , Conor ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` California woman identified as bypass bridge jumper '' .",
"10": "Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Adrienne Packer ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` NEWS : Suicides prompt talk of changes at Hoover Dam bypass bridge '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado River Bridge , Hoover Dam Bypass Project '' . Projects . PSM Construction . 2005 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Citations ( edit ) `` Hoover Dam Bypass '' . Central Federal Lands Highway Division . Archived from the original on November 11 , 1998 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Official website . Goodyear , David ; Klamerus , Bonnie ; Turton , Rob ( 2005 ) . `` New Colorado River Arch Bridge at the Hoover Dam '' ( PDF ) . International Bridge Conference 2005 . Pittsburgh : Engineers ' Society of Western Pennsylvania : 16 -- 18 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 11 , 2006 . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . This will be the first arch structure of this scale to combine a composite steel deck with a segmental concrete arch and spandrels . The design is also unique in its use of steel Vierendeel struts between twin concrete arch ribs -- a feature that both speeds construction and adds ductility to the lateral framing system for extreme seismic loads . Illia , Tony ; Cho , Aileen ( 2009 ) . `` Buffeted by High Winds and Setbacks , a Bypass Is Making History Near Hoover Dam '' . Engineering News - Record . 263 ( 18 ) : 18 -- 24 . ISSN 0891 - 9526 . ( subscription required ) for the article with the timeline . Illia , Tony ; Cho , Aileen ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` Buffeted by High Winds and Setbacks , a Bypass Is Making History Near Hoover Dam '' . pp. 1 -- 3 . Same title but no timeline .",
"11": "External links ( edit ) Official website Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge at Structurae Media related to Hoover Dam Bypass ( Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge ) at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Crossings of the Colorado River Upstream Hoover Dam Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge US 93 Downstream Davis Dam Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_O%27Callaghan -- Pat_Tillman_Memorial_Bridge&oldid = 828160287 '' Categories : Bridges over the Colorado River Road bridges in Arizona Road bridges in Nevada Bridges on the United States Numbered Highways U.S. Route 93 Bridges completed in 2010 Concrete bridges in the United States Transportation in Clark County , Nevada Transportation in Mohave County , Arizona Buildings and structures in Clark County , Nevada Buildings and structures in Mohave County , Arizona Lake Mead Lake Mead National Recreation Area Monuments and memorials in Arizona Monuments and memorials in Nevada 2010 establishments in Arizona 2010 establishments in Nevada Open - spandrel deck arch bridges in the United States Steel bridges in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Structurae ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 22 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who plays auggie in the movie the wonder
|
[
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{
"0": "Wonder ( film ) - wikipedia Wonder ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Wonder Theatrical release poster Directed by Stephen Chbosky Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Jack Thorne Steve Conrad Stephen Chbosky Based on Wonder by R.J. Palacio Starring Julia Roberts Owen Wilson Jacob Tremblay Music by Marcelo Zarvos Bea Miller Cinematography Don Burgess Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Lionsgate Mandeville Films Participant Media Walden Media TIK Films Distributed by Lionsgate Release date November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) ( Regency Village Theater ) November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $300.1 million Wonder is a 2017 American drama film directed by Stephen Chbosky and written by Jack Thorne , Steve Conrad , and Stephen Chbosky , based on the 2012 novel of the same name by R.J. Palacio . The film stars Julia Roberts , Owen Wilson , and Jacob Tremblay . The film follows a child with Treacher Collins syndrome trying to fit in . Wonder was released in the United States on November 17 , 2017 , by Lionsgate . The film received positive reviews from critics and audiences and grossed $300 million worldwide on a $20 million budget , turning a profit of $55 million . At the 90th Academy Awards , the film was nominated for Best Makeup and Hairstyling . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast 2.2 Other cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 See also 8 External links Plot ( edit ) August `` Auggie '' Pullman is a young boy raised in North River Heights in upper Manhattan , New York .",
"1": "He has a rare medical facial deformity , which he refers to as `` mandibulofacial dysostosis . '' Due to numerous surgeries ( 27 ) , Auggie had been home - schooled by his parents Isabel and Nate , but as Auggie is approaching middle school age , Isabel and Nate decide to send him to Beecher Prep , a mainstream private school . Fifth grade is tough for Auggie who is ostracized by nearly all the student body . He is bullied by being called a freak and rumors were spread that kids will get the `` plague '' if they touch him . He does befriend a boy named Jack Will . Halloween is Auggie 's favorite holiday . He has to wear an old `` Ghostface '' mask and costume because his dog , Daisy , threw up on his `` Boba Fett '' costume . He walks around school unrecognized and is not tormented while incognito . As he walks through the door to his homeroom , he overhears his friend Jack telling Julian Albans that he was `` only pretending to be friends with Auggie . '' Feeling betrayed , Auggie leaves school and wants to stay home during trick - or - treating . His older sister Olivia , nicknamed `` Via , '' tells him she is still his friend and talks him out of it . Auggie later confides the incident to a new friend , named Summer , but swears her to secrecy . When Jack notices that Auggie has become quiet and distant he asks Summer why , but she only gives him the clue `` Ghost Face '' . Jack is shocked when it dawns on him that it was Auggie wearing the Ghost Face costume , and thus had overheard everything he said to Julian . When Julian calls Auggie a `` freak , '' Jack angrily punches him in the face and a fight ensues between the two , which is soon broken up by their homeroom teacher Mr. Browne . Jack is suspended for two days for his actions . He apologizes to Auggie and the two friends reconcile . They even team up for a winning science project . During the middle of the school year , Auggie is constantly bullied by Julian and his friends Amos , Miles , and Henry .",
"2": "They leave hurtful and threatening notes on his desk and tape their class picture on his locker with Auggie photoshopped out . Mr. Tushman confronts Julian and his parents . Julian 's mother assures the principal that her boy is no bully . She even proclaims that she had Auggie edited out of the picture because she did n't want people to only care about Auggie and his family more than Julian . She also threatens to pull their funding from the school . Tushman shows all of his evidence and suspends Julian for two days , along with making him stay home from the annual nature retreat . As he and his parents leave , a remorseful Julian apologizes to Tushman for his behavior which the principal proudly accepts . Via has her own teen problems as well as feeling left out with all of the parental attention given to her sick brother . Her best friend , Miranda , has been ignoring her all year but she meets a new boy Justin who encourages her to join Drama Club . Via and Justin develop a close friendship which later turns into a romantic relationship and her first kiss . Via is selected to be an understudy for the lead role in the school 's production of `` Our Town , '' but Miranda gets the lead role . Miranda realizes the pain and harm she 's done to Via , and on opening night pretends to fall ill . Via takes her place and gives a performance that earns her a standing ovation . During the nature retreat , Auggie and Jack are harassed by a group of seventh graders from another school and Amos , Miles , and Henry come to their defense . After their return to school , Auggie is generally more accepted by his classmates , including the reformed Julian . At the school 's year end graduation ceremony , Tushman announces that Auggie has been selected for the Henry Ward Beecher Medal for being a strong standing out student . Auggie receives a standing ovation . His mother Isabel calls Auggie her `` wonder '' . The movie ends with a shot of a floating astronaut : Auggie 's goal in life . Cast ( edit ) Cast ( edit ) Julia Roberts as Isabel Pullman , Via and Auggie 's mother .",
"3": "Owen Wilson as Nate Pullman , Via and Auggie 's father , Isabel 's husband Jacob Tremblay as August `` Auggie '' Pullman , Via 's brother and Isabel and Nate 's son Izabela Vidovic as Olivia `` Via '' Pullman , Auggie 's sister Maccie Margaret Chbosky as Young Olivia Noah Jupe as Jack Will , Auggie 's best friend Bryce Gheisar as Julian Albans Elle McKinnon as Charlotte Cody Millie Davis as Summer Dawson Ty Consiglio as Amos Continu Kyle Harrison Breitkopf as Miles Noury James A. Hughes as Henry Joplin Sônia Braga as Lisa `` Grans '' Minel , Isabel 's mother and Via and Auggie 's grandmother Mandy Patinkin as Mr. Tushman Daveed Diggs as Mr. Browne Ali Liebert as Ms. Petosa Danielle Rose Russell as Miranda Navas , Via 's best friend Nadji Jeter as Justin Hollander , Via 's boyfriend Gidget as Darth - Daisy `` Daisy '' , Auggie and Via 's dog Other cast ( edit ) Nicole Oliver as Mrs. Will , Jack 's mother Rachel Hayward as Mrs. Navas , Miranda 's mother Crystal Lowe as Mrs. Sarah Albans , Julian 's mother Steve Bacic as Mr. Albans , Julian 's father Erika McKitrick as Ella Lucia Thain as Savanna Wittenberg Sasha Neuhaus as Maya Markowitz Izzy Lieberman as Reid Kingsley Hannah Hoberman as Rebecca William Dickinson as Eddie Emma Tremblay as Michelle Lydia Jewett as Lina Annan Armen Bagdasrov as Danny Kaelyn Breitkopf as Angela Victoria V. Cruz as the Science Fair judge Benjamin Ratner as Mr. Davenport J. Douglas Stewart as Darth Sidious Michael Alan Healy as Chewbacca Production ( edit ) On November 27 , 2012 , it was announced that Lionsgate was developing the feature film adaptation of R.J. Palacio 's debut novel Wonder , while in talks with John August to write the screenplay .",
"4": "Mandeville Films ' David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman would be producing the film . On May 8 , 2013 , Jack Thorne was hired to adapt the novel , while August , who was previously reported as writer , had departed from the project . In October 2014 , John Krokidas was reported to be directing the film , but in April 2015 , Paul King was hired to take the directing duties . Steven Conrad was writing the script at that time . On April 14 , 2016 , Jacob Tremblay was cast in to play the lead role as Auggie Pullman , while Julia Roberts was in talks to play Auggie 's mother . On May 5 , 2016 , Roberts was confirmed to play the mother , with Stephen Chbosky signed on to direct . On June 27 , 2016 , Owen Wilson had joined to play Auggie 's father . On July 11 , 2016 , newcomer Noah Jupe joined the cast as Auggie 's best friend at school . On July 15 , 2016 , Daveed Diggs was cast as Mr. Browne , an English teacher at the school . On August 19 , 2016 , Sônia Braga joined the cast , portraying the role of Roberts 's mother . Jacob 's prosthetic makeup , designed and created by Arjen Tuiten , took an hour and half to apply . It consisted of a skull cap with prosthetic ears attached , a facial prosthetic that covered Jacob 's face , and a wig to tie it all together . Marcelo Zarvos composed the film 's score . Music ( edit ) Bea Miller composed a song entitled `` Brand New Eyes . '' It was released on August 3 , 2017 . Wonder author R.J. Palacio has often credited Natalie Merchant 's song `` Wonder '' from her 1995 album Tigerlily as the inspiration for her best - selling book and at Merchant 's invitation , the song will be featured in the soundtrack . Release ( edit ) Wonder was scheduled to be released in the United States on April 7 , 2017 by Lionsgate .",
"5": "On February 13 , 2017 , it was announced that the release date for Wonder had been pushed back to November 17 , 2017 . Wonder had its world premiere at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles on November 14 , 2017 . Box office ( edit ) Wonder grossed $132.4 million in the United States and Canada , and $167.4 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $300.1 million , against a production budget of $20 million . Deadline Hollywood calculated the film made a net profit of $55.3 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues . In the United States and Canada , Wonder was released alongside Justice League and The Star and was initially projected to gross around $9 million from 3,096 theaters in its opening weekend . However after grossing $740,000 from Thursday night previews and receiving a large number of group ticket sales , weekend projections were upped to $15 million . Weekend projections were again increased , this time to $28 million , after the film made $9.4 million on its first day . The film went on to debut to $27.1 million , finishing second at the box office behind Justice League . In its second weekend the film dropped just 17.7 % , grossing $22.7 million and finishing third at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 85 % based on 156 reviews and an average rating of 7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Wonder does n't shy away from its bestselling source material 's sentiment , but this well - acted and overall winsome drama earns its tugs at the heartstrings . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to receive such a score . Some with craniofacial disorders have criticized the film for casting an able - bodied actor as Auggie , and have branded the plot an example of inspiration porn .",
"6": "Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards February 5 , 2018 Best Intergenerational Film Wonder Nominated Readers ' Choice Poll Wonder Nominated Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Makeup and Hairstyling Arjen Tuiten Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 18 , 2018 Best Makeup and Hair Naomi Bakstad , Robert Pandini and Arjen Tuiten Nominated Casting Society of America January 18 , 2018 Big Budget -- Comedy Deborah Aquila , Kara Eide , Tricia Wood and Kris Woz Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Young Actor / Actress Jacob Tremblay Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Jack Thorne , Steve Conrad and Stephen Chbosky Nominated Best Hair & Makeup Wonder Nominated Heartland Film Festival December 31 , 2017 Truly Moving Picture Award Stephen Chbosky Won London Film Critics Circle January 28 , 2018 Young British / Irish Performer of the Year Noah Jupe Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 24 , 2018 Feature Motion Picture : Best Contemporary Makeup Naomi Bakstad , Jean Black and Megan Harkness Nominated Feature Motion Picture : Best Contemporary Hair Styling Robert Pandini and Alisa Macmillian Nominated Feature Motion Picture : Best Special Makeup Effects Michael Nickiforek and Arjen Tuiten Nominated Feature Motion Picture : Best Contemporary Hair Styling Robert Pandini and Alisa Macmillian Nominated Feature Motion Picture : Best Special Makeup Effects Michael Nickiforek and Arjen Tuiten Nominated Saturn Awards June 2018 Best Performance by a Younger Actor Jacob Tremblay Pending Best Make - up Arjen Tuiten Pending Best Independent Film Wonder Pending Seattle Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Youth Performance Jacob Tremblay Nominated Washington D.C.",
"7": "Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Youth Performance Jacob Tremblay Nominated Women Film Critics Circle December 17 , 2017 Best Family Film Wonder Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WONDER '' . Lionsgate Press . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Will ' Justice League ' Perform Like ' Wonder Woman ' or ' Suicide Squad ' at the Box Office ? '' . TheWrap . November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wonder ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Lionsgate lining up John August to adapt ' Wonder ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lionsgate Taps Jack Thorne To Adapt R.J. Palacio Novel ' Wonder ' '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Kill Your Darlings ' Director to Helm YA Adaptation ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Paddington ' Director Books Lionsgate 's YA Adaptation ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Room ' Star Jacob Tremblay in Talks for Lionsgate 's ' Wonder ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Julia Roberts to Play Jacob Tremblay 's Mother in ' Wonder ' '' .",
"8": "The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Owen Wilson to Co-Star With Julia Roberts in ' Wonder ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Night Manager ' Actor Joins Julia Roberts , Jacob Tremblay in ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Tony Winner Daveed Diggs Joins Lionsgate 's ' Wonder ' In First Post - ' Hamilton ' Film Role '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Sonia Braga Playing Julia Roberts ' Mother in ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marcelo Zarvos to Score Steven Chbsoky 's ' Wonder ' '' . FilmMusicReporter . January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder the Film '' . Natalie Merchant . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Roberts , Jacob Tremblay 's Wonder gets spring 2017 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First Look ! Julia Roberts and Jacob Tremblay Will Melt Your Heart in Wonder '' . People . August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Roberts ' Drama ' Wonder ' Pushed to November '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media , LLC . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saval , Malina ( November 15 , 2017 ) .",
"9": "`` ' Wonder ' Premiere Celebrates Book 's Six - Year Journey to Big Screen , ' Once - in - a-Lifetime Actor ' Jacob Tremblay '' . Variety . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Small Movies , Big Profits : 2017 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Tale Of Two Films : Walden Media 's ' The Star ' & ' Wonder ' Bow On Same Day '' . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Powers To $13 M Thursday Night ; Beats ' Wonder Woman ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Encounters Kryptonite At The B.O. With $93 M+ Opening : Why The DC Movie Weakened '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M , + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Henley , Ariel . `` Hollywood 's Approach to Disabled Characters Is Still a Disaster '' . Vice . Vice . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Steussy , Lauren . `` What it 's really like to have the rare disease in ' Wonder ' '' . New York Post . New York Post . Retrieved 16 December 2017 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ Barack , Lauren . `` Critics Question the Representation of Disability in ' Wonder ' '' . School Library Journal . School Library Journal . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards : ' The Post ' Leads Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : ' Shape of Water ' Leads With 13 Noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Three Billboards , ' ' Darkest Hour ' Lead Pack of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Artios Awards : Casting Society Reveals Film Nominees ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' The Shape of Water ' Leads With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Truly Moving Picture Award '' . Heartland film . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Three Billboards ' Leads London Critics ' Circle Film Award Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : ' Darkest Hour , ' ' Wonder ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) .",
"11": "`` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 Leads the 2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations '' . Seattle Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 WAFCA Awards '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Nominations '' . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benardello , Karen ( December 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Women Film Critics Circle Awards 2017 's Best Movies '' . Shockya.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 .",
"12": "See also ( edit ) Mask ( 1985 film ) The Elephant Man External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wonder ( film ) Official website Wonder on IMDb Wonder at AllMovie Wonder at Box Office Mojo Wonder at Metacritic Wonder at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonder_(film)&oldid=838439396 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films American drama films 2010s drama films Films about bullying Films about disability Films directed by Stephen Chbosky Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books Lions Gate Entertainment films Mandeville Films films Participant Media films Screenplays by Stephen Chbosky Walden Media films Films shot in British Columbia Films shot in Vancouver Films set in Manhattan Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 01 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .",
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when was the japanese videogame company nintendo founded
|
[
"23 September 1889",
"23 September 1889",
"23 September 1889",
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{
"0": "Nintendo - wikipedia Nintendo Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Nintendo corporation . For the third - generation video game console from the company , see Nintendo Entertainment System . Nintendo Co. , Ltd . Nintendo 's current logo , in use since 2016 Headquarters in Kyoto Native name 任天堂 株式 会社 Romanized name Nintendō kabushikigaisha Formerly called Nintendo Karuta Co. , Ltd . The Nintendo Playing Card Co . Type Public Traded as TYO : 7974 Industry Video game industry Consumer electronics Founded 23 September 1889 ; 128 years ago ( 1889 - 09 - 23 ) Founder Fusajiro Yamauchi Headquarters Kyoto , Japan Area served Worldwide Key people Tatsumi Kimishima ( President ) Shigeru Miyamoto ( Fellow ) Products List of Nintendo consoles Lists of Nintendo games Production output Hardware : 21.45 million Software : 99.15 million ( 2018 ) Services Nintendo Network Nintendo eShop Revenue ¥ 1.056 trillion ( 2018 ) Operating income ¥ 177.557 billion ( 2018 ) Net income ¥ 139.590 billion ( 2018 ) Total assets ¥ 1.634 trillion ( 2018 ) Total equity ¥ 1.324 trillion ( 2018 ) Number of employees 5,501 ( 2018 ) Divisions Entertainment Planning & Development European Research & Development Network Service Database Platform Technology Development Software Technology Technology Development Subsidiaries 1 - UP Studio Monolith Soft Nd Cube Retro Studios iQue Website nintendo.com Nintendo Co. , Ltd. is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best - known and top - selling video game franchises , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , and Pokémon . Founded on 23 September 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi , it originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards .",
"1": "By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo then developed into a video game company in the 1970s , ultimately becoming one of the most influential in the industry and Japan 's third most - valuable company with a market value of over $85 billion . From 1992 until 2016 , Nintendo was also the majority shareholder for the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1889 -- 1956 : As a card company 1.2 1956 -- 1974 : New ventures 1.3 1974 -- 1978 : Early electronic era 1.4 1979 -- 2003 : Success with video games 1.5 2004 -- 2011 : Nintendo DS and Wii 1.6 2011 -- 2015 : Nintendo 3DS and Wii U 1.7 2015 -- present : Mobile and Nintendo Switch 2 Products 2.1 Home consoles 2.1. 1 Color TV - Game 2.1. 2 Nintendo Entertainment System 2.1. 3 Super Nintendo Entertainment System 2.1. 4 Nintendo 64 2.1. 5 GameCube 2.1. 6 Wii 2.1. 7 Wii U 2.1. 8 Nintendo Switch 2.2 Handheld consoles 2.2. 1 Game & Watch 2.2. 2 Game Boy 2.2. 3 Nintendo DS 2.2. 4 Nintendo 3DS 3 Company structure 3.1 Marketing 3.2 Board of directors 3.2. 1 Representative Directors 3.2. 2 Directors 3.2. 3 Outside Directors 3.3 Executive officers 3.3. 1 Senior Executive Officers 3.3. 2 Executive Officers 3.4 Divisions 3.4. 1 Entertainment Planning & Development ( EPD ) 3.4.",
"2": "2 Platform Technology Development ( PTD ) 3.4. 3 Business Development ( NBD ) 3.4. 4 International divisions 3.4. 4.1 Nintendo Co. , Ltd . 3.4. 4.2 Nintendo of America 3.4. 4.3 Nintendo of Europe 3.4. 4.4 Nintendo Australia 3.4. 4.5 iQue 3.4. 4.6 Nintendo of Korea 3.5 Subsidiaries 3.6 Logos 4 Policy 4.1 Content guidelines 4.2 License guidelines 4.3 Emulation 4.4 Seal of Quality 4.4. 1 NTSC regions 4.4. 2 PAL regions 4.5 Charitable projects 4.6 Environmental record 5 Trademark 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links History Main article : History of Nintendo 1889 -- 1956 : as a card company Nintendo 's original headquarters in the Kyoto Prefecture in 1889 Nintendo was founded as a playing card company by Fusajiro Yamauchi on 23 September 1889 . Based in Kyoto , the business produced and marketed Hanafuda cards . The handmade cards soon became popular , and Yamauchi hired assistants to mass - produce cards to satisfy demand . In 1949 , the company adopted the name Nintendo Karuta Co. , Ltd. , doing business as The Nintendo Playing Card Co. outside Japan . Nintendo continues to manufacture playing cards in Japan and organizes its own contract bridge tournament called the `` Nintendo Cup '' . The word Nintendo can be translated as `` leave luck to heaven '' , or alternatively as `` the temple of free hanafuda '' . 1956 -- 1974 : new ventures Former headquarters plate , from when Nintendo was solely a playing card company In 1956 , Hiroshi Yamauchi , grandson of Fusajiro Yamauchi , visited the U.S. to talk with the United States Playing Card Company , the dominant playing card manufacturer there .",
"3": "He found that the biggest playing card company in the world was using only a small office . Yamauchi 's realization that the playing card business had limited potential was a turning point . He then acquired the license to use Disney characters on playing cards to drive sales . In 1963 , Yamauchi renamed Nintendo Playing Card Co. Ltd. to Nintendo Co. , Ltd . The company then began to experiment in other areas of business using newly injected capital during the period of time between 1963 and 1968 . Nintendo set up a taxi company called Daiya . This business was initially successful . However , Nintendo was forced to sell it because problems with the labour unions were making it too expensive to run the service . It also set up a love hotel chain , a TV network , a food company ( selling instant rice ) and several other ventures . All of these ventures eventually failed , and after the 1964 Tokyo Olympics , playing card sales dropped , and Nintendo 's stock price plummeted to its lowest recorded level of ¥ 60 . In 1966 , Nintendo moved into the Japanese toy industry with the Ultra Hand , an extendable arm developed by its maintenance engineer Gunpei Yokoi in his free time . Yokoi was moved from maintenance to the new `` Nintendo Games '' department as a product developer . Nintendo continued to produce popular toys , including the Ultra Machine , Love Tester and the Kousenjuu series of light gun games . Despite some successful products , Nintendo struggled to meet the fast development and manufacturing turnaround required in the toy market , and fell behind the well - established companies such as Bandai and Tomy . In 1973 , its focus shifted to family entertainment venues with the Laser Clay Shooting System , using the same light gun technology used in Nintendo 's Kousenjuu series of toys , and set up in abandoned bowling alleys . Following some success , Nintendo developed several more light gun machines ( such as the light gun shooter game Wild Gunman ) for the emerging arcade scene . While the Laser Clay Shooting System ranges had to be shut down following excessive costs , Nintendo had found a new market . 1974 -- 1978 : early electronic era The Color TV - Game was Nintendo 's first foray into video gaming , which would become its main business .",
"4": "Nintendo 's first venture into the video gaming industry was securing rights to distribute the Magnavox Odyssey video game console in Japan in 1974 . Nintendo began to produce its own hardware in 1977 , with the Color TV - Game home video game consoles . Four versions of these consoles were produced , each including variations of a single game ( for example , Color TV Game 6 featured six versions of Light Tennis ) . A student product developer named Shigeru Miyamoto was hired by Nintendo at this time . He worked for Yokoi , and one of his first tasks was to design the casing for several of the Color TV - Game consoles . Miyamoto went on to create , direct and produce some of Nintendo 's most famous video games and become one of the most recognizable figures in the video game industry . In 1975 , Nintendo moved into the video arcade game industry with EVR Race , designed by their first game designer , Genyo Takeda , and several more games followed . Nintendo had some small success with this venture , but the release of Donkey Kong in 1981 , designed by Miyamoto , changed Nintendo 's fortunes dramatically . The success of the game and many licensing opportunities ( such as ports on the Atari 2600 , Intellivision and ColecoVision ) gave Nintendo a huge boost in profit and in addition , the game also introduced an early iteration of Mario , then known in Japan as Jumpman , the eventual company mascot . 1979 -- 2003 : success with video games Main articles : Game & Watch , NES , Game Boy , SNES , Nintendo 64 , and Game Boy Advance SP The Game & Watch series was Nintendo 's first worldwide success in video game consoles In 1979 , Gunpei Yokoi conceived the idea of a handheld video game , while observing a fellow bullet train commuter who passed the time by interacting idly with a portable LCD calculator , which gave birth to Game & Watch . In 1980 , Nintendo launched Game & Watch -- a handheld video game series developed by Yokoi . These systems do not contain interchangeable cartridges and thus the hardware was tied to the game . The first Game & Watch game , Ball , was distributed worldwide . The modern `` cross '' D - pad design was developed in 1982 , by Yokoi for a Donkey Kong version .",
"5": "Proven to be popular , the design was patented by Nintendo . It later earned a Technology & Engineering Emmy Award . In 1983 , Nintendo launched the Family Computer ( colloquialized as `` Famicom '' ) home video game console in Japan , alongside ports of its most popular arcade games . In 1985 , a cosmetically reworked version of the system known outside Japan as the Nintendo Entertainment System or NES , launched in North America . The practice of bundling the system along with select games helped to make Super Mario Bros. one of the best - selling video games in history . In 1988 , Gunpei Yokoi and his team at Nintendo R&D1 conceived the new Game Boy handheld system , with the purpose of merging the two very successful ideas of the Game & Watch 's portability along with the NES 's cartridge interchangeability . Nintendo released the Game Boy in Japan on 21 April 1989 , and in North America on 31 July 1989 . Nintendo of America president Minoru Arakawa managed a deal to bundle the popular third party game Tetris along with the Game Boy , and the pair launched as an instant success . In 1989 , Nintendo announced plans to release the successor to the Famicom , the Super Famicom . Based on a 16 - bit processor , Nintendo boasted significantly superior hardware specifications of graphics , sound , and game speed over the original 8 - bit Famicom . The system was also said to have backwards compatibility with Famicom games , though this feature was ultimately cut upon release . The Super Famicom was finally released relatively late to the market in Japan on 21 November 1990 , and released as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( officially abbreviated the Super NES or SNES and commonly shortened to Super Nintendo ) in North America on 23 August 1991 and in Europe in 1992 . Its main rival was the 16 - bit Mega Drive , known in North America as Genesis , which had been advertised aggressively against the nascent 8 - bit NES . A console war between Sega and Nintendo ensued during the early 1990s . From 1990 to 1992 , Nintendo opened World of Nintendo shops in the United States where consumers could test and buy Nintendo products . In August 1993 , Nintendo announced the SNES 's successor , code - named Project Reality .",
"6": "Featuring 64 - bit graphics , the new system was developed as a joint venture between Nintendo and North - American - based technology company Silicon Graphics . The system was announced to be released by the end of 1995 , but was subsequently delayed . Meanwhile , Nintendo continued the Nintendo Entertainment System family with the release of the NES - 101 , a smaller redesign of the original NES . Nintendo also announced a CD drive peripheral called the Super NES CD - ROM Adapter , which was co-developed first by Sony with the name `` Play Station '' and then by Philips . Bearing prototypes and joint announcements at the Consumer Electronics Show , it was on track for a 1994 release , but was controversially cancelled . During 1995 , Nintendo announced that it had sold one billion game cartridges worldwide , ten percent of those being from the Mario franchise . Nintendo deemed 1994 the `` Year of the Cartridge '' . To further their support for cartridges , Nintendo announced that Project Reality , which had now been renamed the Ultra 64 , would not use a CD format as expected , but would rather use cartridges as its primary media format . Nintendo IRD general manager Genyo Takeda was impressed by video game development company Rare 's progress with real - time 3D graphics technology , using state of the art Silicon Graphics workstations . As a result , Nintendo bought a 25 % stake in the company , eventually expanding to 49 % , and offered their catalogue of characters to create a CGI game around , making Rare Nintendo 's first western - based second - party developer . Their first game as partners with Nintendo was Donkey Kong Country . The game was a critical success and sold over eight million copies worldwide , making it the second best - selling game in the SNES library . In September 1994 , Nintendo , along with six other video game giants including Sega , Electronic Arts , Atari , Acclaim , Philips , and 3DO approached the United States Senate and demanded a ratings system for video games to be enforced , which prompted the decision to create the Entertainment Software Rating Board . Aiming to produce an affordable virtual reality console , Nintendo released the Virtual Boy in 1995 , designed by Gunpei Yokoi . The console consists of a head - mounted semi-portable system with one red - colored screen for each of the user 's eyes , featuring stereoscopic graphics .",
"7": "Games are viewed through a binocular eyepiece and controlled using an affixed gamepad . Critics were generally disappointed with the quality of the games and the red - colored graphics , and complained of gameplay - induced headaches . The system sold poorly and was quietly discontinued . Amid the system 's failure , Yokoi retired from Nintendo . During the same year , Nintendo launched the Satellaview in Japan , a peripheral for the Super Famicom . The accessory allowed users to play video games via broadcast for a set period of time . Various games were made exclusively for the platform , as well as various remakes . In 1996 , Nintendo released the Ultra 64 as the Nintendo 64 in Japan and North America . The console was later released in Europe and Australia in 1997 . The Nintendo 64 continued what had become a Nintendo tradition of hardware design which is focused less on high performance specifications than on design innovations intended to inspire game development . With its market shares slipping to the Sega Saturn and partner - turned - rival Sony PlayStation , Nintendo revitalized its brand by launching a $185 million marketing campaign centered around the `` Play it Loud '' slogan . During the same year , Nintendo also released the Game Boy Pocket in Japan , a smaller version of the Game Boy that generated more sales for the platform . On 4 October 1997 , famed Nintendo developer Gunpei Yokoi died in a car crash . In 1997 , Nintendo released the SNS - 101 ( called Super Famicom Jr. in Japan ) , a smaller redesigned version of the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1998 , the successor to the Game Boy , the Game Boy Color , was released . The system had improved technical specifications allowing it to run games made specifically for the system as well as games released for the Game Boy , albeit with added color . The Game Boy Camera and Printer were also released as accessories . In October 1998 , Retro Studios was founded as an alliance between Nintendo and former Iguana Entertainment founder Jeff Spangenberg . Nintendo saw an opportunity for the new studio to create games for the upcoming GameCube targeting an older demographic , in the same vein as Iguana Entertainment 's successful Turok series for the Nintendo 64 . In 2001 , just three years later , Nintendo introduced the redesigned Game Boy Advance .",
"8": "The same year , Nintendo also released the GameCube to lukewarm sales , and it ultimately failed to regain the market share lost by the Nintendo 64 . When Yamauchi , the company 's president since 1949 , retired on 24 May 2002 , Satoru Iwata succeeded as Nintendo 's fourth president , becoming the first Nintendo president who was unrelated to the Yamauchi family through blood or marriage since its founding in 1889 . In 2003 , Nintendo released the Game Boy Advance SP , a redesign of the Game Boy Advance that featured a clamshell design that would later be used in Nintendo 's DS and 3DS handheld video game systems . 2004 -- 2011 : Nintendo DS and Wii Main articles : Nintendo DS and Wii In 2004 , Nintendo released the Nintendo DS , its fourth major handheld system . The DS is a dual screened handheld featuring touch screen capabilities , which respond to either a stylus or the touch of a finger . Former Nintendo president and now chairman Hiroshi Yamauchi was translated by GameScience as explaining , `` If we can increase the scope of the industry , we can re-energise the global market and lift Japan out of depression -- that is Nintendo 's mission . '' Regarding lukewarm GameCube sales which had yielded the company 's first reported operating loss in over 100 years , Yamauchi continued : `` The DS represents a critical moment for Nintendo 's success over the next two years . If it succeeds , we rise to the heavens , if it fails , we sink into hell . '' Thanks to games such as Nintendogs and Mario Kart DS , the DS became a success . In 2005 , Nintendo released the Game Boy Micro in North America , a redesign of the Game Boy Advance . The last system in the Game Boy line , it was also the smallest Game Boy , and the least successful . In the middle of 2005 , Nintendo opened the Nintendo World Store in New York City , which would sell Nintendo games , present a museum of Nintendo history , and host public parties such as for product launches . The store was renovated and renamed as Nintendo New York in 2016 .",
"9": "The Wii Remote , along with the Wii , was said to be revolutionary because of its motion detection capabilities In the first half of 2006 , Nintendo released the Nintendo DS Lite , a version of the original Nintendo DS with lighter weight , brighter screen , and better battery life . In addition to this streamlined design , its prolific subset of casual games appealed to the masses , such as the Brain Age series . Meanwhile , New Super Mario Bros. provided a substantial addition to the Mario series when it was launched to the top of sales charts . The successful direction of the Nintendo DS had a big influence on Nintendo 's next home console ( including the common Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection ) , which had been codenamed `` Revolution '' and was now renamed to `` Wii '' . In August 2006 , Nintendo published ES , a now - dormant , open source research operating system project designed around web application integration but for no specific purpose . In the latter half of 2006 , Nintendo released the Wii as the backward - compatible successor to the GameCube . Based upon intricate Wii Remote motion controls and a balance board , the Wii inspired several new game franchises , some targeted at entirely new market segments of casual and fitness gaming . At more than 100 million units , the Wii is the best selling console of the seventh generation , regaining the market share lost during the tenures of the Nintendo 64 and the GameCube . On 1 May 2007 , Nintendo acquired an 80 % stake on video game development company Monolith Soft , previously owned by Bandai Namco . Monolith Soft is best known for developing role - playing games such as the Xenosaga and Baten Kaitos series . During the holiday season of 2008 , Nintendo followed up the success of the DS with the release of the Nintendo DSi in Japan . The system features a more powerful CPU and more RAM , two cameras , one facing towards the player and one facing outwards , and had an online distribution store called DSiWare . The DSi was later released worldwide during 2009 . In the latter half of 2009 , Nintendo released the Nintendo DSi XL in Japan , a larger version of the DSi . This updated system was later released worldwide in 2010 .",
"10": "2011 -- 2015 : Nintendo 3DS and Wii U Main articles : Nintendo 3DS and Wii U Nintendo 3DS In 2011 , Nintendo released the Nintendo 3DS , based upon a glasses - free stereoscopic 3D display . In February 2012 , Nintendo acquired Mobiclip , a France - based research and development company specialized in highly optimized software technologies such as video compression . The company 's name was later changed to Nintendo European Research & Development . During the fourth quarter of 2012 , Nintendo released the Wii U . It sold slower than expected , despite being the first eighth generation console . By September 2013 , however , sales had rebounded . Intending to broaden the 3DS market , Nintendo released 2013 's cost - reduced Nintendo 2DS . The 2DS is compatible with but lacks the 3DS 's more expensive but cosmetic autostereoscopic 3D feature . Nintendo also released the Wii Mini , a cheaper and non-networked redesign of the Wii . On 25 September 2013 , Nintendo announced it had purchased a 28 % stake in a Panasonic spin - off company called PUX Corporation . The company specializes in face and voice recognition technology , with which Nintendo intends to improve the usability of future game systems . Nintendo has also worked with this company in the past to create character recognition software for a Nintendo DS touchscreen . After announcing a 30 % dive in profits for the April to December 2013 period , president Satoru Iwata announced he would take a 50 % pay - cut , with other executives seeing reductions by 20 % -- 30 % . In January 2015 , Nintendo announced its exit from the Brazilian market after four years of distributing products in the country . Nintendo cited high import duties and lack of local manufacturing operation as reasons for leaving . Nintendo continues its partnership with Juegos de Video Latinoamérica to distribute products to the rest of Latin America . On 11 July 2015 , Iwata died from a bile duct tumor at the age of 55 . Following his death , representative directors Genyo Takeda and Shigeru Miyamoto jointly led the company on an interim basis until the appointment of Tatsumi Kimishima as Iwata 's successor on 16 September 2015 .",
"11": "In addition to Kimishima 's appointment , the company 's management organization was also restructured -- Miyamoto was named `` Creative Fellow '' and Takeda was named `` Technology Fellow '' . 2015 -- present : mobile and Nintendo Switch Main articles : Nintendo mobile games and Nintendo Switch Takashi Tezuka , Shigeru Miyamoto , and Koji Kondo in 2015 On 17 March 2015 , Nintendo announced a partnership with Japanese mobile developer DeNA to produce games for smart devices . The first of these , Miitomo , was released in March 2016 . On the same day , Nintendo announced a new `` dedicated games platform with a brand new concept '' with the codename `` NX '' that would be further revealed in 2016 . Reggie Fils - Aimé , president of Nintendo of America , referred to NX as `` our next home console '' in a June 2015 interview with The Wall Street Journal . In a later article from October 2015 , The Wall Street Journal relayed speculation from unnamed inside sources that the NX was intended to feature `` industry leading '' hardware specifications and be usable as both a home and portable console . It was also reported that Nintendo had begun distributing software development kits ( SDKs ) for it to third - party developers , with the unnamed source further speculating that these moves suggested that the company was on track to introduce it as early as 2016 . At an investor 's meeting on 27 April 2016 , Nintendo announced that the NX would be released worldwide in March 2017 . In an interview with Asahi Shimbun in May 2016 , Kimishima stated that the NX was a new concept that would not succeed the 3DS or Wii U product lines . At a shareholders ' meeting following E3 2016 , Shigeru Miyamoto stated that the company chose not to present the NX during the conference due to concerns that competitors could copy from it if they revealed it too soon . The same day , Kimishima also revealed during a Q&A session with investors that they were also researching virtual reality . In May 2015 , Universal Parks & Resorts announced that it was partnering with Nintendo to create attractions at Universal theme parks based upon Nintendo properties . In May 2016 , Nintendo also expressed a desire to enter the animated film market .",
"12": "In November 2016 , it was stated that the area to be created at Universal theme parks is known as Super Nintendo World , which will be completed by 2020 at Universal Studios Japan in time of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics , whereas Universal Orlando Resort and Universal Studios Hollywood will get the themed area in an unspecified date after the Japanese version . In July 2016 , the company announced it was bringing back the NES in the form of the NES Classic Edition ( called Nintendo Classic Mini in Europe ) . The plug - and - play console will support HDMI , two - player modes , and have a controller similar to the original NES controller . The controller would be able to connect to a Wii Remote for use with Wii and Wii U Virtual Console games . The NES Classic Edition came with 30 games pre-installed , including Final Fantasy , Kid Icarus , The Legend of Zelda , Zelda II : The Adventure of Link , and Dr. Mario , among others . It was released in November 2016 . Additional controllers were also available . The July 2016 release of the Pokémon Go mobile app by Niantic caused shares in Nintendo to double , due to investor misunderstanding that the software was the property of Nintendo . Later that month , Nintendo released a statement clarifying its relation with Niantic , Nintendo stated it owned 32 % of Pokémon intellectual property owner The Pokémon Company , and though it would receive some licensing and other revenues from the game it expected the impact on Nintendo 's total income to be limited . As a result of the statement Nintendo 's share price fell substantially , losing 17 % in one day of trading . After a reduction in shareprice from the Pokémon Go peak , the company was still valued at over 100 times its net income , a price -- earnings ratio greatly exceeding the average on the Nikkei 225 . Analysts speaking to Bloomberg L.P. and the Financial Times both commented on the potential future value of Nintendo 's IP if transferred to the mobile phone game business . In August 2016 , Nintendo of America sold 90 % of its controlling stake ( 55 % ) in the Seattle Mariners to a group of investors led by mobile phone businessman John Stanton for $640 million .",
"13": "After the announcement of the mobile game Super Mario Run in September 2016 , Nintendo 's stock soared to just under its recent high point after the release and success of Pokémon Go earlier in the year , something noted by journalists as even more significant than Pokémon Go , as Super Mario Run was developed in - house by Nintendo , which was not the case with Pokémon Go . In a December 2016 interview prior to the release of Super Mario Run , Miyamoto explained that the company believed that with some of their game franchises , `` the longer you continue to make a series , the more complex the gameplay becomes , and the harder it becomes for new players to be able to get into the series '' , and that the company sees mobile games with simplified controls , such as Super Mario Run , not only allows them to `` make a game that the broadest audience of people could play '' , but to also reintroduce these properties to newer audiences and draw them to their consoles . On 20 October 2016 , Nintendo released a preview trailer about the NX , revealing the official name to be the Nintendo Switch . According to Fils - Aimé , the console gave game developers new abilities to bring their creative concepts to life by opening up the concept of gaming without limits . In December 2016 , Nintendo released Super Mario Run for iOS devices , with the game surpassing over 50 million downloads within a week of its release . Kimishima stated that Nintendo would release a couple of mobile games each year from then on . In September 2017 , Nintendo announced a partnership with the Chinese gaming company Tencent to publish a global version of their commercially successful mobile game , Honor of Kings , for the Nintendo Switch . The announcement lead some to believe that Nintendo could soon have a bigger footprint in China , a region where the Switch is not sold and is largely dominated by Tencent . In November 2017 , it was reported that Nintendo would be teaming up with Illumination Entertainment , an animation division of Universal Pictures best known for the Despicable Me franchise , to make an animated Mario film . In April 2018 , Nintendo announced that Kimishima would be stepping down as company president that June , with Shuntaro Furukawa , managing executive officer and outside director of The Pokémon Company , succeeding him ; pending approval from shareholders .",
"14": "Products Home consoles Color TV - game Main article : Color TV - Game Released in 1977 , Japan 's highest selling first generation console is Nintendo 's Color TV Game , with 3 million units sold . Nintendo Entertainment system Main articles : Nintendo Entertainment System and NES Classic Edition The Nintendo Entertainment System , Nintendo 's first major success in the home console market The Nintendo Entertainment System ( abbreviated as NES ) is an 8 - bit video game console , which released in North America in 1985 , and in Europe throughout 1986 and 1987 . The console was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer ( abbreviated as Famicom ) in 1983 . The best - selling gaming console of its time , the NES helped revitalize the US video game industry following the video game crash of 1983 . With the NES , Nintendo introduced a now - standard business model of licensing third - party developers , authorizing them to produce and distribute games for Nintendo 's platform . The NES was bundled with Super Mario Bros. , one of the best - selling video games of all time , and received ports of Nintendo 's most popular arcade games . Nintendo also produced a limited run of the NES Classic Edition in 2016 . The NES Classic System was a dedicated console modeled after an NES with 30 built - in classic first - and third - party games from the NES library . By the end of its production in April 2017 , Nintendo shipped 2.3 million units . Super Nintendo Entertainment system Main articles : Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Super NES Classic Edition The Super Nintendo Entertainment System , the successor to the Nintendo Entertainment System The Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( abbreviated as the Super NES or SNES ) is a 16 - bit video game console , which was released in North America in 1991 , and in Europe in 1992 . The console was initially released in Japan in 1990 as the Super Famicom , officially adopting the colloquially abbreviated name of its predecessor . The console introduced advanced graphics and sound capabilities compared with other consoles at the time . Soon , the development of a variety of enhancement chips which were integrated onto each new game cartridge 's circuit boards , progressed the SNES 's competitive edge .",
"15": "While even crude three - dimensional graphics had previously rarely been seen on home consoles , the Super NES 's enhancement chips suddenly enabled a new caliber of games containing increasingly sophisticated faux 3D effects as seen in 1991 's Pilotwings and 1992 's Super Mario Kart . Argonaut Games developed the Super FX chip in order to replicate 3D graphics from their earlier Atari ST and Amiga Starglider series on the Super NES ( more specifically , Starglider 2 ) , starting with Star Fox in 1993 . The SNES is the best - selling console of the 16 - bit era although having experienced a relatively late start and fierce competition from Sega 's Mega Drive / Genesis console . Nintendo also plans to release a limited run of the Super NES Classic Edition in September 2017 through the end of the year . Like the NES Classic Edition , the Super NES Classic Edition is a dedicated console with 21 built - in games from its library , including the never - before - released Starfox 2 . Nintendo 64 Main article : Nintendo 64 The Nintendo 64 , named for its 64 - bit graphics , was Nintendo 's first home console to feature 3D computer graphics The Nintendo 64 was released in 1996 , featuring 3D polygon model rendering capabilities and built - in multiplayer for up to four players . The system 's controller introduced the analog stick and later introduced the Rumble Pak , an accessory for the controller that produces force feedback with compatible games . Both are the first such features to have come to market for home console gaming and eventually became the de facto industry standard . Announced in 1995 , prior to the console 's 1996 launch , the 64DD ( `` DD '' standing for `` Disk Drive '' ) was designed to enable the development of new genre of video games by way of 64 MB writable magnetic disks , video editing , and Internet connectivity . Eventually released only in Japan in 1999 , the 64DD peripheral 's commercial failure there resulted in only nine games being released and precluded further worldwide release .",
"16": "GameCube Main article : GameCube The GameCube was Nintendo 's first home console to use optical discs as a primary storage medium The GameCube ( officially called Nintendo GameCube , abbreviated NGC in Japan and GCN in North America ) was released in 2001 , in Japan and North America , and in 2002 worldwide . The sixth - generation console is the successor to the Nintendo 64 and competed with Sony 's PlayStation 2 , Microsoft 's Xbox , and Sega 's Dreamcast . The GameCube is the first Nintendo console to use optical discs as its primary storage medium . The discs are similar to the miniDVD format , but the system was not designed to play standard DVDs or audio CDs . Nintendo introduced a variety of connectivity options for the GameCube . The GameCube 's game library has sparse support for Internet gaming , a feature that requires the use of the aftermarket Nintendo GameCube Broadband Adapter and Modem Adapter . The GameCube supports connectivity to the Game Boy Advance , allowing players to access exclusive in - game features using the handheld as a second screen and controller . Wii Main article : Wii The Wii , Nintendo 's best selling home video game console and first to use motion controls The Wii was released during the holiday season of 2006 worldwide . The system features the Wii Remote controller , which can be used as a handheld pointing device and which detects movement in three dimensions . Another notable feature of the console is WiiConnect24 , which enables it to receive messages and updates over the Internet while in standby mode . It also features a game download service , called `` Virtual Console '' , which features emulated games from past systems . Since its release , the Wii has spawned many peripheral devices , including the Wii Balance Board and Motion Plus , and has had several hardware revisions . The Wii Family Edition variant is identical to the original model , but is designed to sit horizontally and removes the GameCube compatibility . The Wii Mini is a smaller , redesigned Wii which lacks GameCube compatibility , online connectivity , the SD card slot and Wi - Fi support , and has only one USB port unlike the previous models ' two . As of 31 March 2017 , Nintendo reports sales of 101.63 million Wii hardware units and 914.28 million Wii software units worldwide , making it Nintendo 's best - selling home video game console .",
"17": "Wii U Main article : Wii U The Wii U , the successor to the Wii The Wii U , the successor to the Wii , was released during the holiday season of 2012 worldwide . The Wii U is the first Nintendo console to support high - definition graphics . The Wii U 's primary controller is the Wii U GamePad , which features an embedded touchscreen . Each game may be designed to use this touchscreen as supplemental to the main TV , or as the only screen for Off - TV Play . The system supports most Wii controllers and accessories , and the more classically shaped Wii U Pro Controller . The system is backward compatible with Wii software and accessories ; this mode also utilizes Wii - based controllers , and it optionally offers the GamePad as its primary Wii display and motion sensor bar . The console has various online services powered by Nintendo Network , including : the Nintendo eShop for online distribution of software and content ; and Miiverse , a social network which can be variously integrated with games and applications . As of 31 March 2017 , worldwide Wii U sales had totaled 12.80 million hardware units and 84.04 million software units . Nintendo Switch Main article : Nintendo Switch Nintendo 's new hybrid console , the Switch . On 17 March 2015 , Nintendo announced a new `` dedicated games platform with a brand new concept '' with the codename `` NX '' that would be further revealed in 2016 . Reggie Fils - Aimé , president of Nintendo of America , referred to NX as `` our next home console '' in a June 2015 interview with The Wall Street Journal . In a later article on 16 October 2015 , The Wall Street Journal relayed speculation from unnamed inside sources that , although the NX hardware specifications were unknown , it may be intended to feature `` industry leading '' hardware specifications and include both a console and a mobile unit that could either be used with the console or taken on the road for separate use . It was also reported that Nintendo had begun distributing software development kits ( SDKs ) for NX to third - party developers , with the unnamed source further speculating that these moves `` ( suggest that ) the company is on track to introduce ( NX ) as early as ( 2016 ) . '' At an investor 's meeting on 27 April 2016 , Nintendo announced that the NX would be released worldwide in March 2017 .",
"18": "In an interview with Asahi Shimbun in May 2016 , Kimishima referred to the NX as `` neither the successor to the Wii U nor to the 3DS '' , as well as it being a `` new way of playing games , '' but it would `` slow Wii U sales '' upon reveal and dissemination . In June 2016 , Miyamoto stated that the reason Nintendo had not released any information on the `` NX '' up until that point was because they were afraid of imitators , saying he and Nintendo thought other companies could copy `` an idea that ( they 're ) working on . '' The same day , Kimishima revealed during a Q&A session with investors that they were also researching virtual reality . On 19 October 2016 , Nintendo announced they would release a trailer for the console the following day . The next day , Nintendo unveiled the trailer that revealed the final name of the platform called Nintendo Switch . As of 12 December 2017 , worldwide Nintendo Switch sales had totaled 10 million hardware units . Handheld consoles Game & Watch Main article : Game & Watch This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2014 ) Game & Watch is a line of handheld electronic games produced by Nintendo from 1980 to 1991 . Created by game designer Gunpei Yokoi , each Game & Watch features a single game to be played on an LCD screen in addition to a clock , an alarm , or both . It was the earliest Nintendo product to garner major success . Game Boy Main article : Game Boy line The original Game Boy After the success of the Game & Watch series , Yokoi developed the Game Boy handheld console , which was released in 1989 . Eventually becoming the best - selling handheld of all time , the Game Boy remained dominant for more than a decade , seeing critically and commercially popular games such as Pokémon Yellow released as late as 1998 in Japan , 1999 in North America , and 2000 in Europe . Incremental updates of the Game Boy , including Game Boy Pocket , Game Boy Light and Game Boy Color , did little to change the original formula , though the latter introduced color graphics to the Game Boy line . The first major update to its handheld line since 1989 , Game Boy Advance features improved technical specifications similar to those of the SNES .",
"19": "The Game Boy Advance SP was the first revision to the GBA line and introduced screen lighting and a clam shell design , while later iteration , the Game Boy Micro , brought a smaller form factor . Nintendo DS Main articles : Nintendo DS and Nintendo DS line The Nintendo DS Lite is the best - selling handheld console of all time Although originally advertised as an alternative to the Game Boy Advance , the Nintendo DS replaced the Game Boy line after its initial release in 2004 . It was distinctive for its dual screens and a microphone , as well as a touch - sensitive lower screen . The Nintendo DS Lite brought a smaller form factor while the Nintendo DSi features larger screens and two cameras , and was followed by an even larger model , the Nintendo DSi XL , with a 90 % bigger screen . Nintendo 3DS Main articles : Nintendo 3DS and Nintendo 3DS family Nintendo 3DS XL Further expanding the Nintendo DS line , the Nintendo 3DS uses the process of autostereoscopy to produce a stereoscopic three - dimensional effect without glasses . Released to major markets during 2011 , the 3DS got off to a slow start , initially missing many key features that were promised before the system launched . Partially as a result of slow sales , Nintendo stock declined in value . Subsequent price cuts and game releases helped to boost 3DS and 3DS software sales and to renew investor confidence in the company . As of August 2013 , the 3DS was the best selling console in the United States for four consecutive months . The Nintendo 3DS XL was introduced in August 2012 and includes a 90 % larger screen , a 4 GB SD card and extended battery life . In August 2013 , Nintendo announced the cost - reduced Nintendo 2DS , a version of the 3DS without the 3D display . It has a slate - like design as opposed to the hinged , clamshell design of its predecessors . A hardware revision , New Nintendo 3DS , was unveiled in August 2014 . It is produced in a standard - sized model and a larger XL model ; both models feature upgraded processors and additional RAM , an eye - tracking sensor to improve the stability of the autostereoscopic 3D image , colored face buttons , and near - field communication support for native use of Amiibo products .",
"20": "The standard - sized model also features slightly larger screens , and support for faceplate accessories . Company structure Marketing Main article : Nintendo marketing Nintendo of America has engaged in several high - profile marketing campaigns to define and position its brand . One of its earliest and most enduring slogans was `` Now you 're playing with power ! '' , used first to promote its Nintendo Entertainment System . It modified the slogan to include `` SUPER power '' for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , and `` PORTABLE power '' for the Game Boy . Its 1994 `` Play It Loud ! '' campaign played upon teenage rebellion and fostered an edgy reputation . During the Nintendo 64 era , the slogan was `` Get N or get out . '' During the GameCube era , the `` Who Are You ? '' suggested a link between the games and the players ' identities . The company promoted its Nintendo DS handheld with the tagline `` Touching is Good . '' For the Wii , they used the `` Wii would like to play '' slogan to promote the console with the people who tried the games including Super Mario Galaxy and Super Paper Mario . The Nintendo 3DS used the slogan `` Take a look inside '' . The Wii U used the slogan `` How U will play next . '' The Nintendo Switch uses the slogan `` Switch and Play '' in North America , and `` Play anywhere , anytime , with anyone '' in Europe .",
"21": "Board of directors Representative Directors Tatsumi Kimishima , President Shigeru Miyamoto , Creative Fellow Directors Shinya Takahashi , Managing Executive Officer , General Manager of Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development Shuntaro Furukawa , Managing Executive Officer , pending President Ko Shiota , Senior Executive Officer Outside Directors Naoki Noguchi , Audit and Supervisory Committee Member Naoki Mizutani , Audit and Supervisory Committee Member Yoshimi Mitamura , Audit and Supervisory Committee Member Katsuhiro Umeyama , Audit and Supervisory Committee Member Executive officers Senior Executive Officers Shigeyuki Takahashi , General Manager of Finance Administration Division , Supervisor of General Affairs Division Satoshi Yamato , General Manager of Marketing Division , In charge of Advertising Department Susumu Tanaka , General Manager of Licensing Division Hirokazu Shinshi , General Manager of Manufacturing Division Executive Officers Satoru Shibata , President of Nintendo of Europe Reggie Fils - Aimé , President and COO of Nintendo of America Divisions Main article : List of divisions of Nintendo Nintendo 's internal research and development operations are divided into three main divisions : Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development ( or EPD ) , the main software development division of Nintendo , which focuses on video game and software development ; Nintendo Platform Technology Development ( or PTD ) , which focuses on home and handheld video game console hardware development ; and Nintendo Business Development ( or NBD ) , which focuses on refining business strategy and is responsible for overseeing the smart device arm of the business . Entertainment Planning & development ( EPD ) The Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development division is the primary software development division at Nintendo , formed as a merger between their former Entertainment Analysis & Development and Software Planning & Development divisions in 2015 . Led by Shinya Takahashi , the division holds the largest concentration of staff at the company , housing more than 800 engineers and designers . The division is primarily located in the central Kyoto R&D building , where they are overseen by Katsuya Eguchi , and also has a studio in Tokyo overseen by Yoshiaki Koizumi . Platform Technology development ( PTD ) The Nintendo Platform Technology Development division is a combination of Nintendo 's former Integrated Research & Development ( or IRD ) and System Development ( or SDD ) divisions .",
"22": "Led by Ko Shiota , the division is responsible for designing hardware and developing Nintendo 's operating systems , developer environment and internal network as well as maintenance of the Nintendo Network . Business development ( NBD ) The Nintendo Business Development division was formed following Nintendo 's foray into software development for smart devices such as mobile phones and tablets . They are responsible for refining Nintendo 's business model for the dedicated video game system business , and for furthering Nintendo 's venture into development for smart devices . International divisions The exterior of Nintendo 's main headquarters in Kyoto , Japan Nintendo of America headquarters in Redmond , Washington Nintendo of Europe headquarters in Frankfurt , Germany Nintendo 's Tokyo office Nintendo Co. , Ltd. . Headquartered in Kyoto , Japan since the beginning , Nintendo Co. , Ltd. oversees the organization 's global operations and manages Japanese operations specifically . The company 's two major subsidiaries , Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , manage operations in North America and Europe respectively . Nintendo Co. , Ltd. moved from its original Kyoto location to a new office in Higashiyama - ku , Kyoto , ; in 2000 , this became the research and development building when the head office relocated to its present location in Minami - ku , Kyoto . Nintendo of America Nintendo 's North American subsidiary is based in Redmond , Washington . Originally , the American headquarters handled sales , marketing , and advertising . However , the office in Redwood City , California now directs those functions . The company maintains distribution centers in Atlanta ( Nintendo Atlanta ) and North Bend , Washington ( Nintendo North Bend ) . The 380,000 - square - foot ( 35,000 m ) Nintendo North Bend facility processes more than 20,000 orders a day to Nintendo customers , which include retail stores that sell Nintendo products in addition to consumers who shop Nintendo 's web site . Nintendo of America also operates two retail stores in the United States , Nintendo New York in Rockefeller Plaza , New York City , which is open to the public , and Nintendo Redmond , co-located at NOA headquarters in Redmond , Washington , which is open only to Nintendo employees and invited guests . Nintendo of America 's Canadian branch , Nintendo of Canada , Ltd. , is based in Vancouver , British Columbia with a distribution center in Toronto , Ontario .",
"23": "Nintendo of America 's localization team , dubbed Treehouse , is composed of around eighty staff , who are responsible for translating text from Japanese to English , creating videos and marketing plans , and ensuring that Nintendo 's games release in a polished state . Nintendo of Europe Nintendo 's European subsidiary was established in June 1990 , based in Großostheim , close to Frankfurt , Germany . The company handles operations in Europe and South Africa . Nintendo of Europe 's United Kingdom branch handles operations in that country and in Ireland from its headquarters in Windsor , Berkshire . In June 2014 , NOE initiated a reduction and consolidation process , yielding a combined 130 layoffs : the closing of its office and warehouse , and termination of all employment , in Großostheim ; and the consolidation of all of those operations into , and terminating some employment at , its Frankfurt location . Nintendo Australia Main article : Nintendo Australia Nintendo 's Australian subsidiary is based in Melbourne , Victoria . It handles the publishing , distribution , sales and marketing of Nintendo products in Australia , New Zealand , and Oceania ( Cook Islands , Fiji , New Caledonia , Papua New Guinea , Samoa , and Vanuatu ) . It also manufactures some Wii games locally . Nintendo Australia is also a third - party distributor of some games from Rising Star Games , Bandai Namco Entertainment , Atlus , The Tetris Company , Sega , Koei Tecmo , and Capcom . IQue Main article : iQue A Chinese joint venture between its founder , Wei Yen , and Nintendo , manufactures and distributes official Nintendo consoles and games for the mainland Chinese market , under the iQue brand . The product lineup for the Chinese market is considerably different from that for other markets . For example , Nintendo 's only console in China is the iQue Player , a modified version of the Nintendo 64 . The company has not released its more modern GameCube or Wii to the market , although a version of the Nintendo 3DS XL was released in 2012 . As of 2013 , it is a 100 % Nintendo - owned subsidiary . Nintendo of Korea Nintendo 's South Korean subsidiary was established on 7 July 2006 .",
"24": "In March 2016 , the subsidiary was heavily downsized due to a corporate restructuring after analyzing shifts in the current market , laying off 80 % of its employees , leaving only ten people , including CEO Hiroyuki Fukuda . This did not affect any games scheduled for release in South Korea , and Nintendo continued operations there as usual . Subsidiaries Although most of the Research & Development is being done in Japan , there are some R&D facilities in the United States and Europe that are focused on developing software and hardware technologies used in Nintendo products . Although they all are subsidiaries of Nintendo ( and therefore first party ) , they are often referred to as external resources when being involved in joint development processes with Nintendo 's internal developers by the Japanese personal involved . This can be seen in a variety of `` Iwata asks ... '' interviews . Nintendo Software Technology ( NST ) and Nintendo Technology Development ( NTD ) are located in Redmond , Washington , United States , while Nintendo European Research & Development ( NERD ) is located in Paris , France , and Nintendo Network Service Database ( NSD ) is located in Kyoto , Japan . Most external first - party software development is done in Japan , since the only overseas subsidiary is Retro Studios in the United States . Although these studios are all subsidiaries of Nintendo , they are often referred to as external resources when being involved in joint development processes with Nintendo 's internal developers by the Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development ( EPD ) division . 1 - UP Studio and Nd Cube are located in Tokyo , Japan , while Monolith Soft has one studio located in Tokyo and another in Kyoto . Retro Studios is located in Austin , Texas . Nintendo also established The Pokémon Company alongside Creatures and Game Freak in order to effectively manage the Pokémon brand . Similarly , Warpstar Inc. was formed through a joint investment with HAL Laboratory , which was in charge of the Kirby : Right Back at Ya ! animated series .",
"25": "Logos 1889 -- 1950 1950 -- 1960 1960 -- 1965 1965 -- 1970 1967 -- 1975 1968 -- 1975 1970 -- 1975 1972 1975 -- 2006 2006 -- 2016 2016 -- present Policy Content guidelines For many years , Nintendo had a policy of strict content guidelines for video games published on its consoles . Although Nintendo allowed graphic violence in its video games released in Japan , nudity and sexuality were strictly prohibited . Former Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi believed that if the company allowed the licensing of pornographic games , the company 's image would be forever tarnished . Nintendo of America went further in that games released for Nintendo consoles could not feature nudity , sexuality , profanity ( including racism , sexism or slurs ) , blood , graphic or domestic violence , drugs , political messages or religious symbols ( with the exception of widely unpracticed religions , such as the Greek Pantheon ) . The Japanese parent company was concerned that it may be viewed as a `` Japanese Invasion '' by forcing Japanese community standards on North American and European children . Despite the strict guidelines , some exceptions have occurred : Bionic Commando ( though swastikas were eliminated in the US version ) , Smash TV and Golgo 13 : Top Secret Episode contained human violence , the latter also containing implied sexuality and tobacco use ; River City Ransom and Taboo : The Sixth Sense contained nudity , and the latter also contained religious images , as did Castlevania II and III . A known side effect of this policy was the Genesis version of Mortal Kombat selling over double the number of the Super NES version , mainly because Nintendo had forced publisher Acclaim to recolor the red blood to look like white sweat and replace some of the more gory graphics in its release of the game , making it less violent . By contrast , Sega allowed blood and gore to remain in the Genesis version ( though a code was required to unlock the gore ) . Nintendo allowed the Super NES version of Mortal Kombat II to ship uncensored the following year with a content warning on the packaging .",
"26": "In 1994 and 2003 , when the ESRB and PEGI ( respectively ) video game ratings systems were introduced , Nintendo chose to abolish most of these policies in favor of consumers making their own choices about the content of the games they played . Today , changes to the content of games are done primarily by the game 's developer or , occasionally , at the request of Nintendo . The only clear - set rule is that ESRB AO - rated games will not be licensed on Nintendo consoles in North America , a practice which is also enforced by Sony and Microsoft , its two greatest competitors in the present market . Nintendo has since allowed several mature - content games to be published on its consoles , including : Perfect Dark , Conker 's Bad Fur Day , Doom and Doom 64 , BMX XXX , the Resident Evil series , Killer7 , the Mortal Kombat series , Eternal Darkness : Sanity 's Requiem , BloodRayne , Geist , Dementium : The Ward , Bayonetta 2 , Devil 's Third and Fatal Frame : Maiden of Black Water . Certain games have continued to be modified , however . For example , Konami was forced to remove all references to cigarettes in the 2000 Game Boy Color game Metal Gear Solid ( although the previous NES version of Metal Gear and the subsequent GameCube game Metal Gear Solid : The Twin Snakes both included such references , as did Wii game MadWorld ) , and maiming and blood were removed from the Nintendo 64 port of Cruis'n USA . Another example is in the Game Boy Advance game Mega Man Zero 3 , in which one of the bosses , called Hellbat Schilt in the Japanese and European releases , was renamed Devilbat Schilt in the North American localization . In North America releases of the Mega Man Zero games , enemies and bosses killed with a saber attack would not gush blood as they did in the Japanese versions . However , the release of the Wii was accompanied by a number of even more controversial games , such as Manhunt 2 , No More Heroes , The House of the Dead : Overkill , and MadWorld , the latter three of which were published exclusively for the console . License guidelines Nintendo of America also had guidelines before 1993 that had to be followed by its licensees to make games for the Nintendo Entertainment System , in addition to the above content guidelines .",
"27": "Guidelines were enforced through the 10NES lockout chip . Licensees were not permitted to release the same game for a competing console until two years had passed . Nintendo would decide how many cartridges would be supplied to the licensee . Nintendo would decide how much space would be dedicated for articles , advertising , etc. in the Nintendo Power magazine . There was a minimum number of cartridges that had to be ordered by the licensee from Nintendo . There was a yearly limit of five games that a licensee may produce for a Nintendo console . This rule was created to prevent market over-saturation , which had contributed to the North American video game crash of 1983 . The last rule was circumvented in a number of ways ; for example , Konami , wanting to produce more games for Nintendo 's consoles , formed Ultra Games and later Palcom to produce more games as a technically different publisher . This disadvantaged smaller or emerging companies , as they could not afford to start additional companies . In another side effect , Square Co ( now Square Enix ) executives have suggested that the price of publishing games on the Nintendo 64 along with the degree of censorship and control that Nintendo enforced over its games , most notably Final Fantasy VI , were factors in switching its focus towards Sony 's PlayStation console . In 1993 , a class action suit was taken against Nintendo under allegations that their lockout chip enabled unfair business practices . The case was settled , with the condition that California consumers were entitled to a $3 discount coupon for a game of Nintendo 's choice . Emulation This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2014 ) Nintendo is opposed to any third - party emulation of its video games and consoles , stating that it is the single largest threat to the intellectual property rights of video game developers . However , emulators have been used by Nintendo and licensed third party companies as a means to re-release older games ( through the Virtual Console ) . Seal of quality Nintendo Seal of Quality Seal in NTSC regions Seal of Quality in PAL regions The gold sunburst seal was first used by Nintendo of America , and later Nintendo of Europe . It is displayed on any game , system , or accessory licensed for use on one of its video game consoles , denoting the game has been properly approved by Nintendo .",
"28": "The seal is also displayed on any Nintendo - licensed merchandise , such as trading cards , game guides , or apparel , albeit with the words `` Official Nintendo Licensed Product '' . In 2008 , game designer Sid Meier cited the Seal of Quality as one of the three most important innovations in video game history , as it helped set a standard for game quality that protected consumers from shovelware . NTSC regions In NTSC regions , this seal is an elliptical starburst named the `` Official Nintendo Seal '' . Originally , for NTSC countries , the seal was a large , black and gold circular starburst . The seal read as follows : `` This seal is your assurance that NINTENDO has approved and guaranteed the quality of this product . '' This seal was later altered in 1988 : `` approved and guaranteed '' was changed to `` evaluated and approved . '' In 1989 , the seal became gold and white , as it currently appears , with a shortened phrase , `` Official Nintendo Seal of Quality . '' It was changed in 2003 to read `` Official Nintendo Seal . '' The seal currently reads : The official seal is your assurance that this product is licensed or manufactured by Nintendo . Always look for this seal when buying video game systems , accessories , games and related products . PAL regions In PAL regions , the seal is a circular starburst named the `` Original Nintendo Seal of Quality . '' Text near the seal in the Australian Wii manual states : This seal is your assurance that Nintendo has reviewed this product and that it has met our standards for excellence in workmanship , reliability and entertainment value . Always look for this seal when buying games and accessories to ensure complete compatibility with your Nintendo product . Charitable projects Since 1992 Nintendo has teamed with the Starlight Children 's Foundation to build Starlight Fun Center mobile entertainment units and install them in hospitals . 1,000 Starlight Nintendo Fun Center units were installed by the end of 1995 . These units combine several forms of multimedia entertainment , including gaming , and serve as a distraction to brighten moods and boost kids ' morale during hospital stays . Environmental record Nintendo has consistently been ranked last in Greenpeace 's `` Guide to Greener Electronics '' due to Nintendo 's failure to publish information .",
"29": "Similarly , they are ranked last in the Enough Project 's `` Conflict Minerals Company Rankings '' due to Nintendo 's refusal to respond to multiple requests for information . Like many other electronics companies , Nintendo offers a take - back recycling program which allows customers to mail in old products they no longer use . Nintendo of America claimed that it took in 548 tons of returned products in 2011 , 98 % of which was either reused or recycled . Trademark During the peak of Nintendo 's success in the video game industry in the 1990s , their name was ubiquitously used to refer to any video game console , regardless of the manufacturer . To prevent their trademark from becoming generic , Nintendo pushed usage of the term `` game console '' , and succeeded in preserving their trademark . See also List of Nintendo development teams Lists of Nintendo characters Lists of Nintendo games Lewis Galoob Toys , Inc. v. Nintendo of America , Inc . Universal City Studios , Inc. v. Nintendo Co. , Ltd . Notes Jump up ^ Nintendō kabushikigaisha ( Japanese : 任天堂 株式 会社 ) Jump up ^ Nintendō karuta kabushikigaisha ( Japanese : 任天堂 骨牌 株式 会社 ) Jump up ^ 34 ° 59 ′ 30.03 '' N 135 ° 45 ′ 58.66 '' E / 34.9916750 ° N 135.7662944 ° E / 34.9916750 ; 135.7662944 Jump up ^ 34 ° 58 ′ 29.00 '' N 135 ° 46 ′ 10.48 '' E / 34.9747222 ° N 135.7695778 ° E / 34.9747222 ; 135.7695778 Jump up ^ 34 ° 58 ′ 11.89 '' N 135 ° 45 ′ 22.33 '' E / 34.9699694 ° N 135.7562028 ° E / 34.9699694 ; 135.7562028 References Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Statements '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 26 April 2018 .",
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"40": "社長 が 訊く 任天堂 で 働く という こと . Nintendo Co. , Ltd . Archived from the original on 1 January 2011 . Retrieved 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fushimi Inari Taisha and Fox . '' Nintendo . Retrieved on 1 January 2011 . `` 12 . Former head office : Before Nintendo 's head office moved to Minami Ward , Kyoto City ( its current location ) in 2000 , it was in Higashiyama Ward , Kyoto City . The former head office 's location is now occupied by Nintendo Kyoto Research Center . '' Jump up ^ R.H. Brown Co. Inc. ( 2007 ) . `` Case Studies '' . Hytrol.com . Archived from the original on 17 August 2007 . Retrieved 17 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo.com '' . Nintendo.com . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason . `` Nintendo 's Secret Weapon '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . Nintendo . Archived from the original on 1 January 2011 . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Contact '' . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` General Customer Service '' . Nintendo. 29 August 2012 . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Dan ( 6 June 2014 ) . `` 130 jobs lost in Nintendo of Europe reshuffle '' . Games Industry . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo to close European headquarters , lay off 130 '' . USA Today . 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Up - to - date listing of Nintendo subsidiaries '' . Nintendo Everything . 28 June 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 関係 会社 の 状況 '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo.",
"41": "28 June 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ ( registration required ) Paul , Loughrey . `` Nintendo establishes Korean subsidiary '' . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian ( 29 March 2016 ) . `` Report : Nintendo of Korea Is Laying Off Most of Its Staff ( Update ) '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ McFerran , Damien ( 29 March 2016 ) . `` Nintendo Of Korea Lays Off 80 Percent Of Its Staff Following Sustained Losses '' . Nintendo Life . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wii U : Internet Browser '' . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Game Over , David Sheff , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo of America Content Guidelines '' . Filibustercartoons.com . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Fahs , Travis . `` IGN Presents the History of Mortal Kombat -- Retro Feature at IGN '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 17 October 2008 . Retrieved 16 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mortal Kombat II cover artwork at MobyGames '' . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo of America Customer Service -- Nintendo Buyer 's Guide '' . Nintendo.com . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IGN : Nintendo to censor Cruis'n '' . 8 October 1996 . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ D. Sheff : `` Game Over '' , p. 215 . CyberActive Media Group , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo May Owe You $3 '' . GamePro ( 55 ) . IDG . February 1994 . p. 187 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo -- Corporate Information -- Legal Information ( Copyrights , Emulators , ROMs , etc . ) '' . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Customer Service Licensed and Unlicensed Products '' . Nintendo . Retrieved 9 March 2012 .",
"42": "Jump up ^ Arendt , Susan ( 4 March 2008 ) . `` Civilization Creator Lists Three Most Important Innovations in Gaming '' . Wired . Retrieved 7 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo 3DS XL Operations Manual '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wii MotionPlus Operations Manual '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 March 2011 . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quick Hits '' . GamePro . No. 88 . IDG . January 1996 . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Leigh ( 24 June 2008 ) . `` Nintendo Hooks Up Hospitalized Kids With Wii Fun Centers '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian ( 27 May 2010 ) . `` Greenpeace Still Says Nintendo Is Bad For the Environment '' . Kokaku . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Conflict Minerals Company Rankings '' . Enough Project . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Product Recycling and Take Back Program '' . Nintendo . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Genericide ' : When brands get too big '' . The Independent . 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( 7 July 2014 ) . `` There 's No Such Thing As A Nintendo '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Bibliography Kent , Steven L. ( 2001 ) . The Ultimate History of Video Games : The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World . Roseville , California : Prima Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7615 - 3643 - 4 . OCLC 47254175 . Further reading Sloan , Daniel ( 2011 ) . Playing to Wiin : Nintendo and the Video Game Industry 's Greatest Comeback .",
"43": "Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 82512 - 9 . OCLC 707935885 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nintendo . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Nintendo Official website Nintendo navboxes Nintendo Presidents Fusajiro Yamauchi ( 1889 -- 1929 ) Sekiryo Kaneda ( 1929 -- 1949 ) Hiroshi Yamauchi ( 1949 -- 2002 ) Satoru Iwata ( 2002 -- 2015 ) Tatsumi Kimishima ( 2015 -- 2018 ) Shuntaro Furukawa ( 2018 -- present ) Locations Nintendo New York Shigureden Products Video games Video games Consoles Controllers Mobile games Toys Love Tester Nintendo tumbler puzzle Ultra Hand Ultra Machine Services Nintendo eShop Nintendo Network Nintendo Network Service Database Club Nintendo Publications Nintendo Fun Club Nintendo La Rivista Ufficiale Nintendo Magazine System ( Australia ) Nintendo Player 's Guide Nintendo Power Official Nintendo Magazine Events Camp Hyrule Classic Tetris World Championship Nintendo Direct presentations Iwata Asks interviews Nintendo Campus Challenge Nintendo Campus Challenge 1991 Nintendo Campus Challenge 1992 Nintendo Fusion Tour Nintendo PowerFest ' 94 Nintendo World Championships Legal cases Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of America Inc . Lewis Galoob Toys , Inc. v. Nintendo of America , Inc . Universal City Studios , Inc. v. Nintendo Co. , Ltd . Related History Development teams Characters My Nintendo Nintendo Australia Marketing Nintendo Power Line Nintendo Selects Nintendo Space World Symphonic Legends -- Music from Nintendo Billy Berghammer Fusajiro Yamauchi Nintendo development teams Divisions Entertainment Planning & Development European Research & Development Network Service Database Platform Technology Development Software Technology Subsidiaries 1 - UP Studio Monolith Soft Nd Cube Retro Studios iQue Affiliated Creatures Inc .",
"44": "Camelot Software Planning DeNA Game Freak Genius Sonority Good - Feel Grezzo HAL Laboratory Intelligent Systems Next Level Games The Pokémon Company Former divisions Research & Development 1 Research & Development 2 Entertainment Analysis & Development ( EAD ) Software Planning & Development ( SPD ) Integrated Research & Development ( IRD ) System Development ( NSD ) Nintendo video game hardware Consoles Home NES Famicom Titler Twin Famicom NES - 101 Sharp Nintendo Television NES Classic Edition accessories Super NES New - Style SF Naizou TV SF1 Super NES Classic Edition Nintendo 64 iQue Player GameCube Panasonic Q accessories Wii Wii U Switch Handheld Game Boy Game Boy Color Virtual Boy Game Boy Advance SP Micro Dockable Entertainment Pokémon Mini Nintendo DS Lite DSi Nintendo 3DS 2DS New 3DS New 2DS XL Dedicated Home Color TV - Game NES Classic Edition Super NES Classic Edition Handheld Game & Watch Mini Classics Pokémon Pikachu Arcade VS . System PlayChoice - 10 Super Famicom Box Nintendo Super System Peripherals Add - ons 3D System Data Recorder Disk System Satellaview Super NES CD - ROM ( unreleased ) Super Game Boy Game Boy Camera Game Boy Printer 64DD Rumble Pak e-Reader Game Boy Player Connectivity NES Four Score NES Satellite Game Link Cable GCN - GBA Link Cable Controllers Family BASIC NES Advantage NES Zapper Power Pad R.O.B.",
"45": "Speedboard SNES Mouse Super Scope Nintendo 64 controller GameCube controller WaveBird Wireless Wii Balance Board Wii Remote Classic Controller MotionPlus Wii Zapper Third - party accessories Wii Speak Wii U GamePad Wii U Pro Controller Joy - Con Networking Family Computer Network System Teleplay Modem XBAND Satellaview Nintendo Wi - Fi USB Connector Other Nintendo Power Nintendo DS & DSi Browser Amiibo Technology Media NES Game Pak SNES Game Pak N64 Game Pak Game Boy Advance Video Nintendo optical discs Nintendo game card Processors 2A03 PPU 5A22 S - APU GSU RCP Gekko Broadway Hollywood PICA200 Espresso Erista List of products Nintendo Network Nintendo 3DS system software Wii U system software User Information Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection ( absorbed ) Mii Games Virtual Console Communication Swapnote SpotPass and StreetPass StreetPass Mii Plaza Entertainment Nintendo Video List of Nintendo Direct presentations Internet Navigation Internet Browser ( Nintendo 3DS ) Loyalty Program Club Nintendo ( defunct ) Nintendo eShop My Nintendo Nintendo franchises Mario Super Mario Mario Kart Mario Party Dr. Mario Mario Artist Mario RPG Mario Sports Mario vs. Donkey Kong Donkey Kong Luigi Yoshi Wario Other 1080 ° Animal Crossing Another Code Art Academy Art Style Balloon Fight Bit Generations BoxBoy ! Brain Age Chibi - Robo ! Custom Robo Daigasso ! Band Brothers Dillon 's Rolling Western Endless Ocean Excite Famicom Detective Club F - Zero Fire Emblem Fluidity Game & Watch Golden Sun Kid Icarus Kirby The Legendary Starfy The Legend of Zelda Master of Illusion Metroid Mother / EarthBound NES Remix Nintendogs Osu ! Tatakae ! Ouendan Pikmin Pilotwings Pokémon Pushmo Punch - Out ! !",
"46": "Puzzle League Rhythm Heaven Sheriff Sin and Punishment Space Fever Splatoon StarTropics Star Fox Steel Diver Style Savvy Super Smash Bros . Tomodachi Touch ! Generations Vegas Wars Wave Race Wii Xenoblade Chronicles X Yakuman Co-owned Cruis'n ( with Eugene Jarvis ) Fatal Frame / Project Zero ( with Koei Tecmo ) Mario franchise List of video games featuring Mario Game series Main Super Mario Mario Kart Mario Party Mario Artist Mario vs. Donkey Kong Genre Educational games Puzzle games Racing games Role - playing games Sports games Sub-series Donkey Kong Luigi Wario Yoshi LCD games Game & Watch Other games Mario Bros . Pinball Mario Paint Hotel Mario Mario 's Game Gallery Mario Clash Mario Pinball Land Super Princess Peach Captain Toad : Treasure Tracker Cancelled games Super Mario 's Wacky Worlds Super Mario 128 Super Mario Spikers Universe Characters Mario Donkey Kong Luigi Toad Bowser Princess Peach Birdo Koopalings Princess Daisy Yoshi Wario Diddy Kong King K. Rool Waluigi Bowser Jr . Fawful Rosalina Other Mushroom Kingdom Recurring enemies Goomba Koopa Troopa Hammer Bro . Lakitu Boo Super Mario Bros. theme `` World 1 - 1 '' Other media TV series Nintendo Comics System Film Anime film Super Mario Adventures Gamebooks Unofficial media People Satoru Iwata Yoshiaki Koizumi Koji Kondo Charles Martinet Shigeru Miyamoto Takashi Tezuka Mahito Yokota See also Nintendo Super Smash Bros .",
"47": "Mario video games Mario characters Mario category Mario portal The Legend of Zelda series Main series Console games The Legend of Zelda The Adventure of Link A Link to the Past Ocarina of Time Majora 's Mask The Wind Waker HD Four Swords Adventures Twilight Princess HD Skyward Sword Breath of the Wild Handheld games Link 's Awakening Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages A Link to the Past and Four Swords The Minish Cap Phantom Hourglass Spirit Tracks Ocarina of Time 3D A Link Between Worlds Majora 's Mask 3D Tri Force Heroes Spin - offs LCD games CD - i games Faces of Evil and Wand of Gamelon Zelda 's Adventure Satellaview games Freshly - Picked Tingle 's Rosy Rupeeland Link 's Crossbow Training Irodzuki Tingle no Koi no Balloon Trip Hyrule Warriors Universe Characters Link Princess Zelda Ganon Navi Epona Tingle Midna Recurring enemies Triforce `` I am Error '' `` It 's dangerous to go alone ! '' Media Cartoon Comics Gamebooks Hyrule Historia Symphony of the Goddesses People Eiji Aonuma Hidemaro Fujibayashi Yoshiaki Koizumi Koji Kondo Yōichi Kotabe Toru Minegishi Shigeru Miyamoto Tadashi Sugiyama Kensuke Tanabe Takashi Tezuka Companies Nintendo Animation Magic Capcom DIC Entertainment Flagship Grezzo Tantalus Media Team Ninja Vanpool Book Category Portal Electronics industry in Japan Companies Current Alaxala Networks Alinco Alps Alpine Anritsu AOR Audio -",
"48": "Technica Brother Canon Casio Chino Corporation Citizen Watch Cosina D&M Holdings Denon Marantz Daikin Dainippon Screen Denso DNP Eiki Eizo Elecom Elpida ESP Guitars FANUC Fostex Fuji Electric Fujifilm Fuji Xerox Fujitsu Fujitsu Ten Funai Furuno Futaba Hamamatsu Photonics Hirose Electric Hitachi Clarion Hitachi Maxell Hoya Ibanez Ibiden Icom Ikegami Tsushinki I-O Data Iwatsu Japan Display JEOL JRC JR Propo JVC Kenwood JVC Kenwood Kawai Keyence Kiramek Konica Minolta KO PROPO Korg Kyocera Luxman Mabuchi Motor Mamiya Maspro Melco Minebea Mitsubishi Electric Mitsumi Electric Murata Manufacturing Mutoh Nakamichi NEC NEC Casio Mobile Communications Nichia Nichicon Nidec Nidec Copal Corporation Nikon Nintendo Nippon Chemi - Con Nitto Denko OKI Olympus Omron Onkyo Integra Home Theater Orion Electric Panasonic Pioneer Pixela Plextor Renesas Electronics Ricoh Pentax Riso Kagaku Rohm Roland Rubycon Sansui Sanwa Electronic Sega Sammy Sega Seiko Group Pulsar Seiko Seiko Epson Seiko Instruments Sharp Shimadzu Sigma",
"49": "Sony SNK Playmore Star Micronics Stax Sumitomo Electric Taiyo Yuden Tamron TDK TEAC Tiger Tokyo Electron Topcon Toshiba Uniden Wacom Yaesu Yamaha Yaskawa Zojirushi Zoom Zuken Defunct Aiwa Akai Bronica Chinon Contax Konica Minolta National Norita Okaya Optical Sanyo Other Electronic Industries Association of Japan INCJ Japan Electronic Industries Development Association Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association Yagi -- Uda antenna Category TOPIX 100 companies of Japan Core 30 7&i Astellas Canon Denso FANUC Hitachi Honda JR Central JR East JT KDDI Mitsubishi Corporation Mitsubishi Estate Mitsui & Co .",
"50": "Mitsui Fudosan Mizuho MUFG Murata Nissan Nomura NTT NTT DoCoMo Panasonic Shin - Etsu SoftBank Sony Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Takeda Tokio Marine Toyota Large 70 ÆON Ajinomoto ANA Asahi Breweries Asahi Kasei Bridgestone Chubu Electric Power Concordia Financial Dai - ichi Life Daiichi Sankyo Daikin Daito Trust Construction Daiwa House Daiwa Securities Eisai Fast Retailing Fujifilm Fuji Heavy Industries Fujitsu Hoya INPEX Isuzu Itochu Japan Airlines JR West JFE JXTG Kao KEPCO Keyence Kirin Komatsu Kubota Kyocera Marubeni Mazda Mitsubishi Chemical Mitsubishi Electric Mitsubishi Heavy Industries MS&AD Nidec Nintendo Nitto Denko NSSMC Ono Pharmaceutical Oriental Land Orix Osaka Gas Otsuka Pharmaceutical Rakuten Resona Secom Sekisui House Shionogi Shiseido SMC Sompo Holdings Sumitomo Corporation Sumitomo Electric Sumitomo Metal Mining Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Sumitomo Realty Suzuki T&D Holdings Tokyo Electron Tokyo Gas Toray Toshiba Unicharm Yamato Transport Major video game companies Annual revenue of over US $1 billion as of 2017 Activision Blizzard Atari Bandai Namco Entertainment Capcom Disney Mobile Electronic Arts Epic Games Gameloft Glu Mobile Google Play Games GungHo Online Entertainment Koei Tecmo Konami LucasArts Marvelous Microsoft Studios NCsoft NetEase Nexon Nintendo Nippon Ichi Software Perfect World Riot Games Sega SNK Sony Interactive Entertainment Square Enix Take - Two Interactive Tencent THQ Nordic Koch Media Deep Silver Ubisoft Valve Corporation Warner Bros.",
"51": "Interactive Entertainment ZeniMax Media Category List Nintendo portal Video games portal Companies portal Japan portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nintendo&oldid=838416923 '' Categories : TOPIX 100 1889 establishments in Japan Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences members Amusement companies of Japan Entertainment companies established in 1889 Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange Entertainment Software Association Japanese brands Manufacturing companies based in Kyoto Multinational companies headquartered in Japan Nintendo Playing card manufacturers Seattle Mariners owners Toy companies of Japan Trading card companies Video game companies of Japan Video game development companies Video game publishers Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages with login required references or sources Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from April 2018 Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles to be expanded from March 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from May 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2000 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Articles to be expanded from October 2014 Talk View source Contents About",
"52": "Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių La . lojban .",
"53": "Lumbaart Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 73 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 21 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when was half life 2 episode 2 released
|
[
"in 2007",
"October 10, 2007",
"October 10, 2007",
"October 10, 2007"
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{
"0": "Half - Life 2 : Episode Two - wikipedia Half - Life 2 : Episode Two Jump to : navigation , search Half - Life 2 : Episode Two Promotional artwork featuring ( from left ) : Gordon Freeman , the Combine Hunters , and Alyx Vance Developer ( s ) Valve Corporation Publisher ( s ) Valve Corporation Composer ( s ) Kelly Bailey Series Half - Life Engine Source Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , OS X , Linux Release October 10 , 2007 ( show ) Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 NA : October 10 , 2007 EU : October 18 , 2007 AU : October 25 , 2007 PlayStation 3 AU : December 20 , 2007 EU : December 14 , 2007 NA : December 14 , 2007 OS X WW : May 26 , 2010 Linux WW : May 10 , 2013 Genre ( s ) First - person shooter Mode ( s ) Single - player Half - Life 2 : Episode Two is a first - person shooter video game , the second in a series of episodic sequels to the 2004 Half - Life 2 . It was developed by Valve Corporation in tandem with Episode One , the first game in the series , and released in 2007 via Valve 's Steam content distribution platform . The episode was released both separately and as a part of a bundled package , The Orange Box . Episode Two gameplay consists of expansive environments , travel and reduced linear play , continuing Valve 's policy of orienting each episode around a particular theme or set of technologies . Following the closing events of Episode One , it sees Gordon Freeman and the series ' other major characters moving away from City 17 to the surrounding countryside . The retail version was released on October 10 , 2007 , in North America and Russia for Windows and Microsoft 's Xbox 360 after repeated delays . The version for the PlayStation 3 was to be released `` around two or three weeks later '' , as it was produced separately at the Electronic Arts UK studio , according to Valve marketing director Doug Lombardi . This version was further delayed . For the rest of the world , the release date was October 18 .",
"1": "The Steam version was released worldwide on October 10 , 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Enemies 1.2 Weapons 1.3 Vehicles 2 Plot 3 Development 3.1 Audio 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) As with its predecessors , the game is played in the first person as series protagonist Gordon Freeman against transhuman troops , known as the Combine , and other hostile alien creatures . Levels are linear but add a more open environment , consisting of puzzles and first - person shooter game - play . Sequences involving vehicles are interspersed throughout the game , breaking up moments of combat . One of the focal points of Episode Two was meant to be increased use of vehicles in open areas . However , the game retains its original linear style until the final battle . Episode Two has more puzzles than Episode One , including the biggest physical puzzle yet in the series -- a damaged unstable bridge . The game features numerous `` achievements '' ( similar to PlayStation 3 's Trophies and Xbox Live 's Achievements ) for carrying out certain tasks . Some are essential to game progress , such as helping fight off an antlion invasion , or defeating the first Hunters . Others are optional tricks or feats the player can perform , such as killing a Combine soldier with their own grenade or running down a certain number of enemies with the car . Enemies ( edit ) Episode Two featured a new Hunter enemy , which had just been seen briefly in a recorded message in Episode One . The Hunter serves as one of the most dangerous enemies within the game and as means of emotional development for Alyx Vance . The Hunter is a powerful and resilient enemy which players must often run from while seeking a means to fight back ; Episode Two 's environments are designed with this in mind . An interview in the August 2006 issue of PC Gamer magazine revealed that the Hunter stands 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) tall . Erik Johnson , the game 's project lead , states that the Hunters are `` big and impressive , but they can go anywhere the player can go '' , as the player can encounter them both indoors and outdoors . Ted Backman , senior artist for Valve , talks about how the Hunter can express emotions , being a somewhat non-human character .",
"2": "`` We want the Hunter to be able to express nervousness or aggression , ( to show you ) whether it 's aggressive , hurt , or mad . '' Hunters are very aggressive and they tend to operate in packs , but can also be found supporting other Combine troops . Late in the game , they can be found escorting Striders , using their flechette guns to protect the Striders that the player is trying to attack . Hunters primarily attack the player by bracing themselves and firing bursts from their flechette cannon . Four flechettes can vaporize an ordinary human soldier . If they do not strike a living target , the flechette charge up for several seconds and then explode , dealing minor damage to everything nearby . Hunters may also conduct a charging attack or strike with their legs if the player gets too close . Hunters are vulnerable to all weapons , but to compensate , are still quite resilient , making explosives and the pulse rifle 's charged energy ball the most attractive options . Objects thrown with the gravity gun are also effective , especially if the player catches some of their flechettes with the object before hurling it ( one of the in - game Achievements ) . In outdoor environments , they can be run over with a vehicle . Two new forms of antlion appear in the game . The first is the glow - in - the - dark antlion grub , a harmless , worm - like creature which functions as a minor health pickup and a light source . Killing all 333 of these earns an Achievement . The second is the worker antlion ( or ' acidlion ' ) whose body produces a powerful and poisonous acid . In addition to a ranged acid spit attack , they also explode when killed , launching acid around them in a short radius , making them dangerous close - combat opponents . Although they are thematically similar to the bullsquids of the original Half - Life , they are functionally closer to the poison headcrab -- as an enemy that the player will instinctively prioritize as a target . A new antlion guardian , which has glow - in - the - dark features , was also added . This `` Guardian '' hunts and attacks Gordon Freeman as the player endeavors to take the larval extract the Guardian protects .",
"3": "The vortigaunt that accompanies the player forbids him from harming the guardian , fearing the extract will be ruined if he does . The player must therefore accomplish his goal while being harried by a creature he can not eliminate , though the player is eventually given the chance to kill it . Weapons ( edit ) An in - game white - board depicting how the Magnusson Device functions Episode Two features no additions to Gordon Freeman 's weapons inventory . Instead , Valve chose to further explore uses for the gravity gun , with which the player can pick up and throw large objects . They introduced more varied Gravity Gun `` ammunition '' , such as logs , flares , and half - height butane tanks , which are easier to aim than full - size fuel drums . Near the end of the game , the player uses `` Magnusson Devices '' , which designer Dario Casali described as a `` sticky bomb that you fire at a Strider 's underbelly that will draw power from the Strider 's internal power source '' . The player uses the gravity gun to attach the bombs to tripodal enemy Striders ; the bombs detonate when fired upon with any other of the player 's weapons , instantly destroying the target . The Hunter escorts prioritize them as targets , either destroying them in the player 's grasp or shooting already - attached ones off . Vehicles ( edit ) Large sections of the game feature a car which resembles a gutted - and - rebuilt 1969 Dodge Charger . It appears to have been tuned for performance . A radar system is installed later in the game , allowing the player to locate Rebel supply caches . In the final battle , a rear - mounted storage rack for Magnusson Devices is added and the radar is adjusted to track enemies and Magnusson Device dispensers . A homing unit is also installed so the player can quickly locate the car in the chaos of the final battle via a readout in the Hazardous Environment suit . Plot ( edit ) The Combine , a multidimensional empire which has enslaved Earth , has used the destruction of their Citadel to open a massive portal . This will allow them to summon reinforcements and destroy the Lambda Resistance . In the mountains outside City 17 , Resistance fighters Gordon Freeman and Alyx Vance climb from the wreckage of the train they used to escape the city . At an old transmission station , they establish communication with resistance scientists Dr.",
"4": "Kleiner and Eli Vance at the White Forest base . They learn that the Resistance may be able to close the portal using a copy of a Combine transmission Alyx is carrying . At an abandoned mine , Alyx is critically wounded by a Combine Hunter . A vortigaunt leads them to an underground Resistance shelter . Gordon recovers larval extract from a nearby antlion colony , necessary for the vortigaunts to heal Alyx . While the vortigaunts heal her , the mysterious G - Man contacts Gordon and hints at Alyx 's importance to his own plans , revealing that he saved her life at the Black Mesa Research Facility despite objections from an unspecified third party . He instructs the unconscious Alyx to tell her father to `` prepare for unforeseen consequences '' . After Alyx has recovered , she and Gordon proceed in an old Resistance vehicle , battling Combine troops and surviving an encounter with a Combine Advisor , a high - ranking Combine alien . At White Forest , they are reunited with Resistance Kleiner and Eli , along with Alyx 's pet robot D0g . Gordon is also introduced to the egotistical Dr. Arne Magnusson . The scientists are preparing a rocket which they plan to use with the Combine portal code and the satellite array launched by Gordon at Black Mesa to close the Combine portal . After Gordon fends off a Combine attack on the base , Alyx gives Dr. Kleiner the message from Judith Mossman recovered at the Citadel . It contains footage and the coordinates of the Borealis , an Aperture Science research vessel which , Kleiner explains , vanished along with part of the surrounding drydock . Kleiner insists that it should be used to aid the Resistance effort , while Eli counters that it is impossible to control and must be destroyed . They agree that Alyx and Gordon will travel to the Borealis and attempt to find Mossman . Alyx unconsciously delivers the G - Man 's message to her father , shaking him . Alone with Gordon , Eli reveals that it was the G - Man who provided the test sample that caused the Black Mesa incident , and that he whispered the same warning to him as Gordon entered the test chamber . He promises to explain more after the portal is closed . While the scientists prepare the rocket , White Forest comes under attack by Combine Striders escorted by Hunters .",
"5": "Gordon destroys them using experimental explosive charges created by Magnusson . The scientists launch the rocket and close the portal , trapping Combine forces on Earth . Alyx and Gordon prepare to leave for the Borealis and Eli warns Gordon about the ship 's `` cargo '' . The three head to a hangar , intending to board a helicopter , but a pair of advisors burst into the hangar and restrain them . As Eli tries to free them from the advisors ' clutches , he is killed by one of the advisors , but as the second advisor prepares to kill Alyx , D0g bursts in through the roof and chases both advisors away . Alyx , sobbing , clutches her father 's body . Development ( edit ) Episode Two was developed simultaneously with Episode One by a development team led by David Speyrer . This schedule of simultaneous development aided them in streamlining the story between the two games to create an immersive story . The technology used was the same for both games , allowing the development teams to quickly fix any technical problems that might arise from either game ; this happened often because of the multi-platform release . An announcement was made on July 13 , 2006 stating that Episode Two would be released on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 in addition to the PC , where previous iterations of the series separated . It was originally rumored that Episode Two would be delayed until 2008 . On June 14 , 2007 , however , Valve confirmed the release date for Episode Two to be October 9 , 2007 for all announced platforms . Valve handled the development of the game for the PC and Xbox 360 , while Electronic Arts British office in Chertsey worked on the PlayStation 3 version of the game . It was announced on September 7 , 2007 that the PlayStation 3 version of the game would be delayed because the development studio behind the game was in the United Kingdom , away from Valve 's development team , and therefore lagged behind in its schedule . Valve 's marketing director , Doug Lombardi , gave assurance that the Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , and PC versions of the game would be identical in functionality and performance . Audio ( edit ) Episode Two 's soundtrack was composed by Kelly Bailey , who also composed the music for the Half - Life series ' other installments .",
"6": "The music is used sparingly throughout , played primarily during scenes of major plot development or particularly important action sequences , such as an early fight with a massive wave of Antlions or speeding down train tracks while being fired on by a helicopter . The soundtrack is included in the Russian edition of The Orange Box and is also sold separately . An audio commentary is also featured , as in Episode One and Lost Coast . A notable change to the vocal cast is the inclusion of actor Tony Todd as the voice of the Vortigaunts . He replaces Louis Gossett , Jr. in the role . Actor Adam Baldwin voices several of the civilian and rebel NPCs , most notably the character who informs the player of the Striders ' locations in the penultimate chapter . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings 90.68 % Metacritic 90 / 100 Review scores Publication Score 1UP.com A+ CVG 9 / 10 Eurogamer 9 / 10 GameSpy IGN 9.4 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 93 % New York Times 86 % Half - Life 2 : Episode 2 received critical acclaim . The game had an average score of 90.68 % based on 22 reviews on the review aggregator GameRankings . On Metacritic , the game had an average score of 90 out of 100 , based on 21 reviews . Dan Adams of IGN rated the game 9.4 out of 10 and praised its improved visuals and expansive environments , but cited the short six - hour length as a drawback . He said : `` Any way you look at it , Episode Two stands out , even among the Half - Life series , as something special ... a burly experience packed into roughly six hours or so that offers up all the diversity , level design , and thoughtful gameplay we 've known while making sure to propel the story forward and leave us wanting more . '' Bit-tech.net awarded the game a 10 out of 10 score , citing approval of how the story turns and the introduction of side stories and new characters . 1UP.com praised the game , noting that the game 's `` entire five - hour experience '' was `` vivid , emotionally engaging , and virtually unsurpassed . ''",
"7": "PC Gamer UK also applauded Episode Two , noting it `` is the most sumptuous chapter of the Half - Life saga , and by a country mile . '' The New York Times enjoyed the gameplay , saying , `` The battles in Episode 2 of Half - Life 2 often require as much ingenuity as they do fast reflexes . '' Computer and Video Games commented on the game 's graphics , saying that although the game 's engine was `` starting to look its age , '' its `` wonderful art design and the odd bit of technical spit - shine ensure that Episode Two ( ... ) does n't lose any of its wow factor . '' They also noticed that the game `` goes about fixing a lot of the niggling complaints we had about Episode One , '' especially applauding the open forests and rocky hills from Episode Two . Several reviewers noted shortcomings . The New York Times commented on the story for Episode Two , noting , `` While it sows a few seeds for the final episode of the trilogy , the game lacks the driving force of the previous episode . '' GameSpy criticized the game , saying it is `` a little more inconsistent than its predecessors , '' and that the opening segments of the game were `` arguably the weakest '' parts . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bramwell , Tom ( 2006 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Opening the Valve '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Half - Life 2 : Episode Two '' . Steam . Valve Corporation . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Bramwell , Tom ( 2007 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Valve explains PS3 Orange Box delay '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Half - Life 2 : The Orange Box '' . Play.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Half - Life 2 : Episode One Interview 1 '' . GameSpot. 2006 - 05 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 29 .",
"8": "Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Alex ( 2006 - 08 - 24 ) . `` GC 2006 : New Half - Life 2 Trailer Dissected '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Half - Life 2 : Episode Two '' . PC Gamer . August 2006 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( 2007 - 10 - 09 ) . `` The Orange Box Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Caron , Frank ( 2007 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Half - Life 2 game statistics live '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Joe ( 2007 - 10 - 11 ) . `` Half - Life 2 : Episode Two '' . bit-tech.net . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Steam Update '' . Steam. 2007 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Half - Life 2 : Episode Two Guide '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ocampo , Jason ( July 13 , 2006 ) . `` Half - Life 2 : Episode Two - The Return of Team Fortress 2 and Other Surprises '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2006 . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Remo , Chris ( 2007 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Valve confirms Episode Two , Team Fortress 2 launch date '' . Shacknews . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Orange Box Original Soundtrack '' . Steam . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Cashon , Jonathan ( 2007 - 11 - 05 ) .",
