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Guevara had an outstanding work during insurrectional stage of the 1959 Revolution, and in March that same year he founded the Cuban Institute of Cinematographic Art and Industry (ICAIC), one of the most significant cultural actions at that time.
From its foundation up until 1980, Alfredo Guevara was head of the ICAIC. Under his direction, the organization was pivotal in the development of Cuban cinema which came to be identified with anti-imperialism and revolution.
The ICAIC not only involved the emergence of a thriving and innovative Cuban cinema, it also hosted the celebration of the International Festival of New Latin American Cinema, an event that gave warmth and strength to generations of filmmakers committed to the future of their people.
Author of several books that delve into the core of the responsibility of intellectuals with their realities- Guevara, born in Havana on December 31, 1925, received the 2003 National Film Award, among many other accolades.
Also he was granted the Order of Commander of the Legion of Honor, the highest honor given by the Government of France, and the Federico Fellini Gold Medal.
His work in the movie industry began in the 1950s, when he worked as an assistant for directors like Spanish Luis Buñuel and Mexican Manuel Barbachano.
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The role of the state in the Turkish economy
MetadataShow full item record
CitationGür, N. (2018). The role of the state in the Turkish economy. Turkish Economy: Between Middle Income Trap and High Income Status içinde (15-37. ss.). Springer. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70380-0_2
The role of the state in economic performance is critical for almost every country. This chapter reviews and assesses the effectiveness of the state in the Turkish economy over the last 15 years. A well-functioning state is key for Turkey to be prosperous and have a larger say in the global economy and for its citizens to have higher living standards. Turkey needs new investments and reforms to escape the middle-income trap. To make this happen, the state should undertake a number of important tasks, from industrial policies to institutional reforms. This chapter argues that making the institutional infrastructure more inclusive, implementing smart industrial policies, and improving the welfare state mechanism are the vital issues the state should focus on to take the Turkish economy to higher steps of the development ladder.
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Reflection upon the fifth annual meeting of the Gariwo network: Preventing Genocide through the Example of the Righteous.
The first day of the fifth annual meeting of the GariwoNetwork: "Preventing Genocide through the Example of the Righteous” confirmed the premise that brought me to Gariwo several years ago. That is the view that morally elevating younger generations to care about others is one of the best ways to prevent genocide. The speakers also demonstrated how the example of the Righteous is uniquely powerful at evoking moral elevation. (1) Then, the second day’s discussion on “Tools and methodologies to work on the theme of the Righteous and genocide prevention,” (1) revealed an additional way that teaching about the example of the Righteous can prevent genocide.
The second day stressed that effective teaching about the Righteous requires an emotional connection (i.e., moral elevation) and knowledge. That reminded me of Carl Sagan’s argument that knowledge requires “skepticism.” (2) By skepticism, Sagan meant taking the time and effort to compare what people say to what the evidence of our senses tells us before communicating acceptance or rejection of those statements. When I remembered Sagan’s argument, I had the following series of thoughts about the Righteous, skepticism, and preventing the propaganda that makes genocide possible.
Genocide Requires Propaganda
History books and museums dedicated to genocides typically include a section on the propaganda that preceded the extermination of a category of people. Such a section is essential because it helps answer the crucial question: How could a genocide happen? Propaganda paves the way to genocide by proclaiming that a category of innocent people is deserving of extermination.
Propaganda Requires the Suspension of Skepticism
Although asserting derogatory claims about groups may be a necessary precursor to genocide, the mere assertion of such claims is not sufficient. For genocide to occur, it is also necessary for people to communicate acceptance of those claims. For example, when people communicated acceptance of the claim that “Jews are rats,” they communicated their willingness to accept the influence of those making the claims unskeptically. (3) Genocide occurs when people abandon skepticism and communicate their willingness to murder a category of innocent people.
Skepticism can Prevent Genocide
If the abandonment of skepticism is necessary for propaganda to be effective enough to allow genocide to happen, then the presence of skepticism can prevent genocide.
Skepticism can be Taught
The good news is that skepticism can be taught, encouraged, and promoted. As mentioned during the second day of Gariwo’s annual meeting, students love to engage with a topic by taking the role of a “detective” evaluating empirical evidence. Teachers can nurture that attraction toward skepticism by providing examples of skepticism to be emulated.
The Behavior of the Righteous Implies Skepticism
Risking one’s life to save someone other people call a rat communicates the skeptical rejection of that claim. Thus, the behavior of the Righteous communicates skepticism of the propaganda put forth by those engaged in genocide. Further, the Righteous communicate their skepticism when that behavior counts most.
Gariwo Can Prevent Genocide by Teaching Skepticism
Gariwo is uniquely positioned to prevent genocide by teaching skepticism because the behavior of the Righteous provides powerful examples of skepticism. Thus, the Righteous can model both selfless altruism and the skeptical use of one’s senses to think for oneself instead of following the propaganda put forth by others.
Encouraging skepticism is also consistent with Gariwo’s commitment to “have no political colouring.” That position is crucial because skepticism becomes “problematic” when any specific political dogma guides teaching. Politically guided approaches to education often pride themselves on being “critical.” However, such criticism is the opposite of skepticism because it is based on political disagreement instead of an examination of evidence. Even if one agrees with the rising political ideology, a future world without skepticism meets one of the necessary conditions for the occurrence of genocides.
Analysis by Craig Palmer, anthropologist
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The attraction of work at the local lumber mill and the prospect of purchasing inexpensive cut-over timberland lured Hungarian settlers to Eastern Livingston in the late 19th century.
Adam Mocsary, Julius Bruskay, and Tivador Zborary, workers at the Charles Brackenridge Lumber Company, were among the early migrants who established the Hungarian Settlement in 1896. Word of their success spread, and by 1905, more settlers arrived along with their spiritual needs. The first Masses and other religious services were held in the Immigration House away from the current St. Margaret property.
As the population grew, Catholic Hungarians were desirous of their own place of worship. In 1909, some twenty acres were donated by Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Juhasz for the purpose of constructing a church. Archbishop James Herbert Blenk, the ordinary of the Archdiocese of New Orleans, approved the construction of the Church and the erection of the parish of St. Margaret.
While many of the Hungarian immigrants had a devotion to Margaret of Hungary and hoped the Church would be dedicated to her patronage, she was not canonized until 1943. Church law at the time stipulated that any Church should be named in honor of an officially canonized saint. Thus, the new Parish was entrusted to the honor of St. Margaret, Queen of Scotland; ironically, she was Hungarian by birth but lived her life in exile after the Norman Conquest of England.
The first timber was laid for the Church in 1910; later that year, though incomplete, the current structure was used for religious services. Parishioners recalled attending Mass, able to view the bright Louisiana sunshine overhead while seated inside. Supplies for building were donated by Brackenridge and by Thomas Lumber Company located in Springfield, and construction was slow as all labor was donated too. Most of the construction crew were strawberry farmers by day and church builders on weekends. Construction was finally completed in 1912, and the solemn blessing of the Church took place on 08 September of that same year.
In its formative years, St. Margaret had no resident pastor. Instead, a priest came, by horseback or horse-drawn buggy from Gessen, the site of a Benedictine monastery now known as Rosaryville. Early Benedictine monks would travel the five-mile trek to St. Margaret where the priest would be greeted by young parishioners who were eager to fetch his horse to hitch it to a post at the rear of the church, to water and feed it. These same young parishioners would hitch the horse to a buggy at the conclusion of the Mass so that the priest could resume his pastoral duties elsewhere.
Several religious orders served the Congregation at St. Margaret: Benedictines (1905-1912); Dominicans (1912-1920); the Oblates of Mary Immaculate (1920-1984); and priests of the Diocese of Baton Rouge (1984-Present).
Several milestones are evident in St. Margaret’s history:
- A school was established in 1914 to educate and indoctrinate young Hungarian immigrants; the school closed in 1918.
- An order of consecrated women was founded in 1927 and were housed for several years on the St. Margaret campus. This group, known as the Missionary Catechists, Servants of the Eucharist, were later amalgamated into the Eucharistic Missionaries of St. Dominic which, in turn, were subsumed into the Dominican Sisters of Peace.
- St. Margaret was the Mother Church of Livingston Parish, serving four mission churches simultaneously in its history – St. Mary in Bear Island (currently closed, and now part of the territory of St. Stephen the Martyr Parish in Maurepas), Sacred Heart in Livingston (now a chapel of Immaculate Conception Parish), Immaculate Conception in Denham Springs (now the largest church parish in the Diocese of Baton Rouge), and St. Thomas the Apostle Chapel in Springfield. St. Thomas is still operated by St. Margaret and is served by its pastor.
- An additional 5.05 acres of property to the east of the St. Margaret campus was purchased in 2015 as the first phase in a five-part master plan to address future development needs and growth.
- In 2016, severe flooding affected much of the Greater Baton Rouge area. St. Margaret and her parishioners served the needy in our community by providing shelter to thousands of motorists stranded on Interstate 12, provided emergency financial needs to flooded parishioners including gift cards, cleaning materials, food, and over 1,000 sheets of sheetrock, and distributed $350,000 in furniture to flood victims.
- In 2018, a $2.1 million capital improvement plan was implemented to restore and beautify parochial buildings including St. Margaret Church; from 2012-2017, the Parish Rectory and Hall of Saints were totally renovated as well.
St. Thomas the Apostle Chapel, Springfield
By today’s standards, St. Thomas Chapel is geographically proximate to the mother Church of St. Margaret. When it was established in 1940, though, an extra four miles of travel proved often to be difficult and fraught with potential danger. There was an evident need for a church facility in the town of Springfield.
The present site of the chapel was donated by Marcus Rownd in 1922, but the donation was not completed or duly entered into court records until 29 June 1932. At the request of Archbishop Joseph Francis Rummel of New Orleans, architectural plans were created in 1939. Construction of the chapel was financed by the Sloo family of New Orleans in memory of their son Thomas. There was only one request of the family – that the new chapel bear the name of Thomas the Apostle, their son’s namesake. The chapel was formally dedicated in 1940.
The Sloo family also established a trust with a large sum of money for the upkeep and future maintenance of the Chapel. In 1991, this endowment was dissolved which enabled the congregation to undertake a complete renovation of the structure.
In the first twenty years of its history, Masses were celebrated only twice per month. The Eucharist is currently celebrated every Sunday.
Are the St. Margaret Church and St. Thomas Chapel we attend today the original structures?
While both have undergone several renovations from their inception, St. Margaret Church is the current structure built by Hungarian immigrants in 1910, and St. Thomas the Apostle Chapel is the original building constructed because of the generosity of the Sloo family in 1940.
Who was St. Margaret, Queen of Scotland?
Margaret of Scotland was born in 1045 in Hungary and died 16 November 1093 in Edinburgh. Upon fleeing to Scotland after the Battle of Hastings, she married Malcom III of Canmore despite her interests in consecrated life. She was able influence her husband and his court where she promoted interests in the Gregorian reforms and in service and charity toward the poor. She died shortly after her husband was slain near Alnwick, Northumberland and was canonized in 1250. Her feast is November 16 – the date of her death.
What architectural style is St. Margaret Church?
While many refer to it as “the little country Church by the Interstate,” St. Margaret is a Gothic Revival style Church built in 1910. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.
Are there any plans to build a new church?
As the population of Livingston Parish continues to increase, St. Margaret continues to evolve and grow too! In 2018, the congregation engaged in a $3.5 million project to expand and restore the Church, provide paved parking, and beautify the parochial grounds. The goal is to preserve our past and to move forward into the future. The fifth phase of our Master Plan eventually involves the building of a new worship space. Upon its completion, the current St. Margaret Church will serve as a chapel for weddings, funerals, Eucharistic Adoration, and daily Mass.
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If you are over 50, it is time to have an annual physical. At an earlier age, provided there are no known medical conditions, a screening every two to three years may be adequate. Not every 50-year-old receives an annual physical, and when they do, they often receive more testing than needed. It is important, therefore, that everyone know what should and should not be included in the examination.
An annual physical includes a careful history and physical examination during which any problems and complaints are documented, as is a history of hospitalizations, surgeries, allergies, medical conditions and medications.
A family history is needed to determine if there is an increased risk of heart disease, cancer, diabetes or Alzheimer’s, as well as a sociological assessment (marriage, education, religious preferences, habits). The examination seeks to gauge high blood pressure and heart, lung, abdominal, vascular and neurological health.
An assessment of mood is important and if older, a screening test for memory loss may be done. Calculating the body mass index identifies obesity. No examination is complete without counseling on how to stay healthy and manage obesity. A referral to smoking cessation programs can also be recommended.
Perhaps the most confusing and over-utilized portion of the annual physical is the screening tests needed to exclude or prevent disease. Most recommendations come from the United States Preventive Services Task Force. Its approach is based on a meticulous analysis of all available scientific information by a panel of experts in public health.
To prevent heart disease, high blood pressure is measured two to three times annually and cholesterol levels in the blood should be evaluated every two to three years after age 50. Electrocardiograms, stress tests or CT scans of the heart should not be done solely as screening tests in healthy individuals. Blood tests are obtained to evaluate liver, kidney and thyroid function and to exclude anemia. Unless a medical condition warrants it, there is no need to perform screening tests every year.
The preventive task force only recommends screening for diabetes in healthy patients with elevated blood pressure. However, most other groups suggest that screening should be obtained every two to three years in obese individuals or those with a family history of diabetes.
Most contentious are cancer screening recommendations. The task force recommends mammograms every two years for women in the 50-75 age group. Mammograms should be done annually for women 40 to 50, only if there is significant increased risk. A routine pap smear to screen for the human papillomavirus and cervical cancer should be done every three years in sexually active women up to age 65. The task force states that screening for ovarian or bladder cancer is of no proven value.
For men and women, a colonoscopy should be done at age 50 and every five years thereafter until age 75, and screening the stool for microscopic amounts of blood should be done annually. Of all the screening tests available, those to identify colorectal cancer are the most effective. Recently, the task force recommended against the PSA (prostate-specific antigen) blood test to screen for prostate cancer in healthy men of any age. Like the mammogram, this remains contentious with many experts recommending that prudent use of this test continue.
As part of the annual physical examination, vaccinations must be reviewed. Everyone over age 50 should be vaccinated against shingles and over age 65 the pneumococcal vaccination should be given. Flu vaccination is required annually.
Strive to be as educated as possible about what it takes to stay healthy and prevent disease. Go into the doctor’s office armed with information so that you are able to ask the necessary questions to get the best care possible.
This article was contributed by Dr. David Lipschitz.
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Protect the Devs
The well known RipDev has announced to offer a sophisticated protection addition to limit software piracy. It is called Kali. As copying of iPhone apps has become sort of simple by using “Crackulous” some developers are confronted with decreasing sales.
RipDev says their own products like iPref, Kate and Installer are already protected using Kali. And they still seem to have not been cracked (properly).
What does Kali do?
Too make a long story short: it does nothing new. It simply uses runtime encryption and server sided authentication for decryption. Whenever parts of the program have been decrypted properly they can be executed otherwise the CPU tries to execute the still encrypted code and thus a program just crashs. Disabled error handling and code design beyond the standards is a must.
Runtime encryption has a long history. From the middle to the end of the 1990’s some talented protection defeaters like fravia (all the power to you bro’) organized annual cracking competitions within the Higher Cracking University (HCU+). In the 1980’s people were printing deadlistings of assembly code and were studying protections to find ways to circumvent them. the motivation was: interoperability and fun. Cracking protections is said is like playing chess. Easy games (thus easy protections) are not interesting. Complicated games are challenging.
Anti-Debugging checks are well known to Win32 experts for years. Also automized cracking programs are not new. Some people may still remember the masterpiece ProcDump. ProcDump allowed automized dumping of runtime encrypted programs (by also fixing the headers with import tables and so on).
Nowadays tons of automizer scripts that allow convenient unpacking of generic runtime encrypted Windows programs are available for assembly debuggers like Olly Debug. Generic protection wrappers don’t live long until getting defeated. On the other hand it seems specific protections (like the one used in Ableton’s Live Mac version) are very challenging to be cracked, since they are designed to be used in only one single program and not in tons of programs.
What do we learn from this? Decide for yourself.
101 of Digital Economy
There are people who say that an operating system like Windows 95 or 98 could only reach such a high societal penetration and thus make Microsoft dominating the market because it was so easy to copy. And nowadays? Almost every user who had an illegal Windows 95 back in the days nowadays uses legally bought Windows XP or Windows Vista. The consumers are trained to use Windows. In the long run this strategy has proved to be successful. Almost the same applies to Adobe’s Photoshop: almost every computer user knows how to use the basic functions, but almost nobody has ever bought it. But Photoshop has become the standard. There is no real competitor. In the long run Adobe’s strategy has proved to be successful aswell. Anyway we really doubt companies’ officials would admit those strategies.
And Apple? Apple knows about the concept of (religion and) market penetration. They are interested in selling their devices. It’s additional business for them to sell software for the iPhone, but their primary intention in the ongoing stage is to extend market penetration. Easily available software for their devices makes the device even more attractive to consumers. They will not be too interested in prosecuting teenage crackers.
What devs can also do
There are many options.
- Design an own protection layer.
- Bug the crackers with updates. As every update needs to be unpacked again this will be boring for half a millions apps every month.
- Check the price for your app. What’s better: earning 100 x 15USD or 500 x 4USD? What did we say about market penetration?
- Think about introductory offers (for every new version)
- Think about free demos with limited functionality
The time is over when developers sold 200,000 apps in one week. This was only possible in the beginning of Apple’s AppStore. Now it is usual software business.
Kali is a good idea for the average developer with no knowledge of protections. Anyway as history shows it will have a limited degree of efficiency. As crackers like challenges a lot, they will really like to defeat Kali (I bed they are right now sitting analyzing RipDev’s Kali protected apps). Another thing might be unforeseeably: some developers are also crackers. They might apply for the Kali offer just for fun to get a better understanding.
Moreover although RipDev’s programs seem to have not been cracked until now this does not imply that this comes from the protection. The market’s demand for his programs might also be just too little.
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Having a hard time moving muscles after a long gym session? This is known as muscle fatigue and can result from any kind of strenuous physical activity. Muscle fatigue can also take the form of soreness, weakness, or lack of energy.
We asked Chief of the Division of Sports Medicine at Tufts Medical Center, Matthew Salzler, MD for tips on how to recover from muscle fatigue.
Take time to recover
Always take at least one day a week off to allow your body to recover and stay hydrated!
If you're doing weight training or any type of resistance training, it may be helpful to do an aerobic cool down afterwards such as a light jog or bike ride. If you're doing more endurance training such as long runs or a long bike rides, a shorter ride or shorter run might be beneficial the next day. The goal of these activities is to decrease the amount of lactic acid in your body. Lactic acid is produced in your body during strenuous activities. Another way to reduce lactic acid, is to wear compression stockings while working out.
Listen to your body
Pay attention to your body’s signals. Prevention of muscle fatigue is always better than treatment. If you notice that you're lifting too much and you're very sore afterwards, you should cut back. If your activities are followed by severe pain or changes in the color of your urine, you should seek medical attention.
If you are interested in learning more or requesting an appointment with Dr. Salzler, request an appointment online or call 617-636-7846.
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“Empty your mind, be formless, shapeless – like water. Now you put water into a cup, it becomes the cup, you put water into a bottle, it becomes the bottle, you put it in a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Now water can flow or it can crash. Be water, my friend.” -Bruce Lee
Our Kunga Yoga theme for the month of January is positive music with inspirational messages!
“Kunga” is the Kinyerwandan word for “to help, to serve, to reconcile.” All Kunga Yoga classes have a monthly community service teaching, and all Kunga Yoga certified teachers donate 5% of their proceeds to charity.
At the end of every Kunga Yoga Class for the month of February we will offer 10 minutes of guided, seated meditation. This includes one hour yoga classes (45 Minutes Asana, 5 minutes savasana, 10 minutes meditation).
Please enjoy the following quotes on music:
What is Meditation?
“Dhyana” (pronounced dee-YAH-nah) means “meditation”. Meditation is the process of quieting the mind to free ourselves from attachments and unproductive thoughts. The benefits of meditation seem endless! How does meditation serve ourselves and others? Through a consistent meditation practice we can gain emotional and mental stability, clarity in decision-making; peace of mind within communications and relationships, an unleashing of creative energy, and a beautiful sense of self-worth. On a physical level, regular meditation has been proven to greatly influence the body’s metabolic processes and reduce high blood pressure, depression, and anxiety. So… the purpose of our meditation is to begin to focus our mental energy inward, so that we may tap into resources deep within ourselves. This process of stilling the mind allows us to experience our true nature, which is revealed as truth, consciousness, or bliss. In Sanskrit this is called “satchitinananda”.
Why 10 Minutes of Meditation?
The purpose of meditation is to draw our focus inward, connecting to our inner source. This inward focus can be especially healing to the individual in the West because our culture often encourages and supports an overabundance of outward focused energy and activities. Meditation offers us an activity that is not outward focused, that embraces stillness, quiet, and calm. Through the teachings of Patanjali and many other yogic texts, we are taught that through the stilling of the mind, we are allowed to experience our true nature, as truth, consciousness, bliss (satchitananda). Our goal this month is for our students and teachers to practice 15 minutes of meditation daily (at home or in class), which is 1% of the amount of time we have in our day. At the end of this one month experiment, we recommend journaling to capture your experience. We also recommend the ancient practice of Metta meditation, a contemplation practice of extending loving kindness towards all beings, during this powerful experiment within our community.