"9": "`` ' Half Life 2 : Episode Two ' entertains as strong sequel '' . University of South Alabama . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Half - Life 2 : Episode Two '' . GameFAQs . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Half - Life 2 : The Orange Box '' . Yahoo ! Games . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Half - Life 2 : Episode Two -- PC '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Half - Life 2 : Episode Two '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Elliott , Shawn ( 2007 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Half - Life 2 : Episode 2 ( PC ) '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Dan ( 2007 - 10 - 09 ) . `` IGN : Half - Life 2 : Episode Two Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Half - Life 2 : Episode Two '' . PC Gamer UK . 2007 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Reed , Kristan ( 2007 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Half - Life 2 : Episode Two '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : Half - Life 2 : Episode Two '' . Computer and Video Games . 2007 - 10 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 .",
"10": "^ Jump up to : Herold , Charles ( 2007 - 10 - 25 ) . `` In 1 Box , 3 New Games Filled With Puzzles and Fights '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Accardo , Sal ( 2007 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Half - Life 2 : Episode Two ( PC ) '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 12 .",
"11": "External links ( edit ) 2000s portal Video game portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Half - Life 2 : Episode Two ( 2007 ) Official Half - Life 2 : Episode Two website Half - Life 2 : Episode Two at MobyGames Half - Life series Main series Half - Life Opposing Force Blue Shift Decay Half - Life 2 Episode One Episode Two Deathmatch Lost Coast Universe Characters Gordon Freeman Alyx Vance G - Man Combine Headcrab Vortigaunt Locations Gravity gun Portal series Related articles Black Mesa Concerned GoldSrc mods Half - Life : Escape from City 17 Half - Life 2 : Capture the Flag The Orange Box Source mods Book Category Valve Corporation Video games Half - Life Half - Life Opposing Force Blue Shift Decay Half - Life 2 Episode One Episode Two Deathmatch Lost Coast Portal Portal Portal 2 The Lab Counter-Strike Counter-Strike Condition Zero Source Global Offensive Day of Defeat Day of Defeat Source Team Fortress Team Fortress Classic Team Fortress 2 Left 4 Dead Left 4 Dead Left 4 Dead 2 Dota Dota 2 Artifact Other The Orange Box Alien Swarm Bridge Constructor Portal Technology Hardware Steam Controller Steam Machine Steam Link HTC Vive Software GoldSrc mods Source Filmmaker mods Steam SteamOS Valve Anti-Cheat People Current Mike Ambinder Jess Cliffe IceFrog Sam Lantinga Mike Morasky Brad Muir Gabe Newell Jane Ng Chris Remo Jake Rodkin Sean Vanaman Robin Walker Former Michael Abrash Kelly Bailey Doug Church Chet Faliszek Mike Harrington Marc Laidlaw Minh Le Jay Pinkerton Bay Raitt Kim Swift Erik Wolpaw Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"12": "php?title=Half-Life_2:_Episode_Two&oldid=838254729 '' Categories : 2007 video games First - person shooters Episodic video games Half - Life ( series ) PlayStation 3 games Science fiction video games Valve Corporation games Linux games MacOS games Windows games Xbox 360 games Source ( game engine ) games Video games with commentaries Zombie video games Single - player video games Video game sequels Dystopian video games Abandoned buildings and structures in fiction Video games developed in the United States Video games set in the 2020s Video games set in Europe Video games using Havok Laboratories in fiction Rebellions in fiction Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 21 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who proposed the virginia plan at the constitutional convention
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{
"0": "Constitutional Convention ( United states ) - wikipedia Constitutional Convention ( United states ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original convention that created the U.S. Constitution . For that Constitution 's method of changing itself , see Article Five of the United States Constitution . `` Federal Convention '' redirects here . For other uses , see Federal Convention ( disambiguation ) . Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States The Constitutional Convention ( also known as the Philadelphia Convention , the Federal Convention , or the Grand Convention at Philadelphia ) took place from May 25 to September 17 , 1787 , in the old Pennsylvania State House ( later known as Independence Hall because of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence there eleven years before ) in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Although the Convention was intended to revise the league of states and first system of government under the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , which were first proposed in 1776 , adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1778 and only finally unanimously ratified by the Original Thirteen States by 1781 ) , the intention from the outset of many of its proponents , chief among them James Madison of Virginia and Alexander Hamilton of New York , was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one . The delegates elected George Washington of Virginia , former commanding general of the Continental Army in the late American Revolutionary War ( 1775 - 1783 ) , to preside over the Convention . The result of the Convention was the creation of the Constitution of the United States , placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States and indeed of worldwide historical , political and social influence . The most contentious disputes revolved around composition and election of the upper legislative house in the future bicameral Congress , to be known as the Senate , how `` proportional representation '' was to be defined ( whether to include slaves or other property ) , whether to divide the executive power between three persons or invest the power into a single chief executive to be called the President , how to elect the President , how long his term was to be and whether he could run for reelection , what offenses should be impeachable , the nature of a fugitive slave clause , whether to allow the abolition of the slave trade , and whether judges should be chosen by the legislature or executive .",
"1": "Most of the time during the Convention was spent on deciding these issues , while the powers of legislature , executive , and judiciary were not heavily disputed . Once the Convention began , the delegates first agreed on the principles of the Convention , then they agreed on Madison 's proposed Virginia Plan and began to modify it . A Committee of Detail , assembled during the July 4th recess , eventually produced a rough draft of the constitution . Most of the rough draft remained in place , and can be found in the final version of the constitution . After the final issues were resolved , the Committee on Style produced the final version , and it was voted on by the delegates , inscribed on parchment with engraving for printing and sent to the states and their legislatures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical context 2 The Convention 2.1 James Madison 's blueprint 2.2 The early debate 2.3 The first draft 2.4 Further modifications and concluding debate 2.5 Drafting and signing 3 Proposed plans 3.1 Virginia Plan 3.2 New Jersey Plan 3.3 Hamilton 's plan 3.4 Pinckney 's plan 3.5 Connecticut Compromise 4 Slavery 4.1 Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise 4.2 Three - Fifths Compromise 5 Framers of the Constitution 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Historical context ( edit ) Before the Constitution was drafted , the nearly 4 million inhabitants of the 13 newly independent states were governed under the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , created by the Second Continental Congress . It soon became evident to nearly all that the chronically underfunded Confederation government , as originally organized , was inadequate for managing the various conflicts that arose among the states . As the Articles of Confederation could only be amended by unanimous vote of the states , any state had effective veto power over any proposed change . In addition , the Articles gave the weak federal government no taxing power : it was wholly dependent on the states for its money , and had no power to force delinquent states to pay .",
"2": "Once the immediate task of winning the American Revolutionary War of 1775 to 1783 had passed , the states began to look to their own interests , and disputes arose . These included a dispute between Maryland and Virginia over the Potomac River and opposition to Rhode Island 's imposing taxes on all traffic passing through it on the post road . James Madison suggested that state governments should appoint commissioners `` to take into consideration the trade of the United States ; to examine the relative situation and trade of said states ; to consider how far a uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary to their common interests and permanent harmony '' . Another impetus for the convention was Shays ' Rebellion of 1786 - 1787 . A political conflict between Boston merchants and rural farmers over issues including tax debts had broken out into an open rebellion . This rebellion was led by a former Revolutionary War captain , Daniel Shays , a small farmer with tax debts , who had never received payment for his service in the Continental Army . The rebellion took months for Massachusetts to put down completely , and some desired a federal army that would be able to put down such insurrections . In September 1786 , at the Annapolis Convention , delegates from five states called for a Constitutional Convention in order to discuss possible improvements to the Articles of Confederation . The subsequent Constitutional Convention took place in Philadelphia , convening in the Old Pennsylvania State House ( then becoming known as Independence Hall ) on May 14 , 1787 . Rhode Island , fearing that the Convention would work to its disadvantage , boycotted the Convention and , when the Constitution was put to the states during the next year of controversial debates , initially refused to ratify it , waiting until May 1790 to become the thirteenth , a year after the new federal government commenced . The Convention ( edit ) Independence Hall 's Assembly Room Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century , very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14 , 1787 , and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured . ( New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings , on July 23 . ) James Madison arrived first , and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived .",
"3": "While waiting for the other delegates , the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan , which was designed and written by James Madison . On May 25 , the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House . George Washington was unanimously elected president of the Convention , and it was agreed that the discussions and votes would be kept secret until the conclusion of the meeting . Despite the sweltering summer heat , the windows of the meeting hall were nailed shut to keep the proceedings a secret from the public . Although William Jackson was elected as secretary , his records were brief and included very little detail . Madison 's Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 , supplemented by the notes of Robert Yates , remain the most complete record of the Convention . Throughout the debate , delegates constantly referred to precedents from history in support of their position . Most commonly , they referred to the history of England , in particular the Glorious Revolution ( often simply called `` The Revolution '' ) , classical history ( mainly the Roman Republic and the leagues of Greek city - states ) , and recent precedents from Holland and Germany . Outside the Convention in Philadelphia , there was a national convening of the Society of the Cincinnati . Washington was said to be embarrassed . The 1776 `` old republican '' delegates like Elbridge Gerry ( MA ) found anything military or hereditary anathema . The Presbyterian Synod of Philadelphia and New York convention was meeting to redefine its Confession , dropping the faith requirement for civil authority to prohibit false worship . Protestant Episcopalian Washington attended a Roman Catholic Mass and dinner . Revolution veteran Jonas Phillips , of the Mikveh Israel Synagogue , petitioned the Convention to avoid a national oath including belief in both Old and New Testaments . Merchants of Providence , Rhode Island , petitioned for consideration , though their Assembly had not sent a delegation . Manasseh Cutler came directly from the capital in New York and found himself a frequent dinner guest among the delegates . He carried grants of five million acres to parcel out among The Ohio Company and `` speculators '' , including some who were attending the Convention . A Philadelphia guest of Robert Morris , Noah Webster would write a pamphlet immediately after the signing . `` Leading Principles of the Federal Convention '' advocated adoption of the Constitution . It was published much earlier and more widely circulated than today 's better known Federalist Papers .",
"4": "James Madison 's blueprint ( edit ) While waiting for the Convention to formally begin , James Madison sketched out his initial draft , which became known as the Virginia Plan and reflected his views as a strong nationalist . By the time the rest of the Virginia delegation arrived , most of the Pennsylvania delegation had arrived as well . They agreed on Madison 's plan , and formed what came to be the predominant coalition . By the time the Convention started , the only blueprints that had been assembled were Madison 's Virginia Plan , and Charles Pinckney 's plan . As Pinckney did n't have a coalition behind his plan , Madison 's plan was the starting point for deliberations . James Madison , the author of the Virginia Plan The Convention agreed on several principles . Most importantly , they agreed that the Convention should go beyond its mandate merely to amend the Articles of Confederation , and instead should produce a new constitution outright . While some delegates thought this illegal , the Articles of Confederation were closer to a treaty between sovereign states than they were to a national constitution , so the genuine legal problems were limited . Another principle they agreed on was that the new government would have all the powers of the Confederation Congress , plus additional powers over the states . Once agreeing on these principles , the Convention voted on the Virginia plan and signaled their approval for it . Once this was done , they began modifying it . Madison 's plan operated on several assumptions that were not seriously challenged . During the deliberations , few raised serious objections to the planned bicameral congress , nor the separate executive function , nor the separate judicial function . As English law had typically recognized government as having two separate functions , law making embodied in the legislature , and law executing embodied in the king and his courts , the division of the legislature from the executive and judiciary was a natural and uncontested point . The division of the legislature into an upper and lower house was n't questioned either , despite the obscure origins of the English House of Lords and its role as the representative of the hereditary nobility . Americans had seldom known any but bicameral legislatures , both in Britain and in most state governments . The main exceptions to this were the dysfunctional Confederation Congress and the unicameral Pennsylvania legislature , which was seen as quickly vacillating between partisan extremes after each election .",
"5": "Experience had convinced the delegates that an upper house was necessary to tame the passions of the lower classes against the interests of wealthy merchants and landowners . Since America had no native hereditary aristocracy , the character of this upper house was designed to protect the interests of this wealthy elite , the `` minority of the opulent , '' against the interests of the lower classes , who constituted the majority of the population . In England , at this day , if elections were open to all classes of people , the property of landed proprietors would be insecure . An agrarian law would soon take place . If these observations be just , our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation . Landholders ought to have a share in the government , to support these invaluable interests , and to balance and check the other . They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority . The Senate , therefore , ought to be this body ; and to answer these purposes , they ought to have permanency and stability . -- James Madison , quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates On Thursday , June 7 , it was proposed that senators should be chosen directly by the state legislatures , instead of by popular vote , as this method was more likely to preserve the power of the upper classes . Convention delegate Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts observed that `` the great mercantile interest and of stockholders , is not provided for in any mode of election - they will however be better represented if the State legislatures choose the second branch . '' The proposal was carried unanimously . The delegates also agreed with Madison that the executive function had to be independent of the legislature . In their aversion to kingly power , American legislatures had created state governments where the executive was beholden to the legislature , and by the late 1780s this was widely seen as being a source of paralysis . The Confederation government was the ultimate example of this . Furthermore , in the English tradition , judges were seen as being agents of the King and his court , who represented him throughout his realm .",
"6": "Madison believed that in the American states , this direct link between state executives and judges was a source of corruption through patronage , and thought the link had to be severed between the two , thus creating the `` third branch '' of the judiciary which had been without any direct precedent before this point . Madison , however , did not believe that the judiciary should be truly independent , but rather beholden to the legislature rather than the executive . At the Convention , some sided with Madison that the legislature should choose judges , while others believed the president should choose judges . A compromise was eventually reached that the president should choose judges and the Senate confirm them . In a few areas , Madison 's plan included provisions that had little support among the delegates . Few agreed with Madison that the legislature should be able to invalidate state laws , so the idea was dropped . While most thought there should be some mechanism to invalidate bad laws by congress , few agreed with Madison that a board of the executive and judges should decide on this . Instead , the power was given solely to the executive in the form of the veto . Many also thought this would be useful to protect the executive , whom many worried might become beholden to an imperial legislature . Also , during the deliberations , the New Jersey Plan was introduced , although it was more of a protest to the excessive national character of the Virginia plan , and was not seriously considered . The office of Vice President was also included later in the deliberations , mainly to provide the president a successor if he was unable to complete his term but also to provide presidential electors with an incentive to vote for at least one out of state candidate in addition to a `` favorite son '' from their own state or region . The early debate ( edit ) Each state was allowed to cast a single vote either for or against a proposal during the debates in accordance with the majority opinion of the state 's delegates . Throughout the Convention , delegates would regularly come and go , with only 30 -- 40 being present on a typical day . Consequently , if a state 's delegates were equally divided in their views on a given proposal , or if too few of the state 's delegates were in attendance to establish a quorum for the delegation when votes were being cast on a particular proposal , that state 's delegation had essentially no effect on the outcome of the vote on the proposal .",
"7": "Thus , for example , after two of New York 's three delegates abandoned the Convention in mid July with no intention of returning , New York was left unable to vote on any further proposals at the Convention , although Hamilton would continue to periodically attend and occasionally to speak during the debates . All communities divide themselves into the few and the many . The first are the rich and well born , the other the mass of the people . The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God ; and however generally this maxim has been quoted and believed , it is not true in fact . The people are turbulent and changing ; they seldom judge or determine right . Give therefore to the first class a distinct , permanent share in the government . They will check the unsteadiness of the second , and as they can not receive any advantage by a change , they therefore will ever maintain good government . Can a democratic assembly , who annually revolve in the mass of the people , be supposed steadily to pursue the public good ? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy . Their turbulent and uncontroling disposition requires checks . -- Alexander Hamilton , quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates The first area of major dispute was the manner by which the lower house would be apportioned . A minority wanted it to be apportioned so that all states would have equal weight , though this was never seriously considered . Most wanted it apportioned in accordance with some mixture of property and population . Though there was discussion on how to calculate property for this purpose , the issue of property was later dropped because of its difficulty , and an assumption that property would closely correlate to population . Most accepted the desire among the slave states to count slaves as part of the population , although their servile status was raised as a major objection against this . The Three - Fifths Compromise assessing population by adding the number of free persons to three - fifths of `` all other persons '' ( slaves ) was agreed to without serious dispute . In 1783 , when attempting to assess a national taxation system , the Confederation Congress had considered a three fifths ratio , which did not achieve unanimity . This compromise resulted in a large coalition of states , including the small slave states of South Carolina and Georgia , backing the Virginia plan and thus expanding the power of the primary coalition .",
"8": "That the lower house was to be elected directly by the voters was also accepted without major dispute . More contentious than the lower house was the question of the upper house . Few agreed with Madison that its members should be elected by the lower house . James Wilson suggested election by popular vote versus election by state legislature , but his proposal was shot down 10 -- 1 by the delegates . Most delegates did n't question the intelligence of the voters , rather what concerned them was the slowness by which information spread in the late 18th century . At the time of the Convention , they noted that local newspapers said little of current events , and what little they had was sketchy and dated . Local papers even said little about the meeting of the Convention . Alexander Hamilton proposed extending the term in office for senators to life , considering earlier proposals of four and seven years inefficient to enable the `` rich and well born '' to have a `` distinct , permanent share in the government , '' which could `` check the imprudence of democracy . '' Moreover , Hamilton proposed that senators not be elected directly by the general public , but by `` electors '' chosen for that purpose . Front side of the Virginia Plan Besides the problems of direct election , the new Constitution was seen as such a radical break with the old system , by which delegates were elected to the Confederation Congress by state legislatures , that the Convention agreed to retain this method of electing senators to make the constitutional change less radical . The more difficult problem was the issue of apportionment . The Connecticut delegation offered a compromise , whereby the number of representatives for each state in the lower house would be apportioned based on the relative size of the state 's population , while the number of representatives in the upper house would be the same for all of the states , irrespective of size . The large states , fearing a diminution of their influence in the legislature under this plan , opposed this proposal . Unable to reach agreement , the delegates decided to leave this issue for further consideration later during the meeting . The delegates could n't agree on whether the executive should be a single person , or a board of three . Many wished to limit the power of the executive and thus supported the proposal to divide the executive power between three persons .",
"9": "The possible problems of this system , in addition to the knowledge that George Washington would probably be the first president , calmed the fears enough so that the proponents of a singular executive could accumulate a large coalition . This issue came up occasionally after the matter was settled , but was never again seriously doubted . Another issue concerned the election of the president . Few agreed with Madison that the executive should be elected by the legislature . There was widespread concern with direct election , because information diffused so slowly in the late 18th century , and because of concerns that people would only vote for candidates from their state or region . A vocal minority wanted the national executive to be chosen by the governors of the states . The issue was one of the last major issues to be resolved , and was done so in the electoral college . At the time , before the formation of modern political parties , there was widespread concern that candidates would routinely fail to secure a majority of electors in the electoral college . The method of resolving this problem therefore was a contested issue . Most thought that the house should then choose the president , since it most closely reflected the will of the people . This caused dissension among delegates from smaller states , who realized that this would put their states at a disadvantage . To resolve this dispute , the Convention agreed that the house would elect the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority , but that each state delegation would vote as a bloc , rather than individually . As the Convention was entering its second full month of deliberations , it was decided that further consideration of the prickly question of how to apportion representatives in the national legislature should be referred to a committee composed of one delegate from each of the eleven states that were present at that time at the Convention . The members of this `` Grand Committee , '' as it has come to be known , included Elbridge Gerry , Oliver Ellsworth , Robert Yates , William Paterson , Gunning Bedford , Jr. , George Mason , William Davie , John Rutledge , Abraham Baldwin , and Benjamin Franklin . In its report to the Convention on July 5 , the committee offered a compromise . The large states had opposed the Connecticut Compromise , because they felt it gave too much power to the smaller states .",
"10": "The Grand Committee 's proposal added the requirement that revenue bills originate in the lower house and not be subject to modification by the upper house ( although this Origination Clause would later be modified so that revenue bills could be amended in the upper house , or Senate ) . With this modification , the Convention in a close vote adopted the compromise on July 16 . Nationalist delegates remained bitterly opposed , however , until on July 23 they succeeded in further modifying the compromise to give members of the Senate individual voting power , rather than having votes taken by each state 's representatives en bloc , as had occurred in Congress under the Articles of Confederation . This accomplished the nationalist goal of preventing state governments from having a direct say in Congress 's choice to make national laws . The final document was thus a mixture of Madison 's original `` national '' constitution and the desired `` federal '' Constitution that many of the delegates sought . The first draft ( edit ) The Convention adjourned from July 26 to August 6 to await the report of the Committee of Detail , which was to produce a first draft of the Constitution . It was chaired by John Rutledge , with the other members including Edmund Randolph , Oliver Ellsworth , James Wilson , and Nathaniel Gorham . Though the committee did not record minutes of its proceedings , three key surviving documents offer clues to the committee 's handiwork : an outline by Randolph with edits by Rutledge , extensive notes and a second draft by Wilson , also with Rutledge 's edits , and the committee 's final report to the Convention . From this evidence it is thought that the committee used the original Virginia Plan , the decisions of the Convention on modifications to that plan , and other sources , such as the Articles of Confederation , provisions of the state constitutions , and even Charles Pinckney 's plan , to produce the first full draft , which author David O. Stewart has called a `` remarkable copy - and - paste job . '' Randolph adopted two rules in preparing his initial outline : that the Constitution should only include essential principles , avoiding minor provisions that would change over time , and that it should be stated in simple and precise language .",
"11": "Much of what was included in the committee 's report consisted of numerous details that the Convention had never discussed but which the committee correctly viewed as uncontroversial and unlikely to be challenged ; and as such , much of the committee 's proposal would ultimately be incorporated into the final version of the Constitution without debate . Examples of these details included the Speech and Debate Clause , which grants members of Congress immunity for comments made in their jobs , and the rules for organizing the House of Representatives and the Senate . However , Rutledge , himself a former state governor , was determined that while the new national government should be stronger than the Confederation government had been , the national government 's power over the states should not be limitless ; and at Rutledge 's urging , the committee went beyond what the Convention had proposed . As Stewart describes it , the committee `` hijacked '' and remade the Constitution , altering critical agreements the Convention delegates had already made , enhancing the powers of the states at the expense of the national government , and adding several far - reaching provisions that the Convention had never discussed . John Rutledge , a judge and former governor of South Carolina , chaired the committee that wrote the first draft of the Constitution . He argued for a federal government of limited power . The first major change , insisted on by Rutledge , was meant to sharply curtail the essentially unlimited powers to legislate `` in all cases for the general interests of the Union '' that the Convention only two weeks earlier had agreed to grant the Congress . Rutledge and Randolph worried that the broad powers implied in the language agreed on by the Convention would have given the national government too much power at the expense of the states . In Randolph 's outline the committee replaced that language with a list of 18 specific `` enumerated '' powers , many adopted from the Articles of Confederation , that would strictly limit the Congress ' authority to measures such as imposing taxes , making treaties , going to war , and establishing post offices . Rutledge , however , was not able to completely convince all of the members of the committee to accept the change .",
"12": "Over the course of a series of drafts , a catchall provision ( the `` Necessary and Proper Clause '' ) was eventually added , most likely by Wilson , a nationalist little concerned with the sovereignty of individual states , giving the Congress the broad power `` to make all Laws that shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers , and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States , or in any department or officer thereof . '' Another revision of Wilson 's draft also placed eight specific limits on the states , such as barring them from independently entering into treaties and from printing their own money , providing a certain degree of balance to the limits on the national government intended by Rutledge 's list of enumerated powers . In addition , Wilson 's draft modified the language of the Supremacy Clause adopted by the Convention , to ensure that national law would take precedence over inconsistent state laws . These changes set the final balance between the national and state governments that would be entered into the final document , as the Convention never challenged this dual - sovereignty between nation and state that had been fashioned by Rutledge and Wilson . Another set of radical changes introduced by the Committee of Detail proved far more contentious when the committee 's report was presented to the Convention . On the day the Convention had agreed to appoint the committee , Southerner Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , of South Carolina , had warned of dire consequences should the committee fail to include protections for slavery in the Southern states , or allow for taxing of Southern agricultural exports . Pinckney and his fellow Southern delegates must have been delighted to see that the committee had included three provisions that explicitly restricted the Congress ' authority in ways favorable to Southern interests . The proposed language would bar the Congress from ever interfering with the slave trade . It would also prohibit taxation of exports , and would require that any legislation concerning regulation of foreign commerce through tariffs or quotas ( that is , any laws akin to England 's `` Navigation Acts '' ) pass only with two - thirds majorities of both houses of Congress . While much of the rest of the committee 's report would be accepted without serious challenge on the Convention floor , these last three proposals would provoke outrage from Northern delegates and slavery opponents . The final report of the committee , which became the first draft of the Constitution , was the first workable constitutional plan , as Madison 's Virginia Plan had simply been an outline of goals and a broad structure .",
"13": "Even after it issued this report , the committee continued to meet off and on until early September . Further modifications and concluding debate ( edit ) Another month of discussion and relatively minor refinement followed , during which several attempts were made to alter the Rutledge draft , though few were successful . Some wanted to add property qualifications for people to hold office , while others wanted to prevent the national government from issuing paper money . Madison in particular wanted to push the Constitution back in the direction of his Virginia plan . One important change that did make it into the final version included the agreement between northern and southern delegates to empower Congress to end the slave trade starting in 1808 . Southern and northern delegates also agreed to strengthen the Fugitive Slave Clause in exchange for removing a requirement that two - thirds of Congress agree on `` navigation acts '' ( regulations of commerce between states and foreign governments ) . The two - thirds requirement was favored by southern delegates , who thought Congress might pass navigation acts that would be economically harmful to slaveholders . Once the Convention had finished amending the first draft from the Committee of Detail , a new set of unresolved questions were sent to several different committees for resolution . The Committee of Detail was considering several questions related to habeas corpus , freedom of the press , and an executive council to advise the president . Two committees addressed questions related to the slave trade and the assumption of war debts . A new committee was created , the Committee on Postponed Parts , to address other questions that had been postponed . Its members , such as Madison , were delegates who had shown a greater desire for compromise and were chosen for this reason as most in the Convention wanted to finish their work and go home . The committee dealt with questions related to the taxes , war making , patents and copyrights , relations with Indian tribes , and Franklin 's compromise to require money bills to originate in the House . The biggest issue they addressed was the presidency , and the final compromise was written by Madison with the committee 's input . They adopted Wilson 's earlier plan for choosing the president by an electoral college , and settled on the method of choosing the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority , which many such as Madison thought would be `` nineteen times out of twenty '' .",
"14": "The committee also shortened the president 's term from seven years to four years , freed the president to seek re-election after an initial term , and moved impeachment trials from the courts to the Senate . They also created the office of the vice president , whose only roles were to succeed a president unable to complete a term of office , to preside over the Senate , and to cast tie - breaking votes in the Senate . The committee transferred important powers from the Senate to the president , for example the power to make treaties and appoint ambassadors . One controversial issue throughout much of the Convention had been the length of the president 's term , and whether the president was to be term limited . The problem had resulted from the understanding that the president would be chosen by Congress ; the decision to have the president be chosen instead by an electoral college reduced the chance of the president becoming beholden to Congress , so a shorter term with eligibility for re-election became a viable option . Near the end of the Convention , Gerry , Randolph , and Mason emerged as the main force of opposition . Their fears were increased as the Convention moved from Madison 's vague Virginia Plan to the concrete plan of Rutledge 's Committee of Detail . Some have argued that Randolph 's attacks on the Constitution were motivated by political ambition , in particular his anticipation of possibly facing rival Patrick Henry in a future election . The main objection of the three was the compromise that would allow Congress to pass `` navigation acts '' with a simple majority in exchange for strengthened slave provisions . Among their other objections was an opposition to the office of vice president . Though most of their complaints did not result in changes , a couple did . Mason succeeded in adding `` high crimes and misdemeanors '' to the impeachment clause . Gerry also convinced the Convention to include a second method for ratification of amendments . The report out of the Committee of Detail had included only one mechanism for constitutional amendment , in which two - thirds of the states had to ask Congress to convene a convention for consideration of amendments . Upon Gerry 's urging , the Convention added back the Virginia Plan 's original method whereby Congress would propose amendments that the states would then ratify . All amendments to the Constitution , save the 21st amendment , have been made through this latter method .",
"15": "Despite their successes , these three dissenters grew increasingly unpopular as most other delegates wanted to bring the Convention 's business to an end and return home . As the Convention was drawing to a conclusion , and delegates prepared to refer the Constitution to the Committee on Style to pen the final version , one delegate raised an objection over civil trials . He wanted to guarantee the right to a jury trial in civil matters , and Mason saw in this a larger opportunity . Mason told the Convention that the constitution should include a bill of rights , which he thought could be prepared in a few hours . Gerry agreed , though the rest of the committee overruled them . They wanted to go home , and thought this was nothing more than another delaying tactic . Few at the time realized how important the issue would become , with the absence of a bill of rights becoming the main argument of the anti-Federalists against ratification . Most of the Convention 's delegates thought that states already protected individual rights , and that the Constitution did not authorize the national government to take away rights , so there was no need to include protections of rights . Once the Convention moved beyond this point , the delegates addressed a couple of last - minute issues . Importantly , they modified the language that required spending bills to originate in the House of Representatives and be flatly accepted or rejected , unmodified , by the Senate . The new language empowered the Senate to modify spending bills proposed by the House . Drafting and signing ( edit ) U.S. Postage , Issue of 1937 , depicting Delegates at the signing of the Constitution , engraving after a painting by Junius Brutus Stearns Once the final modifications had been made , the Committee of Style and Arrangement was appointed `` to revise the style of and arrange the articles which had been agreed to by the house . '' Unlike other committees , whose members were named so the committees included members from different regions , this final committee included no champions of the small states . Its members were mostly in favor of a strong national government and unsympathetic to calls for states ' rights . They were William Samuel Johnson ( Connecticut ) , Alexander Hamilton ( New York ) , Gouverneur Morris ( Pennsylvania ) , James Madison ( Virginia ) , and Rufus King ( Massachusetts ) .",
"16": "On Wednesday , September 12 , the report of the `` committee of style '' was ordered printed for the convenience of the delegates . For three days , the Convention compared this final version with the proceedings of the Convention . The Constitution was then ordered engrossed on Saturday , September 15 by Jacob Shallus , and was submitted for signing on September 17 . It made at least one important change to what the Convention had agreed to ; King wanted to prevent states from interfering in contracts . Although the Convention never took up the matter , his language was now inserted , creating the contract clause . Gouverneur Morris is credited , both now and then , as the chief draftsman of the final document , including the stirring preamble . Not all the delegates were pleased with the results ; thirteen left before the ceremony , and three of those remaining refused to sign : Edmund Randolph of Virginia , George Mason of Virginia , and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts . George Mason demanded a Bill of Rights if he was to support the Constitution . The Bill of Rights was not included in the Constitution submitted to the states for ratification , but many states ratified the Constitution with the understanding that a bill of rights would soon follow . Shortly before the document was to be signed , Gorham proposed to lower the size of congressional districts from 40,000 to 30,000 citizens . A similar measure had been proposed earlier , and failed by one vote . George Washington spoke up here , making his only substantive contribution to the text of the Constitution in supporting this move . The Convention adopted it without further debate . Gorham would sign the document , although he had openly doubted whether the United States would remain a single , unified nation for more than 150 years . Ultimately , 39 of the original 55 delegates ended up signing , but it is likely that none were completely satisfied .",
"17": "Their views were summed up by Benjamin Franklin , who said , I confess that There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve , but I am not sure I shall never approve them ... I doubt too whether any other Convention we can obtain , may be able to make a better Constitution ... It therefore astonishes me , Sir , to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does ; and I think it will astonish our enemies ... Rhode Island never sent delegates , and two of New York 's three delegates did not stay at the Convention for long . Therefore , as George Washington stated , the document was executed by `` eleven states , and Colonel Hamilton . '' Washington signed the document first , and then moving by state delegation from north to south , as had been the custom throughout the Convention , the delegates filed to the front of the room to sign their names . At the time the document was signed , Franklin gave a persuasive speech involving an anecdote on a sun that was painted on the back of Washington 's Chippendale chair . As recounted in Madison 's notes : Whilst the last members were signing it Doctor . Franklin looking towards the Presidents Chair , at the back of which a rising sun happened to be painted , observed to a few members near him , that Painters had found it difficult to distinguish in their art a rising from a setting sun . I have said he , often and often in the course of the Session , and the vicissitudes of my hopes and fears as to its issue , looked at that behind the President without being able to tell whether it was rising or setting : But now at length I have the happiness to know that it is a rising and not a setting Sun . The Constitution was then submitted to the states for ratification , pursuant to its own Article VII . Proposed plans ( edit ) Several plans were introduced , with the most important plan being that of James Madison ( the Virginia Plan ) . The Convention 's work was mostly a matter of modifying this plan . Charles Pinckney also introduced a plan , although this was n't considered and its exact character has been lost to history . After the Convention was well under way , the New Jersey Plan was introduced though never seriously considered . It was mainly a protest to what some delegates thought was the excessively radical change from the Articles of Confederation .",
"18": "Alexander Hamilton also offered a plan after the Convention was well under way , though it included an executive serving for life and therefore the delegates felt it too closely resembled a monarchy . Historians are unsure how serious he was about this , and some have speculated that he may have done it to make Madison 's plan look moderate by comparison . The Connecticut Compromise was n't a plan but one of several compromises offered by the Connecticut delegation . It was key to the ultimate ratification of the constitution , but was only included after being modified by Benjamin Franklin in order to make it more appealing to larger states . Virginia plan ( edit ) Main article : Virginia Plan The Virginia Plan Prior to the start of the Convention , the Virginian delegates met and , drawing largely from Madison 's suggestions , came up with what came to be known as the Virginia Plan , also known as the Large State Plan . For this reason , James Madison is sometimes called the Father of the Constitution . Presented by Virginia governor Edmund Randolph on May 29 , 1787 , the Virginia Plan proposed a very powerful bicameral legislature . Both houses of the legislature would be determined proportionately . The lower house would be elected by the people , and the upper house would be elected by the lower house . The executive would exist solely to ensure that the will of the legislature was carried out and would therefore be selected by the legislature . The Virginia Plan also created a judiciary , and gave both the executive and some of the judiciary the power to veto , subject to override . New Jersey plan ( edit ) Main article : New Jersey Plan The New Jersey Plan After the Virginia Plan was introduced , New Jersey delegate William Paterson asked for an adjournment to contemplate the Plan . Under the Articles of Confederation , each state had equal representation in Congress , exercising one vote each . The Virginia Plan threatened to limit the smaller states ' power by making both houses of the legislature proportionate to population . On June 14 and 15 , 1787 , a small - state caucus met to create a response to the Virginia Plan . The result was the New Jersey Plan , otherwise known as the Small State Plan . Paterson 's New Jersey Plan was ultimately a rebuttal to the Virginia Plan , and was much closer to the initial call for the Convention : drafting amendments to the Articles of Confederation to fix the problems in it .",
"19": "Under the New Jersey Plan , the existing Continental Congress would remain , but it would be granted new powers , such as the power to levy taxes and force their collection . An executive branch was created , to be elected by Congress ( the plan allowed for a multi-person executive ) . The executives would serve a single term and were subject to recall on the request of state governors . The plan also created a judiciary that would serve for life , to be appointed by the executives . Lastly , any laws set by Congress would take precedence over state laws . When Paterson reported the plan to the Convention on June 15 , 1787 , it was ultimately rejected , but it gave the smaller states a rallying point for their interests . Hamilton 's plan ( edit ) The Hamilton Plan Unsatisfied with the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan , Alexander Hamilton proposed his own plan . It also was known as the British Plan , because of its resemblance to the British system of strong centralized government . In his plan , Hamilton advocated virtually doing away with state sovereignty and consolidating the states into a single nation . The plan featured a bicameral legislature , the lower house elected by the people for three years . The upper house would be elected by electors chosen by the people and would serve for life . The plan also gave the Governor , an executive elected by electors for a life - term of service , an absolute veto over bills . State governors would be appointed by the national legislature , and the national legislature had veto power over any state legislation . Hamilton presented his plan to the Convention on June 18 , 1787 . The plan was perceived as a well - thought - out plan , but it was not considered , because it resembled the British system too closely . It also contemplated the loss of most state authority , which the states were unwilling to allow . Pinckney 's plan ( edit ) The Pinckney Plan Immediately after Randolph finished laying out the Virginia Plan , Charles Pinckney of South Carolina presented his own plan to the Convention . As Pinckney did not write it down , the only evidence of the plan are Madison 's notes , so the details are somewhat vague . It was a confederation , or treaty , among the thirteen states . There was to be a bicameral legislature made up of a Senate and a House of Delegates .",
"20": "The House would have one member for every one thousand inhabitants . The House would elect Senators who would serve by rotation for four years and represent one of four regions . Congress would meet in a joint session to elect a President , and would also appoint members of the cabinet . Congress , in joint session , would serve as the court of appeal of last resort in disputes between states . Pinckney did also provide for a supreme Federal Judicial Court . The Pinckney plan was not debated , but it may have been referred to by the Committee of Detail . Connecticut compromise ( edit ) Main article : Connecticut Compromise The Connecticut Compromise , forged by Roger Sherman from Connecticut , was proposed on June 11 . In a sense it blended the Virginia ( large - state ) and New Jersey ( small - state ) proposals . Ultimately , however , its main contribution was in determining the apportionment of the Senate , and thus retaining a federal character in the constitution . Sherman sided with the two - house national legislature of the Virginia Plan , but proposed `` That the proportion of suffrage in the 1st . branch ( house ) should be according to the respective numbers of free inhabitants ; and that in the second branch or Senate , each State should have one vote and no more . '' This plan failed at first , but on July 23 the question was finally settled . What was ultimately included in the constitution was a modified form of this plan . In the Grand Committee , Benjamin Franklin successfully proposed the requirement that revenue bills originate in the house . But the final July 16 vote on the compromise still left the Senate looking like the Confederation Congress . In the preceding weeks of debate , Madison , King , and Gouverneur Morris each vigorously opposed the compromise for this reason . Then on July 23 , just before most of the convention 's work was referred to the Committee of Detail , Morris and King moved that state representatives in the Senate be given individual votes , rather than voting en bloc , as they had in the Confederation Congress . Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut , a leading proponent of the compromise , supported their motion , and the Convention adopted it . As the personally powerful senators were to receive terms much longer than the state legislators who appointed them , they became substantially independent .",
"21": "The compromise nonetheless continued to serve the self - interest of small - state political leaders , who were assured of access to more seats in the Senate than they might otherwise have obtained . Slavery ( edit ) Among the most controversial issues confronting the delegates was that of slavery . Slavery was widespread in the states at the time of the Convention . At least a third of the Convention 's 55 delegates owned slaves , including all of the delegates from Virginia and South Carolina . Slaves comprised approximately one - fifth of the population of the states ; and apart from northernmost New England , where slavery had largely been eliminated , slaves lived throughout all regions of the country . The majority of the slaves ( more than 90 % ) , however , lived in the South , where approximately 1 in 3 families owned slaves ( in the largest and wealthiest state , Virginia , that figure was nearly 1 in 2 families ) . The entire agrarian economy of the South was based on slave labor , and the Southern delegates to the Convention were unwilling to accept any proposals that they believed would threaten the institution . Commerce and slave trade compromise ( edit ) Quaker John Dickinson argued forcefully against slavery during the Convention . Once Delaware 's largest slaveholder , he had freed all of his slaves by 1787 . Whether slavery was to be regulated under the new Constitution was a matter of such intense conflict between the North and South that several Southern states refused to join the Union if slavery were not to be allowed . Delegates opposed to slavery were forced to yield in their demands that slavery practiced within the confines of the new nation be completely outlawed . However , they continued to argue that the Constitution should prohibit the states from participating in the international slave trade , including in the importation of new slaves from Africa and the export of slaves to other countries . The Convention postponed making a final decision on the international slave trade until late in the deliberations because of the contentious nature of the issue . During the Convention 's late July recess , the Committee of Detail had inserted language that would prohibit the federal government from attempting to ban international slave trading and from imposing taxes on the purchase or sale of slaves . The Convention could not agree on these provisions when the subject came up again in late August , so they referred the matter to an eleven - member committee for further discussion .",
"22": "This committee helped work out a compromise : Congress would have the power to ban the international slave trade , but not for another twenty years ( that is , not until 1808 ) . In exchange for this concession , the federal government 's power to regulate foreign commerce would be strengthened by provisions that allowed for taxation of slave trades in the international market and that reduced the requirement for passage of navigation acts from two - thirds majorities of both houses of Congress to simple majorities . Three - fifths compromise ( edit ) Main article : Three - Fifths Compromise Another contentious slavery - related question was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress , or would instead be considered property and as such not be considered for purposes of representation . Delegates from states with a large population of slaves argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation , but as property if the new government were to levy taxes on the states on the basis of population . Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation , but not in determining representation . Finally , delegate James Wilson proposed the Three - Fifths Compromise . This was eventually adopted by the Convention . Framers of the Constitution ( edit ) Fifty - five delegates attended sessions of the Constitutional Convention , and are considered the Framers of the Constitution , although only 39 delegates actually signed . The states had originally appointed 70 representatives to the Convention , but a number of the appointees did not accept or could not attend , leaving 55 who would ultimately craft the Constitution . Almost all of the 55 Framers had taken part in the Revolution , with at least 29 having served in the Continental forces , most in positions of command . All but two or three had served in colonial or state government during their careers . The vast majority ( about 75 % ) of the delegates were or had been members of the Confederation Congress , and many had been members of the Continental Congress during the Revolution . Several had been state governors . Just two delegates , Roger Sherman and Robert Morris , would be signatories to all three of the nation 's founding documents : the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution . More than half of the delegates had trained as lawyers ( several had even been judges ) , although only about a quarter had practiced law as their principal means of business .",
"23": "There were also merchants , manufacturers , shippers , land speculators , bankers or financiers , two or three physicians , a minister , and several small farmers . Of the 25 who owned slaves , 16 depended on slave labor to run the plantations or other businesses that formed the mainstay of their income . Most of the delegates were landowners with substantial holdings , and most , with the possible exception of Roger Sherman and William Few , were very comfortably wealthy . George Washington and Robert Morris were among the wealthiest men in the entire country . Connecticut Oliver Ellsworth * William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman Delaware Richard Bassett Gunning Bedford , Jr . Jacob Broom John Dickinson George Read Georgia Abraham Baldwin William Few William Houstoun * William Pierce * Maryland Daniel Carroll Luther Martin * James McHenry John Francis Mercer * Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Massachusetts Elbridge Gerry * Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Caleb Strong * New Hampshire Nicholas Gilman John Langdon New Jersey David Brearley Jonathan Dayton William Houston * William Livingston William Paterson New York Alexander Hamilton John Lansing , Jr. * Robert Yates * North Carolina William Blount William Richardson Davie * Alexander Martin * Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson Pennsylvania George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Benjamin Franklin Jared Ingersoll Thomas Mifflin Gouverneur Morris Robert Morris James Wilson South Carolina Pierce Butler Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney John Rutledge Virginia John Blair James Madison George Mason * James McClurg * Edmund Randolph * George Washington George Wythe * Rhode Island Rhode Island did not send delegates to the Convention . ( * ) Did not sign the final draft of the U.S. Constitution . Randolph , Mason , and Gerry were the only three present in Philadelphia at the time who refused to sign . Several prominent Founders are notable for not participating in the Constitutional Convention . Thomas Jefferson was abroad , serving as the minister to France ( nonetheless , Jefferson , in a letter to John Adams , would describe the delegates approvingly as a gathering of `` demi - gods '' ) .",
"24": "John Adams was in Britain , serving as minister to that country , but he wrote home to encourage the delegates . Patrick Henry refused to participate because he `` smelt a rat in Philadelphia , tending toward the monarchy . '' Also absent were John Hancock and Samuel Adams . Many of the states ' older and more experienced leaders may have simply been too busy with the local affairs of their states to attend the Convention , which had originally been planned to strengthen the existing Articles of Confederation , not to write a constitution for a completely new national government . See also ( edit ) Constitution Day ( United States ) Constitution of the United States Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution The Federalist Papers Founding Fathers of the United States History of the United States Constitution History of the United States National Constitution Center Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution United States Bill of Rights Syng inkstand America 's Critical Period Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manasseh Cutler was a Congregationalists minister and former Army chaplain from Massachusetts . He arrived directly from lobbying success in New York City during the Northwest Ordinance negotiations at the Articles Congress . Jump up ^ History Alive ! Pursuing American Ideals . Rancho Cordova , CA : Teachers ' Curriculum Institute . April 2013 . p. 56 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jillson , Calvin C. ( 2009 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change ( 5th ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88702 - 8 . Jump up ^ Odesser - Torpey , Marilyn ( 2013 ) . Insiders ' Guide to Philadelphia & Pennsylvania Dutch Country . Morris Book Publishing , LLC . p. 26 . ISBN 9780762756995 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rossiter , Clinton ( 1987 ) . 1787 : The Grand Convention . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30404 - 6 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ U.S.",
"25": "Census Bureau ( 2017 ) . `` Pop Culture : 1790 '' . History : Fast Facts . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Edward J. ; Winship , Michael P. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention : A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison . New York : The Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7517 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6570 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Articles of Confederation , Art . 13 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Gaillard ( 1902 ) . The Life of James Madison . Doubleday . Jump up ^ The Ratification of the Constitution National Archives ^ Jump up to : Padover , Saul K. ( 1995 ) . Landynski , Jacob W. , ed . The Living U.S. Constitution : Historical Background , Landmark Supreme Court Decisions , with Introductions , Indexed Guide , Pen Portraits of the Signers ( 3rd rev . ed . ) . New York : Meridian . ISBN 978 - 0452011472 . Jump up ^ Irons , Lee. , The 1788 American Revision of the Westminster Standards , viewed September 15 , 2011 . Referencing `` Records of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America 1706 -- 1788 '' ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 19 -- 20 , 37 , 173 -- 76 , 216 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 37 , 173 -- 76 , 216 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Teaching American History.org , A citizen of America : an examination into the leading principles of America , viewed October 20 , 2011 . Scudder , Horace Elisha . Noah Webster , 1885 ed. , p.",
"26": "129 . ^ Jump up to : Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 . Robert Yates . http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/yates.asp Jump up ^ The Three - Fifth Compromise Digitalhistory.uh.edu Jump up ^ Farrand , Max , ed. ( 1911 ) . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , Volume 1 . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : Farrand , Max , ed. ( 1911 ) . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , Volume 2 . New Haven : Yale University Press . pp. 94 -- 95 . ^ Jump up to : See Laurence Claus , Power Enumeration and the Silences of Constitutional Federalism http://ssrn.com/abstract=2837390 ^ Jump up to : Stewart , David O. ( 2007 ) . The Summer of 1787 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8692 - 3 . Jump up ^ United States Postage Stamps Jump up ^ National Archives . `` Bill of Rights '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Speech of Benjamin Franklin -- The U_S_ Constitution Online -- USConstitution_net ^ Jump up to : `` Rising Sun '' in The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding , Vol. 1 ( ed . John R. Vile : ABC - CLIO , 2005 ) , p. 681 . Jump up ^ Madison Notes for September 17 , 1787 . Jump up ^ Akhil Reed Amar ( 2006 ) . America 's Constitution : A Biography . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7272 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : US Constitution.net . `` Constitutional Topic : The Constitutional Convention '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Plan of Charles Pinckney ( South Carolina ) , Presented to the Federal Convention , May 29 , 1787 .",
"27": "`` The Avalon Project at Yale Law School '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison : May 29 . `` The Avalon Project at Yale Law School '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max , ed. ( 1911 ) . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , Volume 1 . New Haven : Yale University Press . pp. 489 , 490 , 551 . ^ Jump up to : United States Department of Labor and Commerce Bureau of the Census ( 1909 ) . A Century of Population Growth : From the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 . D.C. : Government Printing Office . ^ Jump up to : Constitutional Rights Foundation . `` The Constitution and Slavery '' . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2004 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Framers of the Constitution '' . America 's Founding Documents . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . 2017 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Rodell , Fred ( 1986 ) . 55 Men : The Story of the Constitution , Based on the Day - by - Day Notes of James Madison . Stackpole Books . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 4409 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Founding Fathers : A Brief Overview '' . The Charters of Freedom . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max ( 1913 ) . The Framing of the Constitution of the United States . New Haven : Yale University Press .",
"28": "Bibliography ( edit ) Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6570 - 7 . Bowen , Catherine Drinker , Miracle At Philadelphia : The Story of the Constitutional Convention ( Little , Brown 1966 ) Farrand , Max ( 1913 ) . The Framing of the Constitution of the United States . New Haven : Yale University Press . Hunt , Gaillard ( 1902 ) . The Life of James Madison . Doubleday . Jillson , Calvin C. ( 2009 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change ( 5th ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88702 - 8 . Larson , Edward J. ; Winship , Michael P. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention : A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison . New York : The Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7517 - 0 . Stewart , David O. ( 2007 ) . The Summer of 1787 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8692 - 3 . United States Department of Labor and Commerce Bureau of the Census ( 1909 ) . A Century of Population Growth : From the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Constitutional Convention ( United States ) . Wikisource has original text related to this article : the Federal Convention of 1787 Wikiquote has quotations related to : Constitutional Convention ( United States ) Constitutional Topic : The Constitutional Convention Founders ' Blog - Republishing Madison 's notes on the convention 220 years later TeachingAmericanHistory.",
"29": "org -- The Constitutional Convention Transcription from the Report from the Grand Compromise Committee National Constitution Center EDSITEment Lesson Plan : The Constitutional Convention of 1787 ( from the National Endowment for the Humanities ) Constitution Convention Broadside Collection at the Library of Congress Variorum Constitution , Text P : The Text of the Parchment Signed by the Convention Delegates Variorum Constitution , Text F : The Text of the Printed Edition of the Constitution Authorized by the Convention United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference",
"30": "Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives",
"31": "Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial America 's Critical Period 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( United States Coast Guard ) United States Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 `` First Report on the Public Credit '' ,",
"32": "1790 Funding Act of 1790 `` Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports '' , 1790 `` Second Report on Public Credit '' , a.k.a. `` Report on a National Bank '' , 1790 `` Report On Manufactures '' , 1791 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery In the Revolutionary War Battles : Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton General Washington 's Aide - de-Camp Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds sex scandal Rutgers v. Waddington Relationship with slavery Depictions and memorials Alexander Hamilton ( Fraser statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Ceracchi bust ) Alexander Hamilton ( Conrads statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Trumbull portrait ) Alexander Hamilton Bridge Alexander Hamilton High School ( Los Angeles ) Fort Hamilton Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hamilton Hall ( Columbia University ) Hamilton Hall ( Salem , Massachusetts ) Hamilton Heights , Manhattan Hamilton , Ohio Hamilton - Oneida Academy Postage stamps Trinity Church Cemetery United States ten - dollar bill Media and popular culture Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Hamilton ( 1917 play ) Alexander Hamilton ( 1931 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society Liberty Hall ( New Jersey ) New York Manumission Society African Free School `` American System '' economic plan American School American Revolution patriots Family Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton wife Schuyler family Philip Hamilton ( oldest son ) Angelica Hamilton ( daughter ) Alexander Hamilton Jr.",
"33": "( son ) James Alexander Hamilton ( son ) John Church Hamilton ( son ) William S. Hamilton ( son ) Eliza Hamilton Holly ( daughter ) Philip Hamilton ( youngest son ) Schuyler Hamilton ( grandson ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( grandson ) Allan McLane Hamilton ( grandson ) Robert Ray Hamilton ( great - grandson ) George Washington 1st President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 Senior Officer of the Army , 1798 -- 1799 Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , 1775 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 First Continental Congress , 1774 Military career Revolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Forbes Expedition Washington and the American Revolution Commander - in - chief , Continental Army Aides - de-Camp Washington 's headquarters Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper spy ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Resignation as commander - in - chief Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses : Nelson and Blueskin Other U.S. founding events 1769 Virginia Association Continental Association 1774 Fairfax Resolves Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman , 1787 Constitutional Convention Presidency United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 1792 First inauguration inaugural bible Second inauguration Title of `` Mr.",
"34": "President '' Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney 's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Views and public image Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy Life and homes Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Gristmill Woodlawn Plantation Samuel Osgood House , First Presidential Mansion Alexander Macomb House , Second Presidential Mansion President 's House , Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Memorials and depictions Washington , D.C. Washington state Washington Monument Mount Rushmore Washington 's Birthday Purple Heart The Apotheosis of Washington George Washington ( Houdon ) George Washington ( Ceracchi ) George Washington ( Trumbull ) Washington Crossing the Delaware General George Washington at Trenton Washington at Verplanck 's Point General George Washington Resigning His Commission Unfinished portrait Lansdowne portrait The Washington Family portrait Washington at Princeton painting Point of View sculpture George Washington University Washington University Washington Masonic National Memorial George Washington Memorial Parkway George Washington Bridge Washington and Jefferson National Forests Washington Monument , Baltimore Washington , D.C. statue List of memorials U.S.",
"35": "Postage stamps Washington - Franklin Issues 1932 bicentennial Currency Washington quarter Washington dollar Cultural depictions George Washington ( 1984 miniseries 1986 sequel ) Related Bibliography Founding Fathers of the United States Republicanism Federalist Party Federalist Era Virginia dynasty Coat of arms Cherry - tree anecdote River Farm Washington 's Crossing 1751 Barbados trip Category Syng inkstand General of the Armies American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association Ancestry and family Martha Washington ( wife ) John Parke Custis ( stepson ) George Washington Parke Custis ( step - grandson , adopted son ) Eleanor Parke Custis ( step - granddaughter , adopted daughter ) Augustine Washington ( father ) Mary Ball ( mother ) Lawrence Washington ( half - brother ) Augustine Washington Jr. ( half - brother ) Betty Washington Lewis ( sister ) Samuel Washington ( brother ) John A. Washington ( brother ) Charles Washington ( brother ) Lawrence Washington ( grandfather ) John Washington ( great - grandfather ) Bushrod Washington ( nephew ) John Adams → Category John Dickinson 5th President of Pennsylvania , 1782 -- 1785 5th President of Delaware , 1781 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1776 , 1779 -- 1781 First Continental Congress , 1774 Stamp Act Congress , 1765 Founding of the United States Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( 1765 ) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) `` The Liberty Song '' ( 1768 United we stand , divided we fall ) Petition to the King ( 1774 ) Signee , Continental Association ( 1774 ) Pennsylvania Committee of Correspondence ( 1774 -- 1776 ) Letter to the inhabitants of the Province of Quebec ( 1774 ) Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( co-wrote ,",
"36": "1775 ) Committee of Secret Correspondence ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Model Treaty committee ( 1776 ) Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union ( 1776 ) President , Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) Delegate , Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) Other events Brigadier General , Pennsylvania militia Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Delaware Constitution of 1792 Life and homes Mary Norris Dickinson ( wife ) Philemon Dickinson ( brother ) Early life Poplar Hall home Fair Hill estate Friends Burial Ground Legacy Dickinson College Dickinson School of Law , Pennsylvania State University John Dickinson High School 1776 ( 1969 musical , 1972 film ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Related Claymont Stone School American Revolution patriots VIAF : 155934344 LCCN : n80039711 GND : 16192277 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"37": "php?title=Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)&oldid=822370142 '' Categories : American Revolution Conventions in Philadelphia Constitutional conventions ( political meeting ) Drafting of the United States Constitution 1787 in Pennsylvania Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using duplicate arguments in template calls CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from April 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 00 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "List of Super Robot monkey team Hyperforce go ! episodes - wikipedia List of Super Robot monkey team Hyperforce go ! episodes Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of episodes of the animated series Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go ! Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Season 1 : 2004 -- 2005 3 Season 2 : 2005 4 Season 3 : 2005 -- 2006 5 Season 4 : 2006 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 September 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 18 ) December 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 18 ) 13 February 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 06 ) May 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 15 ) 13 October 24 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 24 ) February 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 20 ) 13 September 9 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 09 ) December 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 16 ) Season 1 : 2004 -- 2005 ( edit ) # Title Written by First Airdate Production code `` Chiro 's Girl '' Henry Gilroy September 18 , 2004 101 Chiro falls for a new girl , Jinmay , not knowing that she 's a robot under the Skeleton King 's control , but even Jinmay does n't know it . Jinmay 's monkey companion , Sakko , who was secretly a spy for the Skeleton King , took her to the Skeleton King 's lair and then constructed her to be evil .",
"1": "Then it 's a showdown between the monkey team and an evil robot Jinmay , under the control of Sakko . Jinmay must remember the good memories with Chiro to get back control of herself , and then stop the evil Skeleton King . `` Depths of Fear '' Rob Hoegee September 25 , 2004 102 It 's hot in Shuggazoom City . Very hot . So the monkeys decide to cool off with a swim , and everyone seems excited ; except Sprx - 77 and Chiro . But the water begins to rise , and soon floods the city . On a rescue mission , Chiro 's fear holds him back once more , and no doubt would he have drowned if the team had not saved him at the last minute . Deciding to get to the source of the problem , they plunge down to the deep depths of Shuggazoom 's water base , to find that the pillars holding everything up are terribly corroded . And the massive dents look oddly like teeth marks ... `` Planetoid Q '' Kevin Hopps October 2 , 2004 103 Just as Chiro is beginning to understand the mysterious Power Primate , an enormous planetoid known as Q is detected headed straight toward the planet . Gibson 's plan is to fly up in the Super Robot , and blast Q with Otto 's newly completed gravaton disrupter . Simple , right ? Not quite . Imagine the team 's surprise when they discover that the giant planetoid is actually a living , speaking space creature ! Their only hope is to be swallowed by Q , and disable the propulsion unit within it . Unfortunately for Chiro and the monkey team , this task wo n't be as easy to carry out as it sounds . `` Magnetic Menace '' Kevin Campbell October 9 , 2004 104 On patrol of the city , Sparx detects a strange force nearby . Chiro is eager to watch his favorite TV show The Sun Riders , so the magnet - fisted monkey insists that he go alone . He has n't gone far when the other monkeys realize he 's disappeared , and they ca n't contact him in any way .",
"2": "They set out to find him , and after a bumpy ride in the Super Robot , they find themselves stranded in a wasteland of junk , occupied by Lord Scrapperton , a man who has `` upgraded '' all of his human parts to make himself fully robot . But this guy seems way too happy - creepy happy - and Chiro is suspicious . He keeps the cybernetic collector busy while the monkeys search for their friend . Guest : Eric Idle as Scrapperton 5 `` The Sun Riders '' Henry Gilroy & Barry Hawkins October 16 , 2004 105 Chiro is explaining to the monkeys about his favorite TV show , The Sun Riders , when they see that the Formless are spotted in Shuggazoom City . They find out that the Formless are chasing The Sun Riders . After rescuing them , Chiro invites them to team up while the monkeys fix there bikes . While they 're training with Chiro , he and the monkeys find out that they work for Skeleton King and that they have taken control of the Super Robot . Guest : Keone Young as Super Quasiar and Meredith Salenger as Aurora Six 6 `` Secret of the Sixth Monkey '' Kevin Campbell October 23 , 2004 106 After a narrow victory against an eye creature , Antauri tells the monkeys to create new techniques by tomorrow . Chiro stumbles upon a monkey helmet and monkey glove which makes a shield . Antauri tells him of the original leader and that the glove used to belong to him . Meanwhile , in space , a strange creature finds the other glove , and brings it to the Skeleton King . He is then revealed to be an orange monkey named Mandarin , the original leader of the Hyperforce . Guest : James Hong as Mandarin 7 `` Pit of Doom '' Tad Stones October 30 , 2004 107 With the monkeys always beating the Formless before he does , Chiro is starting to feel a bit useless . After a failed attempt to catch the creatures before his teammates did , he discovers that the citizens of Shuggazoom City have mysteriously disappeared . And a trip inside a weird elevator with no buttons leaves Chiro imprisoned in a massive pit . But with the help of the Power Primate , he is able to call the team .",
"3": "They come to him rescue , only to be captured as well . Can the Hyperforce rescue the citizens of Shuggazoom from the Pit of Doom ? Will they defeat Elevator Monster . 8 `` Thingy '' Kevin Hopps & Jymn Mogan October 31 , 2004 108 After saving a small abandoned creature from an avalanche of rocks on Shuggazoom 's moon , Ranger 7 , Chiro takes a liking to the little guy just like Chloe , much to Gibson 's dismay , adopts it until they can find its true home planet . At first Chiro has a blast with Thingy , until weird things start happening . The Super Robot 's functions go out of whack , even dumping Gibson into deep space . It seems as if Thingy is to blame , but it turns out that a virus created by the Skeleton King is making the Robot fall apart . To make matters worse , the virus has infected Gibson , transforming him into an evil mutant minion of the Skeleton King ! Guest : Frank Welker as Thingy 9 `` Flytor '' Brandon Sawyer November 6 , 2004 109 Chiro , who is tired of giving up his precious time to protect the city , suggests that an automatic defense system should be constructed to keep Shuggazoom City safe , so he does n't have to . Otto and Gibson create the perfect line of defense , and it works magnificently after an attack by a weird ( space ) creature . But things start to get out of hand when three horrifying beasts slip through the cracks . The team successfully captures them , only to have them merge and go on a destruction spree ! Now Chiro must take responsibility for relying on a machine to do the job that he was chosen to do , and stop Flytor with the team 's help - even if it means shutting down their impressive defense grid for good . 10 `` A Man Called Krinkle '' Brandon Auman November 20 , 2004 110 Meet Gyrus Krinkle , a man who dreams of becoming part of the Monkey Team . But when Chiro turns him down , he realizes it 's time to take matters into his own hands . Krinkle hatches a scheme to make himself leader of the monkeys - whether they want it or not .",
"4": "Guest : Jeffrey Combs as Gyrus Krinkle 11 `` Ape New World '' Kevin Campbell & Kevin Hopps December 4 , 2004 111 In deep space , the Super Robot is locked in fierce battle , and as a last resort , hyperspeed is activated . The team soon finds themselves landed in a strange place where the monkeys are worshiped as the `` Redeemers . '' The robotic ape inhabitants claim that this place is actually Shugazoom City - 2 million years into the future ! But Chiro is n't so sure that the strange primates are telling the truth ... Guest : Jeff Bennett takes over the role of Scrapperton 12 `` Circus of Ooze '' Greg Weisman December 11 , 2004 112 When the team hits the circus for a day of food and fun , they get that and much more than they wanted . The mysterious ringmaster has taken an interest in the monkeys , and soon captures them with the help of the strange ( Snake ) Charmer and the enchanting ( Jungle ) Girl . With the monkeys forced to perform and Chiro being held captive as well , only Otto can save the day . But can they free the rest of the team and stop these side show freaks from transforming all of Shuggazoom 's citizens into creepy clowns ? Guest : Robert Englund as the Ringmaster 13 `` Hidden Fortress '' Barry Hawkins December 18 , 2004 113 A foe known as the `` Supreme Destructor '' is causing havoc . He apparently killed Jinmay . The monkeys and Chiro travel to outer space in search of the villain . He is revealed to be Mandarin , working for the Skeleton King . The monkeys are busy trying to escape through an obstacle course , so they ca n't help Chiro beat him . Antauri sends Chiro a message to use the Power Primate to defeat Mandarin . Then , Sakko appears , also working for Skeleton King . Can the Power Primate 's force defeat all three of these evil fiends ?",
"5": "Season 2 : 2005 ( edit ) # Episode Written by Airdate Production Code 14 `` Skeleton King '' Henry Gilroy 02 / 06 / 2005 201 With only Gibson and a half damaged Super Robot , Chiro must mount a rescue against the Citadel of Bone to save the Hyperforce from tortuous brainwashing by Mandarin and Sakko . As Chiro and Gibson explore the citadel 's nightmarish interior they discover secrets of Chiro 's past as well as a secret of Skeleton King himself . Can Chiro harness the Power Primate , free his friends , and defeat Skeleton King before he unleashes a wave of evil on Shuggazoom ? 15 `` World of Giants '' Kevin Hopps & Tom Hart 02 / 12 / 2005 202 When Sparx says that Tolomac 3 is just another piece of rock floating in space , he could n't be more wrong . It turns out that there 's an entire kingdom of giants living there , and they 've mistaken the Super Robot for one of their own . Sparx decides to take advantage of the situation and pose as a knight , but the Robot is losing power , and unless the team can find the nearby energy source , they 'll be stuck there for good ! But there 's one who does n't want them to leave - he wants to get rid of this `` square - headed knight '' himself ... But do n't forget the new `` girlfriend '' Sparx gets while he 's there . Guest : Rip Taylor as King of Giants 16 `` The Lords of Soturix 7 '' Brandon Auman 02 / 19 / 2005 203 Responding to a distress call , the Super Robot crash lands on Soturix 7 . To make things worse , an energy field around the planet has shorted out the robot , Chiro 's powers , AND the minds of the rest of the Monkey Team ! Now Chiro must brave Skurgg 's sadistic games , survive the desert , and reclaim his friends ... and his only hope is to connect with the Power Primate on an entirely new level .",
"6": "Guest : Wil Wheaton as Skurgg 17 `` In the Grip of Evil '' Brandon Auman 02 / 25 / 2005 204 It all started with the nightmares . But nobody could 've predicted how much more they would soon become . The team is whisked away to a strange dream world dream world where all their hopes , fears , and memories are seemingly reality - including Skeleton King . The monkeys are about to discover something they thought they 'd all forgotten . But memories can never completely fade ... 18 `` Versus Chiro '' Brandon Auman 03 / 05 / 2005 205 It was just an ordinary day of training - until Chiro 's head blew off ! It turns out to be a Formless clone , and the monkeys are on a wild chase around the city to find the real one . Meanwhile , the real Chiro is held hostage at Mandarin 's fortress . It wo n't be easy to escape - there are deformed clones at every corner ! Can the monkeys rescue Chiro in time ? 19 `` Shadow Over Shuggazoom '' Henry Gilroy & Kevin Hopps 03 / 12 / 2005 206 Skeleton King plants an eye monster in the waters of Shuggazoom . The monster grows , then attacks all the citizens . When someone look into its gigantic eye , they become mind - controlled zombies . It also controls Sparx , Gibson , Nova and Otto ! Only Chiro and Antauri , and two other kids , BT and Glenny resist the spell only for Glenny to get attacked and bitten by Otto and Nova , while Antauri and BT looks into its eye turning them into zombies . But soon enough , Chiro is the only one left . Can Chiro stop the monster and save all the citizens of Shuggazoom along with their monkey comrades ? 20 `` The Sun Riders Return '' Barry Hawkins 03 / 19 / 2005 207 Chasing the latest Skeleton King monster into space , the Monkey Team encounters not only the villain 's latest diabolical scheme , but an apparently reformed team of Sun Riders . But the questions remains ... can these villains truly be trusted ?",
"7": "21 `` Hunt for the Citadel of Bone '' Greg Weisman 04 / 09 / 2005 208 When a fragment of the Citadel of Bone is spotted , you can be sure the Hyperforce is after it . But when they come across an old piloting legend , the team get a lot more than they bargained for . Sure enough , the Citadel is still in existence - and restoring itself . Will the monkey team be able retrieve this strange man 's crew and to put an end to the evil before it starts ? Or will this legend let his thirst for revenge end everything - including their lives ? Guest : Lance Henriksen as Mobius Quint 22 `` Snowbound '' Brandon Auman & Henry Gilroy 04 / 16 / 2005 209 Snow hits Shuggazoom City and it brings up not only endless questions from Gibson , but weird behavior from Nova . She wo n't go in the cold and a snowball to the head gets her so flustered , her body temperature alone can melt the snow . When the Hyperforce realizes there are other forces at work , they go beneath the surface to get to the source of the freeze . Haunted by memories of her past , the yellow monkey tries to keep her cool . But when the rest of the team is frozen solid , it 's the last straw for Nova , and it 's time to see just how powerful one monkey 's temper can be ... 23 `` Wonder Fun Meat World '' Brandon Auman 04 / 23 / 2005 210 A new meat joint has opened up in Shuggazoom , and everyone in the city seems to be taken by this eatery . Even Otto is under its spell ! But soon things start to get ugly - literally - when meat mutants begin to attack . Could Wonder Fun Meat World be more than it 's cracked up to be ? 24 `` The Skeleton King Threat '' Henry Gilroy 04 / 30 / 2005 211 The Monkey Team is finally able to talk to the citizens of Shuggazoom ! Now with this new ability , they 've decided to let everyone in on the true danger that surrounds them - the Skeleton King threat .",
"8": "25 `` Antauri 's Masters '' Brandon Auman 05 / 07 / 2005 212 Antauri , sensing a disturbance in the Power Primate , heads off to see the ones who taught him the ways of the mystical energy . Fearful that his friend may not return , Chiro stows away in the Brain Scrambler , and joins Antauri on his mission . But upon arrival , things start to go south as the monkey 's master informs him that the `` Dark Ones '' have returned and that the Power Primate is deteriorating - and proves himself a traitor as well . Now Chiro must fight his way past the temple 's guardians to get to Antauri and stop Master Zan . But could the Power Primate be coming to an end ? Guest : Michael York as Master Zan 26 `` I , Chiro '' Henry Gilroy 05 / 15 / 2005 213 The Power Primate is gone and the Dark Ones will soon wreak havoc upon Shuggazoom . All seems lost . But with one last hope , Chiro will have to do the unimaginable to save Shuggazoom , and while most of the team have fallen , the only ones that still stand are Chiro and Antauri . As they battle the Skeleton King and defeating them , Antauri is seriously damaged and wounded by Mandarin , but Chiro defeats him , but , as Skeleton King was reviving , Antauri sacrifices himself to save Chiro , as he gets destroyed , a bolt of lightning gets into Chiro 's body , nearly killing him , and nearly stopping reviving Skeleton King . As the team are back again , they wanted to save Chiro , that was uncontrollable going into an unknown region , the savage lands . Season 3 : 2005 -- 2006 ( edit ) # Episode Written by First Airdate Production Code 27 / 28 `` The Savage Lands '' Henry Gilroy & Brandon Auman 10 / 24 / 2005 301 / 302 After all that has happened , Chiro , now in a strange new form , discovers a whole new world beneath Shuggazoom 's surface .",
"9": "As the remaining Monkey Team member Jinmay search for him , he 's on a search of his own ... for Antauri . Well , he wants to put Antauri 's power primate in the silver monkey suit . When the others finally find him , all they want is for Chiro to come home where he belongs . They are unaware of the greater journey that lies ahead . Guest : Hynden Walch as Valeena 29 `` Season of the Skull '' Brandon Auman 10 / 30 / 2005 303 In hot pursuit of the Dark One Worm , the Super Robot is mysteriously transported to a strange village where everything is , as Otto puts it , `` spook - tacular . '' The citizens turn to the Monkey Team for help , claiming that they are plagued by a curse that is taking away their little ones . Nova knows it is not true literally But what secrets are these strange people really hiding ? Trivia : This episode is Halloween - inspired , despite the fact that it aired before Halloween . Guest : Angus Scrimm as Magistrate and Cassandra Peterson as Severina 30 `` A Ghost in the Machinder '' Brandon Auman 11 / 07 / 2005 304 While still on the hunt for the Dark One Worm , the gang is pulled into a massive spaceship by an Artificial Intelligence whose colony was destroyed by Skeleton King , and is now bent on destroying anyone who has something organic . And on top of that , it separates Antauri from the others . Will the Hyperforce find Antauri and beat this A.I. with the aid of the Super Robot which is suddenly displaying an intelligence of its own ... ? Guest : S. Scott Bullock as the Super Computer 31 `` The Stranded Seven '' Mark Henry 11 / 21 / 2005 305 Attacked by a swarm of evil giant praying mantises , the Super Robot crashes on a distant world with nowhere to go . Until the Hyperforce meets the feline inhabitants , that is . It seems the Mantidons have been plaguing them for quite some time , and some look to the team for help while others turn them away . Should the Monkey Team stay and help ? And will it make a difference if they do ?",
"10": "32 `` Girl Trouble '' Mark Henry 12 / 10 / 2005 306 While out joy - riding , Chiro stumbles upon an old space station where he finds two girls that are being held as slaves by a monster . Meanwhile , the girl 's father goes to the monkeys for help . But he is n't exactly what he seems to be ... Guest : Lacey Chabert as Surthanna , Busy Philipps as Korlianne , and Kurtwood Smith as Ciracus 33 `` Brother in Arms '' Henry Gilroy 12 / 16 / 2005 307 Still on their journey , Gibson 's lecture on wormholes is interrupted when an alien robot mech unexpectedly attacks the Super Robot . The Monkey Team fights back , only to lose Gibson during the battle . Stranded on a strange world , the blue monkey finds that he is not alone - also stranded is a member of the team whose mech attacked them . At first it seems the two will never get along , but when a new enemy arises , can they work together to save their teams - and themselves ? Guest : Aaron Ruell as Suupa 34 `` Monster Battle Club Now ! '' Brandon Auman 12 / 19 / 2005 308 Despite his already impressive combat prowess , it would n't hurt if Chiro learned some new moves . So the team heads to a distant planet to visit Nova 's former master , only to find it corrupted by the Skeleton King Worm . Luckily , they are able to find Master Offay , who agrees to train Chiro . The leader of the Hyperforce is soon ready to compete in the tournament that will decide the team 's freedom , all the while being affected by the planet 's corrupted atmosphere . But while searching for a way out Sparx , Nova , Gibson , and Otto make a startling discovery about Nova 's former master ... Guest : Mako Iwamatsu as Master Offay 35 `` Meet the Wigglenog '' Brandon Auman 1 / 1 / 2006 309 While playing laser quest inside the super robot , a strange creature called the Wigglenog appears before the team promising to grant their hearts with three wishes .",
"11": "Gibson accidentally wishes that Otto was smarter and finds he has a gigantic brain . Then the Hyperforce soon discover that with dealing with the Wigglenog , they should be careful what they wish for as when the Wigglenog grants his third wish , he is freed from his cosmic prison to conquer the cosmos ! Can The Hyperforce defeat this seemly all powerful trickster ? Guest : John Kassir as the Wigglenog 36 `` Big Lug '' Randolph Heard 1 / 16 / 2006 310 Desperately in need of fuel , the Hyperforce stops at an intergalactic truck stop , and becomes enthralled with the contents of the stop 's store . While the monkeys play around with the merchandise , Chiro stumbles upon the Lug , the stop 's tourist attraction . Appalled by the conditions the creature is being kept in , he decides to set it free . But imagine his surprise when he discovers that the `` lug '' is actually a transformed human - and that the money - hungry owners of the truck stop have turned him into a Lug to replace the old one ! When the monkey team look for Chiro , he turned . Can they ever get back to normal ? Guest : Diedrich Bader as the Craven gang and Dee Baker as the Lug 37 `` Prototype '' Mark Henry 2 / 5 / 2006 311 Hot on the Dark One 's trail , the Super Robot suddenly changes its course to a barren planet stripped of its resources , leaving the Monkey Team baffled . They wind up in a strange laboratory where they encounter a brilliant scientist who has been reduced to nothing but a brain - and claims that he is one of the Super Robot 's creators . It turns out that it was the prototype of a long line of fighting robots and the most recent one , the Prometheus Five , that has relentlessly attacking the scientist and his creations . The team sets out to help , but the Super Robot wo n't seem to let them attack this new robot . In fact , the two actually communicate !",
"12": "And through this , the Hyperforce - and the Robot - learns that there is more to the story than the scientist has told them ... Guest : Scott Menville as Slingshot / Prometheus Five 38 `` Wormhole '' Barry Hawkins 02 / 13 / 2006 312 The time has finally come - the final showdown with the Skeleton King Worm . Armed with explosives and a plan , the Hyperforce readies to face what could be their last battle . But the plan falls apart when the team loses Nova to the Worm ... and is dragged through a wormhole to what seems to be a whole other dimension . Can the remaining members of the Hyperforce gets back to normal and defeat the Worm ... without Nova ? Guest : Jim Cummings as The Being 39 `` Belly of the Beast '' Brandon Auman 02 / 20 / 2006 313 Finding themselves trapped within the Worm , the Hyperforce struggles to regain their composure after the day 's past events . This does n't keep them from their mission , however . As Antauri sets out , Sparx , Gibson , and Otto deal with the Skeleton King Droid . All the while , Chiro , separated from his teammates finds out that an old foe has survived within the Dark One 's digestive tract and is plotting his vengeance . Is all lost for the Monkey Team ? Dark One Worm aims to attack planet Earth . Season 4 : 2006 ( edit ) # Episode Written by First Airdate Production Code 40 `` Galactic Smash : Space Attack ( Part 1 ) '' Rich Fogel 09 / 09 / 2006 401 The Monkey Team is recruited to play in the world 's most dangerous game : Galactic Smash , by an unknown female warrior who requires their assistance , and a cheat device has claimed that they are the only ones who can save the world .",
"13": "Guest : Tara Strong as Olianna and Arthur Burghardt as the Commodore Game Master 41 `` Galactic Smash : Game Over ( Part 2 ) '' Mark Henry 09 / 16 / 2006 402 Chiro and the Monkey Team have been separated , and the Super Robot has been torn into pieces , but with Shuggazoom now as the target in Galactic Smash , Chiro must find a way to reunite his friends and destroy the evil threatening their home world . 42 `` Incident on Ranger 7 '' Brandon Auman 09 / 23 / 2006 403 The Monkey Team runs into an old enemy , Gyrus Krinkle , at the prison on Ranger 7 when Chiro is mysteriously kidnapped and the monkeys must find him . 43 `` Ghosts Of Shuggazoom '' Robert David 10 / 07 / 2006 404 The monkey team discovers a deserted Shuggazoom City with druid - like creatures called Wraiths until Jinmay arrives to help the team . As things appear to get better , Chiro gets a busted ankle , and the evil Valeena returns for revenge on the monkey team . Will Jinmay and the monkeys save the city ? 44 `` Invasion of Vreen '' Brandon Auman 09 / 30 / 2006 405 When a race of super evolved insects arrives to conquer Shuggazoom , the Hyperforce has to stop them before they devour everyone in the city . 45 `` Evil Ages '' Randolph Heard 10 / 14 / 2006 406 The Hyperforce decides to visit the Shuggazoom Museum , which contains past relics and antiques from the city 's ancient past . Everything is going fine , until The Curator transports our heroes into the different histories of Shuggazoom ! Will they be able to find their way back to the present ? Guest : Danny Mann as the Museum Curator and his Ancestors 46 `` Night of Fear '' Barry Hawkins 10 / 21 / 2006 407 While patrolling the city , Sparx crash lands the Fist Rocket 3 in front of the Super Robot . When they rescue him they find he has lost his sight .",
"14": "Then Gibson turns into a drooling insane idiot , Antauri starts to lose control of his body and Mandarin takes control of his mind , Nova starts to see scary hallucinations , Chiro turns into a little boy , and clam monsters chase Otto . Who could be bring their phobias to life and will the monkeys stop who ever 's behind it ? 47 `` The Hills Have Five '' Randolph Heard & Eric Truehart 10 / 28 / 2006 408 A gang named the Wild Five terrorize Shuggazoom , leading to Nova and Jinmay being captured . The Hyperforce must release the one Wild Five member they caught to find them , not knowing the leader of the Wild Five has reprogrammed Jinmay into one of them . Guest : Henry Rollins as Outrageous and Keith Morris as Hoodie 48 `` Demon of the Deep '' Mark Henry 11 / 04 / 2006 409 When the Shuggazoom is attacked by aquatic monsters , the Hyperforce are saved by Captain Protesus . He tells the team that the monsters are only the beginning and an ancient demon entombed deep under the sea will awaken by the next dawn . Only the black crystal from the Hostile Depths can save them . But does the Captain want to stop the ancient monster or release it ? Guest : John Rhys Davies as Captain Proteus 49 `` Secret Society '' Robert David 11 / 11 / 2006 410 A mysterious underground cult steals the Skeleton King ' skull to gain limitless power , leading to a series of curses that fall upon Shuggazoom . The Hyperforce investigates beneath the city to stop the cult and the catastrophes . Meanwhile , witch Valeena and Mandarin set out to the same location to retrieve the skull . 50 `` Golden Age '' Brandon Auman 11 / 18 / 2006 411 The monkey team picks up a stranger called Captain Shuggazoom . He was the former protector of Shuggazoom and the Alchemist 's friend . Will the monkey team finally learn the full truth of their creator ? What happens if something dangerous is also awakened along with Captain Shuggazoom ?",
"15": "Guest : Bruce Campbell as Captain Shuggazoom 51 `` Object of Hate '' Mark Henry 12 / 09 / 2006 412 In order to revive the insidious Skeleton King , Valeena the Skull Sorceress must find three sacred items that represent her master 's soul . Learning of this , the Hyperforce and Jinmay set off to find these items before the sorceress does . But getting hold of these items are easier said than done since they might contain more than just power ... 52 `` Soul of Evil '' Brandon Auman 12 / 16 / 2006 413 The Hyperforce are racing against time as Mandarin and Valeena and a newly turned evil Sparx try to retrieve the Soul of Evil , which will help to bring back Skeleton King . Will they succeed and stop them ? Will they save Sparx from the darkness ? Or is all lost for Shuggazoom and the universe ? Trivia : This is the series finale that ends with a cliffhanger that would never be resolved . External links ( edit ) Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go ! at the Big Cartoon DataBase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Robot_Monkey_Team_Hyperforce_Go!_episodes&oldid=823285556 '' Categories : Lists of American children 's animated television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from April 2012 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 09 : 34 . About Wikipedia",
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what is the current population of bora bora
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"0": "Bora Bora - wikipedia Bora Bora Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the island . For other uses , see Bora Bora ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Tora Bora or Boracay . Bora not Bora Bora Bora and its lagoon seen from the International Space Station Geography Coordinates 16 ° 30 ′ 04 '' S 151 ° 44 ′ 24 '' W / 16.501 ° S 151.740 ° W / - 16.501 ; - 151.740 Coordinates : 16 ° 30 ′ 04 '' S 151 ° 44 ′ 24 '' W / 16.501 ° S 151.740 ° W / - 16.501 ; - 151.740 Archipelago Society Islands Area 30.55 km ( 11.80 sq mi ) Highest elevation 727 m ( 2,385 ft ) Highest point Mount Otemanu Administration France Overseas collectivity French Polynesia Administrative subdivision Leeward Islands Commune Bora Bora Largest settlement Vaitape Demographics Population 10,605 ( 2017 ) Pop . density 347 / km ( 899 / sq mi ) Bora Bora ( French : Bora - Bora , Tahitian : Pora Pora ) is a 30.55 km ( 12 sq mi ) island group in the Leeward group in the western part of the Society Islands of French Polynesia , an overseas collectivity of France in the Pacific Ocean . The main island , located about 230 kilometres ( 143 miles ) northwest of Papeete , is surrounded by a lagoon and a barrier reef . In the center of the island are the remnants of an extinct volcano rising to two peaks , Mount Pahia and Mount Otemanu , the highest point at 727 metres ( 2,385 feet ) . Bora Bora is a major international tourist destination , famous for its aqua - centric luxury resorts . The major settlement , Vaitape , is on the western side of the main island , opposite the main channel into the lagoon .",
"1": "Produce of the island is mostly limited to what can be obtained from the sea and the plentiful coconut trees , which were historically of economic importance for copra . Contents ( hide ) 1 Demographics 2 Name 3 History 3.1 World War II 4 Administration 5 Tourism 6 Climate 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Demographics ( edit ) As of 2017 , the Bora Bora group has a permanent population of 10,605 . Name ( edit ) In ancient times the island was called `` Pora pora mai te pora '' , meaning `` created by the gods '' in the local Tahitian dialect . This was often abbreviated Pora Pora meaning simply `` first born '' . Because of ambiguities in the phonemes of the Tahitian language , this could also be pronounced Bola Bola or Bora Bora . When explorer Jacob Roggeveen first landed on the island , he and his crew adopted the name Bora Bora which has stood ever since . History ( edit ) Main article : Kingdom of Bora Bora Flag of the Kingdom of Bora Bora ( 1837 -- 1842 ) Queen Teriimaevarua III and her maids of honor , circa 1899 The island was inhabited by Polynesian settlers around the 4th century C.E. The first European sighting was made by Jakob Roggeveen in 1722 . James Cook sighted the island on 29 July 1769 , using a Tahitian navigator , Tupaia . The London Missionary Society arrived in 1820 and founded a Protestant church in 1890 . Bora Bora was an independent kingdom until 1888 when its last queen Teriimaevarua III was forced to abdicate by the French who annexed the island as a colony . World War II ( edit ) In World War II the United States chose Bora Bora as a South Pacific military supply base , and an oil depot , airstrip , seaplane base , and defensive fortifications were constructed . Known as `` Operation Bobcat '' , it maintained a supply force of nine ships , 20,000 tons of equipment and nearly 7,000 men .",
"2": "At least eight 7 `` / 44 caliber guns , operated by elements of the 13th Coast Artillery Regiment ( later the 276th Coast Artillery Battalion ) , were set up at strategic points around the island to protect it against potential military attack . Eight of these guns remain in the area . However , the island saw no combat as the American presence on Bora Bora went uncontested over the course of the war . The base was officially closed on 2 June 1946 . The World War II airstrip was never able to accommodate large aircraft , but it nonetheless was French Polynesia 's only international airport until Faa'a International Airport opened next to Papeete , Tahiti , in 1960 . Administration ( edit ) Bora - Bora Commune The island 's lagoon and main island Flag Country France Overseas collectivity French Polynesia Associated communes Anau , Faanui , Vaitape ( centre ) Government Mayor Gaston Tong Sang Area 40.3 km ( 15.6 sq mi ) Population ( 2017 ) 10,605 Density 260 / km ( 680 / sq mi ) INSEE / Postal code 98714 / 98730 Elevation 0 -- 727 m ( 0 -- 2,385 ft ) Population without double counting : residents of multiple communes ( e.g. , students and military personnel ) only counted once . The commune of Bora - Bora is made up of the island of Bora Bora proper with its surrounding islets emerging from the coral reef , 29.3 km ( 11.3 sq mi ) in total . The surrounding islets include Motu Tapu , Motu Ahuna , Tevairoa , Motu Tane , Motu Mute , Motu Tufari , Motu Tehotu , Motu Pitiaau , Sofitel Motu , Motu Toopua , and Toopuaiti . The commune also includes the Tūpai atoll. ( 11 km or 4.2 sq mi ) , located 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) north of Bora Bora .",
"3": "The atoll of Tūpai has no permanent population apart from about 50 workers in the coconut plantations . The commune is an administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands and consists of three associated communes : Anau , Faanui and Vaitape . The administrative centre of the commune is the settlement of Vaitape , on the island of Bora Bora proper . Gaston Tong Sang is the Mayor of the commune of Bora - Bora , serving since 1989 . Tourism ( edit ) Four Seasons Resort Bora Bora The island 's economy is driven almost solely by tourism . Several resorts have been built on motu ( small islands , from Tahitian ) surrounding the lagoon . Hotel Bora Bora opened in 1961 , and nine years later built the first over-the - water bungalows on stilts over the lagoon . Today , over-water bungalows are a standard feature of most Bora Bora resorts . The quality of those bungalows ranges from comparably cheap , basic accommodations to very luxurious and expensive places to stay . Most of the tourist destinations are aqua - centric ; however it is possible to visit attractions on land such as WWII cannons . Air Tahiti has five or six flights daily to the Bora Bora Airport on Motu Mute from Tahiti ( as well as from other islands ) . Public transport on the island is nonexistent so rental cars and bicycles are the recommended methods of transport . There are also small , two - seater buggies for hire in Vaitape . It is possible to rent a motorboat to explore the lagoon . Snorkeling and scuba diving in and around the lagoon of Bora Bora are popular activities . Many species of sharks and rays inhabit the surrounding body of water . There are a few dive operators on the island offering manta ray dives and also shark - feeding dives . Sharks living in the island 's lagoon are not considered to be dangerous to people . In addition to the existing islands of Bora Bora , the new manmade motu of Motu Marfo has been added in the northeastern corner of the lagoon on the property of the St. Regis Resort .",
"4": "Climate ( edit ) ( hide ) Climate data for Bora - Bora Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 30.8 ( 87.4 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 30.3 ( 86.5 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 29.6 ( 85.3 ) 29.3 ( 84.7 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 24.6 ( 76.3 ) 24.8 ( 76.6 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 268.7 ( 10.579 ) 233.2 ( 9.181 ) 176.9 ( 6.965 ) 182.7 ( 7.193 ) 129.8 ( 5.11 ) 98.2 ( 3.866 ) 83.3 ( 3.28 ) 59.7 ( 2.35 ) 65.5 ( 2.579 ) 99.8 ( 3.929 ) 203.7 ( 8.02 ) 280.6 ( 11.047 ) 1,882.1 ( 74.",
"5": "098 ) Mean monthly sunshine hours 201.1 202.6 239.4 219.8 224.1 224.5 231.8 248.4 241.0 230.5 217.7 207.0 2,687.9 Source : NOAA Most rainfall occurs during the summer months ( November to April ) and is accompanied by high humidity , although clear days are not unknown in mid-January . Gallery ( edit ) Aerial view of Bora Bora Aerial view of Bora Bora Mount Otemanu The French frigate Floréal , stationed in Bora - Bora lagoon Maohi Protestant Church in Anau Coca - Cola Machine in Vaitape Leaning palm trees with metal bands to stop coconut crabs Sofitel Motu with Mount Otemanu in the background Bora Bora North - east view of Bora Bora from Mt Pahia Looking east toward Marara Beach Motu in Bora Bora Bora Bora Satellite image of Bora Bora Panoramic image of Bora Bora See also ( edit ) French Polynesia portal Islands portal List of volcanoes in French Polynesia List of reduplicated place names Administrative divisions of French Polynesia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Populations légales de Polynésie française en 2017 '' ( Legal Populations of French Polynesia in 2017 ) . Insee ( in French ) . 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Woods , Michael ; Woods , Mary B. ( 2009 ) . Seven Natural Wonders of Australia and Oceania . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 082 - 259074 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` An Ancient Wonder -- Bora Bora Island '' . Must Do Travels. 11 January 2017 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Salmond , Anne ( 2010 ) . Aphrodite 's Island . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp.",
"6": "213 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 052 - 026114 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gaines , William C. ( May 2009 ) . `` Coast Artillery Organizational History , 1917 - 1950 -- Part I , Coast Artillery Regiments 1 - 196 '' ( PDF ) . The Coast Defense Journal . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Berhow , Mark A. , ed. ( 2015 ) . American Seacoast Defenses , A Reference Guide , Third Edition . McLean , Virginia : CDSG Press . p. 235 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9748167 - 3 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Contenu et images Notre histoire '' ( Content and Images Our Story ) ( in French ) . l'Office des Postes et des Télécommunications ( Office of Post and Telecommunications ) . Archived from the original on 13 April 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Roderick Page ( 27 April 2015 ) . `` Bora Bora -- Unique Environment '' . Bora-Bora-Insider.com . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Mark Rogers ( 22 July 2008 ) . `` Complete Reconstruction Scheduled for Hotel Bora Bora '' . Travel Agent Central . Archived from the original on 16 February 2015 . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The St. Regis Bora Bora Resort '' . Bora Bora All Inclusive Guide . Archived from the original on 25 August 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bora - Bora Motu Climate Normals 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) hide Find more aboutBora Boraat Wikipedia 's sister projects Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Bora Bora at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Bora Bora from space ( 2598 × 3071 , 9.",
"7": "5 MB ) Society Islands of French Polynesia Windward Islands : Mai'ao Meheti'a Mo'orea Tahiti Teti'aroa Leeward Islands : Bora Bora Huahine Manua'e Maupiha'a Maupiti Motu One Ra'iātea Taha'a Tūpai Archipelagos of French Polynesia : Australs Gambiers Marquesas Societies Tuamotus Culture of indigenous Oceania List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania Art Ahu Australia Austronesia Cook Islands Hawaiʻi kapa ( Hawaiʻi ) Lei magimagi moai New Zealand Māori nguzu nguzu Oceania Papua New Guinea reimiro tā moko tabua ta'ovala tapa ( `` masi '' ( Fiji ) , `` ngatu '' ( Tonga ) , `` siapo '' ( Sāmoa ) , `` ʻuha '' ( Rotuma ) ) tattoo tēfui tivaevae Broad culture areca nut kava , `` ʻawa '' ( Hawaii ) , `` yaqona '' ( Fiji ) , or `` sakau '' ( Pohnpei ) Kava culture Lapita Māori Polynesia Polynesian navigation Sāmoa ' ava ceremony wood carving Geo - specific , general Australia Australian Aboriginal astronomy ) Austronesia Caroline Islands , - Pwo Chatham Islands Cook Islands Easter Island Fiji Lau Islands traditions and ceremonies Guam Hawaiʻi Lomilomi massage Kiribati French Polynesia 's Marquesas Islands Marshall Islands Stick charts of Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Niue Norfolk Island Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Sāmoa Solomon Islands Tonga Torres Strait Islands Tuvalu",
"8": "Vanuatu Wallis and Futuna Yap navigation Weriyeng navigation school Canoes Aboriginal Dugout Alingano Maisu Bangka Drua Dugout ( boat ) Hawaiʻiloa Hōkūleʻa Kaep Karakoa Malia ( Hawaiian ) Māori migration Outrigger Paraw Polynesian sailing Proa Vinta Waka list Walap Dance ' Aparima cibi fara fire dancing firewalking haka hivinau hula kailao kapa haka Kiribati meke ' ote'a pa'o'a poi Rotuma siva Tahiti tāmūrē tautoga Tonga ' upa'upa Festivals Australia Garma Festival Hawaiʻi Aloha Festivals Merrie Monarch Festival World Invitational Hula Festival Fiji New Zealand Pasifika Festival Te Matatini The Pacific Community Festival of Pacific Arts Papua New Guinea Languages by area Languages of Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter",
"9": "Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna by category Languages of Oceania Literature Literature of Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Music Austral Islands ( French Polynesia ) Australia Austronesia Cook Islands Easter Island Fiji Guam Hawaiʻi Kiribati Lali Melanesia Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Māori Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Polynesia Sāmoa Slit drum Solomon Islands Tahiti Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis and Futuna Mythology Australian Aboriginal Fijian Hawaiian Mangarevan Maohi Māori Melanesian Menehune Micronesian Oceanian legendary creatures Polynesian Rapa",
"10": "Nui Samoan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan Research Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies People Indigneous Australian Austronesian Bajau Chamorro Chatham Islander ( Moriori or Rekohu ) Fijian ( iTaukei ) Igorot Hawaiian ( kānaka maoli ) Māori Marshallese Melanesian Micronesian Negrito Norfolk Islander Papuan Polynesian Indigenous Polynesian ( Mā'ohi ) Rapa Nui Rotuman Ryukyuan Samoan ( Tagata Māo'i ) Tahitian Taiwanese aborigines Tongan Torres Strait Islander Yami Religion Religion in Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Not included : Oceanian : cinema , ( indigenous ) currency , dress , folkore , cuisine . Also see Category : Oceanian culture . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bora_Bora&oldid=838550422 '' Categories : Bora Bora",
"11": "Islands of the Society Islands Volcanoes of French Polynesia Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from July 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Pages using infobox French commune with unknown parameters France articles requiring maintenance Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norfuk /",
"12": "Pitkern Norsk Polski Português Reo tahiti Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 18 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what was the population of the roman empire at its height
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"0": "Roman Empire - Wikipedia Roman Empire Jump to : navigation , search For other uses of `` Roman Empire '' , see Roman Empire ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Latin Empire or Holy Roman Empire . Roman Empire Imperium Romanum ( Latin ) Senatus Populusque Romanus ( SPQR ) Roman Senate and People Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων ( Ancient Greek ) Basileía Rhōmaíōn 27 BC -- 395 AD 395 -- 476 ( Western ) 395 -- 1453 ( Eastern ) Aureus of Augustus Vexilloid The Roman Empire in 117 AD , at its greatest extent at the time of Trajan 's death ( with its vassals in pink ) .",
"1": "Capital Rome ( 27 BC -- AD 410 ) Mediolanum ( 286 -- 402 , Western ) Augusta Treverorum Sirmium Ravenna ( 402 -- 476 , Western ) Nicomedia ( 286 -- 330 , Eastern ) Constantinople ( 330 -- 1453 , Eastern ) Syracuse ( 663 -- 669 , Eastern ) Languages Latin ( official until 610 ) Greek ( official after 610 ) Regional / local languages Religion Before AD 380 : Imperial cult - driven polytheism From AD 380 : Nicene Christianity Government Mixed , functionally absolute monarchy Emperor 27 BC -- AD 14 Augustus ( first ) 98 -- 117 Trajan 284 -- 305 Diocletian 306 -- 337 Constantine I 379 -- 395 Theodosius I 474 -- 480 Julius Nepos 527 -- 565 Justinian I 976 -- 1025 Basil II 1449 -- 1453 Constantine XI Legislature Senate Historical era Classical era to Late Middle Ages Final War of the Roman Republic 32 -- 30 BC Empire established 30 -- 2 BC Constantinople becomes capital 330 Final East West divide 395 Fall of the Western Roman Empire 476 Fourth Crusade 1202 -- 1204 Reconquest of Constantinople 1261 Fall of Constantinople 29 May 1453 Fall of Trebizond 15 August 1461 Area 25 BC 2,750,000 km ( 1,060,000 sq mi ) AD 117 5,000,000 km ( 1,900,000 sq mi ) AD 390 4,400,000 km ( 1,700,000 sq mi ) Population 25 BC est .",