Putting Meditation into Practice:
As your mind and body relax, begin to notice the thoughts that come and go. Notice especially those thoughts that seem to be reoccurring in your mind daily. Can you let go of those thought patterns? This can be very difficult at first, because we are so used to having busy minds. This can be especially difficult in Western culture due to the over stimulation of our minds with the growing influx of computers, televisions, media information, etc. Sometimes it can even seem virtually impossible to stop following and obsessing over the thoughts racing through our minds- from what we’re going to eat for lunch, to the argument we had with our spouse, to the project deadline at work, to the endless to-do list that we have to complete.
We have become conditioned to believe that every minute should count and that we should always be working, doing as much as possible. Meditation is the opposite of this notion. Meditation teaches us that occasionally we need to still the mind in order for it to work at its optimum capacity! Just like any type of perpetual motion machinery, the mind needs care and maintenance. By learning to release, relax, and let go of stress in the mind, we begin to clear out all of the cobwebs, and establish a beautiful foundation for some really good stuff to come in! We begin to learn to let go of trivial concerns, to observe and control our emotions, and to focus our mind power on the work that is truly important in our lives.
Preparation for Meditation:
1. Choose a regular place and time in the beginning of your practice. Becoming accustomed to this place and time, your meditation will deepen.
2. In the beginning of your practice, it is helpful to choose a place that is clean, well-ventilated, and quiet, without stimulants such as sound and bright light. However, eventually the true heart of our meditation practice lies in being able to maintain mindfulness even amidst the sounds of traffic, subways, cluttered buildings, etc. Under these circumstances we are given a very potent opportunity to practice staying present, aware of the breath, and the mind’s reactions.
3. Wear comfortable clothing. Sit either on a straight-backed chair or in a comfortable sitting position, allowing the spine to be erect. Use a cushion or a folded blanket to tilt the pelvis slightly forward. You may also use a wall for support of the spine-try your best not to slump, so that the lungs may expand fully.
5. Begin with a relaxed body. Some preparatory relaxing and focusing breathing exercises will be very helpful. Ujjayi breath is a wonderful, grounding pranayam technique to begin with. Allow tension to release from your body.
6. Enjoy! Let go of any expectations of yourself, and give it a shot. It’s fun to observe yourself just “being!”
Teaching Tips for Meditation:
1. Introduce Meditation through Guiding of Pranayama Techniques, Guided Metta Meditation, or other helpful guided practices.
2. Most beginners will need to begin with the physical process of meditation before moving onto the mental/emotional/spiritual processes of meditation. Provide constant reminders to come back to the
3. Keep your instructions clear, concise, and simple, without feeling the need to fill the space of silence with your words.
4. Offer continual reminders to “Relax, Let Go, Breathe, Watch, Allow”
5. Offer reminders of developing compassion for oneself, having a sense of lightness around thoughts coming and going, and affirm that just by trying they are meditating perfectly.
6. Use Physical Reminders of keeping the spine tall, heart and lungs open, shoulders relaxed, and remind them to support themselves at any time that they feel the need to adjust their seated position for more comfort.
7. Be prepared for dealing with an emotional release or breakdown. This can show up as loss of sensation in limbs, severe discomfort closing eyes and staying in the body, or extreme release of emotion. Suggest that the student keep the eyes open, focus on slow controlled breath, and try other spiritual practices or shorten meditation time.
8. Teach meditation in a silent room (no music).
“We can never obtain peace in the outer world until we make peace with ourselves.”
Metta Meditation Practice:
Beginners Meditation Practices:
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Having the correct tire pressure is vital for any vehicle. Unfortunately, many car owners aren’t aware of the recommended tire pressure.
The right tire pressure not only gets you better gas mileage but also protects your tires and car on the road. There are several tell-tale signs of incorrect tire pressure, some of which may include sluggish steering or low gas mileage.
So, if you’re wondering “how much air should I put in my tires?” – do give our guide a read. We’ll share the required insight on the topic with some tips on increasing your tire life. Furthermore, we’ll tell you how to check your tire pressure and avoid underinflated tires.
Without further ado, let’s begin!
How Much Air Do Your Tires Need?
The recommended tire pressure for every vehicle is different primarily due to the difference in size and weight of the tires. And maintaining proper tire pressure is essential, as it enhances the performance of the vehicle.
Now, the air pressure of tires is typically measured in PSI or pounds per square inch. Generally, the recommended PSI is between 30 and 35, which is commonly listed on the vehicle door on the driver’s side in new cars. However, the ideal PSI may be different for every vehicle.
Some cars may not have the PSI listed on the driver’s door; instead, you may find it in the owner’s manual. It should specify the recommended PSI for the front and rear tires as well as the spare. In fact, we recommend checking the pressure on the spare tire every once in a while, as it tends to lose pressure over time.
A vital point to remember is that you should never inflate your tires to the pressure listed on the tire itself. After all, this air pressure refers to the maximum pressure that the tire can hold and not the recommended pressure.
Dangers Of Over Inflating Or Under Inflating Your Tires
Did you know that over-inflated tires can be hazardous for the vehicle? Doing so may result in a bouncy ride or make it difficult for you to handle your vehicle properly. On the other hand, underinflated tires can increase friction and negatively affect tire wear, decreasing its lifespan and resulting in a bumpy, dangerous ride
Furthermore, an ill-handling car affects vehicle performance and fuel efficiency, so ensure that you get your tires correctly inflated by a professional.
When Should You Check Your Tire Pressure?
You should never check tire pressure right after a car ride when the tires are hot. It is best to allow the tires to cool down first.
While driving, the road generates heat and increases friction between the tires. This can result in an increase in tire pressure and tire temperature. The most accurate tire pressure reading can be made after the car has been sitting overnight or has been idle for a few hours at least.
How To Check Tire Pressure?
The best way to check correct tire pressure is by using a tire pressure monitoring system or a tire pressure gauge.
As we mentioned earlier, tires roll on the road during driving, leading to increased friction. This, in turn, affects the tire pressure and temperature, giving you an inaccurate and inconsistent reading.
When using a tire pressure gauge, ensure that there is no hissing sound. This could mean that the angle of the pressure gauge needs to be adjusted or that the gauge is too loose and needs to be tightened further for a correct reading.
Types Of Tire Pressure Gauges
- Digital Pressure Gauge – This type of tool displays the tire pressure on a digital screen
- Pen-Type Pressure Gauge – This tool has a ruler-shaped rod that slides between a sleeve to measure air pressure
- Dial Pressure Gauge – This tool features a numbered dial similar to the face of a watch
Step-By-Step Guide For Checking Tire Pressure
Check With Cold Tires
Never check your tire pressure when the tires are hot, as the readings will change with the temperature, giving you an inaccurate reading. Cold inflation pressure is extremely important if you want a consistent reading.
Use A Tire Gauge
Begin by unscrewing the valve cap and putting the pressure gauge into the valve stem firmly. Ensure that there is no hissing sound, as this means that the gauge is not tight enough or not angled correctly.
In the case of a digital pressure gauge, you will observe the reading on the screen. For a pen-type pressure gauge, a number will pop out on the sleeve, which will be the reading. And, in the case of a dial pressure gauge, the reading will appear in a similar way as it would on a watch face.
Pro Tip – Ensure that you get the pressure reading accurately the first time around. We recommend not checking the tire pressures more than once, as it can cause air to escape through the valve stem.
Note The Readings Correctly
Note the readings of each tire on a piece of paper and compare it to the recommended tire pressure mentioned on the vehicle’s door or owner’s manual. Keep in mind that some car tires may have different readings for the front and rear tires.
Fill The Correct Tire Pressure And Recheck
In case your tires are underinflated, use an air compressor to fill them correctly. Although it is best to fill them when they are cold, if you must fill hot tires, inflate them to at least 3 to 4 pounds per square inch above the recommended number.
Also, it is fine to over-inflate the tires slightly, as you can always let the excess air out with an air gauge. Finally, recheck the tire pressure using an air gauge to ensure it is at the recommended pressure.
Tips To Maintain Proper Tire Inflation
It is essential to maintain proper tire pressure at all times as it can heavily affect the tire performance and fuel economy. Each time you inflate your tires, always check the pressure to see if it is at the recommended pressure levels. Moreover, it is best to check the tire pressure every 30 days or with each 10-degree F temperature change.
Benefits Of Proper Tire Inflation
You may be wondering if you can get away with under-inflated tires every once in a while. Does it really affect tire performance? Well, let us discuss some of the benefits of maintaining proper tire pressure
It Leads To Premature Wear
Underinflated or overinflated tires can stress their surface and lead to premature wear due to friction. Ensure that your tires are properly inflated to the recommended PSI; otherwise, you will have to invest in new tires frequently.
It Affects Fuel Economy
When driving with under-inflated tires, the force required to push the tires forward is significantly more compared to when the tires are properly inflated. As such, this rolling resistance between the road and your tires affects fuel economy, and you end up spending much more on fuel.
It Affects Tire Grip
The contact patch size between your tires and the road affects their grip. While over-inflated tires decrease the contact patch, under-inflated tires increase it. The larger the contact patch, the more grip you have on the road.
That said, keep in mind that under-inflated tires can lead to excessive wear and tear and greater fuel consumption, both of which are not desirable.
We hope this helps you understand tire pressure and how much air you should ideally put in tires.
Always check the sticker inside the car to find out the recommended PSI for your tires, and don’t go by the number that is commonly listed on the tires. Furthermore, it is best to get your tires inflated by a professional, as they will know the needs of every tire better.
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Ear mites are a common parasite found in dogs and cats. Ear mites are usually invisible to the naked eye. However, these are the infectious organism that makes your dog’s life miserable. This is why it is highly recommended to seek the help of a veterinarian once your pooch starts showing the symptoms of ear mite infection.
Ear mites are highly contagious and usually found in stray cats. Your dog is vulnerable to ear mite infection whenever he is interacting with other dogs at indoor or outdoor. Listed below are a few insights into the symptoms and treatment for ear mite infection in dogs.
Common symptoms of dog ear mites
Ear mite infections are characterized by constant ear scratching. Therefore, when your pooch indulges in relentless ear scratching, look for further signs that can give away any underlying serious concern. For instance, surplus brown discharge from your dog’s ears, in addition to constant ear scratching, signifies infection.
Some of the other common ear mite symptoms include:
- Inner ear inflammation
- Unpleasant odor
- Head shaking
- Bumpy skin in the ear canal
- Bleeding ears
Keep an eye out for any kind of secretions from your dog’s ears especially in the form of coffee brown color which can even block the ear canal.
Dog ear mite treatment options
A veterinarian, after a detailed examination, can provide you with the right treatment options to get rid of ear mites.
Your veterinarian can prescribe ointments that can be directly applied to your pooch’s ears. On some occasions, the flea control can also help to alleviate the concerns of ear mites. This is why some veterinarians recommend parasite medication which can be applied to your dog’s skin.
On some occasions, veterinarians also prescribe anti-inflammatory or antibiotic to treat ear mites in dogs.
You should note that the treatment options can vary with respect to different factors like your dog’s breed, age and more. It is also highly recommended that you finish the course of medicine even if your dog starts showing signs of recovery after the treatment begins.
Ear mite prevention
Preventing ear mites in dogs is something that requires dedication and time. As a pet parent, you should indulge in some routine tasks to ensure that your canine is safe and sound when the concern under consideration is ear mites.
Follow the below-given strategy to prevent ear mite infections in dogs:
- Clean your dog’s ears at least once a month.
- Ensure that you clean your dog’s ears soon after he has interacted with other dogs or cats.
- If your pet is undergoing ear mite treatment, ensure that he completes the course and all the other pets in the house are treated to eradicate the issue completely.
- Once your pooch has recovered from ear mite infection, see that you change his bedding, his stuffed toy or any other things that he uses which can be a potential hiding place for ear mites.
Ear mite infection in dogs can be a big headache for the respective pet parents. Unfortunately, no dogs are immune to ear mites and as a pet parent, it is your duty to ensure that your pet is safe from ear mites so that you can save both money and time.
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The Nobel Prize winning physicist Richard Feynman reported seeing equations in colour. The artist Wassily Kandinsky tried to re-create the visual equivalent of a symphony in each of his paintings. And Vladimir Nabokov wrote, "One hears a sound but recollects a hue, invisible the hands that touch your heartstrings. / Not music the reverberations within; they are of light. / Sounds that are colored, and enigmatic sonnet addressed to you."
All had synaesthesia, a harmless neurological condition in which activity in one sensory modality, such as vision or hearing, evokes automatic and involuntary perceptual experiences in another, due to increased cross-talk between the sensory pathways in the brain.
"It's generally agreed that there's cross-activation, so that activity in sensory area A will activate area B," says David Eagleman of the Baylor College of Medicine, "but we don't know whether it's due to a difference in wiring or in the chemical cocktail." Eagleman chaired a symposium at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in San Diego earlier this week, in which he and others presented the latest findings about the condition.
Once thought to be extremely rare, synaesthesia is now believed to affect between 1 and 4% of the population. Several years ago, Eagleman and his colleagues set up a website, containing a battery of tests to objectively verify synaesthetic experiences, and to date more that 9,000 synaesthetes have registered on the site.
Self-reports on the website reveal that there are over 100 different forms of synaesthesia, and these can be clustered into 5 main groups. In the most common form of the condition, letters, numbers and units of time such as weeks and months evoke the experience of colour; in others, sounds evoke smells, tastes or sensations of touch; in yet others, pain, touch, temperature, orgasms and emotions evoke colours.
Some synaesthetes taste shapes or the textures of objects on their tongue, while others, with the recently described mirror-touch synaesthesia, experience tactile sensations when they observe others being touched.
Synaesthetes can be broadly divided into two groups. "Projector" synaesthetes experience these cross-activated perceptions in the external world, whereas "associators", experience them only in the mind's eye. And there are two main hypotheses to explain the neural basis of this increased sensory cross-talk. According to one, there is increased connectivity between normally distinct sensory pathways, because of greater neuronal outgrowth during brain development, or because exuberant connections were not properly "pruned". According to the other, the sensory cross-talk occurs because of a lack of proper inhibition.
That synaesthesia can be induced by drugs such as LSD, and that synaesthetic experiences can wax and wane with, for example, changes in mood, suggests a role for inhibitory processes mediated by the neurotransmitter GABA, but the two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and there is also evidence for the other.
Romke Rouw of the University of Amsterdam described experiments showing structural differences between the brains of synaesthetes and non-synaesthetes. Using a technique called diffusion tensor imaging, Rouw and her colleagues have shown that some synaesthetes have increased connectivity between adjacent regions on the ventral surface (or underside) of the temporal lobe, areas which are involved in processing texture, colour and form.
Rouw's group has also shown that some synaesthetes exhibit increased activation in the superior parietal cortex, which is known to contain neurons that integrate different types of sensory information. Using another neuroimaging technique called voxel-based morphometry, they also found that some synaesthetes have increased grey matter volume in this region, and that associators, but not projectors, have more grey matter in the hippocampus, a part of the brain involved in memory.
Danko Nikolić of the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research in Frankfurt pointed out that concepts can trigger synaesthetic experiences too. For example, grapheme-colour synaesthetes experience the colours associated with the number 7 when presented with 5 + 2. The same letter can also evoke different synaesthetic experiences according to its context – the grapheme "0", for example, evokes one colour when presented in a sequence of letters and another when presented in a sequence of numbers.
Nikolić even described two professional swimmers for whom different swimming styles evoke different colours. So in some synaesthetes, concepts and meanings also give rise to concrete perceptual experiences. Nikolić
suggests that this should be thought of as "ideaesthesia", or sensing ideas.
Studying synaesthesia can teach us about how sensory systems normally work, but they may also tell us something about the processes underlying sensory disturbances. According to Michael Banissy of the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience in London, nearly one third of amputees report mirror-touch sensations in their missing limbs. He has also shown that mirror-touch synaesthetes outperform non-synaesthetes in facial recognition tasks, because they appear to be more empathetic.
One focus of Eagleman's synaesthesia research is what he called "perceptual genomics", or the identification of genes involved in the condition. He says it's possible that hundreds of genes are involved, and that these are likely to encode proteins with diverse functions, from GABA channels that mediate inhibitory neurotranismission, to axon guidance molecules involved in the initial wiring the brain. They have already identified a hotspot on chromosome 16, which seems to harbour a number of genes involved in synaesthesia.
"There are 300 genes in the hotspot," says Steffi Tomson, a graduate student in Eagleman's lab who is involved in the gene hunt. "100 of those are expressed in the brain, and we're focusing on those." And the fact that synaesthesia runs in families will help to identify the genes involved. "Now we're selecting more families," Tomson adds, "and have just submitted two synaesthetes for full exome sequencing. We're also going to look at the neural networks involved in synaesthesia, to try to understand how they are organised."
Mo Costandi writes the Neurophilosophy blog
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Researchers fight off childhood neurodegenerative disease characteristics rooted in NAD+ deficiency, mitochondrial damage, and senescence
· Mitochondrial dysfunction drives premature aging seen in ataxia telangiectasia (A-T).
· Enhancing mitochondrial recycling by boosting NAD+ is a potential therapeutic intervention for (A-T).
Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a devastating, complex genetic disorder characterized by degeneration of the nervous system often during infancy or early childhood. Premature aging diseases like A-T are often linked to breakdown and leakage of the battery packs that generate energy for our cells (mitochondria) and senescence — an arrest in cell growth and replication that’s necessary to keep our organs from decaying. These phenomena happen in natural aging too, but don’t take off so early in life and at such a rapid rate. But whether cells freeze up and mitochondria crash hasn’t been explored regarding A-T.
In an article published in Aging Cell, Yang and colleagues from the National Institute on Aging demonstrate that the buildup of damaged mitochondria and senescent cells occurs in cells from A-T patient as well as cultured human cells and mice that model the disease. The research team based out of Bethesda, Maryland, find that boosting levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) — a molecule at the core of many processes, including mitochondrial function and recycling — clears damaged mitochondria and prevents senescence in A-T models.
These findings link the neurological symptoms of A-T directly to senescence and the loss of healthy mitochondrial populations within cells.
Rogue DNA Starts Cascade Towards Neurodegeneration Linked to A-T
In humans, loss of a particular molecular machine (enzyme) results in A-T, a rare inherited genetic disease characterized by neurodegeneration as well as cancer predisposition, sterility, and immune deficiency. A-T patients also suffer from a variety of inflammatory characteristics, which are thought to be rooted in the failed development of certain immune cells.
The enzyme ATM kinase, which is encoded by the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) gene, is a master regulator of the DNA repair responses. When DNA gets damaged, ATM gets activated. While some major features of A-T reflect inefficient DNA repair, how this all translates into neurodegeneration in A-T is poorly understood.
There are clues that unresolved DNA damage can impair mitochondrial function, promote disease development, and accelerate aging, as reported in A-T. One clue about the inner workings of A-T may lie in the growing evidence that persistent DNA damage and senescence are linked.
Malfunctioning Mitochondria Pave the Way to Aging
Another driver of age-related decline is the loss of mitochondrial function. Multiple lines of evidence point to mitochondrial dysfunction as a component of A-T features. Dysfunctional mitochondria can induce senescence in cultured cells and animals. Driving mitochondrial function is a molecule called NAD+, which is deficient in ATM-deficient neurons. But, little is known about the connections between senescence, inflammation of the nervous system, mitochondrial dysfunction, and NAD+.
DNA Leaking from Mitochondria Links to Senescence in A-T
In this study, Yang and colleagues looked at whether mitochondrial dysfunction and senescence were at play in cells from A-T patients as well as ATM-deficient neural cells and mice. They found that cells from A-T patients and those lacking ATM have impaired mitophagy — the process of clearing damaged mitochondria — and consequently promotes the release of mitochondrial DNA into the cytoplasm. This build up of cytoplasmic DNA triggers an antiviral immune response in the brain called STING, which initiates a robust pro-inflammatory response and senescence linked to the deficient health span in ATM-deficient mice.
Enhanced NAD+ Equilibrates Mitochondrial Populations
Yang and colleagues went on to show that the accumulation of fragmented DNA floating around in the cytoplasm dropped by boosting the cell levels of NAD+. They think that the NAD+ boosting works by activating mitophagy because the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR) failed to prevent senescence following inhibition of mitophagy.
The National Institute on Aging research team also found that the effects of enhancing NAD+ levels affected not only ATM-deficient cells but also at the level of behavior. In mice lacking ATM, NR prevented neuroinflammation and senescence through enhancing mitochondrial function, reducing cytoplasmic DNA and preventing activation of STING in ATM-deficient cells and mice. ATM-deficient mice also regained motor function when their NAD+ levels were restored.
Can NAD+ Boosting Push Back Aging?
As NAD+ plays important roles in a multitude of molecular and cell processes, including DNA repair, mitochondrial function, and senescence, supplementation of NAD+ is critical and beneficial in settings like A-T or normal aging where NAD+ levels are low. But whether elevating NAD+ levels can prevent aging in humans remains to be determined. Studies are needed to test whether this is applicable in A-T patients and other premature aging conditions prior to be made available in a clinical setting.