"2": "56,800,000 Density 21 / km ( 53 / sq mi ) Currency Sestertius , Aureus , Solidus , Nomisma Preceded by Succeeded by Roman Republic Western Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( Latin : Imperium Rōmānum ; Classical Latin : ( ɪmˈpɛ. ri. ũː roːˈmaː. nũː ) Koine and Medieval Greek : Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων , tr . Basileia tōn Rhōmaiōn ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization , characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , Africa and Asia . The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c. 100 BC -- c . AD 400 , with Constantinople ( New Rome ) becoming the largest around AD 500 , and the Empire 's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world 's population at the time ) . The 500 - year - old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict , during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and executions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar 's adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt . Octavian 's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus , effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic . The imperial period of Rome lasted approximately 1,500 years compared to the 500 years of the Republican era . The first two centuries of the empire 's existence were a period of unprecedented political stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana , or `` Roman Peace '' . Following Octavian 's victory , the size of the empire was dramatically increased . After the assassination of Caligula in AD 41 , the Senate briefly considered restoring the republic , but the Praetorian Guard proclaimed Claudius emperor instead .",
"3": "Under Claudius , the empire invaded Britannia , its first major expansion since Augustus . After Claudius ' successor , Nero , committed suicide in AD 68 , the empire suffered a series of brief civil wars , as well as a concurrent major rebellion in Judea , during which four different legionary generals were proclaimed emperor . Vespasian emerged triumphant in AD 69 , establishing the Flavian dynasty , before being succeeded by his son Titus , who opened the Colosseum shortly after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius . His short reign was followed by the long reign of his brother Domitian , who was eventually assassinated . The Senate then appointed the first of the Five Good Emperors . The empire reached its greatest extent under Trajan , the second in this line . A period of increasing trouble and decline began with the reign of Commodus . Commodus ' assassination in 192 triggered the Year of the Five Emperors , of which Septimius Severus emerged victorious . The assassination of Alexander Severus in 235 led to the Crisis of the Third Century in which 26 men were declared emperor by the Roman Senate over a fifty - year time span . It was not until the reign of Diocletian that the empire was fully stabilized with the introduction of the Tetrarchy , which saw four emperors rule the empire at once . This arrangement was ultimately unsuccessful , leading to a civil war that was finally ended by Constantine the Great , who defeated his rivals and became the sole ruler of the empire in 324 . Constantine subsequently established a second capital city in Byzantium , which he renamed Constantinople . It remained the capital of the east until its demise . Constantine also adopted Christianity which later became the official state religion of the empire . Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 , the empire was permanently divided between the West and the East . The dominion of the Western Roman Empire was gradually eroded by abuses of power , civil wars , barbarian migrations and invasions , military reforms and economic depression . The Sack of Rome in 410 by the Visigoths and again in 455 by the Vandals accelerated the Western Empire 's decay , while the deposition of the emperor , Romulus Augustulus , in 476 by Odoacer , is generally accepted to mark the end of the empire in the west .",
"4": "However , Augustulus was never recognized by his Eastern colleague , and separate rule in the Western part of the empire only ceased to exist upon the death of Julius Nepos , in 480 . The Eastern Roman Empire ( in modern historiography called the Byzantine Empire ) endured for another millennium as one of the leading powers in the world alongside its arch - rival the Sassanid Empire , which had inherited a centuries - old Roman - Persian conflict from its predecessor the Parthians . It eventually fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 . The Roman Empire was among the most powerful economic , cultural , political and military forces in the world of its time . It was one of the largest empires in world history . At its height under Trajan , it covered 5 million square kilometres . It held sway over an estimated 70 million people , at that time 21 % of the world 's entire population . The longevity and vast extent of the empire ensured the lasting influence of Latin and Greek language , culture , religion , inventions , architecture , philosophy , law and forms of government on the empire 's descendants . Throughout the European medieval period , attempts were even made to establish successors to the Roman Empire , including the Empire of Romania , a Crusader state ; and the Holy Roman Empire . By means of European colonialism following the Renaissance , and their descendant states , Greco - Roman and Judaeo - Christian culture was exported on a worldwide scale , playing a crucial role in the development of the modern world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography and demography 3 Languages 3.1 Local languages and linguistic legacy 4 Society 4.1 Legal status 4.1. 1 Women in Roman law 4.1. 2 Slaves and the law 4.1. 3 Freedmen 4.2 Census rank 4.2.",
"5": "1 Unequal justice 5 Government and military 5.1 Central government 5.2 Military 5.3 Provincial government 5.4 Roman law 5.5 Taxation 6 Economy 6.1 Currency and banking 6.2 Mining and metallurgy 6.3 Transportation and communication 6.4 Trade and commodities 6.5 Labour and occupations 6.6 GDP and income distribution 7 Architecture and engineering 8 Daily life 8.1 City and country 8.2 Food and dining 8.3 Recreation and spectacles 8.3. 1 Personal training and play 8.4 Clothing 9 The arts 9.1 Portraiture 9.2 Sculpture 9.2. 1 Sarcophagi 9.3 Painting 9.4 Mosaic 9.5 Decorative arts 9.6 Performing arts 10 Literacy , books , and education 10.1 Primary education 10.2 Secondary education 10.3 Educated women 10.4 Decline of literacy 11 Literature 12 Religion 13 Political legacy 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 16.1 Citations 16.2 Cited sources 17 External links History Main article : History of the Roman Empire See also : Campaign history of the Roman military , Roman - Persian Wars , and Roman Kingdom The Augustus of Prima Porta ( early 1st century AD ) Bust of Tiberius Julius Sauromates II ( d . 210 AD ) , ruler of the Bosporan Kingdom in Roman Crimea , one of Rome 's client states Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the republic in the 6th century BC , though it did not expand outside the Italian Peninsula until the 3rd century BC . Then , it was an `` empire '' long before it had an emperor . The Roman Republic was not a nation - state in the modern sense , but a network of towns left to rule themselves ( though with varying degrees of independence from the Roman Senate ) and provinces administered by military commanders .",
"6": "It was ruled , not by emperors , but by annually elected magistrates ( Roman Consuls above all ) in conjunction with the senate . For various reasons , the 1st century BC was a time of political and military upheaval , which ultimately led to rule by emperors . The consuls ' military power rested in the Roman legal concept of imperium , which literally means `` command '' ( though typically in a military sense ) . Occasionally , successful consuls were given the honorary title imperator ( commander ) , and this is the origin of the word emperor ( and empire ) since this title ( among others ) was always bestowed to the early emperors upon their accession . Rome suffered a long series of internal conflicts , conspiracies and civil wars from the late second century BC onwards , while greatly extending its power beyond Italy . This was the period of the Crisis of the Roman Republic . Towards the end of this era , in 44 BC , Julius Caesar was briefly perpetual dictator before being assassinated . The faction of his assassins was driven from Rome and defeated at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC by an army led by Mark Antony and Caesar 's adopted son Octavian . Antony and Octavian 's division of the Roman world between themselves did not last and Octavian 's forces defeated those of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC . In 27 BC the Senate and People of Rome made Octavian princeps ( `` first citizen '' ) with proconsular imperium , thus beginning the Principate ( the first epoch of Roman imperial history , usually dated from 27 BC to AD 284 ) , and gave him the name `` Augustus '' ( `` the venerated '' ) . Though the old constitutional machinery remained in place , Augustus came to predominate it . Although the republic stood in name , contemporaries of Augustus knew it was just a veil and that Augustus had all meaningful authority in Rome . Since his rule ended a century of civil wars and began an unprecedented period of peace and prosperity , he was so loved that he came to hold the power of a monarch de facto if not de jure .",
"7": "During the years of his rule , a new constitutional order emerged ( in part organically and in part by design ) , so that , upon his death , this new constitutional order operated as before when Tiberius was accepted as the new emperor . The 200 years that began with Augustus 's rule is traditionally regarded as the Pax Romana ( `` Roman Peace '' ) . During this period , the cohesion of the empire was furthered by a degree of social stability and economic prosperity that Rome had never before experienced . Uprisings in the provinces were infrequent , but put down `` mercilessly and swiftly '' when they occurred . The sixty years of Jewish -- Roman wars in the second half of the 1st century and the first half of the 2nd century were exceptional in their duration and violence . The success of Augustus in establishing principles of dynastic succession was limited by his outliving a number of talented potential heirs . The Julio - Claudian dynasty lasted for four more emperors -- Tiberius , Caligula , Claudius and Nero -- before it yielded in 69 AD to the strife - torn Year of Four Emperors , from which Vespasian emerged as victor . Vespasian became the founder of the brief Flavian dynasty , to be followed by the Nerva -- Antonine dynasty which produced the `` Five Good Emperors '' : Nerva , Trajan , Hadrian , Antoninus Pius and the philosophically - inclined Marcus Aurelius . In the view of the Greek historian Dio Cassius , a contemporary observer , the accession of the emperor Commodus in 180 AD marked the descent `` from a kingdom of gold to one of rust and iron '' -- a famous comment which has led some historians , notably Edward Gibbon , to take Commodus ' reign as the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire . In 212 , during the reign of Caracalla , Roman citizenship was granted to all freeborn inhabitants of the empire . But despite this gesture of universality , the Severan dynasty was tumultuous -- an emperor 's reign was ended routinely by his murder or execution -- and , following its collapse , the Roman Empire was engulfed by the Crisis of the Third Century , a period of invasions , civil strife , economic disorder , and plague .",
"8": "In defining historical epochs , this crisis is sometimes viewed as marking the transition from Classical Antiquity to Late Antiquity . Aurelian ( reigned 270 -- 275 ) brought the empire back from the brink and stabilized it . Diocletian completed the work of fully restoring the empire , but declined the role of princeps and became the first emperor to be addressed regularly as domine , `` master '' or `` lord '' . This marked the end of the Principate , and the beginning of the Dominate . Diocletian 's reign also brought the empire 's most concerted effort against the perceived threat of Christianity , the `` Great Persecution '' . The state of absolute monarchy that began with Diocletian endured until the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire in 1453 . Diocletian divided the empire into four regions , each ruled by a separate emperor , the Tetrarchy . Confident that he fixed the disorders that were plaguing Rome , he abdicated along with his co-emperor , and the Tetrarchy soon collapsed . Order was eventually restored by Constantine the Great , who became the first emperor to convert to Christianity , and who established Constantinople as the new capital of the eastern empire . During the decades of the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties , the empire was divided along an east -- west axis , with dual power centres in Constantinople and Rome . The reign of Julian , who attempted to restore Classical Roman and Hellenistic religion , only briefly interrupted the succession of Christian emperors . Theodosius I , the last emperor to rule over both East and West , died in 395 AD after making Christianity the official religion of the empire . The Roman Empire by 476 The Western Roman Empire began to disintegrate in the early 5th century as Germanic migrations and invasions overwhelmed the capacity of the Empire to assimilate the migrants and fight off the invaders . The Romans were successful in fighting off all invaders , most famously Attila , though the empire had assimilated so many Germanic peoples of dubious loyalty to Rome that the empire started to dismember itself . Most chronologies place the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476 , when Romulus Augustulus was forced to abdicate to the Germanic warlord Odoacer .",
"9": "By placing himself under the rule of the Eastern Emperor , rather than naming himself Emperor ( as other Germanic chiefs had done after deposing past emperors ) , Odoacer ended the Western Empire by ending the line of Western emperors . The empire in the East -- often known as the Byzantine Empire , but referred to in its time as the Roman Empire or by various other names -- had a different fate . It survived for almost a millennium after the fall of its Western counterpart and became the most stable Christian realm during the Middle Ages . During the 6th century , Justinian I reconquered Northern Africa and Italy . But within a few years of Justinian 's death , Byzantine possessions in Italy were greatly reduced by the Lombards who settled in the peninsula . In the east , partially resulting from the destructive Plague of Justinian , the Romans were threatened by the rise of Islam , whose followers rapidly conquered the territories of Syria , Armenia and Egypt during the Byzantine - Arab Wars , and soon presented a direct threat to Constantinople . In the following century , the Arabs also captured southern Italy and Sicily . Slavic populations were also able to penetrate deep into the Balkans . The Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire c. 1263 . The Romans , however , managed to stop further Islamic expansion into their lands during the 8th century and , beginning in the 9th century , reclaimed parts of the conquered lands . In 1000 AD , the Eastern Empire was at its height : Basil II reconquered Bulgaria and Armenia , culture and trade flourished . However , soon after , the expansion was abruptly stopped in 1071 with the Byzantine defeat in the Battle of Manzikert . The aftermath of this important battle sent the empire into a protracted period of decline . Two decades of internal strife and Turkic invasions ultimately paved the way for Emperor Alexios I Komnenos to send a call for help to the Western European kingdoms in 1095 . The West responded with the Crusades , eventually resulting in the Sack of Constantinople by participants in the Fourth Crusade . The conquest of Constantinople in 1204 fragmented what remained of the Empire into successor states , the ultimate victor being that of Nicaea .",
"10": "After the recapture of Constantinople by Imperial forces , the Empire was little more than a Greek state confined to the Aegean coast . The Roman Empire finally collapsed when Mehmed the Conqueror conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453 . Geography and demography Main articles : Demography of the Roman Empire and Borders of the Roman Empire Further information : Classical demography The Roman Empire was one of the largest in history , with contiguous territories throughout Europe , North Africa , and the Middle East . The Latin phrase imperium sine fine ( `` empire without end '' ) expressed the ideology that neither time nor space limited the Empire . In Vergil 's epic poem the Aeneid , limitless empire is said to be granted to the Romans by their supreme deity Jupiter . This claim of universal dominion was renewed and perpetuated when the Empire came under Christian rule in the 4th century . In reality , Roman expansion was mostly accomplished under the Republic , though parts of northern Europe were conquered in the 1st century AD , when Roman control in Europe , Africa and Asia was strengthened . During the reign of Augustus , a `` global map of the known world '' was displayed for the first time in public at Rome , coinciding with the composition of the most comprehensive work on political geography that survives from antiquity , the Geography of the Pontic Greek writer Strabo . When Augustus died , the commemorative account of his achievements ( Res Gestae ) prominently featured the geographical cataloguing of peoples and places within the Empire . Geography , the census , and the meticulous keeping of written records were central concerns of Roman Imperial administration . A segment of the ruins of Hadrian 's Wall in northern England The Empire reached its largest expanse under Trajan ( reigned 98 -- 117 ) , encompassing an area of 5 million square kilometres . The traditional population estimate of 55 -- 60 million inhabitants accounted for between one - sixth and one - fourth of the world 's total population and made it the largest population of any unified political entity in the West until the mid-19th century . Recent demographic studies have argued for a population peak ranging from 70 million to more than 100 million .",
"11": "Each of the three largest cities in the Empire -- Rome , Alexandria , and Antioch -- was almost twice the size of any European city at the beginning of the 17th century . As the historian Christopher Kelly has described it : Then the empire stretched from Hadrian 's Wall in drizzle - soaked northern England to the sun - baked banks of the Euphrates in Syria ; from the great Rhine -- Danube river system , which snaked across the fertile , flat lands of Europe from the Low Countries to the Black Sea , to the rich plains of the North African coast and the luxuriant gash of the Nile Valley in Egypt . The empire completely circled the Mediterranean ... referred to by its conquerors as mare nostrum -- ' our sea ' . Trajan 's successor Hadrian adopted a policy of maintaining rather than expanding the empire . Borders ( fines ) were marked , and the frontiers ( limites ) patrolled . The most heavily fortified borders were the most unstable . Hadrian 's Wall , which separated the Roman world from what was perceived as an ever - present barbarian threat , is the primary surviving monument of this effort . Languages This section may contain misleading parts . Please help clarify this article according to any suggestions provided on the talk page . ( September 2016 ) Main article : Languages of the Roman Empire The language of the Romans was Latin , which Virgil emphasizes as a source of Roman unity and tradition . Until the time of Alexander Severus ( reigned 222 -- 235 ) , the birth certificates and wills of Roman citizens had to be written in Latin . Latin was the language of the law courts in the West and of the military throughout the Empire , but was not imposed officially on peoples brought under Roman rule . This policy contrasts with that of Alexander the Great , who aimed to impose Greek throughout his empire as the official language . As a consequence of Alexander 's conquests , koine Greek had become the shared language around the eastern Mediterranean and into Asia Minor . The `` linguistic frontier '' dividing the Latin West and the Greek East passed through the Balkan peninsula . A 5th - century papyrus showing a parallel Latin - Greek text of a speech by Cicero Romans who received an elite education studied Greek as a literary language , and most men of the governing classes could speak Greek .",
"12": "The Julio - Claudian emperors encouraged high standards of correct Latin ( Latinitas ) , a linguistic movement identified in modern terms as Classical Latin , and favoured Latin for conducting official business . Claudius tried to limit the use of Greek , and on occasion revoked the citizenship of those who lacked Latin , but even in the Senate he drew on his own bilingualism in communicating with Greek - speaking ambassadors . Suetonius quotes him as referring to `` our two languages '' . In the Eastern empire , laws and official documents were regularly translated into Greek from Latin . The everyday interpenetration of the two languages is indicated by bilingual inscriptions , which sometimes even switch back and forth between Greek and Latin . After all freeborn inhabitants of the empire were universally enfranchised in 212 AD , a great number of Roman citizens would have lacked Latin , though they were expected to acquire at least a token knowledge , and Latin remained a marker of `` Romanness . '' Among other reforms , the emperor Diocletian ( reigned 284 -- 305 ) sought to renew the authority of Latin , and the Greek expression hē kratousa dialektos attests to the continuing status of Latin as `` the language of power . '' In the early 6th century , the emperor Justinian engaged in a quixotic effort to reassert the status of Latin as the language of law , even though in his time Latin no longer held any currency as a living language in the East . Local languages and linguistic legacy Bilingual Latin - Punic inscription at the theatre in Leptis Magna , Roman Africa ( present - day Libya ) References to interpreters indicate the continuing use of local languages other than Greek and Latin , particularly in Egypt , where Coptic predominated , and in military settings along the Rhine and Danube . Roman jurists also show a concern for local languages such as Punic , Gaulish , and Aramaic in assuring the correct understanding and application of laws and oaths . In the province of Africa , Libyco - Berber and Punic were used in inscriptions and for legends on coins during the time of Tiberius ( 1st century AD ) . Libyco - Berber and Punic inscriptions appear on public buildings into the 2nd century , some bilingual with Latin .",
"13": "In Syria , Palmyrene soldiers even used their dialect of Aramaic for inscriptions , in a striking exception to the rule that Latin was the language of the military . The Babatha Archive is a suggestive example of multilingualism in the Empire . These papyri , named for a Jewish woman in the province of Arabia and dating from 93 to 132 AD , mostly employ Aramaic , the local language , written in Greek characters with Semitic and Latin influences ; a petition to the Roman governor , however , was written in Greek . The dominance of Latin among the literate elite may obscure the continuity of spoken languages , since all cultures within the Roman Empire were predominantly oral . In the West , Latin , referred to in its spoken form as Vulgar Latin , gradually replaced Celtic and Italic languages that were related to it by a shared Indo - European origin . Commonalities in syntax and vocabulary facilitated the adoption of Latin . After the decentralization of political power in late antiquity , Latin developed locally into branches that became the Romance languages , such as Spanish , Portuguese , French , Italian and Romanian , and a large number of minor languages and dialects . Today , more than 900 million people are native speakers worldwide . As an international language of learning and literature , Latin itself continued as an active medium of expression for diplomacy and for intellectual developments identified with Renaissance humanism up to the 17th century , and for law and the Roman Catholic Church to the present . Although Greek continued as the language of the Byzantine Empire , linguistic distribution in the East was more complex . A Greek - speaking majority lived in the Greek peninsula and islands , western Anatolia , major cities , and some coastal areas . Like Greek and Latin , the Thracian language was of Indo - European origin , as were several now - extinct languages in Anatolia attested by Imperial - era inscriptions . Albanian is often seen as the descendant of Illyrian , although this hypothesis has been challenged by some linguists , who maintain that it derives from Dacian or Thracian . ( Illyrian , Dacian , and Thracian , however , may have formed a subgroup or a Sprachbund ; see Thraco - Illyrian . ) Various Afroasiatic languages -- primarily Coptic in Egypt , and Aramaic in Syria and Mesopotamia -- were never replaced by Greek .",
"14": "The international use of Greek , however , was one factor enabling the spread of Christianity , as indicated for example by the use of Greek for the Epistles of Paul . Society For more details on this topic , see Ancient Roman society . A multigenerational banquet depicted on a wall painting from Pompeii ( 1st century AD ) Spread of Seuso at Lacus Pelso ( Lake Balaton ) The Roman Empire was remarkably multicultural , with `` a rather astonishing cohesive capacity '' to create a sense of shared identity while encompassing diverse peoples within its political system over a long span of time . The Roman attention to creating public monuments and communal spaces open to all -- such as forums , amphitheatres , racetracks and baths -- helped foster a sense of `` Romanness '' . Roman society had multiple , overlapping social hierarchies that modern concepts of `` class '' in English may not represent accurately . The two decades of civil war from which Augustus rose to sole power left traditional society in Rome in a state of confusion and upheaval , but did not affect an immediate redistribution of wealth and social power . From the perspective of the lower classes , a peak was merely added to the social pyramid . Personal relationships -- patronage , friendship ( amicitia ) , family , marriage -- continued to influence the workings of politics and government , as they had in the Republic . By the time of Nero , however , it was not unusual to find a former slave who was richer than a freeborn citizen , or an equestrian who exercised greater power than a senator . The blurring or diffusion of the Republic 's more rigid hierarchies led to increased social mobility under the Empire , both upward and downward , to an extent that exceeded that of all other well - documented ancient societies . Women , freedmen , and slaves had opportunities to profit and exercise influence in ways previously less available to them . Social life in the Empire , particularly for those whose personal resources were limited , was further fostered by a proliferation of voluntary associations and confraternities ( collegia and sodalitates ) formed for various purposes : professional and trade guilds , veterans ' groups , religious sodalities , drinking and dining clubs , performing arts troupes , and burial societies . Citizen of Roman Egypt ( Fayum mummy portrait ) Infanticide has been recorded in the Roman Empire and may have been widespread .",
"15": "Legal status Main articles : Status in Roman legal system and Roman citizenship According to the jurist Gaius , the essential distinction in the Roman `` law of persons '' was that all human beings were either free ( liberi ) or slaves ( servi ) . The legal status of free persons might be further defined by their citizenship . Most citizens held limited rights ( such as the ius Latinum , `` Latin right '' ) , but were entitled to legal protections and privileges not enjoyed by those who lacked citizenship . Free people not considered citizens , but living within the Roman world , held status as peregrini , non-Romans . In 212 AD , by means of the edict known as the Constitutio Antoniniana , the emperor Caracalla extended citizenship to all freeborn inhabitants of the empire . This legal egalitarianism would have required a far - reaching revision of existing laws that had distinguished between citizens and non-citizens . Women in Roman law Main article : Women in ancient Rome Freeborn Roman women were considered citizens throughout the Republic and Empire , but did not vote , hold political office , or serve in the military . A mother 's citizen status determined that of her children , as indicated by the phrase ex duobus civibus Romanis natos ( `` children born of two Roman citizens '' ) . A Roman woman kept her own family name ( nomen ) for life . Children most often took the father 's name , but in the Imperial period sometimes made their mother 's name part of theirs , or even used it instead . Left image : Roman fresco of a blond maiden reading a text , Pompeian Fourth Style ( 60 -- 79 AD ) , Pompeii , Italy Right image : Bronze statuette ( 1st century AD ) of a young woman reading , based on a Hellenistic original The archaic form of manus marriage in which the woman had been subject to her husband 's authority was largely abandoned by the Imperial era , and a married woman retained ownership of any property she brought into the marriage . Technically she remained under her father 's legal authority , even though she moved into her husband 's home , but when her father died she became legally emancipated .",
"16": "This arrangement was one of the factors in the degree of independence Roman women enjoyed relative to those of many other ancient cultures and up to the modern period : although she had to answer to her father in legal matters , she was free of his direct scrutiny in her daily life , and her husband had no legal power over her . Although it was a point of pride to be a `` one - man woman '' ( univira ) who had married only once , there was little stigma attached to divorce , nor to speedy remarriage after the loss of a husband through death or divorce . Girls had equal inheritance rights with boys if their father died without leaving a will . A Roman mother 's right to own property and to dispose of it as she saw fit , including setting the terms of her own will , gave her enormous influence over her sons even when they were adults . As part of the Augustan programme to restore traditional morality and social order , moral legislation attempted to regulate the conduct of men and women as a means of promoting `` family values '' . Adultery , which had been a private family matter under the Republic , was criminalized , and defined broadly as an illicit sex act ( stuprum ) that occurred between a male citizen and a married woman , or between a married woman and any man other than her husband . Childbearing was encouraged by the state : a woman who had given birth to three children was granted symbolic honours and greater legal freedom ( the ius trium liberorum ) . Because of their legal status as citizens and the degree to which they could become emancipated , women could own property , enter contracts , and engage in business , including shipping , manufacturing , and lending money . Inscriptions throughout the Empire honour women as benefactors in funding public works , an indication they could acquire and dispose of considerable fortunes ; for instance , the Arch of the Sergii was funded by Salvia Postuma , a female member of the family honoured , and the largest building in the forum at Pompeii was funded by Eumachia , a priestess of Venus . Slaves and the law Main article : Slavery in ancient Rome At the time of Augustus , as many as 35 % of the people in Italy were slaves , making Rome one of five historical `` slave societies '' in which slaves constituted at least a fifth of the population and played a major role in the economy .",
"17": "Slavery was a complex institution that supported traditional Roman social structures as well as contributing economic utility . In urban settings , slaves might be professionals such as teachers , physicians , chefs , and accountants , in addition to the majority of slaves who provided trained or unskilled labour in households or workplaces . Agriculture and industry , such as milling and mining , relied on the exploitation of slaves . Outside Italy , slaves made up on average an estimated 10 to 20 % of the population , sparse in Roman Egypt but more concentrated in some Greek areas . Expanding Roman ownership of arable land and industries would have affected preexisting practices of slavery in the provinces . Although the institution of slavery has often been regarded as waning in the 3rd and 4th centuries , it remained an integral part of Roman society until the 5th century . Slavery ceased gradually in the 6th and 7th centuries along with the decline of urban centres in the West and the disintegration of the complex Imperial economy that had created the demand for it . Slave holding writing tablets for his master ( relief from a 4th - century sarcophagus ) Laws pertaining to slavery were `` extremely intricate '' . Under Roman law , slaves were considered property and had no legal personhood . They could be subjected to forms of corporal punishment not normally exercised on citizens , sexual exploitation , torture , and summary execution . A slave could not as a matter of law be raped , since rape could be committed only against people who were free ; a slave 's rapist had to be prosecuted by the owner for property damage under the Aquilian Law . Slaves had no right to the form of legal marriage called conubium , but their unions were sometimes recognized , and if both were freed they could marry . Following the Servile Wars of the Republic , legislation under Augustus and his successors shows a driving concern for controlling the threat of rebellions through limiting the size of work groups , and for hunting down fugitive slaves . Technically , a slave could not own property , but a slave who conducted business might be given access to an individual account or fund ( peculium ) that he could use as if it were his own .",
"18": "The terms of this account varied depending on the degree of trust and co-operation between owner and slave : a slave with an aptitude for business could be given considerable leeway to generate profit , and might be allowed to bequeath the peculium he managed to other slaves of his household . Within a household or workplace , a hierarchy of slaves might exist , with one slave in effect acting as the master of other slaves . Over time slaves gained increased legal protection , including the right to file complaints against their masters . A bill of sale might contain a clause stipulating that the slave could not be employed for prostitution , as prostitutes in ancient Rome were often slaves . The burgeoning trade in eunuch slaves in the late 1st century AD prompted legislation that prohibited the castration of a slave against his will `` for lust or gain . '' Roman slavery was not based on race . Slaves were drawn from all over Europe and the Mediterranean , including Gaul , Hispania , Germany , Britannia , the Balkans , Greece ... Generally slaves in Italy were indigenous Italians , with a minority of foreigners ( including both slaves and freedmen ) born outside of Italy estimated at 5 % of the total in the capital at its peak , where their number was largest . Those from outside of Europe were predominantly of Greek descent , while the Jewish ones never fully assimilated into Roman society , remaining an identifiable minority . These slaves ( especially the foreigners ) had higher mortality rates and lower birth rates than natives , and were sometimes even subjected to mass expulsions . The average recorded age at death for the slaves of the city of Rome was extraordinarily low : seventeen and a half years ( 17.2 for males ; 17.9 for females ) . During the period of Republican expansionism when slavery had become pervasive , war captives were a main source of slaves . The range of ethnicities among slaves to some extent reflected that of the armies Rome defeated in war , and the conquest of Greece brought a number of highly skilled and educated slaves into Rome . Slaves were also traded in markets , and sometimes sold by pirates . Infant abandonment and self - enslavement among the poor were other sources . Vernae , by contrast , were `` homegrown '' slaves born to female slaves within the urban household or on a country estate or farm .",
"19": "Although they had no special legal status , an owner who mistreated or failed to care for his vernae faced social disapproval , as they were considered part of his familia , the family household , and in some cases might actually be the children of free males in the family . Talented slaves with a knack for business might accumulate a large enough peculium to justify their freedom , or be manumitted for services rendered . Manumission had become frequent enough that in 2 BC a law ( Lex Fufia Caninia ) limited the number of slaves an owner was allowed to free in his will . Freedmen Cinerary urn for the freedman Tiberius Claudius Chryseros and two women , probably his wife and daughter Rome differed from Greek city - states in allowing freed slaves to become citizens . After manumission , a slave who had belonged to a Roman citizen enjoyed not only passive freedom from ownership , but active political freedom ( libertas ) , including the right to vote . A slave who had acquired libertas was a libertus ( `` freed person , '' feminine liberta ) in relation to his former master , who then became his patron ( patronus ) : the two parties continued to have customary and legal obligations to each other . As a social class generally , freed slaves were libertini , though later writers used the terms libertus and libertinus interchangeably . A libertinus was not entitled to hold public office or the highest state priesthoods , but he could play a priestly role in the cult of the emperor . He could not marry a woman from a family of senatorial rank , nor achieve legitimate senatorial rank himself , but during the early Empire , freedmen held key positions in the government bureaucracy , so much so that Hadrian limited their participation by law . Any future children of a freedman would be born free , with full rights of citizenship . The rise of successful freedmen -- through either political influence in imperial service , or wealth -- is a characteristic of early Imperial society . The prosperity of a high - achieving group of freedmen is attested by inscriptions throughout the Empire , and by their ownership of some of the most lavish houses at Pompeii , such as the House of the Vettii .",
"20": "The excesses of nouveau riche freedmen were satirized in the character of Trimalchio in the Satyricon by Petronius , who wrote in the time of Nero . Such individuals , while exceptional , are indicative of the upward social mobility possible in the Empire . Census rank See also : Senate of the Roman Empire , Equestrian order , and Decurion ( administrative ) The Latin word ordo ( plural ordines ) refers to a social distinction that is translated variously into English as `` class , order , rank , '' none of which is exact . One purpose of the Roman census was to determine the ordo to which an individual belonged . The two highest ordines in Rome were the senatorial and equestrian . Outside Rome , the decurions , also known as curiales ( Greek bouleutai ) , were the top governing ordo of an individual city . Fragment of a sarcophagus depicting Gordian III and senators ( 3rd century ) `` Senator '' was not itself an elected office in ancient Rome ; an individual gained admission to the Senate after he had been elected to and served at least one term as an executive magistrate . A senator also had to meet a minimum property requirement of 1 million sestertii , as determined by the census . Nero made large gifts of money to a number of senators from old families who had become too impoverished to qualify . Not all men who qualified for the ordo senatorius chose to take a Senate seat , which required legal domicile at Rome . Emperors often filled vacancies in the 600 - member body by appointment . A senator 's son belonged to the ordo senatorius , but he had to qualify on his own merits for admission to the Senate itself . A senator could be removed for violating moral standards : he was prohibited , for instance , from marrying a freedwoman or fighting in the arena . In the time of Nero , senators were still primarily from Rome and other parts of Italy , with some from the Iberian peninsula and southern France ; men from the Greek - speaking provinces of the East began to be added under Vespasian . The first senator from the most eastern province , Cappadocia , was admitted under Marcus Aurelius . By the time of the Severan dynasty ( 193 -- 235 ) , Italians made up less than half the Senate .",
"21": "During the 3rd century , domicile at Rome became impractical , and inscriptions attest to senators who were active in politics and munificence in their homeland ( patria ) . Senators had an aura of prestige and were the traditional governing class who rose through the cursus honorum , the political career track , but equestrians of the Empire often possessed greater wealth and political power . Membership in the equestrian order was based on property ; in Rome 's early days , equites or knights had been distinguished by their ability to serve as mounted warriors ( the `` public horse '' ) , but cavalry service was a separate function in the Empire . A census valuation of 400,000 sesterces and three generations of free birth qualified a man as an equestrian . The census of 28 BC uncovered large numbers of men who qualified , and in 14 AD , a thousand equestrians were registered at Cadiz and Padua alone . Equestrians rose through a military career track ( tres militiae ) to become highly placed prefects and procurators within the Imperial administration . The rise of provincial men to the senatorial and equestrian orders is an aspect of social mobility in the first three centuries of the Empire . Roman aristocracy was based on competition , and unlike later European nobility , a Roman family could not maintain its position merely through hereditary succession or having title to lands . Admission to the higher ordines brought distinction and privileges , but also a number of responsibilities . In antiquity , a city depended on its leading citizens to fund public works , events , and services ( munera ) , rather than on tax revenues , which primarily supported the military . Maintaining one 's rank required massive personal expenditures . Decurions were so vital for the functioning of cities that in the later Empire , as the ranks of the town councils became depleted , those who had risen to the Senate were encouraged by the central government to give up their seats and return to their hometowns , in an effort to sustain civic life . In the later Empire , the dignitas ( `` worth , esteem '' ) that attended on senatorial or equestrian rank was refined further with titles such as vir illustris , `` illustrious man '' . The appellation clarissimus ( Greek lamprotatos ) was used to designate the dignitas of certain senators and their immediate family , including women .",
"22": "`` Grades '' of equestrian status proliferated . Those in Imperial service were ranked by pay grade ( sexagenarius , 60,000 sesterces per annum ; centenarius , 100,000 ; ducenarius , 200,000 ) . The title eminentissimus , `` most eminent '' ( Greek exochôtatos ) was reserved for equestrians who had been Praetorian prefects . The higher equestrian officials in general were perfectissimi , `` most distinguished '' ( Greek diasêmotatoi ) , the lower merely egregii , `` outstanding '' ( Greek kratistos ) . Unequal justice Condemned man attacked by a leopard in the arena ( 3rd - century mosaic from Tunisia ) As the republican principle of citizens ' equality under the law faded , the symbolic and social privileges of the upper classes led to an informal division of Roman society into those who had acquired greater honours ( honestiores ) and those who were humbler folk ( humiliores ) . In general , honestiores were the members of the three higher `` orders , '' along with certain military officers . The granting of universal citizenship in 212 seems to have increased the competitive urge among the upper classes to have their superiority over other citizens affirmed , particularly within the justice system . Sentencing depended on the judgement of the presiding official as to the relative `` worth '' ( dignitas ) of the defendant : an honestior could pay a fine when convicted of a crime for which an humilior might receive a scourging . Execution , which had been an infrequent legal penalty for free men under the Republic even in a capital case , could be quick and relatively painless for the Imperial citizen considered `` more honourable '' , while those deemed inferior might suffer the kinds of torture and prolonged death previously reserved for slaves , such as crucifixion and condemnation to the beasts as a spectacle in the arena . In the early Empire , those who converted to Christianity could lose their standing as honestiores , especially if they declined to fulfil the religious aspects of their civic responsibilities , and thus became subject to punishments that created the conditions of martyrdom . Government and military Main article : Constitution of the Roman Empire Augustus as Jove , holding scepter and orb ( first half of 1st century AD ) .",
"23": "The Imperial cult of ancient Rome identified emperors and some members of their families with the divinely sanctioned authority ( auctoritas ) of the Roman State . The official offer of cultus to a living emperor acknowledged his office and rule as divinely approved and constitutional : his Principate should therefore demonstrate pious respect for traditional Republican deities and mores Forum of Gerasa ( Jerash in present - day Jordan ) , with columns marking a covered walkway ( stoa ) for vendor stalls , and a semicircular space for public speaking The three major elements of the Imperial Roman state were the central government , the military , and provincial government . The military established control of a territory through war , but after a city or people was brought under treaty , the military mission turned to policing : protecting Roman citizens ( after 212 AD , all freeborn inhabitants of the Empire ) , the agricultural fields that fed them , and religious sites . Without modern instruments of either mass communication or mass destruction , the Romans lacked sufficient manpower or resources to impose their rule through force alone . Cooperation with local power elites was necessary to maintain order , collect information , and extract revenue . The Romans often exploited internal political divisions by supporting one faction over another : in the view of Plutarch , `` it was discord between factions within cities that led to the loss of self - governance '' . Communities with demonstrated loyalty to Rome retained their own laws , could collect their own taxes locally , and in exceptional cases were exempt from Roman taxation . Legal privileges and relative independence were an incentive to remain in good standing with Rome . Roman government was thus limited , but efficient in its use of the resources available to it . Central government See also : Roman emperor and Senate of the Roman Empire The dominance of the emperor was based on the consolidation of certain powers from several republican offices , including the inviolability of the tribunes of the people and the authority of the censors to manipulate the hierarchy of Roman society . The emperor also made himself the central religious authority as Pontifex Maximus , and centralized the right to declare war , ratify treaties , and negotiate with foreign leaders . While these functions were clearly defined during the Principate , the emperor 's powers over time became less constitutional and more monarchical , culminating in the Dominate .",
"24": "Antoninus Pius ( reigned 138 -- 161 ) , wearing a toga ( Hermitage Museum ) The emperor was the ultimate authority in policy - and decision - making , but in the early Principate he was expected to be accessible to individuals from all walks of life , and to deal personally with official business and petitions . A bureaucracy formed around him only gradually . The Julio - Claudian emperors relied on an informal body of advisors that included not only senators and equestrians , but trusted slaves and freedmen . After Nero , the unofficial influence of the latter was regarded with suspicion , and the emperor 's council ( consilium ) became subject to official appointment for the sake of greater transparency . Though the senate took a lead in policy discussions until the end of the Antonine dynasty , equestrians played an increasingly important role in the consilium . The women of the emperor 's family often intervened directly in his decisions . Plotina exercised influence on both her husband Trajan and his successor Hadrian . Her influence was advertised by having her letters on official matters published , as a sign that the emperor was reasonable in his exercise of authority and listened to his people . Access to the emperor by others might be gained at the daily reception ( salutatio ) , a development of the traditional homage a client paid to his patron ; public banquets hosted at the palace ; and religious ceremonies . The common people who lacked this access could manifest their general approval or displeasure as a group at the games held in large venues . By the 4th century , as urban centres decayed , the Christian emperors became remote figureheads who issued general rulings , no longer responding to individual petitions . Although the senate could do little short of assassination and open rebellion to contravene the will of the emperor , it survived the Augustan restoration and the turbulent Year of Four Emperors to retain its symbolic political centrality during the Principate . The senate legitimated the emperor 's rule , and the emperor needed the experience of senators as legates ( legati ) to serve as generals , diplomats , and administrators . A successful career required competence as an administrator and remaining in favour with the emperor , or over time perhaps multiple emperors . The practical source of an emperor 's power and authority was the military .",
"25": "The legionaries were paid by the Imperial treasury , and swore an annual military oath of loyalty to the emperor ( sacramentum ) . The death of an emperor led to a crucial period of uncertainty and crisis . Most emperors indicated their choice of successor , usually a close family member or adopted heir . The new emperor had to seek a swift acknowledgement of his status and authority to stabilize the political landscape . No emperor could hope to survive , much less to reign , without the allegiance and loyalty of the Praetorian Guard and of the legions . To secure their loyalty , several emperors paid the donativum , a monetary reward . In theory , the Senate was entitled to choose the new emperor , but did so mindful of acclamation by the army or Praetorians . Military The Roman empire under Hadrian ( ruled 117 -- 138 ) showing the location of the Roman legions deployed in AD 125 Main articles : Imperial Roman army and Structural history of the Roman military The soldiers of the Imperial Roman army were professionals who volunteered for 20 years of active duty and five as reserves . The transition to a professional military had begun during the late Republic , and was one of the many profound shifts away from republicanism , under which an army of conscripts had exercised their responsibilities as citizens in defending the homeland in a campaign against a specific threat . For Imperial Rome , the military was a full - time career in itself . The primary mission of the Roman military of the early empire was to preserve the Pax Romana . The three major divisions of the military were : the garrison at Rome , which includes both the Praetorians and the vigiles who functioned as police and firefighters ; the provincial army , comprising the Roman legions and the auxiliaries provided by the provinces ( auxilia ) ; the navy . The pervasiveness of military garrisons throughout the Empire was a major influence in the process of cultural exchange and assimilation known as `` Romanization , '' particularly in regard to politics , the economy , and religion .",
"26": "Knowledge of the Roman military comes from a wide range of sources : Greek and Roman literary texts ; coins with military themes ; papyri preserving military documents ; monuments such as Trajan 's Column and triumphal arches , which feature artistic depictions of both fighting men and military machines ; the archaeology of military burials , battle sites , and camps ; and inscriptions , including military diplomas , epitaphs , and dedications . Through his military reforms , which included consolidating or disbanding units of questionable loyalty , Augustus changed and regularized the legion , down to the hobnail pattern on the soles of army boots . A legion was organized into ten cohorts , each of which comprised six centuries , with a century further made up of ten squads ( contubernia ) ; the exact size of the Imperial legion , which is most likely to have been determined by logistics , has been estimated to range from 4,800 to 5,280 . Relief panel from Trajan 's Column showing the building of a fort and the reception of a Dacian embassy In AD 9 , Germanic tribes wiped out three full legions in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest . This disastrous event reduced the number of the legions to 25 . The total of the legions would later be increased again and for the next 300 years always be a little above or below 30 . The army had about 300,000 soldiers in the 1st century , and under 400,000 in the 2nd , `` significantly smaller '' than the collective armed forces of the territories it conquered . No more than 2 % of adult males living in the Empire served in the Imperial army . Augustus also created the Praetorian Guard : nine cohorts , ostensibly to maintain the public peace , which were garrisoned in Italy . Better paid than the legionaries , the Praetorians served only sixteen years . The auxilia were recruited from among the non-citizens . Organized in smaller units of roughly cohort strength , they were paid less than the legionaries , and after 25 years of service were rewarded with Roman citizenship , also extended to their sons . According to Tacitus there were roughly as many auxiliaries as there were legionaries . The auxilia thus amounted to around 125,000 men , implying approximately 250 auxiliary regiments .",
"27": "The Roman cavalry of the earliest Empire were primarily from Celtic , Hispanic or Germanic areas . Several aspects of training and equipment , such as the four - horned saddle , derived from the Celts , as noted by Arrian and indicated by archaeology . The Roman navy ( Latin : classis , `` fleet '' ) not only aided in the supply and transport of the legions , but also helped in the protection of the frontiers along the rivers Rhine and Danube . Another of its duties was the protection of the crucial maritime trade routes against the threat of pirates . It patrolled the whole of the Mediterranean , parts of the North Atlantic coasts , and the Black Sea . Nevertheless , the army was considered the senior and more prestigious branch . Provincial government The Pula Arena in Croatia is one of the largest and most intact of the remaining Roman amphitheatres An annexed territory became a province in a three - step process : making a register of cities , taking a census of the population , and surveying the land . Further government recordkeeping included births and deaths , real estate transactions , taxes , and juridical proceedings . In the 1st and 2nd centuries , the central government sent out around 160 officials each year to govern outside Italy . Among these officials were the `` Roman governors '' , as they are called in English : either magistrates elected at Rome who in the name of the Roman people governed senatorial provinces ; or governors , usually of equestrian rank , who held their imperium on behalf of the emperor in provinces excluded from senatorial control , most notably Roman Egypt . A governor had to make himself accessible to the people he governed , but he could delegate various duties . His staff , however , was minimal : his official attendants ( apparitores ) , including lictors , heralds , messengers , scribes , and bodyguards ; legates , both civil and military , usually of equestrian rank ; and friends , ranging in age and experience , who accompanied him unofficially . Other officials were appointed as supervisors of government finances . Separating fiscal responsibility from justice and administration was a reform of the Imperial era . Under the Republic , provincial governors and tax farmers could exploit local populations for personal gain more freely .",
"28": "Equestrian procurators , whose authority was originally `` extra-judicial and extra-constitutional , '' managed both state - owned property and the vast personal property of the emperor ( res privata ) . Because Roman government officials were few in number , a provincial who needed help with a legal dispute or criminal case might seek out any Roman perceived to have some official capacity , such as a procurator or a military officer , including centurions down to the lowly stationarii or military police . Roman law Main article : Roman law Roman portraiture frescos from Pompeii , 1st century AD , depicting two different men wearing laurel wreaths , one holding the rotulus ( blondish figure , left ) , the other a volumen ( brunet figure , right ) , both made of papyrus Roman courts held original jurisdiction over cases involving Roman citizens throughout the empire , but there were too few judicial functionaries to impose Roman law uniformly in the provinces . Most parts of the Eastern empire already had well - established law codes and juridical procedures . In general , it was Roman policy to respect the mos regionis ( `` regional tradition '' or `` law of the land '' ) and to regard local laws as a source of legal precedent and social stability . The compatibility of Roman and local law was thought to reflect an underlying ius gentium , the `` law of nations '' or international law regarded as common and customary among all human communities . If the particulars of provincial law conflicted with Roman law or custom , Roman courts heard appeals , and the emperor held final authority to render a decision . In the West , law had been administered on a highly localized or tribal basis , and private property rights may have been a novelty of the Roman era , particularly among Celtic peoples . Roman law facilitated the acquisition of wealth by a pro-Roman elite who found their new privileges as citizens to be advantageous . The extension of universal citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Empire in 212 required the uniform application of Roman law , replacing the local law codes that had applied to non-citizens . Diocletian 's efforts to stabilize the Empire after the Crisis of the Third Century included two major compilations of law in four years , the Codex Gregorianus and the Codex Hermogenianus , to guide provincial administrators in setting consistent legal standards .",
"29": "The pervasive exercise of Roman law throughout Western Europe led to its enormous influence on the Western legal tradition , reflected by the continued use of Latin legal terminology in modern law . Taxation Taxation under the Empire amounted to about 5 % of the Empire 's gross product . The typical tax rate paid by individuals ranged from 2 to 5 % . The tax code was `` bewildering '' in its complicated system of direct and indirect taxes , some paid in cash and some in kind . Taxes might be specific to a province , or kinds of properties such as fisheries or salt evaporation ponds ; they might be in effect for a limited time . Tax collection was justified by the need to maintain the military , and taxpayers sometimes got a refund if the army captured a surplus of booty . In - kind taxes were accepted from less - monetized areas , particularly those who could supply grain or goods to army camps . Personification of the River Nile and his children , from the Temple of Serapis and Isis in Rome ( 1st century AD ) The primary source of direct tax revenue was individuals , who paid a poll tax and a tax on their land , construed as a tax on its produce or productive capacity . Supplemental forms could be filed by those eligible for certain exemptions ; for example , Egyptian farmers could register fields as fallow and tax - exempt depending on flood patterns of the Nile . Tax obligations were determined by the census , which required each head of household to appear before the presiding official and provide a head count of his household , as well as an accounting of property he owned that was suitable for agriculture or habitation . A major source of indirect - tax revenue was the portoria , customs and tolls on imports and exports , including among provinces . Special taxes were levied on the slave trade . Towards the end of his reign , Augustus instituted a 4 % tax on the sale of slaves , which Nero shifted from the purchaser to the dealers , who responded by raising their prices . An owner who manumitted a slave paid a `` freedom tax '' , calculated at 5 % of value . An inheritance tax of 5 % was assessed when Roman citizens above a certain net worth left property to anyone but members of their immediate family . Revenues from the estate tax and from a 1 % sales tax on auctions went towards the veterans ' pension fund ( aerarium militare ) .",
"30": "Low taxes helped the Roman aristocracy increase their wealth , which equalled or exceeded the revenues of the central government . An emperor sometimes replenished his treasury by confiscating the estates of the `` super-rich '' , but in the later period , the resistance of the wealthy to paying taxes was one of the factors contributing to the collapse of the Empire . Economy Main article : Roman economy Moses Finley was the chief proponent of the primitivist view that the Roman economy was `` underdeveloped and underachieving , '' characterized by subsistence agriculture ; urban centres that consumed more than they produced in terms of trade and industry ; low - status artisans ; slowly developing technology ; and a `` lack of economic rationality . '' Current views are more complex . Territorial conquests permitted a large - scale reorganization of land use that resulted in agricultural surplus and specialization , particularly in north Africa . Some cities were known for particular industries or commercial activities , and the scale of building in urban areas indicates a significant construction industry . Papyri preserve complex accounting methods that suggest elements of economic rationalism , and the Empire was highly monetized . Although the means of communication and transport were limited in antiquity , transportation in the 1st and 2nd centuries expanded greatly , and trade routes connected regional economies . The supply contracts for the army , which pervaded every part of the Empire , drew on local suppliers near the base ( castrum ) , throughout the province , and across provincial borders . The Empire is perhaps best thought of as a network of regional economies , based on a form of `` political capitalism '' in which the state monitored and regulated commerce to assure its own revenues . Economic growth , though not comparable to modern economies , was greater than that of most other societies prior to industrialization . Socially , economic dynamism opened up one of the avenues of social mobility in the Roman Empire . Social advancement was thus not dependent solely on birth , patronage , good luck , or even extraordinary ability . Although aristocratic values permeated traditional elite society , a strong tendency towards plutocracy is indicated by the wealth requirements for census rank .",
"31": "Prestige could be obtained through investing one 's wealth in ways that advertised it appropriately : grand country estates or townhouses , durable luxury items such as jewels and silverware , public entertainments , funerary monuments for family members or coworkers , and religious dedications such as altars . Guilds ( collegia ) and corporations ( corpora ) provided support for individuals to succeed through networking , sharing sound business practices , and a willingness to work . Currency and banking See also : Roman currency and Roman finance Currency denominations 27 BC -- AD 212 : 1 gold aureus ( 1 / 40 lb. of gold , devalued to 1 / 50 lb. by 212 ) = 25 silver denarii = 100 bronze sestertii = 400 copper asses 294 -- 312 : 1 gold aureus solidus ( 1 / 60 lb. of gold ) = 10 silver argentei = 40 bronze folles = 1,000 debased metal denarii 312 onwards : 1 gold solidus ( 1 / 72 lb . ) = 24 silver siliquae = 180 bronze folles The early Empire was monetized to a near - universal extent , in the sense of using money as a way to express prices and debts . The sestertius ( plural sestertii , English `` sesterces '' , symbolized as HS ) was the basic unit of reckoning value into the 4th century , though the silver denarius , worth four sesterces , was used also for accounting beginning in the Severan dynasty . The smallest coin commonly circulated was the bronze as ( plural asses ) , one - fourth sestertius . Bullion and ingots seem not to have counted as pecunia , `` money , '' and were used only on the frontiers for transacting business or buying property . Romans in the 1st and 2nd centuries counted coins , rather than weighing them -- an indication that the coin was valued on its face , not for its metal content . This tendency towards fiat money led eventually to the debasement of Roman coinage , with consequences in the later Empire . The standardization of money throughout the Empire promoted trade and market integration .",
"32": "The high amount of metal coinage in circulation increased the money supply for trading or saving . Rome had no central bank , and regulation of the banking system was minimal . Banks of classical antiquity typically kept less in reserves than the full total of customers ' deposits . A typical bank had fairly limited capital , and often only one principal , though a bank might have as many as six to fifteen principals . Seneca assumes that anyone involved in commerce needs access to credit . Solidus issued under Constantine II , and on the reverse Victoria , one of the last deities to appear on Roman coins , gradually transforming into an angel under Christian rule A professional deposit banker ( argentarius , coactor argentarius , or later nummularius ) received and held deposits for a fixed or indefinite term , and lent money to third parties . The senatorial elite were involved heavily in private lending , both as creditors and borrowers , making loans from their personal fortunes on the basis of social connections . The holder of a debt could use it as a means of payment by transferring it to another party , without cash changing hands . Although it has sometimes been thought that ancient Rome lacked `` paper '' or documentary transactions , the system of banks throughout the Empire also permitted the exchange of very large sums without the physical transfer of coins , in part because of the risks of moving large amounts of cash , particularly by sea . Only one serious credit shortage is known to have occurred in the early Empire , a credit crisis in 33 AD that put a number of senators at risk ; the central government rescued the market through a loan of 100 million HS made by the emperor Tiberius to the banks ( mensae ) . Generally , available capital exceeded the amount needed by borrowers . The central government itself did not borrow money , and without public debt had to fund deficits from cash reserves . Emperors of the Antonine and Severan dynasties overall debased the currency , particularly the denarius , under the pressures of meeting military payrolls . Sudden inflation during the reign of Commodus damaged the credit market . In the mid-200s , the supply of specie contracted sharply .",
"33": "Conditions during the Crisis of the Third Century -- such as reductions in long - distance trade , disruption of mining operations , and the physical transfer of gold coinage outside the empire by invading enemies -- greatly diminished the money supply and the banking sector by the year 300 . Although Roman coinage had long been fiat money or fiduciary currency , general economic anxieties came to a head under Aurelian , and bankers lost confidence in coins legitimately issued by the central government . Despite Diocletian 's introduction of the gold solidus and monetary reforms , the credit market of the Empire never recovered its former robustness . Mining and Metallurgy Main article : Roman metallurgy See also : Mining in Roman Britain Landscape resulting from the ruina montium mining technique at Las Médulas , Spain , one of the most important gold mines in the Roman Empire The main mining regions of the Empire were the Iberian Peninsula ( gold , silver , copper , tin , lead ) ; Gaul ( gold , silver , iron ) ; Britain ( mainly iron , lead , tin ) , the Danubian provinces ( gold , iron ) ; Macedonia and Thrace ( gold , silver ) ; and Asia Minor ( gold , silver , iron , tin ) . Intensive large - scale mining -- of alluvial deposits , and by means of open - cast mining and underground mining -- took place from the reign of Augustus up to the early 3rd century AD , when the instability of the Empire disrupted production . The gold mines of Dacia , for instance , were no longer available for Roman exploitation after the province was surrendered in 271 . Mining seems to have resumed to some extent during the 4th century . Hydraulic mining , which Pliny referred to as ruina montium ( `` ruin of the mountains '' ) , allowed base and precious metals to be extracted on a proto - industrial scale . The total annual iron output is estimated at 82,500 tonnes . Copper was produced at an annual rate of 15,000 t , and lead at 80,000 t , both production levels unmatched until the Industrial Revolution ; Hispania alone had a 40 % share in world lead production . The high lead output was a by - product of extensive silver mining which reached 200 t per annum .",
"34": "At its peak around the mid-2nd century AD , the Roman silver stock is estimated at 10,000 t , five to ten times larger than the combined silver mass of medieval Europe and the Caliphate around 800 AD . As an indication of the scale of Roman metal production , lead pollution in the Greenland ice sheet quadrupled over its prehistoric levels during the Imperial era , and dropped again thereafter . Transportation and communication See also : Roman roads Gallo - Roman relief depicting a river boat transporting wine barrels , an invention of the Gauls that came into widespread use during the 2nd century ; above , wine is stored in the traditional amphorae , some covered in wicker The Roman Empire completely encircled the Mediterranean , which they called `` our sea '' ( mare nostrum ) . Roman sailing vessels navigated the Mediterranean as well as the major rivers of the Empire , including the Guadalquivir , Ebro , Rhône , Rhine , Tiber and Nile . Transport by water was preferred where possible , and moving commodities by land was more difficult . Vehicles , wheels , and ships indicate the existence of a great number of skilled woodworkers . Land transport utilized the advanced system of Roman roads . The in - kind taxes paid by communities included the provision of personnel , animals , or vehicles for the cursus publicus , the state mail and transport service established by Augustus . Relay stations were located along the roads every seven to twelve Roman miles , and tended to grow into a village or trading post . A mansio ( plural mansiones ) was a privately run service station franchised by the imperial bureaucracy for the cursus publicus . The support staff at such a facility included muleteers , secretaries , blacksmiths , cartwrights , a veterinarian , and a few military police and couriers . The distance between mansiones was determined by how far a wagon could travel in a day . Mules were the animal most often used for pulling carts , travelling about 4 mph . As an example of the pace of communication , it took a messenger a minimum of nine days to travel to Rome from Mainz in the province of Germania Superior , even on a matter of urgency .",
"35": "In addition to the mansiones , some taverns offered accommodations as well as food and drink ; one recorded tab for a stay showed charges for wine , bread , mule feed , and the services of a prostitute . Trade and commodities See also : Roman commerce , Indo - Roman trade and relations , and Sino - Roman relations The Pompeii Lakshmi , an ivory statuette from India found in the ruins of Pompeii . A green Roman glass cup unearthed from an Eastern Han Dynasty ( 25 -- 220 AD ) tomb in Guangxi , southern China ; the earliest Roman glassware found in China was discovered in a Western Han tomb in Guangzhou , dated to the early 1st century BC , and ostensibly came via the maritime route through the South China Sea Roman provinces traded among themselves , but trade extended outside the frontiers to regions as far away as China and India . The main commodity was grain . Chinese trade was mostly conducted overland through middle men along the Silk Road ; Indian trade , however , also occurred by sea from Egyptian ports on the Red Sea . Also traded were olive oil , various foodstuffs , garum ( fish sauce ) , slaves , ore and manufactured metal objects , fibres and textiles , timber , pottery , glassware , marble , papyrus , spices and materia medica , ivory , pearls , and gemstones . Though most provinces were capable of producing wine , regional varietals were desirable and wine was a central item of trade . Shortages of vin ordinaire were rare . The major suppliers for the city of Rome were the west coast of Italy , southern Gaul , the Tarraconensis region of Hispania , and Crete . Alexandria , the second - largest city , imported wine from Laodicea in Syria and the Aegean . At the retail level , taverns or speciality wine shops ( vinaria ) sold wine by the jug for carryout and by the drink on premises , with price ranges reflecting quality . Labour and occupations Workers at a cloth - processing shop , in a painting from the fullonica of Veranius Hypsaeus in Pompeii Roman hunters during the preparations , set - up of traps , and in - action hunting near Tarraco Inscriptions record 268 different occupations in the city of Rome , and 85 in Pompeii .",
"36": "Professional associations or trade guilds ( collegia ) are attested for a wide range of occupations , including fishermen ( piscatores ) , salt merchants ( salinatores ) , olive oil dealers ( olivarii ) , entertainers ( scaenici ) , cattle dealers ( pecuarii ) , goldsmiths ( aurifices ) , teamsters ( asinarii or muliones ) , and stonecutters ( lapidarii ) . These are sometimes quite specialized : one collegium at Rome was strictly limited to craftsmen who worked in ivory and citrus wood . Work performed by slaves falls into five general categories : domestic , with epitaphs recording at least 55 different household jobs ; imperial or public service ; urban crafts and services ; agriculture ; and mining . Convicts provided much of the labour in the mines or quarries , where conditions were notoriously brutal . In practice , there was little division of labour between slave and free , and most workers were illiterate and without special skills . The greatest number of common labourers were employed in agriculture : in the Italian system of industrial farming ( latifundia ) , these may have been mostly slaves , but throughout the Empire , slave farm labour was probably less important than other forms of dependent labour by people who were technically not enslaved . Textile and clothing production was a major source of employment . Both textiles and finished garments were traded among the peoples of the Empire , whose products were often named for them or a particular town , rather like a fashion `` label '' . Better ready - to - wear was exported by businessmen ( negotiatores or mercatores ) who were often well - to - do residents of the production centres . Finished garments might be retailed by their sales agents , who travelled to potential customers , or by vestiarii , clothing dealers who were mostly freedmen ; or they might be peddled by itinerant merchants . In Egypt , textile producers could run prosperous small businesses employing apprentices , free workers earning wages , and slaves . The fullers ( fullones ) and dye workers ( coloratores ) had their own guilds . Centonarii were guild workers who specialized in textile production and the recycling of old clothes into pieced goods . GDP and income distribution For more details on this topic , see Roman economy § Gross domestic product .",
"37": "Economic historians vary in their calculations of the gross domestic product of the Roman economy during the Principate . In the sample years of 14 , 100 , and 150 AD , estimates of per capita GDP range from 166 to 380 HS . The GDP per capita of Italy is estimated as 40 to 66 % higher than in the rest of the Empire , due to tax transfers from the provinces and the concentration of elite income in the heartland . In the Scheidel -- Friesen economic model , the total annual income generated by the Empire is placed at nearly 20 billion HS , with about 5 % extracted by central and local government . Households in the top 1.5 % of income distribution captured about 20 % of income . Another 20 % went to about 10 % of the population who can be characterized as a non-elite middle . The remaining `` vast majority '' produced more than half of the total income , but lived near subsistence . Architecture and engineering Main articles : Ancient Roman architecture , Roman engineering , and Roman technology Amphitheatres of the Roman Empire Construction on the Flavian Amphitheatre , more commonly known as the Colosseum , began during the reign of Vespasian The chief Roman contributions to architecture were the arch , vault and the dome . Even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand , due in part to sophisticated methods of making cements and concrete . Roman roads are considered the most advanced roads built until the early 19th century . The system of roadways facilitated military policing , communications , and trade . The roads were resistant to floods and other environmental hazards . Even after the collapse of the central government , some roads remained usable for more than a thousand years . Roman bridges were among the first large and lasting bridges , built from stone with the arch as the basic structure . Most utilized concrete as well . The largest Roman bridge was Trajan 's bridge over the lower Danube , constructed by Apollodorus of Damascus , which remained for over a millennium the longest bridge to have been built both in terms of overall span and length . The Romans built many dams and reservoirs for water collection , such as the Subiaco Dams , two of which fed the Anio Novus , one of the largest aqueducts of Rome .",
"38": "They built 72 dams just on the Iberian peninsula , and many more are known across the Empire , some still in use . Several earthen dams are known from Roman Britain , including a well - preserved example from Longovicium ( Lanchester ) . The Pont du Gard aqueduct , which crosses the Gardon River in southern France , is on UNESCO 's list of World Heritage Sites The Romans constructed numerous aqueducts . A surviving treatise by Frontinus , who served as curator aquarum ( water commissioner ) under Nerva , reflects the administrative importance placed on ensuring the water supply . Masonry channels carried water from distant springs and reservoirs along a precise gradient , using gravity alone . After the water passed through the aqueduct , it was collected in tanks and fed through pipes to public fountains , baths , toilets , or industrial sites . The main aqueducts in the city of Rome were the Aqua Claudia and the Aqua Marcia . The complex system built to supply Constantinople had its most distant supply drawn from over 120 km away along a sinuous route of more than 336 km . Roman aqueducts were built to remarkably fine tolerance , and to a technological standard that was not to be equalled until modern times . The Romans also made use of aqueducts in their extensive mining operations across the empire , at sites such as Las Medulas and Dolaucothi in South Wales . Insulated glazing ( or `` double glazing '' ) was used in the construction of public baths . Elite housing in cooler climates might have hypocausts , a form of central heating . The Romans were the first culture to assemble all essential components of the much later steam engine , when Hero built the aeolipile . With the crank and connecting rod system , all elements for constructing a steam engine ( invented in 1712 ) -- Hero 's aeolipile ( generating steam power ) , the cylinder and piston ( in metal force pumps ) , non-return valves ( in water pumps ) , gearing ( in water mills and clocks ) -- were known in Roman times . Daily life Main article : Culture of ancient Rome Cityscape from the Villa Boscoreale ( 60s AD ) City and country In the ancient world , a city was viewed as a place that fostered civilization by being `` properly designed , ordered , and adorned . ''",
"39": "Augustus undertook a vast building programme in Rome , supported public displays of art that expressed the new imperial ideology , and reorganized the city into neighbourhoods ( vici ) administered at the local level with police and firefighting services . A focus of Augustan monumental architecture was the Campus Martius , an open area outside the city centre that in early times had been devoted to equestrian sports and physical training for youth . The Altar of Augustan Peace ( Ara Pacis Augustae ) was located there , as was an obelisk imported from Egypt that formed the pointer ( gnomon ) of a horologium . With its public gardens , the Campus became one of the most attractive places in the city to visit . City planning and urban lifestyles had been influenced by the Greeks from an early period , and in the eastern Empire , Roman rule accelerated and shaped the local development of cities that already had a strong Hellenistic character . Cities such as Athens , Aphrodisias , Ephesus and Gerasa altered some aspects of city planning and architecture to conform to imperial ideals , while also expressing their individual identity and regional preeminence . In the areas of the western Empire inhabited by Celtic - speaking peoples , Rome encouraged the development of urban centres with stone temples , forums , monumental fountains , and amphitheatres , often on or near the sites of the preexisting walled settlements known as oppida . Urbanization in Roman Africa expanded on Greek and Punic cities along the coast . Aquae Sulis in Bath , England : architectural features above the level of the pillar bases are a later reconstruction The network of cities throughout the Empire ( coloniae , municipia , civitates or in Greek terms poleis ) was a primary cohesive force during the Pax Romana . Romans of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD were encouraged by imperial propaganda to `` inculcate the habits of peacetime '' . As the classicist Clifford Ando has noted : Most of the cultural appurtenances popularly associated with imperial culture -- public cult and its games and civic banquets , competitions for artists , speakers , and athletes , as well as the funding of the great majority of public buildings and public display of art -- were financed by private individuals , whose expenditures in this regard helped to justify their economic power and legal and provincial privileges .",
"40": "Even the Christian polemicist Tertullian declared that the world of the late 2nd century was more orderly and well - cultivated than in earlier times : `` Everywhere there are houses , everywhere people , everywhere the res publica , the commonwealth , everywhere life . '' The decline of cities and civic life in the 4th century , when the wealthy classes were unable or disinclined to support public works , was one sign of the Empire 's imminent dissolution . Public toilets ( latrinae ) from Ostia Antica In the city of Rome , most people lived in multistory apartment buildings ( insulae ) that were often squalid firetraps . Public facilities -- such as baths ( thermae ) , toilets that were flushed with running water ( latrinae ) , conveniently located basins or elaborate fountains ( nymphea ) delivering fresh water , and large - scale entertainments such as chariot races and gladiator combat -- were aimed primarily at the common people who lived in the insulae . Similar facilities were constructed in cities throughout the Empire , and some of the best - preserved Roman structures are in Spain , southern France , and northern Africa . The public baths served hygienic , social and cultural functions . Bathing was the focus of daily socializing in the late afternoon before dinner . Roman baths were distinguished by a series of rooms that offered communal bathing in three temperatures , with varying amenities that might include an exercise and weight - training room , sauna , exfoliation spa ( where oils were massaged into the skin and scraped from the body with a strigil ) , ball court , or outdoor swimming pool . Baths had hypocaust heating : the floors were suspended over hot - air channels that circulated warmth . Mixed nude bathing was not unusual in the early Empire , though some baths may have offered separate facilities or hours for men and women . Public baths were a part of urban culture throughout the provinces , but in the late 4th century , individual tubs began to replace communal bathing . Christians were advised to go to the baths for health and cleanliness , not pleasure , but to avoid the games ( ludi ) , which were part of religious festivals they considered `` pagan '' . Tertullian says that otherwise Christians not only availed themselves of the baths , but participated fully in commerce and society .",
"41": "Reconstructed peristyle garden based on the House of the Vettii Rich families from Rome usually had two or more houses , a townhouse ( domus , plural domūs ) and at least one luxury home ( villa ) outside the city . The domus was a privately owned single - family house , and might be furnished with a private bath ( balneum ) , but it was not a place to retreat from public life . Although some neighbourhoods of Rome show a higher concentration of well - to - do houses , the rich did not live in segregated enclaves . Their houses were meant to be visible and accessible . The atrium served as a reception hall in which the paterfamilias ( head of household ) met with clients every morning , from wealthy friends to poorer dependents who received charity . It was also a centre of family religious rites , containing a shrine and the images of family ancestors . The houses were located on busy public roads , and ground - level spaces facing the street were often rented out as shops ( tabernae ) . In addition to a kitchen garden -- windowboxes might substitute in the insulae -- townhouses typically enclosed a peristyle garden that brought a tract of nature , made orderly , within walls . Birds and fountain within a garden setting , with oscilla ( hanging masks ) above , in a painting from Pompeii The villa by contrast was an escape from the bustle of the city , and in literature represents a lifestyle that balances the civilized pursuit of intellectual and artistic interests ( otium ) with an appreciation of nature and the agricultural cycle . Ideally a villa commanded a view or vista , carefully framed by the architectural design . It might be located on a working estate , or in a `` resort town '' situated on the seacoast , such as Pompeii and Herculaneum . The programme of urban renewal under Augustus , and the growth of Rome 's population to as many as 1 million people , was accompanied by a nostalgia for rural life expressed in the arts . Poetry praised the idealized lives of farmers and shepherds . The interiors of houses were often decorated with painted gardens , fountains , landscapes , vegetative ornament , and animals , especially birds and marine life , rendered accurately enough that modern scholars can sometimes identify them by species .",
"42": "The Augustan poet Horace gently satirized the dichotomy of urban and rural values in his fable of the city mouse and the country mouse , which has often been retold as a children 's story . On a more practical level , the central government took an active interest in supporting agriculture . Producing food was the top priority of land use . Larger farms ( latifundia ) achieved an economy of scale that sustained urban life and its more specialized division of labour . Small farmers benefited from the development of local markets in towns and trade centres . Agricultural techniques such as crop rotation and selective breeding were disseminated throughout the Empire , and new crops were introduced from one province to another , such as peas and cabbage to Britain . Maintaining an affordable food supply to the city of Rome had become a major political issue in the late Republic , when the state began to provide a grain dole ( annona ) to citizens who registered for it . About 200,000 -- 250,000 adult males in Rome received the dole , amounting to about 33 kg . per month , for a per annum total of about 100,000 tons of wheat primarily from Sicily , north Africa , and Egypt . The dole cost at least 15 % of state revenues , but improved living conditions and family life among the lower classes , and subsidized the rich by allowing workers to spend more of their earnings on the wine and olive oil produced on the estates of the landowning class . Bread stall , from a Pompeiian wall painting The grain dole also had symbolic value : it affirmed both the emperor 's position as universal benefactor , and the right of all citizens to share in `` the fruits of conquest '' . The annona , public facilities , and spectacular entertainments mitigated the otherwise dreary living conditions of lower - class Romans , and kept social unrest in check . The satirist Juvenal , however , saw `` bread and circuses '' ( panem et circenses ) as emblematic of the loss of republican political liberty : The public has long since cast off its cares : the people that once bestowed commands , consulships , legions and all else , now meddles no more and longs eagerly for just two things : bread and circuses .",
"43": "Food and dining Main article : Food and dining in the Roman Empire See also : Grain supply to the city of Rome and Ancient Rome and wine Most apartments in Rome lacked kitchens , though a charcoal brazier could be used for rudimentary cookery . Prepared food was sold at pubs and bars , inns , and food stalls ( tabernae , cauponae , popinae , thermopolia ) . Carryout and restaurant dining were for the lower classes ; fine dining could be sought only at private dinner parties in well - to - do houses with a chef ( archimagirus ) and trained kitchen staff , or at banquets hosted by social clubs ( collegia ) . Most people would have consumed at least 70 % of their daily calories in the form of cereals and legumes . Puls ( pottage ) was considered the aboriginal food of the Romans . The basic grain pottage could be elaborated with chopped vegetables , bits of meat , cheese , or herbs to produce dishes similar to polenta or risotto . An Ostian taberna for eating and drinking ; the faded painting over the counter pictured eggs , olives , fruit and radishes Urban populations and the military preferred to consume their grain in the form of bread . Mills and commercial ovens were usually combined in a bakery complex . By the reign of Aurelian , the state had begun to distribute the annona as a daily ration of bread baked in state factories , and added olive oil , wine , and pork to the dole . The importance of a good diet to health was recognized by medical writers such as Galen ( 2nd century AD ) , whose treatises included one On Barley Soup . Views on nutrition were influenced by schools of thought such as humoral theory . Roman literature focuses on the dining habits of the upper classes , for whom the evening meal ( cena ) had important social functions . Guests were entertained in a finely decorated dining room ( triclinium ) , often with a view of the peristyle garden . Diners lounged on couches , leaning on the left elbow . By the late Republic , if not earlier , women dined , reclined , and drank wine along with men .",
"44": "The most famous description of a Roman meal is probably Trimalchio 's dinner party in the Satyricon , a fictional extravaganza that bears little resemblance to reality even among the most wealthy . The poet Martial describes serving a more plausible dinner , beginning with the gustatio ( `` tasting '' or `` appetizer '' ) , which was a composed salad of mallow leaves , lettuce , chopped leeks , mint , arugula , mackerel garnished with rue , sliced eggs , and marinated sow udder . The main course was succulent cuts of kid , beans , greens , a chicken , and leftover ham , followed by a dessert of fresh fruit and vintage wine . The Latin expression for a full - course dinner was ab ovo usque mala , `` from the egg to the apples , '' equivalent to the English `` from soup to nuts . '' Still life on a 2nd - century Roman mosaic A book - length collection of Roman recipes is attributed to Apicius , a name for several figures in antiquity that became synonymous with `` gourmet . '' Roman `` foodies '' indulged in wild game , fowl such as peacock and flamingo , large fish ( mullet was especially prized ) , and shellfish . Luxury ingredients were brought by the fleet from the far reaches of empire , from the Parthian frontier to the Straits of Gibraltar . Refined cuisine could be moralized as a sign of either civilized progress or decadent decline . The early Imperial historian Tacitus contrasted the indulgent luxuries of the Roman table in his day with the simplicity of the Germanic diet of fresh wild meat , foraged fruit , and cheese , unadulterated by imported seasonings and elaborate sauces . Most often , because of the importance of landowning in Roman culture , produce -- cereals , legumes , vegetables , and fruit -- was considered a more civilized form of food than meat . The Mediterranean staples of bread , wine , and oil were sacralized by Roman Christianity , while Germanic meat consumption became a mark of paganism , as it might be the product of animal sacrifice . Some philosophers and Christians resisted the demands of the body and the pleasures of food , and adopted fasting as an ideal .",
"45": "Food became simpler in general as urban life in the West diminished , trade routes were disrupted , and the rich retreated to the more limited self - sufficiency of their country estates . As an urban lifestyle came to be associated with decadence , the Church formally discouraged gluttony , and hunting and pastoralism were seen as simple , virtuous ways of life . Recreation and spectacles See also : Ludi , Chariot racing , and Gladiator Wall painting depicting a sports riot at the amphitheatre of Pompeii , which led to the banning of gladiator combat in the town When Juvenal complained that the Roman people had exchanged their political liberty for `` bread and circuses '' , he was referring to the state - provided grain dole and the circenses , events held in the entertainment venue called a circus in Latin . The largest such venue in Rome was the Circus Maximus , the setting of horse races , chariot races , the equestrian Troy Game , staged beast hunts ( venationes ) , athletic contests , gladiator combat , and historical re-enactments . From earliest times , several religious festivals had featured games ( ludi ) , primarily horse and chariot races ( ludi circenses ) . Although their entertainment value tended to overshadow ritual significance , the races remained part of archaic religious observances that pertained to agriculture , initiation , and the cycle of birth and death . Under Augustus , public entertainments were presented on 77 days of the year ; by the reign of Marcus Aurelius , the number of days had expanded to 135 . Circus games were preceded by an elaborate parade ( pompa circensis ) that ended at the venue . Competitive events were held also in smaller venues such as the amphitheatre , which became the characteristic Roman spectacle venue , and stadium . Greek - style athletics included footraces , boxing , wrestling , and the pancratium . Aquatic displays , such as the mock sea battle ( naumachia ) and a form of `` water ballet '' , were presented in engineered pools . State - supported theatrical events ( ludi scaenici ) took place on temple steps or in grand stone theatres , or in the smaller enclosed theatre called an odeum .",
"46": "A victor in his four - horse chariot Circuses were the largest structure regularly built in the Roman world , though the Greeks had their own architectural traditions for the similarly purposed hippodrome . The Flavian Amphitheatre , better known as the Colosseum , became the regular arena for blood sports in Rome after it opened in 80 AD . The circus races continued to be held more frequently . The Circus Maximus could seat around 150,000 spectators , and the Colosseum about 50,000 with standing room for about 10,000 more . Many Roman amphitheatres , circuses and theatres built in cities outside Italy are visible as ruins today . The local ruling elite were responsible for sponsoring spectacles and arena events , which both enhanced their status and drained their resources . The physical arrangement of the amphitheatre represented the order of Roman society : the emperor presiding in his opulent box ; senators and equestrians watching from the advantageous seats reserved for them ; women seated at a remove from the action ; slaves given the worst places , and everybody else packed in - between . The crowd could call for an outcome by booing or cheering , but the emperor had the final say . Spectacles could quickly become sites of social and political protest , and emperors sometimes had to deploy force to put down crowd unrest , most notoriously at the Nika riots in the year 532 , when troops under Justinian slaughtered thousands . The Zliten mosaic , from a dining room in present - day Libya , depicts a series of arena scenes : from top , musicians playing a Roman tuba , a water pipe organ and two horns ; six pairs of gladiators with two referees ; four beast fighters ; and three convicts condemned to the beasts The chariot teams were known by the colours they wore , with the Blues and Greens the most popular . Fan loyalty was fierce and at times erupted into sports riots . Racing was perilous , but charioteers were among the most celebrated and well - compensated athletes . One star of the sport was Diocles , from Lusitania ( present - day Portugal ) , who raced chariots for 24 years and had career earnings of 35 million sesterces . Horses had their fans too , and were commemorated in art and inscriptions , sometimes by name .",
"47": "The design of Roman circuses was developed to assure that no team had an unfair advantage and to minimize collisions ( naufragia , `` shipwrecks '' ) , which were nonetheless frequent and spectacularly satisfying to the crowd . The races retained a magical aura through their early association with chthonic rituals : circus images were considered protective or lucky , curse tablets have been found buried at the site of racetracks , and charioteers were often suspected of sorcery . Chariot racing continued into the Byzantine period under imperial sponsorship , but the decline of cities in the 6th and 7th centuries led to its eventual demise . The Romans thought gladiator contests had originated with funeral games and sacrifices in which select captive warriors were forced to fight to expiate the deaths of noble Romans . Some of the earliest styles of gladiator fighting had ethnic designations such as `` Thracian '' or `` Gallic '' . The staged combats were considered munera , `` services , offerings , benefactions '' , initially distinct from the festival games ( ludi ) . Throughout his 40 - year reign , Augustus presented eight gladiator shows in which a total of 10,000 men fought , as well as 26 staged beast hunts that resulted in the deaths of 3,500 animals . To mark the opening of the Colosseum , the emperor Titus presented 100 days of arena events , with 3,000 gladiators competing on a single day . Roman fascination with gladiators is indicated by how widely they are depicted on mosaics , wall paintings , lamps , and even graffiti drawings . Gladiators were trained combatants who might be slaves , convicts , or free volunteers . Death was not a necessary or even desirable outcome in matches between these highly skilled fighters , whose training represented a costly and time - consuming investment . By contrast , noxii were convicts sentenced to the arena with little or no training , often unarmed , and with no expectation of survival . Physical suffering and humiliation were considered appropriate retributive justice for the crimes they had committed . These executions were sometimes staged or ritualized as re-enactments of myths , and amphitheatres were equipped with elaborate stage machinery to create special effects . Tertullian considered deaths in the arena to be nothing more than a dressed - up form of human sacrifice .",
"48": "Modern scholars have found the pleasure Romans took in the `` theatre of life and death '' to be one of the more difficult aspects of their civilization to understand and explain . The younger Pliny rationalized gladiator spectacles as good for the people , a way `` to inspire them to face honourable wounds and despise death , by exhibiting love of glory and desire for victory even in the bodies of slaves and criminals '' . Some Romans such as Seneca were critical of the brutal spectacles , but found virtue in the courage and dignity of the defeated fighter rather than in victory -- an attitude that finds its fullest expression with the Christians martyred in the arena . Even martyr literature , however , offers `` detailed , indeed luxuriant , descriptions of bodily suffering '' , and became a popular genre at times indistinguishable from fiction . Personal training and play Boys and girls playing ball games ( 2nd century relief from the Louvre ) In the plural , ludi almost always refers to the large - scale spectator games . The singular ludus , `` play , game , sport , training , '' had a wide range of meanings such as `` word play , '' `` theatrical performance , '' `` board game , '' `` primary school , '' and even `` gladiator training school '' ( as in Ludus Magnus , the largest such training camp at Rome ) . Activities for children and young people included hoop rolling and knucklebones ( astragali or `` jacks '' ) . The sarcophagi of children often show them playing games . Girls had dolls , typically 15 -- 16 cm tall with jointed limbs , made of materials such as wood , terracotta , and especially bone and ivory . Ball games include trigon , which required dexterity , and harpastum , a rougher sport . Pets appear often on children 's memorials and in literature , including birds , dogs , cats , goats , sheep , rabbits and geese . So - called `` bikini girls '' mosaic from the Villa del Casale , Roman Sicily , 4th century After adolescence , most physical training for males was of a military nature . The Campus Martius originally was an exercise field where young men developed the skills of horsemanship and warfare . Hunting was also considered an appropriate pastime .",
"49": "According to Plutarch , conservative Romans disapproved of Greek - style athletics that promoted a fine body for its own sake , and condemned Nero 's efforts to encourage gymnastic games in the Greek manner . Some women trained as gymnasts and dancers , and a rare few as female gladiators . The famous `` bikini girls '' mosaic shows young women engaging in apparatus routines that might be compared to rhythmic gymnastics . Women in general were encouraged to maintain their health through activities such as playing ball , swimming , walking , reading aloud ( as a breathing exercise ) , riding in vehicles , and travel . Stone game board from Aphrodisias : boards could also be made of wood , with deluxe versions in costly materials such as ivory ; game pieces or counters were bone , glass , or polished stone , and might be coloured or have markings or images People of all ages played board games pitting two players against each other , including latrunculi ( `` Raiders '' ) , a game of strategy in which opponents coordinated the movements and capture of multiple game pieces , and XII scripta ( `` Twelve Marks '' ) , involving dice and arranging pieces on a grid of letters or words . A game referred to as alea ( dice ) or tabula ( the board ) , to which the emperor Claudius was notoriously addicted , may have been similar to backgammon , using a dice - cup ( pyrgus ) . Playing with dice as a form of gambling was disapproved of , but was a popular pastime during the December festival of the Saturnalia with its carnival , norms - overturned atmosphere . Clothing Main article : Clothing in ancient Rome In a status - conscious society like that of the Romans , clothing and personal adornment gave immediate visual clues about the etiquette of interacting with the wearer . Wearing the correct clothing was supposed to reflect a society in good order . The toga was the distinctive national garment of the Roman male citizen , but it was heavy and impractical , worn mainly for conducting political business and religious rites , and for going to court . The clothing Romans wore ordinarily was dark or colourful , and the most common male attire seen daily throughout the provinces would have been tunics , cloaks , and in some regions trousers .",
"50": "The study of how Romans dressed in daily life is complicated by a lack of direct evidence , since portraiture may show the subject in clothing with symbolic value , and surviving textiles from the period are rare . Women from the wall painting at the Villa of the Mysteries , Pompeii The basic garment for all Romans , regardless of gender or wealth , was the simple sleeved tunic . The length differed by wearer : a man 's reached mid-calf , but a soldier 's was somewhat shorter ; a woman 's fell to her feet , and a child 's to its knees . The tunics of poor people and labouring slaves were made from coarse wool in natural , dull shades , with the length determined by the type of work they did . Finer tunics were made of lightweight wool or linen . A man who belonged to the senatorial or equestrian order wore a tunic with two purple stripes ( clavi ) woven vertically into the fabric : the wider the stripe , the higher the wearer 's status . Other garments could be layered over the tunic . The Imperial toga was a `` vast expanse '' of semi-circular white wool that could not be put on and draped correctly without assistance . In his work on oratory , Quintilian describes in detail how the public speaker ought to orchestrate his gestures in relation to his toga . In art , the toga is shown with the long end dipping between the feet , a deep curved fold in front , and a bulbous flap at the midsection . The drapery became more intricate and structured over time , with the cloth forming a tight roll across the chest in later periods . The toga praetexta , with a purple or purplish - red stripe representing inviolability , was worn by children who had not come of age , curule magistrates , and state priests . Only the emperor could wear an all - purple toga ( toga picta ) . Claudius wearing an early Imperial toga ( see a later , more structured toga above ) , and the pallium as worn by a priest of Serapis , sometimes identified as the emperor Julian In the 2nd century , emperors and men of status are often portrayed wearing the pallium , an originally Greek mantle ( himation ) folded tightly around the body . Women are also portrayed in the pallium .",
"51": "Tertullian considered the pallium an appropriate garment both for Christians , in contrast to the toga , and for educated people , since it was associated with philosophers . By the 4th century , the toga had been more or less replaced by the pallium as a garment that embodied social unity . Roman clothing styles changed over time , though not as rapidly as fashions today . In the Dominate , clothing worn by both soldiers and government bureaucrats became highly decorated , with woven or embroidered stripes ( clavi ) and circular roundels ( orbiculi ) applied to tunics and cloaks . These decorative elements consisted of geometrical patterns , stylized plant motifs , and in more elaborate examples , human or animal figures . The use of silk increased , and courtiers of the later Empire wore elaborate silk robes . The militarization of Roman society , and the waning of cultural life based on urban ideals , affected habits of dress : heavy military - style belts were worn by bureaucrats as well as soldiers , and the toga was abandoned . The arts Main article : Roman art The Wedding of Zephyrus and Chloris ( 54 -- 68 AD , Pompeian Fourth Style ) within painted architectural panels from the Casa del Naviglio People visiting or living in Rome or the cities throughout the Empire would have seen art in a range of styles and media on a daily basis . Public or official art -- including sculpture , monuments such as victory columns or triumphal arches , and the iconography on coins -- is often analysed for its historical significance or as an expression of imperial ideology . At Imperial public baths , a person of humble means could view wall paintings , mosaics , statues , and interior decoration often of high quality . In the private sphere , objects made for religious dedications , funerary commemoration , domestic use , and commerce can show varying degrees of aesthetic quality and artistic skill . A wealthy person might advertise his appreciation of culture through painting , sculpture , and decorative arts at his home -- though some efforts strike modern viewers and some ancient connoisseurs as strenuous rather than tasteful . Greek art had a profound influence on the Roman tradition , and some of the most famous examples of Greek statues are known only from Roman Imperial versions and the occasional description in a Greek or Latin literary source .",
"52": "Despite the high value placed on works of art , even famous artists were of low social status among the Greeks and Romans , who regarded artists , artisans , and craftsmen alike as manual labourers . At the same time , the level of skill required to produce quality work was recognized , and even considered a divine gift . Portraiture Main article : Roman portraiture Two portraits circa 130 AD : the empress Vibia Sabina ( left ) ; and the Antinous Mondragone , one of the abundant likenesses of Hadrian 's famously beautiful male companion Antinous Portraiture , which survives mainly in the medium of sculpture , was the most copious form of imperial art . Portraits during the Augustan period utilize youthful and classical proportions , evolving later into a mixture of realism and idealism . Republican portraits had been characterized by a `` warts and all '' verism , but as early as the 2nd century BC , the Greek convention of heroic nudity was adopted sometimes for portraying conquering generals . Imperial portrait sculptures may model the head as mature , even craggy , atop a nude or seminude body that is smooth and youthful with perfect musculature ; a portrait head might even be added to a body created for another purpose . Clothed in the toga or military regalia , the body communicates rank or sphere of activity , not the characteristics of the individual . Women of the emperor 's family were often depicted dressed as goddesses or divine personifications such as Pax ( `` Peace '' ) . Portraiture in painting is represented primarily by the Fayum mummy portraits , which evoke Egyptian and Roman traditions of commemorating the dead with the realistic painting techniques of the Empire . Marble portrait sculpture would have been painted , and while traces of paint have only rarely survived the centuries , the Fayum portraits indicate why ancient literary sources marvelled at how lifelike artistic representations could be .",
"53": "The bronze Drunken Satyr , excavated at Herculaneum and exhibited in the 18th century , inspired an interest among later sculptors in similar `` carefree '' subjects Sculpture Main article : Roman sculpture Examples of Roman sculpture survive abundantly , though often in damaged or fragmentary condition , including freestanding statues and statuettes in marble , bronze and terracotta , and reliefs from public buildings , temples , and monuments such as the Ara Pacis , Trajan 's Column , and the Arch of Titus . Niches in amphitheatres such as the Colosseum were originally filled with statues , and no formal garden was complete without statuary . Temples housed the cult images of deities , often by famed sculptors . The religiosity of the Romans encouraged the production of decorated altars , small representations of deities for the household shrine or votive offerings , and other pieces for dedicating at temples . Divine and mythological figures were also given secular , humorous , and even obscene depictions . On the Ludovisi sarcophagus , an example of the battle scenes favoured during the Crisis of the Third Century , the `` writhing and highly emotive '' Romans and Goths fill the surface in a packed , anti-classical composition Sarcophagi Main article : Ancient Roman sarcophagi Elaborately carved marble and limestone sarcophagi are characteristic of the 2nd to the 4th centuries with at least 10,000 examples surviving . Although mythological scenes have been most widely studied , sarcophagus relief has been called the `` richest single source of Roman iconography , '' and may also depict the deceased 's occupation or life course , military scenes , and other subject matter . The same workshops produced sarcophagi with Jewish or Christian imagery . The Primavera of Stabiae , perhaps the goddess Flora Painting Much of what is known of Roman painting is based on the interior decoration of private homes , particularly as preserved at Pompeii and Herculaneum by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD . In addition to decorative borders and panels with geometric or vegetative motifs , wall painting depicts scenes from mythology and the theatre , landscapes and gardens , recreation and spectacles , work and everyday life , and frank pornography .",
"54": "Birds , animals , and marine life are often depicted with careful attention to realistic detail . A unique source for Jewish figurative painting under the Empire is the Dura - Europos synagogue , dubbed `` the Pompeii of the Syrian Desert , '' buried and preserved in the mid-3rd century after the city was destroyed by Persians . Mosaic Main article : Roman mosaic The Triumph of Neptune floor mosaic from Africa Proconsularis ( present - day Tunisia ) , celebrating agricultural success with allegories of the Seasons , vegetation , workers and animals viewable from multiple perspectives in the room ( latter 2nd century ) Mosaics are among the most enduring of Roman decorative arts , and are found on the surfaces of floors and other architectural features such as walls , vaulted ceilings , and columns . The most common form is the tessellated mosaic , formed from uniform pieces ( tesserae ) of materials such as stone and glass . Mosaics were usually crafted on site , but sometimes assembled and shipped as ready - made panels . A mosaic workshop was led by the master artist ( pictor ) who worked with two grades of assistants . Figurative mosaics share many themes with painting , and in some cases portray subject matter in almost identical compositions . Although geometric patterns and mythological scenes occur throughout the Empire , regional preferences also find expression . In North Africa , a particularly rich source of mosaics , homeowners often chose scenes of life on their estates , hunting , agriculture , and local wildlife . Plentiful and major examples of Roman mosaics come also from present - day Turkey , Italy , southern France , Spain , and Portugal . More than 300 Antioch mosaics from the 3rd century are known . Opus sectile is a related technique in which flat stone , usually coloured marble , is cut precisely into shapes from which geometric or figurative patterns are formed . This more difficult technique was highly prized , and became especially popular for luxury surfaces in the 4th century , an abundant example of which is the Basilica of Junius Bassus . Decorative arts See also : Ancient Roman pottery and Roman glass Decorative arts for luxury consumers included fine pottery , silver and bronze vessels and implements , and glassware . The manufacture of pottery in a wide range of quality was important to trade and employment , as were the glass and metalworking industries .",
"55": "Imports stimulated new regional centres of production . Southern Gaul became a leading producer of the finer red - gloss pottery ( terra sigillata ) that was a major item of trade in 1st - century Europe . Glassblowing was regarded by the Romans as originating in Syria in the 1st century BC , and by the 3rd century Egypt and the Rhineland had become noted for fine glass . Silver cup , from the Boscoreale treasure ( early 1st century AD ) Figural bronze oil lamps from Nova Zagora in Roman - era Bulgaria ( 1st -- 2nd century ) Finely decorated Gallo - Roman terra sigillata bowl Gold earrings with gemstones , 3rd century Glass cage cup from the Rhineland , latter 4th century Seuso plate ( detail ) Performing arts Main articles : Theatre of ancient Rome and Music of ancient Rome In Roman tradition , borrowed from the Greeks , literary theatre was performed by all - male troupes that used face masks with exaggerated facial expressions that allowed audiences to `` see '' how a character was feeling . Such masks were occasionally also specific to a particular role , and an actor could then play multiple roles merely by switching masks . Female roles were played by men in drag ( travesti ) . Roman literary theatre tradition is particularly well represented in Latin literature by the tragedies of Seneca . The circumstances under which Seneca 's tragedies were performed are however unclear ; scholarly conjectures range from minimally staged readings to full production pageants . More popular than literary theatre was the genre - defying mimus theatre , which featured scripted scenarios with free improvisation , risqué language and jokes , sex scenes , action sequences , and political satire , along with dance numbers , juggling , acrobatics , tightrope walking , striptease , and dancing bears . Unlike literary theatre , mimus was played without masks , and encouraged stylistic realism in acting . Female roles were performed by women , not by men . Mimus was related to the genre called pantomimus , an early form of story ballet that contained no spoken dialogue . Pantomimus combined expressive dancing , instrumental music and a sung libretto , often mythological , that could be either tragic or comic .",
"56": "All - male theatrical troupe preparing for a masked performance , on a mosaic from the House of the Tragic Poet Although sometimes regarded as foreign elements in Roman culture , music and dance had existed in Rome from earliest times . Music was customary at funerals , and the tibia ( Greek aulos ) , a woodwind instrument , was played at sacrifices to ward off ill influences . Song ( carmen ) was an integral part of almost every social occasion . The Secular Ode of Horace , commissioned by Augustus , was performed publicly in 17 BC by a mixed children 's choir . Music was thought to reflect the orderliness of the cosmos , and was associated particularly with mathematics and knowledge . Various woodwinds and `` brass '' instruments were played , as were stringed instruments such as the cithara , and percussion . The cornu , a long tubular metal wind instrument that curved around the musician 's body , was used for military signals and on parade . These instruments are found in parts of the Empire where they did not originate , and indicate that music was among the aspects of Roman culture that spread throughout the provinces . Instruments are widely depicted in Roman art . The hydraulic pipe organ ( hydraulis ) was `` one of the most significant technical and musical achievements of antiquity '' , and accompanied gladiator games and events in the amphitheatre , as well as stage performances . It was among the instruments that the emperor Nero played . Although certain forms of dance were disapproved of at times as non-Roman or unmanly , dancing was embedded in religious rituals of archaic Rome , such as those of the dancing armed Salian priests and of the Arval Brothers , priesthoods which underwent a revival during the Principate . Ecstatic dancing was a feature of the international mystery religions , particularly the cult of Cybele as practised by her eunuch priests the Galli and of Isis . In the secular realm , dancing girls from Syria and Cadiz were extremely popular . Like gladiators , entertainers were infames in the eyes of the law , little better than slaves even if they were technically free . `` Stars '' , however , could enjoy considerable wealth and celebrity , and mingled socially and often sexually with the upper classes , including emperors .",