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At the start of the new year, I hear and read about people’s New Year’s resolution involving learning or acquiring new skills, may it be professional or personal, like a new programming language, or technical writing, or even learning how to bake. Such is the right attitude in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution where many skills will become obsolete in the future because of emerging technologies. But the issue of many is how to fit learning into their busy schedules. Enter microlearning.
Microlearning is all about providing bite-sized learning content in small doses of training material you can comprehend in a short time, as opposed to the traditional content-heavy classroom of some eLearning modules. Its key features are that it is performed in short time bursts, requires little effort from individual sessions, and involves simple and/or narrow topics.
Some microlearning examples are watching small instructional videos on YouTube, solving mini training quizzes, computer screensaver with content, flashcard content that presents the learner with flashcards with limited content such as new words or list of countries, and receiving small chunks of information via email, SMS, or messaging.
The concept of microlearning is not new. A 2011 study by Dr. Martin Hilbert and his team at the University of Southern California revealed that the growth in the internet, 24-hour television and mobile phones means that we now receive five times as much information every day as we did in 1986. Each person also churns out a daily average of six newspapers worth of information in forms of email, social media and messaging compared with just two and a half pages 24 years ago. This means that we have been used to producing and consuming microlearning content.
What’s interesting is that we’re seeing a surge of interest among human resources management (HRM), organization development (OD), and learning and development (L&D) practitioners on the use of microlearning in the workplace to help augment traditional learning activities such as classroom type and long eLearning modules. This is because they recognize the need to come up with a holistic approach to learning in the workplace to build new skills and change behavior.
In our study, the traditional classroom and online trainings account for only 10 percent of the behavior change in the workplace. The rest are primarily coming from sustaining activities such as on-the-job coaching and employee communications through microlearning approaches. Research has also shown that we learn more and retain better when we study in short focused bursts than when we’re forced to sit through hour-long classes.
With inexpensive and easy-to-deploy cloud technology these days, microlearning is even more powerful. Learning management systems (LMS), apart from having the capability to deploy course-based online training, can also deploy microlearning by integrating into the company’s messaging platform. Even primitive forms of microlearning such as flashcards and quizzes, when combined with modern LMS, can even be more effective when linked to available content, when added with multimedia elements, and employed with gamification strategies.
Microlearning is likewise a potent tool to help change the behavior of employees, when implementing a new system that needs to be adopted and used by employees, or inculcating a new mindset to become more agile and competitive. Microlearning techniques such as spaced repetition, wherein content is shown to the learner at specific intervals, enhances retention and eventually leading to behavior change.
Combined with other learning approaches, microlearning can also deliver quicker results. As smaller bits of information are much easier to remember and be applied, you don’t have to wait long to notice individual improvements.
With technology at the helm of microlearning, teaching and learning can happen anytime and from anywhere, enabling the organization to scale the learning process to multiple sites in a cost-effective way.
But microlearning is not a cure-all approach to replace traditional eLearning methods which can deliver large bodies of knowledge. Microlearning is intended to be a supplement to eLearning and traditional classroom learning activities.
The author is President & CEO of Hungry Workhorse Consulting, a digital and culture transformation firm. He is the Chairman of the Information and Communications Technology Committee of the Financial Executives Institute of the Philippines. He teaches strategic management in the MBA Program of De La Salle University. The author may be emailed at firstname.lastname@example.org.
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Parkinson’s disease is a type of brain disorder that causes uncontrolled or unintentional movements. Its effects can extend beyond muscle movements and include issues with balance, difficulties with the bowels, memory problems, and mental health challenges.
Parkinson’s disease affects an estimated
People living with Parkinson’s can experience a variety of potentially disabling symptoms. They range from muscle tremors and stiffness to issues with balance, speaking, bowel movements, and mental health.
Parkinson’s disease is progressive. A person may not notice all the symptoms at first, and symptoms may develop slowly or worsen over time.
This article reviews the various ways that Parkinson’s disease can affect a person’s body.
Tremors, or uncontrolled movements, often affect a person’s:
Tremors often occur when the muscle is at rest and may stop when the muscles become engaged or when the person is asleep.
Muscle stiffness or rigidity occurs when a person’s muscles stiffen and remain tightened for long periods of time.
It is one of the
People with muscle stiffness may experience difficulties with the following:
- Everyday tasks: Certain tasks, such as holding a pen or doing up buttons, can become challenging.
- Facial muscles: Stiffness can affect chewing, swallowing, and making facial expressions (known as “Parkinson’s mask”).
- Arm swinging: Muscle tightness can lead to changes in arm swing, including reduced motion.
- General movement: Stiffness can affect general movements, such as getting out of chairs or turning over in bed.
- Breathing: Stiffness can make a person’s chest muscles weaker, which can lead to breathing problems and chest infections.
Slow movements, known as bradykinesia, are another
- slowness when initiating movement
- reduced automatic movements
- general slowness in walking and other movements
A Parkinson’s diagnosis requires the presence of bradykinesia along with either muscle stiffness or tremors.
Balance is another of the
It can include issues with both balance and coordination, which can lead to difficulties with standing and walking and increase a person’s likelihood of falling.
Coordination issues can also make it difficult to perform daily tasks such as carrying objects or doing up buttons on clothes.
Parkinson’s disease can change how a person speaks. They may have a more monotone affect when speaking, which forms part of a group of speech disorders known as dysarthria. They may also:
- speak too quickly or too slowly
- slur their words
- speak too softly
- hesitate before speaking
- trail off at the end of words
Further, a person may experience issues with chewing and swallowing due to muscle stiffness. This can involve symptoms associated with eating and drinking, such as:
A person may also drool due to reduced swallowing. This can lead to a buildup of saliva in the mouth.
A person living with Parkinson’s disease may experience issues with their bowel movements and digestive health in general. Common symptoms include both constipation and nausea.
Experts believe this may be due to two factors. These include slowed muscle responses delaying the swallowing of and digestion of food, and issues with the nerves in the digestive tract.
Depression and anxiety commonly occur in people living with Parkinson’s disease.
According to the Parkinson’s Foundation, an estimated 50% of people will develop some form of depression, and about 40% will develop an anxiety disorder after their Parkinson’s diagnosis.
A person living with Parkinson’s disease may notice issues with their memory. Memory issues may not develop in all people. It can also affect people differently, with mild to severe symptoms.
More severe symptoms may affect a person’s daily life, while mild issues with memory are less likely to cause challenges with work, school, or home life.
Common symptoms of memory or cognitive issues can include:
- difficulty focusing or concentrating
- trouble seeing information three-dimensionally (such as following directions)
- difficulty with problem-solving
- issues with multitasking
Researchers are still unclear on the exact cause of Parkinson’s disease. However, there are several theories as to what potentially causes the condition. These
- Impaired or dead nerve cells in the basal ganglia (area of the brain responsible for movement): The cause of death of these neurons is not known.
- Loss of the nerve endings that produce norepinephrine: This chemical is a messenger for the nervous system, which controls many bodily functions.
- Lewy bodies in the brain: These are irregular clumps of a protein. Scientists are trying to better understand how these proteins work.
- Possible genetic or hereditary connections: A few cases can be traced to particular genetic mutations, although most cases are not passed down through families.
Learn more about the different types and causes of Parkinson’s.
Parkinson’s disease does not have a cure. Treatment goals focus on addressing symptoms associated with the condition.
- physical therapy
- speech therapy
- occupational therapy
- exercise to help strengthen muscles
- massage therapy
- adoption of a healthy diet
- stretching-focused exercises such as yoga
- deep brain stimulation
Parkinson’s disease progresses slowly. It is
In general, a person living with Parkinson’s disease will live the same length as anyone else. However, as the disease progresses, they become less likely to respond well to medications and may experience more life-altering complications, such as:
Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disease associated with several movement-related symptoms. It can also affect thinking, mood, and other issues in the body. A person may not notice symptoms all at once, and symptoms can get worse over time.
Treatments can help with symptoms, but there is no cure for the condition. A person can live a full life but may experience more life threatening or serious complications as the disease progresses.
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A planetary Nebula divided
This fetching cloud of gas was imaged by the ESO Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (EFOSC2) at ESO's La Silla Observatory. It can be found nestled in the busy constellation of Centaurus in the skies of the southern hemisphere.
The cloud of gas — named NGC 3699 — is a planetary nebula, It is distinguished by an irregular mottled appearance and a dark rift, which roughly bisects it.
These objects, despite the name, have nothing to do with planets and are created in the final stages of the evolution of stars similar in mass to the Sun. The name "planetary nebula" arises from the time of their discovery by William Herschel, when they appeared in the telescopes of the time as rounded objects similar in looks to the planets.
Towards the end of their lives, stars like the Sun exhaust the supply of hydrogen in their cores, putting a stop to nuclear reactions. This causes the star's core to contract under the force of gravity and heat up, while the cooler outer layers expand tremendously — the surface of the Sun, for example, will likely engulf the orbit of Earth when it reaches this stage in its evolution. Unusually strong stellar winds push the gaseous outer layers of the star out into space, eventually exposing the core of the star, which begins to emit ultraviolet radiation, ionising the expelled gas, causing the nebula's ethereal glow, and producing beautiful and varied sights, such as the one in this image.Credit:
About the Image
|Release date:||14 December 2015, 06:00|
|Size:||846 x 846 px|
About the Object
|Position (RA):||11 27 58.75|
|Position (Dec):||-59° 57' 11.09"|
|Field of view:||4.45 x 4.45 arcminutes|
|Orientation:||North is 1.1° right of vertical|
Colours & filters
|365 nm||New Technology Telescope|
|445 nm||New Technology Telescope|
|500 nm||New Technology Telescope|
|551 nm||New Technology Telescope|
|658 nm||New Technology Telescope|
|656 nm||New Technology Telescope|
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Article | Pride Month – Why Should We Be Proud? – PC Paul Bloomer
June is Pride month
So what exactly is Pride Month?
You may have noticed a lot of businesses and public sector bodies have added rainbow emblems to their logos and social media profiles for the month of June and wondered why.
Here, Constable Paul Bloomer of the Police Service of Northern Ireland LGBT+ Network explains more:
June is celebrated as Pride month across the world as it was the month that the Stonewall uprising occurred in New York on the 28th June 1969. This led to the birth of the modern struggle for LGBT+ equality. On the first anniversary of the uprising in 1970, Brenda Howard helped organise the first ever Pride march; she’s fondly remembered by the LGBT+ community as the ‘mother of Pride.
The Stonewall uprising was widely seen as the turning point for LGBT+ people becoming more accepted in society and receiving better equality protections. June is also the month when most cities across the world have their LGBT+ Pride festivals.
Pride month is about the LGBT+ community coming together to celebrate our identities in order to empower and support each other. It is also an opportunity to educate the wider community by telling our stories of the joy and empowerment we gain from being able to live our lives as our true authentic selves and also our stories of marginalisation and discrimination which, sadly, many of us still face, in particular bi people, trans people, non-binary people and LGBT+ people from black, Asian and ethnic minority backgrounds.
Why is it called Pride?
The name Pride was suggested by the American LGBT+ rights campaigner L. Craig Schoonmaker before the first Pride march on 28th June 1970. They said: “A lot of people were very repressed, they were conflicted internally, and didn’t know how to come out and be proud. That’s how the movement was most useful, because they thought, ‘Maybe I should be proud’.
For me, Pride is the opposite of shame. Many LGBT+ people have been taught throughout their lives to be ashamed of their identities, this can cause people to have feelings of self-loathing and lead us to live inauthentic, unhealthy, unhappy lives. Showing people that they can be proud of who they are and that they are surrounded by a community of people who love them, support them and affirm them is so powerful and meaningful.
Sounds great, how do I get involved?
A good way to become involved is to join your workplace’s LGBT+ Network, get involved in their pride participation and be a visible ally. Anyone can be an ally and LGBT+ people can be allies to each other, it’s really important that LGB people are allies to our trans and non-binary community members. It’s important to also think about intersectionality in our allyship and going beyond LGBT+ characteristics, by also being allies to women, to Black, Asian and ethnic minority people and all those from minority backgrounds who experience marginalisation.
We all have a responsibility to ensure that we are creating an environment where people feel that they can be their true authentic selves, so that all of us can be happier, more empowered and more confident in our workplaces. You can do this by listening, being open minded, using inclusive language and standing up when you see homophobic, biphobic or transphobic behaviours.
I think I’m LGBT+ but I don’t feel proud of who I am.
Take a deep breath. That’s ok. There is nothing wrong with you. For a long time society taught us that being LGBT+ was something wrong, dirty, immoral and perverse. We are none of those things, but those messages of intolerance are still pervasive in today’s society, even though we enjoy better acceptance today than generations before us. Many LGBT+ people still hear these messages of intolerance from their friends, family, colleagues and the media. Many of us internalise these messages and convince ourselves that they are true.
They are not true. You are beautiful. You are what you are meant to be. There is a community out there who will affirm and support you. Being LGBT+ is valid and accepted in today’s society and you have nothing to be ashamed of. You cannot change your innate characteristics but you can learn to love yourself and accept yourself.
The only thing you should try to change is to continually strive to be a better version of yourself, educate yourself on the lives of people you don’t understand and work to try to raise up and empower the people around you. If you need support, your LGBT+ Network is there for you too, contact us to get help if you need it. There are also external support services such as The Rainbow Project, Cara-Friend and the LGBT+ switchboard. You are not alone.
You can find more information about PC Bloomer in the ‘Our Role Models’ area here
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All saws present the dangers of a kick back. It is fast and can happen in a split second. In order to be protected, it is important to learn the cause of a kick back.
What are kick backs?
As the saw is spinning, if something abruptly stops the blade from the spinning, the pressure is placed in a different part of the saw. It will depend on the type of saw that a person is using; it will either jump or the wood will fly into the blade’s rotation direction. When it is a table saw, the direction of the wood is straight towards the individual performing the cutting. When the person is using a radial arm saw, it is straight at that person while ripping and away from the person when it is cross cutting. If the saw is a circular hand held or chainsaw, it will jump at the individual.
Safety Tips for Stationary Saws
The individual should stand slightly outside of the edge of the board that is being ripped on a table saw. This will keep the person out of the direct line of kick back. If the wood is being fed by hand, the hand is in danger of slipping forward. This is extremely dangerous due to the blade when a kick back happens. In order to rid the person of this danger, a soft plastic push stick or a properly shaped wood piece is used to keep the hand out of the way of the blade. Do not pull the piece that is being worked on from the back of the table saw, it will cause a kick back and pull the hand towards the blade.
Safety Tips for Portable Saws
It is important for the person using a portable saw to be patient. Often times a kick back will happen while cutting larger sheets of the material. If the sheet sags down, the kerf will close and pinch the blade; in turn causes a kick back. Proper stabilizing the sheet is extremely important to lower the risk of kick backs. Hands should be kept away and a firm grip should always be placed on the saw. Never perform cutting with a relaxed posture.
Safety Tips for Chainsaws
When a person is cutting with the bottom edge of the chain bar, the saw will pull away from that individual. This is a good thing. The individual should never cut with the top edge. The saw will try to go towards the user. The most dangerous part to use to cut with is the curve of the saw on the top. When the person uses the point to cut, it will guarantee a kick back. The chainsaw should be held with both of the hands. Safety glasses or goggles should always be worn when using a chainsaw. It is best to wear a full face shield.
All saws pose a threat to the well being of the user and those around them. All safety measures should be followed when performing a job with a saw. Those around the person should stand or work far away from the running saw to ensure their safety.
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IELTS Writing Task 2 – Sample 29 People Who Read ---------it is believed that people who read for pleasure develop their imagination more and acquire better language skills compared to people who prefer watching television. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Sample Answer of IELTS Writing Task 2 – Sample 29 People Who Read
Some individuals think that reading helps in building a higher sense of fascination plus boosts the new language learning skills as contrast to person who love to watch television. I do not completely agree to this as reading makes you fully discover your level of imagination and helps in learning a new language.
When its comes, Specially for the people who read for pleasure they fully drown in reading. They don't really care about what's going around them, as it helps them to focus more on what they are reading. In this way, they can start imagining the context of the book and can develop new language skills like new vocabulary. For example, when people start reading any book or novel, they also start creating the scene of what they are reading in the book and the same time they found lots of new words that really helps them increase their knowledge about that language. Hence, reading always helps us to develop our level of curiosity as well as learning new dialects.
On the other hand, Humans who watched Television have greater sense of fascination and strong grip on language also. While watching any movie or event on television people can easily develop their imagination as sometimes the movies are beyond our imaginations. Along with this people not only can learn lots of new words but also will learn their correct pronunciation. For instance, In a recent survey in daily mail, people who watched movies of different countries are more likely to develop their fancy and learn new words as compared to others. Thus, television is also a great source of acquiring high level imagination and vocal skills.
To sum up, It depends on people what they like to do, either reading or watching television, both of which help humans to acquire a higher level of curiosity along with superior language ability.
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Beyond the emblematic Machu Picchu and Chichen Itza, Latin America boasts archeological sites that are less known but of extraordinary historical and cultural value.
These are some of the less typical archeological destinations that travelers should not miss.
Located in Chiapas, very close to the indigenous city of Ocosingo, Toniná is an extraordinary archeological site, almost unknown, that was built between the years of 330 and 500 AD, at the height of the mountains in honor of the Sun, the Moon, Venus and the Earth.
MORE Destination & Tourism
The ancient city of Toniná can be easily visited by tourists who can hire the services of authorized guides to learn the details of this civilization that, in its time of splendor, maintained a constant dispute with the inhabitants of the largest cities and ceremonial centers of the Mayan culture, such as Palenque and Chichén Itzá.
Visitors can immerse themselves in the history of these impressive ruins, among which the Great Pyramid consists of seven temples where the inhabitants worshipped the gods of the Mayan cosmogony, in addition to the building known as the Smoking Mirror. Both structures are considered the highest in Mesoamerica, hence the importance of this archeological site little visited by national and foreign tourists.
This impressive archeological site keeps the vestiges of a large city built by nomadic settlers at 13,000 feet above sea level. Located very close to the sacred Lake Titicaca, this critical human settlement, now in ruins, was once home to an essential temple of Tiwanaku culture, many other smaller ones, houses, public buildings, streets, as well as an incredible irrigation system, built in adobe.
Many of these buildings can still be admired by visitors, thanks to the fact that UNESCO protects the area as a Historical Heritage Site. Among other things, the archeologists in charge of the site study how large and heavy stones were transported along Lake Titicaca, with which much of this mystical city was built.
Chan Chan, Peru
The imposing archeological site of Chan Chan, located about three miles from the busy Peruvian city of Trujillo, was the capital of Chimú culture since before the year 850, as known by historical records. According to archeologists, this tribe lived through critical years of growth until they were invaded by the mighty Incas, who wiped out the population.
It was thriving in the the year 1400 when lived, in the city, up to 30,000 people who carried out countless activities related to trade, planting, and gathering, but especially religious worship.
Visitors who tour the site today enjoy an extensive area of about 5,000 square miles, full of ruins where they can still see the remains of carved adobe walls where various domestic works and, above all, worship of their gods were performed. The importance of this archeological site made it a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Tazumal, El Salvador
This extraordinary archeological site is located in the city of Chalchuapa, in the department of Santa Ana, the second largest city after San Salvador.
The archeological area of Tazumal, although not very visited by tourists, is a jewel of the ancient Mayan culture that had its period of splendor in the pre-classic period. Unfortunately, the area is poorly explored, especially since it is believed that a large part of the ancient Mayan city lies beneath the town of Chalchuapa, which houses 10 archeological areas.
Tazumal stands out for the architecture of its various pyramids and the famous ball game. In addition, tourists can visit the museum that houses the ancient civilization’s relics, utensils, and ceramics. The community that now lives in the archeological area of Tazumal offers visitors extraordinary crafts in a large market where tourists can find souvenirs, textiles, and ceramic designs, among others, made by local indigenous artisans.
All content is property of the owner, unless otherwise specified. This content is not owned, or maintained by TravelMart,
and is used only for informational purposes. Please visit the content owners link
via the source link for more information.
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THE PONY EXPRESS by Lee Raine
A little over one hundred fifty years ago, one of the most exciting and daring chapters of American history was written by a group of brave men and their faithful horses. This bold enterprise was the Pony Express.
During the late 1850s, after the admission of California to statehood, the question of the best route for the overland mail across the country was a topic of great interest in the Far West. In 1858, John Butterfield began his famous Overland Mail, which was run over a circuitous southern route.
The Butterfield Overland Mail route ran through the South, where the Union communications to California could be cut at any time. California was a free state, but due to the unrest caused by the impending Civil War, its loyalty was doubted because of the distance to the nearest other free state.
The person who originated the idea of forming the Pony Express is not definitely known. John Butterfield supposedly had the idea of a "Horse Express" but Major Russell who had the theory of using a shorter central route, persuaded his partners in the firm of Russell, Majors, and Waddell owners of a large overland freight business which had been hauling supplies to military posts in prairie schooners, to back the endeavor to establish a fast mail service to California.
Senator William M. Gwin of California was a chief promoter of the project.
Russell realized that the cost of such an undertaking would be tremendous, but he offered to furnish the government of the United States with a semiweekly ten-day pony express mail service between the cities of Saint Joseph, Missouri and San Francisco, California, for $500 a round trip. Although this was a fair offer, the southern senators blocked passage of the bill authorizing payment for carrying pony express mail.
Despite the fact that the government refused to back this endeavor, the company decided that it was their duty to establish a method of communication between the widely separated sections of the country.
The task of establishment seemed nearly impossible. To accommodate the horse and rider relays, the company built one hundred ninety stock stations, hired about two hundred station tenders and helpers, bought around five hundred of the finest horses, and picked eighty daring young riders.
Also, it was necessary to stock the stations with hay, grain, and other supplies. One hundred thousand dollars in gold coin was required to establish and equip the line.
The most important part of the effort was the type of horses used. Without these wonderful, strong animals, the entire project would have been a failure. Mark Twain, in his book, Roughing it, wrote a glowing description of the horses and of the famous quick transfer of riders.
"He rode a splendid horse that was born for a racer
and fed and lodged like a gentleman; kept him
at utmost speed for ten miles, and then, as he came
crashing up to the station where stood two men holding
fast a fresh, impatient steed, the transfer of rider
and mail-bag was made in the twinkling of an eye.
And away flew the eager pair and were out of sight
before the spectator could get hardly a ghost of a
The riders of the Pony Express were recruited rapidly but not carelessly. The following ad was placed in the newspapers: "Wanted: Young, skinny wiry fellows not over eighteen, Must be expert riders willing to risk death daily. Orphans preferred. Wages $25 per week."
The company was very strict in its choice of riders. One hundred twenty-five pounds was the outside limit of weight, but in a few cases the rules were stretched to gain exceptionally good rider s who might weigh as much as one hundred forty pounds. Those who were hired had to be in top condition and expert riders, to withstand the terrific strain and hard work required.
When the riders were hired, they were required to take the following pledge:
I, _____, do hereby swear, before the great
and living God, that during my engagement, and while
in the employ of Russell, Majors, and Waddell, I will,
under no circumstances, use profane Language; that I
will drink no intoxicating Liquors; that I will not
quarrel or fight with any other employee of the firm;
and that in every respect I will conduct myself
honestly, be faithful to my duties, and so direct all
my acts as to win the confidence of my employers. So
help me God.
As each rider was hired he was given a light-weight Colt revolver, a bright red flannel shirt, blue trousers, a horn, and a Bible. The riders earned from one hundred dollars to one hundred fifty dollars a month, which were high wages for the time.
The firm of Russell, Majors, and Waddell had special equipment made for their company, in order to reduce weight, protect the mail and speed up the relays. A well-known saddle maker in Saint Joseph, Missouri designed the saddles
to be used. The saddles had only a light wooden tree with a horn, cantle, stirrups, and a bellyband. Everything not essential was stripped.
To carry the mail itself, special "mochilas" (from the Spanish word for pouch or backpack) were made. The mochila was an easily removable, rainproof leather cover that fitted over the saddle with openings to allow the horn and cantle to stick through. For carrying the mail, there were four cantinas, or pouches, one at each corner of the mochila.
The pouches were all locked securely; the only persons possessing keys to the three pouches of "through" mail were the station keepers at the terminal ends of the Pony Express trail, one in Sacramento, and one in Saint Joseph. The fourth pouch held mail for the stations along the route, and the tenders of the home stations kept the keys to this pouch.
The load the pony had to carry could not be over one hundred sixty-five pounds. The riders usually weighed one hundred twenty pounds or less; the equipment weighed no more than twenty-five pounds; and the mail load was limited to a weight of twenty pounds.
There were two types of Pony Express stations. The first type was the "home" station, which was built to accommodate the riders at the ends of their runs. The riders could sleep and eat at these stations. The keepers of the home stations held keys to the local mail pouches; they opened the pouches upon the rider's arrival counted and sorted the letters, and recorded the time of arrival and departure of the mail.
There were nineteen such home stations in what is now the state of Nevada. The remains of several old Pony Express stations are still visible today.
The other type of station was the change station, which was built of logs, stone, or adobe. These stations were spaced about twenty miles apart, to facilitate the transfer of the riders to fresh mounts. The change stations were supplied with hay, grain, and other materials by freight wagons from the nearest settlements.
The route of the Pony Express followed the Central route, which the settlers had used during the California gold rush, and which is now U. S. Highway 50.
The route, starting at St. Joseph, Missouri, in general followed the well-known Oregon-California Trail by way of Fort Kearny, old Julesburg, Scotts Bluff, Fort Laramie, South Bass, Fort Bridger, and Salt Lake City. Beyond Salt Lake City, the route cut south then due west across the vast desert "bad lands" of Utah and Nevada by way of Cold Springs to Carson City, and Genoa then through the Sierra Nevada Mountains to Sacramento. The route was originally 1966 miles long, and ran through what are now eight states. In what is now Nevada, there were thirty-four stations.
In the beginning, the line was nearly two thousand miles long, but later the distances narrowed as the Western Union Telegraph Company extended its lines westward.
Two-thirds of the Pony Express route ran through hostile Indian country. From Fort Kearny on; the riders had to be especially careful. What is now Nevada was the most dangerous stretch on the route. Indians were causing trouble during this time. Pony Express stations were easy prey for the angry Indians. All the Nevada outposts were threatened, and many of them were ravaged.
The Pony Express stations were placed ten to fifteen miles apart. A rider covered not less than seventy five miles before he was relieved. As a rider approached a change station, the keeper brought out a fresh horse, which was saddled and ready to travel. The rider jumped from his tired horse, grabbed the mail bags, and was on his way again in two minutes. Many times the riders prided themselves in making the transfer in even less time.
It took a rider twelve hours to complete his run. At its completion, he rested twelve hours, then returned over the same route, carrying the mail the other way to the end of his assigned distance.
To defend themselves against attacks of Indians or bandits, the riders usually only carried a revolver and a knife, keeping weight at a minimum.
On March 31, 1860 the first Pony Express mail was dispatched by messenger from Washington and New York to St. Joseph, Missouri. In Hannibal, Missouri, the carrier missed a train connection. This meant the new mail would be two hours late in arriving at St. Joseph. However, the railroad men met the emergency with one of the most famous mail train runs in history. Engineer Addison Clark highballed the mail from Hannibal to St. Joseph. making a record that was to stand for fifty years. The train covered two hundred six miles in four hours, fifty one minutes. averaging forty miles per hour.
The first run of the Pony Express started simultaneously from both ends of the line, on April 3, 1860. The first rider from Saint Joseph. Missouri, started at exactly five o'clock in the afternoon of that date.
The westbound rider was a young man named Johnny Frey. The first rider from the western end of the route was James Randall. The following is a news item which appeared in the San Francisco Alta Telegraph on April 4, 1860.
"The first "Pony Express" started yesterday afternoon, from the Alta Telegraph Company on Montgomery Street. The saddle-bags were duly lettered "Overland Pony Express" and the horse (a wiry little animal) was dressed with miniature flags. He proceeded, just before four o'clock, to the Sacramento boat, and was loudly cheered by the crowd as he started. We had forgotten to say that the rider's name was James Randall .... an old hand at the business-and evidently quite at home as a rider though he did get up on the wrong side in his excitement. The express matter amounted to eighty-five letters, which at five dollars per letter gave a total receipt of $425."
Actually, James Randall and his showy horse were just figures in the celebration, going only to Sacramento on the steamer. William Hamilton, the first relay rider, met Randall at Sacramento and rode to Sportsmans' Hall station where Warren Upson, the son of the Editor of the Sacramento Union, was waiting to carry the mail over the Sierras, the toughest part of the whole trail. Although it was a hard battle, Upson made the trip over the mountains; the hardest part was over, and the Pony Express was almost sure to succeed.
The run began on April third; the westbound rider reached Salt Lake City in six days, and entered Sacramento on April 13, just ten days after leaving St. Joseph.
This time cut about twelve days from the shortest time taken by the Butterfield Overland Mail.
There were celebrations in both terminal cities when the riders returned on their routes , bringing the first fast mail from the other side of the continent. There were bonfires that night in Sacramento, and when the rider reached San Francisco by boat a large parade was held.
This proved that the Pony Express was an actuality. And, until faster means were found, the daring riders would continue to carry the mail in spite of what had seemed to be impossible odds.
The initial express mail rate was five dollars for each half ounce. This price was later reduced to one dollar per half ounce. Despite any kind of weather, Indian attack, or any of the number of other misfortunes that might befall the riders, the mail had to go through. In the entire 650,000 miles ridden by the Pony Express, only one mochila containing the mail was lost.
Mark Twain gave this tribute to the perseverance of the Pony Express riders:
"No matter what time of the day or night his watch came on. and no matter whether it was winter or summer, raining, snowing, hailing, or sleeting, or whether his 'beat' was a level straight road or a crazy trail over mountain crags and precipices. or whether it led through peaceful regions or regions that swarmed with hostile Indians, he must be always be ready to leap into the saddle and be off like the wind."
In the eighteen months during which the "Pony" was in operation, there were more than two hundred riders employed by the company. Two of the most well-known of these were "Buffalo Bill" Cody and "Wild Bill" Hickock. The last living rider was John Jackson, who died on a ranch in Nevada at the age of 106.
The most famous ride was made by "Pony Bob", Robert Haslam, on his route from Smith's Creek to Fort Churchill in Nevada. He rode one hundred twenty miles in eight hours, ten minutes. During his ride Haslam was attacked by Indians and was badly wounded. This famous run was part of the fastest trip made by the Pony Express.
In May of 1860, the Pony Express suffered a temporary disruption of service, due to a war with the Pah-Ute Indians. The Pah-Utes (now commonly spelled Paiutes) were a strong, warlike branch of the Shoshone tribe led by Chief Winnemucca.
There had been an unusually Severe winter. The Indians blamed this on the evil influence of the white men. The settlers had also taken their land and sources of food which caused further resentment among the Indians. The young bloods of the tribe counseled war. Even though the older men did not agree, the young braves made attacks on white settlers which made war inevitable. When this happened, the old men ceased their resistance to the talk of war and the tribe stood solidly united against the whites.
The Indians attacked the express stations, killed the station keepers, burned stations, stole horses, and killed one rider. In spite of this situation, the mail was carried for a while but finally, the service was temporarily discontinued for about a month.
After the Pah-Ute disruption, stations were rebuilt and extra men were hired as guards. Adobe "forts" were built at the sink of the Carson River and at Sand Springs, twenty miles east of the sink. After the service was resumed, for two months the Indians harassed the riders in every possible way.
The cost of the Paiute war was a great financial blow to the Pony Express line. The replacement of stations and livestock cost over $75,000. The quick resumption of service aroused the admiration of the public; but many good men's lives had been sacrificed and the venture had almost been stopped permanently.
The West, by now accustomed to fairly prompt news, felt its lack deeply. Those who favored the South in the Civil War conflict won many of the doubtful residents over to their side due to the lack of news. It was the middle of June When the Pony Express was reestablished, and in the first news received was the announcement of the nomination of Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency.
The first run of the Pony Express had taken ten days to cover 1966 miles. Later trips made the distance in eight or nine days. The record time for the run was made when the mail was carried from Fort Kearney, Nebraska, to Fort Churchill, Nevada, in six days. The riders of the record run carried the news of the election of Abraham Lincoln as President in November of 1860.
On short stretches, the riders occasionally made a speed of twenty-five miles per hour. The average speed was nearly two hundred fifty miles a day, and the run usually took an average of ten days to complete.
When the Western Union Telegraph Company finished its first transcontinental telegraph line on October 24, 1861, the Pony Express ended its fabulous career in financial failure. The telegraph line was being built from each end of the route, and it was finished near Salt Lake City, Utah.
Nearly a month after the telegraph line had been completed, on November twentieth, the last run of the Pony Express was made. In the mail pouches on this trip were seventy-eight letters for San Francisco.
The Pony Express had been in actual operation for seventy nine weeks deducting the four weeks suspension due to the Pah-Ute war.
A total of three hundred eight one-way trips were made constituting 616,000 miles, or over twenty four times the distance around the world. In all, 34,753 pieces of mail were delivered.
The losses incurred by the firm of Russell, Majors, and Waddell were extensive. The total receipts were about $90,000, not including newspaper charges. It cost about sixteen dollars to serve each patron. Estimating a high average return of three dollars per letter, there was a deficit of about thirteen dollars per letter. Expenses amounted to nearly $25,000 a month which leaves a probable total loss of around $475,000.
After the close of the Pony Express, the line was sold at a public sale in Leavenworth, Kansas, on March 7, 1862, to satisfy a mortgage held against the company by Benjamin Holladay, who bid in the property himself. In November of 1866, Holladay sold the equipment from the line to the Wells Fargo Express Company.
There were two main reasons for the importance of the short-lived Pony Express. First; the enterprise demonstrated that the shorter Central route across the country was feasible for travel in all kinds of weather, blazing the way for telegraph lines, railroads, roads, and emigration. Second, the Pony Express played a key role in keeping the rich western states in the Union during the crucial early days of the Civil War, by providing better communication.
At the time of the Civil War the two hundred fifty miles per day speed of the Pony Express did not satisfy the hunger of the western newspaper editors and readers for news. The government realized that the Union could not hold the western states unless ties of more rapid communication with those isolated populations were rapidly forged. The telegraph lines came to the country's rescue subsequently dooming the Pony Express.
Although a financial failure, the Pony Express has remained in our hearts as one of the most courageous, glamorous and spine tingling epics in the history of our country. A group of men whose courage and initiative pushed aside the boundary of distance linked the West with the rest of the nation and paved the way for further progress.
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Urban Farming is Taking Root
at Roncalli STEM Academy
VIEW KRDO News Channel 13 Story (Video)
Through a partnership with the Pueblo Food Project, and with a standards-driven curriculum serving as the foundation, Roncalli STEM Academy seventh-graders will get an enlightening, first-hand look at how their (edible) gardens grow.
As its title indicates, Urban Agriculture is the practice of growing and cultivating food in or around non-rural areas traditionally associated with farming.
From an educational standpoint, Urban Agriculture provides students with the opportunity to apply scientific principles in the growing of fresh foods. This in turn creates a deeper awareness and appreciation of the intricate food production process while reinforcing the benefits of healthy eating and environmental stewardship.
This mission is at the heart of the work of the Pueblo Food Project, which in 2020, established “edible landscapes” in the Downtown area. So when Roncalli Principal Michael Cservenak saw Urban Farming as an ideal addition to the school’s project-based learning approach, the Pueblo Food Project was the natural choice for a partnering agency.
“I’ve been dreaming about this ever since seeing what was going on with the Green Bronx Machine several years ago,” Principal Cservenak said. “And I knew it would do so much for our school and our kids. I’m super excited that the kids will be learning about botany and plant life, and then be able to take it home and start their own gardens.
“How we grow food, where we grow food, and what food we grow has a greater impact than the action itself.”
Monique Marez, the coordinator of the Pueblo Food Project, believes the project “will expose the need for this in our community. We are excited that Roncalli is the pioneer and our hope is that this is a pilot program that can spread across the district.”
As science is an integral part of food production, Ms. Marez said Roncalli is a fitting site for the endeavor to take seed.
“It’s not just as easy as going to a store,” she said of the process of food production. “Students will be learning about how all of the choices they make impacts a very complicated system. For these young folks to get a taste of that so early on, and to provide them with the tools to become more aware and self-reliant for some of their food supplies, is an incredible gift.”
The school-based farm will comprise 10 vertical hydroponic “grow towers” built by the students, in which water, oxygen, and ample lighting will serve as growth catalysts for lettuce, Swiss chard, herbs, and more.
The curriculum was developed by Roncalli’s Science Team in conjunction with Dr. Lisa Wachtel, a longtime educator, administrator, and current Master Gardener, and Ms. Marez.
The lessons will center on locally grown products, the importance of water in farming, Pueblo’s ecosystem, how seeds are grown, and related issues.
“This is science education,” noted Dr. Wachtel. “It’s meant to be relevant and local, which we believe will serve as a window that enables the world of science to become real. We’re connecting all the science standards in a way that the students can participate in a hands-on manner to understand how life works, starting with a seed.”
“What’s exciting about this curriculum is it’s rigorous, standards-driven, and hands-on,” Principal Cservenak added. “And it’s open-source, so if another middle school wants to do this project, it’s there for them, and it’s free.”
Although she has grown strawberries and herbs at her home, seventh-grader Savannah Gonzales said school-based Urban Farming is an experience she is looking forward to engaging in.
“I’ve never done something like this before,” she said. “I really don’t know what to expect, but I’m excited to learn.”
Once the green goods are grown, the Roncalli farmers will be given the opportunity to not only take the fresh wares home but donate the fruits of their labors to the less fortunate in the community.
The latter, project coordinators point out, is another important curriculum lesson: that of empathy and one’s connection to the whole of the community.
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The Secret Jewish History Of Aretha Franklin
To understand the close ties between the singer Aretha Franklin, who has died at the age of 76, and Jewish musicians, writers, and performers, one need not have seen the 1982 TV special starring Rodney Dangerfield (born Jacob Cohen) in which the comedian who famously got no respect feigns singing backup on Franklin’s 1967 recording of the song “Respect.” The concept of respect was as vital in reality to Franklin as an African-American woman as it was in jest to Dangerfield’s onstage character. The song which it inspired would again be featured by Dangerfield during the end credits for his comedy film “Back to School” (1986).
Franklin’s choice to cover “Respect,” originally written and recorded as a macho demand for domestic deference by Otis Redding, was due to the American Jewish producer Jerry Wexler (1917–2008), born in the Bronx of Polish and German ancestry. Wexler, who also played a significant role in the early career of Ray Charles, among others, has been called the “funky Jewish king of black music.” Stephen Whitfield’s “In Search of American Jewish Culture” points to the empathy that Wexler felt for the African American struggle for civil rights, quoting him as follows: “As a Jew, I didn’t think I identified with the underclass, I was the underclass.” Wexler’s astuteness and understanding made a difference in many music careers, not least Franklin’s. Working with her sisters Erma and Carolyn as backup singers, Franklin added to Redding’s original song the spelled-out word R-E-S-P-E-C-T, the significant abbreviation TCB (for taking care of business), and the raucous choral interjection, “Sock it to me, Sock it to me, Sock it to me.” Wexler’s further interpolations included the majestic tenor saxophone playing of King Curtis, who would perform with the organist Billy Preston on Franklin’s 1971 album “Aretha Live at Fillmore West,” galvanizing American pop music.
As Michael Billig’s “Rock and Roll Jews” notes, Wexler also alerted Franklin about American Jewish songwriters, including Burt Bacharach, whose “I Say a Little Prayer” she covered in 1968. Even more indelibly, in 1967 Wexler invented the song title “(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman.” In a memoir, Wexler recalled how after having had this brainstorm, he assigned two Jewish songwriters, Carole King (born Carol Klein) and Gerry Goffin, to produce a tune for Franklin based on the title. The result was yet another iconic pop anthem. Franklin’s blend of gospel roots and glamorous, alluring vocal texture made “Natural Woman” into a giant hit.
Other Jewish songwriters and African-American performers shared similar collaborations. Franklin’s sister Erma, an elegant singer with a relatively brief career, was the first to record the love song “Piece of My Heart” by Jerry Ragovoy, of Hungarian Jewish ancestry, and Bert Berns, of Russian Jewish roots. According to Jon Stratton’s “Jews, Race and Popular Music,”, Erma Franklin drew on the gospel background which she shared with her sisters to make “Piece of My Heart” into an emotional, quasi-spiritual plea. Despite the attractions of her 1967 version, the song became a major hit only a year later, when it was covered by Big Brother and the Holding Company featuring Janis Joplin as lead vocalist.
In 1971, in yet another unforgettable cover, Aretha Franklin recorded “Spanish Harlem,” a song created by three Jewish pop music stalwarts, Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller, and the now disgraced Phil Spector. As these shared cultural experiences accumulated with her acclaimed recordings, some listeners drew ethical or moral conclusions from Franklin’s creative and interpretive accomplishments. In a book about parent-child relationships which appeared in 2011 from the Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Rabbi Michael J. Broyde, professor of law at Emory University and former member of the Beth Din of America, explained how he was inspired by Franklin’s song “Respect.” Rabbi Broyde concluded that respect should be the essential component of the parent-child relationship from a Jewish ethical standpoint, even surpassing love. He added in a footnote: “To my dismay, this is also the first citation to Aretha Franklin in my work or, as far as I can tell, other works of Jewish law.” A useful precedent may have been set for interpreting halakha.
Another Jewish response to the songs of Aretha Franklin can be found in the playwright Wendy Wasserstein’s “An American Daughter” (1996). In Wasserstein’s play, one character chides another that “there is actual music past Aretha Franklin and the Beatles,” to which the reply is: “But I don’t like music past Aretha Franklin and the Beatles.”