"57": "Performers supported each other by forming guilds , and several memorials for members of the theatre community survive . Theatre and dance were often condemned by Christian polemicists in the later Empire , and Christians who integrated dance traditions and music into their worship practices were regarded by the Church Fathers as shockingly `` pagan . '' St. Augustine is supposed to have said that bringing clowns , actors , and dancers into a house was like inviting in a gang of unclean spirits . Literacy , books , and education This article is incomplete . This is because the use of papyrus or parchment scrolls , which were very common before the invention of the codex , is missing . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( April 2017 ) Main article : Education in ancient Rome Pride in literacy was displayed in portraiture through emblems of reading and writing , as in this example of a couple from Pompeii ( Portrait of Paquius Proculo ) Estimates of the average literacy rate in the Empire range from 5 to 30 % or higher , depending in part on the definition of `` literacy '' . The Roman obsession with documents and public inscriptions indicates the high value placed on the written word . The Imperial bureaucracy was so dependent on writing that the Babylonian Talmud declared `` if all seas were ink , all reeds were pen , all skies parchment , and all men scribes , they would be unable to set down the full scope of the Roman government 's concerns . '' Laws and edicts were posted in writing as well as read out . Illiterate Roman subjects would have someone such as a government scribe ( scriba ) read or write their official documents for them . Public art and religious ceremonies were ways to communicate imperial ideology regardless of ability to read . Although the Romans were not a `` People of the Book '' , they had an extensive priestly archive , and inscriptions appear throughout the Empire in connection with statues and small votives dedicated by ordinary people to divinities , as well as on binding tablets and other `` magic spells '' , with hundreds of examples collected in the Greek Magical Papyri . The military produced a vast amount of written reports and service records , and literacy in the army was `` strikingly high '' .",
"58": "Urban graffiti , which include literary quotations , and low - quality inscriptions with misspellings and solecisms indicate casual literacy among non-elites . In addition , numeracy was necessary for any form of commerce . Slaves were numerate and literate in significant numbers , and some were highly educated . Books were expensive , since each copy had to be written out individually on a roll of papyrus ( volumen ) by scribes who had apprenticed to the trade . The codex -- a book with pages bound to a spine -- was still a novelty in the time of the poet Martial ( 1st century AD ) , but by the end of the 3rd century was replacing the volumen and was the regular form for books with Christian content . Commercial production of books had been established by the late Republic , and by the 1st century AD certain neighbourhoods of Rome were known for their bookshops ( tabernae librariae ) , which were found also in Western provincial cities such as Lugdunum ( present - day Lyon , France ) . The quality of editing varied wildly , and some ancient authors complain about error - ridden copies , as well as plagiarism or forgery , since there was no copyright law . A skilled slave copyist ( servus litteratus ) could be valued as highly as 100,000 sesterces . Reconstruction of a writing tablet : the stylus was used to inscribe letters into the wax surface for drafts , casual letterwriting , and schoolwork , while texts meant to be permanent were copied onto papyrus Collectors amassed personal libraries , such as that of the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum , and a fine library was part of the cultivated leisure ( otium ) associated with the villa lifestyle . Significant collections might attract `` in - house '' scholars ; Lucian mocked mercenary Greek intellectuals who attached themselves to philistine Roman patrons . An individual benefactor might endow a community with a library : Pliny the Younger gave the city of Comum a library valued at 1 million sesterces , along with another 100,000 to maintain it . Imperial libraries housed in state buildings were open to users as a privilege on a limited basis , and represented a literary canon from which disreputable writers could be excluded .",
"59": "Books considered subversive might be publicly burned , and Domitian crucified copyists for reproducing works deemed treasonous . Literary texts were often shared aloud at meals or with reading groups . Scholars such as Pliny the Elder engaged in `` multitasking '' by having works read aloud to them while they dined , bathed or travelled , times during which they might also dictate drafts or notes to their secretaries . The multivolume Attic Nights of Aulus Gellius is an extended exploration of how Romans constructed their literary culture . The reading public expanded from the 1st through the 3rd century , and while those who read for pleasure remained a minority , they were no longer confined to a sophisticated ruling elite , reflecting the social fluidity of the Empire as a whole and giving rise to `` consumer literature '' meant for entertainment . Illustrated books , including erotica , were popular , but are poorly represented by extant fragments . Primary education A teacher with two students , as a third arrives with his loculus , a writing case that would contain pens , ink pot , and a sponge to correct errors Traditional Roman education was moral and practical . Stories about great men and women , or cautionary tales about individual failures , were meant to instil Roman values ( mores maiorum ) . Parents and family members were expected to act as role models , and parents who worked for a living passed their skills on to their children , who might also enter apprenticeships for more advanced training in crafts or trades . Formal education was available only to children from families who could pay for it , and the lack of state intervention in access to education contributed to the low rate of literacy . Young children were attended by a pedagogus , or less frequently a female pedagoga , usually a Greek slave or former slave . The pedagogue kept the child safe , taught self - discipline and public behaviour , attended class and helped with tutoring . The emperor Julian recalled his pedagogue Mardonius , a eunuch slave who reared him from the age of 7 to 15 , with affection and gratitude . Usually , however , pedagogues received little respect . Primary education in reading , writing , and arithmetic might take place at home for privileged children whose parents hired or bought a teacher .",
"60": "Others attended a school that was `` public , '' though not state - supported , organized by an individual schoolmaster ( ludimagister ) who accepted fees from multiple parents . Vernae ( homeborn slave children ) might share in home - or public - schooling . Schools became more numerous during the Empire , and increased the opportunities for children to acquire an education . School could be held regularly in a rented space , or in any available public niche , even outdoors . Boys and girls received primary education generally from ages 7 to 12 , but classes were not segregated by grade or age . For the socially ambitious , bilingual education in Greek as well as Latin was a must . Quintilian provides the most extensive theory of primary education in Latin literature . According to Quintilian , each child has in - born ingenium , a talent for learning or linguistic intelligence that is ready to be cultivated and sharpened , as evidenced by the young child 's ability to memorize and imitate . The child incapable of learning was rare . To Quintilian , ingenium represented a potential best realized in the social setting of school , and he argued against homeschooling . He also recognized the importance of play in child development , and disapproved of corporal punishment because it discouraged love of learning -- in contrast to the practice in most Roman primary schools of routinely striking children with a cane ( ferula ) or birch rod for being slow or disruptive . Secondary education Mosaic from Pompeii depicting the Academy of Plato At the age of 14 , upperclass males made their rite of passage into adulthood , and began to learn leadership roles in political , religious , and military life through mentoring from a senior member of their family or a family friend . Higher education was provided by grammatici or rhetores . The grammaticus or `` grammarian '' taught mainly Greek and Latin literature , with history , geography , philosophy or mathematics treated as explications of the text . With the rise of Augustus , contemporary Latin authors such as Vergil and Livy also became part of the curriculum . The rhetor was a teacher of oratory or public speaking . The art of speaking ( ars dicendi ) was highly prized as a marker of social and intellectual superiority , and eloquentia ( `` speaking ability , eloquence '' ) was considered the `` glue '' of a civilized society .",
"61": "Rhetoric was not so much a body of knowledge ( though it required a command of references to the literary canon ) as it was a mode of expression and decorum that distinguished those who held social power . The ancient model of rhetorical training -- `` restraint , coolness under pressure , modesty , and good humour '' -- endured into the 18th century as a Western educational ideal . In Latin , illiteratus ( Greek agrammatos ) could mean both `` unable to read and write '' and `` lacking in cultural awareness or sophistication . '' Higher education promoted career advancement , particularly for an equestrian in Imperial service : `` eloquence and learning were considered marks of a well - bred man and worthy of reward '' . The poet Horace , for instance , was given a top - notch education by his father , a prosperous former slave . Urban elites throughout the Empire shared a literary culture embued with Greek educational ideals ( paideia ) . Hellenistic cities sponsored schools of higher learning as an expression of cultural achievement . Young men from Rome who wished to pursue the highest levels of education often went abroad to study rhetoric and philosophy , mostly to one of several Greek schools in Athens . The curriculum in the East was more likely to include music and physical training along with literacy and numeracy . On the Hellenistic model , Vespasian endowed chairs of grammar , Latin and Greek rhetoric , and philosophy at Rome , and gave teachers special exemptions from taxes and legal penalties , though primary schoolmasters did not receive these benefits . Quintilian held the first chair of grammar . In the eastern empire , Berytus ( present - day Beirut ) was unusual in offering a Latin education , and became famous for its school of Roman law . The cultural movement known as the Second Sophistic ( 1st -- 3rd century AD ) promoted the assimilation of Greek and Roman social , educational , and aesthetic values , and the Greek proclivities for which Nero had been criticized were regarded from the time of Hadrian onward as integral to Imperial culture . Educated women Portrait of a literary woman from Pompeii ( ca . 50 AD ) Literate women ranged from cultured aristocrats to girls trained to be calligraphers and scribes .",
"62": "The `` girlfriends '' addressed in Augustan love poetry , although fictional , represent an ideal that a desirable woman should be educated , well - versed in the arts , and independent to a frustrating degree . Education seems to have been standard for daughters of the senatorial and equestrian orders during the Empire . A highly educated wife was an asset for the socially ambitious household , but one that Martial regards as an unnecessary luxury . The woman who achieved the greatest prominence in the ancient world for her learning was Hypatia of Alexandria , who educated young men in mathematics , philosophy , and astronomy , and advised the Roman prefect of Egypt on politics . Her influence put her into conflict with the bishop of Alexandria , Cyril , who may have been implicated in her violent death in 415 at the hands of a Christian mob . Decline of literacy Literacy began to decline , perhaps dramatically , during the socio - political Crisis of the Third Century . Although the Church Fathers were well - educated , they regarded Classical literature as dangerous , if valuable , and reconstrued it through moralizing and allegorical readings . Julian , the only emperor after the conversion of Constantine to reject Christianity , banned Christians from teaching the Classical curriculum , on the grounds that they might corrupt the minds of youth . While the book roll had emphasized the continuity of the text , the codex format encouraged a `` piecemeal '' approach to reading by means of citation , fragmented interpretation , and the extraction of maxims . In the 5th and 6th centuries , reading became rarer even for those within the Church hierarchy . Literature Main article : Latin literature See also : Roman historiography , Church Fathers , and Latin poetry Statue in Constanța , Romania ( the ancient colony Tomis ) , commemorating Ovid 's exile In the traditional literary canon , literature under Augustus , along with that of the late Republic , has been viewed as the `` Golden Age '' of Latin literature , embodying the classical ideals of `` unity of the whole , the proportion of the parts , and the careful articulation of an apparently seamless composition . '' The three most influential Classical Latin poets -- Vergil , Horace , and Ovid -- belong to this period . Vergil wrote the Aeneid , creating a national epic for Rome in the manner of the Homeric epics of Greece .",
"63": "Horace perfected the use of Greek lyric metres in Latin verse . Ovid 's erotic poetry was enormously popular , but ran afoul of the Augustan moral programme ; it was one of the ostensible causes for which the emperor exiled him to Tomis ( present - day Constanța , Romania ) , where he remained to the end of his life . Ovid 's Metamorphoses was a continuous poem of fifteen books weaving together Greco - Roman mythology from the creation of the universe to the deification of Julius Caesar . Ovid 's versions of Greek myths became one of the primary sources of later classical mythology , and his work was so influential in the Middle Ages that the 12th and 13th centuries have been called the `` Age of Ovid . '' The principal Latin prose author of the Augustan age is the historian Livy , whose account of Rome 's founding and early history became the most familiar version in modern - era literature . Vitruvius 's book De Architectura , the only complete work on architecture to survive from antiquity , also belongs to this period . Latin writers were immersed in the Greek literary tradition , and adapted its forms and much of its content , but Romans regarded satire as a genre in which they surpassed the Greeks . Horace wrote verse satires before fashioning himself as an Augustan court poet , and the early Principate also produced the satirists Persius and Juvenal . The poetry of Juvenal offers a lively curmudgeon 's perspective on urban society . The period from the mid-1st century through the mid-2nd century has conventionally been called the `` Silver Age '' of Latin literature . Under Nero , disillusioned writers reacted to Augustanism . The three leading writers -- Seneca the philosopher , dramatist , and tutor of Nero ; Lucan , his nephew , who turned Caesar 's civil war into an epic poem ; and the novelist Petronius ( Satyricon ) -- all committed suicide after incurring the emperor 's displeasure . Seneca and Lucan were from Hispania , as was the later epigrammatist and keen social observer Martial , who expressed his pride in his Celtiberian heritage . Martial and the epic poet Statius , whose poetry collection Silvae had a far - reaching influence on Renaissance literature , wrote during the reign of Domitian .",
"64": "The so - called `` Silver Age '' produced several distinguished writers , including the encyclopedist Pliny the Elder ; his nephew , known as Pliny the Younger ; and the historian Tacitus . The Natural History of the elder Pliny , who died during disaster relief efforts in the wake of the eruption of Vesuvius , is a vast collection on flora and fauna , gems and minerals , climate , medicine , freaks of nature , works of art , and antiquarian lore . Tacitus 's reputation as a literary artist matches or exceeds his value as a historian ; his stylistic experimentation produced `` one of the most powerful of Latin prose styles . '' The Twelve Caesars by his contemporary Suetonius is one of the primary sources for imperial biography . Among Imperial historians who wrote in Greek are Dionysius of Halicarnassus , the Jewish historian Josephus , and the senator Cassius Dio . Other major Greek authors of the Empire include the biographer and antiquarian Plutarch , the geographer Strabo , and the rhetorician and satirist Lucian . Popular Greek romance novels were part of the development of long - form fiction works , represented in Latin by the Satyricon of Petronius and The Golden Ass of Apuleius . From the 2nd to the 4th centuries , the Christian authors who would become the Latin Church Fathers were in active dialogue with the Classical tradition , within which they had been educated . Tertullian , a convert to Christianity from Roman Africa , was the contemporary of Apuleius and one of the earliest prose authors to establish a distinctly Christian voice . After the conversion of Constantine , Latin literature is dominated by the Christian perspective . When the orator Symmachus argued for the preservation of Rome 's religious traditions , he was effectively opposed by Ambrose , the bishop of Milan and future saint -- a debate preserved by their missives . Brescia Casket , an ivory box with Biblical imagery ( late 4th century ) In the late 4th century , Jerome produced the Latin translation of the Bible that became authoritative as the Vulgate . Augustine , another of the Church Fathers from the province of Africa , has been called `` one of the most influential writers of western culture '' , and his Confessions is sometimes considered the first autobiography of Western literature .",
"65": "In The City of God against the Pagans , Augustine builds a vision of an eternal , spiritual Rome , a new imperium sine fine that will outlast the collapsing Empire . In contrast to the unity of Classical Latin , the literary aesthetic of late antiquity has a tessellated quality that has been compared to the mosaics characteristic of the period . A continuing interest in the religious traditions of Rome prior to Christian dominion is found into the 5th century , with the Saturnalia of Macrobius and The Marriage of Philology and Mercury of Martianus Capella . Prominent Latin poets of late antiquity include Ausonius , Prudentius , Claudian , and Sidonius . Ausonius ( d . ca . 394 ) , the Bordelaise tutor of the emperor Gratian , was at least nominally a Christian , though throughout his occasionally obscene mixed - genre poems , he retains a literary interest in the Greco - Roman gods and even druidism . The imperial panegyrist Claudian ( d . 404 ) was a vir illustris who appears never to have converted . Prudentius ( d . ca . 413 ) , born in Hispania Tarraconensis and a fervent Christian , was thoroughly versed in the poets of the Classical tradition , and transforms their vision of poetry as a monument of immortality into an expression of the poet 's quest for eternal life culminating in Christian salvation . Sidonius ( d . 486 ) , a native of Lugdunum , was a Roman senator and bishop of Clermont who cultivated a traditional villa lifestyle as he watched the Western empire succumb to barbarian incursions . His poetry and collected letters offer a unique view of life in late Roman Gaul from the perspective of a man who `` survived the end of his world '' . Religion A Roman priest , his head ritually covered with a fold of his toga , extends a patera in a gesture of libation ( 2nd -- 3rd century ) Main articles : Religion in ancient Rome and Imperial cult ( ancient Rome ) See also : History of the Jews in the Roman Empire , Early Christianity , and Religious persecution in the Roman Empire The Roman siege and destruction of Jerusalem , from a Western religious manuscript , c.",
"66": "1504 Religion in the Roman Empire encompassed the practices and beliefs the Romans regarded as their own , as well as the many cults imported to Rome or practised by peoples throughout the provinces . The Romans thought of themselves as highly religious , and attributed their success as a world power to their collective piety ( pietas ) in maintaining good relations with the gods ( pax deorum ) . The archaic religion believed to have been handed down from the earliest kings of Rome was the foundation of the mos maiorum , `` the way of the ancestors '' or `` tradition '' , viewed as central to Roman identity . There was no principle analogous to `` separation of church and state '' . The priesthoods of the state religion were filled from the same social pool of men who held public office , and in the Imperial era , the Pontifex Maximus was the emperor . Roman religion was practical and contractual , based on the principle of do ut des , `` I give that you might give . '' Religion depended on knowledge and the correct practice of prayer , ritual , and sacrifice , not on faith or dogma , although Latin literature preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine and its relation to human affairs . For ordinary Romans , religion was a part of daily life . Each home had a household shrine at which prayers and libations to the family 's domestic deities were offered . Neighbourhood shrines and sacred places such as springs and groves dotted the city . Apuleius ( 2nd century ) described the everyday quality of religion in observing how people who passed a cult place might make a vow or a fruit offering , or merely sit for a while . The Roman calendar was structured around religious observances . In the Imperial era , as many as 135 days of the year were devoted to religious festivals and games ( ludi ) . Women , slaves , and children all participated in a range of religious activities . In the wake of the Republic 's collapse , state religion had adapted to support the new regime of the emperors . As the first Roman emperor , Augustus justified the novelty of one - man rule with a vast programme of religious revivalism and reform . Public vows formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at the wellbeing of the emperor .",
"67": "So - called `` emperor worship '' expanded on a grand scale the traditional Roman veneration of the ancestral dead and of the Genius , the divine tutelary of every individual . Upon death , an emperor could be made a state divinity ( divus ) by vote of the Senate . Imperial cult , influenced by Hellenistic ruler cult , became one of the major ways Rome advertised its presence in the provinces and cultivated shared cultural identity and loyalty throughout the Empire . Cultural precedent in the Eastern provinces facilitated a rapid dissemination of Imperial cult , extending as far as the Augustan military settlement at Najran , in present - day Saudi Arabia . Rejection of the state religion became tantamount to treason against the emperor . This was the context for Rome 's conflict with Christianity , which Romans variously regarded as a form of atheism and novel superstitio . Statuettes representing Roman and Gallic deities , for personal devotion at private shrines The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honoured , a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists . As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the Mediterranean world , their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them . One way that Rome promoted stability among diverse peoples was by supporting their religious heritage , building temples to local deities that framed their theology within the hierarchy of Roman religion . Inscriptions throughout the Empire record the side - by - side worship of local and Roman deities , including dedications made by Romans to local gods . By the height of the Empire , numerous cults of pseudo-foreign gods ( Roman reinventions of foreign gods ) were cultivated at Rome and in the provinces , among them cults of Cybele , Isis , Epona , and of solar gods such as Mithras and Sol Invictus , found as far north as Roman Britain . Because Romans had never been obligated to cultivate one god or one cult only , religious tolerance was not an issue in the sense that it is for competing monotheistic systems . Mystery religions , which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife , were a matter of personal choice for an individual , practised in addition to carrying on one 's family rites and participating in public religion .",
"68": "The mysteries , however , involved exclusive oaths and secrecy , conditions that conservative Romans viewed with suspicion as characteristic of `` magic '' , conspiracy ( coniuratio ) , and subversive activity . Sporadic and sometimes brutal attempts were made to suppress religionists who seemed to threaten traditional morality and unity . In Gaul , the power of the druids was checked , first by forbidding Roman citizens to belong to the order , and then by banning druidism altogether . At the same time , however , Celtic traditions were reinterpreted ( interpretatio romana ) within the context of Imperial theology , and a new Gallo - Roman religion coalesced , with its capital at the Sanctuary of the Three Gauls in Lugdunum ( present - day Lyon , France ) . The sanctuary established precedent for Western cult as a form of Roman - provincial identity . This funerary stele from the 3rd century is among the earliest Christian inscriptions , written in both Greek and Latin : the abbreviation D.M. at the top refers to the Di Manes , the traditional Roman spirits of the dead , but accompanies Christian fish symbolism . Relief from the Arch of Titus in Rome depicting a menorah and other spoils from the Temple of Jerusalem carried in Roman triumph . The monotheistic rigour of Judaism posed difficulties for Roman policy that led at times to compromise and the granting of special exemptions . Tertullian noted that the Jewish religion , unlike that of the Christians , was considered a religio licita , `` legitimate religion . '' Wars between the Romans and the Jews occurred when conflict , political as well as religious , became intractable . When Caligula wanted to place a golden statue of his deified self in the Temple in Jerusalem , the potential sacrilege and likely war were prevented only by his timely death . The Siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD led to the sacking of the temple and the dispersal of Jewish political power ( see Jewish diaspora ) . Christianity emerged in Roman Judea as a Jewish religious sect in the 1st century AD . The religion gradually spread out of Jerusalem , initially establishing major bases in first Antioch , then Alexandria , and over time throughout the Empire as well as beyond . Imperially authorized persecutions were limited and sporadic , with martyrdoms occurring most often under the authority of local officials .",
"69": "The first persecution by an emperor occurred under Nero , and was confined to the city of Rome . Tacitus reports that after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64 , some among the population held Nero responsible and that the emperor attempted to deflect blame onto the Christians . After Nero , a major persecution occurred under the emperor Domitian and a persecution in 177 took place at Lugdunum , the Gallo - Roman religious capital . A surviving letter from Pliny the Younger , governor of Bythinia , to the emperor Trajan describes his persecution and executions of Christians . The Decian persecution of 246 -- 251 was a serious threat to the Church , but ultimately strengthened Christian defiance . Diocletian undertook what was to be the most severe persecution of Christians , lasting from 303 to 311 . In the early 4th century , Constantine I became the first emperor to convert to Christianity . During the rest of the fourth century Christianity became the dominant religion of the Empire . The emperor Julian made a short - lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism , but in 380 ( Edict of Thessalonica ) , under Theodosius I Christianity became the official state church of the Roman Empire , to the exclusion of all others . From the 2nd century onward , the Church Fathers had begun to condemn the diverse religions practised throughout the Empire collectively as `` pagan . '' Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus ( d . 402 ) were rejected , and Christian monotheism became a feature of Imperial domination . Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution , but Rome 's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms , and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions . Political legacy Main article : Legacy of the Roman Empire Several states claimed to be the Roman Empire 's successors after the fall of the Western Roman Empire . The Holy Roman Empire , an attempt to resurrect the Empire in the West , was established in 800 when Pope Leo III crowned Frankish King Charlemagne as Roman Emperor on Christmas Day , though the empire and the imperial office did not become formalized for some decades .",
"70": "After the fall of Constantinople , the Russian Tsardom , as inheritor of the Byzantine Empire 's Orthodox Christian tradition , counted itself the Third Rome ( Constantinople having been the second ) . These concepts are known as Translatio imperii . When the Ottomans , who based their state on the Byzantine model , took Constantinople in 1453 , Mehmed II established his capital there and claimed to sit on the throne of the Roman Empire . He even went so far as to launch an invasion of Italy with the purpose of re-uniting the Empire and invited European artists to his capital , including Gentile Bellini . In the medieval West , `` Roman '' came to mean the church and the Pope of Rome . The Greek form Romaioi remained attached to the Greek - speaking Christian population of the Eastern Roman Empire , and is still used by Greeks in addition to their common appellation . The Roman Empire 's territorial legacy of controlling the Italian peninsula would influence Italian nationalism and the unification of Italy ( Risorgimento ) in 1861 . The Virginia State Capitol ( left ) , built in the late 1700s , was modelled after the Maison Carrée , a Gallo - Roman temple built around 16 BC under Augustus In the United States , the founders were educated in the classical tradition , and used classical models for landmarks and buildings in Washington , D.C. , to avoid the feudal and religious connotations of European architecture such as castles and cathedrals . In forming their theory of the mixed constitution , the founders looked to Athenian democracy and Roman republicanism for models , but regarded the Roman emperor as a figure of tyranny . They nonetheless adopted Roman Imperial forms such as the dome , as represented by the US Capitol and numerous state capitol buildings , to express classical ideals through architecture . Thomas Jefferson saw the Empire as a negative political lesson , but was a chief proponent of its architectural models . Jefferson 's design for the Virginia State Capitol , for instance , is modelled directly from the Maison Carrée , a Gallo - Roman temple built under Augustus . The renovations of the National Mall at the beginning of the 20th century have been viewed as expressing a more overt imperialist kinship with Rome .",
"71": "See also Ancient Rome portal Classical Civilisation portal Mediterranean portal Ancient Near East portal Daqin ( `` Great Qin '' ) , the ancient Chinese name for the Roman Empire ; see also Sino - Roman relations Fall of the Western Roman Empire Imperial Italy Italian Empire Notes Jump up ^ Other ways of referring to the `` Roman Empire '' among the Romans and Greeks themselves included Res publica Romana or Imperium Romanorum ( also in Greek : Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων -- Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn -- ( `` Dominion ( Literally ' kingdom ' but also interpreted as ' empire ' ) of the Romans '' ) ) and Romania . Res publica means Roman `` commonwealth '' and can refer to both the Republican and the Imperial eras . Imperium Romanum ( or Romanorum ) refers to the territorial extent of Roman authority . Populus Romanus ( `` the Roman people '' ) was / is often used to indicate the Roman state in matters involving other nations . The term Romania , initially a colloquial term for the empire 's territory as well as a collective name for its inhabitants , appears in Greek and Latin sources from the 4th century onward and was eventually carried over to the Eastern Roman Empire ( see R.L. Wolff , `` Romania : The Latin Empire of Constantinople '' in Speculum 23 ( 1948 ) , pp. 1 -- 34 and especially pp. 2 -- 3 ) . Jump up ^ Between 1204 and 1261 there was an interregnum when the Empire was divided into the Empire of Nicaea , the Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus , which were all contenders for rule of the Empire . The Empire of Nicaea is considered the legitimate continuation of the Roman Empire because it managed to re-take Constantinople . Jump up ^ The final emperor to rule over all of the Roman Empire 's territories before its conversion to a diarchy . Jump up ^ Officially the final emperor of the Western empire . Jump up ^ Last emperor of the Eastern ( Byzantine ) empire . Jump up ^ Abbreviated `` HS '' .",
"72": "Prices and values are usually expressed in sesterces ; see # Currency and banking for currency denominations by period . Jump up ^ An average of figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau 's Historical Estimates of World Population Jump up ^ Translated as `` power without end '' in Southern Jump up ^ Prudentius ( 348 -- 413 ) in particular Christianizes the theme in his poetry , as noted by Marc Mastrangelo , The Roman Self in Late Antiquity : Prudentius and the Poetics of the Soul ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2008 ) , pp. 73 , 203 . St. Augustine , however , distinguished between the secular and eternal `` Rome '' in The City of God . See also J. Rufus Fears , `` The Cult of Jupiter and Roman Imperial Ideology , '' Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 17.1 ( 1981 ) , p. 136 , on how Classical Roman ideology influenced Christian Imperial doctrine ; Bang , Peter Fibiger ( 2011 ) `` The King of Kings : Universal Hegemony , Imperial Power , and a New Comparative History of Rome , '' in The Roman Empire in Context : Historical and Comparative Perspectives . John Wiley & Sons ; and the Greek concept of globalism ( oikouménē ) . Jump up ^ The civis ( `` citizen '' ) stands in explicit contrast to a peregrina , a foreign or non-Roman woman : A.N. Sherwin - White ( 1979 ) Roman Citizenship . Oxford University Press . pp. 211 and 268 ; Frier , pp. 31 -- 32 , 457 . In the form of legal marriage called conubium , the father 's legal status determined the child 's , but conubium required that both spouses be free citizens . A soldier , for instance , was banned from marrying while in service , but if he formed a long - term union with a local woman while stationed in the provinces , he could marry her legally after he was discharged , and any children they had would be considered the offspring of citizens -- in effect granting the woman retroactive citizenship . The ban was in place from the time of Augustus until it was rescinded by Septimius Severus in 197 AD .",
"73": "See Sara Elise Phang , The Marriage of Roman Soldiers ( 13 B.C. -- A.D. 235 ) : Law and Family in the Imperial Army ( Brill , 2001 ) , p. 2 , and Pat Southern , The Roman Army : A Social and Institutional History ( Oxford University Press , 2006 ) , p. 144 . Jump up ^ That is , a double standard was in place : a married woman could have sex only with her husband , but a married man did not commit adultery if he had sex with a prostitute , slave , or person of marginalized status . See McGinn , Thomas A.J. ( 1991 ) . `` Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery '' . Transactions of the American Philological Association ( 1974 -- ) . 121 : 335 -- 375 ( 342 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 284457 . JSTOR 284457 . ; Martha C. Nussbaum ( 2002 ) `` The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus , Platonist , Stoic , and Roman , '' in The Sleep of Reason : Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome . University of Chicago Press . p. 305 , noting that custom `` allowed much latitude for personal negotiation and gradual social change '' ; Elaine Fantham , `` Stuprum : Public Attitudes and Penalties for Sexual Offences in Republican Rome , '' in Roman Readings : Roman Response to Greek Literature from Plautus to Statius and Quintilian ( Walter de Gruyter , 2011 ) , p. 124 , citing Papinian , De adulteriis I and Modestinus , Liber Regularum I. Eva Cantarella , Bisexuality in the Ancient World ( Yale University Press , 1992 , 2002 , originally published 1988 in Italian ) , p. 104 ; Edwards , pp. 34 -- 35 .",
"74": "Jump up ^ The relation of the equestrian order to the `` public horse '' and Roman cavalry parades and demonstrations ( such as the Lusus Troiae ) is complex , but those who participated in the latter seem , for instance , to have been the equites who were accorded the high - status ( and quite limited ) seating at the theatre by the Lex Roscia theatralis . Senators could not possess the `` public horse . '' See Wiseman , pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Ancient Gades , in Roman Spain , and Patavium , in the Celtic north of Italy , were atypically wealthy cities , and having 500 equestrians in one city was unusual . Strabo 3.169 , 5.213 Jump up ^ Vout , p. 212 . The college of centonarii is an elusive topic in scholarship , since they are also widely attested as urban firefighters ; see Jinyu Liu ( 2009 ) Collegia Centonariorum : The Guilds of Textile Dealers in the Roman West . Brill . Liu sees them as `` primarily tradesmen and / or manufacturers engaged in the production and distribution of low - or medium - quality woolen textiles and clothing , including felt and its products . '' Jump up ^ Julius Caesar first applied the Latin word oppidum to this type of settlement , and even called Avaricum ( Bourges , France ) , a center of the Bituriges , an urbs , `` city . '' Archaeology indicates that oppida were centers of religion , trade ( including import / export ) , and industrial production , walled for the purposes of defense , but they may not have been inhabited by concentrated populations year - round : see Harding , D.W. ( 2007 ) The Archaeology of Celtic Art . Routledge . pp. 211 -- 212 . ISBN 113426464X ; Collis , John ( 2000 ) `` ' Celtic ' Oppida , '' in A Comparative Study of Thirty City - state Cultures . Danske Videnskabernes Selskab . pp. 229 -- 238 ; Celtic Chiefdom , Celtic State : The Evolution of Complex Social Systems . Cambridge University Press , 1995 , 1999 , p. 61 .",
"75": "Jump up ^ Such as the Consualia and the October Horse sacrifice : Humphrey , pp. 544 , 558 ; Auguste Bouché - Leclercq , Manuel des Institutions Romaines ( Hachette , 1886 ) , p. 549 ; `` Purificazione , '' in Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum ( LIMC , 2004 ) , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Scholars are divided in their relative emphasis on the athletic and dance elements of these exercises : Lee , H. ( 1984 ) . `` Athletics and the Bikini Girls from Piazza Armerina '' . Stadion. 10 : 45 -- 75 . sees them as gymnasts , while M. Torelli , `` Piazza Armerina : Note di iconologia '' , in La Villa romana del Casale di Piazza Armerina , edited by G. Rizza ( Catania , 1988 ) , p. 152 , thinks they are dancers at the games . Jump up ^ By Michael Rostovtzeff , as noted by Robin M. Jensen ( 1999 ) `` The Dura - Europos Synagogue , Early - Christian Art and Religious Life in Dura Europos , '' in Jews , Christians and Polytheists in the Ancient Synagogue : Cultural Interaction during the Greco - Roman Period . Routledge . p. 154 . Jump up ^ Political slogans and obscenities are widely preserved as graffiti in Pompeii : Antonio Varone , Erotica Pompeiana : Love Inscriptions on the Walls of Pompeii ( `` L'Erma '' di Bretschneider , 2002 ) . Soldiers sometimes inscribed sling bullets with aggressive messages : Phang , `` Military Documents , Languages , and Literacy , '' p. 300 . Jump up ^ Bloomer , W. Martin ( 2011 ) The School of Rome : Latin Studies and the Origins of Liberal Education ( University of California Press , 2011 ) , pp. 93 -- 99 ; Morgan , Literate Education in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds , p. 250 . Quintilian uses the metaphor acuere ingenium , `` to sharpen talent , '' as well as agricultural metaphors .",
"76": "Jump up ^ For an overview of the representation of Roman religion in early Christian authors , see R.P.C. Hanson , `` The Christian Attitue to Pagan Religions up to the Time of Constantine the Great , '' and Carlos A. Contreras , `` Christian Views of Paganism , '' in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 23.1 ( 1980 ) 871 -- 1022 . Jump up ^ `` This mentality , '' notes John T. Koch , `` lay at the core of the genius of cultural assimilation which made the Roman Empire possible '' ; entry on `` Interpretatio romana , '' in Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia ( ABC - Clio , 2006 ) , p. 974 . References Citations Jump up ^ Bennett , Julian ( 1997 ) . Trajan : Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16524 - 2 ... Fig. 1 . Regions east of the Euphrates river were held only in the years 116 -- 117 . ^ Jump up to : Taagepera , Rein ( 1979 ) . `` Size and Duration of Empires : Growth - Decline Curves , 600 B.C. to 600 A.D '' . Social Science History . Duke University Press . 3 ( 3 / 4 ) : 125 . doi : 10.2307 / 1170959 . JSTOR 1170959 . Jump up ^ Durand , John D. ( 1977 ) . `` Historical Estimates of World Population : An Evaluation '' . Population and Development Review . 3 ( 3 ) : 253 . doi : 10.2307 / 1971891 . JSTOR 1971891 . ^ Jump up to : Turchin , Peter ; Adams , Jonathan M. ; Hall , Thomas D ( 2006 ) . `` East - West Orientation of Historical Empires '' ( PDF ) . Journal of world - systems research . 12 ( 2 ) : 222 . ISSN 1076 - 156X . Retrieved 6 February 2016 .",
"77": "Jump up ^ Morris , Ian ( October 2010 ) Social Development . Stanford University Jump up ^ Morris , Ian ( 2010 ) Why the West Rules -- For Now , New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 29002 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kremer , M. ( 1993 ) . `` Population Growth and Technological Change : One Million B.C. To 1990 '' ( PDF ) . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 108 ( 3 ) : 681 -- 716 . doi : 10.2307 / 2118405 . JSTOR 2118405 . Jump up ^ Stillman , Norman A. ( 1979 ) The Jews of Arab Lands . Jewish Publication Society . p. 22 . ISBN 0827611552 Jump up ^ Breasted , J.H. Ancient Times a History of the Early World . Рипол Классик . p. 675 . ISBN 117400312X Jump up ^ Kelly , pp. 4ff . ^ Jump up to : Nicolet , pp. 1 , 15 Jump up ^ Brennan , T. Corey ( 2000 ) The Praetorship in the Roman Republic . Oxford University Press . p. 605 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 39 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Hekster , Olivier and Kaizer , Ted ( 2011 ) . Preface to Frontiers in the Roman World . Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire ( Durhan , 16 -- 19 April 2009 ) . Brill . p. viii . Jump up ^ Lintott , Andrew ( 1999 ) The Constitution of the Roman Republic . Oxford University Press . p. 114 Jump up ^ Eder , W. ( 1993 ) `` The Augustan Principate as Binding Link , '' in Between Republic and Empire . University of California Press . p. 98 . ISBN 0520084470 .",
"78": "Jump up ^ Richardson , John ( 2011 ) `` Fines provinciae '' , in Frontiers in the Roman World . Brill . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Richardson , John ( 2011 ) `` Fines provinciae '' , in Frontiers in the Roman World . Brill . pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Syme , Ronald ( 1939 ) The Roman Revolution . Oford : Oxford University Press . pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Boatwright , Mary T. ( 2000 ) Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire . Princeton University Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 571 . Jump up ^ Dio Cassius 72.36. 4 , Loeb edition translated E. Cary Jump up ^ Gibbon , Edward ( 1776 ) , `` The Decline And Fall in the West -- Chapter 4 '' , The History of the Decline And Fall of the Roman Empire . Jump up ^ Brown , P. , The World of Late Antiquity , London 1971 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Adrian Goldsworth , How Rome Fell : Death of a Superpower ( Yale University Press , 2009 ) , pp. 405 -- 415 . Jump up ^ Potter , David . The Roman Empire at Bay . 296 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Starr , Chester G. ( 1974 ) A History of the Ancient World , Second Edition . Oxford University Press . pp. 670 -- 678 . Jump up ^ Isaac Asimov ( 1989 ) Asimov 's Chronology of the World , p. 110 , New York , NY , USA : HarperCollins . Jump up ^ Duiker , 2001 . page 347 . ^ Jump up to : The Byzantine Empire Archived 1999 - 02 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . by Richard Hooker . Washington State University . Written 6 June 1999 . Retrieved 8 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Bray , R.S. ( 2004 ) . Armies of Pestilence . Cambridge : James Clarke & Co. p.",
"79": "26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 227 - 17240 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kreutz , Barbara M. ( 1996 ) . Before the Normans : Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1587 - 8 . Jump up ^ Duiker , 2001 . page 349 . Jump up ^ Basil II ( AD 976 -- 1025 ) by Catherine Holmes . De Imperatoribus Romanis . Written 1 April 2003 . Retrieved 22 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Gibbon , Edward . History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . Chapter 61 . Retrieved 11 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Mehmet II by Korkut Ozgen . Theottomans.org . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Kelly , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolet , p. 29 Jump up ^ Vergil , Aeneid 1.278 Jump up ^ Mattingly , David J. ( 2011 ) Imperialism , Power , and Identity : Experiencing the Roman Empire . Princeton University Press . p. 15 Jump up ^ Moretti , G. ( 1993 ) `` The Other World and the ' Antipodes ' : The Myth of Unknown Countries between Antiquity and the Renaissance , '' in The Classical Tradition and the Americas : European Images of the Americas . Walter de Gruyter . p. 257 ^ Jump up to : Southern , Pat ( 2001 ) . The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine . Routledge . pp. 14 -- 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23943 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nicolet , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Nicolet , pp. 9 , 16 . Jump up ^ Nicolet , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Raymond W.",
"80": "( 2005 ) . `` An Estimate of the Size Anl Structure of the National Product of the Early Roman Empire '' . Review of Income and Wealth. 30 ( 3 ) : 263 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4991.1984. tb00552. x . Jump up ^ Scheidel , Walter ( April 2006 ) `` Population and demography '' in Princeton / Stanford Working Papers in Classics , p. 9 Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 721 . Jump up ^ Woolf , Greg ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) Cambridge Illustrated History of the Roman World . Cambridge : Ivy Press . p. 340 Jump up ^ Opper , Thorsten ( 2008 ) Hadrian : Empire and Conflict . Harvard University Press . p. 64 Jump up ^ Fields , Nic ( 2003 ) Hadrian 's Wall AD 122 -- 410 , which was , of course , at the bottom of Hadrian 's garden . Osprey Publishing . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Vergil , Aeneid 12.834 and 837 Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 549 , 563 Jump up ^ Adams , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Adams , pp. 186 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 554 , 556 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 549 Jump up ^ Freeman , Charles ( 1999 ) The Greek Achievement : The Foundation of the Western World . New York : Penguin . pp. 389 -- 433 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 549 , citing Plutarch , Life of Alexander 47.6 . Jump up ^ Millar , Fergus ( 2006 ) A Greek Roman Empire : Power and Belief under Theodosius II ( 408 -- 450 ) . University of California Press . p. 279 . ISBN 0520941411 . ^ Jump up to : Treadgold , Warren ( 1997 ) A History of the Byzantine State and Society . Stanford University Press . pp. 5 -- 7 . ISBN 0804726302 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p.",
"81": "553 . Jump up ^ Cicero , In Catilinam 2.15 , P. Ryl . I 61 `` recto '' . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 550 -- 552 . ^ Jump up to : Rochette , p. 552 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Life of Claudius 42 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 553 -- 554 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 556 Jump up ^ Adams , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Adams , pp. 185 -- 186 , 205 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 560 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 562 -- 563 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 558 -- 559 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Richard ( 2000 ) `` Communicating Culture , Identity , and Power , '' in Experiencing Power : Culture , Identity and Power in the Roman Empire . Routledge . pp. 58 -- 60 . ISBN 0415212855 . Jump up ^ Adams , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 553 -- 555 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 550 Jump up ^ Stefan Zimmer , `` Indo - European , '' in Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia ( ABC - Clio , 2006 ) , p. 961 ^ Jump up to : Curchin , Leonard A. ( 1995 ) . `` Literacy in the Roman Provinces : Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Central Spain '' . The American Journal of Philology. 116 ( 3 ) : 461 -- 476 ( 464 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 295333 . JSTOR 295333 . Jump up ^ Waquet , Françoise ( 2001 ) Latin , Or , The Empire of the Sign : From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century . Verso . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 1859844022 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Kristian ( 1996 ) `` The Humanist Reform of Latin and Latin Teaching , '' in The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism . Cambridge University Press . pp.",
"82": "63 -- 64 . ISBN 0521436249 . Jump up ^ Fine , John V.A. ; Fine , John Van Antwerp ( 1991 ) . The Early Medieval Balkans : A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century . University of Michigan Press . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08149 - 7 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Garnsey , Peter and Saller , Richard ( 1987 ) The Roman Empire : Economy , Society and Culture . University of California Press . pp. 107 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Noreña , Carlos F. ( 2011 ) Imperial Ideals in the Roman West : Representation , Circulation , Power . Cambridge University Press . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Winterling , pp. 11 , 21 . Jump up ^ Saller , Richard P. ( 1982 , 2002 ) Personal Patronage under the Early Empire . Cambridge University Press . pp. 123 , 176 , 183 Jump up ^ Duncan , Anne ( 2006 ) Performance and Identity in the Classical World . Cambridge University Press . p. 164 . Jump up ^ Reinhold , Meyer ( 2002 ) Studies in Classical History and Society . Oxford University Press . pp. 25ff. and 42 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 17 , 20 . Jump up ^ Millar , pp. 81 -- 82 Jump up ^ Carroll , Maureen ( 2006 ) Spirits of the Dead : Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe . Oxford University Press . pp. 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ `` Infanticide Common in Roman Empire '' . DNews . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 14 Jump up ^ Gaius , Institutiones 1.9 = Digest 1.5. 3 .",
"83": "Jump up ^ Frier , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 1987 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Frier , pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Eva Cantarella , Pandora 's Daughters : The Role and Status of Women in Greek and Roman Antiquity ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 1987 ) , pp. 140 -- 141 Jump up ^ Sullivan , J.P. ( 1979 ) . `` Martial 's Sexual Attitudes '' . Philologus. 123 : 296 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 1987 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Frier , pp. 19 -- 20 , 22 . Jump up ^ Treggiari , Susan ( 1991 ) Roman Marriage : Iusti Coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian . Oxford University Press . pp. 258 -- 259 , 500 -- 502 . ISBN 0198149395 . Jump up ^ Johnston , David ( 1999 ) Roman Law in Context . Cambridge University Press . Ch . 3.3 Jump up ^ Frier , Ch. IV Jump up ^ Thomas , Yan ( 1991 ) `` The Division of the Sexes in Roman Law , '' in A History of Women from Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints . Harvard University Press . p. 134 . Jump up ^ Severy , Beth ( 2002 ) Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Empire . Routledge . p. 12 . ISBN 1134391838 . Jump up ^ Severy , Beth ( 2002 ) Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Empire . Routledge . p. 4 . ISBN 1134391838 . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 461 Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 733 . Jump up ^ Woodhull , Margaret L. ( 2004 ) `` Matronly Patrons in the Early Roman Empire : The Case of Salvia Postuma , '' in Women 's Influence on Classical Civilization . Routledge .",
"84": "p. 77 . Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 12 . Jump up ^ The others are ancient Athens , and in the modern era Brazil , the Caribbean , and the United States ; Bradley , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , W.V. ( 1999 ) . `` Demography , Geography and the Sources of Roman Slaves '' . The Journal of Roman Studies . 89 : 62 -- 75 . doi : 10.2307 / 300734 . JSTOR 300734 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Timothy ( 2010 ) . `` Believing the ancients : Quantitative and qualitative dimensions of slavery and the slave trade in later prehistoric Eurasia '' . World Archaeology. 33 : 27 -- 43 . doi : 10.1080 / 00438240120047618 . JSTOR 827887 . Jump up ^ Harper , Kyle ( 2011 ) Slavery in the Late Roman World , AD 275 -- 425 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 10 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 7 . Jump up ^ McGinn , Thomas A.J. ( 1998 ) Prostitution , Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome . Oxford University Press . p. 314 . ISBN 0195161327 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Jane F. ( 1991 ) Women in Roman Law and Society . Indiana University Press . p. 119 . Jump up ^ Frier , pp. 31 , 33 . Jump up ^ Fuhrmann , C.J. ( 2012 ) Policing the Roman Empire : Soldiers , Administration , and Public Order . Oxford University Press . pp. 21 -- 41 . ISBN 0199737843 . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Gamauf , Richard ( 2009 ) . `` Slaves doing business : The role of Roman law in the economy of a Roman household '' . European Review of History : Revue europeenne d'histoire. 16 ( 3 ) : 331 .",
"85": "doi : 10.1080 / 13507480902916837 . Jump up ^ Bradley , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ McGinn , Thomas A.J. ( 1998 ) Prostitution , Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome . Oxford University Press . pp. 288ff . ISBN 0195161327 . Jump up ^ Abusch , Ra'anan ( 2003 ) `` Circumcision and Castration under Roman Law in the Early Empire , '' in The Covenant of Circumcision : New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite . Brandeis University Press . pp. 77 -- 78 Jump up ^ Schäfer , Peter ( 1983 , 2003 ) The History of the Jews in the Greco - Roman World . Routledge . p. 150 . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 15 Jump up ^ Goodwin , Stefan ( 2009 ) . Africa in Europe : Antiquity into the Age of Global Expansion . Lexington Books . Vol. 1 , p. 41 , ISBN 0739117262 , noting that `` Roman slavery was a nonracist and fluid system '' . Jump up ^ Santosuosso , Antonio ( 2001 ) Storming the Heavens : Soldiers , Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire , Westview Press . pp. 43 -- 44 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3523 - X . Jump up ^ Noy , David ( 2000 ) . Foreigners at Rome : Citizens and Strangers . Duckworth with the Classical Press of Wales . ISBN 9780715629529 . Jump up ^ Harper , James ( 1972 ) . `` Slaves and Freedmen in Imperial Rome '' . American Journal of Philology. 93 : 341 -- 342 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 1987 ) , pp. 186 -- 188 , 190 Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 34 , 48 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Millar , Fergus ( 1998 , 2002 ) The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic . University of Michigan . pp.",
"86": "23 , 209 . ISBN 0472088785 . Jump up ^ Mouritsen , Henrik ( 2011 ) The Freedman in the Roman World . Cambridge University Press . p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Berger , Adolf ( 1953 , 1991 ) . libertus in Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law . American Philological Society . p. 564 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 217 -- 218 Jump up ^ Syme , Ronald ( 1999 ) Provincial at Rome : and Rome and the Balkans 80 BC -- AD 14 . University of Exeter Press . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 0859896323 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 215 , 221 -- 222 Jump up ^ Millar , p. 88 . The standard complement of 600 was flexible ; twenty quaestors , for instance , held office each year and were thus admitted to the Senate regardless of whether there were `` open '' seats . ^ Jump up to : Millar , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 218 -- 219 . Jump up ^ His name was Tiberius Claudius Gordianus ; Boardman , p. 219 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , Ramsay ( 1966 ) . `` Provincial Languages in the Roman Empire '' . The American Journal of Philology. 87 : 1 . doi : 10.2307 / 292973 . JSTOR 292973 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , pp. 71 -- 72 , 76 Jump up ^ Wiseman , pp. 75 -- 76 , 78 . Jump up ^ Fear , Andrew ( 2007 ) `` War and Society , '' in The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare : Rome from the Late Republic to the Late Empire . Cambridge University Press , vol. 2 . pp. 214 -- 215 . ISBN 0521782740 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Julian ( 1997 ) . Trajan : Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times . Routledge . p. 5 .",
"87": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16524 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 188 Jump up ^ Millar , pp. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Millar , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Liebeschuetz , Wolfgang ( 2001 ) `` The End of the Ancient City , '' in The City in Late Antiquity . Taylor & Francis . pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Millar , p. 90 , calls them `` status - appellations . '' Jump up ^ Millar , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Millar , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Verboven , Koenraad ( 2007 ) . `` The Associative Order : Status and Ethos among Roman Businessmen in Late Republic and Early Empire '' . Athenaeum. 95 : 870 -- 72 . hdl : 1854 / LU - 395187 . ^ Jump up to : Peachin , pp. 153 -- 154 Jump up ^ Perkins , Judith ( 2009 ) Early Christian and Judicial Bodies . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 245 -- 246 Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 475 . Jump up ^ Gaughan , Judy E. ( 2010 ) Murder Was Not a Crime : Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic . University of Texas Press . p. 91 . ISBN 0292725671 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Gordon P. ( 2006 ) A History of Exile in the Roman Republic . Cambridge University Press . p. 8 . ISBN 0521848601 . ^ Jump up to : Coleman , K.M. ( 2012 ) . `` Fatal Charades : Roman Executions Staged as Mythological Enactments '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 80 : 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 300280 . JSTOR 300280 . Jump up ^ Robinson , O.F. ( 2007 ) Penal Practice and Penal Policy in Ancient Rome . Routledge . p. 108 .",
"88": "Jump up ^ The imperial cult in Roman Britain - Google docs Jump up ^ Bohec , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Bohec , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Moralia Moralia 813c and 814c Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 181 -- 182 Jump up ^ Luttwak , Edward ( 1976 / 1979 ) The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire , Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2158 - 4 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Abbott , p. 354 Jump up ^ Abbott , p. 345 Jump up ^ Abbott , p. 341 Jump up ^ Millar , Fergus ( 2004 ) `` Emperors at Work , '' in Rome , the Greek World , and the East : Government , Society , and Culture in the Roman Empire . University of North Carolina Press . Vol. 2 . ISBN 0807855200 . pp. 3 -- 22 , especially pp. 4 and 20 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 195ff . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 205 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 202 -- 203 , 205 , 210 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Millar , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 215 ^ Jump up to : Winterling , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Edmondson , pp. 111 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Hekster , Olivier J. ( 2007 ) `` Fighting for Rome : The Emperor as a Military Leader , '' in Impact of the Roman Army ( 200 BC -- AD 476 ) . Brill . p. 96 .",
"89": "Jump up ^ Bohec , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Bohec , pp. 10 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Roth , J. ( 1994 ) . `` The Size and Organization of the Roman Imperial Legion '' . Historia. 43 ( 3 ) : 346 -- 362 . JSTOR 4436338 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , p. 183 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Rome and Her Enemies published by Osprey , 2005 , part 3 : Early Empire 27BC -- AD235 , Ch. 9 : The Romans , section : Remuneration , p. 183 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 336 - 0 Jump up ^ Tacitus Annales IV. 5 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Peter ( 1986 ) . `` A Reconstruction of a Roman Saddle '' . Britannia. 17 : 353 . doi : 10.2307 / 526559 . JSTOR 526559 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Peter ; Van Driel - Murray , Carol ( 1991 ) . `` The Roman Cavalry Saddle '' . Britannia. 22 : 33 . doi : 10.2307 / 526629 . JSTOR 526629 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 177 -- 179 . Most government records that are preserved come from Roman Egypt , where the climate preserved the papyri . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 179 . The exclusion of Egypt from the senatorial provinces dates to the rise of Octavian before he became Augustus : Egypt had been the stronghold of his last opposition , Mark Antony and his ally Cleopatra . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 179 , 187 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p.",
"90": "180 Jump up ^ Fuhrmann , C.J. ( 2012 ) Policing the Roman Empire : Soldiers , Administration , and Public Order . Oxford University Press . pp. 197 , 214 , 224 . ISBN 0199737843 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 184 -- 185 . Jump up ^ Bozeman , Adda B. ( 2010 ) Politics and Culture in International History from the Ancient Near East to the Opening of the Modern Age . Transaction Publishers . 2nd ed ... pp. 208 -- 20 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 184 -- 185 Jump up ^ This practice was established in the Republic ; see for instance the case of Contrebian water rights heard by G. Valerius Flaccus as governor of Hispania in the 90s -- 80s BC . Jump up ^ Digeser , Elizabeth DePalma ( 2000 ) The Making of a Christian Empire : Lactantius and Rome . Cornell University Press . p. 53 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 183 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 185 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 185 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 188 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Cassius Dio 55.31. 4 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annales 13.31. 2 . Jump up ^ This was the vicesima libertatis , `` the twentieth for freedom '' ; Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 283 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 285 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 292 .",
"91": "Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 285 -- 286 , 296ff . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 286 , 295 . ^ Jump up to : Kessler , David and Temin , Peter ( 2010 ) `` Money and Prices in the Early Roman Empire , '' in The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans . Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Harl , Kenneth W. ( 19 June 1996 ) . Coinage in the Roman Economy , 300 B.C. to A.D. 700 . JHU Press . pp. 125 -- 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5291 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Colin Wells , The Roman Empire ( Harvard University Press , 1984 , 1992 ) , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , W.V. ( 2010 ) `` The Nature of Roman Money , '' in The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0199586713 . Jump up ^ Scheidel , Walter ( 2009 ) `` The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires '' , in : Scheidel , Walter , ed . Rome and China . Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533690 - 0 , pp. 137 -- 207 ( 205 ) . Jump up ^ Fears , J. Rufus ( 1981 ) `` The Theology of Victory at Rome : Approaches and Problem , '' Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 17.2 , pp. 752 and 824 , and in the same volume , `` The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology , '' p. 908 . Jump up ^ Andreau , Jean ( 1999 ) Banking and Business in the Roman World . Cambridge University Press . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annales 6.17. 3 .",
"92": "Jump up ^ Duncan - Jones , Richard ( 1994 ) Money and Government in the Roman Empire . Cambridge University Press . pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , p. 579 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Andrew ( 2002 ) . `` Machines , Power and the Ancient Economy '' . The Journal of Roman Studies . 92 : 1 . doi : 10.2307 / 3184857 . JSTOR 3184857 . Jump up ^ Craddock , Paul T. ( 2008 ) : `` Mining and Metallurgy '' , in : Oleson , John Peter ( ed . ) : The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518731 - 1 , p. 108 Jump up ^ Sim , David ; Ridge , Isabel ( 2002 ) Iron for the Eagles . The Iron Industry of Roman Britain , Tempus , Stroud , Gloucestershire , ISBN 0 - 7524 - 1900 - 5 . p. 23 Jump up ^ Healy , John F. ( 1978 ) Mining and Metallurgy in the Greek and Roman World , Thames and Hudson , London , ISBN 0 - 500 - 40035 - 0 . p. 196 . Assumes a productive capacity of c. 1.5 kg per capita . ^ Jump up to : Hong , S. ; Candelone , J. - P. ; Patterson , C.C. ; Boutron , C.F. ( 1996 ) . `` History of Ancient Copper Smelting Pollution During Roman and Medieval Times Recorded in Greenland Ice '' . Science . 272 ( 5259 ) : 246 . Bibcode : 1996Sci ... 272 ... 246H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 272.5259. 246 . ^ Jump up to : Hong , S ; Candelone , J.P. ; Patterson , C.C. ; Boutron , C.F. ( 1994 ) . `` Greenland ice evidence of hemispheric lead pollution two millennia ago by greek and roman civilizations '' ( PDF ) . Science .",
"93": "265 ( 5180 ) : 1841 -- 3 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 265.5180. 1841 . PMID 17797222 . ^ Jump up to : De Callataÿ , François ( 2015 ) . `` The Graeco - Roman economy in the super long - run : Lead , copper , and shipwrecks '' . Journal of Roman Archaeology. 18 : 361 . doi : 10.1017 / S104775940000742X . Jump up ^ Settle , D.M. ; Patterson , C.C. ( 1980 ) . `` Lead in albacore : Guide to lead pollution in Americans '' . Science . 207 ( 4436 ) : 1167 -- 76 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 6986654 . PMID 6986654 . Jump up ^ Patterson , C.C. ( 1972 ) . `` Silver Stocks and Losses in Ancient and Medieval Times '' . The Economic History Review . 25 ( 2 ) : 205 -- 235 ( tables 2 , 6 ) . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1972. tb02173. x . JSTOR 2593904 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Marlière , Élise ( 2001 ) . `` Le tonneau en Gaule romaine '' ( PDF ) . Gallia. 58 : 181 -- 210 ( 184 ) . doi : 10.3406 / galia. 2001.3179 . JSTOR 43608343 . Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 404 . Jump up ^ Greene , Kevin ( 1990 ) . The Archaeology of the Roman Economy . University of California Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 07401 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Boardman , p. 713 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 714 . Jump up ^ Ulrich , Roger Bradley ( 2007 ) . Roman Woodworking . Yale University Press .",
"94": "pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 0300103417 . ^ Jump up to : Stambaugh , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Ray Laurence , `` Land Transport in Roman Italy : Costs , Practice and the Economy , '' in Trade , Traders and the Ancient City ( Routledge , 1998 ) , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Holleran , p. 142 . Jump up ^ An , Jiayao ( 2002 ) . `` When Glass Was Treasured in China '' . In Juliano , Annette L. ; Lerner , Judith A. Silk Road Studies VII : Nomads , Traders , and Holy Men Along China 's Silk Road . Turnhout : Brepols Publishers . pp. 83 -- 84 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 503 - 52178 - 7 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 710 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 717 -- 729 . Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 404 Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 719 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 720 . Jump up ^ Holleran , pp. 146 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Temin , Peter ( 2004 ) . `` The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 34 ( 4 ) : 513 . doi : 10.1162 / 002219504773512525 . JSTOR 3656762 . Jump up ^ Jones , pp. 184 -- 185 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Jones , pp. 188 -- 189 . Jump up ^ Jones , pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Scheidel , Walter ; Morris , Ian ; Saller , Richard , eds. ( 2007 ) : The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco - Roman World , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78053 - 7 Jump up ^ Lo Cascio , Elio ; Malanima , Paolo ( 2009 ) .",
"95": "`` GDP in Pre-Modern Agrarian Economies ( 1 -- 1820 AD ) . A Revision of the Estimates '' . Rivista di storia economica. 25 ( 3 ) : 391 -- 420 ( 391 -- 401 ) . Jump up ^ Maddison , Angus ( 2007 ) Contours of the World Economy , 1 -- 2030 AD . Essays in Macro-Economic History , Oxford University Press . pp. 47 -- 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 922721 - 1 . Jump up ^ Scheidel , Walter ; Friesen , Steven J. ( 2010 ) . `` The Size of the Economy and the Distribution of Income in the Roman Empire '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Roman Studies . 99 : 61 . doi : 10.3815 / 007543509789745223 . JSTOR 40599740 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , W.L. ( 1982 ) The Architecture of the Roman Empire . Yale University Press , New Haven , fig . 131B Jump up ^ Lechtman , H.N. ; Hobbs , L.W. ( 1987 ) . `` Roman Concrete and the Roman Architectural Revolution '' . Ceramics and Civilization. 3 : 81 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , Apollodorus of Damascus , `` Greek engineer and architect who worked primarily for the Roman emperor Trajan . '' Sarton , George ( 1936 ) . `` The Unity and Diversity of the Mediterranean World '' . Osiris. 2 : 406 -- 463 ( 430 ) . doi : 10.1086 / 368462 . JSTOR 301558 . Jump up ^ Calcani , Giuliana ; Abdulkarim , Maamoun ( 2003 ) . Apollodorus of Damascus and Trajan 's Column : From Tradition to Project . L'Erma di Bretschneider . p. 11 . ISBN 88 - 8265 - 233 - 5 ... focusing on the brilliant architect Apollodorus of Damascus .",
"96": "This famous Syrian personage represents ... Jump up ^ Hong - Sen Yan ; Marco Ceccarelli ( 2009 ) . International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms : Proceedings of HMM 2008 . Springer . p. 86 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 9484 - 1 . He had Syrian origins coming from Damascus Jump up ^ Smith , Norman ( 1970 ) . `` The Roman Dams of Subiaco '' . Technology and Culture . 11 ( 1 ) : 58 -- 68 . doi : 10.2307 / 3102810 . JSTOR 3102810 . Jump up ^ Smith , Norman ( 1971 ) . A History of Dams . London : Peter Davies . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 432 - 15090 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schnitter , Niklaus ( 1978 ) . `` Römische Talsperren '' . Antike Welt. 8 ( 2 ) : 25 -- 32 ( 28 ) . Jump up ^ Chandler , Fiona ( 2001 ) The Usborne Internet Linked Encyclopedia of the Roman World . Usborne Publishing . p. 80 . Jump up ^ Forman , Joan ( 1975 ) The Romans , Macdonald Educational Ltd. p. 34 . Jump up ^ Crow , J. ( 2007 ) `` Earth , walls and water in Late Antique Constantinople '' in Technology in Transition AD 300 -- 650 in ed . L. Lavan , E. Zanini & A. Sarantis Brill , Leiden Jump up ^ Greene , Kevin ( 1990 ) . The Archaeology of the Roman Economy . University of California Press . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 07401 - 9 . Jump up ^ Jones , R.F.J. ; Bird , D.G. ( 2012 ) . `` Roman Gold - Mining in North - West Spain , II : Workings on the Rio Duerna '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 62 : 59 . doi : 10.2307 / 298927 . JSTOR 298927 .",
"97": "Jump up ^ Ritti , Tullia ; Grewe , Klaus ; Kessener , Paul ( 2007 ) . `` A Relief of a Water - powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications '' . Journal of Roman Archaeology. 20 : 138 -- 163 ( 156 , fn. 74 ) . doi : 10.1017 / S1047759400005341 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 192 . ^ Jump up to : Rehak , Paul ( 2006 ) Imperium and Cosmos : Augustus and the Northern Campus Martius . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 4 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , pp. 23ff. and 244 Jump up ^ Raja , Rubina ( 2012 ) Urban Development and Regional Identity in the Eastern Roman Provinces 50 BC -- AD 250 . Museum Tusculanum Press . pp. 215 -- 218 Jump up ^ Sperber , Daniel ( 1998 ) The City in Roman Palestine . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , pp. 252 -- 253 ^ Jump up to : Longfellow , Brenda ( 2011 ) Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage : Form , Meaning and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 0521194938 Jump up ^ Millar , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Vergil , Aeneid 6.852 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 185 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Tertullian , De anima 30.3 ( ubique domus , ubique populus , ubique respublica , ubique uita ) , as cited and framed in Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Millar , pp. 76ff . Jump up ^ Jones , Mark Wilson ( 2000 ) Principles of Roman Architecture . New Haven : Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Evans , Harry B. ( 1994 ) Water Distribution in Ancient Rome , University of Michigan Press . pp.",
"98": "9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 366 . ^ Jump up to : Fagan , Garrett G. ( 2001 ) . `` The Genesis of the Roman Public Bath : Recent Approaches and Future Directions '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Archaeology. 105 ( 3 ) : 403 . doi : 10.2307 / 507363 . JSTOR 507363 . Jump up ^ Ward , Roy Bowen ( 1992 ) . `` Women in Roman Baths '' . Harvard Theological Review . 85 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 147 . doi : 10.1017 / S0017816000028820 . JSTOR 1509900 . Jump up ^ Clarke , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Clarke , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Clarke , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , pp. 144 , 147 Jump up ^ Clarke , pp. 12 , 17 , 22ff . Jump up ^ Taylor , Rabun ( 2005 ) . `` Roman Oscilla : An Assessment '' . Res : Anthropology and aesthetics. 48 : 83 -- 105 . doi : 10.1086 / RESv48n1ms20167679 . JSTOR 20167679 . Jump up ^ Gazda , Elaine K. ( 1991 ) `` Introduction '' , in Roman Art in the Private Sphere : Architecture and Décor of the Domus , Villa , and Insula . University of Michigan Press . p. 9 . ISBN 047210196X . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Jashemski , Wilhelmina Feemster ; Meyer , Frederick G. ( 2002 ) . The Natural History of Pompeii . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80054 - 9 . Jump up ^ Horace , Satire 2.6 Jump up ^ Holzberg , Niklas ( 2002 ) The Ancient Fable : An Introduction . Indiana University Press . p.",
"99": "35 Jump up ^ Bovie , Smith Palmer ( 2002 ) Introduction to Horace . Satires and Epistles . University of Chicago Press . pp. 92 -- 93 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 679 . Jump up ^ Morris , pp. 195 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 191 , reckoning that the surplus of wheat from the province of Egypt alone could meet and exceed the needs of the city of Rome and the provincial armies . Jump up ^ Wiseman , T.P. ( 2012 ) . `` The Census in the First Century B.C '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 59 : 59 . doi : 10.2307 / 299848 . JSTOR 299848 . Jump up ^ Keane , Catherine ( 2006 ) Figuring Genre in Roman Satire . Oxford University Press . p. 36 Jump up ^ Köhne , Eckhart ( 2000 ) `` Bread and Circuses : The Politics of Entertainment , '' in Gladiators and Caesars : The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome . University of California Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Juvenal , Satire 10.77 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , pp. 144 , 178 Jump up ^ Hinds , Kathryn ( 2010 ) Everyday Life in the Roman Empire . Marshall Cavendish . p. 90 . Jump up ^ Holleran , p. 136ff . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Faas , Patrick ( 1994 , 2005 ) Around the Roman Table : Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome . University of Chicago Press . p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Boardman , p. 681 . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Natural History 19.83 -- 84 ; Emily Gowers , The Loaded Table : Representation of Food in Roman Literature ( Oxford University Press , 1993 , 2003 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , p. 144 .",
"100": "Jump up ^ Holleran , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Holleran , pp. 134 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , p. 146 Jump up ^ Holleran , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Grant , Mark ( 2000 ) Galen on Food and Diet . Routledge . pp. 7 , 11 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Roller , Matthew B. ( 2006 ) Dining Posture in Ancient Rome . Princeton University Press . p. 96ff . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Alcock , Joan P. ( 2006 ) Food in the Ancient World . Greenwood Press . p. 184 . Jump up ^ Donahue , John ( 2004 ) The Roman Community at Table during the Principate . University of Michigan Press . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Cathy K. Kaufman , `` Remembrance of Meals Past : Cooking by Apicius ' Book , '' in Food and the Memory : Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cooker p. 125ff . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Life of Vitellius 13.2 ; Gowers , The Loaded Table , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Germania 23 ; Gowers , The Loaded Table , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Flandrin , Jean Louis ; Montanari , Massimo ( 1999 ) . Food : A Culinary History from Antiquity to the Present . Columbia University Press . pp. 165 -- 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 11154 - 6 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 365 -- 366 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , p. 455 Jump up ^ Franklin , James L. Jr. ( 2001 ) Pompeis Difficile Est : Studies in the Political Life of Imperial Pompeii .",
"101": "University of Michigan Press . p. 137 Jump up ^ Laurence , Ray ( 2007 ) Roman Pompeii : Space and Society . Routledge . p. 173 ; recounted by Tacitus , Annals 14.17 . Jump up ^ Mary Beard , J.A. North , and S.R.F. Price , Religions of Rome : A History ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Dyson , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Versnel , H.S. ( 1971 ) Triumphus : An Inquiry into the Origin , Development and Meaning of the Roman Triumph . Brill . pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , pp. 235 -- 236 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , pp. 223 -- 224 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 303 . ^ Jump up to : Humphrey , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Edmondson , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Dyson , pp. 237 , 239 . Jump up ^ Edmondson , pp. 73 -- 74 , 106 Jump up ^ Auguet , p. 54 Jump up ^ McClelland , John ( 2007 ) Body and Mind : Sport in Europe from the Roman Empire to the Renaissance . Routledge . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Dyson , pp. 238 -- 239 ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , p. 85 Jump up ^ Humphrey , p. 461 Jump up ^ McClelland , John ( 2007 ) Body and Mind : Sport in Europe from the Roman Empire to the Renaissance . Routledge . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Thomas Wiedemann , Emperors and Gladiators ( Routledge , 1992 , 1995 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , pp. 459 , 461 , 512 , 630 -- 631 Jump up ^ Dyson , p. 237 Jump up ^ Dyson , p.",
"102": "238 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 296 ^ Jump up to : Dyson , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , p. 238 Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , pp. 18 -- 21 Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Auguet , pp. 131 -- 132 Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Auguet , p. 144 Jump up ^ Dickie , Matthew ( 2001 ) Magic and Magicians in the Greco - Roman World . Routledge . pp. 282 -- 287 Jump up ^ Eva D'Ambra , `` Racing with Death : Circus Sarcophagi and the Commemoration of Children in Roman Italy '' in Constructions of Childhood in Ancient Greece and Italy ( American School of Classical Studies at Athens , 2007 ) , pp. 348 -- 349 Jump up ^ Rüpke , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 354 ^ Jump up to : Edwards , p. 59 ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Cassio Dio 54.2. 2 ; Res Gestae Divi Augusti 22.1 , 3 Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 49 Jump up ^ Edmondson , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Cassius Dio 66.25 ^ Jump up to : Edwards , p. 55 Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 307 Jump up ^ McClelland , Body and Mind , p. 66 , citing also Marcus Junkelmann . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Nero 12.2 Jump up ^ Edmondson , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Tertullian , De spectaculis 12 Jump up ^ Edwards , pp. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 224 .",
"103": "Jump up ^ McDonald , Marianne and Walton , J. Michael ( 2007 ) Introduction to The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Theatre . Cambridge University Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Donald G. ( 1998 ) Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome . Routledge . p. 81 Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Pliny , Panegyric 33.1 Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Edwards , pp. 66 -- 67 , 72 . Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , G.W. ( 1995 ) Martyrdom and Rome . Cambridge University Press . pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 79 Jump up ^ Huber - Rebenich , Gerlinde ( 1999 ) `` Hagiographic Fiction as Entertainment , '' in Latin Fiction : The Latin Novel in Context . Routlege . pp. 158 -- 178 Jump up ^ Llewelyn , S.R. and Nobbs , A.M. ( 2002 ) `` The Earliest Dated Reference to Sunday in the Papyri , '' in New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity . Wm . B. Eerdmans . p. 109 Jump up ^ Hildebrandt , Henrik ( 2006 ) `` Early Christianity in Roman Pannonia -- Fact or Fiction ? '' in Studia Patristica : Papers Presented at the Fourteenth International Conference on Patristic Studies Held in Oxford 2003 . Peeters . pp. 59 -- 64 Jump up ^ Ando , p. 382 . Jump up ^ Oxford Latin Dictionary ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1982 , 1985 reprint ) , pp. 1048 -- 1049 Jump up ^ Habinek ( 2005 ) , pp. 5 , 143 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 2003 ) , p. 128 . Jump up ^ McDaniel , Walton Brooks ( 1906 ) . `` Some Passages concerning Ball - Games '' . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association .",
"104": "37 : 121 . doi : 10.2307 / 282704 . JSTOR 282704 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 2003 ) , pp. 129 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Eyben , Emiel ( 1977 ) Restless Youth in Ancient Rome . Routledge , pp. 79 -- 82 , 110 . Jump up ^ Dunbabin , Katherine M.D. ( 1999 ) Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World . Cambridge University Press . p. 133 . ISBN 0521002303 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Ann Ellis ( 1991 ) `` The Restructuring of Female Physiology at Rome , '' in Les écoles médicales à Rome . Université de Nantes . pp. 260 , 264 , particularly citing the Gynecology of Soranus . ^ Jump up to : Austin , R.G. ( 2009 ) . `` Roman Board Games . II '' . Greece and Rome . 4 ( 11 ) : 76 . doi : 10.1017 / S0017383500003119 . JSTOR 640979 . Jump up ^ Austin , R.G. ( 1934 ) . `` Roman Board Games . I '' . Greece and Rome . 4 ( 10 ) : 24 -- 34 . JSTOR 641231 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 230 . ^ Jump up to : Coon , Lynda L. ( 1997 ) Sacred Fictions : Holy Women and Hagiography in Late Antiquity . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 57 -- 58 . ^ Jump up to : Vout , p. 216 ^ Jump up to : Bieber , Margarete ( 1959 ) . `` Roman Men in Greek Himation ( Romani Palliati ) a Contribution to the History of Copying '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 103 ( 3 ) : 374 -- 417 . JSTOR 985474 . Jump up ^ Vout , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Vout , pp. 204 -- 220 , especially pp.",
"105": "206 , 211 Jump up ^ Métraux , Guy P.R. ( 2008 ) `` Prudery and Chic in Late Antique Clothing , '' in Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture . University of Toronto Press . p. 286 . ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Quintilian , Institutio Oratoria 11.3. 137 -- 149 Jump up ^ Métraux , Guy P.R. ( 2008 ) `` Prudery and Chic in Late Antique Clothing , '' in Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture . University of Toronto Press . pp. 282 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Cleland , Liza ( 2007 ) Greek and Roman Dress from A to Z . Routledge . p. 194 . Jump up ^ Modern copy of a 2nd - century original , from the Louvre . Jump up ^ Tertullian , De Pallio 5.2 Jump up ^ Vout , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 232 . Jump up ^ D'Amato , Raffaele ( 2005 ) Roman Military Clothing ( 3 ) AD 400 to 640 . Osprey . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 184176843X . Jump up ^ Wickham , Chris ( 2009 ) The Inheritance of Rome . Penguin Books . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02098 - 0 Jump up ^ Kousser , p. 1 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Gazda , Elaine K. ( 1991 ) `` Introduction '' , in Roman Art in the Private Sphere : Architecture and Décor of the Domus , Villa , and Insula . University of Michigan Press . pp. 1 -- 3 . ISBN 047210196X .",
"106": "Jump up ^ Paul Zanker , Pompeii : Public and Private Life , translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider ( Harvard University Press , 1998 , originally published 1995 in German ) , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Kousser , pp. 4 -- 5 , 8 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , pp. 312 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Toynbee , J.M.C. ( December 1971 ) . `` Roman Art '' . The Classical Review . 21 ( 3 ) : 439 -- 442 . doi : 10.1017 / S0009840X00221331 . JSTOR 708631 . Jump up ^ Zanker , Paul ( 1988 ) The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus . University of Michigan Press . p. 5ff . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 451 . Jump up ^ Fejfer , Jane ( 2008 ) Roman Portraits in Context . Walter de Gruyter . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 453 . Jump up ^ Mattusch , Carol C. ( 2005 ) The Villa dei Papiri at Herculaneum : Life and Afterlife of a Sculpture Collection . Getty Publications . p. 322 . Jump up ^ Kousser , p. 13 Jump up ^ Strong , Donald ( 1976 , 1988 ) Roman Art . Yale University Press . 2nd ed. , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , pp. 274 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Kleiner , Fred S. ( 2007 ) A History of Roman Art . Wadsworth . p. 272 . Jump up ^ Newby , Zahra ( 2011 ) `` Myth and Death : Roman Mythological Sarcophagi , '' in A Companion to Greek Mythology . Blackwell . p. 301 . Jump up ^ Elsner , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Elsner , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Elsner , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Elsner , pp.",
"107": "1 , 9 . Jump up ^ Hachlili , Rachel ( 1998 ) Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology in the Diaspora . Brill . pp. 96ff . Jump up ^ Schreckenberg , Heinz and Schubert , Kurt ( 1991 ) Jewish Historiography and Iconography in Early and Medieval Christianity . Fortress Press . pp. 171ff . ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , p. 463 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , pp. 459 -- 460 . Jump up ^ Dunbabin , Katherine M.D. ( 1999 ) Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World . Cambridge University Press . p. 254ff . ISBN 0521002303 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Butcher , Kevin ( 2003 ) Roman Syria and the Near East . Getty Publications . p. 201ff . ISBN 0892367156 . Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 421 . Jump up ^ Fantham , R. Elaine ( 1989 ) . `` Mime : The Missing Link in Roman Literary History '' . The Classical World . 82 ( 3 ) : 153 . doi : 10.2307 / 4350348 . JSTOR 4350348 . Jump up ^ Slater , William J. ( 2002 ) . `` Mime Problems : Cicero Ad fam. 7.1 and Martial 9.38 '' . Phoenix . 56 ( 3 / 4 ) : 315 . doi : 10.2307 / 1192603 . JSTOR 1192603 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Gian Biagio Conte ( 1994 ) Latin Literature : A History . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 128 . Jump up ^ Franklin , James L. ( 1987 ) . `` Pantomimists at Pompeii : Actius Anicetus and His Troupe '' . The American Journal of Philology. 108 : 95 .",
"108": "doi : 10.2307 / 294916 . JSTOR 294916 . Jump up ^ Starks , John H. Jr. ( 2008 ) `` Pantomime Actresses in Latin Inscriptions , '' in New Directions in Ancient Pantomime . Oxford University Press . p. 95 ; p. 14ff . ^ Jump up to : Naerebout , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Ginsberg ‐ Klar , Maria E. ( 2010 ) . `` The archaeology of musical instruments in Germany during the Roman period '' . World Archaeology. 12 ( 3 ) : 313 . doi : 10.1080 / 00438243.1981. 9979806 . JSTOR 124243 . Jump up ^ Habinek ( 2005 ) , p. 90ff . Jump up ^ Naerebout , pp. 146ff . Jump up ^ Naerebout , pp. 154 , 157 . Jump up ^ Naerebout , pp. 156 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Richlin , Amy ( 1993 ) . `` Not before Homosexuality : The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men '' . Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 ( 4 ) : 539 -- 540 . JSTOR 3704392 . Jump up ^ Csapo , Eric and Slater , William J. ( 1994 ) The Context of Ancient Drama . University of Michigan Press . p. 377 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , Ramsay ( 1984 ) Christianizing the Roman Empire : ( A.D. 100 -- 400 ) . Yale University Press . pp. 74 -- 75 , 84 . Jump up ^ As quoted by Alcuin , Epistula 175 ( Nescit homo , qui histriones et mimos et saltatores introduct in domum suam , quam magna eos immundorum sequitur turba spiritum ) Jump up ^ Hen , Yitzhak ( 1995 ) Culture and Religion in Merovingian Gaul , AD 481 -- 751 . Brill . p. 230 .",
"109": "Jump up ^ Harris , p. 5 Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 3 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : Kraus , T.J. ( 2000 ) . `` ( Il ) literacy in Non-Literary Papyri from Graeco - Roman Egypt : Further Aspects of the Educational Ideal in Ancient Literary Sources and Modern Times '' . Mnemosyme. 53 ( 3 ) : 322 -- 342 ( 325 -- 327 ) . JSTOR 4433101 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 89 , 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Mattern , Susan P. ( 1999 ) Rome and the Enemy : Imperial Strategy in the Principate . University of California Press . p. 197 ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Teresa ( 1998 ) Literate Education in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 46ff . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Clifford Ando poses the question as `` what good would ' posted edicts ' do in a world of low literacy ? ' in Ando , p. 101 ( see also p. 87 on `` the government 's obsessive documentation '' ) . Jump up ^ Ando , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Ando , p. 101 Jump up ^ Ando , pp. 152 , 210 . Jump up ^ Beard , Mary ( 1991 ) `` Ancient Literacy and the Written Word in Roman Religion , '' in Literacy in the Roman World . University of Michigan Press . p. 59ff Jump up ^ Dickie , Matthew ( 2001 ) Magic and Magicians in the Greco - Roman World . Routledge . pp. pp. 94 -- 95 , 181 -- 182 , and 196 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 555 Jump up ^ Harris , pp. 29 , 218 -- 219 .",
"110": "Jump up ^ Phang , Sara Elise ( 2011 ) `` Military Documents , Languages , and Literacy , '' in A Companion to the Roman Army . Blackwell . pp. 286 -- 301 . Jump up ^ Mattern , Rome and the Enemy , p. 197 , citing Harris , pp. 253 -- 255 . Jump up ^ Harris , pp. 9 , 48 , 215 , 248 , 258 -- 269 Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 47 , 54 , 290ff . Jump up ^ Mattern , Rome and the Enemy , p. 197 Jump up ^ Gagarin , pp. 19 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson ( 2010 ) , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Martial , Epigrams 1.2 and 14.184 -- 92 , as cited by Johnson ( 2010 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 71 Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 253 , citing on the book trade in the provinces Pliny the Younger , Epistulae 9.11. 2 ; Martial , Epigrams 7.88 ; Horace , Carmina 2.20. 13f. and Ars Poetica 345 ; Ovid , Tristia 4.9. 21 and 4.10. 128 ; Pliny the Elder , Natural History 35.2. 11 ; Sidonius , Epistulae 9.7. 1 . Jump up ^ Strabo 13.1. 54 , 50.13. 419 ; Martial , Epigrams 2.8 ; Lucian , Adversus Indoctum 1 Jump up ^ According to Seneca , Epistulae 27.6 f . Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Marshall , pp. 252 -- 264 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 67 -- 68 .",
"111": "Jump up ^ Marshall , pp. 257 , 260 . Jump up ^ Pliny , Epistulae 1.8. 2 ; CIL 5.5262 ( = ILS 2927 ) Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Marshall , 261 -- 262 Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Agricola 2.1 and Annales 4.35 and 14.50 ; Pliny the Younger , Epistulae 7.19. 6 ; Suetonius , Augustus 31 , Tiberius 61.3 , and Caligula 16 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Domitian 10 ; Quintilian , Institutio Oratoria 9.2. 65 Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 114ff. , pp. 186ff . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2010 ) p. 14 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 320ff . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 68 -- 69 , 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Laes , p. 108 ^ Jump up to : Peachin , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Laes , pp. 113 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 90 , 92 Jump up ^ Laes , pp. 116 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 87 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Laes , p. 122 . ^ Jump up to : Peachin , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Laes , pp. 107 -- 108 , 132 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 88 , 106 Jump up ^ Laes , p. 109 .",
"112": "Jump up ^ Laes , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 439 , 442 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 102 -- 103 , 105 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 104 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 103 , 106 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Harris , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Saller , R.P. ( 2012 ) . `` Promotion and Patronage in Equestrian Careers '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 70 : 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 299555 . JSTOR 299555 . Jump up ^ Armstron , David ( 2010 ) `` The Biographical and Social Foundations of Horace 's Poetic Voice , '' in A Companion to Horace . Blackwell . p. 11 Jump up ^ Lyne , R.O.A.M. ( 1995 ) Horace : Beyond the Public Poetry . Yale University Press . pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 598 . Jump up ^ Laes , pp. 109 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Laes , p. 110 ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 18 . Jump up ^ The wide - ranging 21st - century scholarship on the Second Sophistic includes Being Greek under Rome : Cultural Identity , the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire , edited by Simon Goldhill ( Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) ; Paideia : The World of the Second Sophistic , edited by Barbara E. Borg ( De Gruyter , 2004 ) ; and Tim Whitmarsh , The Second Sophistic ( Oxford University Press , 2005 ) . ^ Jump up to : Habinek , Thomas N. ( 1998 ) The Politics of Latin Literature : Writing , Identity , and Empire in Ancient Rome .",
"113": "Princeton University Press . pp. 122 -- 123 Jump up ^ Rawson ( 2003 ) , p. 80 . Jump up ^ James , Sharon L. ( 2003 ) Learned Girls and Male Persuasion : Gender and Reading in Roman Love Elegy . University of California Press . pp. 21 -- 25 Jump up ^ Johnson , W.R. `` Propertius , '' pp. 42 -- 43 , and Sharon L. James , `` Elegy and New Comedy , '' p. 262 , both in A Companion to Roman Love Elegy . Blackwell , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Harris , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 87 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Aetas Ovidiana ; Charles McNelis , `` Ovidian Strategies in Early Imperial Literature , '' in A Companion to Ovid ( Blackwell , 2007 ) , p. 397 . Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 8 . Jump up ^ van Dam , Harm - Jan ( 2008 ) `` Wandering Woods Again : From Poliziano to Grotius , '' in The Poetry of Statius . Brill . p. 45ff . Jump up ^ Jonathan Master , `` The Histories , '' in A Companion to Tacitus ( Blackwell , 2012 ) , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Sage , Michael M. ( 1990 ) `` Tacitus ' Historical Works : A Survey and Appraisal , '' Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 33.2 , p. 853 . Jump up ^ Albrecht , p. 1294 . Jump up ^ Albrecht , p. 1443 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Albrecht , p. 1359ff .",
"114": "Jump up ^ `` Not since Vergil had there been a Roman poet so effective at establishing a master narrative for his people '' : Marc Mastrangelo , The Roman Self in Late Antiquity : Prudentius and the Poetics of the Soul ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2008 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , p. 694 ^ Jump up to : Rüpke , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Apuleius , Florides 1.1 Jump up ^ Rüpke , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Matthew Bunson , A Dictionary of the Roman Empire ( Oxford University Press , 1995 ) , p. 246 . Jump up ^ The caesareum at Najaran was possibly known later as the `` Kaaba of Najran '' : جواد علي , المفصل في تاريخ العرب قبل الإسلام ( Jawad Ali , Al - Mufassal fi Tarikh Al - ' Arab Qabl Al - Islam ; `` Commentary on the History of the Arabs Before Islam '' ) , Baghdad , 1955 -- 1983 ; P. Harland , `` Imperial Cults within Local Cultural Life : Associations in Roman Asia '' , originally published in Ancient History Bulletin / Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 17 ( 2003 ) 91 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Isaac , Benjamin H. ( 2004 ) The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity . Princeton University Press . p. 449 Jump up ^ Frend , W.H.C. ( 1967 ) Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church : A Study of Conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus . Doubleday . p. 106 Jump up ^ Huskinson , Janet ( 2000 ) Experiencing Rome : Culture , Identity and Power in the Roman Empire . Routledge . p. 261 . See , for instance , the altar dedicated by a Roman citizen and depicting a sacrifice conducted in the Roman manner for the Germanic goddess Vagdavercustis in the 2nd century AD . Jump up ^ Momigliano , Arnaldo ( 1986 ) .",
"115": "`` The Disadvantages of Monotheism for a Universal State '' . Classical Philology. 81 ( 4 ) : 285 -- 297 . doi : 10.1086 / 367003 . JSTOR 269977 . Jump up ^ Fishwick , Duncan ( 1991 ) . The Imperial Cult in the Latin West : Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire , Vol. 1 , Brill . pp. 97 -- 149 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 07179 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ben - Sasson , H.H. ( 1976 ) A History of the Jewish People , Harvard University Press . pp. 254 -- 256 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 39731 - 2 Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 616 Jump up ^ Frend , W.H.C. ( 2006 ) `` Persecutions : Genesis and Legacy , '' Cambridge History of Christianity : Origins to Constantine . Cambridge University Press . Vol. 1 , p. 510 . ISBN 0521812399 . Jump up ^ Barnes , T.D. ( 2012 ) . `` Legislation against the Christians '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 58 : 32 . doi : 10.2307 / 299693 . JSTOR 299693 . Jump up ^ Sainte - Croix , G.E.M de ( 1963 ) . `` Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted ? '' . Past & Present. 26 : 6 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Musurillo , Herbert ( 1972 ) The Acts of the Christian Martyrs . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. lviii -- lxii Jump up ^ Sherwin - White , A.N. ( 1952 ) . `` The Early Persecutions and Roman Law Again '' . The Journal of Theological Studies ( 2 ) : 199 . doi : 10.1093 / jts / III. 2.199 . JSTOR 23952852 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annals XV. 44 Jump up ^ Eusebius of Caesarea ( 425 ) .",
"116": "Church History . Jump up ^ Smallwood , E.M. ( 1956 ) . `` ' Domitian 's attitude towards the Jews and Judaism '' . Classical Philology. 51 : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1086 / 363978 . Jump up ^ Pliny , Epistle to Trajan on the Christians Jump up ^ Frend , W.H.C. ( 1959 ) . `` The Failure of the Persecutions in the Roman Empire '' . Past and Present. 16 : 10 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 16.1. 10 . JSTOR 650151 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , p. 625 Jump up ^ Rüpke , pp. 406 -- 426 Jump up ^ On vocabulary , see Schilling , Robert ( 1992 ) `` The Decline and Survival of Roman Religion '' , Roman and European Mythologies . University of Chicago Press . p. 110 . Jump up ^ Burgan , Michael ( 2009 ) . Empire of Ancient Rome . Infobase Publishing . pp. 113 -- 114 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 2659 - 3 . Jump up ^ Noble , Thomas F.X. ; Strauss , Barry ; Osheim , Duane J. ; Neuschel , Kristen B. ; Accampo , Elinor Ann ( 2010 ) . Western Civilization : Beyond Boundaries , 1300 -- 1815 . Cengage Learning . p. 352 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4240 - 6959 - 0 . Jump up ^ Goffman , Daniel ( 2002 ) . The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe . Cambridge University Press . p. 107 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , History of Europe , The Romans , 2008 , O. Ed . Jump up ^ Collier , Martin ( 2003 ) . Italian Unification , 1820 -- 71 . Heinemann . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 435 - 32754 - 2 .",
"117": "Jump up ^ Briggs , Ward ( 2010 ) `` United States , '' in A Companion to the Classical Tradition . Blackwell . p. 279ff . ^ Jump up to : Meinig , D.W. ( 1986 ) The Shaping of America : A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History . Atlantic America , 1492 -- 1800 . Yale University Press . Vol. 1 . pp. 432 -- 435 . ISBN 0300038828 . ^ Jump up to : Vale , Lawrence J. ( 1992 ) Architecture , Power , and National Identity . Yale University Press . pp. 11 , 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ Mallgrave , Harry Francis ( 2005 ) Modern Architectural Theory : A Historical Survey , 1673 -- 1968 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 144 -- 145 ^ Jump up to : Kornwall , James D. ( 2011 ) Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America . Johns Hopkins University Press , vol. 3 . pp. 1246 , 1405 -- 1408 . ISBN 0801859867 . Jump up ^ Wood , pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Onuf , Peter S. and Cole , Nicholas P. introduction to Thomas Jefferson , the Classical World , and Early America . University of Virginia Press . p. 5 Jump up ^ Dietler , Michael ( 2010 ) . Archaeologies of Colonialism : Consumption , Entanglement , and Violence in Ancient Mediterranean France . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 26551 - 6 . Jump up ^ Briggs , W. ( 2010 ) `` United States , '' in A Companion to the Classical Tradition . Blackwell . pp. 282 -- 286 Jump up ^ Wood , pp. 60 , 66 , 73 -- 74 , 239 . Jump up ^ Gelernter , Mark ( 1999 ) A History of American Architecture : Buildings in Their Cultural and Technological Context . University Press of New England . p. 13 .",
"118": "Jump up ^ Wilson , Richard Guy ( 2011 ) `` Thomas Jefferson 's Classical Architecture : An American Agenda , '' in Thomas Jefferson , the Classical World , and Early America . University of Virginia Press . p. 122 Jump up ^ Spahn , Hannah ( 2011 ) Thomas Jefferson , Time , and History . University of Virginia Press . pp. 144 -- 145 , 163 -- 167 Jump up ^ Wood , pp. 228 -- 330 Jump up ^ Lears , Jackson ( 2009 ) Rebirth of a Nation : The Making of Modern America , 1877 -- 1920 . HarperCollins . pp. 277 -- 278 Jump up ^ Gutheim , Frederick and Lee , Antoinette J. ( 2006 ) Worthy of the Nation : Washington , DC , from L'Enfant to the National Capital Planning Committee . Johns Hopkins University Press , 2nd ed . pp. 137 , 152 . Cited sources Abbott , Frank Frost ( 1901 ) . A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions . Elibron Classics . ISBN 0 - 543 - 92749 - 0 . Adams , J.N. ( 2003 ) . `` ' Romanitas ' and the Latin Language '' . The Classical Quarterly . 53 : 184 . doi : 10.1093 / cq / 53.1. 184 . JSTOR 3556490 . Albrecht , Michael von ( 1997 ) . A History of Roman Literature : From Livius Andronicus to Boethius : with Special Regard to Its Influence on World Literature. 2 . BRILL . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10709 - 6 . Ando , Clifford ( 2000 ) . Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22067 - 6 . Auguet , Roland ( 2012 ) . Cruelty and Civilization : The Roman Games . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 09343 - 3 . Boardman , John , ed. ( 2000 ) .",
"119": "The Cambridge Ancient History : The High Empire , A.D. 70 -- 192 . Vol. 11 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521263352 . Bohec , Yann Le ( 2000 ) . The Imperial Roman Army . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 22295 - 2 . Bowersock , Glen Warren ; Brown , Peter ; Grabar , Oleg ( 1999 ) . Late Antiquity : A Guide to the Postclassical World . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 51173 - 6 . Bowman , Alan ; Garnsey , Peter ; Cameron , Averil , eds. ( 2005 ) . The Cambridge Ancient History : Volume 12 , The Crisis of Empire , AD 193 -- 337 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 30199 - 2 . Bradley , Keith ( 1994 ) . Slavery and Society at Rome . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 37887 - 1 . Cavallo , Guglielmo ; Chartier , Roger ( 1999 ) . A History of Reading in the West . Polity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 1936 - 1 . Clarke , John R. ( 1991 ) . The Houses of Roman Italy , 100 B.C. - A.D. 250 : Ritual , Space , and Decoration . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 08429 - 2 . Dyson , Stephen L. ( 2010 ) . Rome : A Living Portrait of an Ancient City . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0101 - 0 . Edmondson , J.C. ( 1996 ) . `` Dynamic Arenas : Gladiatorial Presentations in the City of Rome and the Construction of Roman Society during the Early Empire '' . Roman Theater and Society . University of Michigan Press . Edwards , Catharine ( 2007 ) .",
"120": "Death in Ancient Rome . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11208 - 4 . Elsner , Jaś ; Huskinson , Janet ( 2011 ) . Life , Death and Representation : Some New Work on Roman Sarcophagi . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 020213 - 7 . Frier , Bruce W. ; McGinn , Thomas A. ( 2004 ) . A Casebook on Roman Family Law . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516185 - 4 . Gagarin , Michael , ed. ( 2010 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517072 - 6 . Goldsworthy , Adrian ( 2003 ) . The Complete Roman Army . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05124 - 0 . Habinek , Thomas N. ( 2005 ) . The World of Roman Song : From Ritualized Speech to Social Order . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8105 - 3 . Harris , W.V. ( 1989 ) . Ancient Literacy . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674033817 . Holleran , Claire ( 2012 ) . Shopping in Ancient Rome : The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate . OUP Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 969821 - 9 . Humphrey , John H. ( 1986 ) . Roman Circuses : Arenas for Chariot Racing . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04921 - 5 . Johnson , William A ; Parker , Holt N ( 2009 ) . Ancient Literacies : The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 971286 - 1 . Johnson , William A. ( 2010 ) .",
"121": "Readers and Reading Culture in the High Roman Empire : A Study of Elite Communities . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 972105 - 4 . Jones , A.H.M. ( 1960 ) . `` The Cloth Industry Under the Roman Empire '' . The Economic History Review . 13 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 192 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1960. tb02114. x . Kelly , Christopher ( 2007 ) . The Roman Empire : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0192803913 . Kousser , Rachel Meredith ( 2008 ) . Hellenistic and Roman Ideal Sculpture : The Allure of the Classical . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87782 - 4 . Laes , Christian ( 2011 ) . Children in the Roman Empire : Outsiders Within . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 89746 - 4 . Marshall , Anthony J. ( 1976 ) . `` Library Resources and Creative Writing at Rome '' . Phoenix . 30 ( 3 ) : 252 -- 264 . doi : 10.2307 / 1087296 . JSTOR 1087296 . Millar , Fergus ( 2012 ) . `` Empire and City , Augustus to Julian : Obligations , Excuses and Status '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 73 : 76 . doi : 10.2307 / 300073 . JSTOR 300073 . Morris , Ian ; Scheidel , Walter ( 2009 ) . The Dynamics of Ancient Empires : State Power from Assyria to Byzantium . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 970761 - 4 . Naerebout , Frederick G. ( 2009 ) . `` Dance in the Roman Empire and Its Discontents '' . Ritual Dynamics and Religious Change in the Roman Empire .",
"122": "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire ( Heidelberg , July 5 -- 7 , 2007 ) , Brill . Nicolet , Claude ( 1991 ) . Space , Geography , and Politics in the Early Roman Empire . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 10096 - 3 . Peachin , Michael , ed. ( 2011 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518800 - 4 . Potter , David Stone ; Mattingly , D.J. ( 1999 ) . Life , Death , and Entertainment in the Roman Empire . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08568 - 9 . Potter , David S. , ed. ( 2009 ) . A Companion to the Roman Empire . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9918 - 6 . Rochette , Bruno ( 2012 ) . `` Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire '' . A Companion to the Latin Language . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444343397. ch30 . ISBN 9781444343397 . Rawson , Beryl ( 1987 ) . The Family in Ancient Rome : New Perspectives . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9460 - 5 . Rawson , Beryl ( 2003 ) . Children and Childhood in Roman Italy . OUP Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 151423 - 4 . Roberts , Michael John ( 1989 ) . The jeweled style : poetry and poetics in late antiquity . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 2265 - 2 . Rüpke , Jörg ( 2007 ) . A Companion to Roman Religion . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 76645 - 3 . Stambaugh , John E. ( 1988 ) . The Ancient Roman City .",
"123": "JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 3692 - 3 . Vout , Caroline ( 2009 ) . `` The Myth of the Toga : Understanding the History of Roman Dress '' . Greece and Rome . 43 ( 2 ) : 204 -- 220 . doi : 10.1093 / gr / 43.2. 204 . JSTOR 643096 . Winterling , Aloys ( 2009 ) . Politics and Society in Imperial Rome . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 7969 - 0 . Wiseman , T.P. ( 1970 ) . `` The Definition of Eques Romanus '' . Historia. 19 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 83 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2011 ) . The Idea of America : Reflections on the Birth of the United States . Penguin Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 51514 - 3 . External links Library resources about Roman Empire Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Find more aboutRoman Empireat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Romans for Children , a BBC website on ancient Rome for children at primary - school level . Interactive map of the Roman Empire at Vici.org Historical Atlas showing the expansion of the Roman Empire . Roman-Empire.net , learning resources and re-enactments The Historical Theater in the Year 400 AD , in Which Both Romans and Barbarians Resided Side by Side in the Eastern Part of the Roman Empire Ancient Rome topics Outline Timeline Epochs Foundation Kingdom overthrow Republic Empire Pax Romana Principate Dominate Western Empire fall historiography of the fall",
"124": "Byzantine Empire decline fall Constitution History Kingdom Republic Empire Late Empire Senate Legislative assemblies Curiate Centuriate Tribal Plebeian Executive magistrates SPQR Government Curia Forum Cursus honorum Collegiality Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Prefect Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Optimates Populares Province Magistrates Ordinary Tribune Quaestor Aedile Praetor Consul Censor Promagistrate Governor Extraordinary Dictator Magister Equitum Decemviri Consular Tribune Triumvir Rex Interrex Law Twelve Tables Mos maiorum Citizenship Auctoritas Imperium Status Litigation Military Borders Establishment Structure Campaigns Political control Strategy Engineering Frontiers and fortifications castra Technology Army Legion Infantry tactics Personal equipment Siege engines Navy Auxiliaries Decorations and punishments Hippika gymnasia Economy Agriculture Deforestation Commerce Finance Currency Republican currency Imperial currency Technology Abacus Numerals Civil engineering Military engineering Military technology Aqueducts Bridges Circus Concrete Domes Forum Metallurgy",
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"126": "Laws Consuls Tribunes Distinguished women Nomina Gentes Climate Legacy Fiction Films History of the Roman - Byzantine Empire by modern territory of nations and regions Albania ( Classical - Medieval ) Algeria Armenia ( Classical - Early Medieval ) Azerbaijan Austria Balkans Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria ( Classical - High Medieval ) Britain ( England ) Crimea ( Classical - Medieval ) Croatia Cyprus ( Classical - Medieval ) Egypt ( Classical ~ Early Medieval ) France ( Corsica ( Classical - Early Medieval ) ) Georgia Germany Greece ( Classical - Medieval ) ( Crete ( Classical - Medieval ) ) Hungary Israel ( Classical ~ Early Medieval ) Italy ( Classical - Medieval ) ( Sicily ( Classical - Medieval ) , Sardinia ( Classical - Early Medieval ) ) Lebanon ( Classical ~ Early Medieval ) Libya Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Monaco Montenegro Morocco The Netherlands North Africa Palestine ( Classical ~ Early Medieval ) Portugal Romania Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain ( Classical - Early Medieval ) Switzerland Syria ( Classical ~ Early Medieval ) Tunisia ( Roman Carthage ) Turkey ( Classical - Medieval ) ( Thrace ( Classical - Medieval ) ) Wales Ancient Syria and Mesopotamia Syria Northern Mesopotamia Southern Mesopotamia c. 3500 -- 2350 BCE Martu Subartu Sumerian city - states c. 2350 -- 2200 BCE Akkadian Empire c. 2200 -- 2100 BCE Gutians c. 2100 -- 2000 BCE Third Dynasty of Ur ( Sumerian Renaissance ) c. 2000 -- 1800 BCE Mari and other Amorite city - states Old Assyrian Empire ( Northern Akkadians ) Isin / Larsa and other Amorite city - states c.",
"127": "1800 -- 1600 BCE Old Hittite Kingdom Old Babylonian Empire ( Southern Akkadians ) c. 1600 -- 1400 BCE Mitanni ( Hurrians ) Karduniaš ( Kassites ) c. 1400 -- 1200 BCE New Hittite Kingdom Middle Assyrian Empire c. 1200 -- 1150 BCE Bronze Age collapse ( `` Sea Peoples '' ) Arameans c. 1150 -- 911 BCE Phoenicia Syro - Hittite states Aram - Damascus Arameans Middle Babylonia ( Isin II ) Chal de - ans 911 -- 729 BCE Neo-Assyrian Empire 729 -- 609 BCE 626 -- 539 BCE Neo-Babylonian Empire ( Chaldeans ) 539 -- 331 BCE Achaemenid Empire ( Persians ) 336 -- 301 BCE Macedonian Empire ( Ancient Greeks ) 311 -- 129 BCE Seleucid Empire 129 -- 63 BCE Seleucid Empire Parthian Empire ( Iranians ) 63 BCE -- 243 CE Roman Empire / Byzantine Empire ( Syria ) 243 -- 636 CE Sasanian Empire ( Persians ) Territories with limited Roman Empire occupation and contact Occupied temporarily Arabia Azerbaijan Armenia ( Classical - Medieval ) Assyria Crimea ( Classical - Medieval ) Dacia Georgia Germany Mesopotamia Netherlands Persia Slovakia Scotland Sudan Contacts & explorations China India Ireland Scandinavia Somalia Sub-Saharan Africa Equatorial Africa See also Borders of the Roman Empire Empires",
"128": "Ancient Akkadian Egyptian Assyrian Babylonian Carthaginian Chinese Qin Han Jin Northern Wei Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta Harsha Iranian Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Mongol Xianbei Xiongnu Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Post-classical Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Aragonese Angevin Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Trebizond Carolingian Chinese Sui Tang Song Yuan Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Georgian Hunnic Inca Indian Chola Gurjara - Pratihara Pala Eastern Ganga dynasty Delhi Vijayanagara Iranian Tahirid Samanid Buyid Sallarid Ziyarid Kanem Khmer Latin Majapahit Malaccan Mali Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Moroccan Idrisid Almoravid Almohad Marinid North Sea Oyo Roman Serbian Somali Ajuran Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Warsangali Songhai Srivijaya",
"129": "Tibetan Turko - Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Timurid Vietnamese Ly Tran Le Wagadou Modern Ashanti Austrian Austro - Hungarian Brazilian Central African Chinese Ming Qing China Manchukuo Ethiopian French First Second German First / Old Reich Second Reich Third Reich Haitian First Second Indian Maratha Sikh Mughal British Raj Iranian Safavid Afsharid Zand Qajar Pahlavi Japanese Johor Korean Mexican First Second Moroccan Saadi Alaouite Russian USSR Somali Gobroon Majeerteen Hobyo Dervish Swedish Tongan Turkish Ottoman Karaman Ramazan Vietnamese Tay Son Nguyen Vietnam Colonial American Belgian British English Danish Dutch French German Italian Japanese Omani Norwegian Portuguese Spanish Swedish Lists Empires largest ancient great powers medieval great powers modern great powers Former states of the Italian Peninsula , Savoy , Corsica , Sardinia ,",
"130": "Sicily and Malta Etruscan civilization Lega dei popoli Etruscan dodecapolis Ancient Rome Roman Kingdom ( 753 BC -- 509 BC ) Roman Republic ( 509 BC -- 27 BC ) Roman Italy Sicilia ( 241 BC -- 476 AD ) Corsica and Sardinia ( 238 BC -- 455 AD ) Roman Empire ( 27 BC -- 395 AD ) Praetorian prefecture of Italy ( 337 AD -- 584 AD ) Western Roman Empire ( 285 AD -- 476 AD ) Medieval and Early Modern states Early Italian Kingdom ( 476 - 774 ) Odoacer 's rule ( 476 -- 493 ) Ostrogothic rule ( 493 -- 553 ) Vandal rule ( 435 -- 534 ) Lombard rule ( 568 -- 774 ) Duchy of Benevento Duchy of Friuli Duchy of Ivrea Duchy of Spoleto Duchy of Tridentum Holy Roman Kingdom of Italy ( 774 / 962 -- 1806 ) , Papal States and other independent states March of Ancona Duchy of Aosta Patria del Friuli ( Patriarchate of Aquileia ) Bishopric of Bressanone Duchy of Castro Commune of Rome Marquisate of Ceva Republic of Cospaia Duchy of Ferrara Marquisate of Finale City of Fiume and its District Republic of Florence Duchy of Florence March of Friuli Republic of Genoa Republic of Noli County of Gorizia Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca County of Guastalla Duchy of Guastalla Kingdom of Illyria March of Istria Duchy of Ivrea Republic of Lucca Margravate of Mantua Duchy of Mantua Duchy of Massa and Carrara Duchy of Merania Duchy of Milan Duchy of Mirandola Duchy of Modena and Reggio March of Montferrat Duchy of",