Without necessarily sharing this viewpoint, music lovers today may concur that Franklin and other African-American performers, in close collaboration with Jewish colleagues, reached an apogee in popular music that is unlikely to be surpassed. Her biographer Mark Bego cites an interview given by Franklin to Jet Magazine in November 1970. Advocating a melting pot or tzimmes of identities and influences, she rejected categories or rigid identities in her music. Rather than stark identity politics, what mattered to Franklin was the communicative virtue of soulfulness, which she must have sensed in Jerry Wexler and other valued Jewish colleagues. This melding of cultures, styles, and sensibilities was somewhat ambiguously articulated in the article, which quotes Franklin as saying: “It’s not cool to be Jewish, or Negro, or Italian. It’s just cool to be alive, to be around. You don’t have to be Black to have soul.” Franklin’s point was that roots alone were no guarantee of coolness. Identity per se was not to be admired unless other positive elements accompanied it. These favorable aspects, as possessed by Wexler and songwriters in Franklin’s entourage, were essential for the shared public discourse which the world prized in her singing.
Franklin’s tzimmes approach has inspired new generations of listeners and musicians. One such is Joshua Nelson, an African-American gospel-inspired singer who has sung onstage at Franklin’s concerts as her opening act. After studies at Hebrew Union College and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Nelson became a full-time Hebrew language instructor at Sharey Tefilo-Israel, a Reform temple in South Orange, New Jersey. In an interview from 2006, Nelson praised Franklin for mixing soul elements with rhythm and blues in music, by her own example validating his own amalgamated status as a champion of Hebrew culture and African-American music.
Benjamin Ivry is a frequent contributor to the Forward.
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Showing an animal leadership and giving it rules is not the same thing as instilling fear and punishing it. A quick, assertive touch is not the same as a strike.
Never strike a dog. Never let an animal push your buttons. Never, ever correct an animal out of anger or frustration. When you try to correct your dog out of anger, you are usually more out of control than your dog is. You are fulfilling your own needs, not the animal’s. The dog will sense your unstable energy and often escalate the unwanted behavior.
You are there to teach and show leadership. If you’re going to correct your dog, always remain in your calm-assertive state of mind. For some, this may be a challenge, but perhaps that is why this animal is in your life, so that both of you can learn a healthier way of behaving.
The first time I witnessed animal abuse was when I moved to Mazatlan as a child. It tore me up inside to see people throwing rocks at dogs and swearing at them. Later, as an adult, I witnessed first hand the effects of abuse on dogs. I have seen animals that have been hit and kicked, neglected puppies tied to trees in backyards for days and dogs denied food and water.
One memorable case is Popeye. Popeye lost an eye in an illegal dog fight. After this, his owners abandoned him. With his new vision impairment, Popeye felt vulnerable, grew suspicious and became very aggressive toward other dogs in an attempt to intimidate them.
Rosemary was also used in illegal dog fights. When she lost a particularly important fight, her owners poured gasoline over her and set her on fire. A rescue organization stepped in and saved her life, but the horrific experience turned her into a dangerously human-aggressive dog.
Luckily, I was able to rehabilitate both Popeye and Rosemary and provide them with the proper leadership they needed to be fulfilled and feel safe. However, not all dogs are this fortunate. Out of fear, abused dogs may attack, and even kill, humans. Society often sentences these dogs to death, even though it was because of humans they became aggressive.
Help us stop the cycle of violence. If you know of an animal that is being abused or neglected, please speak out. Contact your local humane society, animal shelter, or animal control agency immediately. These agencies have the authority, in most areas, to enforce local laws related to animals, as well as the ability to investigate and resolve the situation. They rely on citizens like you to be alert and report animal suffering. You may choose to remain anonymous, though providing your name and contact information will allow the group to follow up with you if necessary.
For more information, please visit:
The Human Society of the United States
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
Best Friends Animal Society
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System for predictive distribution modelling of endangered bryophytes and lichens applied in nature conservation 2017 – 2020
The main aim of the project is creation of supporting system for field research and evaluation of occurrences of rare and/or endangered bryophytes and lichens. The supporting system will be available online for the general public. It will consist of tool for predictive species distribution modelling directly connected with database of occurrences of bryophytes and lichens in the Czech Republic. Development of online environment for integration of records on bryophytes and lichens occurrences at national level will be also included in the project. The methodology for prediction of potential localities of species under interest will be certified and verified using case studies. Results will be presented as specialized expert maps validated for selected localities.
Under the terms of the project we gathered recent presence data of bryophytes and lichens across the Czech republic from individual researchers and connected data into DaLiBor – Czech National Database of Lichens and Bryophytes. This is the first, and the most complete common database of recent data of bryophytes and lichens.
We also established online prediction software for species distribution modelling as a tool to support field research of new localities of endangered or interesting species.
Final result of the project was the certified methodology. It introduced certified procedure of using species distribution modelling to support discovery of new localities with presence of rare species of bryophytes and lichens in the Czech Republic. Methodology was certified by the Czech ministry of environment protocol no. MZP/2020/630/2795.
As an example we prepared set of seven special maps showing the relative probability of suitable habitat habitat distribution for 3 target species of lichens (Biatora efflorescens, Thelotrema lepadinum, Cladonia norvegica) and 4 bryophytes (Mannia fragrans, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Anastrepta orcadensis, Dicranum viride, Hamatocaulis vernicosus).
Project was funded by Technology agency of the Czech Republic. Project number: TH02030644
Principal investigators: Jan Wild, Matěj Man
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- Learn about Salary Structure
- How to build a salary structure for businesses
- Benefits of having a salary structure
Updated at 23/09/2022 - 09:55 am
Salary structure refers to the salary structure by which the enterprise builds the salary system. Most companies operate under a specific salary structure as a way to organize employee pay and make it easier for the teams responsible for recruiting new employees and promoting existing ones.
Salary structure helps employees understand how much minimum they can expect to earn and what is the maximum earnings potential for their role. In this article, we learn what a salary structure is. , common types of salary structures to familiarize yourself with, and how to create a salary structure.
Learn about Salary Structure #
1. What is the salary structure? #
The salary structure is how a company or its members determine how much an employee will be paid. It is based on factors such as how long employees have worked at the organization, their rank at the company, their achievements and the type and difficulty of the work they do.
Many employers use a salary structure that includes salary tiers, which helps employees know what salary they can expect for their role, with minimums, maximums, and averages. The bottom salary is the minimum salary someone in this role can earn while the top salary is the maximum amount an employee can expect to earn in the role. The midpoint is the salary that appears between the two points. New hires or existing employees getting a raise can negotiate the salary they fall into.
New employees entering an organization may start at the bottom of the pay scale because they have no seniority and may enter non-managerial roles. Other new hires, while still new to the organization, may have a lot of experience and work in leadership positions, in which case they may start to be paid more according to the salary structure. .
Salary structure including salary levels is common.
2. Types of salary structure #
When deciding what type of salary structure to use, consider what types others in your industry are using, the size of your business, where your company's headquarters are located, and whether employees are exempt, not exempt or not. Here are some salary structures:
→ Market-based salary structure
Market-based salary structures are the most common and involve you paying your employees based on what other companies in the same industry pay their employees. This type of salary structure requires some research so you can find the average salary for a position and structure your own salary scale from there.
A market-based salary structure might look like this:
- Level 1: 5.000.000 to 7.000.000 VND
- Level 2: 8.000.000 to 10.000.000 VND
- Level 3: 11.000.000 to 13.000.000 VND
The main benefit of using a market-based salary structure is that employees will feel that their pay is fair relative to the industry average for their role. This can help employers retain top talent and recruit new hires with the industry knowledge and experience to help their business succeed.
→ Traditional salary structure
Traditional pay structures involve using multiple pay tiers so that employees can work for maximum pay over time instead of achieving paychecks too quickly, which can lead them to seek out opportunities in other areas. elsewhere or become less productive. Businesses using a traditional salary structure also often offer smaller wage increases.
If you're looking at a traditional salary structure, determine what you'll call each salary, how much there will be, and what the range will be for each, including minimums and maximums. You will then establish what an employee must do to increase his salary, whether that includes staying in the organization for a certain amount of time or demonstrating outstanding performance.
Using a traditional salary structure, a job at an organization can range from VND 8.000.000 to VND 20.000.000, with the following salaries:
- Level 1: 8.000.000 to 10.000.000 VND
- Level 2: 11.000.000 to 12.000.000 VND
- Level 3: 13.000.000 to 14.000.000 VND
- Level 4: 15.000.000 to 16.000.000 VND
- Level 5: 17.000.000 to 18.000.000 VND
- Level 6: 19.000.000 to 20.000.000 VND
Companies using a traditional salary structure can appreciate that it gives employees the opportunity to be promoted from one pay tier to the next. When employees see that they are moving up in their salary range, even if they are still in the same position, it can be a big motivator for them to keep producing their best work. Traditional salary structures also allow a company to maintain more control over wages.
→ “Wide Gap” Salary Structure
The “Wide Gap” salary structure is the least common, but still companies choose this route because of its usefulness.
This salary structure is similar to the traditional salary structure in that there are salary levels where workers have to move to a new tier in order to be paid more. What makes the “Wide Gap” wage structure different, however, is that it merges multiple salaries into a few broader salaries, meaning there are fewer pay grades and each salary range has a wider salary range.
Using the “Wide Gap” salary structure, a role at the company can range from VND 8.000.000 to VND 20.000.000, with the following salary ranges:
- Level 1: 8.000.000 to 10.000.000 VND
- Level 2: 11.000.000 to 14.000.000 VND
- Level 3: 12.000.000 to 20.000.000 VND
The advantage of broadband is that this structure is more focused on long-term career growth than advancement.
A company that chooses to use “Wide Gap” may not have many opportunities for advancement. Instead, it provides a way for employees to develop their skills and take on more responsibilities so they can grow in their roles while receiving regular raises, even without promotion. office. “Wide Gap” is especially useful for smaller organizations with flatter hierarchies.
How to build a salary structure for businesses #
You can start developing that structure by following these steps:
1. Look at the salary structure in other companies #
Even if you don't use a market-based salary structure, you should still check to see if other companies are paying their employees in similar positions to yours. It is important to look at companies in the same industry so that you get the most accurate results. For example, if you run a software company, consider evaluating other software companies versus a healthcare company.
By doing some research, you can better understand how competitive salaries are and whether you need to make any changes based on your findings. You can also develop your official stance on how competitive you want or can be compared to other companies. You might consider paying more than the market average if you want to attract high-quality candidates and keep your current employees happy. However, you may need to pay less than the market average if you are a startup with many benefits but few resources to pay well to new hires.
2. Decide how you will handle the raise #
Once you know what your competitive situation is, you can decide how you'll handle future salary rate increases for things like promotions and annual raises. Choose what you want based on these increases, whether it's employee performance or how long they've been at the company. You can also decide how often you will give the gain. Most organizations hold an annual review process, where managers decide how much salary increases for each employee should be.
With market knowledge, you can also decide if the gain you give is above average. For example, a company may choose to initially pay employees a higher-than-average salary, but offer a smaller increase each year than the market average. Another company may have a below-market average salary for a position, but offer a generous annual raise to make up for it.
It is up to each business to decide the right balance between offering competitive starting salaries and the ability to retain quality employees through impressive salary increases.
3. Evaluate your current salary structure #
As you're developing your salary structure, evaluate your current salary to identify any employees or departments that are earning more or less than they should based on the company's competitive landscape. friend. You may find that you inadvertently pay employees in one department more than the market rate for the same job, and that every other employee in the organization is around the average for their position. This inconsistency can frustrate employees, who may then choose to apply elsewhere for higher pay.
4. Start building your salary structure #
After you consider market rates and understand more about how you currently structure salaries, you can write down the salary ranges for each position, including minimums and maximums. Choose how much salary you want to give for each salary.
5. Look at your current employee's salary #
Having salary ranges written for each position will give you the opportunity to gauge where the current employee falls within. You can look at each person to see who is underpaid and who is overpaid in their role. Employees should be within the minimum and maximum wages for their position; anything beyond that and you might want to explore ways to fix this so you're compliant with the new pay structure.
If you're paying an employee less than their minimum wage, consider raising them immediately to a reasonable level. If this is not a viable solution for your business, you might consider giving them a raise for a short period of time. If you're paying an employee more than their maximum salary, you may need to forego their annual raise until you adjust your salary structure based on market rates. In this case, and to keep employees engaged and happy at work, explore alternative ways to compensate them. For example, you can set up a bonus program.
Benefits of having a salary structure #
Some organizations choose not to create a pay structure because developing a pay structure requires a group of employees who can spend the necessary time fine-tuning a system of this nature. These individuals will need to assign current positions and employees by salary and continue to monitor market rates for any updates that need updating the salary structure. However, companies that incorporate a salary structure can realize the following benefits:
1. Financial planning is easier #
Leadership teams, especially when budgeting for a new financial year or deciding whether to approve a new position within the company, can more easily plan if they know about minimum and minimum wages. multiple of each location.
2. Employees perceive consistency #
New employees entering the organization with assigned ranks that are fair to existing employees based on the parameters you have set can make everyone happy. Existing employees can also feel confident that their pay is fair.
3. Salary structure is the driving force behind employee performance and the whole business #
When employees have a clear path to making more money, they can feel motivated to work in that direction. The pay structure paves the way for an organizational hierarchy that employees can view and appreciate as a career path.
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George the Bearded
George the Bearded (born August 27, 1471 in Meißen , † April 17, 1539 in Dresden ) was Duke of Albertine Saxony and Duke of Sagan .
George the Bearded was born as the eldest son of Albrecht the Courageous and Sidonia of Bohemia . He received a good education, was proficient in Latin and took a personal interest in the theological debates of his epoch.
Georg originally prepared for a spiritual career and was appointed canon in Mainz in 1484. Perhaps he studied at the University of Leipzig ; However, there is no evidence in the register there.
During the absence of his father on military expeditions in Flanders and Friesland , Georg took on various official business as a representative from 1488, including mining matters . In the inscription of the reign of Albrecht in the mints Zwickau and Schneeberg embossed Bartgroschens of 1492 and 1493, Duke George appears as his father's representative on the joint marked penny of Wettin . He is considered the founder of the city of Annaberg . From 1500 he took over the government in Albertine Saxony completely.
His younger brother Heinrich inherited from their father Albrecht Friesland. But because the Frisians opposed his rule and he was incapable of government, he renounced Friesland on May 30, 1505 in a contract with his brother Georg and contented himself with the offices of Freiberg and Wolkenstein . In Friesland there was a so-called Saxon feud between 1514 and 1517 , a dispute against Edzard I of East Friesland over the city of Groningen .
Georg was a staunch opponent of the teachings of Jan Hus and Martin Luther . In 1523 he had all the Luther Bibles confiscated in his country . In July 1525, Georg joined forces with various North German Catholic princes in the Dessau Bund in order to counter the spread of Lutheran teachings. Despite all these efforts, he could not prevent the Reformation from invading his country.
United with Landgrave Philipp of Hesse and Duke Heinrich von Braunschweig, Georg destroyed the army of the rebellious peasants near Frankenhausen in the Peasants' War in May 1525 .
As a result of differences of opinion, from 1530 to the end of 1533 there was a so-called Saxon coin separation between the Ernestine Elector John the Constant and Georg. In it, the Duke took the view that it was legality to maintain the value of the guilder groschen assumed by the population . He therefore had specially marked coins minted in his own name in the Freiberg , Leipzig and Annaberg mints .
Georg was married to Barbara (1478–1534), daughter of King Casimir IV of Poland , for 38 years . After her death he let his beard grow as a sign of his grief, which earned him the nickname the bearded man . George the Bearded died in Dresden in 1539 and was buried next to his wife in a grave chapel in Meissen Cathedral .
His son Johann was ailing and died childless on January 11, 1537. His second son Friedrich was mentally handicapped and died before his father on February 26, 1539. The Albertine Duchy of Saxony fell to his Lutheran brother Heinrich , which Georg in vain during his lifetime tried to thwart. His daughter Christine married Landgrave Philipp von Hessen in 1523, who introduced the Reformation in his domain in 1526 .
Georg's daughter-in-law Elisabeth von Rochlitz , the wife and widow of Johann, born Landgrave of Hesse and sister of Philip the Magnanimous, introduced the Reformation in her Wittumssitz Rochlitz .
Georg was the bearer of the chain of the Golden Fleece .
Georg was very interested in the contemporary arts and used them for his self-expression and that of his family. An early commission from him and his wife Barbara von Poland to the master HW in 1512 was the so-called beautiful door for the newly founded Franciscan monastery in the mountain town of Annaberg, which he founded.
In 1518 Georg had been to the Diet of Augsburg and got to know the art of the Fuggers, which was based on northern Italian models. Following this, he commissioned a new high altar in the new style for the Annenkirche in the newly founded mountain town of Annaberg in the Daucher workshop . This high altar was delivered to Saxony in 1521.
From 1521 Georg had the Albrechtsburg in Meißen completed by Jacob Haylmann , a student of the royal Bohemian court architect Benedikt Ried . As a sculptor, he hired Christoph Walther I , who provided the castle with a series of depictions of various allegories of virtues.
From around 1521 he had a burial chapel built for himself and his wife in Meißen Cathedral (today: George's Chapel), the antique-style portal of which was also influenced by the architecture of the Fugger Chapel and other works in Augsburg. It received a relief by the important Augsburg sculptor Hans Daucher . The new architecture was executed in local stone by local artists such as Christoph Walther I.
1530–1535 Georg had an extension built on Dresden Castle , the Georgentor . The gateway was decorated with extensive sculptures by Christoph Walther I, including the frieze of the dance of death.
Marriage and offspring
George the Bearded married Barbara (1478–1534), a daughter of the Polish King Casimir IV , on November 21, 1496 in Leipzig . From this marriage came:
- Christoph (born September 8, 1497 in Dresden, † December 5, 1497 in Leipzig), Hereditary Prince of Saxony
- Johann (1498–1537), Hereditary Prince of Saxony ⚭ Elisabeth of Hesse
- Wolfgang (* 1499; † January 12, 1500 in Dresden)
- Anna (January 21, 1500 - January 23, 1500)
- Christoph (* / † May 27, 1501)
- Agnes (7 January 1503 - 16 April 1503)
- Friedrich (1504–1539), Hereditary Prince of Saxony ⚭ Elisabeth von Mansfeld-Vorderort
- Christina (1505–1549) ⚭ Philip I of Hesse
- Magdalene (1507–1534) ⚭ Joachim II of Brandenburg
- Margaretha (born September 7, 1508 in Dresden, † between September 7 and December 19, 1510)
|Pedigree of George the Bearded|
Boček II of Podebrady (–1417)
Elector Friedrich I of Saxony (1370–1428)
Duke Ernst the Iron (1377–1424)
Viktorin von Podiebrad (1403–1427)
Smil von Sternberg (–1431)
Elector Friedrich II. (1412–1464)
King George of Podebrady (1420–1471)
Duke Albrecht the Courageous (1443–1500)
George the Bearded
Files and letters on the church policy of Duke George of Saxony
- Volume 1: 1517-1524. Teubner, Leipzig 1905 (new print Böhlau, Cologne 1985). Ed .: Felician Geß
- Volume 2: 1525-1527. Teubner, Leipzig 1917 (new print Böhlau, Cologne 1985). Ed .: Felician Geß
- Volume 3: 1528-1534. Böhlau, Vienna-Cologne-Weimar 2010. Ed .: Heiko Jadatz, Christian Winter
- Volume 4: 1535-1539. Böhlau, Vienna-Cologne-Weimar 2012. Ed .: Heiko Jadatz, Christian Winter
- Heinrich Theodor Flathe : Georg, Duke of Saxony . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 8, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1878, pp. 684-687.
- Heinrich Freiherr von Welck: George the Bearded, Duke of Saxony. His life and work. Richard Sattler Publishing House, Braunschweig 1900 ( digitized version )
- Elisabeth Werl : George the Bearded. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 6, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1964, ISBN 3-428-00187-7 , pp. 224-227 ( digitized version ).
- Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz : George the Bearded. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 2, Bautz, Hamm 1990, ISBN 3-88309-032-8 , Sp. 209-210.
- Christoph Volkmar: Reform instead of Reformation. The church policy of Duke George of Saxony 1488–1525. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-16-149409-3 .
- Christoph Volkmar: Catholic Reform in the Age of Luther: Duke George of Saxony and the Church, 1488-1525 (= Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions), Vol. 209, ed. By Andrew Colin Gow. Translated by Brian Mc Neil and Bill Ray, Brill, Leiden-Boston 2017. ISBN 978-90-04-26188-4
- ↑ von Welck 1900, p. 2.
- ↑ Simona Schellenberger: Bildwerke des Meister HW. Developments in late Gothic sculpture between spatial construction and graphics. Diss. HU Berlin 2005, here pp. 20–55.
- ↑ Arndt Kiesewetter: Main altar of St. Anne's Church Annaberg-Buchholz. In: Claudia Kunde and André Thieme (eds.): A treasure not of gold - Benno von Meißen, Saxony's first saint. Catalog for the special exhibition, Petersberg 2017, pp. 380–382.
- ↑ Catalog No. 4.30 in: Claudia Kunde and André Thieme (eds.): A treasure not of gold - Benno von Meißen, Saxony's first saint. Catalog for the special exhibition, Petersberg 2017.
- ↑ Catalog No. 4.28 in: Claudia Kunde and André Thieme (eds.): A treasure not of gold - Benno von Meißen, Saxony's first saint. Catalog for the special exhibition, Petersberg 2017.
- Literature by and about George the Bearded in the catalog of the German National Library
- Hertzog Georgens zu Sachssen mountain cordon . Dreßden 1536, online edition of the Saxon State Library - Dresden State and University Library
- Common stymms from the Muentze . Leipzig 1548, online edition of the Saxon State Library - Dresden State and University Library
Duke of Saxony
|SURNAME||George the Bearded|
|BRIEF DESCRIPTION||Duke of Saxony|
|DATE OF BIRTH||August 27, 1471|
|PLACE OF BIRTH||Meissen|
|DATE OF DEATH||April 17, 1539|
|Place of death||Dresden|
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Girls cannot be drummers. Long ago on an island filled with music, no one questioned that rule—until the drum dream girl.
In her city of drumbeats, she dreamed of pounding tall congas and tapping small bongós. She had to keep quiet. She had to practice in secret. But when at last her dream-bright music was heard, everyone sang and danced and decided that both girls and boys should be free to drum and dream.
Inspired by the childhood of Millo Castro Zaldarriaga, a Chinese-African-Cuban girl who broke Cuba's traditional taboo against female drummers, Drum Dream Girl tells an inspiring true story for dreamers everywhere.
This beautiful picture book was recognized with a Pura Belpré Honor. A strong option for those interested in women's history and Hispanic History topics.
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Ultra-processed foods — such as ready meals and junk food like crisps and fizzy drinks — can lead to a 58 per cent increased risk of heart failure, a study has warned.
Experts from Italy studied the diets and health of 22,000 people — finding that regular consumption of such foods increased premature death rates by 26 per cent.
A staple of the common supermarket, processed foods are popular because they are easy to manufacture, cheap to purchase and tasty to eat.
Processed ready meals are often a lot quicker to cook — and can be readied in the microwave in less than 10 minutes compared to 30–40 minutes of regular meal prep.
While many criticisms have been levied at the high sugar content typical of processed foods, the problems may come from the processing itself, the team said.
Heart and circulatory diseases are responsible for a quarter of all deaths — or 170,000 individuals — in the UK each year.
‘Efforts aimed to lead the population towards a healthier diet can no longer be addressed only by calories counting or by vague references to the Mediterranean diet,’ said epidemiologist Licia Iacoviello of the University of Insubria, Italy.
‘Sure, we obtained good results by those means, but now the battlefront is moving.’
‘Young people, in particular, are increasingly exposed to pre-packaged foods — easy to prepare and consume, extremely attractive and generally cheap.’
In their study, Dr Iacoviello and colleagues studied the dietary habits and health of 22,000 people over an eight year period.
They found that those subjects who regularly consumed highly processed foods — that is, such accounted for 14.6 per cent of their overall diet — were 26 per cent more likely to suffer a premature death.
Furthermore, these foods were found to increase the risk of death from cardiovascular disease specifically by around 58 per cent.
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Self-harm, also referred to as self-injury, is when a person purposely harms themselves or causes themselves physical pain, in order to get respite for difficult feelings or emotions. Recent studies into self-harm in the UK have found a 68% rise in reported cases, particularly among young girls – with 20% of 14-year-old girls claiming to have self-harmed at some point.
Many of us have a vice or something to take the edge off, whether it be having a few drinks after work in the evening, smoking cigarettes between stressful meetings or stopping by the bakery for something sugary and filled with cream. All of these behaviours are “harmful” to our health, but provide a release from our stresses – and for those who self-harm, it is simply a coping mechanism for bigger problems and overwhelming emotions.
What Is Self-Harm?
Self-harm refers to any action which involves hurting yourself in order to feel better about your emotions, feelings or stresses. Many people associate self-harm with cutting – however there are a number of different (and sometimes subtler) ways that people may harm themselves:
- Hitting your head or banging your head against objects
- Punching yourself
- Throwing yourself at walls or hard objects or furniture
- Throwing yourself down stairs
- Scratching of the skin
- Pulling out hair
- Picking at wounds to prevent them from healing
- Burning or scalding yourself
- Mixing or overdosing on medicine, chemicals or recreational drugs
- Sticking hard objects into the skin
Why do People do it?
Whilst there is no blanket reason for why people self-harm, most people harm themselves in order to cope with or escape much more difficult feelings or emotions. When life becomes too distressing or our feelings become too overwhelming or difficult to manage, some people feel that there is no other escape other than to distract themselves with another form of pain.
Self-harm is often linked to suicide however not everyone who self-harms has thoughts of suicide – for some it is a way to control an aspect of their lives when everything else is spiralling out of control, for others a form of punishment for their feelings or behaviours or a way to communicate unbearable stress and for others it’s a way to make themselves feel alive after a period of feeling numb inside.
What Type of Therapies could Help?
Everyone’s experience with self-harm is completely different and therefore the type of therapies that can help will also differ from person to person. There are four main types of therapy that could help you with self-harming;
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
Cognitive behavioural therapy is one of the most popular forms of therapy for both therapists and patients. It is a form of talking based therapy that focuses on changing the patterns between what happens around us and how we react, it is a usually a short-term treatment that focuses on a particular problem or issue.
Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT)
Dialectical behavioural therapy is the most effective type of therapy for those who are struggling with self-harm. It is a form of talking therapy that has evolved from CBT to help people experience their emotions on a more intense level. DBT aims to help people to live in the present moment, cope with stress and regulate emotions, and improve relationships with those around them.
Those of us who have tried many different types of therapy – particularly talking therapies such as CBT and DBT – and found they didn’t help, may find much more success with schema therapy. Developed in an attempt to help those who had not seen results with more popular forms of therapy, schema focuses on changing the negative patterns or beliefs that people have lived with over an extended period of time by replacing them with healthier alternatives.
Cognitive analytic therapy (CAT)
CAT explores the reasons behind why you might feel or react a certain way to an event or emotion by understanding the origins of your distress. Many of us have deeply rooted ways to cope, manage or deal with our emotions, feelings and problems – often stemming from how we dealt with significant events in earlier life – by understanding the reason why we react in certain ways can help to change how we react in future situations.
If you’re struggling with your mental health and you find yourself self-harming – or even wanting to – a therapist could be a great way to find a different method to cope with your issues. There are a number of different types of therapy that can assist with self-harm including; cognitive behavioural therapy, dialectical behavioural therapy, schema therapy and cognitive analytical therapy – all of which are available online on our online therapy app. Online therapy is a great way to tie sessions into your already busy schedules, without disrupting your day to day life – and from the comfort of where works for you, whether it be on your sofa with a cup of tea or in your car in your favourite beauty spot. Visit our site to learn more about how we can help with self-harm, as well as a range of other mental health issues, and to sign up to our online therapy app.
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The phrase "sitting is the new smoking" is often used to draw attention to the health risks associated with prolonged sitting, particularly in today's sedentary lifestyle where many people spend long hours sitting at their desk or in front of screens.
Smoking is a well-known risk factor for a wide range of health issues, including cancer, heart disease, and lung disease. The harm caused by smoking is largely due to the toxic chemicals found in tobacco smoke, which can damage cells and tissues in the body over time.
While sitting is not inherently harmful, it is the lack of physical activity that often accompanies prolonged sitting that can lead to negative health outcomes. Thus, the phrase "sitting is the new smoking" is used to raise awareness about the importance of reducing sedentary time and increasing physical activity levels for overall health.
Research has shown that sitting for long periods of time is linked to an increased risk of a number of health problems, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer . In another study, the results indicated long sitting times were associated with exhaustion during work days, lower job satisfaction, hypertension, and musculoskeletal disorder symptoms in the shoulders, lower back, thighs, and knees of office workers .
In Singapore, around half the population (47.7%) are reported to have sedentary behaviours and 17% of the population do not meet the minimum physical activity requirements by World Health Organisation .
In summary, while sitting for long periods of time may not be as harmful as smoking, it is still important to be aware of the health risks associated with a sedentary lifestyle and incorporate more physical activity into your daily routine.
Here are some tips on how to reduce sedentary time and increase physical activity in your daily routine!
1. Take frequent breaks
If you have a desk job or spend a lot of time sitting, take frequent breaks to stand up, stretch, and move around. Try to stand up and move around for at least a few minutes after every hour of being seated.
2. Use a standing desk
Consider using a standing desk or a desk that allows you to alternate between sitting and standing throughout the day.
3. Allocate physical activity into your leisure time
Instead of spending your leisure time watching TV or using your phone, go for a walk or bike ride, take a dance class, or play your favourite sport!
4. Set goals
Set goals for yourself to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary time. For example, aim to take 10,000 steps per day or to engage in moderate-intensity physical activity for at least 30 minutes each day.
We often find ourselves being glued to our desk while working and most of our sedentary time can be attributed to sitting during work. Try doing some exercises and stretches at your desk to reduce sedentary time! Some examples are chair squats, shoulder blades squeeze, and standing while stretching your quadriceps.
6. Don’t miss out on incidental physical activity!
Incidental physical activity refers to the physical activity that occurs as a result of everyday activities or tasks, rather than planned exercise or structured physical activity. Some ways to increase incidental physical activity include walking to meeting rooms or lunch, cycling to work, taking the stairs instead of the elevator, cleaning the house, and playing with children or pets.
Remember, even small changes can add up and make a big difference in your overall physical activity levels and health. Let’s take the first step in breaking up sedentary time and start moving more!
About the author
Shang You is the Wellbeing Intern at Actxa Wellness and he is a final year student from NTU Sports Science & Management. An active learner who is highly interested in fitness and wellness related content, he hopes to be able to share his learnings to help others. The great outdoors is Shang You's passion as he participates competitively in various sports such as football, softball, and baseball5. If you are on the road, you may even find him going for therapeutic joy rides on his motorcycle!
Katzmarzyk, P. T., Powell, K. E., Jakicic, J. M., Troiano, R. P., Piercy, K., Tennant, B., & 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. (2019). Sedentary behavior and health: update from the 2018 physical activity guidelines advisory committee. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 51(6), 1227.
Daneshmandi, H., Choobineh, A., Ghaem, H., & Karimi, M. (2017). Adverse effects of prolonged sitting behavior on the general health of office workers. Journal of lifestyle medicine, 7(2), 69.
Lau, J. H., Nair, A., Abdin, E., Kumarasan, R., Wang, P., Devi, F., ... & Subramaniam, M. (2021). Prevalence and patterns of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and their association with health-related quality of life within a multi-ethnic Asian population. BMC Public Health, 21, 1-13.
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By Brian Jakins For many Africans, high-throughput satellites are coming into service just in time. Falling oil prices have hurt the western part of the continent. Many telecommunications companies have been forced to consolidate, or have cut back on capital spending for new network services. Less foreign capital is flowing in because of concerns about economic conditions across the continent, and many countries are seeing their currencies decline against the U.S. dollar. Now, satellites such as Intelsat’s new high-throughput Epic platform promise to deliver more data at lower cost per megabit than previous spacecraft, opening up a range of services and capabilities that were not possible before. Many telecom companies are looking carefully at the cost of operating their networks. With high-throughput satellites (HTS) offering three to five times the efficiency of earlier platforms, these companies are seeing the cost of ownership go down, and are thus able to expand their networks into new areas where demand for bandwidth has not been met. Africa is made up more than 50 countries where people speak literally hundreds of languages and dialects. The challenges of running terrestrial fiber between urban areas are enormous, and the logistics of connecting rural communities even more daunting:
- Operators of 3G and 4G networks in Africa are seeing increased bandwidth requirements per user. In fact, some may move immediately to LTE implementations. Wireless network operators rely on satellite for key parts of their infrastructure, but they are approaching the limits of current satellite ground equipment and satellites for backhaul due to increased traffic load. Africa had 300 million mobile Internet users at the end of 2015, and that number is expected to grow to 550 million by 2020 – an increase of 13% annually.
- Wireless operators face challenging economics to provide thin routes to rural communities with few users or without electricity. Solar-powered options are often unfeasible because of the high energy consumption of remote equipment. The African Development Bank estimates that 70 percent of the population of sub-Saharan Africa does not have access to electricity.
- The unattractive economics of providing service to rural communities and extended return on investment slows down compliance with universal service obligations.
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Increases in maintenance schedules and security have made plane travel safer than ever. But, like any other mode of transportation, accidents can still occur.
That being said, people who have studied past crashes have managed to glean together several steps you can take to make your chance of survival even better.
Sit in the Back of the Plane
According to FAA stats, the back of the plane has a much lower fatality rate than any area.
Plan Your Seat Using the “Five Row Rule”
A large number of fatalities are because the passengers weren’t able to exit the plane quickly enough.
Give yourself a better chance of getting out before smoke or other environmental issues overtake you. According to research completed by Professor Ed Galea, survivors move an average of five rows before exiting safely. To cut down on the area, you will have to go through, choose a seat that is less than five rows to an emergency exit.
Picture this, you’ve survived the crash, and you are only a few feet from an exit. Time is of the essence, and you may be required to slide down an inflatable rescue slide to get to the ground (or water) safely.
When faced with this, how well do you think high-heeled shoes, flip-flops, or open-toed sandals are going to hold up under pressure? What about when you get to the ground and need to vacate the near vicinity as quickly as possible? Is a skirt or an expensive pair of dress pants going to make that easier?
Instead, think jeans or heavy-duty khakis, closed toe flat shoes, and a comfortable shirt. Equally as important, avoid synthetic fabrics. Materials like rayon and other synthetics melt instead of burn. This means if you are exposed to high heat or an open flame, instead of being to stop, drop, and roll you’re clothing will melt and stick to your skin like hot glue.
Listen to Flight Attendants and Read the Safety Card
You may think you have that speech permanently engraved in your memory, but in panic mode, you want to be sure. This means listening to the safety instructions and reading the safety card EVERY SINGLE TIME you board a plane.
Follow the “Plus Three, Minus Eight Rule”
According to statistics, 80% of plane crashes occur during the initial three minutes after takeoff or the final eight minutes before landing.
So, during those specific 11 minutes of your flight, make sure you are being especially alert to what’s happening around you. That involves keeping your headphones out of your ears, having your shoes on, keeping your seatbelt fastened, and stowing anything that could become a projectile if it went flying.
Know How to Brace for Impact
Once the flight crew has issued a warning to brace for impact, you need to move quickly. Remove any sharp items from your pockets, stow any loose personal items to get them out of the way, tighten your seatbelt, and assume one of the positions recommended on the safety card.
Be Prepared to Exit Quickly
Several of the previous tips have prepared you for this moment. It’s entirely possible you may be overwhelmed when the actual crash happens, even a little dazed. You need to work to recover from that initial impact and get moving. Focus on where the nearest exit is, which you should know if you followed the safety instructions. Then, start moving toward it.
Once you’ve cleared the wreck, focus on any injuries you may have received. If you are OK, consider helping others who are not so lucky. You’ll want to try to remain calm while you wait for help to arrive.
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High Death Rates from Nine Diseases Linked to Meat
Cancer, type 2 diabetes, stroke, infections, Alzheimer’s, and diseases of the kidneys, heart, respiratory tract, and liver all linked to red meat consumption.
May 16, 2017
A new cohort study published in the British Medical Journal, linked the consumption of both processed and unprocessed red meat to an increase in death rates from a total of nine different diseases. The study examined the dietary habits of more than 536,000 individuals between the ages of 50 and 71 and found that those who consumed the highest amount of meat over a 16-year period had a 26 percent higher rate of death from cancer, type 2 diabetes, stroke, infections, Alzheimer’s, and diseases of the kidneys, respiratory tract, and liver. “This is the largest study, so far, to show increased mortality risks from different causes associated with consuming both processed and unprocessed red meat,” the study authors write, “and it underlines the importance of heme iron, nitrates, and nitrites in assessing the pathways related to health risks associated with red meat intake.” A separate cohort study conducted by the Mayo Clinic last year also found similar results and recommended that physicians advise ailing patients to replace animal products with plant-based foods.
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Sonar from navy ships can affect the behaviour of beaked whales from a longer distance than first thought, research has suggested.
Professors from St Andrews and Iceland universities found the whales would swim away or go into a deep dive upon hearing the military sounds.
Using animal-attached sensors and deep-ocean acoustic listening devices, the whales were also shown to have stopped feeding.
Tests were conducted on 12 northern bottlenose whales near Jan Mayen, an island north of Iceland, in an area of the Arctic which still has relatively little noise pollution.
Professor Patrick Miller of the University of St Andrews said: “All tagged whales stopped feeding, and individuals started swimming away from the exposure site for several hours when a certain sound level was reached, regardless of their proximity to the source – up to 28 kilometres away.
“One of the whales immediately responded by diving to a depth of 1.6 kilometres that lasted 130 minutes, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the longest dive recorded for this species of whale.
“The data from the listening device indicated a large-scale response by animals in the exposed area.
“We used a sound source that is smaller than a typical operational naval sonar, so the concern is that the distances at which animals respond in the wild to real navy sonars may be significantly greater.”
The large research team discovered the creatures consistently reacted at low amplitudes of sonar compared to other cetaceans, regardless of their distance to the sound source.
Beaked whales inhabit areas frequently used by navies for sonar training and testing and are the second largest family of cetaceans in terms of the number of species.
“A lack of frequent or predictable exposures might mean fewer opportunities for the animals to learn that sonar signals pose lower risk when they come from far away.”
A Royal Navy spokesman said: “We will take this research into account when we review our marine life safety checks for underwater tasks.
“We continue to support other complementary research by Professor Miller into this issue.”
The new study is published on Wednesday in biological research journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
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This name was originally from the Greek ALEXANDROS, which denoted defender of men. The popularity of the name in the Middle Ages was largely due to the Macedonian conqueror, Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) - or rather to the hero of the mythical versions of his exploits which gained currency in the 'Alexander Romances'. The name was also borne by various early Christian saints, including a patriach of Alexandria (AD c.250.326) who was venerated for condemming the Arian heresy. The name was introduced into Scotland by Queen Margaret, wife of King Malcolm Ceannmor, from the Hungarian court where she was brought up. As a surname Alexander is very common on the west coast of Scotland, and it was the name of three Kings of Scotland. Alexander I.(1077-1124) King of Scotland. In 1107 he succeeded his brother Edgar, but only to that part of the kingdom north of the Forth. He married Sibilla, a natural daughter of Henry I. of England, and he initiated a shift towards a more diocesan based episcopacy. Other records of the name mention William Alexander who was connected with the accounts of the city of Edinburgh in the year 1435. Robert Alexander who was a granger in Feichly in 1438. A well known Scottish family with the surname Alexander included among their ancestors Sir William Alexander, court poet to King James VI. of Scotland and I. of England, who created him Earl of Stirling in 1633. Among his descendants were the Jacobite James Alexander who fled from Scotland after the 1715 rebellion, and his son William Alexander (1726-83) a distinguished general in the American Revolution. Surnames before the Norman Conquest of 1066 were rare in England having been brought by the Normans when William the Conqueror invaded the shores. The practice spread to Scotland and Ireland by the 12th century, and in Wales they appeared as late as the 16th century. Most surnames can be traced to one of four sources, locational, from the occupation of the original bearer, nicknames or simply font names based on the first name of the parent being given as the second name to their child.
Orders over $90 qualify for Free Shipping within the U.S. (Use coupon code: FREESHIP).
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BMR 1,293 Calories per day
Your body will burn 1,293 calories each day if you engage in no activity.
This means that your body will burn 1,293 calories each day if you engage in no activity for the entire day.
The number of calories that your body requires per day in a resting state. It can vary from person to person and depends on your eating habits, body composition, and activity level.
The Basal Metabolic Rate is the amount of energy you need while resting in a temperature environment when your digestive system is inactive. In such a state, your energy will be used to maintain your vital organs.
The BMR decreases with age and increases with muscle mass.
1,293 Calories = 5.414 Kilojoules.
Calorie needs to to Lose Weight
To lose weight, you need to reduce your caloric intake below your total daily calorie requirements indicated by your Basal Metabolic Rate + your activity level.
Putting yourself in a 500-calorie deficit per day should result in the lost of one pound (0.5 Kg) per week.
In order to keep the weight off, you want to lose it slowly. This will help you develop lasting lifestyle changes that will help ensure the weight stays off.
How Many Calories to Maintain Weight
Even the most sedentary person will burn more calories than BMR just by smiling, laughing or fidgeting.
If order to calculate how many calories your body uses in any given day, you need to factor in your activity level.
To determine your total daily calorie needs, multiply your BMR by the appropriate activity factor: Sedentary (BMRx1.2), Lightly active (x1.375), Moderately active (x1.55), Very active (x1.725), Extremely active (x1.9).
Calorie needs to Gain Weight
To gain weight, you need to take more calories than your total energy needs.
If you eat more calories than your body metabolism needs for your activity level, you will gain weight.
There are 3,500 calories in every pound of body fat (0.5 Kg). So, if you eat 500 calories more a day than your body needs, you will gain one pound every week.
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The Humanities are critical to public life and public education. Humanists define and debate moral and social values; they interpret literary texts and historical documents; they analyze works of art and they explore ideas; and they teach us not only what these things mean, but why they are important. The Humanities cultivate the skills essential to active citizenship—careful reading, informed debate, an awareness of our place in a complex world at a critical moment in time. The Humanities teach us to think and to question, how to read and how to see. The Humanities help us understand what we create and what we believe, what we value and what we fear; they help us map the tangled histories of where we have been and navigate the possibilities of the roads ahead.