"131": "Montferrat County of Nizza Duchy of Parma Principality of Piedmont Principality of Piombino Republic of Pisa Duchy of Reggio Marquisate of Saluzzo County of Savoy Duchy of Savoy Republic of Siena Duchy of Spoleto Terra Sancti Benedicti Bishopric of Trento March of Turin March of Tuscany Grand Duchy of Tuscany County of Tirolo Duchy of Urbino March of Verona Imperial Free City of Trieste Byzantine Empire ( 584 - 751 ) Exarchate of Ravenna ( 584 -- 751 ) Duchy of Rome ( 533 -- 751 ) Duchy of Perugia ( 554 -- 752 ) Duchy of the Pentapolis ( 554 -- 752 ) Exarchate of Africa ( 585 -- 698 ) Republic of Venice ( 697 -- 1797 ) Dogado Stato da Màr Domini di Terraferma Southern Italy ( 774 -- 1139 ) Byzantine Duchy of Amalfi Duchy of Gaeta Catepanate of Italy Longobardia Theme of Lucania Duchy of Naples Sicily ( theme ) and Byzantine Sicily Duchy of Sorrento Arab Emirate of Bari Emirate of Sicily Lombard Principality of Benevento Principality of Salerno Principality of Capua Norman County of Apulia and Calabria County of Aversa County of Sicily Principality of Taranto Sardinia and Corsica ( 9th century -- 1420 ) Giudicati Giudicato of Agugliastra",
"132": "Giudicato of Arborea Giudicato of Cagliari Giudicato of Gallura Giudicato of Logudoro Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica Corsican Republic ( 1755 -- 1769 ) Kingdom of Sicily ( 1130 -- 1816 ) and Kingdom of Naples ( 1282 -- 1816 ) State of the Presidi Duke of San Donato Duchy of Sora Principality of Taranto Neapolitan Republic ( 1647 -- 1648 ) Malta under the Order Gozo Malta Protectorate Crown Colony of Malta French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era ( 1792 -- 1815 ) Republics Alba Ancona Bergamo Bologna Brescia Cisalpinia Cispadania Crema Italy Liguria Lucca Parthenopea Piedmont Rome Subalpinia Tiberinia Transpadania Monarchies Benevento Etruria Guastalla Italy Lucca and Piombino Massa and Carrara Naples Pontecorvo Tuscany Elba Corsica Post-Napoleonic states Duchy of Genoa ( 1815 -- 1848 ) Duchy of Lucca ( 1815 -- 1847 ) Duchy of Massa and Carrara ( 1814 -- 1829 ) Duchy of Modena and Reggio ( 1814 -- 1859 ) Duchy of Parma ( 1814 -- 1859 ) Grand Duchy of Tuscany ( 1815 -- 1859 ) Italian United Provinces ( 1831 ) Provisional Government of Milan ( 1848 ) Republic of San Marco ( 1848 -- 1849 )",
"133": "Roman Republic ( 1849 ) United Provinces of Central Italy ( 1859 -- 1860 ) Kingdom of Sardinia ( 1814 -- 1860 ) Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( 1816 -- 1861 ) Kingdom of Lombardy -- Venetia ( 1815 -- 1866 ) Papal States ( 1814 -- 1870 ) Post-unification Kingdom of Italy ( 1861 -- 1946 ) Italian Empire ( 1869 -- 1946 ) Free State of Fiume ( 1920 -- 1924 ) Italian Social Republic ( 1943 -- 1945 ) Free Territory of Trieste ( 1947 - 1954 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Empire&oldid=816488049 '' Categories : Former countries in Europe Former countries in Asia Former empires States and territories disestablished in 1453 Roman Empire Ancient Italian history Former countries on the Italian Peninsula Countries in ancient Africa Superpowers 20s BC establishments in the Roman Empire 27 BC establishments 1st - century BC establishments in Italy States and territories established in the 1st century BC States and territories disestablished in the 5th century 476 disestablishments 470s disestablishments 5th - century disestablishments in Italy 1453 disestablishments in Europe History of the Mediterranean Christian states Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2015 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English Oxford spelling from May 2014 Good articles Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters All Wikipedia articles needing words , phrases or quotes attributed Wikipedia articles needing words , phrases or quotes attributed from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements",
"134": "from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Misleading articles All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles to be expanded from April 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語",
"135": "𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Ladino Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs La . lojban .",
"136": "Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Qırımtatarca Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017 , at 17 : 50 .",
"137": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what does sip stand for in the ngn / ims context
|
[
"Session Initiation Protocol",
"Session Initiation Protocol",
"Session Initiation Protocol",
"Session Initiation Protocol",
"Session Initiation Protocol"
] |
{
"0": "IP multimedia subsystem - wikipedia IP multimedia subsystem Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article uses abbreviations that may be confusing or ambiguous . There might be a discussion about this on the talk page . Please improve this article if you can . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The IP Multimedia Subsystem or IP Multimedia Core Network Subsystem ( IMS ) is an architectural framework for delivering IP multimedia services . Historically , mobile phones have provided voice call services over a circuit - switched - style network , rather than strictly over an IP packet - switched network . Alternative methods of delivering voice ( VoIP ) or other multimedia services have become available on smartphones , but they have not become standardized across the industry . IMS is an architectural framework to provide such standardization . IMS was originally designed by the wireless standards body 3rd Generation Partnership Project ( 3GPP ) , as a part of the vision for evolving mobile networks beyond GSM . Its original formulation ( 3GPP Rel - 5 ) represented an approach to delivering `` Internet services '' over GPRS . This vision was later updated by 3GPP , 3GPP2 and ETSI TISPAN by requiring support of networks other than GPRS , such as Wireless LAN , CDMA2000 and fixed lines . To ease the integration with the Internet , IMS uses IETF protocols wherever possible , e.g. , SIP ( Session Initiation Protocol ) . According to the 3GPP , IMS is not intended to standardize applications , but rather to aid the access of multimedia and voice applications from wireless and wireline terminals , i.e. , to create a form of fixed - mobile convergence ( FMC ) . This is done by having a horizontal control layer that isolates the access network from the service layer . From a logical architecture perspective , services need not have their own control functions , as the control layer is a common horizontal layer .",
"1": "However , in implementation this does not necessarily map into greater reduced cost and complexity . Alternative and overlapping technologies for access and provisioning of services across wired and wireless networks include combinations of Generic Access Network , soft switches and `` naked '' SIP . Since it is becoming increasingly easier to access content and contacts using mechanisms outside the control of traditional wireless / fixed operators , the interest of IMS is being challenged . Examples of global standards based on IMS are MMTel which is the basis for Voice over LTE ( VoLTE ) and Rich Communication Services ( RCS ) which is also known as joyn or Advanced Messaging . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Architecture 2.1 Access network 2.2 Core network 2.2. 1 CSCF -- Call Session Control Function 2.2. 2 Application servers 2.2. 2.1 Functional model 2.2. 2.2 Public Service Identity 2.2. 3 Media servers 2.2. 4 Breakout gateway 2.2. 5 PSTN gateways 2.2. 6 Media resources 2.3 NGN interconnection 2.4 Charging 2.5 IMS - Based PES Architecture 2.6 Interfaces description 3 Session handling 3.1 Initial filter criteria 4 Security aspects of early IMS and non-3GPP systems 5 See also 6 References 7 Books 8 External links History ( edit ) IMS defined by an industry forum called 3G. IP , formed in 1999 . 3G. IP developed the initial IMS architecture , which was brought to the 3rd Generation Partnership Project ( 3GPP ) , as part of their standardization work for 3G mobile phone systems in UMTS networks . It first appeared in Release 5 ( evolution from 2G to 3G networks ) , when SIP - based multimedia was added . Support for the older GSM and GPRS networks was also provided . 3GPP2 ( a different organization from 3GPP ) based their CDMA2000 Multimedia Domain ( MMD ) on 3GPP IMS , adding support for CDMA2000 .",
"2": "3GPP release 6 added interworking with WLAN , inter-operability between IMS using different IP - connectivity networks , routing group identities , multiple registration and forking , presence , speech recognition and speech - enabled services ( Push to talk ) . 3GPP release 7 added support for fixed networks by working together with TISPAN release R1. 1 , the function of AGCF ( access gateway control function ) and PES ( PSTN emulation service ) are introduced to the wire - line network for the sake of inheritance of services which can be provided in PSTN network . AGCF works as a bridge interconnecting the IMS networks and the Megaco / H. 248 networks . Megaco / H. 248 networks offers the possibility to connect terminals of the old legacy networks to the new generation of networks based on IP networks . AGCF acts a SIP User agent towards the IMS and performs the role of P - CSCF . SIP User Agent functionality is included in the AGCF , and not on the customer device but in the network itself . Also added voice call continuity between circuit switching and packet switching domain ( VCC ) , fixed broadband connection to the IMS , interworking with non-IMS networks , policy and charging control ( PCC ) , emergency sessions . 3GPP release 8 added support for LTE / SAE , multimedia session continuity , enhanced emergency sessions and IMS centralized services . 3GPP release 9 added support for IMS emergency calls over GPRS and EPS , enhancements to multimedia telephony , IMS media plane security , enhancements to services centralization and continuity . 3GPP release 10 added support for inter device transfer , enhancements to the single radio voice call continuity ( SRVCC ) , enhancements to IMS emergency sessions . 3GPP release 11 added USSD simulation service , network - provided location information for IMS , SMS submit and delivery without MSISDN in IMS , and overload control . Architecture ( edit ) 3GPP / TISPAN IMS architectural overview 3GPP / TISPAN IMS architectural overview -- HSS in IMS layer ( as by standard ) Each of the functions in the diagram is explained below . The IP multimedia core network subsystem is a collection of different functions , linked by standardized interfaces , which grouped form one IMS administrative network .",
"3": "A function is not a node ( hardware box ) : An implementer is free to combine two functions in one node , or to split a single function into two or more nodes . Each node can also be present multiple times in a single network , for dimensioning , load balancing or organizational issues . Access network ( edit ) The user can connect to IMS in various ways , most of which use the standard IP . IMS terminals ( such as mobile phones , personal digital assistants ( PDAs ) and computers ) can register directly on IMS , even when they are roaming in another network or country ( the visited network ) . The only requirement is that they can use IP and run SIP user agents . Fixed access ( e.g. , Digital Subscriber Line ( DSL ) , cable modems , Ethernet ) , mobile access ( e.g. W - CDMA , CDMA2000 , GSM , GPRS ) and wireless access ( e.g. , WLAN , WiMAX ) are all supported . Other phone systems like plain old telephone service ( POTS -- the old analogue telephones ) , H. 323 and non IMS - compatible systems , are supported through gateways . Core network ( edit ) HSS -- Home subscriber server : The home subscriber server ( HSS ) , or user profile server function ( UPSF ) , is a master user database that supports the IMS network entities that actually handle calls . It contains the subscription - related information ( subscriber profiles ) , performs authentication and authorization of the user , and can provide information about the subscriber 's location and IP information . It is similar to the GSM home location register ( HLR ) and Authentication centre ( AuC ) . A subscriber location function ( SLF ) is needed to map user addresses when multiple HSSs are used . User identities : Various identities may be associated with IMS : IP multimedia private identity ( IMPI ) , IP multimedia public identity ( IMPU ) , globally routable user agent URI ( GRUU ) , wildcarded public user identity . Both IMPI and IMPU are not phone numbers or other series of digits , but uniform resource identifier ( URIs ) , that can be digits ( a Tel URI , such as tel : + 1 - 555 - 123 - 4567 ) or alphanumeric identifiers ( a SIP URI , such as sip : john.doe@example.com '' ) .",
"4": "IP Multimedia Private Identity : The IP Multimedia Private Identity ( IMPI ) is a unique permanently allocated global identity assigned by the home network operator , it has the form of an Network Access Identifier ( NAI ) i.e. user.name@domain , and is used , for example , for Registration , Authorization , Administration , and Accounting purposes . Every IMS user shall have one IMPI . IP Multimedia Public Identity : The IP Multimedia Public Identity ( IMPU ) is used by any user for requesting communications to other users ( e.g. this might be included on a business card ) . Also known as Address of Record ( AOR ) . There can be multiple IMPU per IMPI . The IMPU can also be shared with another phone , so that both can be reached with the same identity ( for example , a single phone - number for an entire family ) . Globally Routable User Agent URI : Globally Routable User Agent URI ( GRUU ) is an identity that identifies a unique combination of IMPU and UE instance . There are two types of GRUU : Public - GRUU ( P - GRUU ) and Temporary GRUU ( T - GRUU ) . P - GRUU reveal the IMPU and are very long lived . T - GRUU do not reveal the IMPU and are valid until the contact is explicitly de-registered or the current registration expires Wildcarded Public User Identity : A wildcarded Public User Identity expresses a set of IMPU grouped together . The HSS subscriber database contains the IMPU , IMPI , IMSI , MSISDN , subscriber service profiles , service triggers , and other information . CSCF -- call session control function ( edit ) Several roles of SIP servers or proxies , collectively called Call Session Control Function ( CSCF ) , are used to process SIP signalling packets in the IMS . A Proxy - CSCF ( P - CSCF ) is a SIP proxy that is the first point of contact for the IMS terminal . It can be located either in the visited network ( in full IMS networks ) or in the home network ( when the visited network is not IMS compliant yet ) . Some networks may use a Session Border Controller ( SBC ) for this function . The P - CSCF is at its core a specialized SBC for the User -- network interface which not only protects the network , but also the IMS terminal .",
"5": "The use of an additional SBC between the IMS terminal and the P - CSCF is unnecessary and infeasible due to the signaling being encrypted on this leg . The terminal discovers its P - CSCF with either DHCP , or it may be configured ( e.g. during initial provisioning or via a 3GPP IMS Management Object ( MO ) ) or in the ISIM or assigned in the PDP Context ( in General Packet Radio Service ( GPRS ) ) . It is assigned to an IMS terminal before registration , and does not change for the duration of the registration . It sits on the path of all signalling , and can inspect every signal ; the IMS terminal must ignore any other unencrypted signalling . It provides subscriber authentication and may establish an IPsec or TLS security association with the IMS terminal . This prevents spoofing attacks and replay attacks and protects the privacy of the subscriber . It inspects the signaling and ensures that the IMS terminals do not misbehave ( e.g. change normal signaling routes , do not obey home network 's routing policy ) . It can compress and decompress SIP messages using SigComp , which reduces the round - trip over slow radio links . It may include a Policy Decision Function ( PDF ) , which authorizes media plane resources e.g. , quality of service ( QoS ) over the media plane . It is used for policy control , bandwidth management , etc . The PDF can also be a separate function . It also generates charging records . An Interrogating - CSCF ( I - CSCF ) is another SIP function located at the edge of an administrative domain . Its IP address is published in the Domain Name System ( DNS ) of the domain ( using NAPTR and SRV type of DNS records ) , so that remote servers can find it , and use it as a forwarding point ( e.g. , registering ) for SIP packets to this domain . it queries the HSS to retrieve the address of the S - CSCF and assign it to a user performing SIP registration it also forwards SIP request or response to the S - CSCF Up to Release 6 it can also be used to hide the internal network from the outside world ( encrypting parts of the SIP message ) , in which case it 's called a Topology Hiding Inter-network Gateway ( THIG ) .",
"6": "From Release 7 onwards this `` entry point '' function is removed from the I - CSCF and is now part of the Interconnection Border Control Function ( IBCF ) . The IBCF is used as gateway to external networks , and provides NAT and firewall functions ( pinholing ) . The IBCF is a session border controller specialized for the network - to - network interface ( NNI ) . A Serving - CSCF ( S - CSCF ) is the central node of the signalling plane . It is a SIP server , but performs session control too . It is always located in the home network . It uses Diameter Cx and Dx interfaces to the HSS to download user profiles and upload user - to - S - CSCF associations ( the user profile is only cached locally for processing reasons only and is not changed ) . All necessary subscriber profile information is loaded from the HSS . it handles SIP registrations , which allows it to bind the user location ( e.g. , the IP address of the terminal ) and the SIP address it sits on the path of all signaling messages of the locally registered users , and can inspect every message it decides to which application server ( s ) the SIP message will be forwarded , in order to provide their services it provides routing services , typically using Electronic Numbering ( ENUM ) lookups it enforces the policy of the network operator there can be multiple S - CSCFs in the network for load distribution and high availability reasons . It 's the HSS that assigns the S - CSCF to a user , when it 's queried by the I - CSCF . There are multiple options for this purpose , including a mandatory / optional capabilities to be matched between subscribers and S - CSCFs . Application servers ( edit ) See also : Next generation network services SIP Application servers ( AS ) host and execute services , and interface with the S - CSCF using SIP . An example of an application server that is being developed in 3GPP is the Voice call continuity Function ( VCC Server ) . Depending on the actual service , the AS can operate in SIP proxy mode , SIP UA ( user agent ) mode or SIP B2BUA mode . An AS can be located in the home network or in an external third - party network .",
"7": "If located in the home network , it can query the HSS with the Diameter Sh or Si interfaces ( for a SIP - AS ) . SIP AS : Host and execute IMS specific services IP Multimedia Service Switching Function ( IM - SSF ) : Interfaces SIP to CAP to communicate with CAMEL Application Servers OSA service capability server ( OSA SCS ) : Interfaces SIP to the OSA framework ; Functional model ( edit ) The AS - ILCM ( Application Server - Incoming Leg Control Model ) and AS - OLCM ( Application Sever - Outgoing Leg Control Model ) store transaction state , and may optionally store session state depending on the specific service being executed . The AS - ILCM interfaces to the S - CSCF ( ILCM ) for an incoming leg and the AS - OLCM interfaces to the S - CSCF ( OLCM ) for an outgoing leg . Application Logic provides the service ( s ) and interacts between the AS - ILCM and AS - OLCM . Public service identity ( edit ) Public Service Identities ( PSI ) are identities that identify services , which are hosted by application servers . As user identities , PSI takes the form of either a SIP or Tel URI . PSIs are stored in the HSS either as a distinct PSI or as a wildcarded PSI : a distinct PSI contains the PSI that is used in routing a wildcarded PSI represents a collection of PSIs . Media servers ( edit ) The Media Resource Function ( MRF ) provides media related functions such as media manipulation ( e.g. voice stream mixing ) and playing of tones and announcements . Each MRF is further divided into a media resource function controller ( MRFC ) and a media resource function processor ( MRFP ) . The MRFC is a signalling plane node that interprets information coming from an AS and S - CSCF to control the MRFP The MRFP is a media plane node used to mix , source or process media streams . It can also manage access right to shared resources . The Media Resource Broker ( MRB ) is a functional entity that is responsible for both collection of appropriate published MRF information and supplying of appropriate MRF information to consuming entities such as the AS .",
"8": "MRB can be used in two modes : Query mode : AS queries the MRB for media and sets up the call using the response of MRB In - Line Mode : AS sends a SIP INVITE to the MRB . The MRB sets up the call Breakout gateway ( edit ) A Breakout Gateway Control Function ( BGCF ) is a SIP proxy which processes requests for routing from an S - CSCF when the S - CSCF has determined that the session can not be routed using DNS or ENUM / DNS . It includes routing functionality based on telephone numbers . PSTN gateways ( edit ) A PSTN / CS gateway interfaces with PSTN circuit switched ( CS ) networks . For signalling , CS networks use ISDN User Part ( ISUP ) ( or BICC ) over Message Transfer Part ( MTP ) , while IMS uses SIP over IP . For media , CS networks use Pulse - code modulation ( PCM ) , while IMS uses Real - time Transport Protocol ( RTP ) . A signalling gateway ( SGW ) interfaces with the signalling plane of the CS . It transforms lower layer protocols as Stream Control Transmission Protocol ( SCTP , an IP protocol ) into Message Transfer Part ( MTP , an Signalling System 7 ( SS7 ) protocol ) , to pass ISDN User Part ( ISUP ) from the MGCF to the CS network . A media gateway controller function ( MGCF ) is a SIP endpoint that does call control protocol conversion between SIP and ISUP / BICC and interfaces with the SGW over SCTP . It also controls the resources in a Media Gateway ( MGW ) across an H. 248 interface . A media gateway ( MGW ) interfaces with the media plane of the CS network , by converting between RTP and PCM . It can also transcode when the codecs do n't match ( e.g. , IMS might use AMR , PSTN might use G. 711 ) . Media resources ( edit ) Media Resources are those components that operate on the media plane and are under the control of IMS core functions .",
"9": "Specifically , Media Server ( MS ) and Media gateway ( MGW ) NGN interconnection ( edit ) There are two types of next - generation networking interconnection : Service - oriented interconnection ( SoIx ) : The physical and logical linking of NGN domains that allows carriers and service providers to offer services over NGN ( i.e. , IMS and PES ) platforms with control , signalling ( i.e. , session based ) , which provides defined levels of interoperability . For instance , this is the case of `` carrier grade '' voice and / or multimedia services over IP interconnection . `` Defined levels of interoperability '' are dependent upon the service or the QoS or the Security , etc . Connectivity - oriented interconnection ( CoIx ) : The physical and logical linking of carriers and service providers based on simple IP connectivity irrespective of the levels of interoperability . For example , an IP interconnection of this type is not aware of the specific end to end service and , as a consequence , service specific network performance , QoS and security requirements are not necessarily assured . This definition does not exclude that some services may provide a defined level of interoperability . However , only SoIx fully satisfies NGN interoperability requirements . An NGN interconnection mode can be direct or indirect . Direct interconnection refers to the interconnection between two network domains without any intermediate network domain . Indirect interconnection at one layer refers to the interconnection between two network domains with one or more intermediate network domain ( s ) acting as transit networks . The intermediate network domain ( s ) provide ( s ) transit functionality to the two other network domains . Different interconnection modes may be used for carrying service layer signalling and media traffic . Charging ( edit ) Offline charging is applied to users who pay for their services periodically ( e.g. , at the end of the month ) . Online charging , also known as credit - based charging , is used for prepaid services , or real - time credit control of postpaid services . Both may be applied to the same session . Charging function addresses are addresses distributed to each IMS entities and provide a common location for each entity to send charging information . charging data function ( CDF ) addresses are used for offline billing and Online Charging Function ( OCF ) for online billing .",
"10": "Offline Charging : All the SIP network entities ( P - CSCF , I - CSCF , S - CSCF , BGCF , MRFC , MGCF , AS ) involved in the session use the Diameter Rf interface to send accounting information to a CDF located in the same domain . The CDF will collect all this information , and build a call detail record ( CDR ) , which is sent to the billing system ( BS ) of the domain . Each session carries an IMS Charging Identifier ( ICID ) as a unique identifier generated by the first IMS entity involved in a SIP transaction and used for the correlation with CDRs . Inter Operator Identifier ( IOI ) is a globally unique identifier shared between sending and receiving networks . Each domain has its own charging network . Billing systems in different domains will also exchange information , so that roaming charges can be applied . Online charging : The S - CSCF talks to a IMS gateway function ( IMS - GWF ) which looks like a regular SIP application server . The IMS - GWF can signal the S - CSCF to terminate the session when the user runs out of credits during a session . The AS and MRFC use the Diameter Ro interface towards an OCF . When immediate event charging ( IEC ) is used , a number of credit units is immediately deducted from the user 's account by the ECF and the MRFC or AS is then authorized to provide the service . The service is not authorized when not enough credit units are available . When event charging with unit reservation ( ECUR ) is used , the ECF ( event charging function ) first reserves a number of credit units in the user 's account and then authorizes the MRFC or the AS . After the service is over , the number of spent credit units is reported and deducted from the account ; the reserved credit units are then cleared . IMS - based PES architecture ( edit ) IMS - based PES ( PSTN Emulation System ) provides IP networks services to analog devices . IMS - based PES allows non-IMS devices to appear to IMS as normal SIP users . Analog terminal using standard analog interfaces can connect to IMS - based PES in two ways - Via A-MGW ( Access Media Gateway ) that is linked and controlled by AGCF . AGCF is placed within the Operators network and controls multiple A-MGW .",
"11": "A-MGW and AGCF communicate using H. 248. 1 ( Megaco ) over the P1 reference point . POTS phone connect to A-MGW over the z interface . The signalling is converted to H. 248 in the A-MGW and passed to AGCF . AGCF interprets the H. 248 signal and other inputs from the A-MGW to format H. 248 messages into appropriate SIP messages . AGCF presents itself as P - CSCF to the S - CSCF and passes generated SIP messages to S - CSCF or to IP border via IBCF ( Interconnection Border Control Function ) . Service presented to S - CSCF in SIP messages trigger PES AS . AGCF has also certain service independent logic , for example on receipt of off - hook event from A-MGW , the AGCF requests the A-MGW to play dial tone . Via VGW ( VoIP - Gateway ) or SIP Gateway / Adapter on customer premises . POTS phones via VOIP Gateway connect to P - CSCF directly . Operators mostly use session border controllers between VoIP gateways and P - CSCFs for security and to hide network topology . VoIP gateway link to IMS using SIP over Gm reference point . The conversion from POTS service over the z interface to SIP occurs in the customer premises VoIP gateway . POTS signaling is converted to SIP and passed on to P - CSCF . VGW acts as SIP user agent and appears to P - CSCF as SIP terminal . Both A-MGW and VGW are unaware of the services . They only relay call control signalling to and from the PSTN terminal . Session control and handling is done by IMS components . Interfaces description ( edit ) TISPAN IMS architecture with interfaces Interface name IMS entities Description Protocol Technical specification Cr MRFC , AS Used by MRFC to fetch documents ( e.g. scripts , announcement files , and other resources ) from an AS . Also used for media control related commands . TCP / SCTP channels Cx ( I - CSCF , S - CSCF ) , HSS Used to send subscriber data to the S - CSCF ; including filter criteria and their priority . Also used to furnish CDF and / or OCF addresses . Diameter TS29.",
"12": "229 , TS29. 212 Dh AS ( SIP AS , OSA , IM - SSF ) < - > SLF Used by AS to find the HSS holding the user profile information in a multi-HSS environment . DH_SLF_QUERY indicates an IMPU and DX_SLF_RESP return the HSS name . Diameter Dx ( I - CSCF or S - CSCF ) < - > SLF Used by I - CSCF or S - CSCF to find a correct HSS in a multi-HSS environment . DX_SLF_QUERY indicates an IMPU and DX_SLF_RESP return the HSS name . Diameter TS29. 229 , TS29. 212 Gm UE , P - CSCF Used to exchange messages between SIP user equipment ( UE ) or Voip gateway and P - CSCF SIP Go PDF , GGSN Allows operators to control QoS in a user plane and exchange charging correlation information between IMS and GPRS network COPS ( Rel5 ) , diameter ( Rel6+ ) Gq P - CSCF , PDF Used to exchange policy decisions - related information between P - CSCF and PDF Diameter Gx PCEF , PCRF Used to exchange policy decisions - related information between PCEF and PCRF Diameter TS29. 211 , TS29. 212 Gy PCEF , OCS Used for online flow - based bearer charging . Functionally equivalent to Ro interface Diameter TS23. 203 , TS32. 299 ISC S - CSCF < - > AS Reference point between S - CSCF and AS . Main functions are to : Notify the AS of the registered IMPU , registration state and UE capabilities Supply the AS with information to allow it to execute multiple services Convey charging function addresses SIP Ici IBCFs Used to exchange messages between an IBCF and another IBCF belonging to a different IMS network . SIP Izi TrGWs Used to forward media streams from a TrGW to another TrGW belonging to a different IMS network .",
"13": "RTP Ma I - CSCF < - > AS Main functions are to : Forward SIP requests which are destined to a public service identity hosted by the AS Originate a session on behalf of a user or public service identity , if the AS has no knowledge of a S - CSCF assigned to that user or public service identity Convey charging function addresses SIP Mg MGCF - > I , S - CSCF ISUP signalling to SIP signalling and forwards SIP signalling to I - CSCF SIP Mi S - CSCF - > BGCF Used to exchange messages between S - CSCF and BGCF SIP Mj BGCF - > MGCF Used for the interworking with the PSTN / CS domain , when the BGCF has determined that a breakout should occur in the same IMS network to send SIP message from BGCF to MGCF SIP Mk BGCF - > BGCF Used for the interworking with the PSTN / CS domain , when the BGCF has determined that a breakout should occur in another IMS network to send SIP message from BGCF to the BGCF in the other network SIP Mm I - CSCF , S - CSCF , external IP network Used for exchanging messages between IMS and external IP networks SIP Mn MGCF , IM - MGW Allows control of user - plane resources H. 248 Mp MRFC , MRFP Allows an MRFC to control media stream resources provided by an MRFP . H. 248 Mr Mr ' S - CSCF , MRFC AS , MRFC Used to exchange information between S - CSCF and MRFC Used to exchange session controls between AS and MRFC Application server sends SIP message to MRFC to play tone and announcement . This SIP message contains sufficient information to play tone and announcement or provide information to MRFC , so that it can ask more information from application server through Cr Interface . SIP Mw P - CSCF , I - CSCF , S - CSCF , AGCF Used to exchange messages between CSCFs .",
"14": "AGCF appears as a P - CSCF to the other CSCFs SIP Mx BGCF / CSCF , IBCF Used for the interworking with another IMS network , when the BGCF has determined that a breakout should occur in the other IMS network to send SIP message from BGCF to the IBCF in the other network SIP P1 AGCF , A-MGW Used for call control services by AGCF to control H. 248 A-MGW and residential gateways H. 248 P2 AGCF , CSCF Reference point between AGCF and CSCF . SIP Rc MRB , AS Used by the AS to request that media resources be assigned to a call when using MRB in - line mode or in query mode SIP , in query mode ( not specified ) Rf P - CSCF , I - CSCF , S - CSCF , BGCF , MRFC , MGCF , AS Used to exchange offline charging information with CDF Diameter TS32. 299 Ro AS , MRFC , S - CSCF Used to exchange online charging information with OCF Diameter TS32. 299 Rx P - CSCF , PCRF Used to exchange policy and charging related information between P - CSCF and PCRF Replacement for the Gq reference point . Diameter TS29. 214 Sh AS ( SIP AS , OSA SCS ) , HSS Used to exchange User Profile information ( e.g. , user - related data , group lists , user - service - related information or user location information or charging function addresses ( used when the AS has not received the third - party REGISTER for a user ) ) between an AS ( SIP AS or OSA SCS ) and HSS . Also allow AS to activate / deactivate filter criteria stored in the HSS on a per - subscriber basis Diameter Si IM - SSF , HSS Transports CAMEL subscription information , including triggers for use by CAMEL - based application services information .",
"15": "MAP Sr MRFC , AS Used by MRFC to fetch documents ( scripts and other resources ) from an AS HTTP Ut UE and SIP AS ( SIP AS , OSA SCS , IM - SSF ) PES AS and AGCF Facilitates the management of subscriber information related to services and settings HTTP ( s ) , XCAP z POTS , Analog phones and VoIP gateways Conversion of POTS services to SIP messages Session handling ( edit ) One of the most important features of IMS , that of allowing for a SIP application to be dynamically and differentially ( based on the user 's profile ) triggered , is implemented as a filter - and - redirect signalling mechanism in the S - CSCF . The S - CSCF might apply filter criteria to determine the need to forward SIP requests to AS . It is important to note that services for the originating party will be applied in the originating network , while the services for the terminating party will be applied in the terminating network , all in the respective S - CSCFs . Initial filter criteria ( edit ) An initial filter criteria ( iFC ) is an XML - based format used for describing control logic . iFCs represent a provisioned subscription of a user to an application . They are stored in the HSS as part of the IMS Subscription Profile and are downloaded to the S - CSCF upon user registration ( for registered users ) or on processing demand ( for services , acting as unregistered users ) . iFCs are valid throughout the registration lifetime or until the User Profile is changed . The iFC is composed of : Priority - determines the order of checking the trigger . Trigger point - logical condition ( s ) which is verified against initial dialog creating SIP requests or stand - alone SIP requests . Application server URI - specifies the application server to be forwarded to when the trigger point matches . There are two types of iFCs : Shared - When provisioning , only a reference number ( the shared iFC number ) is assigned to the subscriber . During registration , only the number is sent to the CSCF , not the entire XML description . The complete XML will have previously been stored on the CSCF . Non-shared - when provisioning , the entire XML description of the iFC is assigned to the subscriber . During registration , the entire XML description is sent to the CSCF .",
"16": "Security aspects of early IMS and non-3gpp systems ( edit ) It is envisaged that security defined in TS 33.203 may not be available for a while especially because of the lack of USIM / ISIM interfaces and prevalence of devices that support IPv4 . For this situation , to provide some protection against the most significant threats , 3GPP defines some security mechanisms , which are informally known as `` early IMS security , '' in TR33. 978 . This mechanism relies on the authentication performed during the network attachment procedures , which binds between the user 's profile and its IP address . This mechanism is also weak because the signaling is not protected on the user -- network interface . CableLabs in PacketCable 2.0 , which adopted also the IMS architecture but has no USIM / ISIM capabilities in their terminals , published deltas to the 3GPP specifications where the Digest - MD5 is a valid authentication option . Later on , TISPAN also did a similar effort given their fixed networks scopes , although the procedures are different . To compensate for the lack of IPsec capabilities , TLS has been added as an option for securing the Gm interface . Later 3GPP Releases have included the Digest - MD5 method , towards a Common - IMS platform , yet in its own and again different approach . Although all 3 variants of Digest - MD5 authentication have the same functionality and are the same from the IMS terminal 's perspective , the implementations on the Cx interface between the S - CSCF and the HSS are different . See also ( edit ) 4G Image share OMA Instant Messaging and Presence Service IP connectivity access network Mobile broadband Mobile VoIP Peer - to - peer video sharing Service capability interaction manager SIMPLE SIP extensions for the IP multimedia subsystem Softswitch Text over IP Ultra Mobile Broadband Video share Voice call continuity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects ( 2006 ) , IP Multimedia Subsystem ( IMS ) , Stage 2 , TS 23.228 , 3rd Generation Partnership Project Jump up ^ Alexander Harrowell , Staff Writer ( October 2006 ) , A Pointless Multimedia Subsystem ?",
"17": ", Mobile Communications International , archived from the original on September 2010 Jump up ^ `` 3GPP Release Descriptions '' . 3GPP . Jump up ^ 3GPP , 23.228 . `` 3GPP Stage 2 Specifications '' . Jump up ^ 3GPP , 29.228 . `` 3GPP Stage 2 Specifications '' . Books ( edit ) Camarillo , Gonzalo ; García - Martín , Miguel A. ( 2007 ) . The 3G IP multimedia subsystem ( IMS ) : Merging the Internet and the Cellular Worlds ( 2 ed . ) . Chichester ( u.a. ) : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 470 - 01818 - 6 . Poikselkä , Miikka ( 2007 ) . The IMS : IP multimedia concepts and services ( 2 ed . ) . Chichester ( u.a. ) : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 470 - 01906 - 9 . Syed A. Ahson , Mohammed Ilyas , ed. ( 2009 ) . IP multimedia subsystem ( IMS ) handbook . Boca Raton : CRC Press . ISBN 1 - 4200 - 6459 - 2 . Wuthnow , Mark ; Stafford , Matthew ; Shih , Jerry ( 2010 ) . IMS : A New Model for Blending Applications . Boca Raton : CRC Press . ISBN 1 - 4200 - 9285 - 5 .",
"18": "External links ( edit ) A decent IMS tutorial IMS multi-page tutorial IMS Call Flows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IP_Multimedia_Subsystem&oldid=806602836 '' Categories : Audio network protocols Emerging standards LTE ( telecommunication ) Mobile technology Mobile telecommunications Mobile telecommunications standards Multimedia Network architecture Telecommunications Telecommunications infrastructure Videotelephony Voice over IP Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles that are too technical from December 2010 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from December 2010 All articles needing expert attention Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2011 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 01 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when was penicillin first introduced to the public
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{
"0": "Penicillin - Wikipedia Penicillin Jump to : navigation , search For the Japanese band , see Penicillin ( band ) . Penicillin Penicillin core structure , where `` R '' is the variable group Clinical data AHFS / Drugs.com Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information Pregnancy category US : B ( No risk in non-human studies ) Routes of administration Intravenous , intramuscular , by mouth Legal status Legal status In general : ℞ ( Prescription only ) Pharmacokinetic data Metabolism liver Biological half - life between 0.5 and 56 hours Excretion Kidneys Identifiers ChemSpider none Chemical and physical data Formula C H N O S Molar mass 243.26 g mol Penicillin ( PCN or pen ) is a group of antibiotics which include penicillin G ( intravenous use ) , penicillin V ( use by mouth ) , procaine penicillin , and benzathine penicillin ( intramuscular use ) . Penicillin antibiotics were among the first medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci . They are still widely used today , though many types of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive use . About 10 % of people report that they are allergic to penicillin ; however , up to 90 % of this group may not actually be allergic . Serious allergies only occur in about 0.03 % . All penicillins are β - lactam antibiotics . Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming . People began using it to treat infections in 1942 . There are several enhanced penicillin families which are effective against additional bacteria ; these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins , aminopenicillins and the antipseudomonal penicillins . They are derived from Penicillium fungi .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 1.1 Susceptibility 2 Side effects 3 Mechanism of action 4 Structure 5 History 5.1 Discovery 5.2 Medical application 5.3 Mass production 5.4 Structure determination and total synthesis 5.5 Developments from penicillin 6 Production 6.1 Biosynthesis 7 Members 7.1 Natural penicillins 7.2 β - lactamase - resistant 7.3 Aminopenicillins 7.4 Carboxypenicillins 7.5 Ureidopenicillins 7.6 β - lactamase inhibitors 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Medical uses ( edit ) The term `` penicillin '' is often used generically to refer to benzylpenicillin ( penicillin G , the original penicillin found in 1928 ) , procaine benzylpenicillin ( procaine penicillin ) , benzathine benzylpenicillin ( benzathine penicillin ) , and phenoxymethylpenicillin ( penicillin V ) . Procaine penicillin and benzathine penicillin have the same antibacterial activity as benzylpenicillin but act for a longer period of time . Phenoxymethylpenicillin is less active against gram - negative bacteria than benzylpenicillin . Benzylpenicillin , procaine penicillin and benzathine penicillin can be given by intravenous or intramuscular injections , but phenoxymethylpenicillin can be given by mouth because of its acidic stability . Susceptibility ( edit ) While the number of penicillin - resistant bacteria is increasing , penicillin can still be used to treat a wide range of infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria , including Streptococci , Staphylococci , Clostridium , and Listeria genera .",
"2": "The following list illustrates minimum inhibitory concentration susceptibility data for a few medically significant bacteria : Listeria monocytogenes : from less than or equal to 0.06 μg / ml to 0.25 μg / ml Neisseria meningitidis : from less than or equal to 0.03 μg / ml to 0.5 μg / ml Staphylococcus aureus : from less than or equal to 0.015 μg / ml to more than 32 μg / ml Side effects ( edit ) Main article : Side effects of penicillin Common ( ≥ 1 % of people ) adverse drug reactions associated with use of the penicillins include diarrhoea , hypersensitivity , nausea , rash , neurotoxicity , urticaria , and superinfection ( including candidiasis ) . Infrequent adverse effects ( 0.1 -- 1 % of people ) include fever , vomiting , erythema , dermatitis , angioedema , seizures ( especially in people with epilepsy ) , and pseudomembranous colitis . Penicillin can also induce serum sickness or a serum sickness - like reaction in some individuals . Serum sickness is a type III hypersensitivity reaction that occurs one to three weeks after exposure to drugs including penicillin . It is not a true drug allergy , because allergies are type I hypersensitivity reactions , but repeated exposure to the offending agent can result in an anaphylactic reaction . Anaphylaxis will occur in approximately 0.01 % of patients . Pain and inflammation at the injection site is also common for parenterally administered benzathine benzylpenicillin , benzylpenicillin , and , to a lesser extent , procaine benzylpenicillin . Mechanism of action ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Beta - lactam antibiotic Bacteria that attempt to grow and divide in the presence of penicillin fail to do so , and instead end up shedding their cell walls .",
"3": "Penicillin and other β - lactam antibiotics act by inhibiting penicillin - binding proteins , which normally catalyze cross-linking of bacterial cell walls . Bacteria constantly remodel their peptidoglycan cell walls , simultaneously building and breaking down portions of the cell wall as they grow and divide . β - Lactam antibiotics inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall ; this is achieved through binding of the four - membered β - lactam ring of penicillin to the enzyme DD - transpeptidase . As a consequence , DD - transpeptidase can not catalyze formation of these cross-links , and an imbalance between cell wall production and degradation develops , causing the cell to rapidly die . The enzymes that hydrolyze the peptidoglycan cross-links continue to function , even while those that form such cross-links do not . This weakens the cell wall of the bacterium , and osmotic pressure becomes increasingly uncompensated -- eventually causing cell death ( cytolysis ) . In addition , the build - up of peptidoglycan precursors triggers the activation of bacterial cell wall hydrolases and autolysins , which further digest the cell wall 's peptidoglycans . The small size of the penicillins increases their potency , by allowing them to penetrate the entire depth of the cell wall . This is in contrast to the glycopeptide antibiotics vancomycin and teicoplanin , which are both much larger than the penicillins . Gram - positive bacteria are called protoplasts when they lose their cell walls . Gram - negative bacteria do not lose their cell walls completely and are called spheroplasts after treatment with penicillin . Penicillin shows a synergistic effect with aminoglycosides , since the inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis allows aminoglycosides to penetrate the bacterial cell wall more easily , allowing their disruption of bacterial protein synthesis within the cell . This results in a lowered MBC for susceptible organisms .",
"4": "Penicillins , like other β - lactam antibiotics , block not only the division of bacteria , including cyanobacteria , but also the division of cyanelles , the photosynthetic organelles of the glaucophytes , and the division of chloroplasts of bryophytes . In contrast , they have no effect on the plastids of the highly developed vascular plants . This supports the endosymbiotic theory of the evolution of plastid division in land plants . The chemical structure of penicillin is triggered with a very precise , pH - dependent directed mechanism , effected by a unique spatial assembly of molecular components , which can activate by protonation . It can travel through bodily fluids , targeting and inactivating enzymes responsible for cell - wall synthesis in gram - positive bacteria , meanwhile avoiding the surrounding non-targets . Penicillin can protect itself from spontaneous hydrolysis in the body in its anionic form , while storing its potential as a strong acylating agent , activated only upon approach to the target transpeptidase enzyme and protonated in the active centre . This targeted protonation neutralizes the carboxylic acid moiety , which is weakening of the β - lactam ring N -- C ( = O ) bond , resulting in a self - activation . Specific structural requirements are equated to constructing the perfect mouse trap for catching targeted prey . Structure ( edit ) Chemical structure of Penicillin G . The sulfur and nitrogen of the five - membered thiazolidine ring are shown in yellow and blue respectively . The image shows that the thiazolidine ring and fused four - membered β - lactam are not in the same plane . The term `` penam '' is used to describe the common core skeleton of a member of the penicillins . This core has the molecular formula R-C H N O S , where R is the variable side chain that differentiates the penicillins from one another . The penam core has a molar mass of 243 g / mol , with larger penicillins having molar mass near 450 -- for example , cloxacillin has a molar mass of 436 g / mol .",
"5": "The key structural feature of the penicillins is the four - membered β - lactam ring ; this structural moiety is essential for penicillin 's antibacterial activity . The β - lactam ring is itself fused to a five - membered thiazolidine ring . The fusion of these two rings causes the β - lactam ring to be more reactive than monocyclic β - lactams because the two fused rings distort the β - lactam amide bond and therefore remove the resonance stabilisation normally found in these chemical bonds . History ( edit ) Discovery ( edit ) Main article : History of penicillin Alexander Fleming , who is credited with discovering penicillin in 1928 . Sample of penicillium mould presented by Alexander Fleming to Douglas Macleod , 1935 Starting in the late 19th century there had been many accounts by scientists and physicians on the antibacterial properties of the different types of moulds including the mould penicillium but they were unable to discern what process was causing the effect . The effects of penicillium mould would finally be isolated in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming , in work that seems to have been independent of those earlier observations . Fleming recounted that the date of his discovery of penicillin was on the morning of Friday 28 September 1928 . The traditional version of this story describes the discovery as a serendipitous accident : in his laboratory in the basement of St Mary 's Hospital in London ( now part of Imperial College ) , Fleming noticed a Petri dish containing Staphylococcus that had been mistakenly left open was contaminated by blue - green mould from an open window , which formed a visible growth . There was a halo of inhibited bacterial growth around the mould . Fleming concluded that the mould released a substance that repressed the growth and caused lysing of the bacteria . Once Fleming made his discovery he grew a pure culture and discovered it was a Penicillium mould , now known as Penicillium chrysogenum . Fleming coined the term `` penicillin '' to describe the filtrate of a broth culture of the Penicillium mould . Fleming asked C.J. La Touche to help identify the mould , which he incorrectly identified as Penicillium rubrum ( later corrected by Charles Thom ) .",
"6": "He expressed initial optimism that penicillin would be a useful disinfectant , because of its high potency and minimal toxicity in comparison to antiseptics of the day , and noted its laboratory value in the isolation of Bacillus influenzae ( now called Haemophilus influenzae ) . Fleming was a famously poor communicator and orator , which meant his findings were not initially given much attention . He was unable to convince a chemist to help him extract and stabilize the antibacterial compound found in the broth filtrate . Despite this , he remained interested in the potential use of penicillin and presented a paper entitled `` A Medium for the Isolation of Pfeiffer 's Bacillus '' to the Medical Research Club of London , which was met with little interest and even less enthusiasm by his peers . Had Fleming been more successful at making other scientists interested in his work , penicillin for medicinal use would possibly have been developed years earlier . Despite the lack of interest of his fellow scientists , he did conduct several experiments on the antibiotic substance he discovered . The most important result proved it was nontoxic in humans by first performing toxicity tests in animals and then on humans . His following experiments on penicillin 's response to heat and pH allowed Fleming to increase the stability of the compound . The one test that modern scientists would find missing from his work was the test of penicillin on an infected animal , the results of which would likely have sparked great interest in penicillin and sped its development by almost a decade . Medical application ( edit ) Florey ( pictured ) , Fleming and Chain shared a Nobel Prize in 1945 for their work on penicillin . In 1930 , Cecil George Paine , a pathologist at the Royal Infirmary in Sheffield , attempted to use penicillin to treat sycosis barbae , eruptions in beard follicles , but was unsuccessful . Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum , a gonococcal infection in infants , he achieved the first recorded cure with penicillin , on November 25 , 1930 . He then cured four additional patients ( one adult and three infants ) of eye infections , and failed to cure a fifth .",
"7": "In 1939 , Australian scientist Howard Florey ( later Baron Florey ) and a team of researchers ( Ernst Boris Chain , Edward Abraham , Arthur Duncan Gardner , Norman Heatley , M. Jennings , J. Orr - Ewing and G. Sanders ) at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology , University of Oxford made progress in showing the in vivo bactericidal action of penicillin . In 1940 , they showed that penicillin effectively cured bacterial infection in mice . In 1941 , they treated a policeman , Albert Alexander , with a severe face infection ; his condition improved , but then supplies of penicillin ran out and he died . Subsequently , several other patients were treated successfully . In December 1942 , survivors of the Cocoanut Grove fire in Boston were the first burn patients to be successfully treated with penicillin . Mass production ( edit ) A technician preparing penicillin in 1943 By late 1940 , the Oxford team under Howard Florey had devised a method of mass - producing the drug , but yields remained low . In 1941 , Florey and Heatley travelled to the US in order to interest pharmaceutical companies in producing the drug and inform them about their process . Florey and Chain shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming for their work . The challenge of mass - producing this drug was daunting . On March 14 , 1942 , the first patient was treated for streptococcal septicemia with US - made penicillin produced by Merck & Co . Half of the total supply produced at the time was used on that one patient . By June 1942 , just enough US penicillin was available to treat ten patients . In July 1943 , the War Production Board drew up a plan for the mass distribution of penicillin stocks to Allied troops fighting in Europe . The results of fermentation research on corn steep liquor at the Northern Regional Research Laboratory at Peoria , Illinois , allowed the United States to produce 2.3 million doses in time for the invasion of Normandy in the spring of 1944 . After a worldwide search in 1943 , a mouldy cantaloupe in a Peoria , Illinois market was found to contain the best strain of mould for production using the corn steep liquor process .",
"8": "Pfizer scientist Jasper H. Kane suggested using a deep - tank fermentation method for producing large quantities of pharmaceutical - grade penicillin . Large - scale production resulted from the development of a deep - tank fermentation plant by chemical engineer Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau . As a direct result of the war and the War Production Board , by June 1945 , over 646 billion units per year were being produced . Penicillin was being mass - produced in 1944 . G. Raymond Rettew made a significant contribution to the American war effort by his techniques to produce commercial quantities of penicillin . During World War II , penicillin made a major difference in the number of deaths and amputations caused by infected wounds among Allied forces , saving an estimated 12 % -- 15 % of lives . Availability was severely limited , however , by the difficulty of manufacturing large quantities of penicillin and by the rapid renal clearance of the drug , necessitating frequent dosing . Methods for mass production of penicillin were patented by Andrew Jackson Moyer in 1945 . Florey had not patented penicillin , having been advised by Sir Henry Dale that doing so would be unethical . Penicillin is actively excreted , and about 80 % of a penicillin dose is cleared from the body within three to four hours of administration . Indeed , during the early penicillin era , the drug was so scarce and so highly valued that it became common to collect the urine from patients being treated , so that the penicillin in the urine could be isolated and reused . This was not a satisfactory solution , so researchers looked for a way to slow penicillin excretion . They hoped to find a molecule that could compete with penicillin for the organic acid transporter responsible for excretion , such that the transporter would preferentially excrete the competing molecule and the penicillin would be retained . The uricosuric agent probenecid proved to be suitable . When probenecid and penicillin are administered together , probenecid competitively inhibits the excretion of penicillin , increasing penicillin 's concentration and prolonging its activity . Eventually , the advent of mass - production techniques and semi-synthetic penicillins resolved the supply issues , so this use of probenecid declined .",
"9": "Probenecid is still useful , however , for certain infections requiring particularly high concentrations of penicillins . After World War II , Australia was the first country to make the drug available for civilian use . In the U.S. , penicillin was made available to the general public on March 15 , 1945 . Dorothy Hodgkin determined the chemical structure of penicillin . Structure determination and Total synthesis ( edit ) Dorothy Hodgkin 's model of penicillin 's structure . The chemical structure of penicillin was first proposed by Edward Abraham in 1942 and was later confirmed in 1945 using X-ray crystallography by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin , who was also working at Oxford . She later received the Nobel prize for this and other structure determinations . Chemist John C. Sheehan at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) completed the first chemical synthesis of penicillin in 1957 . Sheehan had started his studies into penicillin synthesis in 1948 , and during these investigations developed new methods for the synthesis of peptides , as well as new protecting groups -- groups that mask the reactivity of certain functional groups . Although the initial synthesis developed by Sheehan was not appropriate for mass production of penicillins , one of the intermediate compounds in Sheehan 's synthesis was 6 - aminopenicillanic acid ( 6 - APA ) , the nucleus of penicillin . Attaching different groups to the 6 - APA ' nucleus ' of penicillin allowed the creation of new forms of penicillin . Developments from penicillin ( edit ) The narrow range of treatable diseases or `` spectrum of activity '' of the penicillins , along with the poor activity of the orally active phenoxymethylpenicillin , led to the search for derivatives of penicillin that could treat a wider range of infections . The isolation of 6 - APA , the nucleus of penicillin , allowed for the preparation of semisynthetic penicillins , with various improvements over benzylpenicillin ( bioavailability , spectrum , stability , tolerance ) . The first major development was ampicillin in 1961 . It offered a broader spectrum of activity than either of the original penicillins .",
"10": "Further development yielded β - lactamase - resistant penicillins , including flucloxacillin , dicloxacillin , and methicillin . These were significant for their activity against β - lactamase - producing bacterial species , but were ineffective against the methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) strains that subsequently emerged . Another development of the line of true penicillins was the antipseudomonal penicillins , such as carbenicillin , ticarcillin , and piperacillin , useful for their activity against Gram - negative bacteria . However , the usefulness of the β - lactam ring was such that related antibiotics , including the mecillinams , the carbapenems and , most important , the cephalosporins , still retain it at the center of their structures . Production ( edit ) A 1957 fermentor ( bioreactor ) used to grow Penicillium mould . Penicillin is a secondary metabolite of certain species of Penicillium and is produced when growth of the fungus is inhibited by stress . It is not produced during active growth . Production is also limited by feedback in the synthesis pathway of penicillin . α - ketoglutarate + AcCoA → homocitrate → L - α - aminoadipic acid → L - lysine + β - lactam The by - product , l - lysine , inhibits the production of homocitrate , so the presence of exogenous lysine should be avoided in penicillin production . The Penicillium cells are grown using a technique called fed - batch culture , in which the cells are constantly subject to stress , which is required for induction of penicillin production . The available carbon sources are also important : Glucose inhibits penicillin production , whereas lactose does not . The pH and the levels of nitrogen , lysine , phosphate , and oxygen of the batches must also be carefully controlled . The biotechnological method of directed evolution has been applied to produce by mutation a large number of Penicillium strains . These techniques include error - prone PCR , DNA shuffling , ITCHY , and strand - overlap PCR . Semisynthetic penicillins are prepared starting from the penicillin nucleus 6 - APA .",
"11": "Biosynthesis ( edit ) Penicillin G biosynthesis Overall , there are three main and important steps to the biosynthesis of penicillin G ( benzylpenicillin ) . The first step is the condensation of three amino acids -- L - α - aminoadipic acid , L - cysteine , L - valine into a tripeptide . Before condensing into the tripeptide , the amino acid L - valine must undergo epimerization to become D - valine . The condensed tripeptide is named δ - ( L - α - aminoadipyl ) - L - cysteine - D - valine ( ACV ) . The condensation reaction and epimerization are both catalyzed by the enzyme δ - ( L - α - aminoadipyl ) - L - cysteine - D - valine synthetase ( ACVS ) , a nonribosomal peptide synthetase or NRPS . The second step in the biosynthesis of penicillin G is the oxidative conversion of linear ACV into the bicyclic intermediate isopenicillin N by isopenicillin N synthase ( IPNS ) , which is encoded by the gene pcbC . Isopenicillin N is a very weak intermediate , because it does not show strong antibiotic activity . The final step is a transamidation by isopenicillin N N - acyltransferase , in which the α - aminoadipyl side - chain of isopenicillin N is removed and exchanged for a phenylacetyl side - chain . This reaction is encoded by the gene penDE , which is unique in the process of obtaining penicillins . Members ( edit ) Names Method of administration Notes Penicillin G , benzylpenicillin IV or IM It has high urinary excretion and is produced as a salt of potassium or sodium . Penicillin V , phenoxymethylpenicillin By mouth It is less active than benzylpenicillin against Gram - negative bacteria . Benzathine benzylpenicillin , benzathine penicillin G IM Benzathine is a stabilizer that causes slower release over two to four weeks .",
"12": "Procaine benzylpenicillin , penicillin G procaine IM Slow release . Natural penicillins ( edit ) Penicillin G Penicillin K Penicillin N Penicillin O Penicillin V β - lactamase - resistant ( edit ) Methicillin Nafcillin Oxacillin Cloxacillin Dicloxacillin Flucloxacillin Aminopenicillins ( edit ) Ampicillin Amoxicillin Pivampicillin Hetacillin Bacampicillin Metampicillin Talampicillin Epicillin Carboxypenicillins ( edit ) Carbenicillin Ticarcillin Temocillin Ureidopenicillins ( edit ) Mezlocillin Piperacillin β - lactamase inhibitors ( edit ) Clavulanic acid Sulbactam Tazobactam See also ( edit ) Medicinal fungi Penicillinase Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walling , Anne D. ( September 15 , 2006 ) . `` Tips from Other Journals -- Antibiotic Use During Pregnancy and Lactation '' . American Family Physician . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez - Estrada , A ; Radojicic , C ( May 2015 ) . `` Penicillin allergy : A practical guide for clinicians '' . Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine . 82 ( 5 ) : 295 -- 300 . doi : 10.3949 / ccjm. 82a. 14111 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 01 ) . PMID 25973877 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery and Development of Penicillin '' . American Chemical Society . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology . OUP Oxford . 2009 . p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 103962 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` penicillin '' -- via The Free Dictionary . Jump up ^ Garrod , L.P. ( 1960 ) .",
"13": "`` Relative Antibacterial Activity of Three Penicillins '' . British Medical Journal . 1 ( 5172 ) : 527 -- 29 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 1.5172. 527 . PMC 1966560 . Jump up ^ Garrod , L.P. ( 1960 ) . `` The Relative Antibacterial Activity of Four Penicillins '' . British Medical Journal . 2 ( 5214 ) : 1695 -- 6 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.5214. 1695 . PMC 2098302 . PMID 13703756 . Jump up ^ `` Penicillin G and Penicillin V '' . livertox.nih.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Penicillin ( Benzylpenicillin , Penicillin G , Bicillin C-R / L-A , Pfizerpen , Wycellin ) '' . The Antimicrobial Index . Knowledgebase . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Penicillin G sodium salt Susceptibilty and Resistance Data '' ( PDF ) . TOKU - E. Retrieved 4 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rossi S , ed. ( 2006 ) . Australian Medicines Handbook . Adelaide : Australian Medicines Handbook . ISBN 0 - 9757919 - 2 - 3 . Jump up ^ Van Bambeke , Francois ; Lambert , Didier ; Mingeot - Leclercq , Marie - Paule ; Tulkens , Paul ( 1999 ) . Mechanism of Action ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Winstanley , TG ; Hastings , JG ( 1989 ) . `` Penicillin - aminoglycoside synergy and post-antibiotic effect for enterococci '' . J Antimicrob Chemother. 23 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 199 . doi : 10.1093 / jac / 23.2. 189 . PMID 2708179 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ Kasten , Britta ; Reski , Ralf ( March 30 , 1997 ) . `` β - lactam antibiotics inhibit chloroplast division in a moss ( Physcomitrella patens ) but not in tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) '' . Journal of Plant Physiology. 150 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 137 -- 140 . doi : 10.1016 / S0176 - 1617 ( 97 ) 80193 - 9 . Jump up ^ Mucsi , z ; Chass , GA ; Ábrányi - Balogh , P ; Jójárt , B ; Fang , DC ; Ramirez - Cuesta , AJ ; Viskolcz , B ; Csizmadia , IG ( 2013 ) . `` Penicillin 's catalytic mechanism revealed by inelastic neutrons and quantum chemical theory '' . Phys Chem Chem Phys. 15 ( 47 ) : 20447 -- 20455 . doi : 10.1039 / c3cp50868d . PMID 23760063 . Jump up ^ Nicolaou ( 1996 ) , pg. 43 . Jump up ^ Thomas J. Dougherty , Michael J. Pucci , Antibiotic Discovery and Development , Springer Science & Business Media -- 2011 , pages 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Ralph Landau , Basil Achilladelis , Alexander Scriabine , Pharmaceutical Innovation : Revolutionizing Human Health , Chemical Heritage Foundation -- 1999 , page 162 Jump up ^ Haven , Kendall F. ( 1994 ) . Marvels of Science : 50 Fascinating 5 - Minute Reads . Littleton , CO : Libraries Unlimited . p. 182 . ISBN 1 - 56308 - 159 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Lax , Eric ( 2004 ) . The Mold in Dr. Florey 's Coat : The Story of the Penicillin Miracle . Holt Paperbacks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7778 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bud , Robert ( 2009 ) . Penicillin : Triumph and Tragedy . Oxford University Press .",
"15": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954161 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming A. ( 1929 ) . `` On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium , with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzæ '' . British Journal of Experimental Pathology. 10 ( 31 ) : 226 -- 236 . PMC 2048009 . Reprinted in Fleming A. ( 2001 ) . `` On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium , with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzæ '' . Bull . World Health Organ. 79 ( 8 ) : 780 -- 90 . PMC 2566493 . PMID 11545337 . Jump up ^ Wainwright M , Swan HT ; Swan ( January 1986 ) . `` C.G. Paine and the earliest surviving clinical records of penicillin therapy '' . Medical History . 30 ( 1 ) : 42 -- 56 . doi : 10.1017 / S0025727300045026 . PMC 1139580 . PMID 3511336 . Jump up ^ Howie , J ( 1986 ) . `` Penicillin : 1929 -- 40 '' . British Medical Journal ( Clinical research ed . ) . 293 ( 6540 ) : 158 -- 159 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 293.6540. 158 . PMC 1340901 . PMID 3089435 . Jump up ^ Wainwright , M ( 1987 ) . `` The history of the therapeutic use of crude penicillin '' . Medical History . 31 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 50 . doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300046305 . PMC 1139683 . PMID 3543562 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , David S. ; Jones , John H. ( 2014 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Sir Edward Penley Abraham CBE. 10 June 1913 -- 9 May 1999 '' .",
"16": "Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society . 60 : 5 -- 22 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbm. 2014.0002 . ISSN 0080 - 4606 . Jump up ^ `` Ernst B. Chain -- Nobel Lecture : The Chemical Structure of the Penicillins '' . www.nobelprize.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Clark , Ronald ( 1985 ) . The Life of Ernst Chain : Penicillin and Beyond . Jump up ^ `` Animal Experiments : Further Views '' . The New York Times . 1992 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Making Penicillin Possible : Norman Heatley Remembers '' . ScienceWatch . Thomson Scientific . 2007 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Stuart B. Levy , The Antibiotic Paradox : How the Misuse of Antibiotics Destroys Their Curative Powers , Da Capo Press , 2002 : pp. 5 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 7382 - 0440 - 4 Jump up ^ Grossman Charles M ( 2008 ) . `` The First Use of Penicillin in the United States '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 149 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 136 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 149 - 2 - 200807150 - 00009 . Jump up ^ John S. Mailer , Jr. ; Barbara Mason . `` Penicillin : Medicine 's Wartime Wonder Drug and Its Production at Peoria , Illinois '' . lib.niu.edu . Retrieved February 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : John Parascandola ( 1980 ) . The History of antibiotics : a symposium . American Institute of the History of Pharmacy No. 5 . ISBN 0 - 931292 - 08 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mary Bellis . `` The History of Penicillin '' .",
"17": "Inventors . About.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lehrer , Steven ( 2006 ) . Explorers of the Body : Dramatic Breakthroughs in Medicine from Ancient Times to Modern Science ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : iUniverse . pp. 329 -- 330 . ISBN 0 - 595 - 40731 - 5 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , David ( 2008 ) . Antimicrobial Drugs : Chronicle of a Twentieth Century Medical Triumph . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 109 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 953484 - 5 . Jump up ^ Madhavan , Guruprasad ( Aug 20 , 2015 ) . Think Like an Engineer . Oneworld Publications . pp. 83 -- 85 , 91 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78074 - 637 - 1 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ExplorePAhistory.com '' . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson Moyer , Method for Production of Penicillin , United States Patent Office , US Patent 2,442,141 , filed 11 May 1945 , issued 25 March 1948 . Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson Moyer , Method for Production of Penicillin , United States Patent Office , US Patent 2,443,989 , filed 11 May 1945 , issued 22 June 1948 . Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson Moyer , Method for Production of Penicillin , United States Patent Office , US Patent 2,476,107 , filed 11 May 1945 , issued 12 July 1949 . ^ Jump up to : Silverthorn , DU. ( 2004 ) . Human physiology : an integrated approach ( 3rd ed . ) . Upper Saddle River ( NJ ) : Pearson Education . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 5957 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery and development of penicillin '' . American Chemical Society . 1999 . Jump up ^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964 , Perspectives .",
"18": "Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , John C. ; Henery - Logan , Kenneth R. ( March 5 , 1957 ) . `` The Total Synthesis of Penicillin V '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 79 ( 5 ) : 1262 -- 1263 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01562a063 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , John C. ; Henery - Logan , Kenneth R. ( June 20 , 1959 ) . `` The Total Synthesis of Penicillin V '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 81 ( 12 ) : 3089 -- 3094 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01521a044 . ^ Jump up to : E.J. Corey ; John D. Roberts . `` Biographical Memoirs : John Clark Sheehan '' . The National Academy Press . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicolaou , K.C. ; Vourloumis , Dionisios ; Winssinger , Nicolas ; Baran , Phil S. ( 2000 ) . `` The Art and Science of Total Synthesis at the Dawn of the Twenty - First Century '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 39 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 122 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1521 - 3773 ( 20000103 ) 39 : 1 < 44 : : AID - ANIE44 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - L. PMID 10649349 . Jump up ^ `` Professor John C. Sheehan Dies at 76 '' . MIT News . April 1 , 1992 . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , John C. ( 1982 ) . The Enchanted Ring : The Untold Story of Penicillin . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 19204 - 0 . Jump up ^ James , PharmD , Christopher W. ; Cheryle Gurk - Turner , RPh ( January 2001 ) .",
"19": "`` Cross-reactivity of beta - lactam antibiotics '' . Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings . Dallas , Texas : Baylor University Medical Center . 14 ( 1 ) : 106 -- 7 . PMC 1291320 . PMID 16369597 . ^ Jump up to : Al - Abdallah , Q. , Brakhage , A.A. , Gehrke , A. , Plattner , H. , Sprote , P. , Tuncher , A. ( 2004 ) . `` Regulation of Penicillin Biosynthesis in Filamentous Fungi '' . In Brakhage AA . Molecular Biotechnolgy of Fungal beta - Lactam Antibiotics and Related Peptide Synthetases . pp. 45 -- 90 . doi : 10.1007 / b99257 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 22032 - 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Brakhage , A.A. ( 1998 ) . `` Molecular Regulation of β - Lactam Biosynthesis in Filamentous Fungi '' . Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 62 ( 3 ) : 547 -- 85 . PMC 98925 . PMID 9729600 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , J.E. , Byford , M.F. , Clifton , I. , Hajdu , J. , Hensgens , C. , Roach , P , Schofield , C.J. ; Baldwin ; Byford ; Clifton ; Hajdu ; Hensgens ; Roach ( 1997 ) . `` Proteins of the Penicillin Biosynthesis Pathway '' . Current Opinion in Structural Biology . 7 ( 6 ) : 857 -- 64 . doi : 10.1016 / s0959 - 440x ( 97 ) 80158 - 3 . PMID 9434907 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , F.J. , Fierro , F. , Gutierrez , S , Kosalkova , K . Marcos , A.T. , Martin , J.F.",
"20": ", Velasco , J. ; Gutiérrez ; Fernández ; Velasco ; Fierro ; Marcos ; Kosalkova ( September 1994 ) . `` Expression of Genes and Processing of Enzymes for the Biosynthesis of Penicillins and Cephalosporms '' . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek . 65 ( 3 ) : 227 -- 43 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00871951 . PMID 7847890 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Baker , W.L. , Lonergan , G.T. `` Chemistry of Some Fluorescamine - Amine Derivatives with Relevance to the Biosynthesis of Benzylpenicillin by Fermentation '' . J Chem Technol Biot. 2002 , 77 , pp1283 - 1288 . References ( edit ) Nicolaou , K.C. ; E.J. Corey ( 1996 ) . Classics in Total Synthesis : Targets , Strategies , Methods ( 5 . repr . ed . ) . Weinheim : VCH . ISBN 3 - 527 - 29284 - 5 . Dürckheimer , Walter ; Blumbach , Jürgen ; Lattrell , Rudolf ; Scheunemann , Karl Heinz ( March 1 , 1985 ) . `` Recent Developments in the Field of β - Lactam Antibiotics '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English . 24 ( 3 ) : 180 -- 202 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 198501801 . Hamed , Refaat B. ; Gomez - Castellanos , J. Ruben ; Henry , Luc ; Ducho , Christian ; McDonough , Michael A. ; Schofield , Christopher J. ( January 1 , 2013 ) . `` The enzymes of β - lactam biosynthesis '' . Natural Product Reports . 30 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 107 . doi : 10.1039 / c2np20065a . PMID 23135477 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penicillin antibiotics .",
"21": "Model of Structure of Penicillin , by Dorothy Hodgkin et al. , Museum of the History of Science , Oxford The Discovery of Penicillin , A government produced film about the discovery of Penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming , and the continuing development of its use as an antibiotic by Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain on YouTube . Penicillin at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) Penicillin Released to Civilians Will Cost $35 Per Patient Popular Science , August 1944 , article at bottom of page Antibiotics active on the cell wall and envelope ( J01C - J01D ) Intracellular Inhibit peptidoglycan subunit synthesis and transport : NAM synthesis inhibition ( Fosfomycin ) DADAL / AR inhibitors ( Cycloserine ) bactoprenol inhibitors ( Bacitracin ) Glycopeptide Inhibit PG chain elongation : Vancomycin ( Oritavancin Telavancin ) Teicoplanin ( Dalbavancin ) Ramoplanin β - lactams / ( inhibit PBP cross-links ) Penicillins ( Penams ) Narrow spectrum β - lactamase sensitive ( 1st generation ) Benzylpenicillin ( G ) Benzathine benzylpenicillin Procaine benzylpenicillin Phenoxymethylpenicillin ( V ) Propicillin Pheneticillin Azidocillin Clometocillin Penamecillin β - lactamase resistant ( 2nd generation ) Cloxacillin ( Dicloxacillin Flucloxacillin ) Oxacillin Nafcillin Methicillin Extended spectrum Aminopenicillins ( 3rd generation ) Amoxicillin Ampicillin ( Pivampicillin Hetacillin Bacampicillin",
"22": "Metampicillin Talampicillin ) Epicillin Carboxypenicillins ( 4th generation ) Ticarcillin Carbenicillin / Carindacillin Temocillin Ureidopenicillins ( 4th generation ) Piperacillin Azlocillin Mezlocillin Other Mecillinam ( Pivmecillinam ) Sulbenicillin Penems Faropenem Ritipenem Carbapenems Ertapenem Antipseudomonal ( Doripenem Imipenem Meropenem ) Biapenem Panipenem Cephalosporins / Cephamycins ( Cephems ) 1st generation Cefazolin Cefalexin Cefadroxil Cefapirin Cefazedone Cefazaflur Cefradine Cefroxadine Ceftezole Cefaloglycin Cefacetrile Cefalonium Cefaloridine Cefalotin Cefatrizine 2nd generation Cefaclor Cefotetan Cephamycin ( Cefoxitin Cefprozil Cefuroxime Cefuroxime axetil Cefamandole Cefminox Cefonicid Ceforanide Cefotiam Cefbuperazone Cefuzonam Cefmetazole ) Carbacephem ( Loracarbef ) 3rd generation Cefixime Ceftriaxone Antipseudomonal (",
"23": "Ceftazidime Cefoperazone ) Cefdinir Cefcapene Cefdaloxime Ceftizoxime Cefmenoxime Cefotaxime Cefpiramide Cefpodoxime Ceftibuten Cefditoren Cefetamet Cefodizime Cefpimizole Cefsulodin Cefteram Ceftiolene Oxacephem ( Flomoxef Latamoxef ) 4th generation Cefepime Cefozopran Cefpirome Cefquinome 5th generation Ceftaroline fosamil Ceftolozane Ceftobiprole Veterinary Ceftiofur Cefquinome Cefovecin Monobactams Aztreonam Tigemonam Carumonam Nocardicin A β - lactamase inhibitors Penam ( Sulbactam Tazobactam ) Clavam ( Clavulanic acid ) Avibactam Vaborbactam Combinations Amoxicillin / clavulanic acid Imipenem / cilastatin Ampicillin / flucloxacillin Ampicillin / sulbactam ( Sultamicillin ) Ceftazidime / avibactam Piperacillin / tazobactam Ceftolozane / tazobactam Other polymyxins / detergent Colistin Polymyxin B depolarizing Daptomycin Hydrolyze NAM - NAG lysozyme Tyrothricin Gramicidin",
"24": "Tyrocidine Isoniazid Teixobactin WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III GABA receptor modulators Ionotropic GABA Agonists : ( + ) - Catechin Bamaluzole Barbiturates ( e.g. , phenobarbital ) BL - 1020 DAVA Dihydromuscimol GABA Gabamide GABOB Gaboxadol ( THIP ) Homotaurine ( tramiprosate , 3 - APS ) Ibotenic acid iso - THAZ iso - THIP Isoguvacine Isomuscimol Isonipecotic acid Kojic amine Lignans ( e.g. , honokiol ) Methylglyoxal Monastrol Muscimol Nefiracetam Neuroactive steroids ( e.g. , allopregnanolone ) Org 20599 Phenibut Picamilon P4S Progabide Propofol Quisqualamine SL - 75102 TACA TAMP Terpenoids ( e.g. , borneol ) Thiomuscimol Tolgabide ZAPA Positive modulators ( abridged ; see here for a full list ) : α - EMTBL Alcohols ( e.g. , ethanol ) Anabolic steroids Avermectins ( e.g. , ivermectin ) Barbiturates ( e.g. , phenobarbital ) Benzodiazepines ( e.g. , diazepam ) Bromide compounds ( e.g. , potassium bromide ) Carbamates ( e.g. , meprobamate ) Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole Dihydroergolines ( e.g.",
"25": ", ergoloid ( dihydroergotoxine ) ) Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates ( e.g. , mefenamic acid ) Flavonoids ( e.g. , apigenin , hispidulin ) Fluoxetine Flupirtine Imidazoles ( e.g. , etomidate ) Kava constituents ( e.g. , kavain ) Lanthanum Loreclezole Monastrol Neuroactive steroids ( e.g. , allopregnanolone , cholesterol ) Niacin Nicotinamide ( niacinamide ) Nonbenzodiazepines ( e.g. , β - carbolines ( e.g. , abecarnil ) , cyclopyrrolones ( e.g. , zopiclone ) , imidazopyridines ( e.g. , zolpidem ) , pyrazolopyrimidines ( e.g. , zaleplon ) ) Norfluoxetine Petrichloral Phenols ( e.g. , propofol ) Phenytoin Piperidinediones ( e.g. , glutethimide ) Propanidid Pyrazolopyridines ( e.g. , etazolate ) Quinazolinones ( e.g. , methaqualone ) Retigabine ( ezogabine ) ROD - 188 Skullcap constituents ( e.g. , baicalin ) Stiripentol Sulfonylalkanes ( e.g. , sulfonmethane ( sulfonal ) ) Topiramate Valerian constituents ( e.g. , valerenic acid ) Volatiles / gases ( e.g.",
"26": ", chloral hydrate , chloroform , diethyl ether , paraldehyde , sevoflurane ) Antagonists : Bicuculline Coriamyrtin Dihydrosecurinine Gabazine ( SR - 95531 ) Hydrastine Hyenachin ( mellitoxin ) PHP - 501 Pitrazepin Securinine Sinomenine SR - 42641 SR - 95103 Thiocolchicoside Tutin Negative modulators : 1 , 3M1B 3M2B 11 - Ketoprogesterone 17 - Phenylandrostenol α5IA ( LS - 193,268 ) β - CCB β - CCE β - CCM β - CCP β - EMGBL Anabolic steroids Amiloride Anisatin β - Lactams ( e.g. , penicillins , cephalosporins , carbapenems ) Basmisanil Bemegride Bilobalide CHEB Cicutoxin Cloflubicyne Cyclothiazide DHEA DHEA - S Dieldrin ( + ) - DMBB DMCM DMPC EBOB Etbicyphat FG - 7142 ( ZK - 31906 ) Fiproles ( e.g. , fipronil ) Flavonoids ( e.g. , amentoflavone , oroxylin A ) Flumazenil Fluoroquinolones ( e.g. , ciprofloxacin ) Flurothyl Furosemide Iomazenil ( I ) Isoallopregnanolone Isopregnanolone ( sepranolone ) L - 655,708 Laudanosine Leptazol Lindane MaxiPost Morphine Morphine - 3 - glucuronide MRK - 016 Naloxone Naltrexone Nicardipine Nonsteroidal antiandrogens ( e.g.",
"27": ", apalutamide , bicalutamide , enzalutamide , flutamide , nilutamide ) Oenanthotoxin Pentylenetetrazol ( pentetrazol ) Phenylsilatrane Picrotoxin ( i.e.",
"28": "picrotin and picrotoxinin ) Pregnenolone sulfate Propybicyphat PWZ - 029 Radequinil Ro 15 - 4513 Ro 19 - 4603 RO4882224 RO4938581 Sarmazenil SCS Suritozole TB - 21007 TBOB TBPS TCS - 1105 Terbequinil TETS Thujone U-93631 Zinc ZK - 93426 GABA - ρ Agonists : BL - 1020 CACA CAMP Homohypotaurine GABA GABOB Ibotenic acid Isoguvacine Muscimol N - Chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside Picamilon Progabide TACA TAMP Thiomuscimol Tolgabide Positive modulators : Allopregnanolone Alphaxolone ATHDOC Lanthanides Antagonists : ( S ) - 2 - MeGABA ( S ) - 4 - ACPBPA ( S ) - 4 - ACPCA 2 - MeTACA 3 - APMPA 4 - ACPAM 4 - GBA cis - 3 - ACPBPA CGP - 36742 ( SGS - 742 ) DAVA Gabazine ( SR - 95531 ) Gaboxadol ( THIP ) I4AA Isonipecotic acid Loreclezole P4MPA P4S SKF - 97541 SR - 95318 SR - 95813 TPMPA trans - 3 - ACPBPA ZAPA Negative modulators : 5α - Dihydroprogesterone Bilobalide Loreclezole Picrotoxin ( picrotin , picrotoxinin ) Pregnanolone ROD - 188 THDOC Zinc Metabotropic GABA Agonists : 1 ,",
"29": "4 - Butanediol 4 - Fluorophenibut Aceburic acid Arbaclofen Arbaclofen placarbil Baclofen BL - 1020 GABA Gabamide GABOB GBL GHB GHBAL GHV GVL Isovaline Lesogaberan Phenibut Picamilon Progabide Sodium oxybate SKF - 97,541 SL 75102 Tolgabide Tolibut Positive modulators : ADX - 71441 BHF - 177 BHFF BSPP CGP - 7930 CGP - 13501 GS - 39783 rac - BHFF KK - 92A Antagonists : 2 - Hydroxysaclofen CGP - 35348 CGP - 46381 CGP - 52432 CGP - 54626 CGP - 55845 CGP - 64213 DAVA Homotaurine ( tramiprosate , 3 - APS ) Phaclofen Saclofen SCH - 50911 SKF - 97541 Negative modulators : Compound 14 See also Receptor / signaling modulators GABA receptor positive modulators GABA metabolism / transport modulators GND : 4045094 - 6 NDL : 00569084 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&oldid=819104917 '' Categories : Penicillins Penicillium Microbiology Pfizer products 1928 in biology Scottish inventions Eli Lilly and Company Hepatotoxins Secondary metabolites Science and technology during World War II GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulators Hidden categories : Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage Drugs with non-standard legal status Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned Chemical articles without CAS registry number Articles without EBI source Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier",
"30": "Articles without KEGG source Articles without InChI source Articles without UNII source Drugs missing an ATC code Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն",
"31": "हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Magyar മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文",
"32": "Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 13 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what channel is celebrity big brother on in the usa
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[
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{
"0": "Celebrity Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia Celebrity Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the celebrity edition . For the regular edition , see Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) . For other uses , see Celebrity Big Brother . Celebrity Big Brother Winter 2018 ( show ) HouseGuests Name Entered Exited Marissa Day 1 Day 26 Ross Day 1 Day 26 Mark Day 1 Day 26 Ariadna Day 1 Day 26 Omarosa Day 1 Day 26 James Day 1 Day 24 Brandi Day 1 Day 24 Metta Day 1 Day 20 Shannon Day 1 Day 17 Keshia Day 1 Day 13 Chuck Day 1 Day 10 Winner $250,000 Runner - up ( $50,000 ) + America 's Favorite HouseGuest ( $25,000 ) Evicted Celebrity Big Brother , also known as Big Brother : Celebrity Edition , is a spin - off series of the American reality television series Big Brother . This season aired during the winter of the 2017 -- 18 network television season on CBS and was the second U.S. Big Brother season to air outside the usual summer television season , the first being Big Brother 9 in 2008 . Julie Chen returned as host , with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers . The season was produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America . The season premiered on February 7 , 2018 . The promotional logo was released on December 20 , 2017 . The logo is similar to that used for Big Brother season 19 , with the word `` celebrity '' added . The first teaser was also released the same day . In January 2018 official photos of the house and backyard were released through a press release and an Instagram livestream with Julie Chen . On January 28 , 2018 , the official cast was announced during The 60th Annual Grammy Awards .",
"1": "The season officially concluded on February 25 , 2018 when Marissa Jaret Winokur beat Ross Mathews by a final jury vote of 6 to 3 . Ross was also later named America 's Favorite HouseGuest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Production 2.1 Series changes 2.2 Broadcasts 2.2. 1 International broadcasts 2.3 Prize 3 HouseGuests 4 Episodes 4.1 Notes 5 Voting history 5.1 Notes 6 Reception 6.1 Viewing figures 7 References 8 External links Background After the first season of the British version of Big Brother proved to be a success in the ratings for Channel 4 , the network collaborated with the BBC for the first British season of Celebrity Big Brother in aid of Comic Relief . The season ran for a condensed run of eight days and featured six British celebrities moving into the house used for the first British season . Due to the success of the first celebrity edition , a second season was ordered and shown exclusively on Channel 4 in November 2002 . The celebrity version took a two year break before returning for its third season in 2005 , and became a regular staple alongside the regular British version . Starting with the third season , the show began to feature celebrities outside the United Kingdom alongside well known British celebrities . Many notable American celebrities have since taken part in the British version of Celebrity Big Brother . American actor Gary Busey took part in the fourteenth season in the summer of 2014 and became the first American celebrity to win Celebrity Big Brother in the United Kingdom . An American version of Celebrity Big Brother has been speculated since 2002 , along with a celebrity version of Survivor . In an interview , Julie Chen and CBS CEO Leslie Moonves revealed talks of a celebrity edition of Big Brother as far back as Big Brother 2 . It was rumored that CBS was looking to air a celebrity edition in the fall after Big Brother 3 with radio personality Howard Stern speculated as a possible houseguest . Chen revealed that Paris Hilton had agreed to do it and Roseanne Barr initially agreed to take part , but then backed out .",
"2": "Barr would later take part in another celebrity spin - off of Big Brother called Big Brother : Celebrity Hijack in the United Kingdom in 2008 , where she watched over a group of non-celebrity housemates for a day , set tasks and talked to them in the Diary Room . Julie Chen announced on September 7 , 2017 , during a live double eviction episode of Big Brother 19 that Celebrity Big Brother would air sometime during the winter , before the twentieth season of Big Brother in the summer of 2018 . CBS later confirmed via a press release that Julie Chen would return to host the new season , and Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan will be executive producers . The season will be produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America . On September 13 , 2017 , it was revealed by Chen that her husband , CBS chief executive Leslie Moonves , forced her to take a pay cut for the celebrity edition to happen . Moonves stated , `` You should n't be expected to be paid as if it 's a full series . It 's a condensed version . '' Production The format of the show remained similar to the American version of Big Brother . Competitions for Head of Household and Power of Veto had been confirmed to returned for this edition along with live evictions . On December 1 , 2017 , CBS revealed that the series would premiere on February 7 , 2018 and wrap on February 25 , 2018 . Series changes Celebrity Big Brother was a condensed version of the game and would not last as long as a regular season of Big Brother , with episodes only shown over two weeks instead of three months . Unlike the parent series Jury members were not sequestered separately and were allowed to return to the outside world as well as watch the show . Beginning with an incident that led to a lawsuit in Big Brother 2 when HouseGuest Justin Sebik got drunk and threatened fellow HouseGuest Krista Stegall by holding a knife to her throat and stating `` Wait , hang on , I 'm going to slash your throat . Would you get mad if I killed you now ? '' there has been an alcohol restriction in the house . The alcohol restriction was lifted for the Celebrity HouseGuests .",
"3": "For the celebrity version of America 's Favorite HouseGuest the term Favorite Celebrity HouseGuest was also being used interchangeably . For the first time since the beginning of the U.S. series , five players were featured in the season 's finale night versus the usual three . Broadcasts The main television coverage of Celebrity Big Brother was screened on CBS during the winter of the 2017 -- 18 network television season . CBS decided to schedule the spin - off during the February 2018 sweeps period to counterprogram NBC 's coverage of the 2018 Winter Olympics . Episodes aired on Sundays , Mondays , Wednesdays , and Fridays with two special episodes on Thursday , February 8 and Saturday , February 24 . All episodes aired for one hour and aired from 8 : 00 - 9 : 00 p.m. EST ; the Friday episodes and the season finale , however , ran for two hours each ( from 8 : 00 - 10 : 00 p.m. EST ) . The live Internet feeds returned for the American version of Celebrity Big Brother as part of CBS All Access . Alongside the weekly shows on CBS , the companion series Big Brother : After Dark returned on Pop under the title Celebrity Big Brother : After Dark . The show provided live coverage nightly from inside the House . International broadcasts The series was screened in Canada on Global in simulcast with CBS . The celebrity series is also the first American Big Brother season to be screened in Australia. . The program aired on the Nine Network 's secondary channel ; 9Go ! from the 11th of February and air 5 times a week ( Sundays to Thursdays ) with Sunday and Thursday episodes set to air at 8 : 30pm and with other episodes set to air at 9 : 30pm . Additionally , episodes were made available to Australian viewers on Nine 's streaming service 9Now the shortly after the American airing of the show . However , low ratings saw the series bumped to a later timeslot on 9Go ! Prize The HouseGuests competed for the main grand prize of $250,000 . HouseGuests Main article : List of Celebrity Big Brother houseguests ( U.S. )",
"4": "The cast of Celebrity Big Brother L -- R : Metta World Peace , Brandi Glanville , Keshia Knight Pulliam , Ross Mathews , Shannon Elizabeth , Mark McGrath , Omarosa Manigault , James Maslow , Marissa Jaret Winokur , Ariadna Gutiérrez , and Chuck Liddell The HouseGuests were revealed during a live pre-show of the 2018 Grammy Awards on January 28 , 2018 . Name Age Notoriety Residence Ariadna Gutiérrez 24 Miss Colombia 2014 , runner - up in Miss Universe 2015 Miami , Florida Brandi Glanville 45 Former The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills star Los Angeles , California Chuck Liddell 48 Mixed martial artist , UFC Hall of Famer Calabasas , California James Maslow 27 Big Time Rush singer and actor Venice , California Keshia Knight Pulliam 38 Former The Cosby Show actress Atlanta , Georgia Marissa Jaret Winokur 45 Broadway actress Toluca Lake , California Mark McGrath 49 Singer and television host Studio City , California Metta World Peace 38 Former NBA player Los Angeles , California Omarosa Manigault 44 Reality television star and former White House political aide Jacksonville , Florida Ross Mathews 38 Television host Palm Springs , California Shannon Elizabeth 44 Actress Cape Town , South Africa Jump up ^ Brandi Glanville previously participated on the twentieth season of Celebrity Big Brother in the United Kingdom , where she finished in 11th place . Episodes No . overall No. in season Title Timeline Original air date US viewers ( millions ) Rating / share ( 18 - 49 ) Week 1 `` Episode 1 '' Day 1 February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 7.27 1.8 / 7 The eleven celebrities enter the new Celebrity Big Brother House after being sequestered from the public for a week .",
"5": "Prior to the first Head of Household competition Julie Chen informed the HouseGuests she was holding an envelope with a random number inside , all HouseGuests were instructed to stand on a number between 1 through 11 and the HouseGuest standing on the winning number would be awarded immunity for the week . Omarosa was standing on the number five which was the winning number and was safe from being nominated for eviction this week . Head of Household competition : ( Award Squeezin ' ) The HouseGuests are tasked with holding onto a life size spinning trophy elevated in the air without letting go or falling off for as long as possible . The last HouseGuest holding onto their trophy after everyone else was eliminated would win the challenge and become the first Celebrity Head of Household . During the competition several past Big Brother HouseGuests perform a Broadway - style musical number where Marissa is the first to fall off her trophy . James and Shannon become the last two in the competition after everyone else drops . Shannon wins the Head of Household competition after James falls off his trophy . Julie instructs the HouseGuests to grab a `` celebrity gift bag '' before going back inside the House and not to open them . She also informs them that one bag contains a special power allowing the holder to `` recast '' the role of Head of Household with someone else . `` Episode 2 '' Days 2 - 5 February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 5.49 1.4 / 5 When the producers inform the HouseGuests that it 's time to choose who wants to open their bags , a small standoff occurs . However when Chuck is the first one to enter the Diary Room to say he wants to open his bag most of the women do too . Because more than one person wished to open their bag the Head of Household performed a random draw to decide who would open their bag . At them nomination ceremony Keshia was the winner and immediately opened her bag . She became the new HoH and immediately assumed HoH duties . She nominated Chuck and James for eviction .",
"6": "`` Episode 3 '' Days 6 - 10 February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) 4.34 1.0 / 4 Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests competed in the Power of Veto ceremony . The competitors were the HoH , the two nominees , Ariadna , Shannon and Mark . Power of Veto : ( `` The Four Sneezons Spiritual Spa '' ) In this competition HouseGuests had to search for letters and take them back to their spelling station . Once the HouseGuest is satisfied with their word they must lock in their time . The HouseGuest that spelled the longest word correctly in the shortest amount of time will win the Power of Veto . Shannon was the winner . Shannon chose not to use the Power of Veto On Day 10 by a vote of 7 - 1 with Omarosa voting to evict James , Chuck was the first one evicted from the house . Week 2 `` Episode 4 '' Day 11 February 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 11 ) 4.79 1.2 / 5 Following the eviction the HouseGuests compete in the next Head of Household competition . Head of Household : ( `` Celebrity Bowlerina '' ) The HouseGuests compete head to head in a bowling competition . The competing players must spin around twelve times to lower the barricade located on their bowling lane . Once lowered the HouseGuests has twelve seconds to bowl down the four pins in their lane before the barricade raises again . The first HouseGuest to bowl down all pins in their lane wins the round . Ross was the winner and became the new Head of Household . During the competition Omarosa had a asthma attack and was hospitalized . The next day HouseGuests were informed of her hospitalization and it was announced that she would be returning to the house prior to the nomination ceremony . Following her return to the house on Day 11 , Ross nominated Keshia and Omarosa for eviction .",
"7": "5 5 `` Episode 5 '' Days 11 - 13 February 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 12 ) 5.16 1.3 / 5 Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests participated in a live veto competition , live veto ceremony and live eviction . Power of Veto : ( `` Now You See It '' ) The HouseGuests will see a billboard containing an advertisement for a new cruise line . The answer will either be either `` More '' , `` Exactly '' , or `` Less '' . The first HouseGuest to buzz in with the correct answer will win the round and choose the next two competitors to face off . The one to guess wrong or not answer at all will be eliminated . The last remaining HouseGuest will win the competition . Marissa was the winner and chose not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 13 by a unanimous vote of 7 - 0 Keshia was evicted from the Big Brother house and became the second jury member . 6 6 `` Episode 6 '' Days 13 - 14 February 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 5.21 1.3 / 5 Following the eviction the HouseGuests competed in the next Head of Household competition Head of Household : ( `` Get Your Putt Into Gear '' ) The HouseGuests take turns playing rounds of golf . The HouseGuest who scores three holes - in - ones in the shortest amount of time wins Head of Household . Ariadna was the winner with a time of two minutes and eighteen seconds . On Day 14 Ariadna nominated James and Shannon for eviction . 7 7 `` Episode 7 '' Days 14 - 17 February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) 4.38 1.0 / 4 Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests participated in the Power of Veto ceremony the competitors were the HoH , the two nominees , Ross , Omarosa , and Brandi Power of Veto : ( `` Dining in the Dark '' ) The competing HouseGuests must enter a dark room and find their seat .",
"8": "Once they find their seat eat the first course of their meal . Following that they must move on to the next room and find the next seat for that course . Once all four courses have been found they must turn on the lights . The HouseGuest that moves through all four rooms and turns on their lights the fastest will win the Power of Veto . James was the winner with a time of six minutes and twenty - four seconds . James received the Power of Veto and used it to remove himself from the block . On Day 16 , Ariadna named Mark as a replacement nominee . On Day 17 , by a vote of 5 - 1 , Shannon was evicted from the Big Brother house and became the third member of the jury . Head of Household : ( `` Courtside Seats '' ) The celebrities must hold on and sit in their seat as long as possible . The last HouseGuest sitting in their seat will become the next Head of Household . The first three HouseGuests to drop from their seats will be on a slop only diet for two days . Week 3 8 8 `` Episode 8 '' Days 17 - 18 February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) 4.91 1.2 / 5 Head of Household : ( `` Courtside Seats '' ) For being the first three HouseGuests to drop from their seats , Metta , Ross , and Mark were put on a slop - only diet for 48 hours , which began after the competition . Omarosa won after more than an hour and a half . On Day 18 Omarosa nominated Ross and Brandi for eviction . 9 9 `` Episode 9 '' Days 18 - 20 February 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 19 ) 5.11 1.2 / 5 Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests participated in a special Power of Veto competition . For this Power of Veto America was allowed to vote between the Diamond Veto , Spotlight Veto , and the VIP Veto . America voted for the VIP Veto which allows the winner to use the veto once , twice , or not at all .",
"9": "If the winning HouseGuest chooses to use the Power of Veto to save one of the nominees they are also able to save the replacement nominee or the other nominee if they choose . The competitors in the competition were Brandi , Mark , Marissa , Metta , Omarosa , and Ross . VIP Power of Veto : ( `` Invitation Only '' ) When the competition starts the HouseGuests must race to grab their puzzle pieces . Once they have pieces they must race to the other end and begin to put the puzzle together . The first HouseGuest to successfully build their puzzle and press their button will win the VIP Power of Veto . The winner was Ross . On Day 20 Ross used the VIP Veto to remove himself from the block . Omarosa then named Metta as the replacement nominee and Ross chose not to use the veto a second time . On Day 20 by a unanimous vote of 5 - 0 , Metta was evicted from the house and became the fourth member of the jury . 10 10 `` Episode 10 '' Days 20 - 21 February 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) 5.54 1.4 / 5 Following Metta 's eviction the HouseGuests competed in the next Head of Household competition Head of Household : ( `` Red Carpet Ride '' ) In this competition when the horn begins the HouseGuests must try to get across their red carpet without touching the ground . If they touch the ground they must go back to the beginning and start over . When they reach the other side they must lock in their time . Throughout the round the carpets tighten and loosen to make the carpets easier and harder to cross . The HouseGuests competed in two rounds of three . The three HouseGuests with the three fastest times competed against each other in the final round . Brandi , James , and Mark competed in the final round . Mark was the winner and became the next Head of Household . Mark nominated Brandi and Ariadna for eviction .",
"10": "11 11 `` Episode 11 '' Days 21 - 24 February 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 23 ) 4.60 1.1 / 4 Following the HoH competition the HouseGuests competed in the next Power of Veto competition . Power of Veto : ( `` BB Celebrity Toy Factory '' ) When the competition starts the celebrity competing must hit their buzzer to reveal an action figure . Once the action figure appears they must figure out who 's mouth , eyes , and nose are on the action figure . When they think they have correctly matched the three they must hit their buzzer . If it is incorrect they must correct themselves or if it is correct they move onto the next action figure . Once the HouseGuest has four action figures figured out they must lock in their time . The HouseGuest who figures out all four action figures in the fastest amount of time wins the next Power of Veto . Ariadna was the winner with a time of 9 minutes and 10 seconds . Ariadna used the veto to remove herself from the block . Mark named Marissa as the replacement nominee . Following the Power of Veto ceremony Julie informed the HouseGuests of the double eviction . On Day 24 by a vote of 3 - 1 Brandi was evicted from the house and became the fifth member of the jury . Following Brandi eviction the HouseGuests participated in the next Head of Household competition . Head of Household : ( `` BB Auction '' ) Julie will ask the competitors a question based on the BB Works of Arts viewed earlier that day . The answer is either true or false . If the correct answer is chosen they will receive a point . The HouseGuest with the most point at the end of 7 questions will be the next Head of Household . A tiebreaker was held between James and Omarosa . The answer this time was a number . The HouseGuest who got closest to the number without going over will win . If both HouseGuests went over the one closest will win . Omarosa was the winner and became the next HoH . Omarosa nominated Marissa and Ross for eviction . Due to there only being six HouseGuests all HouseGuests were able to compete in the Power of Veto competition .",
"11": "Power of Veto : ( `` Art - Rageous '' ) The HouseGuests must enter the Big Brother house and look at the four paintings in the kitchen . They must then compare them to the other paintings in the house and figure out which paintings is an exact replica of one in the kitchen . When the HouseGuest thinks they have figured it out the must race back to the yard and lock in their guess . If incorrect they are out of the competition . Ross was the winner and received the Power of Veto . Ross used the veto to remove himself from the block . Omarosa named James as the replacement nominee . On Day 24 by a vote of 2 - 1 James was evicted from the house and became the sixth member of the jury . Week 4 12 12 `` Episode 12 '' Days 24 - 25 ; Various February 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 24 ) 3.54 0.9 / 4 Following James ' eviction from the house the final five HouseGuests had time to think back on their time in the Big Brother house . Head of Household : ( `` Rocky Mountain Fly '' ) HouseGuests must step onto their ski 's and hold on . The ski 's will `` fly '' into the air and the HouseGuests must hold on as long as possible . If a HouseGuest falls off of their ski 's they will be eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing will become the next to last Head of Household of the season . 13 13 `` Episode 13 '' Days 25 - 26 February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 5.21 1.4 / 5 Head of Household : ( `` Rocky Mountain Fly '' ) Marissa was the first to fall followed by Ariadna , and then Mark . Ross was the last one standing and became the next Head of Household . Following the HoH competition Ross nominated Ariadna and Omarosa for eviction . Power of Veto : ( `` Get Your Story Straight '' ) When the timer starts the competing HouseGuest must look at the supersized laptop . There are eight stories on the laptop however they are missing days .",
"12": "The HouseGuest must climb on the laptop and transport the day tiles from the search bar to match the correct event on the website . When they finish they must lock in their time by hitting the enter button on the laptop . The HouseGuest with the fastest time and most days correct will win the Power of Veto . Marissa and Ross tied with a total of 8 correct however because Ross finished faster with a time of five minutes and twenty - one seconds he was awarded the final Power of Veto of the season . Ross chose not to use the veto effectively keeping his nominations the same . On Day 26 by a unanimous vote of 2 - 0 Omarosa was evicted from the house becoming the seventh member of the jury . Head of Household : ( `` Hash It Out '' ) In this competition Julie will read tweets from evicted HouseGuests over their time in the house , one of the tweets will be an incorrect statement . The competing HouseGuests must figure out who tweeted the incorrect statement . Each time the HouseGuests guess correctly the will get a point . The HouseGuest with the most points after eight rounds will win the final Head of Household of the season . Mark , Marissa , and Ross tied . In the tiebraker the Julie asked the HouseGuests a question . The answer was a number . The HouseGuest who got closest without going over became the next Head of Household . If everyone went over the one closest HouseGuest will become the next Head of Household . Marissa was the winner and became the final Head of Household of the season . On Day 26 Marissa chose to take Ross to the final two evicting Ariadna and Mark who became the eighth , ninth , and final two members of the jury . Following this , the jurors had a chance to ask questions to the final two . The Jury then voted one by one on who they think should win the game . Marissa became the first winner of Celebrity Big Brother receiving $250,000 making Ross the runner - up who received $50,000 . Ross was later named America 's Favorite HouseGuest and received an additional $25,000 . Notes ^ Note 1 This Head of Household competition began in Episode 7 on Day 17 . However , completion was not broadcast on television until episode 8 .",
"13": "^ Note 2 In episode 12 the HouseGuests looked back over their time in the game . The current day in the house was 24 however flashbacks featured content from Days 1 - 25 . ^ Note 3 This Head of Household competition began in episode 12 on Day 25 . However , completion was not broadcast on television until episode 13 . Voting history Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Day 11 Day 14 Day 18 Day 21 Day 24 Day 25 Day 26 Finale Head of Household Shannon Keshia Ross Ariadna Omarosa Mark Omarosa Ross Marissa ( none ) Nominations ( pre-veto ) Chuck James Keshia Omarosa James Shannon Brandi Ross Ariadna Brandi Marissa Ross Ariadna Omarosa Ariadna Mark Ross Veto Winner Shannon Marissa James Ross Ariadna Ross Ross ( none ) Nominations ( post-veto ) Chuck James Keshia Omarosa Mark Shannon Brandi Metta Brandi Marissa James Marissa Ariadna Omarosa Marissa Chuck Keshia Shannon Metta Nominated Nominated Omarosa Ariadna Mark Winner ( Day 26 ) Ross Chuck Head of Household Shannon Metta Brandi James Head of Household Nominated Runner - up ( Day 26 ) Mark Chuck Keshia Nominated Metta Head of Household Marissa Omarosa Evicted ( Day 26 ) Ross Ariadna Chuck Keshia Head of Household",
"14": "Metta Marissa James Nominated Evicted ( Day 26 ) Marissa Omarosa James Nominated Shannon Head of Household Brandi Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 26 ) Marissa James Nominated Keshia Shannon Metta Brandi Nominated Evicted ( Day 24 ) Marissa Brandi Chuck Keshia Mark Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 24 ) Ross Metta Chuck Keshia Shannon Nominated Evicted ( Day 20 ) Ross Shannon Chuck Keshia Nominated Evicted ( Day 17 ) Marissa Keshia Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 13 ) Marissa Chuck Nominated Evicted ( Day 10 ) Marissa Notes 1 , 2 none 3 , 4 none 5 none 6 7 Evicted Chuck 7 of 8 votes to evict Keshia 7 of 7 votes to evict Shannon 5 of 6 votes to evict Metta 5 of 5 votes to evict Brandi 3 of 4 votes to evict James 2 of 3 votes to evict Omarosa 2 of 2 votes to evict Ariadna Marissa 's choice to evict Ross 3 votes to win Mark Marissa 's choice to evict Marissa 6 votes to win Notes ^ Note 1 : Before the first HoH competition , the HouseGuests were instructed to stand on a number . The HouseGuest standing on the winning number would be awarded immunity that week . Omarosa was the winner and was immune from nominations for the week .",
"15": "Since she was immune , she became ineligible to compete in the HoH competition . ^ Note 2 : Due to the Gift Bag twist , Keshia opened her bag to reveal she had the `` Recast '' Power , dethroning Shannon , who then became immune from nominations for the round . ^ Note 3 : Mark , Metta , and Ross were the first three HouseGuests to fall in the HoH competition and were therefore put on slop for 48 hours . ^ Note 4 : Viewers were able to choose which veto would be played for this eviction . The Diamond Veto allows the winner to save a nominee and choose their replacement . The VIP Veto gives the winner the option to use the veto once , twice , or not at all ; if the winner chooses to use it they are able to save one of the nominees and then save the replacement nominee if the veto winner wishes to . The Spotlight Veto forces the winner to use the veto to save one of the nominees . America chose the VIP Veto . ^ Note 5 : There was a double eviction on Day 24 . Following the first eviction , the remaining HouseGuests played a round worth of games -- including HoH and Veto competitions and Nomination , Veto and Eviction ceremonies -- during the remainder of the live show , culminating in a second eviction for the night . ^ Note 6 : All four remaining houseguests competed in the final Head of Household competition . Marissa won the final HoH competition and chose to evict Mark and then Ariadna , who were officially announced as 9th and 8th jurors , respectively . ^ Note 7 : During the finale , the jury members voted for which finalist should win Celebrity Big Brother .",
"16": "Reception Viewing figures # Air Date United States Source 18 -- 49 ( rating / share ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( timeslot ) Rank ( night ) Wednesday , February 7 , 2018 1.8 / 7 7.27 Thursday , February 8 , 2018 1.4 / 5 5.49 Friday , February 9 , 2018 1.0 / 4 4.34 Sunday , February 11 , 2018 1.2 / 5 4.79 5 Monday , February 12 , 2018 1.3 / 5 5.16 6 Wednesday , February 14 , 2018 1.3 / 5 5.21 7 Friday , February 16 , 2018 1.0 / 4 4.38 8 Sunday , February 18 , 2018 1.2 / 5 4.91 9 Monday , February 19 , 2018 1.2 / 5 5.11 10 Wednesday , February 21 , 2018 1.4 / 5 5.54 11 Friday , February 23 , 2018 1.1 / 5 4.64 12 Saturday , February 24 , 2018 0.9 / 4 3.54 13 Sunday , February 25 , 2018 1.4 / 5 5.21 References Jump up ^ Chen , Julie ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` JULIE LIVE FROM THE HOUSE # BBCelebrity # CBBUS Clues throughout the day ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Pits Celeb Big Brother vs. Olympics , Sets Date for 30th Amazing Race '' . TV Line . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ Boyer , Matthew ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Gets Its First CBS Teaser ( Video ) '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother - Celebrity Big Brother ( Preview ) '' . Youtube . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matt ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother House Photos & Julie Chen Tour '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matt ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Sneak Peek : First Look At New Backyard ( PICS ) '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Big Brother launched '' . BBC News . February 15 , 2001 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother USA Announced by CBS For Winter 2018 '' . Global Television Network . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Adrienne ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Is Coming To CBS '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ryan ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Gary Busey becomes first American winner of Celebrity Big Brother '' . Mail Online . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big - Name Hunting for Celeb ' Big Bro ' '' . New York Post . February 27 , 2002 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2003 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porreca , Brian ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Team Reveals Celebrity Winter Edition ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mainelli , John ( February 28 , 2002 ) .",
"18": "`` Stern 's a Go for ' Big Bro ' '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2002 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmwood , Leigh ( January 29 , 2008 ) . `` Big Brother : Celebrity Hijack quietly leaves the room '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Breaking News -- CBS to Broadcast Its First Celebrity Edition of Reality Hit `` Big Brother '' '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Julie Chen Took a Pay Cut to Make Celebrity Big Brother Happen '' . TVGuide.com. 2017 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Will Air a Lot of ' Big Brother ' During the Olympics '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hautman , Nicholas ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Celebrity Edition Premiere Date Announced : Find Out How Many Weeks It 'll Run ! '' . US Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Celebrity Big Brother ' Evicts First Houseguest in Dramatic Fashion '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Denton ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` Chuck Liddell ( ' Celebrity Big Brother ' ) exit interview : I really want to be on ' The Amazing Race ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Big Controversy on ' Big Brother 2 ' '' . ABC News . July 12 , 2002 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( July 8 , 2002 ) . `` '' Big Brother '' knife incident results in lawsuit `` . Entertainment Weekly .",
"19": "Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Big Brother No Alcohol Restrictions Houseguests / '' . TMZ . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Celebrity Big Brother ' Contestants Get Unlimited Alcohol '' . IMDb . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Favorite Houseguest Vote '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 10 '' . Celebrity Big Brother U.S . Season 1 . Episode 10 . February 21 , 2018 . CBS . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother producer on Omarosa 's asthma , quitters , and Sunday 's finale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother to air opposite the Winter Olympics '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Cody ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother coming to CBS this winter for first time ever '' . Hidden Remote . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Global Announces BIG 2018 Winter Lineup '' ( Press release ) . Corus Entertainment . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Courtney Act wins Celebrity Big Brother UK '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ https://tvtonight.com.au/wp-content/uploads/Program-Guide-TCN-GO-Sun-Feb-11-2018.pdf Jump up ^ https://tvtonight.com.au/2018/02/airdate-celebrity-big-brother-us.html Jump up ^ Knox , David ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Bumped : Celebrity Big Brother ( US ) '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matt ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Grand Prize : Houseguests Competing For $250 K '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porreca , Brian ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Omarosa Goes from White House to Cast of ' Celebrity Big Brother ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother cast ( including Omarosa ) revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Cast '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbs.com/shows/celebrity-big-brother/photos/1008130/meet-the-famous-cast-of-celebrity-big-brother/ Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Brandi Glanville and Omarosa Are Teaming Up for Celebrity Big Brother '' . Bravo TV Official Site . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Rosa , Joanne ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` CELEBRITY BIG BROTHER : OMAROSA 'S PLANS TO RULE '' . Wendy Show . Jump up ^ Crane , Emily ( February 7 , 2018 ) .",
"21": "`` ' You have to know how to watch your own back ' : Ex-Trump staffer Omarosa enters the Celebrity Big Brother house and repeatedly mentions White House ' backstabbing ' '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The First - Ever Head Of Household Is Crowned On Celebrity Big Brother '' . CBS . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Longretta , Emily ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Celebrity Big Brother ' Becomes Battle of the Sexes : 6 Key Moments from the Premiere '' . US Weekly . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` The Big Brother : Celebrity Edition Premiere Was a Surprising Amount of Fun '' . E ! Online . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother recap : Gift bag it up '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matt ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Spoilers : Eviction Target Set In Round 1 '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics opening ceremony adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' 60 Minutes ' and Olympics adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers .",
"22": "Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother : Celeb Edition , ' Olympics and everything else unchanged : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics , ' Celebrity Big Brother , ' others steady : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust down , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' rerun up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' American Housewife ' reruns adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metclaf , Mitch ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2 / 24 / 2018 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' AP Bio , ' Olympics closing adjust up , ' Olympic Gold ' down : Sunday final ratings '' .",
"23": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Big Brother America 's Vote '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' 60 Minutes ' and Olympics adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother : Celeb Edition , ' Olympics and everything else unchanged : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics , ' Celebrity Big Brother , ' others steady : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust down , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' rerun up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' American Housewife ' reruns adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ Metclaf , Mitch ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2 / 24 / 2018 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' AP Bio , ' Olympics closing adjust up , ' Olympic Gold ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . External links Official website Big Brother ( U.S.",
"25": "TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Over the Top 19 Celebrity Houseguests 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Over the Top 19 Celebrity Winners Eddie McGee Will Kirby Lisa Donahue Jun Song Drew Daniel Maggie Ausburn Mike Malin Dick Donato Adam Jasinski Dan Gheesling Jordan Lloyd Hayden Moss Rachel Reilly Ian Terry Andy Herren Derrick Levasseur Steve Moses Nicole Franzel Morgan Willett Josh Martinez Marissa Jaret Winokur Other contestants Jamie Kern Lima George Boswell Brittany Petros Danielle Reyes Jason Guy Marcellas Reynolds Alison Irwin Erika Landin Diane Henry Adria Montgomery - Klein and Natalie Montgomery - Carroll Will Wikle Janelle Pierzina Howie Gordon James Rhine Daniele Donato Sheila Kennedy Jessie Godderz Steven Daigle Jeff Schroeder Chima Simone Brendon Villegas Jenn Arroyo Frank Eudy Kara Monaco Aaryn Gries Candice Stewart Cody Calafiore Caleb Reynolds Frankie Grande Liz and Julia Nolan Vanessa Rousso Austin Matelson James Huling Paul Abrahamian Cody Nickson Jessica Graf Related shows House Calls After Dark Gran Hermano USA Big Brother Africa Africa Angola Nigeria South Africa Location of different versions of Big Brother .",
"26": "Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Québec Colombia Ecuador Mexico Pacific Panama Peru United States Celebrity Over the Top Spanish Asia - Pacific Arab States Australia China India Hindi Kannada Bangla Tamil Telugu Marathi Indonesia Israel Celebrity Philippines Thailand Vietnam Europe Albania Celebrity Belgium Bulgaria Celebrity Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Celebrity Greece Hungary TV2 RTL II Italy Celebrity Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Celebrity Sweden Sweden and Norway Switzerland United Kingdom Celebrity Ukraine Turkey Virtual Second Life CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Celebrity Big Brother ( since 2018 ) Code Black ( since 2015 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Hunted ( since 2017 ) Instinct ( since 2018 ) Kevin Can Wait ( since 2016 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) Living Biblically ( since 2018 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) Scorpion ( since 2014 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Superior Donuts ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T.",
"27": "( since 2017 ) Undercover Boss ( since 2010 ) Young Sheldon ( since 2017 ) Daytime The Bold and the Beautiful ( since 1987 ) Let 's Make a Deal ( since 2009 ) The Price Is Right ( since 1972 ) The Talk ( since 2010 ) The Young and the Restless ( since 1973 ) Late night The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( since 2015 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( since 2015 ) News 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) CBSN : On Assignment ( since 2017 ) CBS Evening News ( since 1948 ) CBS Morning News ( since 1982 ) CBS News Sunday Morning ( since 1979 ) CBS Overnight News ( since 2015 ) CBS This Morning ( 1987 -- 1999 , since 2012 ) Face the Nation ( since 1954 ) Sports CBS Sports Spectacular ( since 1960 ) NCAA Basketball / Road to the Final Four ( since 1981 ) NFL on CBS / The NFL Today ( 1956 -- 1993 , since 1998 ) PGA Tour on CBS SEC on CBS NCAA March Madness ( co-produced with Turner Sports ) ( since 2011 ) Premier Boxing Champions ( since 2015 ) Saturday morning Dr. Chris : Pet Vet ( since 2013 ) The Inspectors ( since 2015 ) Upcoming Murphy Brown ( 2018 ) TKO : Total Knock Out ( 2018 ) Blood & Treasure ( 2019 ) F.B.I.",
"28": "( TBA ) The World 's Best ( TBA ) Coordinates : 34 ° 8 ′ 40.12 '' N 118 ° 23 ′ 20.71 '' W / 34.1444778 ° N 118.3890861 ° W / 34.1444778 ; - 118.3890861 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celebrity_Big_Brother_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=831862550 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons Big Brother ( U.S. ) Celebrity Big Brother Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Use mdy dates from September 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 15 : 09 . About Wikipedia",
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who overthrew the mongols and established the ming dynasty
|
[
"Zhu Yuanzhang",
"Zhu Yuanzhang",
"Zhu Yuanzhang"
] |
{
"0": "Ming dynasty - wikipedia Ming dynasty Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Ming ( disambiguation ) and Ming Dynasty ( disambiguation ) . Great Ming 大明 1368 -- 1644 Ming China under the reign of the Yongle Emperor Ming China around 1580 Capital Nanjing ( Yingtian prefecture ) ( 1368 -- 1644 ) Beijing ( Shuntian prefecture ) ( 1403 -- 1644 ) Languages Official language : Mandarin Other Chinese languages Other languages : Turki ( Modern Uyghur ) , Old Uyghur language , Tibetan , Mongolian , Jurchen , others Religion Heaven worship , Taoism , Confucianism , Buddhism , Chinese folk religion , Islam , Roman Catholicism Government Absolute monarchy Emperor ( 皇帝 ) 1368 -- 1398 ( first ) Hongwu Emperor 1402 -- 1424 Yongle Emperor 1627 -- 1644 ( last ) Chongzhen Emperor Senior Grand Secretary 1402 -- 1407 Xie Jin 1644 Wei Zaode History Established in Nanjing 23 January 1368 Beijing designated as capital 28 October 1420 Fall of Beijing 25 April 1644 End of the Southern Ming 1683 Area 1415 6,500,000 km ( 2,500,000 sq mi ) Population 1393 est . 65,000,000 1403 est . 66,598,337 1 1500 est . 125,000,000 2 1600 est .",
"1": "160,000,000 3 Currency Paper money ( 1368 -- 1450 ) Bimetallic : copper cashes ( 文 , wén ) in strings of coin and paper Silver taels ( 兩 , liǎng ) in sycees and by weight Preceded by Succeeded by Yuan dynasty Shun dynasty Southern Ming dynasty Today part of ( show ) Burma China Laos Russia Vietnam North Korea Remnants of the Ming dynasty ruled southern China until 1662 , and Taiwan until 1683 a dynastic period which is known as the Southern Ming . 1The numbers are based on estimates made by CJ Peers in Late Imperial Chinese Armies : 1520 -- 1840 2According to A.G. Frank , ReOrient : global economy in the Asian Age , 1998 , p. 109 3According to A. Maddison , The World Economy Volume 1 : A Millennial Perspective Volume 2 , 2007 , p.",
"2": "238 Ming Dynasty `` Ming dynasty '' in Chinese characters Chinese 明 朝 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Míng cháo Wade -- Giles Ming ch'ao IPA ( mǐŋ ʈʂhǎu ) Wu Suzhounese Mín záu Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Ming chiu IPA ( mȅŋ tshȉːu ) Jyutping Ming ciu Southern Min Tâi - lô Bîng tiâu Great Ming Chinese 大明 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dà Míng Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Daai Ming IPA ( tàːi mȅŋ ) Empire of the Great Ming Traditional Chinese 大明 帝國 Simplified Chinese 大明 帝国 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dà Míng Dì Guó Wade -- Giles Ta Ming Ti Kuo Wu Romanization da men di kueh / koh Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Daai Ming Dai Gwok IPA ( tàːi mȅŋ tɐ̄i kwɔ̄ːk̚ ) Jyutping daai ming dai gwok History of China ANCIENT Neolithic c. 8500 -- c. 2070 BCE Xia dynasty c. 2070 -- c. 1600 BCE Shang dynasty c. 1600 -- c. 1046 BCE Zhou dynasty c.",
"3": "1046 -- 256 BCE Western Zhou Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States IMPERIAL Qin dynasty 221 -- 206 BCE Han dynasty 206 BCE -- 220 CE Western Han Xin dynasty Eastern Han Three Kingdoms 220 -- 280 Wei , Shu and Wu Jin dynasty 265 -- 420 Western Jin Eastern Jin Sixteen Kingdoms Northern and Southern dynasties 420 -- 589 Sui dynasty 581 -- 618 Tang dynasty 618 -- 907 ( Second Zhou dynasty 690 -- 705 ) Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907 -- 960 Liao dynasty 907 -- 1125 Song dynasty 960 -- 1279 Northern Song Western Xia Southern Song Jin dynasty Yuan dynasty 1271 -- 1368 Ming dynasty 1368 -- 1644 Qing dynasty 1644 -- 1912 MODERN Republic of China 1912 -- 1949 People 's Republic of China 1949 -- present Related articles Chinese historiography Timeline of Chinese history Dynasties in Chinese history Linguistic history Art history Economic history Education history Science and technology history Legal history Media history Military history Naval history view talk The Ming dynasty ( / mɪŋ / ) was the ruling dynasty of China -- then known as the Great Ming Empire -- for 276 years ( 1368 -- 1644 ) following the collapse of the Mongol - led Yuan dynasty . The Ming , described by Edwin O. Reischauer , John K. Fairbank and Albert M. Craig as `` one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history '' , was the last imperial dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han Chinese . Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng ( who established the Shun dynasty , soon replaced by the Manchu - led Qing dynasty ) , regimes loyal to the Ming throne -- collectively called the Southern Ming -- survived until 1683 .",
"4": "The Hongwu Emperor ( ruled 1368 -- 98 ) attempted to create a society of self - sufficient rural communities ordered in a rigid , immobile system that would guarantee and support a permanent class of soldiers for his dynasty : the empire 's standing army exceeded one million troops and the navy 's dockyards in Nanjing were the largest in the world . He also took great care breaking the power of the court eunuchs and unrelated magnates , enfeoffing his many sons throughout China and attempting to guide these princes through the Huang Ming Zu Xun , a set of published dynastic instructions . This failed spectacularly when his teenage successor , the Jianwen Emperor , attempted to curtail his uncles ' power , prompting the Jingnan Campaign , an uprising that placed the Prince of Yan upon the throne as the Yongle Emperor in 1402 . The Yongle Emperor established Yan as a secondary capital and renamed it Beijing , constructed the Forbidden City , and restored the Grand Canal and the primacy of the imperial examinations in official appointments . He rewarded his eunuch supporters and employed them as a counterweight against the Confucian scholar - bureaucrats . One , Zheng He , led seven enormous voyages of exploration into the Indian Ocean as far as Arabia and the eastern coasts of Africa . The rise of new emperors and new factions diminished such extravagances ; the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor during the 1449 Tumu Crisis ended them completely . The imperial navy was allowed to fall into disrepair while forced labor constructed the Liaodong palisade and connected and fortified the Great Wall of China into its modern form . Wide - ranging censuses of the entire empire were conducted decennially , but the desire to avoid labor and taxes and the difficulty of storing and reviewing the enormous archives at Nanjing hampered accurate figures . Estimates for the late - Ming population vary from 160 to 200 million , but necessary revenues were squeezed out of smaller and smaller numbers of farmers as more disappeared from the official records or `` donated '' their lands to tax - exempt eunuchs or temples . Haijin laws intended to protect the coasts from `` Japanese '' pirates instead turned many into smugglers and pirates themselves .",
"5": "By the 16th century , however , the expansion of European trade -- albeit restricted to islands near Guangzhou like Macau -- spread the Columbian Exchange of crops , plants , and animals into China , introducing chili peppers to Sichuan cuisine and highly productive corn and potatoes , which diminished famines and spurred population growth . The growth of Portuguese , Spanish , and Dutch trade created new demand for Chinese products and produced a massive influx of Japanese and American silver . This abundance of specie remonetized the Ming economy , whose paper money had suffered repeated hyperinflation and was no longer trusted . While traditional Confucians opposed such a prominent role for commerce and the newly rich it created , the heterodoxy introduced by Wang Yangming permitted a more accommodating attitude . Zhang Juzheng 's initially successful reforms proved devastating when a slowdown in agriculture produced by the Little Ice Age joined changes in Japanese and Spanish policy that quickly cut off the supply of silver now necessary for farmers to be able to pay their taxes . Combined with crop failure , floods , and epidemic , the dynasty collapsed before the rebel leader Li Zicheng , who was defeated by the Manchu - led Eight Banner armies who founded the Qing dynasty . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding 1.1. 1 Revolt and rebel rivalry 1.1. 2 Reign of the Hongwu Emperor 1.1. 3 South - Western frontier 1.1. 4 Campaign in the North - East 1.1. 5 Relations with Tibet 1.2 Reign of the Yongle Emperor 1.2. 1 Rise to power 1.2. 2 New capital and foreign engagement 1.3 Tumu Crisis and the Ming Mongols 1.4 Decline and fall of the Ming dynasty 1.4. 1 Reign of the Wanli Emperor 1.4. 2 Role of eunuchs 1.4. 3 Economic breakdown and natural disasters 1.4. 4 Rise of the Manchu 1.4. 5 Rebellion , invasion , collapse 2 Government 2.1 Province , prefecture , subprefecture , county 2.2 Institutions and bureaus 2.2.",
"6": "1 Institutional trends 2.2. 2 Grand Secretariat and Six Ministries 2.2. 3 Bureaus and offices for the imperial household 2.3 Personnel 2.3. 1 Scholar - officials 2.3. 2 Lesser functionaries 2.3. 3 Eunuchs , princes , and generals 3 Society and culture 3.1 Literature and arts 3.2 Religion 3.3 Philosophy 3.3. 1 Wang Yangming 's Confucianism 3.3. 2 Conservative reaction 3.4 Urban and rural life 4 Science and technology 5 Population 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Works cited 9 Further reading 10 External links History Main articles : History of the Ming dynasty and List of emperors of the Ming dynasty See also : Timeline of the Ming dynasty Founding Revolt and rebel rivalry The Mongol - led Yuan dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) ruled before the establishment of the Ming dynasty . Explanations for the demise of the Yuan include institutionalized ethnic discrimination against Han Chinese that stirred resentment and rebellion , overtaxation of areas hard - hit by inflation , and massive flooding of the Yellow River as a result of the abandonment of irrigation projects . Consequently , agriculture and the economy were in shambles , and rebellion broke out among the hundreds of thousands of peasants called upon to work on repairing the dykes of the Yellow River . A number of Han Chinese groups revolted , including the Red Turbans in 1351 . The Red Turbans were affiliated with the White Lotus , a Buddhist secret society . Zhu Yuanzhang was a penniless peasant and Buddhist monk who joined the Red Turbans in 1352 ; he soon gained a reputation after marrying the foster daughter of a rebel commander . In 1356 , Zhu 's rebel force captured the city of Nanjing , which he would later establish as the capital of the Ming dynasty . With the Yuan dynasty crumbling , competing rebel groups began fighting for control of the country and thus the right to establish a new dynasty .",
"7": "In 1363 , Zhu Yuanzhang eliminated his archrival and leader of the rebel Han faction , Chen Youliang , in the Battle of Lake Poyang , arguably the largest naval battle in history . Known for its ambitious use of fire ships , Zhu 's force of 200,000 Ming sailors were able to defeat a Han rebel force over triple their size , claimed to be 650,000 - strong . The victory destroyed the last opposing rebel faction , leaving Zhu Yuanzhang in uncontested control of the bountiful Yangtze River Valley and cementing his power in the south . After the dynastic head of the Red Turbans suspiciously died in 1367 while a guest of Zhu , there was no one left who was remotely capable of contesting his march to the throne , and he made his imperial ambitions known by sending an army toward the Yuan capital Dadu ( present - day Beijing ) in 1368 . The last Yuan emperor fled north to the upper capital Shangdu , and Zhu declared the founding of the Ming dynasty after razing the Yuan palaces in Dadu to the ground ; the city was renamed Beiping in the same year . Zhu Yuanzhang took Hongwu , or `` Vastly Martial '' , as his era name . Reign of the Hongwu Emperor Portrait of the Hongwu Emperor ( ruled in 1368 -- 98 ) Hongwu made an immediate effort to rebuild state infrastructure . He built a 48 km ( 30 mi ) long wall around Nanjing , as well as new palaces and government halls . The History of Ming states that as early as 1364 Zhu Yuanzhang had begun drafting a new Confucian law code , the Da Ming Lü , which was completed by 1397 and repeated certain clauses found in the old Tang Code of 653 . Hongwu organized a military system known as the weisuo , which was similar to the fubing system of the Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) . In 1380 Hongwu had the Chancellor Hu Weiyong executed upon suspicion of a conspiracy plot to overthrow him ; after that Hongwu abolished the Chancellery and assumed this role as chief executive and emperor , a precedent mostly followed throughout the Ming period .",
"8": "With a growing suspicion of his ministers and subjects , Hongwu established the Jinyiwei , a network of secret police drawn from his own palace guard . Some 100,000 people were executed in a series of purges during his rule . The Hongwu emperor issued many edicts forbidding Mongol practices and proclaiming his intention to purify China of barbarian influence . However , he also sought to use the Yuan legacy to legitimize his authority in China and other areas ruled by the Yuan . He adopted many Yuan military practices , recruited Mongol soldiers , and continued to request Korean concubines and eunuchs . South - Western frontier Main article : Ming conquest of Yunnan In Qinghai , the Salar Muslims voluntarily came under Ming rule , their clan leaders capitulating around 1370 . Uyghur troops under Uyghur general Hala Bashi suppressed the Miao Rebellions of the 1370s and settled in Changde , Hunan . Hui Muslim troops also settled in Changde , Hunan after serving the Ming in campaigns against other aboriginal tribes . In 1381 , the Ming dynasty annexed the areas of the southwest that had once been part of the Kingdom of Dali following the successful effort by Hui Muslim Ming armies to defeat Yuan - loyalist Mongol and Hui Muslim troops holding out in Yunnan province . The Hui troops under General Mu Ying , who was appointed Governor of Yunnan , were resettled in the region as part of a colonization effort . By the end of the 14th century , some 200,000 military colonists settled some 2,000,000 mu ( 350,000 acres ) of land in what is now Yunnan and Guizhou . Roughly half a million more Chinese settlers came in later periods ; these migrations caused a major shift in the ethnic make - up of the region , since formerly more than half of the population were non-Han peoples . Resentment over such massive changes in population and the resulting government presence and policies sparked more Miao and Yao revolts in 1464 to 1466 , which were crushed by an army of 30,000 Ming troops ( including 1,000 Mongols ) joining the 160,000 local Guangxi ( see Miao Rebellions ( Ming dynasty ) ) .",
"9": "After the scholar and philosopher Wang Yangming ( 1472 -- 1529 ) suppressed another rebellion in the region , he advocated single , unitary administration of Chinese and indigenous ethnic groups in order to bring about sinification of the local peoples . Campaign in the north - East Main article : Manchuria under Ming rule The Great Wall of China : Although the rammed earth walls of the ancient Warring States were combined into a unified wall under the Qin and Han dynasties , the vast majority of the brick and stone Great Wall seen today is a product of the Ming dynasty . After the overthrow of the Mongol Yuan dynasty by the Ming dynasty in 1368 , Manchuria remained under control of the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia . Naghachu , a former Yuan official and a Uriankhai general of the Northern Yuan dynasty , won hegemony over the Mongol tribes in Manchuria ( Liaoyang province of the former Yuan dynasty ) . He grew strong in the northeast , with forces large enough ( numbering hundreds of thousands ) to threaten invasion of the newly founded Ming dynasty in order to restore the Mongols to power in China . The Ming decided to defeat him instead of waiting for the Mongols to attack . In 1387 the Ming sent a military campaign to attack Naghachu , which concluded with the surrender of Naghachu and Ming conquest of Manchuria . The early Ming court could not , and did not , aspire to the control imposed upon the Jurchens in Manchuria by the Mongols , yet it created a norm of organization that would ultimately serve as the principal vehicle for the relations with peoples along the northeast frontiers . By the end of the Hongwu reign , the essentials of a policy toward the Jurchens had taken shape . Most of the inhabitants of Manchuria , except for the wild Jurchens , were at peace with China . The Ming had created many guards ( 衛 , wei ) in Manchuria , but the creation of a guard did not necessarily imply political control . In 1409 , the Ming dynasty under Yongle Emperor established the Nurgan Regional Military Commission on the banks of the Amur River , and Yishiha , a eunuch of Haixi Jurchen derivation , was ordered to lead an expedition to the mouth of the Amur to pacify the Wild Jurchens .",
"10": "After the death of Yongle Emperor , the Nurgan Regional Military Commission was abolished in 1435 , and the Ming court ceased to have substantial activities there , although the guards continued to exist in Manchuria . By the late Ming period , Ming political presence in Manchuria had waned considerably . Relations with Tibet Main article : Sino - Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty A 17th - century Tibetan thangka of Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra ; the Ming dynasty court gathered various tribute items that were native products of Tibet ( such as thangkas ) , and in return granted gifts to Tibetan tribute - bearers . The Mingshi -- the official history of the Ming dynasty compiled by the Qing dynasty in 1739 -- states that the Ming established itinerant commanderies overseeing Tibetan administration while also renewing titles of ex-Yuan dynasty officials from Tibet and conferring new princely titles on leaders of Tibetan Buddhist sects . However , Turrell V. Wylie states that censorship in the Mingshi in favor of bolstering the Ming emperor 's prestige and reputation at all costs obfuscates the nuanced history of Sino - Tibetan relations during the Ming era . Modern scholars debate whether the Ming dynasty had sovereignty over Tibet . Some believe it was a relationship of loose suzerainty that was largely cut off when the Jiajing Emperor ( r . 1521 -- 67 ) persecuted Buddhism in favor of Daoism at court . Others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship . Others note the Ming need for Central Asian horses and the need to maintain the tea - horse trade . The Ming sporadically sent armed forays into Tibet during the 14th century , which the Tibetans successfully resisted . Several scholars point out that unlike the preceding Mongols , the Ming dynasty did not garrison permanent troops in Tibet . The Wanli Emperor ( r . 1572 -- 1620 ) attempted to reestablish Sino - Tibetan relations in the wake of a Mongol - Tibetan alliance initiated in 1578 , an alliance which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent Manchu Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1912 ) in their support for the Dalai Lama of the Yellow Hat sect .",
"11": "By the late 16th century , the Mongols proved to be successful armed protectors of the Yellow Hat Dalai Lama after their increasing presence in the Amdo region , culminating in the conquest of Tibet by Güshi Khan ( 1582 -- 1655 ) in 1642 , establishing the Khoshut Khanate . Reign of the Yongle Emperor Main article : Yongle Emperor Rise to power Portrait of the Yongle Emperor ( ruled in 1402 -- 24 ) The Hongwu Emperor specified his grandson Zhu Yunwen as his successor , and he assumed the throne as the Jianwen Emperor ( 1398 -- 1402 ) after Hongwu 's death in 1398 . The most powerful of Hongwu 's sons , Zhu Di , then the militarily mighty disagreed with this , and soon a political showdown erupted between him and his nephew Jianwen . After Jianwen arrested many of Zhu Di 's associates , Zhu Di plotted a rebellion that sparked a three - year civil war . Under the pretext of rescuing the young Jianwen from corrupting officials , Zhu Di personally led forces in the revolt ; the palace in Nanjing was burned to the ground , along with Jianwen himself , his wife , mother , and courtiers . Zhu Di assumed the throne as the Yongle Emperor ( 1402 -- 1424 ) ; his reign is universally viewed by scholars as a `` second founding '' of the Ming dynasty since he reversed many of his father 's policies . New capital and foreign engagement Yongle demoted Nanjing to a secondary capital and in 1403 announced the new capital of China was to be at his power base in Beijing . Construction of a new city there lasted from 1407 to 1420 , employing hundreds of thousands of workers daily . At the center was the political node of the Imperial City , and at the center of this was the Forbidden City , the palatial residence of the emperor and his family . By 1553 , the Outer City was added to the south , which brought the overall size of Beijing to 4 by 41⁄2 miles . The Ming Tombs located 50 km ( 31 mi ) north of Beijing ; the site was chosen by Yongle .",
"12": "Beginning in 1405 , the Yongle Emperor entrusted his favored eunuch commander Zheng He ( 1371 -- 1433 ) as the admiral for a gigantic new fleet of ships designated for international tributary missions . The Chinese had sent diplomatic missions over land since the Han dynasty ( 202 BCE -- 220 CE ) and engaged in private overseas trade , but these missions were unprecedented in grandeur and scale . To service seven different tributary voyages , the Nanjing shipyards constructed two thousand vessels from 1403 to 1419 , including treasure ships measuring 112 m ( 370 ft ) to 134 m ( 440 ft ) in length and 45 m ( 150 ft ) to 54 m ( 180 ft ) in width . Yongle used woodblock printing to spread Chinese culture . He also used the military to expand China 's borders . This included the brief occupation of Vietnam , from the initial invasion in 1406 until the Ming withdrawal in 1427 as a result of protracted guerrilla warfare led by Lê Lợi , the founder of the Vietnamese Lê dynasty . Tumu Crisis and the Ming Mongols Main articles : Tumu Crisis and Rebellion of Cao Qin A Bengali envoy presenting a giraffe as a tributary gift in the name of King Saif Al - Din Hamzah Shah of Bengal ( r . 1410 -- 12 ) to the Yongle Emperor of Ming China ( r . 1402 -- 24 ) . The Oirat leader Esen Tayisi launched an invasion into Ming China in July 1449 . The chief eunuch Wang Zhen encouraged the Zhengtong Emperor ( r . 1435 -- 49 ) to lead a force personally to face the Oirats after a recent Ming defeat ; the emperor left the capital and put his half - brother Zhu Qiyu in charge of affairs as temporary regent . On 8 September , Esen routed Zhengtong 's army , and Zhengtong was captured -- an event known as the Tumu Crisis . The Oirats held the Zhengtong Emperor for ransom . However , this scheme was foiled once the emperor 's younger brother assumed the throne under the era name Jingtai ( r .",
"13": "1449 -- 57 ) ; the Oirats were also repelled once the Jingtai Emperor 's confidant and defense minister Yu Qian ( 1398 -- 1457 ) gained control of the Ming armed forces . Holding the Zhengtong Emperor in captivity was a useless bargaining chip for the Oirats as long as another sat on his throne , so they released him back into Ming China . The former emperor was placed under house arrest in the palace until the coup against the Jingtai Emperor in 1457 known as the `` Wresting the Gate Incident '' . The former emperor retook the throne under the new era name Tianshun ( r . 1457 -- 64 ) . Tianshun proved to be a troubled time and Mongol forces within the Ming military structure continued to be problematic . On 7 August 1461 , the Chinese general Cao Qin and his Ming troops of Mongol descent staged a coup against the Tianshun Emperor out of fear of being next on his purge - list of those who aided him in the Wresting the Gate Incident . Cao 's rebel force managed to set fire to the western and eastern gates of the Imperial City ( doused by rain during the battle ) and killed several leading ministers before his forces were finally cornered and he was forced to commit suicide . While the Yongle Emperor had staged five major offensives north of the Great Wall against the Mongols and the Oirats , the constant threat of Oirat incursions prompted the Ming authorities to fortify the Great Wall from the late 15th century to the 16th century ; nevertheless , John Fairbank notes that `` it proved to be a futile military gesture but vividly expressed China 's siege mentality . '' Yet the Great Wall was not meant to be a purely defensive fortification ; its towers functioned rather as a series of lit beacons and signalling stations to allow rapid warning to friendly units of advancing enemy troops .",
"14": "Decline and fall of the Ming dynasty Main article : Fall of the Ming dynasty Reign of the Wanli Emperor The Wanli Emperor ( ruled in 1572 -- 1620 ) in state ceremonial court dress The financial drain of the Imjin War in Korea against the Japanese was one of the many problems -- fiscal or other -- facing Ming China during the reign of the Wanli Emperor ( 1572 -- 1620 ) . In the beginning of his reign , Wanli surrounded himself with able advisors and made a conscientious effort to handle state affairs . His Grand Secretary Zhang Juzheng ( 1572 -- 82 ) built up an effective network of alliances with senior officials . However , there was no one after him skilled enough to maintain the stability of these alliances ; officials soon banded together in opposing political factions . Over time Wanli grew tired of court affairs and frequent political quarreling amongst his ministers , preferring to stay behind the walls of the Forbidden City and out of his officials ' sight . Scholar - officials lost prominence in administration as eunuchs became intermediaries between the aloof emperor and his officials ; any senior official who wanted to discuss state matters had to persuade powerful eunuchs with a bribe simply to have his demands or message relayed to the emperor . Role of eunuchs Tianqi - era teacups , from the Nantoyōsō Collection in Japan ; the Tianqi Emperor was heavily influenced and largely controlled by the eunuch Wei Zhongxian ( 1568 -- 1627 ) . The Hongwu Emperor forbade eunuchs to learn how to read or engage in politics . Whether or not these restrictions were carried out with absolute success in his reign , eunuchs during the Yongle Emperor 's reign and afterwards managed huge imperial workshops , commanded armies , and participated in matters of appointment and promotion of officials . The eunuchs developed their own bureaucracy that was organized parallel to but was not subject to the civil service bureaucracy . Although there were several dictatorial eunuchs throughout the Ming , such as Wang Zhen , Wang Zhi , and Liu Jin , excessive tyrannical eunuch power did not become evident until the 1590s when the Wanli Emperor increased their rights over the civil bureaucracy and granted them power to collect provincial taxes .",
"15": "The eunuch Wei Zhongxian ( 1568 -- 1627 ) dominated the court of the Tianqi Emperor ( r . 1620 -- 1627 ) and had his political rivals tortured to death , mostly the vocal critics from the faction of the Donglin Society . He ordered temples built in his honor throughout the Ming Empire , and built personal palaces created with funds allocated for building the previous emperor 's tombs . His friends and family gained important positions without qualifications . Wei also published a historical work lambasting and belittling his political opponents . The instability at court came right as natural calamity , pestilence , rebellion , and foreign invasion came to a peak . The Chongzhen Emperor ( r . 1627 -- 44 ) had Wei dismissed from court , which led to Wei 's suicide shortly after . Economic breakdown and natural disasters Further information : Europeans in Medieval China Spring morning in a Han palace , by Qiu Ying ( 1494 -- 1552 ) ; excessive luxury and decadence marked the late Ming period , spurred by the enormous state bullion of incoming silver and by private transactions involving silver . During the last years of the Wanli era and those of his two successors , an economic crisis developed that was centered on a sudden widespread lack of the empire 's chief medium of exchange : silver . The Portuguese first established trade with China in 1516 , trading Japanese silver for Chinese silk , and after some initial hostilities gained consent from the Ming court in 1557 to settle Macau as their permanent trade base in China . Their role in providing silver was gradually surpassed by the Spanish , while even the Dutch challenged them for control of this trade . Philip IV of Spain ( reigned 1621 -- 1665 ) began cracking down on illegal smuggling of silver from New Spain and Peru across the Pacific through the Philippines towards China , in favor of shipping American - mined silver through Spanish ports . In 1639 the new Tokugawa regime of Japan shut down most of its foreign trade with European powers , cutting off another source of silver coming into China . These events occurring at roughly the same time caused a dramatic spike in the value of silver and made paying taxes nearly impossible for most provinces . People began hoarding precious silver as there was progressively less of it , forcing the ratio of the value of copper to silver into a steep decline .",
"16": "In the 1630s a string of one thousand copper coins equaled an ounce of silver ; by 1640 that sum could fetch half an ounce ; and , by 1643 only one - third of an ounce . For peasants this meant economic disaster , since they paid taxes in silver while conducting local trade and crop sales in copper . Famines became common in northern China in the early 17th century because of unusually dry and cold weather that shortened the growing season -- effects of a larger ecological event now known as the Little Ice Age . Famine , alongside tax increases , widespread military desertions , a declining relief system , and natural disasters such as flooding and inability of the government to properly manage irrigation and flood - control projects caused widespread loss of life and normal civility . The central government , starved of resources , could do very little to mitigate the effects of these calamities . Making matters worse , a widespread epidemic spread across China from Zhejiang to Henan , killing an unknown but large number of people . The deadliest earthquake of all time , the Shaanxi earthquake of 1556 , occurred during the Jiajing Emperor 's reign , killing approximately 830,000 people . Rise of the Manchu Shanhaiguan along the Great Wall , the gate where the Manchus were repeatedly repelled before being finally let through by Wu Sangui in 1644 . A Jurchen tribal leader named Nurhaci ( r . 1616 -- 26 ) , starting with just a small tribe , rapidly gained control over all the Manchurian tribes . During the Japanese invasions of Joseon Korea in the 1590s , he offered to lead his tribes in support of the Ming and Joseon army . This offer was declined , but he was granted honorific Ming titles for his gesture . Recognizing the weakness of Ming authority north of their border , he united all of the adjacent northern tribes and consolidated power in the region surrounding his homeland as the Jurchen Jin dynasty had done previously . In 1610 , he broke relations with the Ming court , and in 1618 demanded a tribute from them to redress `` Seven Grievances '' .",
"17": "By 1636 , Nurhaci 's son Huang Taiji renamed his dynasty from the `` Later Jin '' to the `` Great Qing '' at Mukden , which had fallen to Qing forces in 1621 and was made their capital in 1625 . Huang Taiji also adopted the Chinese imperial title huangdi , declared the Chongde ( `` Revering Virtue '' ) era , and changed the ethnic name of his people from `` Jurchen '' to `` Manchu '' . In 1638 the Manchu defeated and conquered Ming China 's traditional ally Joseon with an army of 100,000 troops in the Second Manchu invasion of Korea . Shortly after , the Koreans renounced their long - held loyalty to the Ming dynasty . Rebellion , invasion , collapse Main article : Qing conquest of the Ming A peasant soldier named Li Zicheng mutinied with his fellow soldiers in western Shaanxi in the early 1630s after the Ming government failed to ship much - needed supplies there . In 1634 he was captured by a Ming general and released only on the terms that he return to service . The agreement soon broke down when a local magistrate had thirty - six of his fellow rebels executed ; Li 's troops retaliated by killing the officials and continued to lead a rebellion based in Rongyang , central Henan province by 1635 . By the 1640s , an ex-soldier and rival to Li -- Zhang Xianzhong ( 1606 -- 47 ) -- had created a firm rebel base in Chengdu , Sichuan , while Li 's center of power was in Hubei with extended influence over Shaanxi and Henan . In 1640 , masses of Chinese peasants who were starving , unable to pay their taxes , and no longer in fear of the frequently defeated Chinese army , began to form into huge bands of rebels . The Chinese military , caught between fruitless efforts to defeat the Manchu raiders from the north and huge peasant revolts in the provinces , essentially fell apart . Unpaid and unfed , the army was defeated by Li Zicheng -- now self - styled as the Prince of Shun -- and deserted the capital without much of a fight .",
"18": "On 25 April 1644 , Beijing fell to a rebel army led by Li Zicheng when the city gates were opened by rebel allies from within . During the turmoil , the last Ming emperor hanged himself on a tree in the imperial garden outside the Forbidden City . Portrait of the Chongzhen Emperor ( r . 1627 -- 1644 ) Seizing opportunity , the Eight Banners crossed the Great Wall after the Ming border general Wu Sangui ( 1612 -- 1678 ) opened the gates at Shanhai Pass . This occurred shortly after he learned about the fate of the capital and an army of Li Zicheng marching towards him ; weighing his options of alliance , he decided to side with the Manchus . The Eight Banners under the Manchu Prince Dorgon ( 1612 -- 50 ) and Wu Sangui approached Beijing after the army sent by Li was destroyed at Shanhaiguan ; the Prince of Shun 's army fled the capital on the fourth of June . On 6 June , the Manchus and Wu entered the capital and proclaimed the young Shunzhi Emperor ruler of China . After being forced out of Xi'an by the Qing , chased along the Han River to Wuchang , and finally along the northern border of Jiangxi province , Li Zicheng died there in the summer of 1645 , thus ending the Shun dynasty . One report says his death was a suicide ; another states that he was beaten to death by peasants after he was caught stealing their food . Despite the loss of Beijing and the death of the emperor , the Ming were not yet totally destroyed . Nanjing , Fujian , Guangdong , Shanxi , and Yunnan were all strongholds of Ming resistance . However , there were several pretenders for the Ming throne , and their forces were divided . These scattered Ming remnants in southern China after 1644 were collectively designated by 19th - century historians as the Southern Ming . Each bastion of resistance was individually defeated by the Qing until 1662 , when the last southern Ming Emperor died , the Yongli Emperor , Zhu Youlang .",
"19": "The last Ming Princes to hold out were the Prince of Ningjing Zhu Shugui and the son of Zhu Yihai , the Prince of Lu Zhu Honghuan ( 朱弘桓 ) who stayed with Koxinga 's Ming loyalists in the Kingdom of Tungning ( in Taiwan ) until 1683 . Zhu Shugui proclaimed that he acted in the name of the deceased Yongli Emperor . The Qing eventually sent the seventeen Ming princes still living in Taiwan back to mainland China where they spent the rest of their lives . In 1725 the Qing Yongzheng Emperor bestowed the hereditary title of Marquis on a descendant of the Ming dynasty Imperial family , Zhu Zhilian ( 朱之璉 ) , who received a salary from the Qing government and whose duty was to perform rituals at the Ming tombs . The Chinese Plain White Banner was also inducted in the Eight Banners . Later the Qianlong Emperor bestowed the title Marquis of Extended Grace posthumously on Zhu Zhilian in 1750 , and the title passed on through twelve generations of Ming descendants until the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912 . The last Marquis of Extended Grance was Zhu Yuxun ( 朱煜勳 ) . In 1912 , after the overthrow of the Qing dynasty in the Xinhai Revolution , some advocated that a Han Chinese be installed as Emperor , either the descendant of Confucius , who was the Duke Yansheng , or the Ming dynasty Imperial family descendant , the Marquis of Extended Grace . Government Province , Prefecture , subprefecture , county Provinces of Ming dynasty in 1409 The Ming emperors took over the provincial administration system of the Yuan dynasty , and the thirteen Ming provinces are the precursors of the modern provinces . Throughout the Song dynasty , the largest political division was the circuit ( lu 路 ) . However , after the Jurchen invasion in 1127 , the Song court established four semi-autonomous regional command systems based on territorial and military units , with a detached service secretariat that would become the provincial administrations of the Yuan , Ming , and Qing dynasties . Copied on the Yuan model , the Ming provincial bureaucracy contained three commissions : one civil , one military , and one for surveillance .",
"20": "Below the level of the province ( sheng 省 ) were prefectures ( fu 府 ) operating under a prefect ( zhifu 知府 ) , followed by subprefectures ( zhou 州 ) under a subprefect . The lowest unit was the county ( xian 縣 ) , overseen by a magistrate . Besides the provinces , there were also two large areas that belonged to no province , but were metropolitan areas ( jing 亰 ) attached to Nanjing and Beijing . Institutions and bureaus Institutional trends The Forbidden City , the official imperial household of the Ming and Qing dynasties from 1420 until 1924 , when the Republic of China evicted Puyi from the Inner Court . Departing from the main central administrative system generally known as the Three Departments and Six Ministries system , which was instituted by various dynasties since late Han ( 202 BCE -- 220 CE ) , the Ming administration had only one Department , the Secretariat , that controlled the Six Ministries . Following the execution of the Chancellor Hu Weiyong in 1380 , the Hongwu Emperor abolished the Secretariat , the Censorate , and the Chief Military Commission and personally took charge of the Six Ministries and the regional Five Military Commissions . Thus a whole level of administration was cut out and only partially rebuilt by subsequent rulers . The Grand Secretariat , at the beginning a secretarial institution that assisted the emperor with administrative paperwork , was instituted , but without employing grand counselors , or chancellors . The Hongwu Emperor sent his heir apparent to Shaanxi in 1391 to `` tour and soothe '' ( xunfu ) the region ; in 1421 the Yongle Emperor commissioned 26 officials to travel the empire and uphold similar investigatory and patrimonial duties . By 1430 these xunfu assignments became institutionalized as `` grand coordinators '' . Hence , the Censorate was reinstalled and first staffed with investigating censors , later with censors - in - chief . By 1453 , the grand coordinators were granted the title vice censor - in - chief or assistant censor - in - chief and were allowed direct access to the emperor . As in prior dynasties , the provincial administrations were monitored by a travelling inspector from the Censorate .",
"21": "Censors had the power to impeach officials on an irregular basis , unlike the senior officials who were to do so only in triennial evaluations of junior officials . Although decentralization of state power within the provinces occurred in the early Ming , the trend of central government officials delegated to the provinces as virtual provincial governors began in the 1420s . By the late Ming dynasty , there were central government officials delegated to two or more provinces as supreme commanders and viceroys , a system which reined in the power and influence of the military by the civil establishment . Grand Secretariat and Six Ministries A portrait of Jiang Shunfu , an official under the Hongzhi Emperor , now in the Nanjing Museum . The decoration of two cranes on his chest is a `` rank badge '' that indicates he was a civil official of the first rank . Processional figurines from the Shanghai tomb of Pan Yongzheng , a Ming dynasty official who lived during the 16th century Governmental institutions in China conformed to a similar pattern for some two thousand years , but each dynasty installed special offices and bureaus , reflecting its own particular interests . The Ming administration utilized Grand Secretaries to assist the emperor , handling paperwork under the reign of the Yongle Emperor and later appointed as top officials of agencies and Grand Preceptor , a top - ranking , non-functional civil service post , under the Hongxi Emperor ( ruled 1424 -- 25 ) . The Grand Secretariat drew its members from the Hanlin Academy and were considered part of the imperial authority , not the ministerial one ( hence being at odds with both the emperor and ministers at times ) . The Secretariat operated as a coordinating agency , whereas the Six Ministries -- Personnel , Revenue , Rites , War , Justice , and Public Works -- were direct administrative organs of the state : The Ministry of Personnel was in charge of appointments , merit ratings , promotions , and demotions of officials , as well as granting of honorific titles . The Ministry of Revenue was in charge of gathering census data , collecting taxes , and handling state revenues , while there were two offices of currency that were subordinate to it . The Ministry of Rites was in charge of state ceremonies , rituals , and sacrifices ; it also oversaw registers for Buddhist and Daoist priesthoods and even the reception of envoys from tributary states .",
"22": "The Ministry of War was in charge of the appointments , promotions , and demotions of military officers , the maintenance of military installations , equipment , and weapons , as well as the courier system . The Ministry of Justice was in charge of judicial and penal processes , but had no supervisory role over the Censorate or the Grand Court of Revision . The Ministry of Public Works had charge of government construction projects , hiring of artisans and laborers for temporary service , manufacturing government equipment , the maintenance of roads and canals , standardization of weights and measures , and the gathering of resources from the countryside . Bureaus and offices for the imperial household Ming coinage , 14 -- 17th century The imperial household was staffed almost entirely by eunuchs and ladies with their own bureaus . Female servants were organized into the Bureau of Palace Attendance , Bureau of Ceremonies , Bureau of Apparel , Bureau of Foodstuffs , Bureau of the Bedchamber , Bureau of Handicrafts , and Office of Staff Surveillance . Starting in the 1420s , eunuchs began taking over these ladies ' positions until only the Bureau of Apparel with its four subsidiary offices remained . Hongwu had his eunuchs organized into the Directorate of Palace Attendants , but as eunuch power at court increased , so did their administrative offices , with eventual twelve directorates , four offices , and eight bureaus . The dynasty had a vast imperial household , staffed with thousands of eunuchs , who were headed by the Directorate of Palace Attendants . The eunuchs were divided into different directorates in charge of staff surveillance , ceremonial rites , food , utensils , documents , stables , seals , apparel , and so on . The offices were in charge of providing fuel , music , paper , and baths . The bureaus were in charge of weapons , silverwork , laundering , headgear , bronzework , textile manufacture , wineries , and gardens . At times , the most influential eunuch in the Directorate of Ceremonial acted as a de facto dictator over the state . Although the imperial household was staffed mostly by eunuchs and palace ladies , there was a civil service office called the Seal Office , which cooperated with eunuch agencies in maintaining imperial seals , tallies , and stamps . There were also civil service offices to oversee the affairs of imperial princes .",
"23": "Personnel Scholar - officials Candidates who had taken the civil service examinations would crowd around the wall where the results were posted ; detail from a handscroll in ink and color on silk , by Qiu Ying ( 1494 -- 1552 ) . The Hongwu emperor from 1373 to 1384 staffed his bureaus with officials gathered through recommendations only . After that the scholar - officials who populated the many ranks of bureaucracy were recruited through a rigorous examination system that was initially established by the Sui dynasty ( 581 -- 618 ) . Theoretically the system of exams allowed anyone to join the ranks of imperial officials ( although it was frowned upon for merchants to join ) ; in reality the time and funding needed to support the study in preparation for the exam generally limited participants to those already coming from the landholding class . However , the government did exact provincial quotas while drafting officials . This was an effort to curb monopolization of power by landholding gentry who came from the most prosperous regions , where education was the most advanced . The expansion of the printing industry since Song times enhanced the spread of knowledge and number of potential exam candidates throughout the provinces . For young schoolchildren there were printed multiplication tables and primers for elementary vocabulary ; for adult examination candidates there were mass - produced , inexpensive volumes of Confucian classics and successful examination answers . As in earlier periods , the focus of the examination was classical Confucian texts , while the bulk of test material centered on the Four Books outlined by Zhu Xi in the 12th century . Ming era examinations were perhaps more difficult to pass since the 1487 requirement of completing the `` eight - legged essay '' , a departure from basing essays off progressing literary trends . The exams increased in difficulty as the student progressed from the local level , and appropriate titles were accordingly awarded successful applicants . Officials were classified in nine hierarchic grades , each grade divided into two degrees , with ranging salaries ( nominally paid in piculs of rice ) according to their rank . While provincial graduates who were appointed to office were immediately assigned to low - ranking posts like the county graduates , those who passed the palace examination were awarded a jinshi ( ' presented scholar ' ) degree and assured a high - level position . In 276 years of Ming rule and ninety palace examinations , the number of doctoral degrees granted by passing the palace examinations was 24,874 .",
"24": "Ebrey states that `` there were only two to four thousand of these jinshi at any given time , on the order of one out of 10,000 adult males . '' This was in comparison to the 100,000 shengyuan ( ' government students ' ) , the lowest tier of graduates , by the 16th century . The maximum tenure in office was nine years , but every three years officials were graded on their performance by senior officials . If they were graded as superior then they were promoted , if graded adequate then they retained their ranks , and if graded inadequate they were demoted one rank . In extreme cases , officials would be dismissed or punished . Only capital officials of grade 4 and above were exempt from the scrutiny of recorded evaluation , although they were expected to confess any of their faults . There were over 4,000 school instructors in county and prefectural schools who were subject to evaluations every nine years . The Chief Instructor on the prefectural level was classified as equal to a second - grade county graduate . The Supervisorate of Imperial Instruction oversaw the education of the heir apparent to the throne ; this office was headed by a Grand Supervisor of Instruction , who was ranked as first class of grade three . Lesser functionaries The Xuande Emperor playing chuiwan with his eunuchs , a game similar to golf , by an anonymous court painter of the Xuande period ( 1425 -- 35 ) . Scholar - officials who entered civil service through examinations acted as executive officials to a much larger body of non-ranked personnel called lesser functionaries . They outnumbered officials by four to one ; Charles Hucker estimates that they were perhaps as many as 100,000 throughout the empire . These lesser functionaries performed clerical and technical tasks for government agencies . Yet they should not be confused with lowly lictors , runners , and bearers ; lesser functionaries were given periodic merit evaluations like officials and after nine years of service might be accepted into a low civil service rank . The one great advantage of the lesser functionaries over officials was that officials were periodically rotated and assigned to different regional posts and had to rely on the good service and cooperation of the local lesser functionaries .",
"25": "Eunuchs , princes , and generals Detail of The Emperor 's Approach showing the Wanli Emperor 's royal carriage being pulled by elephants and escorted by cavalry ( full panoramic painting here ) Eunuchs gained unprecedented power over state affairs during the Ming dynasty . One of the most effective means of control was the secret service stationed in what was called the Eastern Depot at the beginning of the dynasty , later the Western Depot . This secret service was overseen by the Directorate of Ceremonial , hence this state organ 's often totalitarian affiliation . Eunuchs had ranks that were equivalent to civil service ranks , only theirs had four grades instead of nine . Descendants of the first Ming emperor were made princes and given ( typically nominal ) military commands , annual stipends , and large estates . The title used was `` king '' ( 王 , wáng ) but -- unlike the princes in the Han and Jin dynasties -- these estates were not feudatories , the princes did not serve any administrative function , and they partook in military affairs only during the reigns of the first two emperors . The rebellion of the Prince of Yan was justified in part as upholding the rights of the princes , but once the Yongle Emperor was enthroned , he continued his nephew 's policy of disarming his brothers and moved their fiefs away from the militarized northern border . Although princes served no organ of state administration , the princes , consorts of the imperial princesses , and ennobled relatives did staff the Imperial Clan Court , which supervised the imperial genealogy . Like scholar - officials , military generals were ranked in a hierarchic grading system and were given merit evaluations every five years ( as opposed to three years for officials ) . However , military officers had less prestige than officials . This was due to their hereditary service ( instead of solely merit - based ) and Confucian values that dictated those who chose the profession of violence ( wu ) over the cultured pursuits of knowledge ( wen ) . Although seen as less prestigious , military officers were not excluded from taking civil service examinations , and after 1478 the military even held their own examinations to test military skills . In addition to taking over the established bureaucratic structure from the Yuan period , the Ming emperors established the new post of the travelling military inspector .",
"26": "In the early half of the dynasty , men of noble lineage dominated the higher ranks of military office ; this trend was reversed during the latter half of the dynasty as men from more humble origins eventually displaced them . Society and Culture Literature and arts Further information : Ming dynasty painting and Ming poetry Lofty Mount Lu , by Shen Zhou , 1467 . Literature , painting , poetry , music , and Chinese opera of various types flourished during the Ming dynasty , especially in the economically prosperous lower Yangzi valley . Although short fiction had been popular as far back as the Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) , and the works of contemporaneous authors such as Xu Guangqi , Xu Xiake , and Song Yingxing were often technical and encyclopedic , the most striking literary development was the vernacular novel . While the gentry elite were educated enough to fully comprehend the language of Classical Chinese , those with rudimentary education -- such as women in educated families , merchants , and shop clerks -- became a large potential audience for literature and performing arts that employed Vernacular Chinese . Literati scholars edited or developed major Chinese novels into mature form in this period , such as Water Margin and Journey to the West . Jin Ping Mei , published in 1610 , although incorporating earlier material , marks the trend toward independent composition and concern with psychology . In the later years of the dynasty , Feng Menglong and Ling Mengchu innovated with vernacular short fiction . Theater scripts were equally imaginative . The most famous , The Peony Pavilion , was written by Tang Xianzu ( 1550 -- 1616 ) , with its first performance at the Pavilion of Prince Teng in 1598 . Informal essay and travel writing was another highlight . Xu Xiake ( 1587 -- 1641 ) , a travel literature author , published his Travel Diaries in 404,000 written characters , with information on everything from local geography to mineralogy . The first reference to the publishing of private newspapers in Beijing was in 1582 ; by 1638 the Beijing Gazette switched from using woodblock print to movable type printing . The new literary field of the moral guide to business ethics was developed during the late Ming period , for the readership of the merchant class .",
"27": "Poetry of Min Ding , 17th century In contrast to Xu Xiake , who focused on technical aspects in his travel literature , the Chinese poet and official Yuan Hongdao ( 1568 -- 1610 ) used travel literature to express his desires for individualism as well as autonomy from and frustration with Confucian court politics . Yuan desired to free himself from the ethical compromises that were inseparable from the career of a scholar - official . This anti-official sentiment in Yuan 's travel literature and poetry was actually following in the tradition of the Song dynasty poet and official Su Shi ( 1037 -- 1101 ) . Yuan Hongdao and his two brothers , Yuan Zongdao ( 1560 -- 1600 ) and Yuan Zhongdao ( 1570 -- 1623 ) , were the founders of the Gong'an School of letters . This highly individualistic school of poetry and prose was criticized by the Confucian establishment for its association with intense sensual lyricism , which was also apparent in Ming vernacular novels such as the Jin Ping Mei . Yet even gentry and scholar - officials were affected by the new popular romantic literature , seeking courtesans as soulmates to reenact the heroic love stories that arranged marriages often could not provide or accommodate . Painting of flowers , a butterfly , and rock sculpture by Chen Hongshou ( 1598 -- 1652 ) ; small leaf album paintings like this one first became popular in the Song dynasty . Famous painters included Ni Zan and Dong Qichang , as well as the Four Masters of the Ming dynasty , Shen Zhou , Tang Yin , Wen Zhengming , and Qiu Ying . They drew upon the techniques , styles , and complexity in painting achieved by their Song and Yuan predecessors , but added techniques and styles . Well - known Ming artists could make a living simply by painting due to the high prices they demanded for their artworks and the great demand by the highly cultured community to collect precious works of art . The artist Qiu Ying was once paid 2.8 kg ( 100 oz ) of silver to paint a long handscroll for the eightieth birthday celebration of the mother of a wealthy patron . Renowned artists often gathered an entourage of followers , some who were amateurs who painted while pursuing an official career and others who were full - time painters .",
"28": "Ming dynasty Xuande mark and period ( 1426 -- 35 ) imperial blue and white vase . Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York . The period was also renowned for ceramics and porcelains . The major production center for porcelain was the imperial kilns at Jingdezhen in Jiangxi province , most famous in the period for blue and white porcelain , but also producing other styles . The Dehua porcelain factories in Fujian catered to European tastes by creating Chinese export porcelain by the late 16th century . Individual potters also became known , such as He Chaozong , who became famous in the early 17th century for his style of white porcelain sculpture . In The Ceramic Trade in Asia , Chuimei Ho estimates that about 16 % of late Ming era Chinese ceramic exports were sent to Europe , while the rest were destined for Japan and South East Asia . Carved designs in lacquerware and designs glazed onto porcelain wares displayed intricate scenes similar in complexity to those in painting . These items could be found in the homes of the wealthy , alongside embroidered silks and wares in jade , ivory , and cloisonné . The houses of the rich were also furnished with rosewood furniture and feathery latticework . The writing materials in a scholar 's private study , including elaborately carved brush holders made of stone or wood , were designed and arranged ritually to give an aesthetic appeal . Connoisseurship in the late Ming period centered on these items of refined artistic taste , which provided work for art dealers and even underground scammers who themselves made imitations and false attributions . The Jesuit Matteo Ricci while staying in Nanjing wrote that Chinese scam artists were ingenious at making forgeries and huge profits . However , there were guides to help the wary new connoisseur ; Liu Tong ( died 1637 ) wrote a book printed in 1635 that told his readers how to spot fake and authentic pieces of art . He revealed that a Xuande era ( 1426 -- 1435 ) bronzework could be authenticated by judging its sheen ; porcelain wares from the Yongle era ( 1402 -- 1424 ) could be judged authentic by their thickness .",
"29": "Religion See also : Islam during the Ming dynasty , Jesuit China missions , and Chinese Rites Controversy Chinese glazed stoneware statue of a Daoist deity , from the Ming dynasty , 16th century . The dominant religious beliefs during the Ming dynasty were the various forms of Chinese folk religion and the Three Teachings -- Confucianism , Taoism , and Buddhism . The Yuan - supported Tibetan lamas fell from favor , and the early Ming emperors particularly favored Taoism , granting its practitioners many positions in the state 's ritual offices . The Hongwu Emperor curtailed the cosmopolitan culture of the Mongol Yuan dynasty , and the prolific Prince of Ning Zhu Quan even composed one encyclopedia attacking Buddhism as a foreign `` mourning cult '' , deleterious to the state , and another encyclopedia that subsequently joined the Taoist canon . Islam was also well - established throughout China , with a history said to have begun with Sa 'd ibn Abi Waqqas during the Tang dynasty and strong official support during the Yuan . Although the Ming sharply curtailed this support , there were still several prominent Muslim figures early on , including the Hongwu Emperor 's generals Chang Yuqun , Lan Yu , Ding Dexing , and Mu Ying , as well as the Yongle Emperor 's powerful eunuch Zheng He . Bodhisattva Manjusri in Blanc - de-Chine , by He Chaozong , 17th century ; Song Yingxing devoted an entire section of his book to the ceramics industry in the making of porcelain items like this . The advent of the Ming was initially devastating to Christianity : in his first year , the Hongwu Emperor declared the eighty - year - old Franciscan missions among the Yuan heterodox and illegal . The centuries - old Nestorian church also disappeared . During the later Ming a new wave of Christian missionaries arrived -- particularly Jesuits -- who employed new western science and technology in their arguments for conversion . They were educated in Chinese language and culture at St. Paul 's College on Macau after its founding in 1579 . The most influential was Matteo Ricci , whose `` Map of the Myriad Countries of the World '' upended traditional geography throughout East Asia , and whose work with the convert Xu Guangqi led to the first Chinese translation of Euclid 's Elements in 1607 .",
"30": "The discovery of a Nestorian stele at Xi'an in 1625 also permitted Christianity to be treated as an old and established faith , rather than as a new and dangerous cult . However , there were strong disagreements about the extent to which converts could continue to perform rituals to the emperor , Confucius , or their ancestors : Ricci had been very accommodating and an attempt by his successors to backtrack from this policy led to the Nanjing Incident of 1616 , which exiled four Jesuits to Macau and forced the others out of public life for six years . A series of spectacular failures by the Chinese astronomers -- including missing an eclipse easily computed by Xu Guangqi and Sabatino de Ursis -- and a return by the Jesuits to presenting themselves as educated scholars in the Confucian mold restored their fortunes . However , by the end of the Ming the Dominicans had begun the Chinese Rites controversy in Rome that would eventually lead to a full ban of Christianity under the Qing dynasty . During his mission , Ricci was also contacted in Beijing by one of the approximately 5,000 Kaifeng Jews and introduced them and their long history in China to Europe . However , the 1642 flood caused by Kaifeng 's Ming governor devastated the community , which lost five of its twelve families , its synagogue , and most of its Torah . Philosophy Wang Yangming 's Confucianism Wang Yangming ( 1472 -- 1529 ) , considered the most influential Confucian thinker since Zhu Xi During the Ming dynasty , the Neo-Confucian doctrines of the Song scholar Zhu Xi were embraced by the court and the Chinese literati at large , although the direct line of his school was destroyed by the Yongle Emperor 's extermination of the ten degrees of kinship of Fang Xiaoru in 1402 . The Ming scholar most influential upon subsequent generations , however , was Wang Yangming ( 1472 -- 1529 ) , whose teachings were attacked in his own time for their similarity to Chan Buddhism . Building upon Zhu Xi 's concept of the `` extension of knowledge '' ( 理學 or 格物 致知 ) , gaining understanding through careful and rational investigation of things and events , Wang argued that universal concepts would appear in the minds of anyone .",
"31": "Therefore , he claimed that anyone -- no matter their pedigree or education -- could become as wise as Confucius and Mencius had been and that their writings were not sources of truth but merely guides that might have flaws when carefully examined . A peasant with a great deal of experience and intelligence would then be wiser than an official who had memorized the Classics but not experienced the real world . Conservative reaction A Ming dynasty print drawing of Confucius on his way to the Zhou dynasty capital of Luoyang . Other scholar - bureaucrats were wary of Wang 's heterodoxy , the increasing number of his disciples while he was still in office , and his overall socially rebellious message . To curb his influence , he was often sent out to deal with military affairs and rebellions far away from the capital . Yet his ideas penetrated mainstream Chinese thought and spurred new interest in Taoism and Buddhism . Furthermore , people began to question the validity of the social hierarchy and the idea that the scholar should be above the farmer . Wang Yangming 's disciple and salt - mine worker Wang Gen gave lectures to commoners about pursuing education to improve their lives , while his follower He Xinyin ( 何心隱 ) challenged the elevation and emphasis of the family in Chinese society . His contemporary Li Zhi even taught that women were the intellectual equals of men and should be given a better education ; both Li and He eventually died in prison , jailed on charges of spreading `` dangerous ideas '' . Yet these `` dangerous ideas '' of educating women had long been embraced by some mothers and by courtesans who were as literate and skillful in calligraphy , painting , and poetry as their male guests . The liberal views of Wang Yangming were opposed by the Censorate and by the Donglin Academy , re-established in 1604 . These conservatives wanted a revival of orthodox Confucian ethics . Conservatives such as Gu Xiancheng ( 1550 -- 1612 ) argued against Wang 's idea of innate moral knowledge , stating that this was simply a legitimization for unscrupulous behavior such as greedy pursuits and personal gain . These two strands of Confucian thought , hardened by Chinese scholars ' notions of obligation towards their mentors , developed into pervasive factionalism among the ministers of state , who used any opportunity to impeach members of the other faction from court .",
"32": "Urban and rural Life A Ming dynasty red `` seal paste box '' in carved lacquer . Map of Beijing in Ming Dynasty Wang Gen was able to give philosophical lectures to many commoners from different regions because -- following the trend already apparent in the Song dynasty -- communities in Ming society were becoming less isolated as the distance between market towns was shrinking . Schools , descent groups , religious associations , and other local voluntary organizations were increasing in number and allowing more contact between educated men and local villagers . Jonathan Spence writes that the distinction between what was town and country was blurred in Ming China , since suburban areas with farms were located just outside and in some cases within the walls of a city . Not only was the blurring of town and country evident , but also of socioeconomic class in the traditional four occupations ( Chinese : 士農工商 ) , since artisans sometimes worked on farms in peak periods , and farmers often traveled into the city to find work during times of dearth . A variety of occupations could be chosen or inherited from a father 's line of work . This would include -- but was not limited to -- coffinmakers , ironworkers and blacksmiths , tailors , cooks and noodle - makers , retail merchants , tavern , teahouse , or winehouse managers , shoemakers , seal cutters , pawnshop owners , brothel heads , and merchant bankers engaging in a proto - banking system involving notes of exchange . Virtually every town had a brothel where female and male prostitutes could be had . Male catamites fetched a higher price than female concubines since pederasty with a teenage boy was seen as a mark of elite status , regardless of sodomy being repugnant to sexual norms . Public bathing became much more common than in earlier periods . Urban shops and retailers sold a variety of goods such as special paper money to burn at ancestral sacrifices , specialized luxury goods , headgear , fine cloth , teas , and others . Smaller communities and townships too poor or scattered to support shops and artisans obtained their goods from periodic market fairs and traveling peddlers . A small township also provided a place for simple schooling , news and gossip , matchmaking , religious festivals , traveling theater groups , tax collection , and bases of famine relief distribution .",
"33": "Farming villagers in the north spent their days harvesting crops like wheat and millet , while farmers south of the Huai River engaged in intensive rice cultivation and had lakes and ponds where ducks and fish could be raised . The cultivation of mulberry trees for silkworms and tea bushes could be found mostly south of the Yangzi River ; even further south sugarcane and citrus were grown as basic crops . Some people in the mountainous southwest made a living by selling lumber from hard bamboo . Besides cutting down trees to sell wood , the poor also made a living by turning wood into charcoal , and by burning oyster shells to make lime and fired pots , and weaving mats and baskets . In the north traveling by horse and carriage was most common , while in the south the myriad of rivers , canals , and lakes provided cheap and easy water transport . Although the south had the characteristic of the wealthy landlord and tenant farmers , there were on average many more owner - cultivators north of the Huai River due to harsher climate , living not far above subsistence level . Science and technology Further information : History of science and technology in China , List of Chinese inventions , and List of Chinese discoveries The puddling process of smelting iron ore to make pig iron and then wrought iron , with the right illustration displaying men working a blast furnace , from the Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia , 1637 . Map of the known world by Zheng He : India at the top , Ceylon at the upper right and East Africa along the bottom . Sailing directions and distances are marked using zhenlu ( 針路 ) or compass route . Compared to the flourishing of science and technology in the Song dynasty , the Ming dynasty perhaps saw fewer advancements in science and technology compared to the pace of discovery in the Western world . In fact , key advances in Chinese science in the late Ming were spurred by contact with Europe . In 1626 Johann Adam Schall von Bell wrote the first Chinese treatise on the telescope , the Yuanjingshuo ( Far Seeing Optic Glass ) ; in 1634 the Chongzhen Emperor acquired the telescope of the late Johann Schreck ( 1576 -- 1630 ) .",
"34": "The heliocentric model of the solar system was rejected by the Catholic missionaries in China , but Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei 's ideas slowly trickled into China starting with the Polish Jesuit Michael Boym ( 1612 -- 59 ) in 1627 , Adam Schall von Bell 's treatise in 1640 , and finally Joseph Edkins , Alex Wylie , and John Fryer in the 19th century . Catholic Jesuits in China would promote Copernican theory at court , yet at the same time embrace the Ptolemaic system in their writing ; it was not until 1865 that Catholic missionaries in China sponsored the heliocentric model as their Protestant peers did . Although Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 95 ) and Guo Shoujing ( 1231 -- 1316 ) had laid the basis for trigonometry in China , another important work in Chinese trigonometry would not be published again until 1607 with the efforts of Xu Guangqi and Matteo Ricci . Ironically , some inventions which had their origins in ancient China were reintroduced to China from Europe during the late Ming ; for example , the field mill . The Chinese calendar was in need of reform since it inadequately measured the solar year at 365 1⁄4 days , giving an error of 10 min and 14 sec a year or roughly a full day every 128 years . Although the Ming had adopted Guo Shoujing 's Shoushi calendar of 1281 , which was just as accurate as the Gregorian Calendar , the Ming Directorate of Astronomy failed to periodically readjust it ; this was perhaps due to their lack of expertise since their offices had become hereditary in the Ming and the Statutes of the Ming prohibited private involvement in astronomy . A sixth - generation descendant of the Hongxi Emperor , the `` Prince '' Zhu Zaiyu ( 1536 -- 611 ) , submitted a proposal to fix the calendar in 1595 , but the ultra-conservative astronomical commission rejected it . This was the same Zhu Zaiyu who discovered the system of tuning known as equal temperament , a discovery made simultaneously by Simon Stevin ( 1548 -- 1620 ) in Europe . In addition to publishing his works on music , he was able to publish his findings on the calendar in 1597 .",
"35": "A year earlier , the memorial of Xing Yunlu suggesting a calendar improvement was rejected by the Supervisor of the Astronomical Bureau due to the law banning private practice of astronomy ; Xing would later serve with Xu Guangqi in reforming the calendar ( Chinese : 崇禎 暦 書 ) in 1629 according to Western standards . A 24 - point compass chart employed by Zheng He during his explorations . When the Ming founder Hongwu came upon the mechanical devices housed in the Yuan dynasty 's palace at Khanbaliq -- such as fountains with balls dancing on their jets , self - operating tiger automata , dragon - headed devices that spouted mists of perfume , and mechanical clocks in the tradition of Yi Xing ( 683 -- 727 ) and Su Song ( 1020 -- 101 ) -- he associated all of them with the decadence of Mongol rule and had them destroyed . This was described in full length by the Divisional Director of the Ministry of Works , Xiao Xun , who also carefully preserved details on the architecture and layout of the Yuan dynasty palace . Later , European Jesuits such as Matteo Ricci and Nicolas Trigault would briefly mention indigenous Chinese clockworks that featured drive wheels . However , both Ricci and Trigault were quick to point out that 16th - century European clockworks were far more advanced than the common time keeping devices in China , which they listed as water clocks , incense clocks , and `` other instruments ... with wheels rotated by sand as if by water '' ( Chinese : 沙漏 ) . Chinese records -- namely the Yuan Shi -- describe the ' five - wheeled sand clock ' , a mechanism pioneered by Zhan Xiyuan ( fl. 1360 -- 80 ) which featured the scoop wheel of Su Song 's earlier astronomical clock and a stationary dial face over which a pointer circulated , similar to European models of the time . This sand - driven wheel clock was improved upon by Zhou Shuxue ( fl. 1530 -- 58 ) who added a fourth large gear wheel , changed gear ratios , and widened the orifice for collecting sand grains since he criticized the earlier model for clogging up too often .",
"36": "Portrait of Matteo Ricci by Yu Wenhui , Latinized as Emmanuel Pereira , dated the year of Ricci 's death , 1610 The Chinese were intrigued with European technology , but so were visiting Europeans of Chinese technology . In 1584 , Abraham Ortelius ( 1527 -- 1598 ) featured in his atlas Theatrum Orbis Terrarum the peculiar Chinese innovation of mounting masts and sails onto carriages , just like Chinese ships . Gonzales de Mendoza also mentioned this a year later -- noting even the designs of them on Chinese silken robes -- while Gerardus Mercator ( 1512 -- 94 ) featured them in his atlas , John Milton ( 1608 -- 74 ) in one of his famous poems , and Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest ( 1739 -- 801 ) in the writings of his travel diary in China . The encyclopedist Song Yingxing ( 1587 -- 1666 ) documented a wide array of technologies , metallurgic and industrial processes in his Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia of 1637 . This includes mechanical and hydraulic powered devices for agriculture and irrigation , nautical technology such as vessel types and snorkeling gear for pearl divers , the annual processes of sericulture and weaving with the loom , metallurgic processes such as the crucible technique and quenching , manufacturing processes such as for roasting iron pyrite in converting sulphide to oxide in sulfur used in gunpowder compositions -- illustrating how ore was piled up with coal briquettes in an earthen furnace with a still - head that sent over sulfur as vapor that would solidify and crystallize -- and the use of gunpowder weapons such as a naval mine ignited by use of a rip - cord and steel flint wheel . A cannon from the Huolongjing , compiled by Jiao Yu and Liu Bowen before the latter 's death in 1375 . Focusing on agriculture in his Nongzheng Quanshu , the agronomist Xu Guangqi ( 1562 -- 1633 ) took an interest in irrigation , fertilizers , famine relief , economic and textile crops , and empirical observation of the elements that gave insight into early understandings of chemistry .",
"37": "There were many advances and new designs in gunpowder weapons during the beginning of the dynasty , but by the mid to late Ming the Chinese began to frequently employ European - style artillery and firearms . The Huolongjing , compiled by Jiao Yu and Liu Bowen sometime before the latter 's death on 16 May 1375 ( with a preface added by Jiao in 1412 ) , featured many types of cutting - edge gunpowder weaponry for the time . This includes hollow , gunpowder - filled exploding cannonballs , land mines that used a complex trigger mechanism of falling weights , pins , and a steel wheellock to ignite the train of fuses , naval mines , fin - mounted winged rockets for aerodynamic control , multistage rockets propelled by booster rockets before igniting a swarm of smaller rockets issuing forth from the end of the missile ( shaped like a dragon 's head ) , and hand cannons that had up to ten barrels . Li Shizhen ( 1518 -- 93 ) -- one of the most renowned pharmacologists and physicians in Chinese history -- belonged to the late Ming period . His Bencao Gangmu is a medical text with 1,892 entries , each entry with its own name called a gang . The mu in the title refers to the synonyms of each name . Inoculation , although it can be traced to earlier Chinese folk medicine , was detailed in Chinese texts by the sixteenth century . Throughout the Ming dynasty , around fifty texts were published on the treatment of smallpox . In regards to oral hygiene , the ancient Egyptians had a primitive toothbrush of a twig frayed at the end , but the Chinese were the first to invent the modern bristle toothbrush in 1498 , although it used stiff pig hair . Population Appreciating Plums , by Chen Hongshou ( 1598 -- 1652 ) showing a lady holding an oval fan while enjoying the beauty of the plum . Sinologist historians debate the population figures for each era in the Ming dynasty . The historian Timothy Brook notes that the Ming government census figures are dubious since fiscal obligations prompted many families to underreport the number of people in their households and many county officials to underreport the number of households in their jurisdiction . Children were often underreported , especially female children , as shown by skewed population statistics throughout the Ming .",
"38": "Even adult women were underreported ; for example , the Daming Prefecture in North Zhili reported a population of 378,167 males and 226,982 females in 1502 . The government attempted to revise the census figures using estimates of the expected average number of people in each household , but this did not solve the widespread problem of tax registration . Some part of the gender imbalance may be attributed to the practice of female infanticide . The practice is well documented in China , going back over two thousand years , and it was described as `` rampant '' and `` practiced by almost every family '' by contemporary authors . However , the dramatically skewed sex ratios , which many counties reported exceeding 2 : 1 by 1586 , can not likely be explained by infanticide alone . The Xuande Emperor ( r . 1425 -- 35 ) ; he stated in 1428 that his populace was dwindling due to palace construction and military adventures . But the population was rising under him , a fact noted by Zhou Chen -- governor of South Zhili -- in his 1432 report to the throne about widespread itinerant commerce . The number of people counted in the census of 1381 was 59,873,305 ; however , this number dropped significantly when the government found that some 3 million people were missing from the tax census of 1391 . Even though underreporting figures was made a capital crime in 1381 , the need for survival pushed many to abandon the tax registration and wander from their region , where Hongwu had attempted to impose rigid immobility on the populace . The government tried to mitigate this by creating their own conservative estimate of 60,545,812 people in 1393 . In his Studies on the Population of China , Ho Ping - ti suggests revising the 1393 census to 65 million people , noting that large areas of North China and frontier areas were not counted in that census . Brook states that the population figures gathered in the official censuses after 1393 ranged between 51 and 62 million , while the population was in fact increasing . Even the Hongzhi Emperor ( r . 1487 -- 505 ) remarked that the daily increase in subjects coincided with the daily dwindling amount of registered civilians and soldiers .",
"39": "William Atwell states that around 1400 the population of China was perhaps 90 million people , citing Heijdra and Mote . Historians are now turning to local gazetteers of Ming China for clues that would show consistent growth in population . Using the gazetteers , Brook estimates that the overall population under the Chenghua Emperor ( r . 1464 -- 1487 ) was roughly 75 million , despite mid-Ming census figures hovering around 62 million . While prefectures across the empire in the mid-Ming period were reporting either a drop in or stagnant population size , local gazetteers reported massive amounts of incoming vagrant workers with not enough good cultivated land for them to till , so that many would become drifters , conmen , or wood - cutters that contributed to deforestation . The Hongzhi and Zhengde emperors lessened the penalties against those who had fled their home region , while the Jiajing Emperor ( r . 1521 -- 67 ) finally had officials register migrants wherever they had moved or fled in order to bring in more revenues . Even with the Jiajing reforms to document migrant workers and merchants , by the late Ming era the government census still did not accurately reflect the enormous growth in population . Gazetteers across the empire noted this and made their own estimations of the overall population in the Ming , some guessing that it had doubled , tripled , or even grown fivefold since 1368 . Fairbank estimates that the population was perhaps 160 million in the late Ming dynasty , while Brook estimates 175 million , and Ebrey states perhaps as large as 200 million . However , a great epidemic that entered China through the northwest in 1641 ravaged the densely populated areas along the Grand Canal ; a gazetteer in northern Zhejiang noted more than half the population fell ill that year and that 90 % of the local populace in one area was dead by 1642 .",
"40": "See also List of emperors of the Ming dynasty Ming emperors family tree Economy of the Ming dynasty Taxation in premodern China Ye Chunji ( for further information on rural economics in the Ming ) Kaifeng flood of 1642 Ming official headwear List of tributaries of Imperial China Manchuria under Ming rule Kingdom of Tungning Military conquests of the Ming dynasty Luchuan - Pingmian Campaigns Ming poetry Ming ceramics Zheng Zhilong Qing conquest of the Ming Notes Jump up ^ Primary capital after 1403 ; secondary capital after 1421 . Jump up ^ Secondary capital until 1421 ; primary capital afterwards . Jump up ^ The capitals - in - exile of the Southern Ming were Nanjing ( 1644 ) , Fuzhou ( 1645 -- 46 ) , Guangzhou ( 1646 -- 47 ) , Zhaoqing ( 1646 -- 52 ) . References Citations Jump up ^ Turchin , Peter ; Adams , Jonathan M. ; Hall , Thomas D ( December 2006 ) . `` East - West Orientation of Historical Empires '' ( PDF ) . Journal of world - systems research . 12 ( 2 ) : 219 -- 29 . ISSN 1076 - 156X . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 February 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ming '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Jump up ^ Edwin Oldfather Reischauer , John King Fairbank , Albert M. Craig ( 1960 ) A history of East Asian civilization , Volume 1 . East Asia : The Great Tradition , George Allen & Unwin Ltd. , quoted in C. Simon Fan ( 2016 ) Culture , Institution , and Development in China : The Economics of National Character , Routledge , p. 97 ISBN 978 - 1 - 138 - 18571 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Zhang Wenxian . `` The Yellow Register Archives of Imperial Ming China '' . Libraries & the Cultural Record , Vol. 43 , No. 2 ( 2008 ) , pp. 148 -- 175 . Univ.",
"41": "of Texas Press . Accessed 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Walthall & Palais ( 2006 ) , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Robert . `` Eunuch Power in the Ming dynasty '' . T'oung Pao , Second Series , Vol. 49 , Livr. 3 ( 1961 ) , pp. 115 -- 148 . Accessed 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ For the lower population estimate , see ( Fairbank & Goldman 2006 : 128 ) ; for the higher , see ( Ebrey 1999 : 197 ) . ^ Jump up to : Gascoigne ( 2003 ) , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ) , pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Gascoigne ( 2003 ) , p. 151 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey ( 1999 ) , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Naquin , Susan ( 2000 ) . Peking : Temples and City Life , 1400 -- 1900 . Berkeley : University of California press . p. xxxiii . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21991 - 0 . Jump up ^ Andrew & Rapp ( 2000 ) , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey ( 1999 ) , pp. 192 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Fairbank & Goldman ( 2006 ) , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Fairbank & Goldman ( 2006 ) , pp. 129 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Robinson ( 2008 ) , pp. 367 -- 368 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnic Uygurs in Hunan Live in Harmony with Han Chinese '' . People 's Daily . 29 December 2000 . Jump up ^ Zhiyu Shi ( 2002 ) . Negotiating ethnicity in China : citizenship as a response to the state . Volume 13 of Routledge studies -- China in transition ( illustrated ed . ) . Psychology Press . p. 133 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 28372 - 8 .",
"42": "Retrieved 28 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Dillon ( 1999 ) . China 's Muslim Hui community : migration , settlement and sects . Richmond : Curzon Press . p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1026 - 4 . Retrieved 28 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ) , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Harmony and War : Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics , by Yuan - kang Wang Jump up ^ Zhang , Yuxin ; Xiang , Hongjia ; Information Office of the State Council . People 's Republic of China ( 2002 ) . Testimony of History . China : China Intercontinental Press . p. 73 . ISBN 7 - 80113 - 885 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wang & Nyima ( 1997 ) , pp. 39 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Mingshi - Geography I `` 明史 地理 一 '' : 東 起 朝鮮 , 西 據 吐 番 , 南 包 安南 , 北 距 大 磧. ; Geography III `` 明史 地理 三 '' : 七 年 七 月 置 西安 行 都 衛 於 此 , 領 河 州 、 朵 甘 、 烏 斯 藏 、 三 衛. ; Western territory III `` 明史 列傳 第 二 百 十 七 西域 三 '' ^ Jump up to : Wylie ( 2003 ) , p. 470 . Jump up ^ Wang & Nyima ( 1997 ) , pp. 1 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Norbu ( 2001 ) , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Kolmaš ( 1967 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Wang & Nyima ( 1997 ) , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Sperling ( 2003 ) , pp.",
"43": "474 -- 75 , 478 . Jump up ^ Perdue ( 2000 ) , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Kolmaš ( 1967 ) , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Langlois ( 1988 ) , pp. 139 , 161 . Jump up ^ Geiss ( 1988 ) , pp. 417 -- 418 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ) , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Wang & Nyima ( 1997 ) , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Kolmaš ( 1967 ) , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Goldstein ( 1997 ) , p. 8 . Jump up ^ The Ming Biographical Dictionary ( 1976 ) , 23 . Jump up ^ Kolmaš ( 1967 ) , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Goldstein ( 1997 ) , pp. 6 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Robinson ( 2000 ) , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Atwell ( 2002 ) , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Walthall & Palais ( 2006 ) , p. 272 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey ( 1999 ) , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Fairbank & Goldman ( 2006 ) , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Wang ( 1998 ) , pp. 317 -- 327 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey , Walthall & Palais ( 2006 ) , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Robinson ( 1999 ) , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Robinson ( 1999 ) , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Robinson ( 1999 ) , pp. 79 , 101 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Fairbank & Goldman ( 2006 ) , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ) , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Spence ( 1999 ) , p. 16 .",
"44": "^ Jump up to : Spence ( 1999 ) , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ) , pp. 194 -- 195 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Spence ( 1999 ) , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Brook ( 1998 ) , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Spence ( 1999 ) , pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Wills ( 1998 ) , pp. 343 -- 349 . ^ Jump up to : Spence ( 1999 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Brook ( 1998 ) , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Brook ( 1998 ) , pp. 206 , 208 . Jump up ^ Wills ( 1998 ) , pp. 349 -- 353 . Jump up ^ Brook ( 1998 ) , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Spence ( 1999 ) , pp. 20 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Spence ( 1999 ) , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Spence ( 1999 ) , pp. 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Tsunami among world 's worst disasters . BBC News . 30 December 2004 . Jump up ^ Spence ( 1999 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Spence ( 1999 ) , pp. 24 , 28 . ^ Jump up to : Chang ( 2007 ) , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Spence ( 1999 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Spence ( 1999 ) , pp. 21 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : Spence ( 1999 ) , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Spence ( 1999 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Spence ( 1999 ) , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Spence ( 1999 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Dennerline , Jerry P. ( 1985 ) .",
"45": "`` The Southern Ming , 1644 -- 1662 . By Lynn A. Struve '' . The Journal of Asian Studies . 44 ( 4 ) : 824 -- 25 . doi : 10.2307 / 2056469 . Jump up ^ John Robert Shepherd ( 1993 ) . Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier , 1600 - 1800 . Stanford University Press . pp. 469 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2066 - 3 . Jump up ^ Manthorpe 2008 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Eiko Woodhouse ( 2 August 2004 ) . The Chinese Hsinhai Revolution : G.E. Morrison and Anglo - Japanese Relations , 1897 - 1920 . Routledge . pp. 113 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 35242 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jonathan D. Spence ( 28 October 1982 ) . The Gate of Heavenly Peace : The Chinese and Their Revolution . Penguin Publishing Group . pp. 84 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 17372 - 5 . Jump up ^ Shêng Hu ; Danian Liu ( 1983 ) . The 1911 Revolution : A Retrospective After 70 Years . New World Press . p. 55 . Jump up ^ The National Review , China . 1913 . p. 200 . Jump up ^ Monumenta Serica . H. Vetch. 1967 . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Percy Horace Braund Kent ( 1912 ) . The Passing of the Manchus . E. Arnold . pp. 382 -- . Jump up ^ M.A. Aldrich ( 1 March 2008 ) . The Search for a Vanishing Beijing : A Guide to China 's Capital Through the Ages . Hong Kong University Press . pp. 176 -- . ISBN 978 - 962 - 209 - 777 - 3 . Jump up ^ Yuan ( 1994 ) , pp. 193 -- 194 .",
"46": "Jump up ^ Hartwell ( 1982 ) , pp. 397 -- 398 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Chang ( 2007 ) , p. 15 , footnote 42 . ^ Jump up to : Chang ( 2007 ) , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , pp. 33 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , pp. 11 , 25 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , pp. 25 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ) , p. 200 . ^ Jump up to : Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Walthall & Palais ( 2006 ) , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ) , pp. 145 -- 146 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey ( 1999 ) , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ) , pp. 198 -- 199 .",
"47": "Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ) , pp. 201 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ) , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey ( 1999 ) , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , pp. 11 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Brook ( 1998 ) , p. xxv . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Hucker ( 1958 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Fairbank & Goldman ( 2006 ) , pp. 109 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1958 ) , pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Robinson ( 1999 ) , pp. 116 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Walthall & Palais ( 2006 ) , pp. 104 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ) , pp. 202 -- 203 . Jump up ^ Andrew H. Plaks , Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel . ( Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 06708 - 2 ) . Plaks counts Romance of the Three Kingdoms , Water Margin ( or , Men of the Marshes ) , Journey to the West , and Golden Lotus ( or Plum in a Golden Vase ) . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1959 ) , p. 524 . Jump up ^ Hargett ( 1985 ) , p. 69 .",
"48": "Jump up ^ Brook ( 1998 ) , p. xxi . Jump up ^ Brook ( 1998 ) , pp. 215 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Chang ( 2007 ) , pp. 318 -- 319 . Jump up ^ Chang ( 2007 ) , p. 319 . ^ Jump up to : Chang ( 2007 ) , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Brook ( 1998 ) , pp. 229 -- 231 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ) , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Brook ( 1998 ) , p. 206 . ^ Jump up to : Spence ( 1999 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Brook ( 1998 ) , pp. 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Brook ( 1998 ) , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Brook ( 1998 ) , pp. 225 -- 226 . ^ Jump up to : Wang , Richard G . The Ming Prince and Daoism : Institutional Patronage of an Elite . Oxford Univ . Press , 2012 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 976768 - 8 , 9780199767687 . Accessed 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Lipman ( 1998 ) , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1965 ) , pp. 171 -- 172 . Jump up ^ Leslie , Donald D . `` The Integration of Religious Minorities in China : The Case of Chinese Muslims Archived 17 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . '' . The 59th George E. Morrison Lecture in Ethnology. 30 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Wong ( 1963 ) , pp. 30 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ) , p. 212 . Jump up ^ White ( 1966 ) , pp. 31 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Xu Xin . The Jews of Kaifeng , China : History , Culture , and Religion , p. 47 . Ktav Publishing Inc , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88125 - 791 - 5 .",
"49": "^ Jump up to : Ebrey , Walthall & Palais ( 2006 ) , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Walthall & Palais ( 2006 ) , p. 281 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey , Walthall & Palais ( 2006 ) , pp. 281 -- 282 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Walthall & Palais ( 2006 ) , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ) , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Brook ( 1998 ) , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ) , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ) , p. 206 . ^ Jump up to : Spence ( 1999 ) , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Spence ( 1999 ) , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Brook ( 1998 ) , pp. 229 , 232 . Jump up ^ Brook ( 1998 ) , pp. 232 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Schafer ( 1956 ) , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Brook ( 1998 ) , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Spence ( 1999 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1959 ) , pp. 444 -- 445 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1959 ) , pp. 444 -- 447 . Jump up ^ Wong ( 1963 ) , p. 31 , footnote 1 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1959 ) , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1965 ) , pp. 255 -- 257 . ^ Jump up to : Kuttner ( 1975 ) , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Engelfriet ( 1998 ) , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Kuttner ( 1975 ) , pp. 166 -- 117 . ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1965 ) , pp. 133 , 508 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1965 ) , p. 438 .",
"50": "Jump up ^ Needham ( 1965 ) , p. 509 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1965 ) , p. 511 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1965 ) , pp. 510 -- 511 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1965 ) , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1965 ) , pp. 274 -- 276 . Jump up ^ Song ( 1966 ) , pp. 7 -- 30 , 84 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Song ( 1966 ) , pp. 171 -- 72 , 189 , 196 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1971 ) , p. 668 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1971 ) , pp. 634 , 649 -- 50 , 668 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Song ( 1966 ) , pp. 36 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Song ( 1966 ) , pp. 237 , 190 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1987 ) , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1987 ) , pp. 205 , 339ff . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1984 ) , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1987 ) , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1987 ) , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1987 ) , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1987 ) , pp. 203 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1987 ) , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1987 ) , pp. 498 -- 502 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1987 ) , p. 508 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1987 ) , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Zohara Yaniv ; Uriel Bachrach ( 2005 ) . Handbook Of Medicinal Plants . Psychology Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56022 - 995 - 7 .",
"51": "Jump up ^ Donald R. Hopkins ( 15 September 2002 ) . The Greatest Killer : Smallpox in History . University of Chicago Press . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 35168 - 1 . Inoculation had been a popular folk practice ... in all , some fifty texts on the treatment of smallpox are known to have been published in China during the Ming dynasty Jump up ^ `` Who invented the toothbrush and when was it invented ? '' . The Library of Congress . 4 April 2007 . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Brook ( 1998 ) , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Brook ( 1998 ) , p. 267 . ^ Jump up to : Brook ( 1998 ) , pp. 97 -- 99 . ^ Jump up to : Brook ( 1998 ) , p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : Brook ( 1998 ) , pp. 28 , 267 . Jump up ^ Anne Behnke Kinney . Chinese views of childhood . pp. 200 -- 01 . ^ Jump up to : Brook ( 1998 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Brook ( 1998 ) , pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Ho ( 1959 ) , pp. 8 -- 9 , 22 , 259 . Jump up ^ Atwell ( 2002 ) , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Brook ( 1998 ) , pp. 94 -- 96 . ^ Jump up to : Brook ( 1998 ) , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Fairbank & Goldman ( 2006 ) , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ) , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Brook ( 1998 ) , p. 163 . Works cited Andrew , Anita N. ; Rapp , John A. ( 2000 ) , Autocracy and China 's Rebel Founding Emperors : Comparing Chairman Mao and Ming Taizu , Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield , ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9580 - 8 . Atwell , William S.",
"52": "( 2002 ) , `` Time , Money , and the Weather : Ming China and the ' Great Depression ' of the Mid-Fifteenth Century '' , The Journal of Asian Studies , 61 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 113 , doi : 10.2307 / 2700190 . Brook , Timothy ( 1998 ) , The Confusions of Pleasure : Commerce and Culture in Ming China , Berkeley : University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 22154 - 0 . Chang , Michael G. ( 2007 ) , A Court on Horseback : Imperial Touring & the Construction of Qing Rule , 1680 -- 1785 , Cambridge : Harvard University Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 02454 - 0 . Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ; Walthall , Anne ; Palais , James B. ( 2006 ) , East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History , Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company , ISBN 0 - 618 - 13384 - 4 . Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ( 1999 ) , The Cambridge Illustrated History of China , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 66991 - X . Engelfriet , Peter M. ( 1998 ) , Euclid in China : The Genesis of the First Translation of Euclid 's Elements in 1607 & Its Reception Up to 1723 , Leiden : Koninklijke Brill , ISBN 90 - 04 - 10944 - 7 . Fairbank , John King ; Goldman , Merle ( 2006 ) , China : A New History ( 2nd ed . ) , Cambridge : Harvard University Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 01828 - 1 . Gascoigne , Bamber ( 2003 ) , The Dynasties of China : A History , New York : Carroll & Graf , ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1219 - 8 .",
"53": "Geiss , James ( 1988 ) , `` The Cheng - te reign , 1506 -- 1521 '' , in Mote , Frederick W. ; Twitchett , Denis , The Cambridge History of China : Volume 7 , The Ming Dynasty , 1368 -- 1644 , Part 1 , Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press , pp. 403 -- 439 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24332 - 2 . Goldstein , Melvyn C. ( 1997 ) , The Snow Lion and the Dragon : China , Tibet and the Dalai Lama , Berkeley : University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 21951 - 1 . Hargett , James M. ( 1985 ) , `` Some Preliminary Remarks on the Travel Records of the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) '' , Chinese Literature : Essays , Articles , Reviews : 67 -- 93 . Hartwell , Robert M. ( 1982 ) , `` Demographic , Political , and Social Transformations of China , 750 -- 1550 '' , Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies , 42 ( 2 ) : 365 -- 442 , doi : 10.2307 / 2718941 . Ho , Ping - ti ( 1959 ) , Studies on the Population of China : 1368 -- 1953 , Cambridge : Harvard University Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 85245 - 1 . Hucker , Charles O. ( 1958 ) , `` Governmental Organization of The Ming Dynasty '' , Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies , 21 : 1 -- 66 , doi : 10.2307 / 2718619 . Kolmaš , Josef ( 1967 ) , Tibet and Imperial China : A Survey of Sino - Tibetan Relations Up to the End of the Manchu Dynasty in 1912 : Occasional Paper 7 , Canberra : The Australian National University , Centre of Oriental Studies . Kuttner , Fritz A.",
"54": "( 1975 ) , `` Prince Chu Tsai - Yü 's Life and Work : A Re-Evaluation of His Contribution to Equal Temperament Theory '' , Ethnomusicology , 19 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 206 , doi : 10.2307 / 850355 . Langlois , John D. , Jr. ( 1988 ) , `` The Hung - wu reign , 1368 -- 1398 '' , in Mote , Frederick W. ; Twitchett , Denis , The Cambridge History of China : Volume 7 , The Ming Dynasty , 1368 -- 1644 , Part 1 , Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press , pp. 107 -- 181 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24332 - 2 . Lipman , Jonathan N. ( 1998 ) , Familiar Strangers : A History of Muslims in Northwest China , Seattle : University of Washington Press . Needham , Joseph ( 1959 ) , Science and Civilisation in China : Volume 3 , Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth , Cambridge University Press . -- -- -- ( 1965 ) , Science and Civilisation in China : Volume 4 , Physics and Physical Technology , Part 2 , Mechanical Engineering , Cambridge University Press . -- -- -- ( 1971 ) , Science and Civilisation in China : Volume 4 , Physics and Physical Technology , Part 3 , Civil Engineering and Nautics , Cambridge University Press . -- -- -- ( 1984 ) , Science and Civilisation in China : Volume 6 , Biology and Biological Technology , Part 2 : Agriculture , Cambridge University Press . -- -- -- ( 1987 ) , Science and Civilisation in China : Volume 5 , Chemistry and Chemical Technology , Part 7 , Military Technology ; the Gunpowder Epic , Cambridge University Press . Norbu , Dawa ( 2001 ) , China 's Tibet Policy , Richmond : Curzon , ISBN 0 - 7007 - 0474 - 4 . Perdue , Peter C. ( 2000 ) , `` Culture , History , and Imperial Chinese Strategy : Legacies of the Qing Conquests '' , in van de Ven , Hans , Warfare in Chinese History , Leiden : Koninklijke Brill , pp.",
"55": "252 -- 287 , ISBN 90 - 04 - 11774 - 1 . Robinson , David M. ( 1999 ) , `` Politics , Force and Ethnicity in Ming China : Mongols and the Abortive Coup of 1461 '' , Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies , 59 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 123 , doi : 10.2307 / 2652684 . -- -- -- ( 2000 ) , `` Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China : The Capital Region during the Middle Ming Period ( 1450 -- 1525 ) '' , Journal of Social History : 527 -- 563 . -- -- -- ( 2008 ) , `` The Ming court and the legacy of the Yuan Mongols '' ( PDF ) , in Robinson , David M. , Culture , Courtiers , and Competition : The Ming Court ( 1368 -- 1644 ) , Harvard University Asia Center , pp. 365 -- 421 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02823 - 4 . Schafer , Edward H. ( 1956 ) , `` The Development of Bathing Customs in Ancient and Medieval China and the History of the Floriate Clear Palace '' , Journal of the American Oriental Society , 76 ( 2 ) : 57 -- 82 , doi : 10.2307 / 595074 . Song , Yingxing ( 1966 ) , T'ien - Kung K'ai - Wu : Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century , translated with preface by E-Tu Zen Sun and Shiou - Chuan Sun , University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . Spence , Jonathan D. ( 1999 ) , The Search For Modern China ( 2nd ed . ) , New York : W.W. Norton , ISBN 0 - 393 - 97351 - 4 . Sperling , Elliot ( 2003 ) , `` The 5th Karma - pa and some aspects of the relationship between Tibet and the Early Ming '' , in McKay , Alex , The History of Tibet : Volume 2 , The Medieval Period : c . AD 850 -- 1895 , the Development of Buddhist Paramountcy , New York : Routledge , pp.",
"56": "473 -- 482 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 30843 - 7 . Wang , Gungwu ( 1998 ) , `` Ming Foreign Relations : Southeast Asia '' , in Twitchett , Denis ; Mote , Frederick W. , The Cambridge History of China : Volume 8 , The Ming Dynasty , 1368 -- 1644 , Part 2 , Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press , pp. 301 -- 332 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 24333 - 5 . Wang , Jiawei ; Nyima , Gyaincain ( 1997 ) , The Historical Status of China 's Tibet , Beijing : China Intercontinental Press , ISBN 7 - 80113 - 304 - 8 . White , William Charles ( 1966 ) , The Chinese Jews , Volume 1 , New York : Paragon Book Reprint Corporation . Wills , John E. , Jr. ( 1998 ) , `` Relations with Maritime Europe , 1514 -- 1662 '' , in Twitchett , Denis ; Mote , Frederick W. , The Cambridge History of China : Volume 8 , The Ming Dynasty , 1368 -- 1644 , Part 2 , Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press , pp. 333 -- 375 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 24333 - 5 . Wong , H.C. ( 1963 ) , `` China 's Opposition to Western Science during Late Ming and Early Ch'ing '' , Isis , 54 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 49 , doi : 10.1086 / 349663 . Wylie , Turrell V. ( 2003 ) , `` Lama Tribute in the Ming Dynasty '' , in McKay , Alex , The History of Tibet : Volume 2 , The Medieval Period : c . AD 850 -- 1895 , the Development of Buddhist Paramountcy , New York : Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 30843 - 7 . Yuan , Zheng ( 1994 ) , `` Local Government Schools in Sung China : A Reassessment '' , History of Education Quarterly , 34 ( 2 ) : 193 -- 213 , doi : 10.2307 / 369121 .",
"57": "Further reading Chan , Hok - Lam ( 1988 ) , `` The Chien - wen , Yung - lo , Hung - shi , and Hsuan - te reigns , 1399 -- 1435 '' , in Mote , Frederick W. ; Twitchett , Denis , The Cambridge History of China : Volume 7 , The Ming Dynasty , 1368 -- 1644 , Part 1 , Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press , pp. 182 -- 384 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24332 - 2 . Crosby , Alfred W. , Jr. ( 2003 ) , Columbian Exchange : Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 ; 30th Anniversary Edition , Westport : Praeger Publishers , ISBN 0 - 275 - 98092 - 8 . Dardess , John W. ( 1983 ) , Confucianism and Autocracy : Professional Elites in the Founding of the Ming Dynasty , University of California Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04733 - 4 . Dardess , John W. ( 1968 ) , Background Factors in the Rise of the Ming Dynasty , Columbia University . Dardess , John W. ( 2012 ) , Ming China , 1368 - 1644 : A Concise History of a Resilient Empire , Rowman & Littlefield , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0491 - 1 . Dupuy , R.E. ; Dupuy , Trevor N. ( 1993 ) , The Collins Encyclopedia of Military History : From 3500 B.C. to the Present , Glasgow : HarperCollins , ISBN 0 - 00 - 470143 - 7 . Source for `` Fall of the Ming Dynasty '' Gernet , Jacques ( 1962 ) , Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion , 1250 -- 1276 , Translated by H.M. Wright , Stanford : Stanford University Press , ISBN 0 - 8047 - 0720 - 0 . Goodrich , L. Carrington ; Fang , Chaoying , eds.",
"58": "( 1976 ) , Dictionary of Ming Biography , 1368 -- 1644 : Volume 1 , A-L , New York : Columbia University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 03801 - 0 . Huang , Ray ( 1981 ) , 1587 , a Year of No Significance : The Ming Dynasty in Decline , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 02518 - 1 . Mote , Frederick W. ( 1988 ) , `` The Ch'eng - hua and Hung - chih reigns , 1465 -- 1505 '' , in Mote , Frederick W. ; Twitchett , Denis , The Cambridge History of China : Volume 7 , The Ming Dynasty , 1368 -- 1644 , Part 1 , Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press , pp. 343 -- 402 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24332 - 2 . Owen , Stephen ( 1997 ) , `` The Yuan and Ming Dynasties '' , in Owen , Stephen , An Anthology of Chinese Literature : Beginnings to 1911 , New York : W.W. Norton . p. 723 -- 743 ( Archive ) . pp. 807 -- 832 ( Archive ) . Wade , Geoff ( 2008 ) , `` Engaging the South : Ming China and Southeast Asia in the Fifteenth Century '' , Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient , 51 ( 4 ) : 578 -- 638 , doi : 10.1163 / 156852008X354643 , JSTOR 25165269 . Wakeman , Frederick , Jr. ( 1977 ) , `` Rebellion and Revolution : The Study of Popular Movements in Chinese History '' , The Journal of Asian Studies , 36 ( 2 ) : 201 -- 237 , doi : 10.2307 / 2053720 , JSTOR 2053720 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ming Dynasty . Notable Ming dynasty painters and galleries at China Online Museum Ming dynasty art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art Highlights from the British Museum exhibition Preceded by Yuan dynasty Dynasties in Chinese history",
"59": "1368 -- 1644 Succeeded by Qing dynasty ( see also Shun dynasty ) Ming dynasty topics History Early ( 1368 -- 1435 ) Red Turban Rebellion Ming conquest of Yunnan Ming - Mong Mao War Ming campaign against the Uriankhai Battle of Buir Lake Ming -- Mong Mao Intervention Jingnan Campaign Ming treasure voyages Ming -- Turpan conflict Ming -- Hồ War Battle of Kherlen Ming -- Kotte War Lam Sơn uprising Yongle Emperor 's campaigns against the Mongols Rule of Ren and Xuan Middle ( 1435 -- 1572 ) Luchuan -- Pingmian campaigns Tumu Crisis Rebellion of Cao Qin Miao Rebellions Prince of Anhua rebellion Prince of Ning rebellion Malayan -- Portuguese war Japanese missions to Ming China Ningbo Incident Great Rites Controversy Renyin Plot Jiajing wokou raids Single whip law Late ( 1572 -- 1683 ) Bozhou rebellion Ordos Campaign Japanese invasions of Korea Donglin movement Sino - Dutch conflicts She - An Rebellion Battle of Beijing Qing conquest of the Ming Battle of Shanhai Pass Southern Ming Government Emperor List Family tree Grand Secretariat Eastern Depot Imperial Clan Court Imperial Commissioner Grand coordinator Jinyiwei Tusi Military Military conquests of the Ming dynasty Nine Garrisons of the Ming dynasty Shenjiying Gunpowder weapons in the Ming dynasty Army of the Ming dynasty Special regions Yunnan under Ming rule Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam Manchuria under Ming rule",
"60": "Compilations & Documents History of Yuan The Hundred - word Eulogy Huang - Ming Zuxun Yongle Encyclopedia Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty Ming Shilu Luso - Chinese agreement ( 1554 ) Palaces and Mausoleums Forbidden City Chaotian Palace Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum Ming Ancestors Mausoleum Ming tombs Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties Society & Culture Ming poetry Ming dynasty painting Four Masters of the Ming dynasty Wu School Zhe school Chinese lacquerware table Ming presentation porcelain Covered jar with carp design Yongning Temple Stele Economy of the Ming dynasty Ming dynasty Tai history Islam during the Ming dynasty Other topics House of Zhu History of Ming Ming official headwear Ming Great Wall Sino - Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty Wokou Empires Ancient Akkadian Egyptian Assyrian Babylonian Carthaginian Chinese Qin Han Three Kingdoms Jin North and South Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta Harsha Iranian Elamite Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Mongol Xianbei Xiongnu Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Post-classical Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Aragonese Angevin Aztec",