Our award-winning researchers, teachers, and students are committed to advancing the public good and public access to knowledge in the classroom, on campus, and in our local, national, and global communities. Professor Evie Shockley, pictured above, is renowned for her student-centered teaching and community-building classroom, as well as for her poetry and scholarship. The author of the critical volume Renegade Poetics: Black Aesthetics and Formal Innovation in African American Poetry (2011), Shockley received the 2012 Hurston/Wright Legacy Award in Poetry for her book the new black and the 2012 Holmes National Poetry Prize. She was a Pulitzer Prize finalist for her poetry collection semiautomatic in 2018.
The Humanities directly addresses issues of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in research and teaching across the fields of history, literatures, and cultures, philosophy, gender and sexuality, and modern and classical languages.
As a microcosm of America’s linguistic diversity, Rutgers is ideally positioned to make world languages a cornerstone of its education. Studying languages promotes cultural awareness and helps make global connections. The School of Arts and Sciences provides instruction in more than two dozen languages from Arabic and Chinese to Vietnamese and Yoruba.
The Division of Humanities is home to #1-ranked programs in women’s history and African American history and has recently added an Asian American minor and expanded Native and Indigenous studies. There are numerous courses throughout the division allowing students to explore the histories and cultures of underrepresented groups and gain deeper understandings of our nation’s diversity, including “Race and Ethnicity in America,” “History and Culture of Hip Hop,” and “Islam in/and America."
The Division of Humanities offers a wide array of programs and initiatives that foster many forms of diversity, equity, and inclusion in its curricula and across its communities. DEI efforts in departments and centers reveal longstanding commitments in the division that have made RU-NB one of the most intellectually diverse and socially vibrant universities in the country.
Beyond major programming, departments and centers across the humanities offer many lecture series, internships, community outreach, and curricular modules that evidence steady DEI efforts in the division. Recognizing that much work in this area still needs to be done, however, we are making new and even more robust commitments to meet this moment.
Below is a selected list of current programs and initiatives:
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The Nephin Beg mountains are perhaps Ireland’s most isolated. To hike around here is to walk in a land fashioned by north Atlantic weather systems and worked by man.
West Mayo, with its wonderful indented coastline, endless islands and inner bogs, is a result of glaciation, constant rain and the winds blown in by the great and fierce ocean.
Stripped of her natural Scots Pines, were it not for the heavy plantations of non-native conifers over the last fifty years and more, this would be a virtually tree-less landscape. Only around the larger lake shores will you find native trees of any note. Even then, they are often smaller than elsewhere, with that characteristic stunted and lopsided growth, as they bend away from the strong prevailing winds. Indeed, the majority of lakes and bog pools can boast no such trees at all on their shorelines.
The conifers, meanwhile, are a dreadful blight on the landscape, a testimony to man’s disregard for his surroundings.
But with the conifers comes some life too.
The Pine Marten is here. The Otter darts between drainage ditches and small fast rivers, with the occasional slower, deeper pool to hang around in. The Red Deer hides away in the huge plantations. You might spot them at dusk, or hear them during the autumn rut. Kestrels can be spotted around the perimeters of the conifers, as they perch looking out across the bog for prey. The smaller and faster-flying Merlin is harder to see, darting at a much lower level than the Kestrel. Look around the crags, cliffs and mountain peaks and you may just come across the majestic Peregrine. In the tree-tops, you can spot the very pretty Crossbill.
But the call of wild west Mayo is ultimately one of silence.
Get yourself out into the vast boglands of this place and sit down for a while, among the heather and grasses. Listen. You won’t hear much.
Where to Answer the Call of Wild West Mayo
Head to one of the less frequented waymarked loop walks, for example at Keenagh.
Or drive from Mulranny towards Ballycroy, but park your car about 1km north of the Claggan Mountain coastal boardwalk, where there are spaces on the right hand side. Just walk inland and follow your nose.
By the way, here is the website of Ballycroy National Park.
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The Benefits of Ginger to Kidney Function
Ginger is a nutrient-rich spice widely eaten fresh and as a ground powder. It’s commonly used in herbal medicine as well. The slightly sweet, warm and citrus-like flavor adds a unique taste to everything from soups to tea, and it’s loaded with nutrients your body uses to maintain health, including kidney health. Ginger's nutritional profile makes it an excellent addition to your diet.
Diet Influences Kidney Health
Your overall diet plays a vital role in keeping you healthy and keeping your organs, including your kidneys, functioning properly. A nutritious diet reduces your risk for kidney malfunction. On the flip side, making poor food choices significantly increases the risk that you will develop kidney disease in the future, warns a study the American Journal of Kidney Disease published in 2013.
If you have kidney disease, following a nutritious diet that supports kidney function is well known to help slow, or in some cases even halt, the decline in kidney function.
Packed With Antioxidants
Most Americans fail to eat enough fruits and vegetables, causing them to miss out on some antioxidant benefits. Incorporating ginger into your diet is a simple and convenient way to boost your antioxidant intake, but it shouldn’t replace the recommended 5 to 9 servings of fruits and vegetables you need each day.
The antioxidants in ginger and other fruits and vegetables help neutralize unstable molecules known as free radicals. These molecules cause inflammation and damage to cells and tissues, including your kidneys, when your antioxidant intake is insufficient. Eating a diet too low in antioxidants increases oxidative stress in patients with kidney disease, reported the Journal of Renal Nutrition in 2012. The researchers concluded that it may be helpful to increase your antioxidant intake if you have kidney disease, since oxidative stress has a negative impact on kidney function.
Lowers Blood Sugar
High blood sugar levels damage your blood vessels and organs. Your kidneys are particularly at risk when blood glucose remains elevated. For this reason, kidney damage is a significant risk factor if you have diabetes.
Powdered ginger can improve blood sugar control, according to a study published in the Iran Journal of Pharmaceutical Research in 2015. Supplementing ginger significantly lowers fasting blood sugar and improves A1C -- a measurement of long-term glucose control -- in people with type 2 diabetes, according to the results. Ginger may also help reduce the risk of diabetes complications, such as kidney damage, researchers concluded.
- National Kidney Foundation: The Right Diet May Help Prevent Kidney Disease, New Study Finds
- Journal of Renal Nutrition: Intake of Antioxidants and their Status in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
- Iran Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: The Effects of Ginger on Fasting Blood Sugar, Hemoglobin A1C, Apolipoprotein B, Apolipoprotein A-1, and Malondialdehyde in Type 2 Diabetes
Janet Renee is a registered dietitian with a focus on hormonal imbalance. She helps clients with issues like polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance balance their hormones and lose weight through dietary changes. Renee shares her knowledge and expertise through regular contributions to health and wellness publications, including Shape, Women’s Health and Vegetarian Times.
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More than 150 different parasite species can be found in the horse's intestine. Fortunately, only a handful create problems. Which parasites 'act up' and damage the intestine depend on the age and natural defenses of the individual horse.
Most parasites gain entry to the horse's intestinal tract by accidental swallowing since the parasites live on blades of grass in the pasture. In order for a majority of these parasites to complete their life cycle, there are two distinct phases.
The migration of worm parasites in the horse is, to a large extent, unstoppable. Virtually all horses are infected with parasites to some extent. Small numbers cause minimal damage, but larger numbers pose a risk for colic and other symptoms. The situation is different for weakened, debilitated or immunocompromised horses, which succumb to small numbers of parasites. As a rule, older horses appear to develop immunity against the common gastrointestinal parasites and tend not to be affected by parasite-related problems as commonly as younger horses.
Over the past several decades, a whole variety of ill-defined maladies have been blamed on the effect of parasitism in horses. The "diagnosis" of "migrating parasites" has been a traditional "fall-back" diagnosis for mysterious clinical problems (during the 1990s, this fashionable diagnosis was largely replaced by the diagnosis of EPM). Based on the extremely high effectiveness of some of the current deworming drugs, true parasite damage is not seen as often in horses as it used to be.
What to Watch For
Symptoms of parasite infection vary a lot depending on whether it is mild parasitism or of a more serious nature. You may see any of the following:
It is very common for adult horses to have been parasitized by several different parasite species at the same time. The important groups of equine gastrointestinal parasites are listed as follows:
Currently, the "small strongyle" group of parasitic worms represents the most important cause of gastrointestinal parasitism in North America. There are in excess of 100 different species of small strongyles that afflict horses. These miniature worms are so important, that today's modern parasite control programs and drug development efforts target small strongyles.
Some degree of small strongyle parasitism can be found in most adult horses. Unlike many of the parasites of the gastrointestinal tract of dogs and cats, the small strongyles actually cause damage by migrating inside the wall of the intestinal tract of horses. Horses acquire this type of parasite by eating pasture grass that has been contaminated by parasite larvae, which develop from eggs shed in horse manure. Pasture contamination by parasite eggs can be very severe and these eggs can survive for long periods of time on the pasture. Therefore the best way to reduce the chance of parasite problems is to combine methods that kill parasite eggs in conjunction with dewormers. Dewormers alone will not assure you that your horse will avoid parasite-related diseases.
Following ingestion of the infective larval-stage parasite at pasture, the parasite burrows into the wall of the horse's large intestine and elicits an inflammatory reaction. This inflammatory reaction, when sufficiently extensive, may interfere with the ability of the intestine to absorb nutrients and lead to colic and diarrhea. During its migration within the wall of the intestine, the parasites grow and mature.
The small strongyle parasite also has the option to enter a phase of dormancy in the intestinal wall at which time it is relatively resistant to deworming drugs.
These dormant parasites have one of the most sophisticated tricks found in nature. Not only are they resistant to drugs, but they can carefully and accurately time their awakening to coincide with optimal weather conditions for survival in the pasture. They predict the best weather for survival outside by sensing changes in the horse's circulating hormones, which change with the seasonal fluctuations in day length. This trick of nature prevents the death of eggs due to exposure to the elements, in particular very dry and warm conditions.
These parasites will also go into hibernation when the intestinal lining is already overcrowded with adult parasites. The hibernating stages, therefore, represent a reservoir of parasites that trickle down into the intestine when there is enough room, created by natural death of the adult worms, or deworming. Following adult deaths, many new mature larvae are able to "break out" into the intestinal lumen and reestablish a population of adult parasites and enable further egg production.
Clinical problems associated with the small strongyles range from the asymptomatic "carrier" to diarrhea, unthriftiness, poor growth, impaired performance and increased risk for colic.
There are only three different species of the large strongyles, the most important of which is Strongylus vulgaris. Before the advent of the new powerful deworming drugs, problems attributed to parasitism associated with Strongylus vulgaris were widespread. However, it is rare to see clinical problems due to this parasite in the modern age.
The large strongyles are recognized in the horse's manure by their red color (they contain blood); to this end, they are also commonly known as "blood worms" or "red worms." With an important single difference, the life cycle for Strongylus vulgaris is similar to that described for the small strongyles. However, instead of undergoing a period of arrested development in the lining of the large intestine, Strongylus vulgaris undergoes a migratory phase in the blood vessels that supply the intestinal tract. By migrating in the lining of the wall of this important artery, damage associated with Strongylus vulgaris includes interruption of the blood flow to the intestine.
Less commonly, larvae of large strongyles may be found in remote sites such as the brain, but, most typically, this aberrant migration is restricted to an intestinal artery and the lining of the intestinal wall. Most clinical problems associated with large strongyle parasitism include unthriftiness, diarrhea, poor growth, impaired performance, weight loss and increased risk for colic. Other problems may be reported if the parasite larvae invade other remote sites. Rarely, if parasite damage to the artery is sufficiently severe, death may occur as a result of internal hemorrhage into the abdomen.
One single tapeworm parasite that causes clinical problems in some horses is Anoplocephala perfoliata. Unlike other species, the horse tapeworm is rarely, if ever, seen by horse owners in the horse's manure. The tapeworm "segments" that contain eggs usually dissipate before they arrive in the rectum.
A substantial number of tapeworms in the horse's intestine rarely cause severe disease. Young horses are more likely to be affected with tapeworm parasitism than older horses, presumably as a result of developing immunity. Clinical problems associated with tapeworm parasitism in adult horses include unthriftiness, impaired performance, weight loss and increased risk for colic. Horses acquire Anoplocephala perfoliata by inadvertently ingesting a free-living grass mite at pasture. This mite is essential for the completion of this parasite's life cycle. Well-established old pastures are more likely to be contaminated by grass mites than young pastures.
The roundworm, or ascarid, parasite of horses is Parascaris equorum. Ascarid eggs are resistant and ubiquitous in horse environments. Virtually all young foals are exposed to roundworm parasitism. By approximately 10 months of age, the young horse has developed immunity and essentially eliminates the adult ascarids in the intestinal system.
Roundworms are rarely seen in the intestinal tract of adult horses. Prior to immunity and roundworm elimination, these parasites undergo migration from the intestine, through the liver and peritoneal cavity, then through the lungs, and return to the intestine to mature into adults and lay eggs. Eggs are passed in manure to contaminate the environment and lead to infection of other young horses.
Clinical problems associated with roundworm parasitism include unthriftiness, diarrhea, poor growth, impaired performance, anemia, weight loss and increased risk for colic. Other problems such as peritonitis, liver disease and lung inflammation (coughing) may be reported as the parasite larvae migrate through these internal organs.
Foals may be parasitized by a very large number of adult roundworms in their small intestine. An important cause of severe colic is the situation that occurs following the administration of a powerful deworming drug to foals that are carrying a heavy roundworm burden. The sudden death of large numbers of these roundworms may lead to complete blockage and even rupture of the small intestine.
Horses are commonly parasitized by bot fly larvae. Throughout the summer, bot flies lay their eggs on the hair shafts of horses at pasture. These small yellow bot fly eggs can easily be seen on dark-colored horses.
The flies selectively lay their eggs on the hair coat of the fore quarters from where the horse ingests the eggs during grooming (licking) behavior. These eggs develop into larval stages in the horse's stomach and may, in sufficiently large numbers, lead to gastric irritation and mild colic or unthriftiness. Mature larvae are passed out in feces to pupate on the ground. Large numbers of larvae in the rectum (temporary attachment) have been reported to cause straining.
Bot larvae are readily killed by most new deworming drugs. With the advent of widely available endoscopic equipment (capable of visualizing the lining of the horse's stomach), veterinarians recognize that large numbers of bot larvae are often found in the stomach of adult horses. However, significant damage is rarely attributed to this parasite – its presence more importantly implies that the horses have not been recently dewormed using an effective anti-parasite drug.
Other worm parasites are sometimes identified in the adult horse stomach. These parasites are the closely related "stomach worms" (Draschia megastoma, Habronema muscae and Habronema microstoma). This group of parasites causes minimal damage to the lining of the stomach.
Use of modern deworming drugs have virtually eliminated clinical problems associated with these parasites in horses in North America. In warm weather, the larval stages of these stomach worms are sometimes transported by flies to moist areas of the horse's body. At these locations, the larvae may cause aggressive inflammatory reactions and bleeding, known as "summer sores." Typical areas of the horse's body include small wounds, the eye and tear duct, and the moist skin at the tip of the penis/prepuce.
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We have ways to heat our water, our homes and provide us with electricity. We probably take all of this for granted and if we lost them we would probably panic. We take for granted that these conveniences will be there for us from now on. We expect glitches to happen but we want them to be fixable without going long without all of these. We appreciate the heat in the winter when it snows outside and when the temperatures drop. We need water to live and although it is usually running under the ground we want the convenience of it running through our pipes and into our homes.
Electricity is nice when you can have lights with just a simple flick of the switch. In the summertime we experience some power outages when everyone turns on their air conditioners in order to tolerate the extreme temperatures beating down from the sun. This heat is sometimes so intense it can make someone, who has trouble breathing, struggle for every breath.
The sun is a very intense ball of gas up in the atmosphere. It burns twenty four hours a day, seven days per week. We only see it during out daytime but on the other side of the globe they get the daytime when we get the night. When the sun light beams down on the earth’s surface, a small percentage of the solar radiation heading for earth gets reflected. There are larger amounts of the sunlight that is actually absorbed. When you consider the fact that the sunlight must go through fog, clouds, dust particles and harmful pollutants in order to reach us that reduce the amount of sunlight that we receive even more. When it finally makes it to the earth’s surface it is then radiated back up into space. When it reaches the earth, plants and vegetation absorb it and the oceans, winds and other resources absorb the sunlight as well.
Some people use some of the heat generated from the sun in order to heat homes, power electricity and provide water to their families and businesses. When you think about all that you have that runs through a machine it may be possible to reroute that in order to run it all by sunlight. Scientists have only started to make this possible but it is far from being completed. When you consider all the solar energy that reaches the earth’s surface and then radiated back into the atmosphere, you could power electricity, heat and water from now on. This solar energy can be redirected and concentrated using special boxes that attract the light during the day to heat water and homes throughout the night.
Solar power is very important and provides a natural way to heat, obtain electricity and water with just a little more effort. In the future we may have no other choice but to look at natural resources in order to have these necessities and conveniences. Solar power is important now and in the future.
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Toasty Textiles: Researchers Weave Thermoelectric Generators Into Cotton
Researchers are now diving into textile-based thermoelectric generators—a niche subfield of wearables.
Earlier this year, we discussed how e-textiles are an increasingly common area of research, stymied by power supply concerns. Now, researchers from Rice University have created woven nanotube fibers that turn heat into power—a discovery they hope will promote the commercialization of energy harvesting e-textiles.
This new research relies on the production of something called textile-based thermoelectric generators (T-TEGs).
The researchers first weaved carbon nanotubes into thread-like fibers. Next, they sewed these fibers into fabric to act as a thermoelectric generator. Image used courtesy of Jeff Fitlow and Rice University
T-TEGs are capable of converting body heat into electrical energy. In contrast to conventional thermoelectric generators made from materials such as bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) and lead telluride (PbTe), novel T-TEGs have air permeability, high flexibility, and good thermal and electrical resistance. They are also more cost-effective to manufacture.
How might these T-TEGs be yet another key to widespread adoption of e-textiles?
1-D, 2-D, and 3-D T-TEGs
To answer this question, it's first important to make a distinction between three types of T-TEGs: 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D. These three dimensions result from different materials used in the fabrication process.
While a 1-D T-TEG is made of organic materials like yarn, filament, or fiber, a 2-D T-TEG has a combination of fabrics and organic or inorganic thermoelectric materials. 3-D T-TEGs are made when inorganic thermoelectric ingots (such as bismuth telluride alloys) are woven into fabrics.
Textile-based thermoelectric generator finds application in a wide range of areas including passive sensing. Image used courtesy of Wiley Online Library
The manufacturing process of a 1-D T-TEG first involves spinning techniques such as wet spinning to make thermoelectric materials. Using this technique, manufacturers can create polymer-based fibers by dispersing polymer in a solvent while immersing the spinneret in a coagulation bath to solidify the fibers. The corresponding TEG is then fabricated by connecting the thermoelectric fibers electrically in series and thermally in parallel with electrodes.
Common materials used to fabricate the thermoelectric fibers or yarns include carbon nanotubes, graphene, and the composite of polyethylene glycol/carbon nanotube. 2-D T-TEGs employ fabrics with high flexibility, such as cotton, to be coated on thermoelectric thin films.
What Factors Influence the Power Output of a T-TEG?
Just how much power can T-TEGs produce? The Rice researchers found that the maximum output power generated by a T-TEG is inversely proportional to its internal resistance. Generally, the output power of T-TEG is majorly influenced by a number of factors including its structural design, environmental conditions, and materials used in the fabrication.
One of the Rice researchers presenting a cotton fabric woven with carbon nanotube fibers, which can transform heat into energy that powers an LED. Image used courtesy of Jeff Fitlow and Rice University
T-TEG developers aim for a high thermoelectric power factor, which is useful in energy harvesting applications. In general, conventional inorganic thermoelectric materials usually demonstrate better power factor performance than organic thermoelectric materials.
For instance, while bismuth telluride alloys exhibit a power factor of approximately 4.5 mW m-1 K-2, a composite of p-type polyethylene glycol/carbon nanotube (developed through a wet spinning method) yields a high power factor of 378 µW m-1 K-2.
Rice University Yields a Giant Power Factor
The Rice University researchers fabricated a 1-D T-TEG using double-wall carbon nanotube (or DWCNT) fibers. These fibers are characterized by high electrical conductivity, high density, and a low level of impurities. What’s more, they have wall diameters in microscopic size.
As noted earlier, spinning techniques can be used to create the thermoelectric material used to fabricate 1-D T-TEGs. The Rice researchers used such a method to spin the carbon nanotubes in chlorosulfonic acid (CSA).
The researchers reported the highest recorded power factor of 14±5 mW m-1 K-2 when the carbon nanotube-based thermoelectric fibers were chemically doped. This feat was achieved during the spinning procedure to tune the Fermi Energy close to a 1D Van Hove singularity (VHS).
Schematic of the carbon nanotube-based textile-based thermoelectric generator. Image used courtesy of Nature
As a small-scale experiment, it provided enough energy to power up a light-emitting diode (LED). The researchers, however, noted that their carbon nanotube-based thermoelectric material may find use beyond energy harvesting applications; they also see it being effective for active cooling when developers require a large power factor and thermal conductivity.
This is research??????????? Thermocouples have been around 100 years, what are you researching, being able to sew them into clothes? My grandma could do that and she didn’t even finish high school.