"61": "Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Trebizond Chinese Sui Tang Song Yuan Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Georgian Hunnic Inca Indian Chola Gurjara - Pratihara Pala Eastern Ganga dynasty Delhi Vijayanagara Iranian Samanid Kanem Khmer Latin Majapahit Malaccan Mali Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Moroccan Idrisid Almoravid Almohad Marinid North Sea Oyo Holy - Roman Carolingian Serbian Somali Ajuran Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Warsangali Songhai Srivijaya Tibetan Turko - Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Timurid Vietnamese Ly Tran Le Wagadou Modern Ashanti Austrian Austro - Hungarian Brazilian Central African Chinese Ming Qing China Manchukuo Ethiopian French First Second German First / Old Reich Second Reich Third Reich Haitian First Second Indian Maratha Sikh Mughal British Raj Iranian Safavid Afsharid Japanese Johor Korean Mexican First Second Moroccan Saadi Alaouite Russian Somali Gobroon",
"62": "Majeerteen Hobyo Dervish Soviet Swedish Tongan Turkish Ottoman Karaman Ramazan Vietnamese Tay Son Nguyen Vietnam Colonial American Belgian British English Danish Dutch French German Italian Japanese Omani Norwegian Portuguese Spanish Swedish Lists Empires largest ancient great powers medieval great powers modern great powers GND : 4101004 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ming_dynasty&oldid=837886208 '' Categories : Former monarchies of Asia Former countries in Chinese history Former empires States and territories established in 1368 States and territories disestablished in 1644 Ming dynasty Imperial China 14th century in China 15th century in China 16th century in China 17th century in China 1368 establishments in Asia 14th - century establishments in China 1644 disestablishments in Asia 1640s disestablishments in China Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from October 2014 Articles containing Chinese - language text Featured articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia",
"63": "Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nederlands",
"64": "नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ 100 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 16 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "The Grapes of Wrath - wikipedia The Grapes of Wrath Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For other uses , see Grapes of Wrath ( disambiguation ) . The Grapes of Wrath First edition cover Author John Steinbeck Cover artist Elmer Hader Country United States Language English Genre Novel Publisher The Viking Press - James Lloyd Publication date April 14 , 1939 Pages 464 OCLC 289946 Dewey Decimal 813.52 The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939 . The book won the National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for fiction , and it was cited prominently when Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 . Set during the Great Depression , the novel focuses on the Joads , a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought , economic hardship , agricultural industry changes , and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work . Due to their nearly hopeless situation , and in part because they are trapped in the Dust Bowl , the Joads set out for California . Along with thousands of other `` Okies '' , they seek jobs , land , dignity , and a future . The Grapes of Wrath is frequently read in American high school and college literature classes due to its historical context and enduring legacy . A celebrated Hollywood film version , starring Henry Fonda and directed by John Ford , was released in 1940 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Religious Interpretation 4 Development 4.1 Title 5 Author 's note 6 Critical reception 7 Adaptations 7.1 In film 7.2 In music 7.3 In theatre 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Bibliography 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The narrative begins just after Tom Joad is paroled from McAlester prison , where he had been imprisoned after being convicted of homicide . On his return to his home near Sallisaw , Oklahoma , Tom meets former preacher Jim Casy , whom he remembers from his childhood , and the two travel together .",
"1": "When they arrive at Tom 's childhood farm home , they find it deserted . Disconcerted and confused , Tom and Casy meet their old neighbor , Muley Graves , who tells them the family has gone to stay at Uncle John Joad 's home nearby . Graves tells them that the banks have evicted all the farmers , but he refuses to leave the area . The next morning , Tom and Casy go to Uncle John 's . Tom finds his family loading their remaining possessions into a Hudson Motor Car Company sedan converted to a truck ; with their crops destroyed by the Dust Bowl , the family has defaulted on their bank loans , and their farm has been repossessed . Consequently , the Joads see no option but to seek work in California , described in handbills as fruitful and offering high pay . The Joads put everything they have into making the journey . Although leaving Oklahoma would violate his parole , Tom decides it is worth the risk , and invites Casy to join him and his family . Traveling west on Route 66 , the Joad family find the road crowded with other migrants . In makeshift camps , they hear many stories from others , some returning from California , and the group worries about lessening prospects . The family dwindles as well : Grandpa dies along the road , and they bury him in a field ; Grandma dies close to the California state line ; and both Noah ( the eldest Joad son ) and Connie Rivers ( the husband of the pregnant Joad daughter , Rose of Sharon ) leave the family . Led by Ma , the remaining members realize they can only continue , as nothing is left for them in Oklahoma . Reaching California , they find the state oversupplied with labor ; wages are low , and workers are exploited to the point of starvation . The big corporate farmers are in collusion and smaller farmers suffer from collapsing prices . Weedpatch Camp , one of the clean , utility - supplied camps operated by the Resettlement Administration , a New Deal agency , offers better conditions but does not have enough resources to care for all the needy families . Nonetheless , as a Federal facility , the camp protects the migrants from harassment by California deputies . `` How can you frighten a man whose hunger is not only in his own cramped stomach but in the wretched bellies of his children ?",
"2": "You ca n't scare him -- he has known a fear beyond every other . '' -- Chapter 19 In response to the exploitation , Casy becomes a labor organizer and tries to recruit for a labor union . The remaining Joads work as strikebreakers in a peach orchard , where Casy is involved in a strike that eventually turns violent . When Tom Joad witnesses Casy 's fatal beating , he kills the attacker and flees as a fugitive . The Joads later leave the orchard for a cotton farm , where Tom is at risk of being arrested for the homicide . Tom bids his mother farewell and promises to work for the oppressed . Rose of Sharon 's baby is stillborn . Ma Joad remains steadfast and forces the family through the bereavement . With rain , the Joads ' dwelling is flooded and they move to higher ground . In the final chapter of the book , the family takes shelter from the flood in an old barn . Inside they find a young boy and his father , who is dying of starvation . Rose of Sharon takes pity on the man and offers him her breast milk to save him from starvation . Characters ( edit ) Tom Joad : Protagonist of the story ; the Joad family 's second son , named after his father . Later on , Tom takes leadership of the family even though he is young . Ma Joad : Matriarch . Practical and warm - spirited , she tries to hold the family together . Her given name is never learned ; it is suggested that her maiden name was Hazlett . Pa Joad : Patriarch , also named Tom , age 50 . Hardworking sharecropper and family man . Pa becomes a broken man upon losing his livelihood and means of supporting his family , forcing Ma to assume leadership . Uncle John Joad : Pa Joad 's older brother ( Tom describes him as `` a fella about 60 '' , but in narrative he is described as 50 ) . He felt guilty about the death of his young wife years before , and has been prone to binges involving alcohol and prostitutes , but is generous with his goods . Jim Casy : A former preacher who lost his faith . He is a Christ - like figure and is based on Ed Ricketts .",
"3": "Al Joad : The third youngest son , a `` smart - aleck sixteen - year - older '' who cares mainly for cars and girls ; he looks up to Tom , but begins to find his own way . Rose of Sharon Joad Rivers : Childish and dreamy teenage daughter ( 18 ) who develops into a mature woman . Pregnant in the beginning of the novel , she delivers a stillborn baby , perhaps due to malnutrition . Connie Rivers : Rose of Sharon 's husband . Nineteen years old and naïve , he is overwhelmed by marriage and impending fatherhood ; he abandons his wife shortly after they arrive in California . Noah Joad : The oldest son , he is the first to leave the family , planning to live off fishing on the Colorado River . Injured at birth and described as `` strange '' , he may have slight learning difficulties . Grampa Joad : Tom 's grandfather , who expresses his strong desire to stay in Oklahoma . His full name is given as William James Joad . Grampa is drugged by his family with `` soothin ' syrup '' to force him to leave , but he dies the first evening on the road . Casy attributes his death to a stroke but says that Grampa is `` jus ' stayin ' with the lan ' . He couldn ' leave it . '' Granma Joad : Grampa Joad 's religious wife ; she loses her will to live after his death . She dies while the family is crossing the Mojave Desert . Ruthie Joad : The youngest daughter , age twelve . She is shown to be reckless and childish . Quarreling with another child , she reveals Tom in hiding . Winfield Joad : The youngest male in the family , age ten , `` kid - wild and calfish '' . Jim Rawley : Manages the camp at Weedpatch , he shows the Joads surprising favor . Muley Graves : A neighbor of the Joads ' ; he is invited to come along to California with them but refuses . The family leave two of their dogs with him ; a third they take but it is killed by a car during their travels . Ivy and Sairy Wilson : Migrants from Kansas , they attend the death of Grampa and share the journey as far as the California state line .",
"4": "Mr. Wainwright : The father of Aggie Wainwright and husband of Mrs. Wainwright . Worries over his daughter Aggie . Mrs. Wainwright : Mother to Aggie Wainwright and wife to Mr. Wainwright . She helps Ma deliver Rose of Sharon 's baby . Aggie Wainwright : Sixteen - year - old daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Wainwright . Intends to marry Al . Floyd Knowles : The man at the Hooverville who urges Tom and Casy to join labor organizations . His agitation results in Casy 's being jailed . Religious interpretation ( edit ) This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( April 2017 ) Many scholars note Steinbeck for his many uses of Christian imagery within The Grapes of Wrath . The largest implications lie with Tom Joad and Jim Casy , who are both interpreted as Christ - like figures at certain intervals within the novel . These two are often interpreted together , with Jim Casy representing Jesus Christ in the early days of his ministry , up until his death , which is interpreted as representing the death of Christ . From there , Tom takes over , rising in Casy 's place as the Christ figure risen from the dead . However , the religious imagery is not limited to these two characters . Scholars have regularly inspected other characters and plot points within the novel , including Ma Joad , Rose of Sharon , Rose of Sharon 's stillborn child , and Uncle John . In an article first published in 2009 , Ken Eckert even compared the migrant 's movement west as a reversed version of the slaves ' escape from Egypt in Exodus . Many of these extreme interpretations are brought on by Steinbeck 's own documented beliefs , which Eckert himself refers to as `` unorthodox . '' Development ( edit ) This is the beginning -- from `` I '' to `` we '' . If you who own the things people must have could understand this , you might preserve yourself . If you could separate causes from results , if you could know that Paine , Marx , Jefferson , Lenin were results , not causes , you might survive .",
"5": "But that you can not know . For the quality of owning freezes you forever into `` I '' , and cuts you off forever from the `` we '' . -- Chapter 14 Steinbeck was known to have borrowed from field notes taken during 1938 by Farm Security Administration worker and author Sanora Babb . While Babb collected personal stories about the lives of the displaced migrants for a novel she was developing , her supervisor , Tom Collins , shared her reports with Steinbeck , then working at the San Francisco News . Babb 's own novel , Whose Names Are Unknown , was eclipsed in 1939 by the success of The Grapes of Wrath and was shelved until it was finally published in 2004 , a year before Babb 's death . The Grapes of Wrath developed from The Harvest Gypsies , a series of seven articles that ran in the San Francisco News , from October 5 to 12 , 1936 . The newspaper commissioned that work on migrant workers from the Midwest in California 's agriculture industry . ( It was later compiled and published separately . ) Title ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) While writing the novel at his home , 16250 Greenwood Lane , in what is now Monte Sereno , California , Steinbeck had unusual difficulty devising a title . The Grapes of Wrath , suggested by his wife Carol Steinbeck , was deemed more suitable than anything by the author . The title is a reference to lyrics from `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' , by Julia Ward Howe ( emphasis added ) : Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord : He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored ; He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword : His truth is marching on . These lyrics refer , in turn , to the biblical passage Revelation 14 : 19 -- 20 , an apocalyptic appeal to divine justice and deliverance from oppression in the final judgment . This and other biblical passages had inspired a long tradition of imagery of Christ in the winepress , in various media .",
"6": "The passage reads : And the angel thrust in his sickle into the earth , and gathered the vine of the earth , and cast it into the great winepress of the wrath of God . And the winepress was trodden without the city , and blood came out of the winepress , even unto the horse bridles , by the space of a thousand and six hundred furlongs . The phrase also appears at the end of chapter 25 in Steinbeck 's book , which describes the purposeful destruction of food to keep the price high : ( A ) nd in the eyes of the hungry there is a growing wrath . In the souls of the people the grapes of wrath are filling and growing heavy , growing heavy for the vintage . The image invoked by the title serves as a crucial symbol in the development of both the plot and the novel 's greater thematic concerns : from the terrible winepress of Dust Bowl oppression will come terrible wrath but also the deliverance of workers through their cooperation . This is suggested but not realized within the novel . Author 's note ( edit ) When preparing to write the novel , Steinbeck wrote : `` I want to put a tag of shame on the greedy bastards who are responsible for this ( the Great Depression and its effects ) . '' He famously said , `` I 've done my damnedest to rip a reader 's nerves to rags . '' This work won a large following among the working class due to Steinbeck 's sympathy for the migrants and workers ' movement , and his accessible prose style . Critical reception ( edit ) Steinbeck scholar John Timmerman sums up the book 's influence : `` The Grapes of Wrath may well be the most thoroughly discussed novel -- in criticism , reviews , and college classrooms -- of 20th century American literature . '' The Grapes of Wrath is referred to as a Great American Novel . At the time of publication , Steinbeck 's novel `` was a phenomenon on the scale of a national event . It was publicly banned and burned by citizens , it was debated on national radio ; but above all , it was read . '' According to The New York Times , it was the best - selling book of 1939 and 430,000 copies had been printed by February 1940 .",
"7": "In that month it won the National Book Award , favorite fiction book of 1939 , voted by members of the American Booksellers Association . Soon it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction . The book was noted for Steinbeck 's passionate depiction of the plight of the poor , and many of his contemporaries attacked his social and political views . Bryan Cordyack writes , `` Steinbeck was attacked as a propagandist and a socialist from both the left and the right of the political spectrum . The most fervent of these attacks came from the Associated Farmers of California ; they were displeased with the book 's depiction of California farmers ' attitudes and conduct toward the migrants . They denounced the book as a ' pack of lies ' and labeled it ' communist propaganda ' '' . Some accused Steinbeck of exaggerating camp conditions to make a political point . Steinbeck had visited the camps well before publication of the novel and argued their inhumane nature destroyed the settlers ' spirit . In 1962 , the Nobel Prize committee cited Grapes of Wrath as a `` great work '' and as one of the committee 's main reasons for granting Steinbeck the Nobel Prize for Literature . In 2005 Time magazine included the novel in its `` TIME 100 Best English - language Novels from 1923 to 2005 '' . In 2009 , The Daily Telegraph of the United Kingdom included the novel in its `` 100 novels everyone should read '' . In 1998 , the Modern Library ranked The Grapes of Wrath tenth on its list of the 100 best English - language novels of the 20th century . In 1999 , French newspaper Le Monde of Paris ranked The Grapes of Wrath as seventh on its list of the 100 best books of the 20th century . In the UK , it was listed at number 29 among the `` nation 's best loved novels '' on the BBC 's 2003 survey The Big Read . Adaptations ( edit ) In film ( edit ) The book was quickly made into a famed , 1940 Hollywood movie of the same name directed by John Ford and starring Henry Fonda as Tom Joad . The first part of the film version follows the book fairly accurately . However , the second half and the ending , in particular , differ significantly from the book .",
"8": "John Springer , author of The Fondas ( Citadel , 1973 ) , said of Henry Fonda and his role in film version of The Grapes of Wrath : `` The Great American Novel made one of the few enduring Great American Motion Pictures . '' The documentary American : The Bill Hicks Story ( 2009 ) revealed that The Grapes of Wrath was comedian Bill Hicks ' favorite novel . He based his famous last words on Tom Joad 's final speech : `` I left in love , in laughter , and in truth , and wherever truth , love and laughter abide , I am there in spirit . '' In July 2013 , Steven Spielberg announced his plans to direct a remake of The Grapes of Wrath for DreamWorks . In music ( edit ) Woody Guthrie 's two - part song -- `` Tom Joad -- Parts 1 & 2 '' -- from the album Dust Bowl Ballads ( 1940 ) , explores the protagonist 's life after being paroled from prison . It was covered in 1988 by Andy Irvine , who recorded both parts as a single song -- `` Tom Joad '' -- on Patrick Street 's second album , No. 2 Patrick Street . The song `` Here Comes that Rainbow Again '' by Kris Kristofferson ( 1981 ) is based on the scene in the roadside diner where Pa Joad buys a loaf of bread and two candy sticks for Ruthie and Winfield . The band The Mission UK included a song , titled `` The Grapes of Wrath '' , in their album Carved in Sand ( 1990 ) . The progressive rock band Camel released an album , titled Dust and Dreams ( 1991 ) , inspired by the novel . American rock singer - songwriter Bruce Springsteen named his 11th studio album , The Ghost of Tom Joad ( 1995 ) , after the character . The first track on the album is titled `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' . The song -- and to a lesser extent , the other songs on the album -- draws comparisons between the Dust Bowl and modern times . Rage Against the Machine recorded a version of `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' in 1997 . Like Andy Irvine in 1988 , Dick Gaughan recorded Woody Guthrie 's `` Tom Joad '' on his album Outlaws & Dreamers ( 2001 ) .",
"9": "An opera based on the novel was co-produced by the Minnesota Opera , and Utah Symphony and Opera , with music by Ricky Ian Gordon and libretto by Michael Korie . The opera made its world premiere in February 2007 , to favorable local reviews . Bad Religion have a song entitled `` Grains of Wraith '' on their album , New Maps of Hell ( 2007 ) . Bad Religion lead vocalist , Greg Graffin , is a fan of Steinbeck 's . The song `` Dust Bowl Dance '' on Mumford & Sons ' album Sigh No More ( 2009 ) is based on the novel . Pink Floyd 's song `` Sorrow '' , written by David Gilmour , from the album A Momentary Lapse of Reason is thematically derived / based on the novel . In Theatre ( edit ) The Steppenwolf Theatre Company produced a stage version of the book , adapted by Frank Galati . Gary Sinise played Tom Joad for its entire run of 188 performances on Broadway in 1990 . One of these performances was filmed and shown on PBS the following year . In 1990 , the Illegitimate Players theater company in Chicago produced Of Grapes and Nuts , an original , satirical mash - up of The Grapes of Wrath and Steinbeck 's acclaimed novella Of Mice and Men . See also ( edit ) Novels portal The Jungle Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Grapes of Wrath , a classic for today ? '' . BBC News . April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The official publication date of April 14 , 1939 , was exactly four years to the day of the Black Sunday Storm , among the worst Dust Bowl dust storms which , in real life , caused Oklahomans to migrate to California in search of work . ^ Jump up to : `` 1939 Book Awards Given by Critics : Elgin Groseclose 's ' Ararat ' is Picked as Work Which Failed to Get Due Recognition '' , The New York Times , February 14 , 1940 , page 25 . ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times ( 1851 -- 2007 ) .",
"10": "^ Jump up to : `` Novel '' The Pulitzer Prizes . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Osterling , Anders . `` Nobel Prize in Literature 1962 -- Presentation Speech '' . Retrieved February 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AP : English Literature '' . CollegeBoard . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Read The Grapes of Wrath '' . National Endowment for the Arts . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eckert , Ken ( 2009 - 11 - 01 ) . `` ( Exodus Inverted : A New Look at The Grapes of Wrath , Color Plates ) '' . Religion and the Arts . 13 ( 4 ) : 340 -- 357 . doi : 10.1163 / 156852909X460447 . ISSN 1568 - 5292 . Jump up ^ Eckert , Ken ( 2009 - 11 - 01 ) . `` ( Exodus Inverted : A New Look at The Grapes of Wrath , Color Plates ) '' . Religion and the Arts . 13 ( 4 ) : 340 -- 357 . doi : 10.1163 / 156852909X460447 . ISSN 1568 - 5292 . Jump up ^ Sanora Babb ( Ken Burns ) Jump up ^ Published by the Simon S. Lubin Society of California as a pamphlet entitled `` Their Blood is Strong . '' Republished 1988 by Heyday as `` The Harvest Gypsies : On the Road to the Grapes of Wrath . '' Source : Cordyack . ^ Jump up to : Cordyack , Brian . `` 20th - Century American Bestsellers : John Steinbeck , The Grapes of Wrath '' . Graduate School of Library and Information Science , University of Illinois , Urbana - Champaign . Retrieved February 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ DeMott , Robert ( 1992 ) . Robert DeMott 's Introduction to The Grapes of Wrath . Viking Penguin , a Division of Penguin Books . p. xviii .",
"11": "ISBN 0 - 14 - 018640 - 9 . Jump up ^ http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/8555 Jump up ^ Dana , Gioia . `` The Grapes of Wrath Radio Show -- Transcript '' . The Big Read . The National Endowment for the Arts . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Writer Richard Rodriguez discussed The Grapes of Wrath as The Great American Novel : `` There has n't been anything like this novel since it was written . And this is the great American novel that everyone keeps waiting for but it has been written now . '' Jump up ^ Lisca , Peter ( 1958 ) . `` The Wide World of John Steinbeck '' . Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . Jump up ^ Shillinglaw , Susan ; Benson , Jackson J ( February 2 , 2002 ) . `` Of Men and Their Making : The Non-Fiction Of John Steinbeck '' . London : Penguin . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All Time 100 Novels '' . Time . October 16 , 2005 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 100 novels everyone should read '' . The Daily Telegraph . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Read '' , BBC , April 2003 . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 Jump up ^ Nixon , Rob . `` The Grapes of Wrath '' . This Month Spotlight . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Spielberg eyes Grapes of Wrath '' . guardian.co.uk. 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Spielberg in talks to remake ' The Grapes Of Wrath ' '' . nme.com. 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Sleeve notes from No. 2 Patrick Street , Green Linnet SIF 1088 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Symynkywicz , Jeffery B. ( 2008 ) .",
"12": "The Gospel According to Bruce Springsteen : Rock and Redemption , from Asbury Park to Magic . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 0 - 664 - 23169 - 1 . p. 122 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Gaughan Discography Outlaws & Dreamers ( 2001 ) '' , Retrieved 8th October 2015 Jump up ^ Michael Anthony , `` ' Grapes ' is a sweet , juicy production '' , Minneapolis Star Tribune , 2 / 12 / 2007 Jump up ^ Books The Answer The Bad Religion Page -- Since 1995 Jump up ^ `` American Playhouse '' The Grapes of Wrath ( TV Episode 1991 ) , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 Jump up ^ Lawrence Bommer , `` Sending Up Steinbeck , '' Chicago Reader , 11 / 8 / 1990 Bibliography ( edit ) Garcia , Reloy . `` The Rocky Road to Eldorado : The Journey Motif in John Steinbeck 's The Grapes of Wrath . '' Steinbeck Quarterly 14.03 - 04 ( Summer / Fall 1981 ) : 83 - 93 Gregory , James N. `` Dust Bowl Legacies : the Okie Impact on California , 1939 -- 1989 '' . California History 1989 68 ( 3 ) : 74 -- 85 . ISSN 0162 - 2897 Henkel , Scott . `` A Seditious Proposal . '' The Grapes of Wrath : A Reconsideration ' Vol. 1 . Ed . Michael J. Meyer . Amsterdam : Rodopi , 2009 . 219 - 42 . Saxton , Alexander . `` In Dubious Battle : Looking Backward '' . Pacific Historical Review 2004 73 ( 2 ) : 249 -- 262 . ISSN 0030 - 8684 Fulltext : online at Swetswise , Ingenta , Ebsco Sobchack , Vivian C. `` The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) : Thematic Emphasis Through Visual Style '' . American Quarterly 1979 31 ( 5 ) : 596 -- 615 . ISSN 0003 - 0678 Fulltext : in Jstor .",
"13": "Discusses the visual style of John Ford 's cinematic adaptation of the novel . Usually the movie is examined in terms of its literary roots or its social protest . But the imagery of the film reveals the important theme of the Joad family 's coherence . The movie shows the family in closeups , cramped in small spaces on a cluttered screen , isolated from the land and their surroundings . Dim lighting helps abstract the Joad family from the reality of Dust Bowl migrants . The film 's emotional and aesthetic power comes from its generalized quality attained through this visual style . Windschuttle , Keith . `` Steinbeck 's Myth of the Okies '' . The New Criterion , Vol. 20 , No. 10 , June 2002 . Zirakzadeh , Cyrus Ernesto . `` John Steinbeck on the Political Capacities of Everyday Folk : Moms , Reds , and Ma Joad 's Revolt '' . Polity 2004 36 ( 4 ) : 595 -- 618 . ISSN 0032 - 3497 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Grapes of Wrath . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck in the Santa Cruz Mountains -- A history of Steinbeck 's life living in the Santa Cruz Mountain 's while writing The Grapes of Wrath 2 short radio episodes `` Spring in California '' and `` Route 66 '' from The Grapes of Wrath , California Legacy Project . `` The Grapes of Wrath revisited , '' ( videos ) The Guardian ( Chris McGreal journeys along Route 66 -- following the path of the Joads , of John Steinbeck 's The Grapes of Wrath , to compare that account of the Great Depression with today 's United States under President Barack Obama . Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -- Grapes of Wrath National Public Radio : Grapes of Wrath , Present at the Creation Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory The Grapes of Wrath on Open Library at the Internet Archive `` National Steinbeck Center in Salinas , CA '' . steinbeck.org . National Steinbeck Center .",
"14": "Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 1918 -- 1925 His Family by Ernest Poole ( 1918 ) The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington ( 1919 ) The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton ( 1921 ) Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington ( 1922 ) One of Ours by Willa Cather ( 1923 ) The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson ( 1924 ) So Big by Edna Ferber ( 1925 ) 1926 -- 1950 Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis ( declined ) ( 1926 ) Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield ( 1927 ) The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder ( 1928 ) Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin ( 1929 ) Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge ( 1930 ) Years of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes ( 1931 ) The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck ( 1932 ) The Store by Thomas Sigismund Stribling ( 1933 ) Lamb in His Bosom by Caroline Pafford Miller ( 1934 ) Now in November by Josephine Winslow Johnson ( 1935 ) Honey in the Horn by Harold L. Davis ( 1936 ) Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell ( 1937 ) The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand ( 1938 ) The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings ( 1939 ) The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck ( 1940 ) In This Our Life by Ellen Glasgow ( 1942 ) Dragon 's Teeth by Upton Sinclair ( 1943 ) Journey in the Dark by Martin Flavin ( 1944 ) A Bell for Adano by John Hersey ( 1945 ) All the King 's Men by Robert Penn Warren ( 1947 ) Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener ( 1948 ) Guard of Honor by James Gould Cozzens ( 1949 ) The Way West by A.B. Guthrie Jr.",
"15": "( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 The Town by Conrad Richter ( 1951 ) The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk ( 1952 ) The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway ( 1953 ) A Fable by William Faulkner ( 1955 ) Andersonville by MacKinlay Kantor ( 1956 ) A Death in the Family by James Agee ( 1958 ) The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters by Robert Lewis Taylor ( 1959 ) Advise and Consent by Allen Drury ( 1960 ) To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee ( 1961 ) The Edge of Sadness by Edwin O'Connor ( 1962 ) The Reivers by William Faulkner ( 1963 ) The Keepers of the House by Shirley Ann Grau ( 1965 ) The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter ( 1966 ) The Fixer by Bernard Malamud ( 1967 ) The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron ( 1968 ) House Made of Dawn by N.",
"16": "Scott Momaday ( 1969 ) The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford by Jean Stafford ( 1970 ) Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner ( 1972 ) The Optimist 's Daughter by Eudora Welty ( 1973 ) The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Humboldt 's Gift by Saul Bellow ( 1976 ) Elbow Room by James Alan McPherson ( 1978 ) The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever ( 1979 ) The Executioner 's Song by Norman Mailer ( 1980 ) A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole ( 1981 ) Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike ( 1982 ) The Color Purple by Alice Walker ( 1983 ) Ironweed by William Kennedy ( 1984 ) Foreign Affairs by Alison Lurie ( 1985 ) Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry ( 1986 ) A Summons to Memphis by Peter Taylor ( 1987 ) Beloved by Toni Morrison ( 1988 ) Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler ( 1989 ) The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos ( 1990 ) Rabbit at Rest by John Updike ( 1991 ) A Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley ( 1992 ) A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain by Robert Olen Butler ( 1993 ) The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx ( 1994 ) The Stone Diaries by Carol Shields ( 1995 ) Independence Day by Richard Ford ( 1996 ) Martin Dressler : The Tale of an American Dreamer by Steven Millhauser ( 1997 ) American Pastoral by Philip Roth ( 1998 ) The Hours by Michael Cunningham ( 1999 ) Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay by Michael Chabon ( 2001 ) Empire Falls by Richard Russo ( 2002 ) Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides ( 2003 ) The Known World by Edward P.",
"17": "Jones ( 2004 ) Gilead by Marilynne Robinson ( 2005 ) March by Geraldine Brooks ( 2006 ) The Road by Cormac McCarthy ( 2007 ) The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Díaz ( 2008 ) Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout ( 2009 ) Tinkers by Paul Harding ( 2010 ) A Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan ( 2011 ) No award given ( 2012 ) The Orphan Master 's Son by Adam Johnson ( 2013 ) The Goldfinch by Donna Tartt ( 2014 ) All the Light We Cannot See by Anthony Doerr ( 2015 ) The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Nguyen ( 2016 ) The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead ( 2017 ) Works by John Steinbeck Novels and novellas Cup of Gold ( 1929 ) The Red Pony ( 1933 ) To a God Unknown ( 1933 ) Tortilla Flat ( 1935 ) In Dubious Battle ( 1936 ) Of Mice and Men ( 1937 ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) The Moon Is Down ( 1942 ) Cannery Row ( 1945 ) The Wayward Bus ( 1947 ) The Pearl ( 1947 ) Burning Bright ( 1950 ) East of Eden ( 1952 ) Sweet Thursday ( 1954 ) The Short Reign of Pippin IV : A Fabrication ( 1957 ) The Winter of Our Discontent ( 1961 ) The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights ( 1976 ) Short story collections The Pastures of Heaven ( 1932 ) The Long Valley ( 1938 ) Screenplays The Forgotten Village ( 1941 ) The Pearl ( 1947 ) The Red Pony ( 1949 ) Viva Zapata ! ( 1952 ) Adaptations Of Mice and Men Of Mice and Men ( 1937 play ) Of Mice and Men ( 1939 film ) Of Mice and Men (",
"18": "1969 opera ) Of Mice and Men ( 1992 film ) Best Laid Plans ( 2012 film ) The Grapes of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 film ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1988 play ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 2007 opera ) The Red Pony The Red Pony ( 1949 film ) The Red Pony ( 1949 film score ) The Red Pony ( 1973 film ) Other Tortilla Flat ( 1942 film ) The Moon Is Down ( 1943 film ) La perla ( The Pearl ) ( 1947 film ) East of Eden ( 1955 film ) The Wayward Bus ( 1957 film ) East of Eden ( 1981 miniseries ) Cannery Row ( 1982 film ) The Winter of Our Discontent ( 1983 film ) In Dubious Battle ( 2016 film ) Non-fiction Sea of Cortez : A Leisurely Journal of Travel and Research ( 1941 ) Bombs Away : The Story of a Bomber Team ( 1942 ) A Russian Journal ( 1948 ) The Log from the Sea of Cortez ( 1951 ) Once There Was a War ( 1958 ) Travels with Charley ( 1962 ) America and Americans ( 1966 ) Journal of a Novel : The East of Eden Letters ( 1969 ) John Steinbeck 's The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) Characters Tom Joad Jim Casy Grandpa William James Joad Ruthie Joad Connie Rivers Muley Graves Performances The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 film ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1988 play ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 2007 opera )",
"19": "Music `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' Dust Bowl Ballads ( `` Tom Joad '' `` Do Re Mi '' ) `` Pastures of Plenty '' Dust and Dreams Related Great Depression Dust Bowl Blue Willow `` Over Logging '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' VIAF : 178502508 LCCN : no2008156136 GND : 4305432 - 8 SUDOC : 02736304X BNF : cb119421113 ( data ) BNE : XX2043346 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grapes_of_Wrath&oldid=837924566 '' Categories : 1939 American novels Culture of Bakersfield , California U.S.",
"20": "Route 66 Novels set in Oklahoma Novels set in California History of Southern California Great Plains American novels adapted into films Novels by John Steinbeck National Book Award for Fiction winning works Pulitzer Prize for the Novel - winning works Dust Bowl Great Depression novels American novels adapted into plays Viking Press books The Grapes of Wrath Novels adapted into operas Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2014 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2014 Articles with Open Library links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote تۆرکجه Башҡортса Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 21 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.",
"21": ", a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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7323267680049207147
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who wrote the declaration of man and citizen
|
[
"General Lafayette, (sometimes with Thomas Jefferson) and Honoré Mirabeau",
"General Lafayette",
"Thomas Jefferson",
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{
"0": "Declaration of the rights of Man and of the Citizen - Wikipedia Declaration of the rights of Man and of the Citizen Jump to : navigation , search The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Painting of the Declaration , painted by Jean - Jacques - François Le Barbier Author General Lafayette , ( sometimes with Thomas Jefferson ) and Honoré Mirabeau . Country Kingdom of France Language French Genre Human rights , declaration and document . Publisher National Constituent Assembly Publication date 27 August 1789 The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( French : Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen ) , passed by France 's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789 , is an important document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights . The Declaration was directly influenced by Thomas Jefferson , working with General Lafayette , who introduced it . Influenced also by the doctrine of `` natural right '' , the rights of man are held to be universal : valid at all times and in every place , pertaining to human nature itself . It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by the law . It is included in the beginning of the constitutions of both the Fourth French Republic ( 1946 ) and Fifth Republic ( 1958 ) and is still current . Inspired by the Enlightenment philosophers , the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a major impact on the development of freedom and democracy in Europe and worldwide . The Declaration , together with Magna Carta , the English Bill of Rights , and the United States Bill of Rights , inspired in large part the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Philosophical and theoretical context 3 Substance 3.1 Articles 3.2 Active and passive citizenship 3.3 Women 's rights 3.4 Slavery 4 Legacy 4.1 Constitution of the French Fifth Republic 5 See also 5.1 Other early declarations of rights 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) The content of the document emerged largely from the ideals of the Enlightenment .",
"1": "The key drafts were prepared by Lafayette , working at times with his close friend Thomas Jefferson . In August 1789 , Honoré Mirabeau played a central role in conceptualizing and drafting the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . The last article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was adopted on 27 August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly , during the period of the French Revolution , as the first step toward writing a constitution for France . Inspired by the Enlightenment , the original version of the Declaration was discussed by the representatives on the basis of a 24 article draft proposed by the sixth bureau , led by Jérôme Champion de Cicé . The draft was later modified during the debates . A second and lengthier declaration , known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793 , was written in 1793 but never formally adopted . Philosophical and theoretical context ( edit ) The concepts in the Declaration come from the philosophical and political duties of the Enlightenment , such as individualism , the social contract as theorized by the Genevan philosopher Rousseau , and the separation of powers espoused by the Baron de Montesquieu . As can be seen in the texts , the French declaration was heavily influenced by the political philosophy of the Enlightenment and principles of human rights as was the U.S. Declaration of Independence which preceded it ( 4 July 1776 ) . The declaration is in the spirit of `` secular natural law '' , which does not base itself on religious doctrine or authority , in contrast with traditional natural law theory , which does . The declaration defines a single set of individual and collective rights for all men . Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights , these rights are held to be universal and valid in all times and places . For example , `` Men are born and remain free and equal in rights . Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good . '' They have certain natural rights to property , to liberty , and to life . According to this theory , the role of government is to recognize and secure these rights . Furthermore , government should be carried on by elected representatives . At the time of writing , the rights contained in the declaration were only awarded to men . Furthermore , the declaration was a statement of vision rather than reality .",
"2": "The declaration was not deeply rooted in either the practice of the West or even France at the time . The declaration emerged in the late 18th century out of war and revolution . It encountered opposition as democracy and individual rights were frequently regarded as synonymous with anarchy and subversion . The declaration embodies ideals and aspirations towards which France pledged to struggle in the future . Substance ( edit ) The Declaration is introduced by a preamble describing the fundamental characteristics of the rights which are qualified as being `` natural , unalienable and sacred '' and consisting of `` simple and incontestable principles '' on which citizens could base their demands . In the second article , `` the natural and imprescriptible rights of man '' are defined as `` liberty , property , security and resistance to oppression '' . It called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaiming an end to feudalism and to exemptions from taxation , freedom and equal rights for all `` Men '' , and access to public office based on talent . The monarchy was restricted , and all citizens were to have the right to take part in the legislative process . Freedom of speech and press were declared , and arbitrary arrests outlawed . The Declaration also asserted the principles of popular sovereignty , in contrast to the divine right of kings that characterized the French monarchy , and social equality among citizens , `` All the citizens , being equal in the eyes of the law , are equally admissible to all public dignities , places , and employments , according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents , '' eliminating the special rights of the nobility and clergy . Articles ( edit ) Article I -- Men are born and remain free and equal in rights . Social distinctions can be founded only on the common good . Article II -- The goal of any political association is the conservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man . These rights are liberty , property , safety and resistance against oppression . Article III -- The principle of any sovereignty resides essentially in the Nation . No body , no individual can exert authority which does not emanate expressly from it . Article IV -- Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others : thus , the exercise of the natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the fruition of these same rights . These borders can be determined only by the law .",
"3": "Article V -- The law has the right to forbid only actions harmful to society . Anything which is not forbidden by the law can not be impeded , and no one can be constrained to do what it does not order . Article VI -- The law is the expression of the general will . All the citizens have the right of contributing personally or through their representatives to its formation . It must be the same for all , either that it protects , or that it punishes . All the citizens , being equal in its eyes , are equally admissible to all public dignities , places , and employments , according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents . Article VII -- No man can be accused , arrested nor detained but in the cases determined by the law , and according to the forms which it has prescribed . Those who solicit , dispatch , carry out or cause to be carried out arbitrary orders , must be punished ; but any citizen called or seized under the terms of the law must obey at once ; he renders himself culpable by resistance . Article VIII -- The law should establish only penalties that are strictly and evidently necessary , and no one can be punished but under a law established and promulgated before the offense and legally applied . Article IX -- Any man being presumed innocent until he is declared culpable if it is judged indispensable to arrest him , any rigor which would not be necessary for the securing of his person must be severely reprimanded by the law . Article X -- No one may be disturbed for his opinions , even religious ones , provided that their manifestation does not trouble the public order established by the law . Article XI -- The free communication of thoughts and of opinions is one of the most precious rights of man : any citizen thus may speak , write , print freely , except to respond to the abuse of this liberty , in the cases determined by the law . Article XII -- The guarantee of the rights of man and of the citizen necessitates a public force : this force is thus instituted for the advantage of all and not for the particular utility of those in whom it is trusted . Article XIII -- For the maintenance of the public force and for the expenditures of administration , a common contribution is indispensable ; it must be equally distributed to all the citizens , according to their ability to pay .",
"4": "Article XIV -- Each citizen has the right to ascertain , by himself or through his representatives , the need for a public tax , to consent to it freely , to know the uses to which it is put , and of determining the proportion , basis , collection , and duration . Article XV -- The society has the right of requesting an account from any public agent of its administration . Article XVI -- Any society in which the guarantee of rights is not assured , nor the separation of powers determined , has no Constitution . Article XVII -- Property being an inviolable and sacred right , no one can be deprived of private usage , if it is not when the public necessity , legally noted , evidently requires it , and under the condition of a just and prior indemnity . Active and passive citizenship ( edit ) While the French Revolution provided rights to a larger portion of the population , there remained a distinction between those who obtained the political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and those who did not . Those who were deemed to hold these political rights were called active citizens . Active citizenship was granted to men who were French , at least 25 years old , paid taxes equal to three days work , and could not be defined as servants ( Thouret ) . This meant that at the time of the Declaration only male property owners held these rights . The deputies in the National Assembly believed that only those who held tangible interests in the nation could make informed political decisions . This distinction directly affects articles 6 , 12 , 14 , and 15 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen as each of these rights is related to the right to vote and to participate actively in the government . With the decree of 29 October 1789 , the term active citizen became embedded in French politics . The concept of passive citizens was created to encompass those populations that had been excluded from political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen . Because of the requirements set down for active citizens , the vote was granted to approximately 4.3 million Frenchmen out of a population of around 29 million . These omitted groups included women , slaves , children , and foreigners . As these measures were voted upon by the General Assembly , they limited the rights of certain groups of citizens while implementing the democratic process of the new French Republic ( 1792 -- 1804 ) .",
"5": "This legislation , passed in 1789 , was amended by the creators of the Constitution of the Year III in order to eliminate the label of active citizen . The power to vote was then , however , to be granted solely to substantial property owners . Tensions arose between active and passive citizens throughout the Revolution . This happened when passive citizens started to call for more rights , or when they openly refused to listen to the ideals set forth by active citizens . This cartoon clearly demonstrates the difference that existed between the active and passive citizens along with the tensions associated with such differences . In the cartoon , a passive citizen is holding a spade and a wealthy landowning active citizen is ordering the passive citizens to go to work . The act appears condescending to the passive citizen and it revisits the reasons why the French Revolution began in the first place . Women , in particular , were strong passive citizens who played a significant role in the Revolution . Olympe de Gouges penned her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in 1791 and drew attention to the need for gender equality . By supporting the ideals of the French Revolution and wishing to expand them to women , she represented herself as a revolutionary citizen . Madame Roland also established herself as an influential figure throughout the Revolution . She saw women of the French Revolution as holding three roles ; `` inciting revolutionary action , formulating policy , and informing others of revolutionary events . '' By working with men , as opposed to working separate from men , she may have been able to further the fight of revolutionary women . As players in the French Revolution , women occupied a significant role in the civic sphere by forming social movements and participating in popular clubs , allowing them societal influence , despite their lack of direct political influence . Women 's rights ( edit ) The Declaration recognized many rights as belonging to citizens ( who could only be male ) . This was despite the fact that after The March on Versailles on 5 October 1789 , women presented the Women 's Petition to the National Assembly in which they proposed a decree giving women equal rights . In 1790 , Nicolas de Condorcet and Etta Palm d'Aelders unsuccessfully called on the National Assembly to extend civil and political rights to women .",
"6": "Condorcet declared that `` he who votes against the right of another , whatever the religion , color , or sex of that other , has henceforth abjured his own '' . The French Revolution did not lead to a recognition of women 's rights and this prompted Olympe de Gouges to publish the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in September 1791 . The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen is modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and is ironic in formulation and exposes the failure of the French Revolution , which had been devoted to equality . It states that : `` This revolution will only take effect when all women become fully aware of their deplorable condition , and of the rights , they have lost in society '' . The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen follows the seventeen articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen point for point and has been described by Camille Naish as `` almost a parody ... of the original document '' . The first article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaims that `` Men are born and remain free and equal in rights . Social distinctions may be based only on common utility . '' The first article of Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen replied : `` Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights . Social distinctions may only be based on common utility '' . De Gouges also draws attention to the fact that under French law women were fully punishable , yet denied equal rights , declaring `` Women have the right to mount the scaffold , they must also have the right to mount the speaker 's rostrum '' . Slavery ( edit ) The declaration did not revoke the institution of slavery , as lobbied for by Jacques - Pierre Brissot 's Les Amis des Noirs and defended by the group of colonial planters called the Club Massiac because they met at the Hôtel Massiac . Despite the lack of explicit mention of slavery in the Declaration , slave uprisings in Saint - Domingue in the Haitian Revolution took inspiration from its words , as discussed in C.L.R. James ' history of the Haitian Revolution , The Black Jacobins .",
"7": "Deplorable conditions for the thousands of slaves in Saint - Domingue , the most profitable slave colony in the world , led to the uprisings which would be known as the first successful slave revolt in the New World . Slavery in the French colonies was abolished by the Convention dominated by the Jacobins in 1794 . However , Napoleon reinstated it in 1802 . In 1804 , the colony of Saint - Domingue became an independent state , the Republic of Haiti . Legacy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Declaration has also influenced and inspired rights - based liberal democracy throughout the world . It was translated as soon as 1793 -- 1794 by Colombian Antonio Nariño , who published it despite the Inquisition and was sentenced to be imprisoned for ten years for doing so . In 2003 , the document was listed on UNESCO 's Memory of the World register . Constitution of the French Fifth Republic ( edit ) Main article : Constitution of the French Fifth Republic According to the preamble of the Constitution of the French Fifth Republic ( adopted on 4 October 1958 , and the current constitution ) , the principles set forth in the Declaration have constitutional value . Many laws and regulations have been canceled because they did not comply with those principles as interpreted by the Conseil Constitutionnel ( `` Constitutional Council of France '' ) or by the Conseil d'État ( `` Council of State '' ) . Taxation legislation or practices that seem to make some unwarranted difference between citizens are struck down as unconstitutional . Suggestions of positive discrimination on ethnic grounds are rejected because they infringe on the principle of equality since they would establish categories of people that would , by birth , enjoy greater rights .",
"8": "See also ( edit ) Human rights in France Universality Other early declarations of rights ( edit ) Magna Carta ( England , 1215 ) Statute of Kalisz ( Poland , 1264 ) Henrician Articles and Pacta Conventa ( Poland , 1573 ) Petition of Right ( England , 1628 ) Bill of Rights ( England , 1689 ) Claim of Right ( Scotland , 1689 ) Bill of Rights ( United States , 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of Franchimont ( modern - day Belgium , 1789 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The French title can be also translated as `` Declaration of Human and Civic Rights '' . Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies , 1760 - 1815 . Greenwood . p. 190 . Jump up ^ Kopstein Kopstein ( 2000 ) . Comparative Politics : Interests , Identities , and Institutions in a Changing Global Order . Cambridge UP . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Douglas K. Stevenson ( 1987 ) , American Life and Institutions , Stuttgart ( Germany ) , p. 34 Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre ( 2005 ) . The Coming of the French Revolution . Princeton UP . p. 212 . Jump up ^ George Athan Billias , ed. ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 : A Global Perspective . NYU Press . p. 92 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light ( 1999 ) pp 143 - 45 Jump up ^ Keith Baker , `` The Idea of a Declaration of Rights '' in Dale Van Kley , ed . The French Idea of Freedom : The Old Regime and the Declaration of Rights of 1789 ( 1997 ) pp 154 - 96 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ The original draft is an annex to the 12 August report ( Archives parlementaires , 1 , série , tome VIII , débats du 12 août 1789 , p. 431 ) . Jump up ^ Archives parlementaires , 1 série , tome VIII , débats du 19 août 1789 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes , ed. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies , 1760 - 1815 . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 159 vol 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Merryman , John Henry ; Rogelierdomo ( 2007 ) . The civil law tradition : an introduction to the legal system of Europe and Latin America . Stanford University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 9780804755696 . Jump up ^ First Article , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . Jump up ^ Lauren , Paul Gordon ( 2003 ) . The evolution of international human rights : visions seen . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 32 . ISBN 9780812218541 . Jump up ^ Spielvogel , Jackson J. ( 2008 ) . Western Civilization : 1300 to 1815 . Wadsworth Publishing . p. 580 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 50289 - 0 . Jump up ^ von Guttner , Darius ( 2015 ) . The French Revolution . Nelson Cengage . pp. 85 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Thouret 1789 , http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/282/ Jump up ^ Censer and Hunt 2001 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Popkin 2006 , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle 1989 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ `` Social Causes of the Revolution '' ^ Jump up to : Doyle 1989 , p. 420 . Jump up ^ `` Active / Passive Citizen '' , http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/75/ .",
"10": "Jump up ^ De Gouges , `` Declaration of the Rights of Women '' , 1791 . Jump up ^ Dalton 2001 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Levy and Applewhite 2002 , pp. 319 -- 20 , 324 . Jump up ^ Women 's Petition to the National Assembly Jump up ^ Williams , Helen Maria ; Neil Fraistat ; Susan Sniader Lanser ; David Brookshire ( 2001 ) . Letters written in France . Broadview Press Ltd. p. 246 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 255 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lauren , Paul Gordon ( 2003 ) . The evolution of international human rights . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 18 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1854 - 1 . Jump up ^ Naish , Camille ( 1991 ) . Death comes to the maiden : Sex and Execution , 1431 -- 1933 . Routledge . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05585 - 7 . Jump up ^ Naish , Camille ( 1991 ) . Death comes to the maiden : Sex and Execution , 1431 -- 1933 . Routledge . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05585 - 7 . Jump up ^ The club of reactionary colonial proprietors meeting since July 1789 were opposed to representation in the Assemblée of France 's overseas dominions , for fear `` that this would expose delicate colonial issues to the hazards of debate in the Assembly '' , as Robin Blackburn expressed it ( Blackburn , The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery , 1776 -- 1848 ( 1988 : 174f ) ) ; see also the speech of Jean - Baptiste Belley Jump up ^ Cf . Heinrich August Winkler ( 2012 ) , Geschichte des Westens . Von den Anfängen in der Antike bis zum 20 . Jahrhundert , Third Edition , Munich ( Germany ) , p.",
"11": "386 References ( edit ) Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt , Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution , University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press , 2001 . Susan Dalton , Gender and the Shifting Ground of Revolutionary Politics : The Case of Madame Roland , Canadian Journal of History , 36 , no . 2 ( 2001 ) : 259 -- 83 . William Doyle , The Oxford History of the French Revolution , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1989 . Darline Levy and Harriet Applewhite , A Political Revolution for Women ? The Case of Paris , In The French Revolution : conflicting interpretations . 5th ed . Malabar , Fla. : Krieger Pub. Co. , 2002 . 317 -- 46 . Jeremy Popkin , A History of Modern France , Upper Saddle River : Pearson Education , Inc. , 2006 . `` Active Citizen / Passive Citizen '' , Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution ( accessed 30 October 2011 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Gérard Conac , Marc Debene , Gérard Teboul , eds , La Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789 ; histoire , analyse et commentaires , Economica , Paris , 1993 , ISBN 978 - 2 - 7178 - 2483 - 4. ( in French ) McLean , Iain . `` Thomas Jefferson , John Adams , and the Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen '' in The Future of Liberal Democracy : Thomas Jefferson and the Contemporary World ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2004 ) online External links ( edit ) Find more aboutDeclaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizenat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Works related to Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen at Wikisource `` Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen de 1789 '' . Conseil constitutionnel ( in French ) .",
"12": "Retrieved 14 May 2012 . `` Declaration of human and civic rights of 26 August 1789 '' ( PDF ) . Conseil constitutionnel . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary (",
"13": "Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov",
"14": "1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle",
"15": "of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799",
"16": ") Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier ,",
"17": "duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti ,",
"18": "comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas ,",
"19": "vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph ,",
"20": "Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution Human rights Children 's Intersex Men 's Women 's Fundamental concepts and philosophies Natural law Positive law Sovereignty Universal jurisdiction Distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Aspects Corporal punishment Organizations List of human rights organisations of national human rights institutions By continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Category : Rights Portal : Human rights Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate ,",
"21": "Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member ,",
"22": "Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr.",
"23": "( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) ← John Adams James Madison → George Mason United States Founding events Drafted , 1769 Virginia Association resolutions Primary author , 1774 Fairfax Resolves Primary author , 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights `` All men are created equal '' Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Consent of the governed Baseless search and seizure Cruel and unusual punishments Speedy trial 1776 Virginia Constitution 1785 Mount Vernon Conference 1787 Constitutional Convention Virginia Ratifying Convention Co-father , United States Bill of Rights history Founding Father Writings inspired 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( France ) 1789 United States Bill of Rights Life Chopawamsic plantation Gunston Hall On slavery Ohio Company Legacy George Mason Memorial George Mason University George Mason Stadium George Mason Memorial Bridge George Mason High School 18 - cent postage stamp Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Revolution patriots Wilson v.",
"24": "Mason Hollin Hall Woodbridge plantation Mason 's Island Family George Mason V ( son ) William Mason ( son ) Thomson Mason ( son ) John Mason ( son ) Thomas Mason ( son ) George Mason III ( father ) Thomson Mason ( brother ) George Mason II ( grandfather ) Constitutions of France 1791 1793 ( Year I ) 1795 ( Year III ) 1799 ( Year VIII ) 1802 ( Year X ) 1804 ( Year XII ) 1814 1815 1830 1848 1852 1875 1940 1945 1946 1958 ( Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ∙ Charter for the Environment ) Proposed : Girondin constitutional project ( 1793 ) VIAF : 185684735 LCCN : no90010771 GND : 4200626 - 0 Human rights portal Law portal France portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen&oldid=819406149 '' Categories : 1789 in law 1789 events of the French Revolution French law Human rights instruments Human rights in France Government of France Memory of the World Register Political charters History of human rights Popular sovereignty Age of Enlightenment 18th century in Paris 1789 documents Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages to import images to Wikidata Use dmy dates from October 2015 Articles containing French - language text All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with French - language external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk",
"25": "Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Alemannisch Asturianu Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文",
"26": "Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 05 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did the cowboys start playing on thanksgiving day
|
[
"1966",
"In 1966",
"1978"
] |
{
"0": "NFL on Thanksgiving Day - wikipedia NFL on Thanksgiving Day Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series of National Football League games . For the Canadian Football League games , see Thanksgiving Day Classic . For the black college football rivalry , see Turkey Day Classic . The NFL Thanksgiving logo used for 2016 ; the year is updated annually , with the new NFL shield being used for the first time in 2008 . The National Football League ( NFL ) on Thanksgiving Day is a traditional series of games played during the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States . It has been a regular occurrence since the league 's inception in 1920 . Currently , three NFL games are played every Thanksgiving . The first two are hosted by the Detroit Lions and the Dallas Cowboys ; a third game , with no fixed opponents , has been played annually since 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Throwback uniforms 1.2 Memorable games 1.3 Home team controversy 2 Game results 2.1 1920 -- 1940 2.2 1945 -- 1959 2.3 1960 -- 1969 2.4 1970 -- 2005 2.5 2006 -- present 3 Thanksgiving Day standings 3.1 Notable appearance droughts 3.2 Thanksgiving Day records of defunct teams 4 Game MVPs 4.1 Turkey Leg Award ( CBS & FOX ) 4.2 Galloping Gobbler / Game Ball ( FOX ) 4.3 All - Iron Award ( CBS ) 4.4 Prime time games ( NFLN & NBC ) 4.5 Complete list 5 Broadcasting 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links History ( edit ) The concept of American football games being played on Thanksgiving Day dates back to 1876 , shortly after the game had been invented , as it was a day that most people had off from work . In that year , the college football teams at Yale and Princeton began an annual tradition of playing each other on Thanksgiving Day . The University of Michigan also made it a tradition to play annual Thanksgiving games , holding 19 such games from 1885 to 1905 .",
"1": "The Thanksgiving Day games between Michigan and the Chicago Maroons in the 1890s have been cited as `` The Beginning of Thanksgiving Day Football . '' In some areas , high - school teams play on Thanksgiving , usually to wrap - up the regular - season . By the time football had become a professional event , playing on Thanksgiving had already become an institution . Records of pro football being played on Thanksgiving date back to as early as the 1890s , with the first pro -- am team , the Allegheny Athletic Association of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . In 1902 , the `` National '' Football League , a Major League Baseball - backed organization based entirely in Pennsylvania and unrelated to the current NFL , attempted to settle its championship over Thanksgiving weekend ; after the game ended in a tie , eventually all three teams in the league claimed to have won the title . Members of the Ohio League , during its early years , usually placed their marquee matchups on Thanksgiving Day . For instance , in 1905 and 1906 the Latrobe Athletic Association and Canton Bulldogs , considered at the time to be two of the best teams in professional football ( along with the Massillon Tigers ) , played on Thanksgiving . A rigging scandal with the Tigers leading up to the 1906 game led to severe drops in attendance for the Bulldogs and ultimately led to their suspension of operations . During the 1910s , the Ohio League stopped holding Thanksgiving games because many of its players coached high school teams and were unavailable . This was not the case in other regional circuits : in 1919 , the New York Pro Football League featured a Thanksgiving matchup between the Buffalo Prospects and the Rochester Jeffersons . The game ended in a scoreless tie , leading to a rematch the next Sunday for the league championship . Several other NFL teams played regularly on Thanksgiving in the first eighteen years of the league , including the Chicago Bears and Chicago Cardinals ( 1922 -- 33 ; the Bears played the Lions from 1934 to 1938 while the Cardinals switched to the Green Bay Packers for 1934 and 1935 ) , Frankford Yellow Jackets , Pottsville Maroons , Buffalo All - Americans , Canton Bulldogs ( even after the team moved to Cleveland they played the 1924 Thanksgiving game in Canton ) , and the New York Giants ( 1929 -- 38 , who always played a crosstown rival ) .",
"2": "The first owner of the Lions , George A. Richards , started the tradition of the Thanksgiving Day game as a gimmick to get people to go to Lions football games , and to continue a tradition begun by the city 's previous NFL teams . What differentiated the Lions ' efforts from other teams that played on the holiday was that Richards owned radio station WJR , a major affiliate of the NBC Blue Network ; he was able to negotiate an agreement with NBC to carry his Thanksgiving games live across the network . During the Franksgiving controversy in 1939 and 1940 , the only two teams to play the game were the Pittsburgh Steelers and Philadelphia Eagles , as both teams were in the same state ( Pennsylvania ) . ( At the time , then - president Franklin Roosevelt wanted to move the holiday for economic reasons and many states were resistant to the move ; half the states recognized the move and the other half did not . This complicated scheduling for Thanksgiving games . Incidentally , the two teams were also exploring the possibility of a merger at the time . ) Because of the looming World War II and the resulting shorter seasons , the NFL did not schedule any Thanksgiving games in 1941 , nor did it schedule any in the subsequent years until the war ended in 1945 . When the Thanksgiving games resumed in 1945 , only the Lions ' annual home game would remain on the Thanksgiving holiday . In 1951 , the Packers began a thirteen - season run as the perpetual opponent to the Lions each year through 1963 . The All - America Football Conference and American Football League , both of which would later be absorbed into the NFL , also held Thanksgiving contests , although neither of those leagues had permanent hosts . Likewise , the AFL of 1926 also played two Thanksgiving games in its lone season of existence , while the AFL of 1936 hosted one in its first season , which featured the Cleveland Rams , a future NFL team , and the 1940 -- 41 incarnation of the American Football League played two games in 1940 on the earlier `` Franksgiving '' date . In 1966 , the Dallas Cowboys , who had been founded six years earlier , adopted the practice of hosting Thanksgiving games .",
"3": "It is widely rumored that the Cowboys sought a guarantee that they would regularly host Thanksgiving games as a condition of their very first one ( since games on days other than Sunday were uncommon at the time and thus high attendance was not a certainty ) . This is only partly true ; Dallas had in fact decided to host games on Thanksgiving by their own decision because there was nothing else to do or watch on that day . In 1975 and 1977 , at the behest of then - Commissioner Pete Rozelle , the St. Louis Cardinals replaced Dallas as a host team ( Dallas then hosted St. Louis in 1976 ) . Although the Cardinals , at the time known as the `` Cardiac Cards '' due to their propensity for winning very close games , were a modest success at the time , they were nowhere near as popular nationwide as the Cowboys , who were regular Super Bowl contenders during this era . This , combined with St. Louis 's consistently weak attendance , a series of ugly Cardinals losses in the three - game stretch , and opposition from the Kirkwood -- Webster Groves Turkey Day Game ( a local high school football contest ) led to Dallas resuming regular hosting duties in 1978 ; it was then , after Rozelle asked Dallas to resume hosting Thanksgiving games , that the Cowboys requested ( and received ) an agreement guaranteeing the Cowboys a spot on Thanksgiving Day forever . Notwithstanding the aforementioned St. Louis - hosted games in 1975 and 1977 , the two `` traditional '' Thanksgiving Day pro football games since the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger have then been in Detroit and Dallas . Because of TV network commitments in place through the 2013 season , to make sure that both the AFC - carrying network ( NBC from the 1970 merger to 1997 , and CBS since 1998 ) and the NFC - carrying network ( CBS from the 1970 merger to 1993 , and Fox since 1994 ) got at least one game each , one of these games was between NFC opponents , and one featured AFC - NFC opponents . Thus , the AFC could showcase only one team on Thanksgiving , and the AFC team was always the visiting team . Since 2006 , a third NFL game on Thanksgiving has been played at night . It originally aired on the NFL Network as part of its Thursday Night Football package until 2011 ; NBC began carrying the night game in 2012 .",
"4": "The Thanksgiving night game has no fixed opponents or conferences , enabling the league to freely choose whatever marquee match - up to feature on that night . The 2012 changes also allowed both Dallas and Detroit in the future to offer NFC games ( one would be played at night ) , and CBS can offer a game with two AFC teams . In 2014 , the NFL added the cross-flex rule , allowing CBS to televise NFC away games , and Fox to broadcast AFC away games , under select circumstances on Sunday afternoons ; however , this did not cover the Thanksgiving contests . CBS also signed a separate contract to carry Thursday Night Football from the 2014 season onward , which allowed that network to carry games from either conference on Thursdays ; from that year through 2016 , CBS carried all - NFC contests every year on Thanksgiving , and in 2014 and 2015 , no AFC teams played in any of the Thanksgiving games . The NFL 's flexible scheduling rule currently does not apply for Thanksgiving games ; however , the NFL in theory could in the future apply the rule to change start times and networks for the three games . Throwback uniforms ( edit ) Since 2001 teams playing on Thanksgiving have worn throwback uniforms on numerous occasions . In some years ( namely 2002 ) , it extended to nearly all games of the weekend , and in some cases also involved classic field logos at the respective stadiums . In 2001 -- 2004 , and again in 2008 , 2010 , and 2017 the Detroit Lions have worn throwback uniforms based on their very early years . From 2001 to 2003 , Dallas chose to represent the 1990s Cowboys dynasty by wearing the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey not seen since 1995 . In 2004 , the team wore uniforms not seen since 1963 . In 2009 , to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the AFL , both Dallas and Oakland played in a `` AFL Legacy Game . '' In 2013 , the Cowboys intended to wear their 1960s throwbacks , but chose not to do so after the NFL adopted a new policy requiring players and teams to utilize only one helmet a season to address the league 's new concussion protocol ; rather than sport an incomplete throwback look , the Cowboys instead wore their standard blue jerseys at home for the first time since 1963 .",
"5": "In 2015 , the Cowboys resurrected their 1994 white `` Double - Star '' jerseys only this time wore them with white pants as part of the league 's `` Color Rush '' , a trial run of specially - designed , monochromatic jerseys to be worn during Thursday games . Memorable games ( edit ) 1920 : An urban legend states that the Chicago Tigers and Decatur Staleys challenged each other to a Thanksgiving duel , in Chicago , in the league 's inaugural season , with the loser being relegated out of the league at the end of the season , purportedly explaining why the Tigers were the only NFL team to fold after the 1920 season ( no other team would fold until 1921 ) . The claims of it being a duel are unsubstantiated and no evidence exists that the Tigers were ever officially league members ; nevertheless , the Tigers , after a 27 -- 0 win over the non-league Thorn Tornadoes the next week , never played football again . The Staleys would move to Chicago during the next season , later renaming themselves the Bears . 1921 : In a matchup of two of the league 's best teams , the Staleys lose to the Buffalo All - Americans at home . The Staleys demand a rematch , with Buffalo agreeing to a December match only on the terms of it being considered an off - the - record exhibition game . That later match , which Chicago won , ended up counting despite the All - Americans ' insistence , controversially handing Chicago the championship . 1952 : The Dallas Texans are forced to move their lone remaining home game to the Rubber Bowl in Akron , Ohio as the undercard to a high school football contest . Their opponent for that game , the Chicago Bears , underestimated the then - winless Texans and sent their second string team to the game ; the Texans scored a 27 -- 23 upset over the Bears for their only win of their existence . 1962 : The Lions handed the 10 -- 0 Green Bay Packers their lone defeat of the season . 1964 -- 65 : The 1964 and 1965 AFL contests featured the Buffalo Bills and San Diego Chargers , the two teams that would eventually meet in those years ' American Football League Championship Games .",
"6": "1974 : Unknown Cowboys backup quarterback Clint Longley took over for an injured Roger Staubach with the team down 16 -- 3 and rallied them to an improbable victory over Washington on two deep passes . 1976 : The Bills offense put forth one of the best and the worst performances in Thanksgiving history . O.J. Simpson set the NFL record for most rushing yards in a single game , with 273 . However , Bills backup quarterback Gary Marangi completed only 4 of 21 pass attempts , for 29 yards passing , and a rating of 19.7 . The Lions defeated the Bills 27 - 14 . 1980 : With the Lions and Bears tied 17 - 17 at the end of regulation , the game went to overtime , the first Thanksgiving game to do so ( overtime was not added to the NFL regular season until 1974 ) , and the first overtime game at the Silverdome . Bears running back Dave Williams returned the fifth - quarter opening kickoff 95 yards for a game - winning touchdown , ending the shortest overtime period in NFL history at the time . 1986 : The Lions and the Packers had the highest scoring game in Thanksgiving history . It was the best day of receiver Walter Stanley 's career ; Stanley netted 207 all - purpose yards and three touchdowns , including an 83 - yard punt return to win the game for Green Bay , 44 -- 40 . Stanley had an otherwise undistinguished career in the NFL . 1989 : Known as the `` Bounty Bowl '' , the Eagles crushed the Cowboys by a score of 27 -- 0 . Allegations surfaced that the Eagles had placed a bounty on the Cowboys kicker , thus becoming the first of a string of three bitterly contested games between the two teams , the other two being Bounty Bowl II and the Porkchop Bowl a year later . 1993 : In one of the more famous Thanksgiving Day games in recent history , the Cowboys led the Dolphins 14 -- 13 with just seconds remaining in a rare , snow - filled Texas Stadium . Miami 's Pete Stoyanovich attempted a game winning 40 - yard field goal that was blocked by the Cowboys ' Jimmie Jones . Dick Enberg of NBC proclaimed `` The Cowboys will win . ''",
"7": "Indeed , since the kick landed beyond the line of scrimmage , once the ball stopped moving the play would be declared dead and Dallas would gain possession . However , the ball landed and began spinning on its tip , leading Cowboys lineman Leon Lett to try to gain possession . Lett slipped , fell , and knocked the ball forward . By rule , the ball was live and the Dolphins fell on it at the two yard line . With the recovery , Stoyanovich got a second chance to win the game and hit the much shorter field goal . The Dolphins won 16 -- 14 . 1994 : Troy Aikman was injured and third - string quarterback Jason Garrett was forced to start for Dallas against the Green Bay Packers . The Cowboys won a 42 -- 31 shoot - out against Brett Favre . 1998 : In another controversial Thanksgiving Day game , the Steelers and Lions went to overtime tied 16 -- 16 . Pittsburgh 's Jerome Bettis called the coin toss in the air , but head referee Phil Luckett awarded Detroit the ball after Bettis tried to call both heads and tails at the same time . The Lions went on to kick a field goal on the first possession , winning 19 -- 16 . As a result of the fiasco , team captains are now required to call the coin toss before the coin is tossed , and a later rule change now prevents teams from automatically winning a game by scoring a field goal on the first possession . The day also saw a memorable performance by the Minnesota Vikings in a 46 -- 36 win over the Dallas Cowboys as Vikings rookie Randy Moss caught three touchdowns , all of over 50 yards . 2008 : The 10 -- 1 Titans routed the 0 -- 11 Lions by a score of 47 -- 10 , one of the most lopsided results in history on Thanksgiving . The Lions would go on to finish the season 0 -- 16 . 2011 : The trio of games was lauded as one of the better Thanksgiving Day slates of games in NFL history . The night game between Baltimore and San Francisco pitted head coaches and brothers John and Jim Harbaugh against each other -- a preview of Super Bowl XLVII .",
"8": "2012 : The prime time contest became infamous for the `` Butt fumble '' , an incident in which Jets quarterback Mark Sanchez ran headfirst into the buttocks of his own offensive lineman . He subsequently fumbled the ball ; it was recovered by New England , who returned it for a touchdown . In the earlier game , one of the NFL 's most infamous rule changes came when former Lions coach Jim Schwartz challenged a play in which Texans running back Justin Forsett 's knee clearly touched the ground before sprinting for an 81 - yard touchdown . Referee Walt Coleman stated that , by rule , scoring plays are automatically reviewed and the play was not challengeable by a coach . Because of the improper attempted challenge , the review was cancelled and Coleman assessed a 15 - yard kickoff penalty for unsportsmanlike conduct . The NFL then passed a new rule that stated that if a coach attempted to challenge a play that is automatically reviewed , the review would continue . It was called the ' Jim Schwartz rule ' . Home team controversy ( edit ) It has remained a tradition for Dallas and Detroit to host the afternoon games dating back several decades . However , in recent years , other teams have expressed interest in hosting Thanksgiving games . Lamar Hunt , the former owner of the Chiefs ( who had hosted Thanksgiving games from 1967 -- 69 as an AFL team prior to the merger ) , lobbied heavily in favor of his team hosting a game on the holiday . When the NFL adopted a third , prime time game , the Chiefs were selected as the first team to host such a contest , but the team was not made a permanent host , and Hunt 's death shortly after the 2006 contest ended the lobbying on behalf of that team . The host issue came to a head in 2008 , focusing particularly on the winless Lions . Going into the game , Detroit had lost their last four Thanksgiving games , and opinions amongst the media had suggested removing Detroit and replacing them with a more attractive matchup . The team also required an extension to prevent a local television blackout . The Lions were routed by Tennessee 47 -- 10 , en route to the team 's 0 -- 16 season . NFL commissioner Roger Goodell confirmed that the Lions would stay on Thanksgiving for the 2009 season , but kept the issue open to revisit in the future .",
"9": "Conversely , the Dallas Cowboys , who typically represent a larger television draw , have had much fewer public calls to be replaced on Thanksgiving . One issue that has been debated is a perceived unfair advantage of playing at home on Thanksgiving . The advantage is given in the form of an extra day of practice for the home team while the road team has to travel to the game site . This is true for most Thursday games , but with the night games , the visitor can travel to the game site after practice and hold the final walk - thru the following morning . With the introduction of the prime time game , which effectively allows all teams in the league an opportunity to play on Thanksgiving , along with the introduction of year - long Thursday Night Football ensuring all teams have one Thursday game during the regular season ( thus negating any on - field advantages or disadvantages to being selected for Thanksgiving ) , the calls for Detroit and Dallas to be removed have curtailed . Game results ( edit ) ( Winning teams are denoted by boldface type ; tie games are italicized . ) 1920 -- 1940 ( edit ) All three of the generally recognized iterations of the American Football League that played during this era ( AFL I in 1926 , AFL II in 1936 and AFL III in 1940 ) played Thanksgiving games , which are also listed as indicated . Non-NFL team games between league teams and non league teams counted in the 1920 standings . The All - Tonawanda Lumberjacks later joined the league as the Tonawanda Kardex , albeit only for one game . Thanksgiving fell on the final Thursday in November until 1938 and was held on two conflicting days from 1939 to 1941 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 25 , 1920 Canton Bulldogs 0 Akron Pros 7 Decatur Staleys 6 Chicago Tigers 0 Detroit Heralds 0 Dayton Triangles 28 Columbus Panhandles 0 Elyria Athletics * 0 Hammond Pros 0 Chicago Boosters * 27 All - Tonawanda * 14 Rochester Jeffersons Nov.",
"10": "24 , 1921 Canton Bulldogs 14 Akron Pros 0 Buffalo All - Americans 7 Chicago Staleys 6 Nov. 30 , 1922 Buffalo All - Americans 21 Rochester Jeffersons 0 Chicago Bears 0 Chicago Cardinals 6 Milwaukee Badgers 0 Racine Legion Oorang Indians 18 Columbus Panhandles 6 Akron Pros 0 Canton Bulldogs 14 Nov. 29 , 1923 Toledo Maroons 0 Canton Bulldogs 28 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears Hammond Pros 0 Green Bay Packers 19 Milwaukee Badgers 16 Racine Legion 0 Nov. 27 , 1924 Buffalo Bisons 0 Akron Pros 22 Chicago Bears 21 Chicago Cardinals 0 Dayton Triangles 7 Frankford Yellowjackets 32 Milwaukee Badgers 10 Cleveland Bulldogs ( at Canton ) 53 Green Bay Packers 17 Kansas City Blues 6 Nov. 26 , 1925 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 0 Kansas City Cowboys 17 Cleveland Bulldogs ( at Hartford ) 0 Rock Island Independents 6 Detroit Panthers Green Bay Packers 0 Pottsville Maroons 31 Nov. 25 , 1926 New York Giants 17 Brooklyn Lions 0 Los Angeles Buccaneers 9 Detroit Panthers 6 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 0 Green Bay Packers 14 Frankford Yellowjackets 20 Providence Steam Roller 0 Pottsville Maroons 8 Akron Pros 0 Canton Bulldogs 0 ( AFL I ) Los Angeles Wildcats 0 Chicago Bulls 0 ( AFL I ) Philadelphia Quakers 13 New York Yankees 10 Nov.",
"11": "24 , 1927 Chicago Cardinals Chicago Bears 0 Providence Steam Roller 0 Pottsville Maroons 6 Green Bay Packers 17 Frankford Yellowjackets 9 Cleveland Bulldogs 30 New York Yankees 19 Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 29 , 1928 Providence Steam Roller 7 Pottsville Maroons 0 Dayton Triangles 0 Detroit Wolverines 33 Green Bay Packers 0 Frankford Yellow Jackets Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 34 Nov. 28 , 1929 New York Giants 21 Staten Island Stapletons 7 Green Bay Packers 0 Frankford Yellow Jackets 0 Chicago Cardinals 40 Chicago Bears 6 Nov. 27 , 1930 New York Giants 6 Staten Island Stapletons 7 Providence Steam Roller 12 Brooklyn Dodgers 33 Green Bay Packers 25 Frankford Yellowjackets 7 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 6 Nov. 26 , 1931 Green Bay Packers 38 Providence Steam Roller 7 New York Giants 6 Staten Island Stapletons 9 Chicago Cardinals 7 Chicago Bears 18 Nov. 24 , 1932 Green Bay Packers 7 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 New York Giants 13 Staten Island Stapletons 13 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 24 Nov. 30 , 1933 New York Giants 10 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears 22 Chicago Cardinals 6 Nov. 29 , 1934 Green Bay Packers 0 Chicago Cardinals 6 New York Giants 27 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears 19 Detroit Lions 16 Nov. 28 , 1935 Green Bay Packers 7 Chicago Cardinals 9 New York Giants 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears Detroit Lions 14 Nov.",
"12": "26 , 1936 Chicago Bears 7 Detroit Lions 13 New York Giants 14 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 ( AFL II ) Cleveland Rams 7 Rochester Tigers 6 Nov. 25 , 1937 Chicago Bears 13 Detroit Lions 0 New York Giants 13 Brooklyn Dodgers 13 Nov. 24 , 1938 Chicago Bears 7 Detroit Lions 14 New York Giants 7 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 23 , 1939 Pittsburgh Pirates 14 Philadelphia Eagles 17 Nov. 21 , 1940 ( AFL III ) New York Yankees 16 Columbus Bullies 17 ( AFL III ) Buffalo Tigers 13 Milwaukee Chiefs 30 Nov. 28 , 1940 Pittsburgh Steelers 0 Philadelphia Eagles 7 1945 -- 1959 ( edit ) No Thanksgiving games were held from 1941 to 1944 due to World War II . Thanksgiving games were played on the fourth Thursday in November from 1945 onward . The All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) also played Thanksgiving games from 1946 to 1949 . Season League Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 22 , 1945 NFL Cleveland Rams 28 Detroit Lions 21 Nov. 28 , 1946 NFL Boston Yanks 34 Detroit Lions 10 AAFC New York Yankees 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 27 , 1947 NFL Chicago Bears 34 Detroit Lions 14 AAFC Cleveland Browns 27 Los Angeles Dons 17 AAFC San Francisco 49ers 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 25 , 1948 NFL Chicago Cardinals 28 Detroit Lions 14 AAFC Cleveland Browns 31 Los Angeles Dons 14 AAFC Buffalo Bills 39 Chicago Rockets 35 Nov.",
"13": "24 , 1949 NFL Chicago Bears 28 Detroit Lions 7 AAFC New York Yankees 17 Los Angeles Dons 16 AAFC Cleveland Browns 14 Chicago Hornets 6 Nov. 23 , 1950 NFL New York Yanks 14 Detroit Lions 49 Pittsburgh Steelers 28 Chicago Cardinals 17 Nov. 22 , 1951 NFL Green Bay Packers 35 Detroit Lions 52 Nov. 27 , 1952 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 48 Chicago Bears 23 Dallas Texans ( at Akron , Ohio ) 27 Nov. 26 , 1953 NFL Green Bay Packers 15 Detroit Lions 34 Nov. 25 , 1954 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 28 Nov. 24 , 1955 NFL Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 24 Nov. 22 , 1956 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 20 Nov. 28 , 1957 NFL Green Bay Packers 6 Detroit Lions 18 Nov. 27 , 1958 NFL Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 24 Nov. 26 , 1959 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 17 1960 -- 1969 ( edit ) The American Football League ( AFL ) also played Thanksgiving Day games during this decade . The Dallas Cowboys started playing their traditional series in 1966 . Season League Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 24 , 1960 NFL Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 23 AFL Dallas Texans 35 New York Titans 41 Nov. 23 , 1961 NFL Green Bay Packers 17 Detroit Lions 9 AFL Buffalo Bills 14 New York Titans 21 Nov.",
"14": "22 , 1962 NFL Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 26 AFL New York Titans 46 Denver Broncos 45 Nov. 28 , 1963 NFL Green Bay Packers 13 Detroit Lions 13 AFL Oakland Raiders 26 Denver Broncos 10 Nov. 26 , 1964 NFL Chicago Bears 27 Detroit Lions 24 AFL Buffalo Bills 27 San Diego Chargers 24 Nov. 25 , 1965 NFL Baltimore Colts 24 Detroit Lions 24 AFL Buffalo Bills 20 San Diego Chargers 20 Nov. 24 , 1966 NFL San Francisco 49ers 41 Detroit Lions 14 Cleveland Browns 14 Dallas Cowboys 26 AFL Buffalo Bills 31 Oakland Raiders 10 Nov. 23 , 1967 NFL Los Angeles Rams 31 Detroit Lions 7 St. Louis Cardinals 21 Dallas Cowboys 46 AFL Oakland Raiders 44 Kansas City Chiefs 22 Denver Broncos 20 San Diego Chargers 24 Nov. 28 , 1968 NFL Philadelphia Eagles 12 Detroit Lions 0 Washington Redskins 20 Dallas Cowboys 29 AFL Buffalo Bills 10 Oakland Raiders 13 Houston Oilers 10 Kansas City Chiefs 24 Nov. 27 , 1969 NFL Minnesota Vikings 27 Detroit Lions 0 San Francisco 49ers 24 Dallas Cowboys 24 AFL Denver Broncos 17 Kansas City Chiefs 31 San Diego Chargers 21 Houston Oilers 17 1970 -- 2005 ( edit ) From 1970 to 2005 , three NFC teams and one AFC team played each Thanksgiving . The two afternoon games were held at Detroit ( 12 : 30 p.m. EST ) and Dallas ( 4 : 15 p.m. EST ) , respectively . Detroit always hosts the `` early '' game because a 12 : 30 p.m.",
"15": "EST kick - off at Dallas would be 11 : 30 a.m. local time ( CST ) , and the NFL avoids starting games before noon locally . The two games rotate annually as intra-conference ( NFC vs. NFC ) and inter-conference ( AFC vs. NFC ) games . This is to satisfy the television contract balance between CBS ( which broadcasts games in which the visiting team is from the AFC ) and Fox ( which broadcasts games in which the visiting team is from the NFC ) . The `` early '' game kicks off at a special time of 12 : 30 p.m. EST as opposed to the typical afternoon start time of 1 p.m. This provides an additional 30 minutes to prevent overlapping of the `` late '' game , and also gave the network time for a pregame show and some additional time for an expanded halftime show ( selected years ) . When Fox carries the `` early '' game , they typically start their pregame coverage ( Fox NFL Sunday ) at 11 : 30 a.m. ( with the addition of Fox NFL Kickoff to the Fox lineup , its pregame will begin at 10 : 30 a.m. for 2015 ) . When CBS carries the `` early '' game , they start their pregame coverage ( The NFL Today ) at 12 : 00 p.m. , due to the fact that their morning parade coverage runs until noon . The network with the 4 : 15 `` late '' game begins pregame coverage at 3 : 30 p.m. EST . Dallas was replaced by the St. Louis Cardinals as a host team in 1975 and 1977 ; Dallas and St. Louis faced each other at Texas Stadium in 1976 . Because of the Missouri Turkey Day Game , the long - established Kirkwood -- Webster Groves high school football game that takes place on Thanksgiving in St. Louis , weak fan support in St. Louis , and general national preference of the Cowboys over the historically weaker Cardinals , the Cardinals ' hosting of the Thanksgiving game was not popular . Dallas returned to hosting the game in 1978 and has hosted since . Likewise , the Rams never played on Thanksgiving while in St.",
"16": "Louis , in part because of the Turkey Day Game and also because the Missouri State High School Activities Association has held its state football championship games on Thanksgiving weekend at The Dome at America 's Center since 1996 . Since the time NFL began its current alignment in 2002 , no team from the AFC North can play a Thanksgiving Day game against the traditional hosts . This is because under the current rotation , the Cowboys and the Lions each play AFC North teams in years that FOX is scheduled to broadcast its Thanksgiving Day game , requiring an NFC opponent . To date , the last game to feature a team currently in the AFC North was the Lions matchup against the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1998 . AFC North teams can play in the prime time game , as the Cincinnati Bengals did in 2010 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score OT Nov. 26 , 1970 Oakland Raiders 14 Detroit Lions 28 Green Bay Packers Dallas Cowboys 16 Nov. 25 , 1971 Kansas City Chiefs 21 Detroit Lions 32 Los Angeles Rams 21 Dallas Cowboys 28 Nov. 23 , 1972 New York Jets 20 Detroit Lions 37 San Francisco 49ers 31 Dallas Cowboys 10 Nov. 22 , 1973 Washington Redskins 20 Detroit Lions 0 Miami Dolphins 14 Dallas Cowboys 7 Nov. 28 , 1974 Denver Broncos 31 Detroit Lions 27 Washington Redskins 23 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 27 , 1975 Los Angeles Rams 20 Detroit Lions 0 Buffalo Bills 32 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Nov. 25 , 1976 Buffalo Bills 14 Detroit Lions 27 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Dallas Cowboys 19 Nov. 24 , 1977 Chicago Bears 31 Detroit Lions 14 Miami Dolphins 55 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Nov. 23 , 1978 Denver Broncos 14 Detroit Lions 17 Washington Redskins 10 Dallas Cowboys 37 Nov.",
"17": "22 , 1979 Chicago Bears 0 Detroit Lions 20 Houston Oilers 30 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 27 , 1980 Chicago Bears 23 Detroit Lions 17 ( OT ) Seattle Seahawks 7 Dallas Cowboys 51 Nov. 26 , 1981 Kansas City Chiefs 10 Detroit Lions 27 Chicago Bears 9 Dallas Cowboys 10 Nov. 25 , 1982 New York Giants 13 Detroit Lions 6 Cleveland Browns 14 Dallas Cowboys 31 Nov. 24 , 1983 Pittsburgh Steelers Detroit Lions 45 St. Louis Cardinals 17 Dallas Cowboys 35 Nov. 22 , 1984 Green Bay Packers 28 Detroit Lions 31 New England Patriots 17 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 28 , 1985 New York Jets 20 Detroit Lions 31 St. Louis Cardinals 17 Dallas Cowboys 35 Nov. 27 , 1986 Green Bay Packers 44 Detroit Lions 40 Seattle Seahawks 31 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 26 , 1987 Kansas City Chiefs 27 Detroit Lions 20 Minnesota Vikings 44 Dallas Cowboys 38 ( OT ) Nov. 24 , 1988 Minnesota Vikings 23 Detroit Lions 0 Houston Oilers 25 Dallas Cowboys 17 Nov. 23 , 1989 Cleveland Browns 10 Detroit Lions 13 Philadelphia Eagles 27 Dallas Cowboys 0 Nov. 22 , 1990 Denver Broncos 27 Detroit Lions 40 Washington Redskins 17 Dallas Cowboys 27 Nov. 28 , 1991 Chicago Bears 6 Detroit Lions 16 Pittsburgh Steelers 10 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 26 , 1992 Houston Oilers 24 Detroit Lions 21 New York Giants Dallas Cowboys 30 Nov.",
"18": "25 , 1993 Chicago Bears 10 Detroit Lions 6 Miami Dolphins 16 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 24 , 1994 Buffalo Bills 21 Detroit Lions 35 Green Bay Packers 31 Dallas Cowboys 42 Nov. 23 , 1995 Minnesota Vikings 38 Detroit Lions 44 Kansas City Chiefs 12 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 28 , 1996 Kansas City Chiefs 28 Detroit Lions 24 Washington Redskins 10 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 27 , 1997 Chicago Bears 20 Detroit Lions 55 Tennessee Oilers 27 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 26 , 1998 Pittsburgh Steelers 16 Detroit Lions 19 ( OT ) Minnesota Vikings 46 Dallas Cowboys 36 Nov. 25 , 1999 Chicago Bears 17 Detroit Lions 21 Miami Dolphins 0 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 23 , 2000 New England Patriots 9 Detroit Lions 34 Minnesota Vikings 27 Dallas Cowboys 15 Nov. 22 , 2001 Green Bay Packers 29 Detroit Lions 27 Denver Broncos 26 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 28 , 2002 New England Patriots 20 Detroit Lions 12 Washington Redskins 20 Dallas Cowboys 27 Nov. 27 , 2003 Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 22 Miami Dolphins 40 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 25 , 2004 Indianapolis Colts 41 Detroit Lions 9 Chicago Bears 7 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 24 , 2005 Atlanta Falcons 27 Detroit Lions 7 Denver Broncos 24 Dallas Cowboys 21 ( OT ) 2006 -- present ( edit ) Since 2006 , three contests have been played on Thanksgiving .",
"19": "In addition to the traditional Detroit and Dallas home afternoon games , a third game is now played in primetime and televised by NFL Network ( 2006 -- 2011 ) or NBC ( since 2012 ) . Current plans call for the various NFL teams ( other than the Lions and Cowboys ) to take turns hosting the night game on a rotation basis . In 2006 , Kansas City hosted the first prime time Thanksgiving game . The game marked a new `` Thanksgiving Tripleheader '' tradition . The Denver / Kansas City game marked the first time more than two games were played on Thanksgiving ( as well as the first all - AFC holiday matchup ) since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 . Rule changes in the 2012 -- 2022 television contracts permit `` cross flexing '' , whereby selected games can be switched between CBS and FOX , effectively allowing CBS to schedule an NFC vs. NFC matchup on Thanksgiving Day rather than an AFC at NFC game . The 2014 season was the first in which all three games feature NFC vs. NFC opponents under these rules ; the league again scheduled an all - NFC Thanksgiving for 2015 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score OT Nov. 23 , 2006 Miami Dolphins 27 Detroit Lions 10 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 10 Dallas Cowboys 38 Denver Broncos 10 Kansas City Chiefs 19 Nov. 22 , 2007 Green Bay Packers 37 Detroit Lions 26 New York Jets Dallas Cowboys 34 Indianapolis Colts 31 Atlanta Falcons 13 Nov. 27 , 2008 Tennessee Titans 47 Detroit Lions 10 Seattle Seahawks 9 Dallas Cowboys 34 Arizona Cardinals 20 Philadelphia Eagles 48 Nov. 26 , 2009 Green Bay Packers 34 Detroit Lions 12 Oakland Raiders 7 Dallas Cowboys 24 New York Giants 6 Denver Broncos 26 Nov. 25 , 2010 New England Patriots 45 Detroit Lions 24 New Orleans Saints 30 Dallas Cowboys 27 Cincinnati Bengals 10 New York Jets 26 Nov.",
"20": "24 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 27 Detroit Lions 15 Miami Dolphins 19 Dallas Cowboys 20 San Francisco 49ers 6 Baltimore Ravens 16 Nov. 22 , 2012 Houston Texans 34 Detroit Lions 31 ( OT ) Washington Redskins 38 Dallas Cowboys 31 New England Patriots 49 New York Jets 19 Nov. 28 , 2013 Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 40 Oakland Raiders 24 Dallas Cowboys 31 Pittsburgh Steelers 20 Baltimore Ravens 22 Nov. 27 , 2014 Chicago Bears 17 Detroit Lions 34 Philadelphia Eagles 33 Dallas Cowboys 10 Seattle Seahawks 19 San Francisco 49ers Nov. 26 , 2015 Philadelphia Eagles 14 Detroit Lions 45 Carolina Panthers 33 Dallas Cowboys 14 Chicago Bears 17 Green Bay Packers 13 Nov. 24 , 2016 Minnesota Vikings 13 Detroit Lions 16 Washington Redskins 26 Dallas Cowboys 31 Pittsburgh Steelers 28 Indianapolis Colts 7 Nov. 23 , 2017 Minnesota Vikings 30 Detroit Lions 23 Los Angeles Chargers 28 Dallas Cowboys 6 New York Giants 10 Washington Redskins 20 Thanksgiving Day standings ( edit ) Of current NFL franchises . This includes American Football League ( AFL ) games ; however , it does not include All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) games . Team Last Game Wins Losses Ties Win % Other names appeared under Baltimore Ravens 2013 0 1.000 Carolina Panthers 2015 0 1.000 Houston Texans 2012 0 1.000 New Orleans Saints 0 1.000 Philadelphia Eagles 2015 7 . 875 Minnesota Vikings 2017 6 . 750 Los Angeles Rams .",
"21": "750 Cleveland Rams ( 1937 -- 1945 ) , does not include 1936 AFL 's Cleveland Rams Miami Dolphins 2011 5 . 714 Tennessee Titans 2008 5 . 714 Houston Oilers ( 1960 -- 1996 ) Tennessee Oilers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Indianapolis Colts 2016 . 625 Baltimore Colts ( 1953 -- 1983 ) Los Angeles Chargers 2017 . 625 San Diego Chargers ( 1961 -- 2016 ) Dallas Cowboys 2017 30 19 . 622 New York Giants 2017 7 6 . 607 New England Patriots 2012 . 600 Chicago Bears 2015 17 15 . 529 Decatur Staleys ( 1920 ) Chicago Staleys ( 1921 ) Kansas City Chiefs 2006 5 5 . 500 Dallas Texans ( 1960 -- 1962 ) , does not include 1 -- 0 record of unrelated NFL Dallas Texans . New York Jets 2012 . 500 New York Titans ( 1960 -- 1962 ) San Francisco 49ers 2014 . 500 Does not include 1 -- 0 record when team was a member of the AAFC . Seattle Seahawks 2014 . 500 Atlanta Falcons 2007 . 500 Detroit Lions 2017 37 39 . 494 Buffalo Bills 1994 . 438 Does not include 1 -- 0 record of unrelated AAFC team of same name . Oakland Raiders 2013 . 429 Green Bay Packers 2015 14 20 . 417 Denver Broncos 2009 7 . 364 Arizona Cardinals 2008 6 15 . 304 Chicago Cardinals ( 1920 -- 1959 ) St. Louis Cardinals ( 1960 -- 1987 ) Phoenix Cardinals ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 6 .",
"22": "250 Washington Redskins 2017 7 . 364 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 000 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2006 0 . 000 Cleveland Browns 1989 0 . 000 Does not include 3 -- 0 record when team was a member of the AAFC . Jacksonville Jaguars None 0 0 -- Only active franchise to have never played on Thanksgiving . Notable appearance droughts ( edit ) The last currently active franchise to have never played on Thanksgiving through 2017 is the Jacksonville Jaguars , who joined the league in 1995 . An idiosyncrasy in the NFL 's current scheduling formula , which has been in effect since 2002 and revised in 2010 , effectively prevents teams from the AFC North from playing the Lions or Cowboys on Thanksgiving , as the formula has the AFC North playing in Dallas or Detroit in years when the other team is slated to play the AFC game on Thanksgiving . These teams can , under the 2014 television contracts , play only in the third ( night ) game ; should cross-flex be expanded to Thursdays or Fox win the Thursday Night contract in 2018 ( either scenario would allow both Fox and CBS to carry AFC games ) , this idiosyncrasy will be eliminated . The Los Angeles Rams have the longest active appearance drought of any team , with their last appearance coming in 1975 . Among current NFL markets , Cleveland has had the longest wait to have a team from its city play on Thanksgiving ; the Browns last appeared in 1989 , several years before being suspended in the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , and have not appeared in the game since rejoining the league as an expansion team . Since 2010 , the league has made efforts to end the longest droughts . New Orleans , Cincinnati , Baltimore , Houston , and Carolina all played their first Thanksgiving games during this time frame . San Francisco likewise played their first Thanksgiving game since 1972 in 2011 , and the Los Angeles Chargers , who last played on the holiday in 1969 ( while the team was still an AFL franchise in San Diego ) before actually joining the league , appeared for the first time as an NFL member in 2017 . Thanksgiving Day records of defunct teams ( edit ) League teams only , since 1920 .",
"23": "Team Wins Losses Ties Win Pct . Other names appeared under Frankford Yellow Jackets 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1931 ) New York Yankees 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1949 ) Pottsville Maroons 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1928 ) Boston Yanks 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1948 ) Buffalo Bills 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1949 ) , unrelated to current NFL team with this name Dallas Texans 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1952 ) , does not count AFL 's Dallas Texans , which are now the Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Buccaneers 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Oorang Indians 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1923 ) Rock Island Independents 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1925 ) All - Tonawanda Lumberjacks 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1921 ) Akron Pros . 700 Defunct ( 1926 ) Buffalo Bisons . 500 Buffalo All - Americans ( 1920 -- 1923 ) , Defunct ( 1929 ) Canton Bulldogs . 500 Defunct ( 1926 ) Cleveland Bulldogs . 500 Defunct ( 1927 ) Dayton Triangles . 500 Defunct ( 1929 ) Kansas City Cowboys . 500 Kansas City Blues ( 1924 ) , Defunct ( 1926 ) Milwaukee Badgers . 500 Defunct ( 1926 ) Brooklyn Lions 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Chicago Tigers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1920 ) Detroit Heralds 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1920 ) New York Yanks 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1950 ) Providence Steam Roller 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1931 ) Racine Legion 0 .",
"24": "000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Toledo Maroons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1923 ) Brooklyn Dodgers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1949 ) Chicago Hornets 0 . 000 Chicago Rockets ( 1946 -- 1948 ) , Defunct ( 1949 ) Columbus Panhandles 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Detroit Panthers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Hammond Pros 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Rochester Jeffersons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1925 ) Los Angeles Dons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1949 ) * All - America Football Conference team . Game MVPs ( edit ) Since 1989 , informal and sometimes lighthearted Man of the Match awards have been issued by the networks broadcasting the respective games . Running back Emmitt Smith holds the record for most Thanksgiving MVPs with five ( 1990 , 1992 , 1994 , 1996 and 2002 ) . Voting on the respective awards is typically done informally by the announcing crew themselves , and criteria are loose . Noteworthy statistical accomplishments weigh heavily , and `` group '' awards are common . The announcement of the winner ( s ) , and the presentation of the award is normally done immediately following the game , during post-game network coverage . Turkey Leg award ( CBS & Fox ) ( edit ) In 1989 , John Madden of CBS awarded the first `` Turkey Leg Award '' , for the game 's most valuable player . Pursuant to its name , it was an actual cooked turkey leg , and players typically took a celebratory bite out of the leg for the cameras during post-game interviews . Reggie White of the Eagles was the first recipient . The gesture was seen mostly as a humorous gimmick relating to Madden 's famous multi-legged turkey , cooked and delivered by local restaurant owner Joe Pat Fieseler of Harvey 's Barbecue ( located less than a mile from Texas Stadium ) . Since then , however , the award has gained subtle notoriety . Madden brought the award to FOX in 1994 , and it continued through 2001 .",
"25": "Because of the loose and informal nature of the award , at times it has been awarded to multiple players . On one occasion in 1994 , it was given to players of both teams . Galloping Gobbler / game ball ( Fox ) ( edit ) When John Madden left FOX after 2001 , the network introduced a new award starting in 2002 , named the `` Galloping Gobbler . '' It was represented by a small figurine of a silver turkey wearing a football helmet striking a Heisman - like pose . Much like Cleatus and Digger , the original Galloping Gobbler trophy reflected Fox 's irreverent mascots , and went through several iterations . Unimpressed by its tackiness , 2002 winner Emmitt Smith ( who holds the record for most Thanksgiving MVP awards and had won the Turkey Leg Award four previous times ) famously threw his in a trash can . In 2007 , the kitschy statuette was replaced with a bronze - colored statue of a nondescript turkey holding a football . In 2011 , the trophies were discarded altogether and replaced by an attractive plaque . Unlike the aforementioned `` Turkey Leg Award '' , the `` Galloping Gobbler '' is normally awarded to only one player annually , however in 2016 , co-winners were honored . For 2017 , the Galloping Gobbler was permanently retired , and replaced with the `` Game Ball , '' an stylish , ornate football - shaped trophy , reminiscent of the tradition where game - used balls are typically awarded to players of the game . No one at Fox seemed to notice the first ball awarded has the stripe markings of a college ball . All - Iron award ( CBS ) ( edit ) When the NFL returned to CBS in 1998 , they introduced their own award , the `` All - Iron Award '' , which is , suitably enough , a small silver iron , a reference to Phil Simms ' All - Iron team for toughness . The All - Iron winner also receives a skillet of blackberry cobbler made by Simms ' mother . Through 2006 , the trophy was only awarded to one player annually . Occasionally , it has been issued as a `` group award '' in addition to a single player award .",
"26": "In 2008 , Simms stated it was `` too close to call '' and named four players to the trophy ; he then gave the award to several people every year until 2013 , after which he reverted to a single MVP in 2014 . Simms was removed from the broadcast booth for the 2017 season and no player of the game was chosen that year . Prime time games ( nfln & NBC ) ( edit ) During the time when NFL Network held the broadcast rights the prime time game , from 2007 to 2011 they gave out the `` Pudding Pie Award '' for MVPs . The award was an actual pie . In 2009 , NFL Network gave Brandon Marshall a pumpkin pie rather than the chocolate pudding pie of the previous two years . NBC , which carried Thanksgiving afternoon games through 1997 , did not issue an MVP award during that time . NBC began broadcasting the Thanksgiving prime time game in 2012 , at which point the MVP award was added . The award is currently called the Sunday Night Football on Thanksgiving Night Player of the Game , and is typically awarded to multiple players on the winning team . From 2012 to 2015 , the NBC award was referred to as the `` Madden Thanksgiving Player - of - the - Game '' , honoring John Madden ( who announced NBC games from 2006 to 2008 ) . In the first few years , the award specifically went to players on both offense and defense , but in recent years , defensive players have not necessarily been recognized . The winning players are presented with ceremonial game balls and , as a gesture to Madden , a cooked turkey leg .",
"27": "Complete list ( edit ) CBS Turkey Leg Award Year MVP ( Team ) 1989 Reggie White ( Phi ) 1990 Troy Aikman & Emmitt Smith ( Dal ) 1991 Barry Sanders ( Det ) 1992 Emmitt Smith & Cowboys Offensive line 1993 Richard Dent ( Chi ) CBS All - Iron Award 1998 Stephen Boyd ( Det ) 1999 Dexter Coakley ( Dal ) 2000 Charlie Batch ( Det ) 2001 Mike Anderson ( Den ) 2002 Troy Brown ( NE ) 2003 Jay Fiedler & Chris Chambers ( Mia ) Peyton Manning & Colts Offensive line 2005 Ron Dayne ( Den ) 2006 Joey Harrington ( Mia ) 2007 Tony Romo & Cowboys defense * 2008 Albert Haynesworth ( Ten ) Chris Johnson ( Ten ) Kevin Mawae ( Ten ) LenDale White ( Ten ) 2009 Miles Austin ( Dal ) Tony Romo ( Dal ) Jason Witten ( Dal ) Tom Brady ( NE ) 2011 DeMarcus Ware ( Dal ) 2012 Andre Johnson ( Hou ) Matt Schaub ( Hou ) J.J. Watt ( Hou ) 2013 Tony Romo ( Dal ) DeMarco Murray ( Dal ) Lance Dunbar ( Dal ) HM : Matthew McGloin ( Oak ) 2014 Calvin Johnson ( Det ) 2015 Luke Kuechly ( Car ) Jerricho Cotchery ( Car ) Kurt Coleman ( Car ) Cam Newton ( Car ) 2016 Matt Prater ( Det ) Darius Slay ( Det ) Matthew Stafford ( Det ) 2017 no award FOX Turkey Leg Award Year MVP ( Team ) 1994 Emmitt Smith & Jason Garrett ( Dal ) Brett Favre & Sterling Sharpe ( GB ) 1995 Herman Moore ( Det ) Brett Perriman ( Det ) Johnnie Morton ( Det ) Emmitt Smith ( Dal )",
"28": "1997 Luther Ellis ( Det ) 1998 Randy Moss ( Min ) 1999 Gus Frerotte ( Det ) Greg Hill ( Det ) Johnnie Morton ( Det ) Robert Porcher ( Det ) 2000 Robert Smith ( Min ) Randy Moss ( Min ) Daunte Culpepper ( Min ) Cris Carter ( Min ) 2001 Brett Favre & Ahman Green ( GB ) FOX Galloping Gobbler Award 2002 Emmitt Smith ( Dal ) 2003 Dré Bly ( Det ) Julius Jones ( Dal ) 2005 Michael Vick ( Atl ) 2006 Tony Romo ( Dal ) 2007 Brett Favre ( GB ) 2008 DeMarcus Ware ( Dal ) 2009 Donald Driver ( GB ) Drew Brees ( NO ) 2011 Aaron Rodgers ( GB ) 2012 Robert Griffin III ( Was ) 2013 Reggie Bush ( Det ) 2014 LeSean McCoy ( Phi ) 2015 Matthew Stafford ( Det ) 2016 Dak Prescott & Ezekiel Elliott ( Dal ) FOX Game Ball 2017 Case Keenum ( Min ) NFLN Pudding Pie Award Year MVP ( Team ) 2006 Not given 2007 Reggie Wayne ( Ind ) 2008 Donovan McNabb & Brian Westbrook ( Phi ) 2009 Brandon Marshall ( Den ) Brad Smith & Darrelle Revis ( NYJ ) 2011 Terrell Suggs ( Bal ) NBC Player of the Game 2012 Tom Brady (",
"29": "NE ) Vince Wilfork ( NE ) Steve Gregory ( NE ) 2013 Jacoby Jones ( Bal ) Justin Tucker ( Bal ) 2014 Russell Wilson ( Sea ) Richard Sherman ( Sea ) 2015 Jay Cutler ( Chi ) Tracy Porter ( Chi ) 2016 Le'Veon Bell ( Pit ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pit ) Antonio Brown ( Pit ) 2017 Kirk Cousins ( Was ) Jamison Crowder ( Was ) Ryan Kerrigan ( Was ) Of the members of the 2007 Cowboys defense , Chris Canty , DeMarcus Ware , Terence Newman and Greg Ellis were particularly noted . In 2017 no official CBS award was handed out , though Phillip Rivers and Keenan Allen ( both of the Chargers ) was interviewed after the game during post-game coverage . Broadcasting ( edit ) DuMont was the first network to televise Thanksgiving games in 1953 ; CBS took over in 1956 , and in 1965 , the first ever color television broadcast of an NFL game was the Thanksgiving match between the Lions and the Baltimore Colts . Starting in 2012 , all three broadcast networks with NFL rights will carry one game apiece . The first two games are split between CBS and Fox . These games are rotated annually , with CBS getting the 12 : 30 p.m. ( EST ) `` early '' game , and Fox getting the 4 : 25 p.m. `` late '' game in even - numbered years , while Fox likewise gets the `` early '' game and CBS the `` late '' game in odd - numbered years . The third game , with a prime time 8 : 30 p.m. start , is carried by NBC . The NFL may involve the Flexible Scheduling rule in the future to reassign games if the night game has less importance than the Dallas or Detroit game . Westwood One holds national radio broadcast rights to all three games , with Compass Media Networks sharing rights to the Cowboys contest . ( Under league rules , only radio stations that carry at least 12 Cowboys games in a season are allowed to carry the Compass broadcast . ) The participating teams also air the games on their local flagship stations and regional radio networks .",
"30": "The Cowboys Thanksgiving game has regularly been the most watched NFL regular season telecast each year , with the Lions Thanksgiving game usually in the top five . See also ( edit ) American football on Thanksgiving References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Navy vs Michigan st ( NJ ) '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1885 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1887 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1888 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1889 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1891 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` Football on Thanksgiving : A Brief But Comprehensive History '' . Midwest Sports Fans . November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Origins of the Thanksgiving Day Tradition '' . Detroit Lions . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jaworowski , Matt ( November 24 , 2016 ) . Timeline : How football became a Thanksgiving tradition . WIVB - TV . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ See also : Pennsylvania Keystoners Jump up ^ Scales , Kristi ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Why Do the Cowboys Play on Thanksgiving Day ? '' . 5 Points Blue ( Dallas Cowboys ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McManaman , Bob ( November 22 , 2017 ) . Cardinals , not Cowboys , could have been an NFL Thanksgiving Day staple . azcentral.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces Week 13 flex plan '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Best , Neil ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` NFL renews lucrative TV deals '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( April 23 , 2014 ) .",
"31": "`` 2014 NFL Schedule : Flex games can now start in Week 5 '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Thursday , Saturday , and Monday games are not affected . Jump up ^ `` CBS to broadcast eight Thursday night football games in 2014 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Splash of color for Thursday Night teams . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buffalo Bills at Detroit Lions - November 25th , 1976 Pro-Football-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1993 - Dolphins @ Cowboys - Leon Lett Opps - YouTube Jump up ^ Miami Dolphins at Dallas Cowboys - November 25th , 1993 Pro-Football-Reference.com Jump up ^ `` NFL Thanksgiving Day Football Preview : Games , TV Schedule , Point Spreads , Picks and Predictions '' . Midwestsportsfans.com. 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Silver , Michael ( 2011 - 11 - 21 ) . `` NFL Thanksgiving games are appealing , for once -- NFL -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bakay , Nick ( 12 November 2008 ) . `` Manly House of Football : Another helping of Lions football for the holiday ? No , thanks ! '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Kulfan , Ted . Annual Lions game is roasted . The Detroit News . 25 November 2008 Jump up ^ Slevin , Peter ( November 27 , 2008 ) . `` In Detroit , Tradition Takes a Hike ; Annual Thanksgiving Football Game Offers Little Joy for Troubled City '' . Washington Post . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Lage , Larry ( November 28 , 2008 ) . `` Once - beaten Titans dominate winless Lions 47 -- 10 '' . Associated Press .",
"32": "Jump up ^ Niyo , John ( 31 January 2009 ) . `` Turkey game safe ... for now '' . Detroit Free Press . p . C6 . Jump up ^ Kowalski , Tom ( 22 March 2009 ) . `` Lions president says NFL will not take away team 's Thanksgiving Day game '' . mlive.com . Jump up ^ Horn , Barry ( 10 March 2009 ) . `` Networks vie for Dallas Cowboys ' home opener '' . Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` The best football writer of our time '' . si.com . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` 2014 NFL Schedule : No AFC teams on Thanksgiving Day '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Previewing the 2017 Thanksgiving Day slate '' . National Football League . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Imnam , Cam ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` John Madden talks Thanksgiving , his health , Raiders rise , 49ers fall , NFL TV ratings '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Galloping Gobbler : An evolution of greatness '' . Laces Out -- Fox Blog . Fox Sports . November 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Thanksgiving Day Football History , Trivia , and Fun Facts '' . Sports Geekery . November 24 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Thanksgiving Day Football History , Trivia , and Fun Facts - Sports Geekery '' . 2010 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ezekiel Elliott , Dak Prescott win Galloping Gobbler after Thanksgiving win vs.",
"33": "Washington Jump up ^ 2016 Steelers - Colts Game Broadcast on NBC , Post-game coverage : November 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Easton - P'burg TV coverage wo n't crash gate '' . The Morning Call . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . As an added bonus , John Madden will return to NBC to open the broadcast and will give his first `` Madden Thanksgiving Player of the - Game '' award Jump up ^ `` Thanksgiving Night Game on NBC New England Patriots vs. New York Jets '' ( Press release ) . NBCUniversal . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turkey Leg Award is the best NFL football on Thanksgiving tradition . SB Nation ( November 24 , 2016 ) . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's `` Turkey Day '' tradition begins `` . NBC Sports History Page . Bibliography ( edit ) 2003 NFL Record and Fact Book ( ISBN 0 - 7611 - 3148 - 5 ) ( for game results through 2002 ) Detroit Lions 2003 , 2004 and 2005 game schedules ( for game results 2003 to 2005 ) Dallas Cowboys 2003 , 2004 and 2005 game schedules ( for game results 2003 to 2005 ) External links ( edit ) NFL.com Thanksgiving Page All - Time NFL Thanksgiving Day game results , from the Pro Football Hall of Fame American Football League Thanksgiving game boxscores Links to related articles Detroit Lions Founded in 1930 Formerly the Portsmouth Spartans ( 1930 -- 33 ) Based in Detroit , Michigan Headquartered in Allen Park , Michigan Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches Stadiums Universal Stadium University of Detroit Stadium Tiger Stadium Pontiac Silverdome Ford Field Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day Paper Lion ( film ) `` What 's Going On '' ( Marvin Gaye",
"34": "song ) Beverly Hills Cop Home Improvement Cheerleaders Lore 1932 Playoff Game Curse of Bobby Layne Mike Utley gives a thumbs up Marty Mornhinweg takes the wind `` Fire Millen '' 0 -- 16 `` Calvin Johnson rule '' Miracle in Motown Rivalries Chicago Bears Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Notable people William Clay & Martha Firestone Ford Barry Sanders Bobby Layne Glenn Presnell Calvin Johnson Wayne Fontes Division championships ( 4 ) 1935 1991 1993 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1952 1953 1954 1957 League championships ( 4 ) 1935 1952 1953 1957 Media Broadcasters Radio : Radio network Dan Miller Jim Brandstatter Tony Ortiz WJR TV : Television network Matt Shepard Chris Spielman Jennifer Hammond WJBK Fox Sports Detroit Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 88 ) 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956",
"35": "1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail",
"36": "Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Ring of Honor Bob Lilly Don Meredith Don Perkins Chuck Howley Mel Renfro Roger Staubach Lee Roy Jordan Tom Landry Tony Dorsett Randy White Bob Hayes Tex Schramm Cliff Harris Rayfield Wright Troy Aikman Michael Irvin Emmitt Smith Drew Pearson Charles Haley Larry Allen Darren Woodson Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division",
"37": "Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold American Football League Eastern Division Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Houston Oilers New York Titans / Jets Miami Dolphins Western Division Denver Broncos Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders Cincinnati Bengals General Seasons Playoffs All - League Teams All - Star game AFL Draft All - Time Team AFL -- NFL merger NFL Thanksgiving Day games Players Officials Ten - year AFL patch Broadcasters ABC AFL All - Star Game AFL Championship Game Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs Denver Broncos Houston Oilers NBC Los Angeles / San",
"38": "Diego Chargers Miami Dolphins New York Titans / Jets Oakland Raiders Super Bowl Commissioners Joe Foss Al Davis Milt Woodard ( President ) National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and",
"39": "mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Thanksgiving History and traditions Canada Samuel de Champlain Martin Frobisher Halifax First Nations United States Pilgrims Mayflower Plymouth Colony Plymouth , Massachusetts Plymouth Rock Native Americans Samoset Squanto Wampanoag Cornucopia National Thanksgiving Proclamation Franksgiving National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation William Penn Sarah Josepha Hale Blackout Wednesday Abraham Lincoln Mourt 's Relation Cuisine Thanksgiving dinner Turkey Deep - fried Tofurkey Stuffing Gravy Butternut squash Apple cider Hazelnuts Cranberry sauce Carrots Mashed potatoes Sweet potatoes Acorn squash Yams Corn Green bean casserole Apple pie Pumpkin pie Pecan pie Sweet potato pie Tamale Songs `` Alice 's Restaurant '' `` Bless This House '' `` Bringing In the Sheaves '' `` Come , Ye Thankful People , Come '' `` For the Beauty of the Earth '' `` Jingle Bells '' `` Let All Things Now Living '' `` Now Thank We All Our God '' `` Over the River and Through the Wood '' `` Simple Gifts '' `` The Thanksgiving Song '' `` We Gather Together '' `` We Plough the Fields and Scatter '' Associated events Cultural Christmas and holiday season Harvest festivals Thanksgiving in film Thanksgiving",
"40": "television specials Winter festivals Lighting of the Macy 's Great Tree World 's Largest Disco Black Friday Parades Novant Health ( Charlotte ) McDonald 's ( Chicago ) America 's ( Detroit ) Oktoberfest ( Kitchener - Waterloo ) Hollywood Christmas ( Los Angeles ) Macy 's ( New York City ) 6abc - Dunkin ' Donuts ( Philadelphia ) Celebrate the Season ( Pittsburgh ) America 's Hometown ( Plymouth ) Protests National Day of Mourning Unthanksgiving Day Buy Nothing Day Sports Football NFL on Thanksgiving Day CFL Thanksgiving Classic English -- Latin rivalry Missouri Turkey Day Game Turkey Day Classic Basketball AdvoCare Invitational Battle 4 Atlantis Wooden Legacy Maui Invitational Tournament Turkey Trots Atlanta Marathon Berwick Run for the Diamonds Buffalo Turkey Trot Dallas Turkey Trot Feaster Five Road Race Manchester Road Race Others National Dog Show Pumpkin chucking Turkey bowling Turkey Night Grand Prix NFL on ABC Related programs Monday Night Football ESPN Sunday Night Football American Football League on ABC Pro Football Highlights Non-NFL programs College Football on ABC USFL on ABC World League of American Football on ABC Related articles History of Monday Night Football NFL on television ( history ) Monday Night Mayhem ( film ) ABC Monday Night Football ( video game ) Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) Chicago Bears ( home games ) 1953 1954 1955 Chicago Cardinals ( home games ) 1953 1954",
"41": "1955 Los Angeles Rams ( Pacific Time Zone affiliates ) 1955 San Francisco 49ers ( Pacific Time Zone affiliates ) 1955 Washington Redskins ( home games ) 1954 Commentators AFL All - Star Game American Bowl Pro Bowl World Bowl Postseason commentators AFL Championship Game NFL Championship Game Super Bowl Lore televised by ABC `` Body Bag Game '' Death of John Lennon Brett Favre wins one for his father `` Monday Night Miracle '' Montana outduels Elway `` Snowball Game '' Joe Theismann 's career - ending sack `` The Night That Courage Wore Orange '' World Bowl ' 91 Postseason lore `` Music City Miracle '' `` One Yard Short '' `` Wide Right '' Music Charles Fox Edd Kalehoff Johnny Pearson Hank Williams , Jr . Songs `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' `` Heavy Action '' `` The Party 's Over '' NFL Championship 1948 1950 Super Bowl XIX ( 1984 ) XXII ( 1987 ) XXV ( 1990 ) XXIX ( 1994 ) XXXIV ( 1999 ) XXXVII ( 2002 ) XL ( 2005 ) Pro Bowl 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000",
"42": "2001 2002 2003 2018 AFL Championship 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 Results and standings Yearly results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 1970 -- 1989 1990 -- 2009 2010 -- present NFL on CBS Related programs Inside the NFL The NFL on Westwood One Sports ( commentators ) The NFL Today Thursday Night Football ( 2014 -- present ) Non-NFL programs CBS Arena Football CBS SEC ( commentators ) Related articles Fox affiliate switches of 1994 ( Repercussions ) NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations KDKA - TV WBZ - TV WCBS - TV WFOR - TV Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) Prime - time results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 Thursday Night Football results ( 2006 - present ) Commentators Commentator pairings NFL Today personalities Pro Bowl Postseason AFC Championship Game NFC Championship Game Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger NFL Championship Game Playoff Bowl Non-US based games American Bowl Bills Toronto Series Lore AFL -- NFL merger `` Bottlegate '' `` Bounty Bowl series '' `` Miracle at the Meadowlands '' `` Miracle in Motown '' `` Porkchop Bowl '' 16 - 0 `` The Snow Bowl '' Tom Dempsey 's 63",
"43": "- yard field goal `` The Wrong Way Run '' 0 - 16 Postseason lore `` The Block '' `` The Catch '' `` The Fog Bowl '' `` The Hail Mary '' `` The Instant Replay Game '' `` The Ice Bowl '' `` Mile High Miracle '' Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime - show controversy `` The Tuck Rule Game '' Holiday lore NFL on Thanksgiving Day Christmas games Music `` Confidence '' `` Fly , Robin , Fly '' `` Crazy on You '' `` Horizontal Hold '' `` Moviendo Caderas '' `` In My City '' `` One Shining Moment '' `` Posthumus Zone '' `` Star Wars Theme / Cantina Band '' `` The Winner Takes It All '' NFL Championship 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger I ( 1966 ) II ( 1967 ) IV ( 1969 ) NFC package carrier ( 1970 -- 1993 ) VI ( 1971 ) VIII ( 1973 ) X ( 1975 ) XII ( 1977 ) XIV ( 1979 ) XVI ( 1981 ) XVIII ( 1983 ) XXI ( 1986 ) XXIV ( 1989 ) XXVI ( 1991 ) AFC package carrier ( 1998 -- present ) XXXV ( 2000 ) XXXVIII ( 2003 ) XLI ( 2006 ) XLIV ( 2009 ) XLVII ( 2012 ) 50 ( 2015 ) LIII ( 2018 ) LVI ( 2021 )",
"44": "Pro Bowl 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 2007 NFL on NBC Related programs The NFL on NBC pregame show ( Football Night in America ) NBC Sunday Night Football NFL on NBC Radio Thursday Night Football ( 2016 -- present ) College football programs College Football on NBC ( Notre Dame ) College Football on USA Other pro football programs Arena Football League on NBC Canadian Football League World League of American Football on USA XFL on NBC Related articles NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) American Football League 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Baltimore Colts 1960 1961 Pittsburgh Steelers 1960 1961 Prime - time results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 Sunday Night Football results ( 2006 - present ) Commentators AFC Championship Game Commentator pairings Pro Bowl Pregame show panelists Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger AFL Championship Game AFL All - Star Game NFL Championship Game Preseason games American Bowl Lore 1982 CFL season Announcerless Game `` The Clock Play '' Cleveland Browns relocation controversy `` The Holy Roller '' `` Snowplow Game '' `` Leon Lett Blunder II '' Postseason lore `` The Epic in Miami '' `` Ghost to the Post ''",
"45": "`` Immaculate Reception '' `` Red Right 88 '' `` The Freezer Bowl '' `` The Drive '' `` The Fumble '' `` Beast Quake '' `` The Comeback '' `` The Interception '' Pre-AFL -- NFL merger lore `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' `` Heidi Game '' Sunday Night Football lore `` 4th and 2 '' 16 -- 0 `` Butt fumble '' Music John Colby Randy Edelman John Tesh Sunday Night Football John Williams `` I Hate Myself for Loving You '' `` Somethin ' Bad '' Faith Hill Pink Carrie Underwood NFL Championship 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 AFL Championship 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger I ( 1966 ) III ( 1968 ) AFC package carrier ( 1970 -- 1997 ) V ( 1970 ) VII ( 1972 ) IX ( 1974 ) XI ( 1976 ) XIII ( 1978 ) XV ( 1980 ) XVII ( 1982 ) XX ( 1985 ) XXIII ( 1988 ) XXVII ( 1992 ) XXVIII ( 1993 ) XXX ( 1995 ) XXXII ( 1997 ) Sunday Night Football era ( 2006 -- present ) XLIII ( 2008 ) XLVI ( 2011 ) XLIX (",
"46": "2014 ) LII ( 2017 ) LV ( 2020 ) Pro Bowl 1952 1953 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1972 2009 2012 2013 2014 Website : NBC Sports - NFL News Fox NFL Related programs Fox College Football Fox NFL Kickoff Fox NFL Sunday Related articles Fox affiliate switches of 1994 ( Repercussions ) FoxBox NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) Commentators Commentator pairings Pro Bowl Postseason games NFC Championship Game Super Bowl International games American Bowl Bills Toronto Series World Bowl Lore `` River City Relay '' 0 -- 16 `` Miracle at the New Meadowlands '' Postseason lore 1998 NFC Championship Game `` The Bert Emanuel Rule '' `` The Catch II '' `` 4th and 26 '' `` 18 -- 1 '' `` The Helmet Catch '' `` 28 -- 3 '' `` Minneapolis Miracle '' Holiday lore NFL on Thanksgiving Day Christmas games Music Scott Schreer Super Bowl XXXI ( 1996 ) XXXIII ( 1998 ) XXXVI ( 2001 ) XXXIX ( 2004 ) XLII ( 2007 ) XLV ( 2010 ) XLVIII ( 2013",
"47": ") LI ( 2016 ) LIV ( 2019 ) Pro Bowl 2008 2011 World Bowl ' 95 ' 96 ' 97 ' 98 ' 99 2000 IX X XI XII XIII Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFL_on_Thanksgiving_Day&oldid=816380284 '' Categories : NFL on Thanksgiving Day History of the National Football League National Football League competitions American Football League Detroit Lions Dallas Cowboys Recurring sporting events established in 1920 1920 establishments in the United States November sporting events Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 23 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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6455569855608254961
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who was the author of the art of war
|
[
"Sun Tzu",
"Sun Tzu",
"attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu",
"the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu (\"Master Sun\", also spelled Sunzi)",
"Sun Tzu"
] |
{
"0": "The Art of War - wikipedia The Art of War Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Art of War ( disambiguation ) . The Art of War Author ( trad . ) Sun Tzu Country China Language Chinese Subject Military strategy and tactics Publication date 5th century BC Text The Art of War at Wikisource The Art of War Traditional Chinese 孫子 兵法 Simplified Chinese 孙子 兵法 Literal meaning `` Master Sun 's Military Methods '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sūnzǐ bīngfǎ Wade -- Giles Sun - tzŭ ping - fa IPA ( swə́ntsɨ̀ píŋfà ) Wu Romanization Sen - tsy pin - fah Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Syūn jí bīng faat IPA ( sýːntsǐː péŋfāːt̚ ) Jyutping Syun - zi bing - faat Southern Min Tâi - lô Sun - tzú ping - huat Old Chinese Baxter -- Sagart ( 2014 ) * ( s ) ʕu ( n ) tsəʔ praŋ ( p.k ) ap Chinese military texts Seven Military Classics ( show ) The Art of War Wuzi The Methods of the Sima Six Secret Teachings Wei Liaozi Three Strategies of Huang Shigong Questions and Replies Other texts ( show ) Sun Bin 's Art of War Thirty - Six Stratagems Wujing Zongyao Huolongjing Jixiao Xinshu The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the Spring and Autumn period in 5th century BC . The work , which is attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu ( `` Master Sun '' , also spelled Sunzi ) , is composed of 13 chapters . Each one is devoted to a distinct aspect of warfare and how that applies to military strategy and tactics .",
"1": "For almost 1,500 years it was the lead text in an anthology that would be formalised as the Seven Military Classics by Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1080 . The Art of War remains the most influential strategy text in East Asia . It has a profound influence on Eastern and Western military thinking , business tactics , legal strategy and beyond . The book was first translated and published into French in 1772 ( re-published in 1782 ) by the Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot and a partial translation into English was attempted by British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop in 1905 under the title The Book of War . The first annotated English translation was completed and published by Lionel Giles in 1910 . Numerous military and political leaders such as Mao Zedong , Võ Nguyên Giáp , and Norman Schwarzkopf , Jr. have drawn inspiration from the work . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Text and commentaries 1.2 Authorship 1.3 Yinqueshan tomb discovery 2 The 13 chapters 3 Chapter summary 4 Quotations 4.1 Chinese 4.2 English 5 Military and intelligence applications 6 Application outside the military 7 Notable translations 8 See also 8.1 Concepts 8.2 Books 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Text and commentaries ( edit ) The Art of War is traditionally attributed to a military general from the late 6th century BC known as `` Master Sun '' ( Sunzi or Sun Tzu ) , though its earliest parts probably date to at least 100 years later . Sima Qian 's 1st century BC work Records of the Grand Historian ( Shiji ) , the first of China 's 24 dynastic histories , records an early Chinese tradition stating that a text on military matters was written by a `` Sun Wu '' from the State of Qi , and that this text had been read and studied by King Helü of Wu ( r . 514 -- 495 BC ) . This text was traditionally identified with the received Master Sun 's Art of War .",
"2": "The conventional view , which is still widely held in China , was that Sun Wu was a military theorist from the end of the Spring and Autumn period ( 776 -- 471 BC ) who fled his home state of Qi to the southeastern kingdom of Wu , where he is said to have impressed the king with his ability to train even dainty palace ladies in warfare and to have made Wu 's armies powerful enough to challenge their western rivals in the state of Chu . The prominent strategist , poet , and warlord Cao Cao in the early 3rd century AD authored the earliest known commentary to the Art of War . Cao 's preface makes clear that he edited the text and removed certain passages , but the extent of his changes were unclear historically . The Art of War appears throughout the bibliographical catalogs of the Chinese dynastic histories , but listings of its divisions and size varied widely . In the early 20th century , the Chinese writer and reformer Liang Qichao , theorized that the text was actually written in the 4th century BC by Sunzi 's purported descendant Sun Bin , as a number of historical sources mention a military treatise he wrote . Authorship ( edit ) Around the 12th century , some scholars began to doubt the historical existence of Sunzi , primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical classic The Commentary of Zuo ( Zuo zhuan 左 傳 ) , which mentions most of the notable figures from the Spring and Autumn period . The name `` Sun Wu '' ( 孫武 ) does not appear in any text prior to the Records of the Grand Historian , and has been suspected to be a made - up descriptive cognomen meaning `` the fugitive warrior '' : the surname `` Sun '' is glossed as the related term `` fugitive '' ( xùn 遜 ) , while `` Wu '' is the ancient Chinese virtue of `` martial , valiant '' ( wǔ 武 ) , which corresponds to Sunzi 's role as the hero 's doppelgänger in the story of Wu Zixu . Unlike Sun Wu , Sun Bin appears to have been an actual person who was a genuine authority on military matters , and may have been the inspiration for the creation of the historical figure `` Sunzi '' through a form of euhemerism .",
"3": "Yinqueshan tomb discovery ( edit ) In 1972 , the Yinqueshan Han slips were discovered in two Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- AD 220 ) tombs near the city of Linyi in Shandong Province . Among the many bamboo slip writings contained in the tombs , which had been sealed around 134 and 118 BC , respectively were two separate texts , one attributed to `` Sunzi '' , corresponding to the received text , and another attributed to Sun Bin , which explains and expands upon the earlier The Art of War by Sunzi . The Sun Bin text 's material overlaps with much of the `` Sunzi '' text , and the two may be `` a single , continuously developing intellectual tradition united under the Sun name '' . This discovery showed that much of the historical confusion was due to the fact that there were two texts that could have been referred to as `` Master Sun 's Art of War '' , not one . The content of the earlier text is about one - third of the chapters of the modern The Art of War , and their text matches very closely . It is now generally accepted that the earlier The Art of War was completed sometime between 500 and 450 BC . The 13 chapters ( edit ) The Art of War is divided into 13 chapters ( or piān ) ; the collection is referred to as being one zhuàn ( `` whole '' or alternatively `` chronicle '' ) . The Art of War chapter names in translations by Giles , Wing , Sawyer , and Chow - Hou Chapter Lionel Giles ( 1910 ) R.L.",
"4": "Wing ( 1988 ) Ralph D. Sawyer ( 1996 ) Chow - Hou Wee ( 2003 ) Laying Plans The Calculations Initial Estimations Detail Assessment and Planning ( Chinese : 始 計 ) II Waging War The Challenge Waging War Waging War ( Chinese : 作戰 ) III Attack by Stratagem The Plan of Attack Planning Offensives Strategic Attack ( Chinese : 謀 攻 ) IV Tactical Dispositions Positioning Military Disposition Disposition of the Army ( Chinese : 軍 形 ) V Use of Energy Directing Strategic Military Power Forces ( Chinese : 兵 勢 ) VI Weak Points and Strong Illusion and Reality Vacuity and Substance Weaknesses and Strengths ( Chinese : 虛實 ) VII Maneuvering an Army Engaging The Force Military Combat Military Maneuvers ( Chinese : 軍 爭 ) VIII Variation of Tactics The Nine Variations Nine Changes Variations and Adaptability ( Chinese : 九 變 ) IX The Army on the March Moving The Force Maneuvering the Army Movement and Development of Troops ( Chinese : 行軍 ) X Classification of Terrain Situational Positioning Configurations of Terrain Terrain ( Chinese : 地形 ) XI The Nine Situations The Nine Situations Nine Terrains The Nine Battlegrounds ( Chinese : 九 地 ) XII Attack by Fire The Fiery Attack Incendiary Attacks Attacking with Fire ( Chinese : 火 攻 ) XIII Use of Spies The Use of Intelligence Employing Spies Intelligence and Espionage ( Chinese : 用 間 ) Chapter summary ( edit ) The beginning of The Art of War in a classical bamboo book from the reign of the Qianlong Emperor Detail Assessment and Planning ( Chinese : 始 計 ) explores the five fundamental factors ( the Way , seasons , terrain , leadership , and management ) and seven elements that determine the outcomes of military engagements . By thinking , assessing and comparing these points , a commander can calculate his chances of victory .",
"5": "Habitual deviation from these calculations will ensure failure via improper action . The text stresses that war is a very grave matter for the state and must not be commenced without due consideration . Waging War ( Chinese : 作戰 ) explains how to understand the economy of warfare and how success requires winning decisive engagements quickly . This section advises that successful military campaigns require limiting the cost of competition and conflict . Strategic Attack ( Chinese : 謀 攻 ) defines the source of strength as unity , not size , and discusses the five factors that are needed to succeed in any war . In order of importance , these critical factors are : Attack , Strategy , Alliances , Army and Cities . Disposition of the Army ( Chinese : 軍 形 ) explains the importance of defending existing positions until a commander is capable of advancing from those positions in safety . It teaches commanders the importance of recognizing strategic opportunities , and teaches not to create opportunities for the enemy . Forces ( Chinese : 兵 勢 ) explains the use of creativity and timing in building an army 's momentum . Weaknesses and Strengths ( Chinese : 虛實 ) explains how an army 's opportunities come from the openings in the environment caused by the relative weakness of the enemy and how to respond to changes in the fluid battlefield over a given area . Military Maneuvers ( Chinese : 軍 爭 ) explains the dangers of direct conflict and how to win those confrontations when they are forced upon the commander . Variations and Adaptability ( Chinese : 九 變 ) focuses on the need for flexibility in an army 's responses . It explains how to respond to shifting circumstances successfully . Movement and Development of Troops ( Chinese : 行軍 ) describes the different situations in which an army finds itself as it moves through new enemy territories , and how to respond to these situations . Much of this section focuses on evaluating the intentions of others . Terrain ( Chinese : 地形 ) looks at the three general areas of resistance ( distance , dangers and barriers ) and the six types of ground positions that arise from them . Each of these six field positions offers certain advantages and disadvantages .",
"6": "The Nine Battlegrounds ( Chinese : 九 地 ) describes the nine common situations ( or stages ) in a campaign , from scattering to deadly , and the specific focus that a commander will need in order to successfully navigate them . Attacking with Fire ( Chinese : 火 攻 ) explains the general use of weapons and the specific use of the environment as a weapon . This section examines the five targets for attack , the five types of environmental attack and the appropriate responses to such attacks . Intelligence and Espionage ( Chinese : 用 間 ) focuses on the importance of developing good information sources , and specifies the five types of intelligence sources and how to best manage each of them . Quotations ( edit ) Chinese ( edit ) Verses from the book occur in modern daily Chinese idioms and phrases , such as the last verse of Chapter 3 : 故 曰 : 知 彼 知己 , 百戰不殆 ; 不知 彼 而 知己 , 一 勝一 負 ; 不知 彼 , 不 知己 , 每 戰 必 殆 . So it is said that if you know your enemies and know yourself , you will not be put at risk even in a hundred battles . If you only know yourself , but not your opponent , you may win or may lose . If you know neither yourself nor your enemy , you will always endanger yourself . This has been more tersely interpreted and condensed into the Chinese modern proverb : 知己知彼 , 百戰不殆 . ( Zhī jǐ zhī bǐ , bǎi zhàn bù dài . ) If you know both yourself and your enemy , you can win numerous ( literally , `` a hundred '' ) battles without jeopardy . English ( edit ) Common examples can also be found in English use , such as verse 18 in Chapter 1 : 兵 者 , 詭道 也. 故 能 而 示 之 不能 , 用 而 示 之 不用 , 近 而 示 之 遠 , 遠 而 示 之 近 . All warfare is based on deception .",
"7": "Hence , when we are able to attack , we must seem unable ; when using our forces , we must appear inactive ; when we are near , we must make the enemy believe we are far away ; when far away , we must make him believe we are near . This has been abbreviated to its most basic form and condensed into the English modern proverb : All warfare is based on deception . Military and intelligence applications ( edit ) In many East Asian countries , The Art of War was part of the syllabus for potential candidates of military service examinations . Various translations are available . During the Sengoku period in Japan , a daimyō named Takeda Shingen ( 1521 -- 1573 ) is said to have become almost invincible in all battles without relying on guns , because he studied The Art of War . The book even gave him the inspiration for his famous battle standard `` Fūrinkazan '' ( Wind , Forest , Fire and Mountain ) , meaning fast as the wind , silent as a forest , ferocious as fire and immovable as a mountain . The translator Samuel B. Griffith offers a chapter on `` Sun Tzu and Mao Tse - Tung '' where The Art of War is cited as influencing Mao 's On Guerrilla Warfare , On the Protracted War and Strategic Problems of China 's Revolutionary War , and includes Mao 's quote : `` We must not belittle the saying in the book of Sun Wu Tzu , the great military expert of ancient China , ' Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a thousand battles without disaster . '' During the Vietnam War , some Vietcong officers studied The Art of War and reportedly could recite entire passages from memory . General Võ Nguyên Giáp successfully implemented tactics described in The Art of War during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu ending major French involvement in Indochina and leading to the accords which partitioned Vietnam into North and South . General Võ , later the main PVA military commander in the Vietnam War , was an avid student and practitioner of Sun Tzu 's ideas . America 's defeat there , more than any other event , brought Sun Tzu to the attention of leaders of American military theory . Finnish Field Marshal Mannerheim and general Aksel Airo were avid readers of Art of War .",
"8": "They both read it in French ; Airo kept the French translation of the book on his bedside table in his quarters . The Department of the Army in the United States , through its Command and General Staff College , lists The Art of War as one example of a book that may be kept at a military unit 's library . The Art of War is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program ( formerly known as the Commandant 's Reading List ) . It is recommended reading for all United States Military Intelligence personnel . According to some authors , the strategy of deception from The Art of War was studied and widely used by the KGB : `` I will force the enemy to take our strength for weakness , and our weakness for strength , and thus will turn his strength into weakness '' . The book is widely cited by KGB officers in charge of disinformation operations in Vladimir Volkoff 's novel Le Montage . Application outside the military ( edit ) The Art of War has been applied to many fields well outside of the military . Much of the text is about how to fight wars without actually having to do battle : It gives tips on how to outsmart one 's opponent so that physical battle is not necessary . As such , it has found application as a training guide for many competitive endeavors that do not involve actual combat . Many business books have applied the lessons taken from the book to office politics and corporate strategy . Many Japanese companies make the book required reading for their key executives . The book is also popular among Western business circles citing its utilitarian value regarding management practices . Many entrepreneurs and executives have turned to it for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive business situations . The book has also been applied to the field of education . The Art of War has been the subject of legal books and legal articles on the trial process , including negotiation tactics and trial strategy . The Art of War has also been applied in the world of sports . National Football League coach Bill Belichick is known to have read the book and used its lessons to gain insights in preparing for games . Australian cricket as well as Brazilian association football coaches Luiz Felipe Scolari and Carlos Alberto Parreira are known to have embraced the text . Scolari made the Brazilian World Cup squad of 2002 study the ancient work during their successful campaign .",
"9": "The Art of War is often quoted while developing tactics and / or strategy in Electronic Sports . Particularly , one of the fundamental books about e-sports , `` Play To Win '' by Massachusetts Institute of Technology graduate David Sirlin , is actually just an analysis about possible applications of the ideas from The Art of War in modern Electronic Sports . The Art of War was released in 2014 as an e-book companion alongside the Art of War DLC for Europa Universalis IV , a PC strategy game by Paradox Development Studios , with a forward by Thomas Johansson . Notable translations ( edit ) Running Press miniature edition of the 1994 Ralph D. Sawyer translation , printed in 2003 Sun Tzu on the Art of War . Lionel Giles , trans . London : Luzac and Company . 1910 . The Art of War . Samuel B. Griffith , trans . Oxford : Oxford University Press . 1963 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 501476 - 6 . Part of the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works . Sun Tzu , The Art of War . Thomas Cleary , trans . Boston - Shaftsbury : Shambhala. 1987 . The Art of Warfare . Roger Ames , trans . Random House . 1993 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 36239 - X ... The Art of War . John Minford , trans . New York : Viking. 2002 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03156 - 9 . The Art of War : Sunzi 's Military Methods . Victor H. Mair , trans . New York : Columbia University Press . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 13382 - 1 . The Art of War : Spirituality for Conflict . Thomas Huynh , trans . Skylight Paths Publishing . 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1594732447 .",
"10": "The book was translated into Manchu as ᠴᠣᠣᡥᠠᡳ ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ ᠪᡝ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ Wylie : Tchauhai paita be gisurengge , Möllendorff : Coohai baita de gisurengge , Discourse on the art of War . The first Manchu translations of Chinese works were the Liu - t'ao 六 韜 , Su - shu 素 書 , and San - lueh 三 略 -- all Chinese military texts dedicated to the arts of war due to the Manchu interests in the topic , like Sun - Tzu 's work The Art of War . The military related texts which were translated into Manchu from Chinese were translated by Dahai . Manchu translations of Chinese texts included the Ming penal code and military texts were performed by Dahai . These translations were requested of Dahai by Nurhaci . The military text Wu - tzu was translated into Manchu along with Sun - Tzu 's work The Art of War . Chinese history , Chinese law , and Chinese military theory classical texts were translated into Manchu during the rule of Hong Taiji in Mukden with Manchus placing significance upon military and governance related Chinese texts . A Manchu translation was made of the military themed Chinese novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms . Chinese literature , military theory and legal texts were translated into Manchu by Dahai and Erdeni . The translations were ordered in 1629 . The translation of the military texts San - lüeh , Su - shu , and the Ta Ming hui - tien ( the Ming law ) done by Dahai was ordered by Nurhaci . While it was mainly administrative and ethical guidance which made up most of San - lüeh and Su Shu , military science was indeed found in the Liu - t'ao and Chinese military manuals were eagerly translated by the Manchus and the Manchus were also attracted to the military content in Romance of the Three Kingdoms which is why it was translated . Another Manchu translation was made by Aisin Gioro Qiying .",
"11": "See also ( edit ) Concepts ( edit ) Philosophy of war Books ( edit ) Commentarii de Bello Gallico ( Commentaries on the Gallic War ) by Julius Caesar The Art of War by Niccolò Machiavelli Arthashastra The Book of Five Rings ( Miyamoto Musashi ) `` Seven Military Classics '' `` Dream Pool Essays '' by Shen Kuo `` Huolongjing '' by Liu Bowen `` Hagakure '' by Yamamoto Tsunetomo Epitoma rei militaris of Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus Guerrilla Warfare by Che Guevara On Protracted War by Mao Zedong On War by Carl von Clausewitz Records of the Grand Historian Thirty - Six Stratagems The Utility of Force by General Sir Rupert Smith Seven Pillars of Wisdom by T.E. Lawrence Bansenshukai Infanterie Greift An by Erwin Rommel `` History of the Peloponnesian War '' by Thucydides References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smith ( 1999 ) , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Giles , Lionel The Art of War by Sun Tzu -- Special Edition . Special Edition Books . 2007 . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1999 ) , p. 604 . ^ Jump up to : Gawlikowski & Loewe ( 1993 ) , p. 447 . Jump up ^ Mair ( 2007 ) , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Mair ( 2007 ) , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Mair ( 2007 ) , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Gawlikowski & Loewe ( 1993 ) , p. 448 . ^ Jump up to : Gawlikowski & Loewe ( 1993 ) , p. 449 . Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lewis ( 2005 ) , quoted in Mair ( 2007 ) , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Griffith , Samuel B . The Illustrated Art of War . 2005 . Oxford University Press . pp. 17 , 141 -- 43 .",
"12": "^ Jump up to : McCready , Douglas . Learning from Sun Tzu , Military Review , May -- June 2003 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Interview with Dr. William Duiker , Conversation with Sonshi Jump up ^ Forbes , Andrew ; Henley , David ( 2012 ) . The Illustrated Art of War : Sun Tzu . Chiang Mai : Cognoscenti Books . ASIN B00B91XX8U Jump up ^ Army , U.S. ( 1985 ) . Military History and Professional Development . U.S. Army Command and General Staff College , Fort Leavenworth , Kansas : Combat Studies Institute . 85 - CSI - 21 85 . Jump up ^ Marine Corps Professional Reading Program Jump up ^ Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick . The State Within a State : The KGB and Its Hold on Russia -- Past , Present , and Future . 1994 . ISBN 0 - 374 - 52738 - 5 , chapter Who was behind perestroika ? Jump up ^ Michaelson , Gerald . `` Sun Tzu : The Art of War for Managers ; 50 Strategic Rules . '' Avon , MA : Adams Media , 2001 Jump up ^ McNeilly , Mark . `` Sun Tzu and the Art of Business : Six Strategic Principles for Managers . New York : Oxford University Press , 1996 . Jump up ^ Krause , Donald G . `` The Art of War for Executives : Ancient Knowledge for Today 's Business Professional . '' New York : Berkley Publishing Group , 1995 . Jump up ^ Kammerer , Peter . `` The Art of Negotiation . '' South China Morning Post ( April 21 , 2006 ) p. 15 Jump up ^ Jeffrey , D ( 2010 ) . `` A Teacher Diary Study to Apply Ancient Art of War Strategies to Professional Development '' . The International Journal of Learning . 7 ( 3 ) : 21 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Barnhizer , David .",
"13": "The Warrior Lawyer : Powerful Strategies for Winning Legal Battles Irvington - on - Hudson , NY : Bridge Street Books , 1997 . Jump up ^ Balch , Christopher D. , `` The Art of War and the Art of Trial Advocacy : Is There Common Ground ? '' ( 1991 ) , 42 Mercer L. Rev. 861 -- 73 Jump up ^ Beirne , Martin D. and Scott D. Marrs , The Art of War and Public Relations : Strategies for Successful Litigation ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Pribetic , Antonin I. , `` The Trial Warrior : Applying Sun Tzu 's The Art of War to Trial Advocacy '' April 21 , 2007 , ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Solomon , Samuel H. , `` The Art of War : Pursuing Electronic Evidence as Your Corporate Opportunity '' ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Put crafty Belichick 's patriot games down to the fine art of war '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 2005 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( June 29 , 2006 ) . `` Mind games reach new high as Scolari studies art of war '' . Irish Independent . Jump up ^ Shou - p'ing Wu Ko ( 1855 ) . Translation ( by A. Wylie ) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung , a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language ( by Woo Kĭh Show - ping , revised and ed. by Ching Ming - yuen Pei - ho ) with intr . notes on Manchu literature . p. 39 . Jump up ^ http://library.umac.mo/ebooks/b31043252.pdf Jump up ^ Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland . North China Branch , Shanghai ( 1890 ) . Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . Kelly & Walsh . pp. 40 -- . Jump up ^ Early China . Society for the Study of Early China . 1975 . p. 53 . Jump up ^ Durrant , Stephen ( 1977 ) . `` Manchu Translations of Chou Dynasty Texts '' . Early China 3 .",
"14": "( Cambridge University Press , Society for the Study of Early China ) : 52 -- 54 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/23351361 . Jump up ^ Sin - wai Chan ( 2009 ) . A Chronology of Translation in China and the West : From the Legendary Period to 2004 . Chinese University Press . pp. 60 -- 61 . ISBN 978 - 962 - 996 - 355 - 2 . Jump up ^ Peter C Perdue ( 30 June 2009 ) . China Marches West : The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia . Harvard University Press . pp. 122 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04202 - 5 . Jump up ^ Frederic Wakeman Jr. ( 1985 ) . The Great Enterprise : The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth - century China . University of California Press . pp. 44 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04804 - 1 . Jump up ^ Early China . Society for the Study of Early China . 1977 . p. 53 . Jump up ^ Claudine Salmon ( 13 November 2013 ) . Literary Migrations : Traditional Chinese Fiction in Asia ( 17th - 20th Centuries ) . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies . pp. 94 -- . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4414 - 32 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cultural Hybridity in Manchu Bannermen Tales ( zidishu ) . ProQuest. 2007 . pp. 25 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 44084 - 0 . Jump up ^ West , Andrew . `` The Textual History of Sanguo Yanyi : The Manchu Translation '' . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Arthur W. Hummel ( 1991 ) . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period : 1644 -- 1912 . SMC publ . p. vi . ISBN 978 - 957 - 638 - 066 - 2 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ Shou - p'ing Wu Ko ( 1855 ) . Translation ( by A. Wylie ) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung , a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language ( by Woo Kĭh Show - ping , revised and ed. by Ching Ming - yuen Pei - ho ) with intr . notes on Manchu literature . pp. xxxvi -- . Jump up ^ Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung , a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language ; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature : ( translated by A. Wylie . ) . Mission Press . 1855 . pp. xxxvi -- . Jump up ^ http://www.dartmouth.edu/~qing/WEB/DAHAI.html Jump up ^ Durrant , Stephen . 1979 . `` Sino - manchu Translations at the Mukden Court '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society 99 ( 4 ) . American Oriental Society : 653 -- 61 . doi : 10.2307 / 601450 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/601450?seq=2 pp. 654 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Soldierly Methods : Vade Mecum for an Iconoclastic Translation of Sun Zi bingfa ( Art of War ) . p. 82 Bibliography ( edit ) Gawlikowski , Krzysztof ; Loewe , Michael ( 1993 ) . `` Sun tzu ping fa 孫子 兵法 '' . In Loewe , Michael . Early Chinese Texts : A Bibliographical Guide . Berkeley : Society for the Study of Early China ; Institute of East Asian Studies , University of California , Berkeley . pp. 446 -- 55 . ISBN 1 - 55729 - 043 - 1 . Graff , David A. ( 2002 ) . Medieval Chinese Warfare , 300 - 900 . Warfare and History . London : Routledge . ISBN 0415239559 . Griffith , Samuel ( 2005 ) . Sun Tzu : The Illustrated Art of War . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 019518999X .",
"16": "Lewis , Mark Edward ( 1999 ) . `` Warring States Political History '' . In Loewe , Michael ; Shaughnessy , Edward . The Cambridge History of Ancient China . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 587 -- 650 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 47030 - 7 . Mair , Victor H. ( 2007 ) . The Art of War : Sun Zi 's Military Methods . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 13382 - 1 . Smith , Kidder ( 1999 ) . `` The Military Texts : The Sunzi '' . In de Bary , Wm . Theodore . Sources of Chinese Tradition : From Earliest Times to 1600 , Volume 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Columbia University Press . pp. 213 -- 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 10938 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Art of War Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Art of War Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sun Tzu . The Art of War Chinese - English bilingual edition , Chinese Text Project The Art of War translated by Lionel Giles ( 1910 ) , various formats . The original book is partly written in Chinese , so PDF format is generally preferable . Also available from Project Gutenberg and Librivox below . The Art of War translated by Lionel Giles ( 1910 ) at Project Gutenberg The Book of War translated by E.F.",
"17": "Calthrop ( 1908 ) at Project Gutenberg The Art of War public domain audiobook at LibriVox ( English and Chinese original available ) Sun Tzu 's Art of War at Sonshi Sun Tzu and Information Warfare at the Institute for National Strategic Studies of National Defense University Military deception Techniques Denial and deception Disinformation False flag Information warfare Maskirovka Military camouflage Psychological warfare Ruse de guerre Equipment Military dummy Q - ship Operations Bertram Bodyguard Texts The Art of War China portal Philosophy portal War portal VIAF : 20999252 LCCN : n81022565 GND : 4202549 - 7 SUDOC : 112837220 BNF : cb144097742 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Art_of_War&oldid=821297386 '' Categories : 5th - century BC books Seven Military Classics Warrior code Zhou dynasty texts Sun Tzu Hidden categories : Articles that link to Wikisource Articles containing Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch",
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"19": "اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 16 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where is sinai peninsula located on a map
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"between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south"
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{
"0": "Sinai Peninsula - wikipedia Sinai Peninsula Jump to : navigation , search `` Sinai '' redirects here . For other uses , see Sinai ( disambiguation ) . Relief map of the Sinai Peninsula The Sinai Peninsula or simply Sinai ( / ˈsaɪnaɪ / ; Arabic : سيناء Sīnāʼ ; Egyptian Arabic : سينا Sīna , IPA : ( ˈsiːnæ ) ; Hebrew : סיני Sinai ; Coptic : ⲥⲓⲛⲁ ) is a peninsula in Egypt , the only part of the country located in Asia . It is situated between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south , and is a land bridge between Asia and Africa . Sinai has a land area of about 60,000 km ( 23,000 sq mi ) and a population of approximately 1,400,000 people . Administratively , the Sinai Peninsula is divided into two governorates : the South Sinai Governorate and the North Sinai Governorate . Three other governorates span the Suez Canal , crossing into African Egypt : Suez Governorate on the southern end of the Suez Canal , Ismailia Governorate in the center , and Port Said Governorate in the north . The Sinai Peninsula has been a part of Egypt from the First Dynasty of ancient Egypt ( c. 3100 BC ) . This comes in stark contrast to the region north of it , the Levant ( present - day territories of Syria , Lebanon , Jordan , Israel and Palestine ) , which , due largely to its strategic geopolitical location and cultural convergences , has historically been the centre of conflict between Egypt and various states of Mesopotamia and Asia Minor . In periods of foreign occupation , the Sinai was , like the rest of Egypt , also occupied and controlled by foreign empires , in more recent history the Ottoman Empire ( 1517 -- 1867 ) and the United Kingdom ( 1882 -- 1956 ) . Israel invaded and occupied Sinai during the Suez Crisis ( known in Egypt as the Tripartite Aggression due to the simultaneous coordinated attack by the UK , France and Israel ) of 1956 , and during the Six - Day War of 1967 .",
"1": "On 6 October 1973 , Egypt launched the Yom Kippur War to retake the peninsula , which was the site of fierce fighting between Egyptian and Israeli forces . By 1982 , as a result of the Israel -- Egypt Peace Treaty of 1979 , Israel had withdrawn from all of the Sinai Peninsula except the contentious territory of Taba , which was returned after a ruling by a commission of arbitration in 1989 . Today , Sinai has become a tourist destination due to its natural setting , rich coral reefs , and biblical history . Mount Sinai is one of the most religiously significant places in the Abrahamic faiths . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 History 3.1 Ancient Egypt 3.2 Assyrian Period 3.3 Achaemenid Persian Period 3.4 Hellenistic Period 3.5 Roman and Byzantine Periods 3.6 Early Muslim Period 3.7 Ayyubid Period 3.8 Mamluk and Ottoman Periods 3.9 British control 3.10 Wars with Israel ( 1948 , 56 , 67 , 67 -- 70 , 73 ) 3.11 1979 Peace Treaty with Israel and aftermath 3.12 Early 21st Century security issues 4 Demographics 5 Economy 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Name ( edit ) Mount Sinai ( Gabal Musa ) The name Sinai may have been derived from the ancient moon - god Sin or from the Hebrew word Seneh ( Hebrew : סֶ֫נֶּה Senneh ) The peninsula acquired the name due to the assumption that a mountain near Saint Catherine 's Monastery is the Biblical Mount Sinai . However this assumption is contested . In addition to its formal name , Egyptians also refer to it as Arḍ ul - Fairūz ( أرض الفيروز `` the land of turquoise '' ) . The ancient Egyptians called it Ta Mefkat , or `` land of turquoise '' .",
"2": "Geography ( edit ) Image from Gemini 11 spacecraft , featuring part of Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula in the foreground and the Levant in the background Sinai is triangular in shape , with northern shore lying on the southern Mediterranean Sea , and southwest and southeast shores on Gulf of Suez and Gulf of Aqaba of the Red Sea . It is linked to the African continent by the Isthmus of Suez , 125 kilometres ( 78 mi ) wide strip of land , containing the Suez Canal . The eastern isthmus , linking it to the Asian mainland , is around 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) wide . The peninsula 's eastern shore separates the Arabian plate from the African plate . The southernmost tip is the Ras Muhammad National Park . Most of the Sinai Peninsula is divided among the two governorates of Egypt : South Sinai ( Ganub Sina ) and North Sinai ( Shamal Sina ) . Together , they comprise around 60,000 square kilometres ( 23,000 sq mi ) and have a population ( January 2013 ) of 597,000 . Three more governates span the Suez Canal , crossing into African Egypt : Suez ( el - Sewais ) is on the southern end of the Suez Canal , Ismailia ( el - Isma'ileyyah ) in the centre , and Port Said in the north . The largest city of Sinai is Arish , capital of the North Sinai , with around 160,000 residents . Other larger settlements include Sharm el - Sheikh and El - Tor , on the southern coast . Inland Sinai is arid , mountainous and sparsely populated , the largest settlements being Saint Catherine and Nekhel . Climate ( edit ) Sinai is one of the coldest provinces in Egypt because of its high altitudes and mountainous topographies . Winter temperatures in some of Sinai 's cities and towns reach − 16 ° C ( 3 ° F ) . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"3": "( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sinai Peninsula in hieroglyphs Biau Bj3w `` Mining country '' Ancient Egypt ( edit ) Sinai was called Mafkat or `` country of turquoise '' by the ancient Egyptians From the time of the First Dynasty or before , the Egyptians mined turquoise in Sinai at two locations , now called by their Egyptian Arabic names Wadi Magharah and Serabit El Khadim . The mines were worked intermittently and on a seasonal basis for thousands of years . Modern attempts to exploit the deposits have been unprofitable . These may be the first historically attested mines . Assyrian Period ( edit ) Achaemenid Persian period ( edit ) At the end of the time of Darius I , the Great ( 521 -- 486 BCE ) Sinai was part of the Persian province of Abar - Nahra , which means `` beyond the river ( Euphrates ) . Cambyses successfully managed the crossing of the hostile Sinai Desert , traditionally Egypt 's first and strongest line of defence , and brought the Egyptians under Psamtik III , son and successor of Ahmose , to battle at Pelusium . The Egyptians lost and retired to Memphis ; the city fell to the Persian control and the Pharaoh was carried off in captivity to Susa in mainland Persia . Hellenistic Period ( edit ) Roman and byzantine periods ( edit ) St. Catherine 's Monastery is the oldest working Christian monastery in the world and the most popular tourist attraction on the peninsula . After the death of the last Nabatean king , Rabbel II Soter , in 106 , the Roman emperor Trajan faced practically no resistance and conquered the kingdom on 22 March 106 . With this conquest , the Roman Empire went on to control all shores of the Mediterranean Sea . The Sinai Peninsula became part of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea . Saint Catherine 's Monastery on the foot of Mount Sinai was constructed by order of the Emperor Justinian between 527 and 565 . Most of the Sinai Peninsula became part of the province of Palaestina Salutaris in the 6th century . Early Muslim Period ( edit ) Ayyubid period ( edit ) During the Crusades it was under control of Fatimid Caliphate .",
"4": "Later , Saladin abolished the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt and took this region under his control too . It was the military route from Cairo to Damascus during the Crusades . Mamluk and Ottoman periods ( edit ) The peninsula was governed as part of Egypt under the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt from 1260 until 1517 , when the Ottoman Sultan , Selim the Grim , defeated the Egyptians at the Battles of Marj Dabiq and al - Raydaniyya , and incorporated Egypt into the Ottoman Empire . From then until 1906 , Sinai was administered by the Ottoman provincial government of the Pashalik of Egypt , even following the establishment of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty 's rule over the rest of Egypt in 1805 . The wilderness of Sinai , 1862 British control ( edit ) In 1906 , the Ottoman Porte formally transferred administration of Sinai to the Egyptian government , which essentially meant that it fell under the control of the United Kingdom , who had occupied and largely controlled Egypt since 1882 . The border imposed by the British runs in an almost straight line from Rafah on the Mediterranean shore to Taba on the Gulf of Aqaba . This line has served as the eastern border of Egypt ever since . Wars with Israel ( 1948 , 56 , 67 , 67 -- 70 , 73 ) ( edit ) Canadian and Panamanian UNEF UN peacekeepers in Sinai , 1974 At the beginning of the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War , Egyptian forces entered the former British Mandate of Palestine from Sinai to support Palestinian and other Arab forces against the newly declared State of Israel . For a period during the war , Israeli forces entered the north - eastern corner of Sinai . With the exception of Palestine 's Gaza Strip , which came under the administration of the All - Palestine Government , the western frontier of the former Mandate of Palestine became the Egyptian -- Israeli frontier under the 1949 Armistice Agreement . In 1958 , the Gaza Strip came under direct Egyptian military administration , though it was governed separately from Sinai , and was never annexed by Egypt . The Egyptian government maintained that Egyptian administration would be terminated upon the end of the conflict with Israel .",
"5": "In 1956 , Egypt nationalised the Suez Canal , a waterway marking the boundary between Egyptian territory in Africa and the Sinai Peninsula . Thereafter , Israeli ships were prohibited from using the Canal , owing to the state of war between the two states . Egypt also prohibited ships from using Egyptian territorial waters on the eastern side of the peninsula to travel to and from Israel , effectively imposing a blockade on the Israeli port of Eilat . Subsequently , in what is known in Egypt as the Tripartite Aggression , Israeli forces , aided by Britain , and France ( which sought to reverse the nationalisation and regain control over the Suez Canal ) , invaded Sinai and occupied much of the peninsula within a few days . Several months later Israel withdrew its forces from Sinai , following strong pressure from the United States and the Soviet Union . Thereafter , the United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF ) was stationed in Sinai to prevent any further conflict in the Sinai . In 1967 , Egypt reinforced its military presence in Sinai and on 16 May ordered the UNEF out of Sinai with immediate effect . Secretary - General U Thant eventually complied and ordered the withdrawal without Security Council authorisation . In the course of the Six - Day War that broke out shortly thereafter , Israel captured the entire Sinai Peninsula , and Gaza Strip from Egypt , the West Bank ( including East Jerusalem ) from Jordan ( which it had ruled since 1949 ) , and the Golan Heights from Syria . The Suez Canal , the east bank of which was now occupied by Israel , was closed . Israel commenced efforts at large scale Israeli settlement in the peninsula . Following the Israeli conquest of Sinai , Egypt launched the War of Attrition ( 1967 -- 70 ) aimed at forcing Israel to withdraw from Egyptian territory . The war saw protracted conflict in the Suez Canal Zone , ranging from limited to large scale combat . Israeli shelling of the cities of Port Said , Ismailia , and Suez on the west bank of the canal , led to high civilian casualties ( including the virtual destruction of Suez ) , and contributed to the flight of 700,000 Egyptian internal refugees . Ultimately , the war concluded in 1970 with no change in the front line .",
"6": "On 6 October 1973 , Egypt commenced Operation Badr to retake the Sinai , while Syria launched a simultaneous operation to retake the Golan Heights , thereby beginning the Yom Kippur War ( known in Egypt as the October War ) . Egyptian engineering forces built pontoon bridges to cross the Suez Canal , and stormed the Bar - Lev Line , Israel 's defensive line along the canal . Though the Egyptians maintained control of most of the east bank of the Canal , in the later stages of the war , the Israeli military crossed the southern section of Canal , cutting off the Egyptian 3rd Army , and occupied a section of the west bank . The war ended following a mutually agreed - upon ceasefire . After the war , as part of the subsequent Sinai Disengagement Agreements , Israel withdrew from the Canal , with Egypt agreeing to permit passage of Israeli ships . The canal was reopened in 1975 , with President Sadat leading the first convoy through the canal aboard an Egyptian destroyer . 1979 peace treaty with Israel and aftermath ( edit ) Egypt - Israel border . Looking north from the Eilat Mountains In 1979 , Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty in which Israel agreed to withdraw from the entirety of Sinai . Israel subsequently withdrew in several stages , ending in 1982 . The Israeli pull - out involved dismantling almost all Israeli settlements , including the settlement of Yamit in north - eastern Sinai . The exception was the coastal city of Sharm el - Sheikh , which the Israelis had founded as Ofira during the period of their occupation . The Treaty allows monitoring of Sinai by the Multinational Force and Observers , and limits the number of Egyptian military forces in the peninsula . Early 21st century Security issues ( edit ) Since the early 2000s , Sinai has been the site of several terror attacks against tourists , the majority of whom are Egyptian . Investigations have shown that these were mainly motivated by a resentment of the poverty faced by many Bedouin in the area . Attacking the tourist industry was viewed as a method of damaging the industry so that the government would pay more attention to their situation . ( See 2004 Sinai bombings , 2005 Sharm El Sheikh bombings and 2006 Dahab bombings ) .",
"7": "Since the 2011 Egyptian Revolution , unrest has become more prevalent in the area including the 2012 Egyptian - Israeli border attack in which 16 Egyptian soldiers were killed by militants . ( See Sinai insurgency ) . Also on the rise are kidnappings of refugees . According to Meron Estifanos , Eritrean refugees are often kidnapped by Bedouin in the northern Sinai , tortured , raped , and only released after receiving a large ransom . Under President el - Sisi , Egypt has implemented a rigorous policy of controlling the border to the Gaza Strip , including the dismantling of tunnels between Gaza and Sinai . Demographics ( edit ) Two young Bedouins making bread in the desert The two governorates of North and South Sinai have a total population of 597,000 ( January 2013 ) . This figure rises to 1,400,000 by including Western Sinai , the parts of the Port Said , Ismailia and Suez Governorates lying east of the Suez Canal . Port Said alone has a population of roughly 500,000 people ( January 2013 ) . Portions of the populations of Ismailia and Suez live in west Sinai , while the rest live on the western side of the Suez Canal . Population of Sinai has largely consisted of desert - dwelling Bedouins with their colourful traditional costumes and significant culture . Large numbers of Egyptians from the Nile Valley and Delta moved to the area to work in tourism , but development adversely affected the native Bedouin population . In order to help alleviate their problems , various NGOs began to operate in the region , including the Makhad Trust , a UK charity that assists the Bedouin in developing a sustainable income while protecting Sinai 's natural environment , heritage and culture . Economy ( edit ) Dahab in Southern Sinai is a popular beach and diving resort See also : Tourism in Egypt Since the Israeli -- Egyptian peace treaty , Sinai 's scenic spots ( including coral reefs offshore ) and religious structures have become important to the tourism industry . The most popular tourist destination in Sinai are Mount Sinai ( Jabal Musa ) and St Catherine 's Monastery , which is considered to be the oldest working Christian monastery in the world , and the beach resorts of Sharm el - Sheikh , Dahab , Nuweiba and Taba .",
"8": "Most tourists arrive at Sharm el - Sheikh International Airport , through Eilat , Israel and the Taba Border Crossing , by road from Cairo or by ferry from Aqaba in Jordan . See also ( edit ) Isthmus of Suez Operation Eagle Multinational Force and Observers Negev Bedouin Natural places Desert of Paran Mitla Pass Manmade structures Biblical Mount Sinai Nawamis Wildlife Sinai leopard References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definition of Sinai '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Define Sinayi '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sinai Peninsula ( peninsula , Egypt ) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sinai , Mount '' . JewishEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ See Biblical Mount Sinai for a fuller discussion . Jump up ^ `` Étude de la turquoise : de ses traitements et imitations '' Archived 15 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , thesis by Claire Salanne , Université de Nantes , 2009 . Jump up ^ Homberg , Catherine and Martina Bachmann , Evolution of the Levant Margin and Western Arabia Platform Since the Mesozoic , The Geological Society of London , 2010 , p 65 ISBN 978 - 1862393066 ^ Jump up to : Ned Greenwood ( 1 January 2010 ) . The Sinai : A Physical Geography . University of Texas Press . pp. 4 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 77909 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : The translation `` mining country '' is not certain , see also Rainer Hannig : Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch - Deutsch : ( 2800 - 950 v. Chr . ) . p. 1135 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=print_topic;f=8;t=008397 Jump up ^ Joseph Davidovits and Ralph Davidovits ( 2007 ) . `` Why Djoser 's blue Egyptian faience tiles are not blue ? Manufacturing Djoser 's faience tiles at temperatures as low as 250 ° C ? '' . In Jean Claude Goyon , Christine Cardin . Proceedings of the ninth International Congress of Egyptologists ( PDF ) . 1 . Louvain / Paris / Dudley . p. 375 . Jump up ^ Iranchamber Jump up ^ Schürer , Emil ; Millar , Fergus ; Vermes , Geza ( 26 March 2015 ) . The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ : . Bloomsbury Academic . p. 583 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 50161 - 5 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Jane : Petra And the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans . I.B. Tauris 2001 , ISBN 1860645089 , p. 73 - 74 ( online copy , p. 73 , at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Rogan , Eugene L. and Avi Shlaim , eds . The War for Palestine : Rewriting the History of 1948 . 2nd edition . Cambridge : Cambridge UP , p. 99 , 2007 Jump up ^ Shlaim , Avi ( 2001 ) . Israel and the Arab Coalition . In Eugene Rogan and Avi Shlaim ( eds . ) . The War for Palestine ( pp. 97 ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79476 - 3 Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/egypt-nationalizes-the-suez-canal Jump up ^ `` 1956 : Egypt Seizes Suez Canal '' . BBC . 26 July 1956 . Jump up ^ Samir A. Mutawi ( 18 July 2002 ) . Jordan in the 1967 War . Cambridge University Press . p. 93 .",
"10": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52858 - 0 . Although Eshkol denounced the Egyptians , his response to this development was a model of moderation . His speech on 21 May demanded that Nasser withdraw his forces from Sinai but made no mention of the removal of UNEF from the Straits nor of what Israel would do if they were closed to Israeli shipping . The next day Nasser announced to an astonished world that henceforth the Straits were , indeed , closed to all Israeli ships Jump up ^ Spencer , Tucker . Encyclopedia or the Arab - Israeli Conflict . p. 175 . Jump up ^ `` War of Attrition '' . Jump up ^ Serene Assir ( 23 July 2005 ) . `` Shock in Sharm '' . Al - Ahram Weekly . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Meron Stefanos on the torture houses in north Sinai Jump up ^ Sound of Torture documentary Jump up ^ http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/04/egypt-sinai-gaza-tunnels-sanctions-sisi-terrorist.html# Jump up ^ Leonard , William R. and Michael H. Crawford , The Human Biology of Pastoral Populations , Cambridge University Press , 2002 , p. 67 ISBN 978 - 0521780162 Further reading ( edit ) Gardner , Ann . `` At Home in South Sinai '' . Nomadic Peoples 2000 . Vol. 4 , Iss. 2 ; pp. 48 -- 67 . Detailed account of Bedouin women H.J.L. Beadnell ( May 1926 ) . `` Central Sinai '' . Geographical Journal . 67 ( 5 ) : 385 -- 398 . doi : 10.2307 / 1782203 . JSTOR 1782203 . C.W. Wilson ( 1873 ) . `` Recent Surveys in Sinai and Palestine '' . Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London . 43 : 206 -- 240 . doi : 10.2307 / 1798627 . JSTOR 1798627 . Jacobs , Jessica ( 2006 ) .",
"11": "`` Tourist Places and Negotiating Modernity : European Women and Romance Tourism in the Sinai '' . In Minca , Claudio ; Oakes , Tim . Travels in Paradox : Remapping Tourism . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 2876 - 5 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Teague , Matthew ; Moyer , Matt ( March 2009 ) . `` The Sinai 's Separate Peace '' . National Geographic Magazine . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society . 215 ( 3 ) : 99 -- 121 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Jarvis , C.S. , Yesterday and To - day in Sinai ( Edinburgh / London : W. Blackwood & Sons , 1931 ) . New terrorist challenges in the Sinai peninsula , prominent jihadists organisations , Strategic Impact ( 52 ) , issue : 3 / 2014 , pp. 39 - 47 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sinai Peninsula . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Sinai Peninsula . Guide to Sinai , covering background information on history , flora , fauna , desert , Bedouin , safaris and geology of Sinai Sinai Local Magazine The Complete Guide To : The Sinai , The Independent , 15 March 2008 .",
"12": "Sinai in ancient Egypt Broadcasting videos from Sinai Images of the Sinai Desert IRIN humanitarian news : EU grant to tackle rural poverty in South Sinai Sinai trekking and safari : route maps and photo archive Geography of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau People and things in the Quran ( hide ) Characters Non-humans Allâh ( `` The God '' ) Names of Allah found in the Quran Beings in Jannah ( Paradise , literally ' Garden ' ) Ghilman & Wildan Houri Zaqqum Animals Related The baqarah ( cow ) of Israelites The dhi'b ( wolf ) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The hud - hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb ( dog ) of the sleepers of the cave The nūn ( fish or whale ) of Jonah The nāqaṫ ( she - camel ) of Saleh The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians ) Non-related Ḥimār ( domesticated donkey or wild ass ) Qaswarah ( ' Lion ' , ' Beast of prey ' or ' Hunter ' ) Jinns Iblīs the Devil Ifrit Marid Qareen Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al - Yasa ' ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl - Kifl ( Ezekiel ? )",
"13": "Hārūn ( Aaron ) Hūd ( Eber ? ) Idrīs ( Enoch ? ) Ilyās ( Elijah ) ' Imrān ( Joachim the father of Maryam ) Is - ḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Isma'il Ṣādiq al - Wa 'd ( Fulfiller of the Promise ) Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shu'ayb ( Jethro , Reuel or Hobab ? ) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David ) ' Uzair ( Ezra ? ) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah ) Ya'qūb ( Jacob ) Isrâ'îl ( Israel ) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn - Nūn ( `` He of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' or `` Owner of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' ) Ṣāḥib al - Ḥūṫ ( `` Companion of the Whale '' ) Yūsuf ibn Ya'qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob ) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulu - l - ' Azm Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al - Masīḥ ( The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam ( Son of Mary ) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God ) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God ) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones Dhūl - Qarnain ( Cyrus the Great ? ) Luqmân Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭâlûṫ ( Saul or Gideon ? )",
"14": "Implied Ermia / Jeremiah Ṣamû'îl ( Samuel ) Yusha ' ibn Nūn / Joshua ( companion and successor of Musa ) People of Prophets Mentioned evil ones Āzar ( possibly Terah ) Fir'aun ( Pharaoh of Moses ) Hāmān Jâlûṫ ( Goliath ) Qarun / Korah ( cousin of Musa / Moses ) As - Sāmirī Abu Lahab Specified good ones Zechariah 's wife Adam 's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Women of Moses Moses ' mother Sister Wife Sister - in - law Isaac 's mother Zayd Non-specified good ones Abiona / Amtelai daughter of Karnebo ( mother of Ibrahim ) Bathsheba ( wife of Dawud , mother of Sulayman ) Hājar / Hagar ( wife of Ibrahim , mother of Isma'il ) Hannah / Anne daughter of Faquz ( mother of Maryam , wife of Imran ) Imran / Amram ( father of Musa ) Lamech ( father of Nuh ) Rāhil / Rachel ( wife of Ya'qub ,",
"15": "mother of Yūsuf ) Rahma / Dinah ( wife of Ayyub ) Shamkha bint Anush / Betenos ( mother of Nuh ) Son of Luqman Implied Asiyah bint Muzahim / Bithiah ( wife of Fir'aun ) Asif ibn Barkhiya ( vizier and successor of Sulayman ) Bilquis ( Queen of Saba / Sheba ) Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Benyamin / Benjamin Habib the Carpenter ( believer of Ya - Sin ) Kaleb / Caleb ( companion of Yusha ' ) Khidr Magicians of Fir'aun Simon Cephas / Simon Peter Abrahah Bal'am / Balaam Barsisa Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Potiphar ( Al - Aziz ) Shaddad Simeon ( son of Ya'qub ) Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Valid ibn Rayyan ( king of Egypt in the account of Yūsuf ) Zuleikha ( wife of al - Aziz ) Groups Mentioned Aş - ḥāb al - Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aş - ḥāb as - Sabṫ ( Companions of the Sabbath ) Christian apostles Disciples of Jesus Companions of Noah 's Ark Aş - ḥāb al - Kahf war - Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al - Raqaim ?",
"16": "Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of the City ( People of Ya - Sin ) People of Yathrib or Medina Folk of Dawud Folk of Lut Folk of Musa and Harun Nation of Nuh Tribes , ethnicities or families A'rāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ' Ād ( people of Hud ) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubba ' ( People of Tubba ) People of Saba ' / Sheba Quraysh Thamûd ( people of Saleh ) Aṣ - ḥâb al - Ḥijr ( `` Companions of the Stoneland '' ) Ajam Ar - Rûm ( literally `` The Romans '' ) Banî Isrâ'îl ( Children of Israel ) Mu'ṫafikāṫ ( The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah ) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣ - ḥāb al - Aykah ( `` Companions of the Wood '' ) Qawm Yûnus ( People of Jonah ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Ahl al - Bayṫ ( `` People of the Household '' ) Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Daughters of Abraham 's nephew Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul - Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Wives of Muhammad Household of Salih People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Aṣ - ḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Muhajirun ( Emigrants ) Anṣār Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers ,",
"17": "literally ' Helpers ' ) People of Mecca Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ( son of Adam ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl al - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus & Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Kâfirûn ( Infidels ) Zoroastrians Munafiqun ( Hypocrites ) Muslims People of the Book ( Ahl al - Kiṫāb ) Naṣārā ( Christian ( s ) or People of the Injil ) Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Rabbani / Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al - Arḍ Al - Mubārakah ( `` The Land The Blessed '' ) Al - Arḍ Al - Muqaddasah ( `` The Land The Holy '' ) In the Arabian Peninsula ( excluding Madyan ) Al - Aḥqāf ( `` The Sandy Plains ,",
"18": "'' or `` the Wind - curved Sand - hills '' ) Iram dhāṫ al - ' Imād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al - Madīnah ( formerly Yathrib ) ' Arafāṫ Al - Ḥijr ( Hegra ) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ka'bah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm ( Station of Abraham ) Safa and Marwah Saba ' ( Sheba ) ' Arim Saba ' ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass In Mesopotamia : Al - Jūdiyy Munzalanm - Mubārakan ( `` Place - of - Landing Blessed '' ) Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryaṫ Yūnus ( `` Township of Jonah , '' that is Nineveh ) Door of Hittah Madyan ( Midian ) Majma ' al - Bahrain Miṣr ( Mainland Egypt ) Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al - Wād Al - Muqaddas Ṭuwan ( The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al - Wādil - Ayman ( The valley on the ' righthand ' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor Mu'tafikat ( Sodom ) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas & ' Ariha Bilād ar - Rāfidayn ( Mesopotamia ) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār al - Nadwa Al - Ḥijāz ( literally `` The Barrier '' ) Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) & Al - Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira & Ghar al - Thawr ( Cave of the Bull ) Ta'if Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Mihrab Monastery Masjid ( Mosque ,",
"19": "literally `` Place of Prostration '' ) Al - Mash'ar Al - Ḥarām ( `` The Monument the Sacred '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Aqṣā ( Al - Aqsa Mosque , literally `` The Place - of - Prostration The Farthest '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Ḥarām ( The Sacred Mosque of Mecca ) Masjid al - Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina ,",
"20": "possibly : Masjid Qubâ ' ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet 's Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Non-human physical entities Religious texts Al - Injîl ( The Gospel of Jesus ) Al - Qur'ân ( The book of Muhammad ) Ṣuḥuf - i Ibrâhîm ( Scroll ( s ) of Abraham ) Aṫ - Ṫawrâṫ ( The Torah ) Ṣuḥuf - i - Mûsâ ( Scroll ( s ) of Moses ) Tablets of Stone Az - Zabûr ( The Psalms of David ) Related objects Forbidden fruit of Adam Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tabut al - Sakina ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) ' Ansāb Idols of Israelites : Baal The ' ijl ( golden calf statue ) of Israelites Idols of Noah 's people : Nasr Suwā ' Wadd Yaghūth Ya'ūq Idols of Quraysh : Lāt Manāṫ ' Uzza Jibt and Taghut Events Battle of al - Aḥzāb ( `` the Confederates '' ) Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Incident of Ifk Laylat al - Mabit Mubahala Sayl al - ' Arim ( Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba ) The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Umrah al - Qaza Yawm al - Dār Implied The event of Ghadir Khumm Note : The names are sorted alphabetically .",
"21": "Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) VIAF : 162783451 GND : 4104369 - 8 NDL : 00628596 Coordinates : 29 ° 30 ′ N 33 ° 50 ′ E / 29.500 ° N 33.833 ° E / 29.500 ; 33.833 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinai_Peninsula&oldid=816580927 '' Categories : Sinai Peninsula Peninsulas of Asia Peninsulas of Egypt Geography of Western Asia Landforms of the Middle East Landforms of Western Asia North Sinai Governorate South Sinai Governorate Biblical places History of Israel History of the Middle East Landforms of the Red Sea Suez Canal Western Asia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2012 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Egyptian Arabic - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Coptic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles needing additional references from March 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans",
"22": "አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha /",
"23": "ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 07 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what was the first star trek enterprise ship
|
[
"NCC-1701",
"USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)",
"USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)"
] |
{
"0": "USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 ) - wikipedia USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 ) Jump to : navigation , search For other versions of the fictional ship , see Starship Enterprise . USS Enterprise USS Enterprise First appearance `` The Cage '' Affiliation United Federation of Planets Launched 2245 General characteristics Class Constitution Registry NCC - 1701 Auxiliary craft 7 × 7 man shuttlecraft Armaments 2 x electromagnetic launch Photon Torpedo tube 3 x Twin Phaser bank Defenses Multiple Force Field Deflector Grids Propulsion 4 x dual Impulse Power Units 2 x Space Warp Propulsion Units Power Dilithium - focused matter / anti-matter reaction chamber Length 288.646 metres ( 947.00 ft ) USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 ) is a fictional starship in the fictional Star Trek universe that serves as both the main setting of the original Star Trek television series , as well as the primary transportation method for the show 's characters . The Enterprise has been depicted in four network television series , six feature films , many books , and much fan - created media . The original Star Trek series ( 1966 -- 1969 ) features a voice - over by Enterprise captain , James T. Kirk ( William Shatner ) , which describes the mission of the Enterprise as `` to explore strange new worlds ; to seek out new life and new civilizations ; to boldly go where no man has gone before '' . The Enterprise is a Constitution class Heavy Cruiser that serves as a part of Starfleet , which is the United Federation of Planets ' space - borne peace - keeping force . It is capable of Interstellar travel and serves intermittently as both a patrol craft and as a deep - space exploration vessel . The ship 's components were built at the Starfleet Division of the San Francisco Navy Yards and assembled in orbit . The NCC - 1701 appears in the first three Star Trek films in a refitted configuration . The original starship was destroyed in Star Trek III : The Search for Spock and from then on was replaced with an identical starship , the NCC - 1701 - A .",
"1": "The 2009 Star Trek film , which takes place in an alternate timeline , features a re-conceptualization of the original Enterprise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and design 1.1 Original configuration 1.2 Refit configuration 1.3 2009 reboot 2 Depiction 3 Scientific and cultural impact 3.1 Science 3.2 Culture 4 Minutiae 5 References 6 External links Origin and design ( edit ) Original configuration ( edit ) The 11 - foot ( 3.4 m ) model donated by Paramount to the Smithsonian in 1974 Star Trek art director Matt Jefferies was the primary designer of the original Starship Enterprise . Jefferies ' experience with aviation led to his Enterprise designs being imbued with what he called `` aircraft logic '' . The final interior plans of the Enterprise were designed by Franz Joseph in 1974 , with approval from both Gene Roddenberry and Paramount Pictures , six years after Star Trek had been cancelled . The plans heavily referenced both episodes of Star Trek and Matt Jefferies ' design . The ship 's `` NCC - 1701 '' registry number stemmed from `` NC '' being one of the international aircraft registration codes assigned to the United States ; the second `` C '' was added as Soviet aircraft used `` CCCC '' and Matt Jeffries combined the two as he believed a venture into space would be a joint operation by the United States and Russia . According to The Making of Star Trek , `` NCC '' is the Starfleet abbreviation for `` Naval Construction Contract '' , comparable to what the U.S. Navy would call a hull number . The `` 1701 '' was chosen to avoid any possible ambiguity ; according to Jefferies , the numbers 3 , 6 , 8 , and 9 are `` too easily confused '' . Other sources cite it as a reference to the house across the street from where Roddenberry grew up , while another account gives it as the street address of Linwood Dunn . Jefferies ' own sketches provide the explanation that it was his 17th cruiser design with the first serial number of that series : 1701 .",
"2": "The Making of Star Trek explains that `` USS '' should mean `` United Space Ship '' and that `` Enterprise is a member of the Starship Class '' . The ship 's class was officially changed to Constitution Class with the release of Franz Joseph 's Star Fleet Technical Manual in 1975 , even though all previous references identify it as Starship Class . The first miniature built for the pilot episode `` The Cage '' ( 1965 ) was unlit and approximately 33 inches ( 0.8 m ) long , commonly referred to as `` the three foot model '' . This model was constructed almost entirely of wood and was made by Richard C. Datin in his shop . It was eventually modified during the course of the series to match the changes made to the larger model before and after shooting of the second pilot , and appears on - set in `` Requiem for Methuselah '' ( 1969 ) after some damage sustained in storage had been partially repaired . The second miniature built for the original pilot measures 11 feet 2 inches ( 3.4 m ) long and was built by a small crew of model makers ( Volmer Jensen , Mel Keys and Vernon Sion ) supervised by Richard C. Datin , working out of Jensen 's model shop in Burbank , California ( although the larger base components were subcontracted to a shop with a large lathe ) . It was initially filmed by both Howard A. Anderson and Linwood G. Dunn at Dunn 's Film Effects of Hollywood facility , who also re-filmed later more - elaborate models of the ship , generating a variety of stock footage that was used in later episodes . Initially , the models were static and had no electronics . For the second pilot , `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' ( 1966 ) , various details of the 11 - foot model were altered , and the starboard window ports and running lights were internally illuminated . When the series was picked up and went into production , the model was altered yet again . These alterations included the addition of translucent domes and blinking lights at the forward ends of the engine nacelles , smaller domes at the stern end of the engine nacelles , a shorter bridge dome , and a smaller deflector / sensor dish .",
"3": "Save for re-used footage from the two pilot episodes , this was the appearance of the ship throughout the series , except for some detail added to nacelles for shots used in `` The Trouble with Tribbles '' . Two small ( 3 `` ) models were also made for the episode `` Catspaw '' , one embedded in a block of lucite , bringing the total number of models used to represent Enterprise during the original series to four . While the three - foot model was lost during construction of a new model ( the refurbished version seen in the first movie ) , the 11 feet ( 3.4 m ) model has undergone a historic restoration , having previously been displayed in the Gift Shop downstairs at the Smithsonian Institution 's National Air and Space Museum in Washington , D.C. , and was unveiled in its new display position in the lobby of the Milestones of Flight Hall at NASM 's 40th anniversary celebration on July 1 , 2016 , which also roughly coincides with Star Trek 's 50th anniversary . Greg Jein created a model of the original Enterprise for the Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episode `` Trials and Tribble - ations '' ( 1996 ) . Jein 's model was built to be exactly half the size of the larger of the two original models , and later appeared in the 1998 Star Trek wall calendar . In addition , a CGI model of the ship makes a brief cameo appearance at the end of the final episode of Star Trek : Enterprise , `` These Are the Voyages ... '' ( 2005 ) , and another CGI version was created for remastered episodes of the original Star Trek , based on the model in the Smithsonian .",
"4": "Refit configuration ( edit ) USS Enterprise The refitted Enterprise at the battle of the Mutara Nebula First appearance Star Trek The Motion Picture ( 1979 ) Affiliation United Federation of Planets Starfleet Launched 2270 General characteristics Class Enterprise Registry NCC - 1701 Maximum speed Warp 12 Auxiliary craft 5 x Mark VIII Long Range Shuttlecraft with warp drive sled Armaments 2 x electromagnetic launch Photon Torpedo tube 6 x twin phaser bank 6 x single phaser Defenses Multiple Force Field Deflector Grids Propulsion 1 x dual Impulse power unit with impulse deflection crystal 2 x Space Warp Propulsion Units Power linear intermix matter / anti-matter reaction chamber Length 304.8 meters ( 1000 ft ) The refitted Enterprise that appears in the first three Star Trek films was initially designed by Matt Jefferies , based on an early design he had made of a hypothetical Enterprise refit for the original Star Trek , and reworked for the scrapped Star Trek : Phase II TV series . While Andrew Probert and Richard Taylor often take credit for the design , the changes they actually made compared to Jefferies ' original designs largely amount to minor detail alterations . Michael Minor , Gene Roddenberry , Joe Jennings , Douglas Trumbull , Harold Michaelson , and Jim Dow contributed in part to the final look of Enterprise , while Jim Dow was in charge of building the model and created all the molds and structural processes . Paul Olsen painted the distinct `` Aztec '' paint scheme to provide an additional level of detail for the film screen , and to suggest the notion of interlocking panels providing tensile strength to the hull . The 8 - foot ( 2.4 m ) model was re-used as the USS Enterprise - A in the fourth , fifth , and sixth Star Trek films . Foundation Imaging created a CGI model of the ship for the `` Director 's Edition '' release of Star Trek : The Motion Picture to add footage envisioned but never shot by director Robert Wise .",
"5": "2009 reboot ( edit ) USS Enterprise The re-conceptualized , `` alternate universe '' Enterprise in the 2009 Star Trek film First appearance Star Trek ( 2009 ) Affiliation United Federation of Planets Starfleet Launched 2258 General characteristics Registry NCC - 1701 Maximum speed Warp 8 Auxiliary craft Shuttlecraft Armaments Photon torpedoes Phasers Defenses Deflector shields Propulsion Impulse engines Warp drive Power Matter / antimatter Enterprise was redesigned for the 2009 Star Trek film . Director J.J. Abrams wanted Enterprise to have a `` hot rod '' look while retaining the traditional shape , but otherwise afforded Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) `` tremendous '' leeway in creating the ship . Perhaps the most notable change was in the large engine nacelles , seen attached to the main body . The change applied a sleeker finish and shape to the otherwise simple nacelles of the previous ship . Concept artist Ryan Church 's initial designs were modeled and refined by set designer Joseph Hiura . This design was then given to ILM for further refinement and developed into photo - realistic models by Alex Jaeger 's team . ILM 's Roger Guyett recalled the original Enterprise being `` very static '' , and added moving components to the film 's model . ILM retained subtle geometric forms and patterns to allude to the original Enterprise . The computer model 's digital paint recreates the appearance of `` interference paint '' , which contains small particles of mica to alter the apparent color , used on the first three films ' model . The initial redesign of Enterprise was notably larger than the original Enterprise and was projected to be 367 meters length and between 170 and 180 meters wide but the final version used in the films was upscaled to be at least 700 meters length and 330 -- 350 meters wide . Depiction ( edit ) Built between 2243 and 2245 in the original Star Trek timeline , Starfleet commissioned the Enterprise in 2245 .",
"6": "In Star Trek , the ship 's dedication plaque lists it as `` Starship Class '' ; however , with the release of Franz Joseph 's Star Fleet Technical Manual in 1975 , the ship was renamed `` Constitution class '' , even though all previous references identify it as `` Starship Class '' . This is confirmed by episode dialogue in `` Relics '' , a Next Generation episode which refers to the vessel as a `` Constitution class '' starship . Star Trek : The Animated Series states that Robert April is Enterprise 's first commanding officer . After April , Captain Christopher Pike ( Jeffrey Hunter ) commands Enterprise for about a decade , and Pike is the commanding officer in the ( originally un-aired ) pilot `` The Cage '' . Throughout the first Star Trek television series , Captain James T. Kirk commands the ship on a five - year mission of exploration . Before the events of Star Trek : The Motion Picture ( 1979 ) , Enterprise undergoes an 18 - month refit overseen by its new commanding officer , Willard Decker ( Stephen Collins ) . In early scenes of the film , Decker describes the refit to Admiral Kirk as `` an almost totally new Enterprise '' . Star Trek novels and the semi-official fan - produced internet series Star Trek : New Voyages ( and the abortive planned TV series Star Trek : Phase II ) depict a second five - year exploratory mission under Kirk 's command between the events of the first and second films . Spock ( Leonard Nimoy ) commands Enterprise , serving as a training ship , at the beginning of Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan ( 1982 ) , but Kirk assumes command when the ship investigates problems with Project Genesis . USS Reliant , hijacked by Khan Noonien Singh ( Ricardo Montalbán ) , inflicts substantial damage to Enterprise ; Spock sacrifices his life to save the ship . Shortly after returning to spacedock at the beginning of Star Trek III : The Search for Spock ( 1984 ) , Enterprise is marked for decommissioning . Kirk leads his officers in stealing the ship in an attempt to restore Spock 's life . In the process , they are attacked by Klingons inflicting mortal damage on the ship ; to even the odds and gain a tactical advantage , Kirk is forced to destroy Enterprise by activating its self - destruct system .",
"7": "Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home ( 1986 ) opens with Kirk and his officers agreeing to return to Earth to face judgment for their actions in the previous film . En route ( in the Klingon vessel they had commandeered ) , they travel back in time to stop a probe threatening to destroy Earth . Upon the success of their mission and return to the 23rd century , the charges against the crew are dismissed . Admiral Kirk is `` punished '' with a demotion in rank to captain and is given command of Enterprise 's successor , USS Enterprise , NCC - 1701 - A . In the 2009 film Star Trek , Enterprise makes its first appearance in an altered timeline while it is still under construction in a planetside yard in Riverside , Iowa in 2255 . Captain Christopher Pike ( Bruce Greenwood ) commands Enterprise on its maiden voyage in 2258 to respond to a distress call from Vulcan although command later shifts to Commander Spock ( Zachary Quinto ) and , by film 's conclusion , Kirk ( Chris Pine ) is promoted to captain and receives command of the Federation 's flagship as his first assignment out of the academy . This version of the ship , like the movies it appeared in , was controversial for being a radical departure from the original . The re-imagined Enterprise appears in both 2013 's Star Trek Into Darkness and 2016 's Star Trek Beyond , where it is destroyed . Scientific and cultural impact ( edit ) The Starship Enterprise , and by extension , Star Trek as a franchise , has had considerable scientific and cultural impact . Science ( edit ) The Enterprise 's command bridge design was considered for use by the United States Navy due to the efficiency of its style and layout , and has been emulated in functional Bridge designs . More precisely , the layout of task stations caused the Navy to rethink the division of labor for managing rapidly changing information : the helmsman focuses on immediate steering requirements , navigator plans helmsman 's next actions , the captain plans strategy while looking over the shoulders of both . Without visual distraction , the captain is told from behind about engine status , weapons status , and fleet communications . The design has also been emulated for Combat Information Centers and Ship 's Mission Centers . NASA created a webpage dedicated to Star Trek 's technology .",
"8": "The ship 's hull design was tested at hypersonic velocity by using the University of Queensland 's Super-Orbital Expansion Tube using Holographic interferometry , and found that at Mach 5 speed , the bow shocks pass comfortably outside the other sections of the vehicle without experiencing `` shock - shock '' interactions ( where one shock wave hits another directly in front of the body of the aircraft , which can be catastrophic for structural integrity ) . At least one website has been created that proposes a functional spacecraft with a layout similar to the Enterprise could be constructed and used as a fully functioning interplanetary craft , and could - according to the author - be built with current technology in as little as twenty years from the time of his writing . Culture ( edit ) In 1968 , a write - in campaign caused the owners of Star Trek , the first television series to depict the Starship Enterprise , to reverse their decision to cancel the show after its second season . In 1976 , another write - in campaign led to the first space shuttle being named Enterprise rather than Constitution . In 1974 , the Smithsonian accepted the donation of the primary model of the Starship Enterprise used in filming the original series , for display at its National Air and Space Museum -- the first and only artifact at the nation 's most visited museum that depicts a fictional craft . The original Enterprise appears on a commemorative stamp released by the United States Postal Service . The Canadian town of Vulcan , Alberta , created a 31 - foot model starship inspired by Star Trek 's Enterprise . The operations aboard Enterprise have been used as an analogy for practices in human resources management . In 2009 , Virgin Galactic named its first commercial spaceship VSS Enterprise in honor of the Star Trek vessel . Minutiae ( edit ) The Enterprise was originally going to be named Yorktown ( as seen in series creator Gene Roddenberry 's first outline drafts of the series ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Enterprise , U.S.S '' . Startrek.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Trek Blueprints -- General Plans Constitution Class : U.S.S. Enterprise '' . CBS Paramount . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 .",
"9": "The following ships of this class were constructed under authorization of the original articles of the United Federation of Planets ( ... ) Enterprise -- NCC - 1701 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wayback Machine '' . Web.archive.org. 6 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2006 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Class 1 Heavy Cruiser Plans '' ( JPG ) . Cygnus-x1.net . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' . Web.archive.org. 6 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2006 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan Transcript '' . Paramount . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Space , the final frontier . These are the continuing voyages of the Starship Enterprise . Her ongoing mission , to explore strange new worlds , to seek out new lifeforms and new civilizations . To boldly go where no man has gone before . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Blueprints -- General Plans Constitution Class : U.S.S. Enterprise '' . CBS Paramount . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . The Heavy Cruiser Starship class is the main element of United Federation of Planets peace - keeping forces ( ... ) Enterprise -- NCC - 1701 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Star Trek `` The Cage '' transcript `` . ^ Jump up to : Whitfield , Stephen PE ; Roddenberry , Gene ( 1968 ) . The Making of Star Trek . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 31554 - 5 . OCLC 23859 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Star Trek '' . The Boston Globe . p.",
"10": "1 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Model , Starship Enterprise , Television Show , `` Star Trek '' `` . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Ben ; Marcus Riley ( 2011 - 07 - 21 ) . Star Trek : U.S.S. Enterprise : Haynes Manual . Simon & Schuster . pp. Forward . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Franz Joseph - General Plans Constitution Class : U.S.S. Enterprise '' . CBS Paramount . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2004 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . I laid the drawing out , scaled and sized it , and made a drawing of the Enterprise . Next I devised the Dreadnought , made a drawing of one of the uniforms , and about twelve drawings in all . They were drawn on the format I 'd already devised for the Technical Orders . I sent a copy of the T.O. 's for the Dreadnought and the Enterprise to Gene Roddenberry on June 3rd , told him what I was doing , and inquired about proprietary rights . I got a letter in reply immediately , stating there was no problem with the proprietary rights , that he liked what I was doing , and wanted me to proceed ... So I sent him copies of some fourteen T.O. 's I 'd made to date and I got a very enthusiastic letter back . He said he 'd never seen anything like that before and he wanted to see more of it . So I started collecting Star Trek material in order to be able to make the T.O. 's . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Interview with Franz Joseph - General Plans Constitution Class : U.S.S. Enterprise '' . CBS Paramount . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2004 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . I had told Gene I did n't feel comfortable trading on someone else 's original idea , but he insisted the Manual would be a real asset to the memorabilia .",
"11": "I told him I 'd stay with the theme he 'd developed , explained the errors and what I 'd planned to do about them , and also offered to send any major changes to him for approval before using them . This way , since the subject was dead , I did n't think I 'd be hurting anything he 'd accomplished . I was n't interested in science fiction , or the Star Trek TV series . My interest was in the interplanetary community , how much we actually knew about its potentiality , and the true science and technology as it would exist in that time period . I was n't interested in watching the TV reruns although I saw every episode maybe 50 times or so , just to confirm a single detail of something I was going to put in the Manual . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Report : Visual Effects Magic Not Always High - Tech '' . Report : Visual Effects Magic Not Always High - Tech. startrek.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 14 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Star Trek '' . BBC . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Fine Scale Modeler , May 1998 , page 8 . Jump up ^ Magid , Ron . `` ILM creates new universe of Effects for Star Trek Generations '' . American Cinematographer , April 1995 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` Forgotten Trek Returns '' . Forgotten Trek . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek 's U.S.S. Enterprise to Boldly Go Back to the Workshop '' . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Original Starship Enterprise Model from the Star Trek TV Show '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : The Motion Picture Official Blueprints '' . CBS Paramount . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2007 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 .",
"12": "The refitted Enterprise is more powerful than any vessel in Starfleet because of its linear inter-mix chamber , , which not only boosts the magnatomic - initiator stage of the new nacelles , but also fires directly into the deflection crystal of the new nacelles . ( ... ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : The Motion Picture Official Blueprints '' . CBS Paramount . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2007 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Normally patrolling in `` packs '' of three , the cruisers are deadly for a single Federation starship . The new Enterprise class , however , promises to even those odds . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Star Trek The Motion Picture 14 official blueprints - sheet 3 '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 16 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Star Trek The Motion Picture 14 official blueprints - sheet 10 '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 06 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Star Trek The Motion Picture 14 official blueprints - sheet 1 '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 06 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Star Trek The Motion Picture 14 official blueprints - sheet 2 '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 06 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Enterprise 1701A refit plans '' . Paramount . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Matt Jefferies redesign '' . Paramount . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 .",
"13": "CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Phase 2 Enterprise '' . David Shaw . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Screen capture of Andrew Probert 's debate with Paul Olsen '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Interview with Richard Taylor '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Enterprise refit comparison 1 '' . Paramount . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Enterprise refit comparison 2 '' . Paramount . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Okuda , Michael ; Denise Okuda ; Debbie Mirek ( 1999 ) . The Star Trek Encyclopedia . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 53609 - 5 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Tracey ( December 2001 ) . `` Redesigning the USS Enterprise NCC - 1701 '' . Star Trek : the Magazine . Fabbri Publishing . 2 ( 8 ) : 85 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Paul ( 2013 ) . Creating The Enterprise . Bristol , UK : STAR Books . pp. 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 . ISBN 0 9740407 11 . Jump up ^ Hood , Jamie . `` Probing the Ships of Star Trek : the Motion Picture '' . Round 2 Models . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ `` Official Star Trek Site Updated With Final ' Dossiers ' + New Info Section + more '' . TrekMovie.com . ^ Jump up to : `` How ILM came up with the new Enterprise for J.J. Abrams ' Trek '' . Sci Fi Wire. 2009 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Plant , Bob ( 2009 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Church of Trek '' . Round 2 Models . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : History & Effect on Space Technology '' . Space.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Perhaps the most famous example of Star Trek inspiring real - life took place in the 1970s . ( ... ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Whitfield , Stephen ; Gene Roddenberry ( September 1968 ) . The Making of Star Trek . Ballantine Books . Jump up ^ Navy Times ( 2017 ) . `` LCS 2 's Streamlined Design Could Become Fleet 's New Standard '' . U.S. Navy . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Visitors to Independence 's pilot - house see many resemblances to the bridge of the Starship Enterprise , including two side - by - side command chairs with their own computer keyboards , a third chair behind them for overseeing the ship 's activity , and more consoles for engines , weapons and sensors in the back of the pilothouse . The ship 's captain has a fourth chair , of his own , on the starboard side , with a monitor for the ship 's vital information . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Matthew Griffin ( 2016 ) . `` Capable of full - autonomy , we go inside the stealth destroyer uss Zumwalt '' . Global Futurist . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 .",
"15": "The SMC looks like a miniature version of a war room at the Pentagon and works in a similar fashion to the bridge seen on Star Trek . Gone are the purpose built heavy consoles used in a ship 's dark and cramped CIC , such as those still found today aboard AEGIS combat systemequipped cruisers and destroyers . In their place the new SMC is entirely re-configurable and features streamlined consoles and workstations running on an incredibly powerful array of custom - built software and advanced off the shelf hardware . Jump up ^ Tyler Rogoway ( 2016 ) . `` The Navy 's New Stealth Destroyer '' . The Drive . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . The nerve - center of the ship is also new . Gone is the classic low - ceilinged and vault - like Combat Information Center ( CIC ) of AEGIS equipped destroyers and cruisers . In its place is the SMC , the Ship 's Mission Center , which looks more like a starship command center than something found on a surface combatant . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Science of Star Trek '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Here 's a list of the standard Star Trek features , roughly in order of increasing scientific incredibility . ( ... ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` U.S.S. Enterprise Aerodynamics and Reentry Test '' . University of Queensland . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Spaceship Enterprise in 20 years ? Beam me up ! '' . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kendall Ashley ( 2016 ) . `` You Can Thank Star Trek Superfan Bjo Trimble For Saving The Enterprise '' . Geek and Sundry . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 .",
"16": "Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Upon learning that Star Trek 's journey through the final frontier was cancelled after just two seasons , Trimble became highly involved in a campaign to save the show . Trimble set up a grassroots letter writing campaign to petition NBC to allow Star Trek another season , and she was successful . Star Trek got a third season , and while it ultimately was cancelled after that third season , the show had enough episodes to enter syndication . The Star Trek television series quickly became a huge fan favorite and launched films ( which are still being made to this day ) and numerous television spin - offs that are beloved by fans all over the globe . ( ... ) Jump up ^ NASA ( 2000 ) . `` Enterprise ( OV - 101 ) '' . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2015 . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Institution ( 2017 ) . `` Star Trek Starship Enterprise Studio Model '' . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Stamps Postal History - Star Trek stamps beaming into United States Post Office '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 24 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` About Vulcan , Alberta 's Star Ship FX6 - 1995 - A '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Effron , Marc ; Marshall Goldsmith ( 2003 - 04 - 30 ) . Human resources in the 21st century . John Wiley and Sons . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Galactic 's Private Spaceship Makes First Crewed Flight '' . Space.com. 2010 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 .",
"17": "External links ( edit ) USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 ) at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 ) ( alternate reality ) at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Spacecraft named Enterprise Star Trek starships NCC - 1701 NX - 01 NASA Space Shuttle orbiter Virgin SpaceShip NASA interstellar spacecraft concept Star Trek ships named Enterprise Ships OV - 101 NX - 01 NCC - 1701 NCC - 1701 - A NCC - 1701 - B NCC - 1701 - C NCC - 1701 - D NCC - 1701 - E Captains Jonathan Archer Robert April Christopher Pike James T. Kirk Willard Decker Spock John Harriman Rachel Garrett Jean - Luc Picard William Riker Edward Jellico Category : Star Trek Star Trek : The Original Series Episodes Season 1 The Animated Series episodes Films The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country Characters Christine Chapel Pavel Chekov James T. Kirk Leonard McCoy Janice Rand Montgomery Scott Spock ( Development ) Hikaru Sulu Nyota Uhura Number One Related topics Awards and nominations The God Thing Planet of the Titans Theme song USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 ) USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 - A ) Book Star Trek reboot series Primary characters Pavel Chekov James T.",
"18": "Kirk Leonard McCoy Christopher Pike Montgomery Scott Khan Noonien Singh Spock Hikaru Sulu Nyota Uhura Media Films Star Trek ( awards ) Star Trek Into Darkness ( awards ) Star Trek Beyond Comic books Star Trek : Countdown Star Trek : Nero Star Trek : Khan Video games Star Trek DAC Star Trek Star Trek : Bridge Crew Other topics USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 ) Category : Star Trek Spacecraft in Star Trek Main vessels USS Enterprise USS Enterprise - A USS Enterprise - D USS Enterprise - E Deep Space Nine USS Defiant USS Voyager Enterprise NX - 01 USS Discovery Other vessels Earth Spacedock Ferengi starships Klingon starships Runabout Shuttlecraft ( Galileo ) Starship Enterprise List of Starfleet starships ordered by class Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701)&oldid=819375838 '' Categories : Fictional elements introduced in 1966 Star Trek spacecraft Star Trek : The Original Series Star Trek : Phase II Artifacts in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 01 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Ménage a Troi - wikipedia Ménage a Troi Jump to : navigation , search For a household of three lovers , see Ménage à trois . For other uses , see Ménage à trois ( disambiguation ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Ménage à Troi '' Star Trek : The Next Generation episode Episode no . Season 3 Episode 24 Directed by Robert Legato Written by Fred Bronson Susan Sackett Featured music Ron Jones Production code 172 Original air date May 28 , 1990 Guest appearance ( s ) Majel Barrett as Lwaxana Troi Frank Corsentino as Daimon Tog Ethan Phillips as Farek Peter Slutsker as Nibor Rudolph Willrich as Reittan Grax Carel Struycken as Mr. Homn Episode chronology ← Previous `` Sarek '' Next → `` Transfigurations '' List of Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes `` Ménage à Troi '' is the 24th episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation , and the 72nd episode of the series overall . Commander Riker , Counselor Troi and Ambassador Lwaxana Troi are kidnapped by Ferengi .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) At a reception aboard the Federation starship Enterprise following a trade conference on Betazed , Counselor Deanna Troi argues with her mother , Lwaxana Troi , about her insistence that Deanna get married and raise a family . At the same party , Lwaxana is approached by the Ferengi Daimon Tog of the ship Krayton , who is interested in Lwaxana in a sexual way , but also explains he would like Lwaxana to use her telepathy to help him make business . Lwaxana rejects him flatly and later remarks that she would rather eat Orion Wing Slugs than date Tog . Afterwards , at the urging of Captain Picard , Commander Riker and his one - time flame , Deanna , decide to take a quick shore leave on Betazed while the Enterprise heads out on a routine mission studying a nebula . Lwaxana tracks down her daughter and Riker , with intent to encourage a renewed romance between the couple . She is just getting started when Daimon Tog arrives stating that he has come for Lwaxana . When he is again rebuffed by Lwaxana , Tog has himself and the others transported aboard the Krayton , leaving a confused Mr. Homn to wonder where his employer has gone . The three awaken in a cell aboard the Krayton . Tog then has Deanna and Lwaxana beamed into the lab of Farek , a Ferengi doctor who hopes to study Lwaxana 's telepathy using mind probes . In the process of transporting them he leaves the women 's clothing behind , saying that women are not worthy enough to wear clothes . Lwaxana pretends to be interested in Tog , and gains Deanna 's return to the cell with Riker by agreeing to discuss with Tog a proposal to use her telepathic abilities in trade negotiations . Riker entices a Ferengi guard into a chess game , and once outside the cell , Riker quickly overpowers the guard . Once freed , Deanna and Riker attempt to send a message to the Enterprise , only to learn that the ship 's communication system is secured by access code .",
"2": "As Lwaxana seduces Tog by rubbing his ears , she receives a telepathic message from Deanna asking her to try to get Tog 's access code . Lwaxana has nearly gotten Tog to tell her the code when Farek walks in and catches her in the act . Farek threatens to humiliate Tog by revealing his incompetence to the Ferengi , but offers to forget the incident if Lwaxana is turned over to him for experimentation , despite the fact that the proposed tests may be lethal . Meanwhile , the Enterprise leaves the nebula , which has been interfering with communications , and learn from Betazed officials that Riker and the Trois have been kidnapped . Returning to Betazed , the Enterprise crew discovers flowers indigenous to a Ferengi planet at the spot where Deanna and Riker were last seen . Picard orders a frequency scan to see if Riker has somehow sent a message , but are unable to pick up anything discernible . In fact , Riker has tapped into the system on the Krayton that suppresses Cochrane distortion from the ship 's warp field , and modulated it to generate a signal using unsuppressed distortion into a pattern he hopes the Enterprise crew will recognize . In the midst of the search , Acting Ensign Wesley Crusher is in final preparation to depart to Earth for his second attempt to pass the Starfleet Academy entrance exam . Just as he is about to leave , he realizes that the modulated interference itself may be the signal , and rushes back to the Bridge , missing his transport back to Earth . Decoding the signal , young Crusher finds Riker has provided the heading of the Krayton and the Enterprise heads out in pursuit . In the meantime , Deanna is experiencing great pain as she senses the mind probes being used on her mother . Riker , having finished setting up the modulation of the Cochrane distortion , arms himself and bursts into Farek 's lab to free Lwaxana , but a standoff ensues when Tog enters with a phaser . Just then the Enterprise arrives , and Lwaxana buys the release of Troi and Riker by agreeing to stay with Tog and serve him both as a lover and a business partner .",
"3": "After Riker and Deanna are returned to the Enterprise , Picard begins to play the role of a jealous lover , describing his love for Lwaxana and telling Tog that if he can not have her no one will , and threatens to destroy the Krayton if she is not delivered to him immediately . When Picard tries to `` win back '' Lwaxanna at the end , he recites two William Shakespeare sonnets : 141 and 18 . Fearing for his life Daimon Tog hurriedly beams Lwaxana directly to the Enterprise Bridge and leaves the area post-haste . So taken is Lwaxana by Picard 's poetic profession of `` love '' for her that she takes her place on his lap in the command chair , causing Picard to quickly tell Ensign Crusher to `` set course for Betazed '' , almost whispering `` warp nine '' . Crusher is told that he will be allowed to reapply for entrance to Starfleet Academy in one year , and Picard gives him a field promotion to full Ensign in light of his contributions to the ship and crew . Notes ( edit ) Ethan Phillips , who makes his Star Trek debut in this episode as a Ferengi , would later go on to become a regular on Star Trek : Voyager , playing the character Neelix . Scenes on Betazed were filmed on the Huntington Library botanic garden . Shakespeare 's Sonnets : http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1041/1041-h/1041-h.htm References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0708749/trivia?ref_=tt_trv_trv Star Trek The Next Generation DVD set , volume 3 , disc 6 , selection 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ménage à Troi `` Ménage à Troi '' on IMDb `` Ménage à Troi '' at TV.com Ménage à Troi at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Ménage à Troi at StarTrek.com Ménage à Troi rewatch by Keith R.A.",
"4": "DeCandido ( hide ) Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes Seasons 6 7 Season 3 `` Evolution '' `` The Ensigns of Command '' `` The Survivors '' `` Who Watches the Watchers '' `` The Bonding '' `` Booby Trap '' `` The Enemy '' `` The Price '' `` The Vengeance Factor '' `` The Defector '' `` The Hunted '' `` The High Ground '' `` Déjà Q '' `` A Matter of Perspective '' `` Yesterday 's Enterprise '' `` The Offspring '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Allegiance '' `` Captain 's Holiday '' `` Tin Man '' `` Hollow Pursuits '' `` The Most Toys '' `` Sarek '' `` Ménage à Troi '' `` Transfigurations '' `` The Best of Both Worlds , Part I '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Ménage_à_Troi&oldid = 828043672 '' Categories : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 3 ) episodes 1990 American television episodes Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from July 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles lacking in - text citations from August 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 06 : 27 . About Wikipedia",
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