Interesting but I don’t think I would want to wear this in a high RF field. Might be a shocking experience!
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001 – Getting started with Grasshopper
Updated: Feb 13
In this blog, we’ll delve into everything you need to know to get started with Grasshopper - an easy to use visual programming language that can help you create kick-ass models.
What is Grasshopper?
Grasshopper is a parametric design plugin for the Rhinoceros 3D environment. Grasshopper uses visual components rather than script, so it requires no prior knowledge in textual programming or scripting.
Who is it useful for?
Everyone who wants to create 3D geometry - from architects to engineers to product owners, whether you’re just starting out or have 20 years of experience in relevant fields.
Grasshopper has an array of benefits, to name a few:
No prior programming knowledge is required
You can create amazing 3D visualisations of your products
Automation - no more manual pencil or 2D CAD drawings
Grasshopper can be used on Windows or Mac devices and you can download it via the Rhino website. The first 90 days are free and after that you can purchase a licence. But students and teachers can save up to 80% when the licence is purchased for educational purposes, you can learn more about this at Rhino for Education.
Let's get started!
After you’ve downloaded Grasshopper/ Rhino and set everything up, you can learn the basics via David Rutten’s tutorials. Once you’ve mastered the basics, Packhunt has created a YouTube series full of tips and tricks to help you expand your knowledge, you can find our videos in our Grasshopper Explained playlist.
Packhunt and Grasshopper
Packhunt was developed with Grasshopper and other parametric applications in mind. With Packhunt.io, you can upload your 3D Grasshopper model and for example integrate it into your company’s web environment, it is always accessible online.
Packhunt additionally provides you with control over your Grasshopper models in many ways:
Choose between different types of input parameters, such as number sliders, dropdown menus, or input fields.
Define separate “dashboards” containing different input parameters to guide your user through a design process.
Choose material colours and textures to create a realistic digital twin.
Tip: To set the range of your slider, double-click to set the minimum and maximum values.
Tip: You can change the name of the slider by double-clicking it and changing the slider title to something that corresponds with your model.
Would you like to know more?
If you’d like to continue expanding your Grasshopper knowledge, get in touch with us via this
contact form. We’d be happy to answer any questions you may have.
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The life of the black religious servant Ursula de Jesús (1604-1666) has remained one of the best-kept historical secrets of the New World. This English language translation of the diary she began in 1650 allows us to hear the voice of the former slave turned spiritualist.
Born into slavery in Lima, Peru, Ursula entered a convent at the age of thirteen to serve a nun, and spent the next twenty-eight years as one of hundreds of slaves whose exhausting daily work afforded little time to contemplate religious matters. After surviving a potentially fatal accident, she chose a spiritual path, though remained a slave until one of the nuns purchased her freedom. Ursula began to see visions and communicate more frequently with God. Dead souls eager to diminish their stay in Purgatory approached her, and it was then that she assumed the role of intercessor on their behalf.
Ursula's diary conveys the innuendos of convent life, but above all it offers a direct experience of baroque Catholic spirituality from the perspective of a woman of color. Nancy E. van Deusen selected approximately fifty pages from Ursula's diary to appear here as Ursula wrote them, in Spanish. Van Deusen's introduction situates Ursula's text within the milieu of medieval and early modern female spirituality, addresses the complexities of racial inequality, and explores the power of the written word.
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Advanced Dressing Stations were manned by Field Ambulances and provided limited surgical facilities for emergency cases. To treat the wounded as quickly as possible they had to be close to the front line, often within range of the enemy’s field artillery. As can be seen from the devastation in the photograph, most of this dressing station has had to be housed in dug outs (plans of the Red Cottage dug outs are available elsewhere on this site). These provided barely enough shelter for the staff of the Field Ambulance; in times of heavy fighting, the wounded waited outside on stretchers to be attended.
The 69th Field Ambulance was attached to the 23rd Division for the whole of the war.
Original URL: http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/image/L0009231.html
Resource Type : image22 visits / 1 Like(s) (Like this resource)
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Chapter 18: Other Myths
Previous Page Table of Contents Next Page
♠ Isokrates, 6 Archidamos 22-23
But the Messenians went so far in their wickedness that they plotted against and slew Cresphontes, albeit he was the founder of their state, the sovereign of their land, a descendant of Heracles, and once the leader of their armies. His sons, however, escaped the perils which confronted them and threw themselves upon the mercy of Sparta, beseeching us to come to the aid of their dead father and offering us their land. And you, after inquiring of Apollo, and being directed by him to accept this gift and avenge the wronged, thereupon beleaguered the Messenians, forced them to surrender, and thus gained possession of their territory. Greek Text
♠ Hyginus, Fabulae 137
MEROPE: When Polyphontes, King of Messenia, had killed Cresphontes, son of Aristomachus, he gained possession of his kingdom and his wife Merope [with whom Polyphontes, after slaying Cresphontes, seized the kingdom]. But Merope hid the infant son whom she had borne to Cresphontes and sent him to a guest-friend in Aitolia. Polyphontes kept hunting for him with great assiduity, and promised gold to the one who killed him. After he came to man’s estate, he planned to avenge the deaths of his father and his brothers, so he came to King Polyphontes to claim the gold, saying that he had killed the son of Cresphontes and Merope — Telephon. In the meantime the King bade him remain as a guest, in ordere to find out more about him. When he had fallen asleep through weariness, the old man who was an intermediary between mother and son came weeping to Merope, saying that he wasn’t at the guest-friend’s home, nor could he be found. Merope, believing that the one who was asleep was the slayer of her son, went into the chamber with an axe, unaware that she was about to kill her son. The old man recognized him and kept the mother from the crime. When Merope saw she had opportunity to avenge herself on her foe, she became reconciled with Polyphontes. While the king was joyfully making sacrifice, his guest falsely presented to strike the victim to be offered, killed him, and secured his father’s kingdom. Latin Text
♠ POxy 2458 – Papyrus fragment from Oxyrhynchus, as published in the Oxyrhynchus Papyri series, Vol. XXVII, ed. E.G. Turner [et al.]. 1962.
♠ Plutarch, Moralia 998e
Do but consider the famous Merope in the tragedy, who taking up a hatchet, and lifting it at her son’s head, whom she took for her son’s murderer, speaks thus as she was ready to give the fatal blow,
Villain, this pious blow shall cleave thy head;
what a bustle she raises in the whole theatre while she raises herself to give the blow, and what a fear they are all in, lest she should prevent the old man that comes to stop her hand, and should wound the youth. Greek Text
♠ fr 456 N² – Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta, pp. 500-01, ed. A. Nauck, 2nd ed. Leipzig 1889.
♠ AP 3.5 – Palatine Anthology (Greek Anthology), vol. 1, pp. 96-97, ed. W.R. Paton. Cambridge Mass., 1916-18.
Greek Text and English Translation
♠ ApB 2.8.5 – Apollodoros, Bibliotheke (Library)
Cresphontes had not long reigned over Messene when he was murdered with two of his sons; and Polyphontes, one of the true Heraclids, came to the throne and took to wife, against her will, Merope, the wife of the murdered man. But he too was slain. For Merope had a third son, called Aepytus, whom she gave to her own father to bring up. When he was come to manhood he secretly returned, killed Polyphontes, and recovered the kingdom of his fathers. Greek Text
♠ Pausanias, Description of Greece 4.3.6-8
The common people of the old Messenians were not dispossessed by the Dorians, but agreed to be ruled by Cresphontes and to divide the land with the Dorians. They were induced to give way to them in this by the suspicion which they felt for their rulers, as the Neleidae were originally of Iolcos. Cresphontes took to wife Merope the daughter of Cypselus, then king of the Arcadians, by whom with other children was born to him Aepytus his youngest. He had the palace, which he and his children were to occupy, built in Stenyclerus. Originally Perieres and the other kings dwelt at Andania, but when Aphareus founded Arene, he and his sons settled there. In the time of Nestor and his descendants the palace was at Pylos, but Cresphontes ordained that the king should live in Stenyclerus. As his government for the most part was directed in favour of the people, the rich rebelled and killed Cresphontes and all his sons except Aepytus. He was still a boy and being brought up by Cypselus, and was the sole survivor of his house. When he reached manhood, he was brought back by the Arcadians to Messene, the other Dorian kings, the sons of Aristodemus and Isthmius, the son of Temenus, helping to restore him. On becoming king, Aepytus punished his father’s murderers and all who had been accessories to the crime. By winning the Messenian nobles to his side by deference, and all who were of the people by gifts, he attained to such honor that his descendants were given the name of Aepytidae instead of Heracleidae. Greek Text
Edited by Elena Bianchelli, Retired Senior Lecturer of Classical Languages and Culture, Univ. of Georgia, March 2022.
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Lesson 10: Part 2 - Ingredients and Cooking Instruction
Viewing videos requires an internet connection
Description: Students learn Italian language by identifying the ingredients for the dessert, la sbrisolona.
Instructors: Paola Rebusco, ES.S41 students
As Taught In
Learning Resource Types
theaters Lecture Videos
assignment Activity Assignments
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Russian muskrat, also known as khokhulya (Desmana moschata) is a very old, relic species of mammals. It is believed that these animals have been living on Earth for about 30 million years. Previously, the distribution area extended to almost the entire European part of Eurasia – up to the British Isles. Now the range has decreased and has a broken character.
Desman owes its name to its characteristic and very unpleasant smell of musk. The etymology of the name goes back to the old Russian word “huhat”, i.e. “stink”.
Species origin and description
Due to the antiquity of the species, it is a very difficult task to accurately determine its origin. The ancestors of the desman were small insectivorous animals, which, in the process of specialization, acquired the appearance and habits close to modern animals. For 30 million years, evolution has not been able to greatly change the muskrat, so today we see it the same as mammoths and almost all the ancestors of modern man could see it. Close relatives of the Russian desman are modern moles, with which desmans have many similar features in anatomy and biology.
The desman prefers to settle along quiet water bodies in burrows that she digs herself. The dwellings are highly branched and go to the very edge of the water. The muskrat spends most of its time in burrows, hiding from its enemies, incl. from a person. The animal can swim perfectly, has an excellent sense of smell and touch. The small body is covered with thick hair, which the animal processes with the secretions of the musk gland. Due to this, the wool becomes water-repellent, but at the same time gives the muskrat a strong unpleasant odor.
The khokhul feeds on small crustaceans, mollusks, insects and aquatic plants. The animal does not make reserves for the winter and does not hibernate, leading an active lifestyle all year round. Because of this feature, the muskrat cannot expand its range to the north – it is difficult for the animal to endure cold winters.
Appearance and features
The desman is small in size – only about 20 cm, plus a tail of about the same length. Total – about 40 centimeters. Body weight is approximately 400 — 500 grams. The head is small, on a short neck, with an elongated muzzle ending in a mobile stigma with a nose and tufts of very sensitive whiskers — vibrissa. Small eyes are surrounded by lighter, hairless areas of skin; vision is very poor. In everyday life, the desman relies more on other senses than on sight. And during the hunt, in general, he closes his eyes and uses exclusively vibrissae.
The tail of the muskrat is long, very mobile, flattened laterally. It is covered with small scales and has no wool at all. It is used by the animal when swimming as an additional mover and rudder. The limbs of the muskrat are short. Between the toes of the paws there are membranes, which also facilitates swimming. The front paws are short, clubfoot, mobile, with large claws. They desman digs multi-meter networks of holes. On land, these mammals move slowly and clumsily, swimming much faster and more agile in the water.
The body of the animal is covered with thick fur soaked in musk. Musk performs a water-repellent function. Thanks to this, the wool does not get wet and dries very quickly. The color of the coat on the back is gray-brown, the belly is gray-silver. This coloring performs a masking function both in water and on land. In fact, it was precisely because of musk and skin with fur that the number of desman was reduced to catastrophic proportions. For many centuries, the animal had commercial value, first because of musk, and then as a fur breed. The final ban on fishing was introduced only in the middle of the 20th century.
Where does the Russian muskrat live?
To date, the Russian desman is distributed in small areas of the Volga, Don, Dnieper and Ural river basins. Now the area continues to shrink. This is due to both climate change and human activity.
The muskrat leads a very secretive life. It lives near quiet reservoirs, in the banks of which it digs branched burrows. In some cases, the total length of all tunnels and burrow chambers can exceed 10 meters! In its dungeons, the animal rests after hunting, feeds, and raises offspring. Khokhulya prefers to settle in quiet places with lush coastal vegetation. On such shores, it is easier for the animal to hide from danger, and it is also easier to survive periods of high water. If a reservoir is characterized by frequent strong changes in water level, then the muskrat makes multi-tiered burrows with several entrances.
The animal tries to make the entrance to the hole at the very edge of the water. A groove runs along the bottom from the entrance to the dwelling, often with several branches. This is a kind of underwater path that allows the desman not to get lost and quickly find the right path. Often grooves connect the main burrow with additional — fodder, in which the little animal can safely eat, relax or just breathe in fresh air. The distance between the holes does not exceed 25-30 meters, because. about as many desmans can swim under water in one breath. As the water level drops, the muskrat deepens the grooves near the entrance to the hole and continues to use them.
Floods are a very difficult time for a muskrat. She has to leave her hole and wait for the rise of water in some kind of temporary shelters. At this time, the animals are especially vulnerable and often become the prey of predators. If it is not possible to gain a foothold, the animal is carried away by the current. Not all individuals survive. But this is also how the muskrat spreads.
What does the Russian desman eat?
With great mobility and a high metabolism, the Russian muskrat needs a lot of high-calorie food. Such activity is maintained almost throughout the year. The basis of the diet of the Russian muskrat is animal food, although the animal does not disdain aquatic vegetation.
Most often, the muskrat menu includes:
- aquatic insects;
- insect larvae;
- small crustaceans;
- leeches and other worms.
In addition, an animal with enjoys feasting on small fish and frogs, if you manage to catch them. Periodically supplements its diet with stalks of cattail, reed, egg-pods.
The khokhul hunts exclusively in the water, and eats prey on land. During the hunt, the animal orients itself with the help of vibrissae. Having found the prey, it seizes it with its teeth and takes it to a hole or a secluded place on the shore, where it regales itself. In addition to soft insect larvae, the muskrat also copes well with mollusks in shells thanks to strong and sharp front teeth. Since the “dining room” of the desman is located in the same place, it is not difficult to find the habitat of this secretive animal from the remnants of food.
An important role in the process of hunting Russian muskrat is played by grooves at the bottom of the reservoir. Constantly moving along them, the animal provides periodic circulation of water and its enrichment with air. Aquatic insects and their larvae swim more actively in oxygen-rich water, on which the khokhul hunts.
Peculiarities of character and lifestyle
The Russian muskrat is a semi-aquatic mammal that breathes atmospheric air. But the way of life left its mark and this ancient animal developed several adaptations for such a habitat. The main ones are the ability to swim under water and hold your breath for a long time. If the animal feels danger above the water, and you need to inhale, then the muskrat carefully sticks out its stigma with nostrils above the surface of the water and breathes. This continues until the danger disappears.
Despite the fact that the Khokhulya has good hearing, it does not respond to all sound stimuli. It has been repeatedly noted that human speech or the noise of cattle on the shore sometimes does not have such an effect as a slight splash or rustle of grass on the shore. Nevertheless, the muskrat tries to stay secretive and hides at the slightest danger.
The Russian muskrat usually lives in family groups. One family owns one developed network of holes, in which all individuals coexist amicably. But these animals cannot be called peaceful and docile! Often, conflicts arise between representatives of different families, which can even lead to the death of one of the individuals. But this rarely happens. Usually the case ends with a peaceful showdown or intimidation. Attacks are more often observed from adult animals on young animals from a neighboring clan.
With aquatic and semi-aquatic animals of other species, the Russian muskrat tries to maintain friendly relations. So, even some semblance of symbiosis is observed with a beaver. Khokhulya often uses beaver burrows for her own purposes, and as a payment she devours mollusks that can carry beaver pathogens. Thus, both win. There is no food competition with beavers in the Russian muskrat.
With another aquatic mammal, the muskrat, the desman develops diverse relationships. Animals do not enter into direct confrontation and even sometimes occupy one hole, however, it is not uncommon for a larger muskrat to crowd out a weak animal. This leads to a reduction in the number of muskrat in some areas.
Social structure and reproduction
As noted above, the Russian muskrat lives in family groups consisting of parents and the last generation of young. Sometimes, at a high density of animals, unrelated individuals or older cubs join the family. Each muskrat family lives in its own burrow and controls the space around it. When meeting with representatives of neighboring clans, conflicts may arise.
Russian desman breeds up to two times a year. Usually in spring (during high water) and late autumn. Pregnancy in a female lasts about 1.5 months. All this time, she prepares one of the chambers in the hole, in which she then gives birth and feeds offspring. Khokhuly has up to five cubs in one litter. They are born naked, defenseless and helpless, weighing only 3-5 grams. The mother in the first two weeks relentlessly cares for the offspring, feeding with milk, warming and licking. Later, the mother begins to leave the cell to rest for a short time. The protection of the family and the care of the female during this period is carried out by the male.
If the female is disturbed during the period of feeding the offspring, then most often she transfers the offspring to another chamber or even to another hole. The mother moves the cubs along the water, placing them on her stomach. A worried father is usually the first to leave the hole.
For the first month, the mother feeds the cubs exclusively with milk. At the age of one month, babies appear teeth and they begin to try adult food. From about a month and a half, young desmans begin to leave the hole and try to get food on their own. By the age of six months, they are already completely independent, and by 11 months they become sexually mature and leave the parent hole.
Natural enemies of the Russian muskrat
Though desman and leads a very secretive and cautious lifestyle, she has plenty of enemies in the wild! Having a very small size, this animal often becomes the prey of predators.
The main enemies on land:
- wild felines;
- some birds of prey.
Usually a furry animal becomes a victim on land, because. legs are poorly adapted to moving on land. The most dangerous time in this respect is the spring flood. And just at this time there is a marriage period. Animals engaged in the selection of a pair lose their vigilance, and the overflowing reservoir deprives them of their natural shelter – holes. Therefore, desmans become easy prey for predators. Also, wild boars cause significant harm, which, although they do not hunt adults, often break their holes.
In the water, the khokhul is more agile and less prone to attack, but even here it is not completely safe. A small animal can become prey for a large pike or catfish. Another serious enemy of the desman was man and his activities. For centuries he has been exterminating animals for fur and musk. But if now the commercial hunting of the khokhul is prohibited and it is under protection, then the destruction of its natural habitat continues to reduce the number of these ancient animals.
Population and species status
Once upon a time, several centuries ago, the Russian muskrat lived almost throughout Europe and its numbers were at a safe level. But over the past 100-150 years, the range of this relic mammal has significantly decreased and become fragmented. Now the khokhul can occasionally be found in some areas of the Volga, Don, Ural and Dnieper basins. Rare sightings of the desman were also noted in the Chelyabinsk and Tomsk regions.
Due to the secretive way of life, counting the number of the animal causes a number of difficulties, so at the moment their exact number is unknown. But a number of researchers believe that the desman population today has, according to various sources, about 30-40 thousand individuals. This is a negligible number compared to the previous population, when tens of thousands of skins of this animal were brought to fairs every year, but it leaves hope for the survival of the species.
Protection of the Russian muskrat
Now Russian muskrat — it is a rare relic declining species. It is on the verge of extinction and is listed in the Red Book of Russia, and is also protected by some international organizations. To protect the muskrat in Russia and in the territories of neighboring states, several reserves and about 80 sanctuaries have been created, in which the animals are protected and studied.
Since the end of the 20s of the XX century, programs for the resettlement of Russian desmans have been periodically implemented in the USSR, as well as in modern Russia. As a result of these activities, for example, populations appeared and exist in the Ob basin. There, its number, according to approximate estimates, is about 2.5 thousand animals. But many attempts were unsuccessful, because. this ancient species is still poorly studied.
Despite the status of an endangered species, the muskrat is still of interest as a commercial fur animal and still becomes the target of poachers. Fishing nets are no less dangerous, in which a huge number of animals die. This factor also prevents the restoration of the muskrat population.
The Russian muskrat is one of the oldest representatives of the animal world on our planet. These animals have seen mammoths, seen almost all stages of human development, have survived not a single global catastrophe, but may become extinct in the coming decades due to human activity. To prevent this from happening, the muskrat must be protected and protected. The restoration of the population of this relic species is not possible without the preservation and restoration of the natural habitat of these wonderful furry animals.
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While we may be under the impression that our system of government is here to protect us, corporations—and the politicians getting paychecks from them—do a fair job of making that difficult. This manner of “legislative capture” is manifesting itself in a host of appalling ways far beyond those listed here. Here are 8 ways corporations are poisoning our food supply, humans, and mother Earth.
1. Sugary Drinks, Diet Drinks are Addictive and Fattening
Sugary drinks, especially soda, run rampant in the U.S., with corporations shelling out millions to advertise to both children and adults. Kids are taking in 7 trillion calories of sugar each year from soda alone, with sodas making up 15-25% of the daily recommended caloric intake for kids aged 2 to 19. Sugar-sweetened sodas can contain upwards of 200 calories per can, but even artificially sweetened drinks should not be considered safe. Several studies show that artificial sweeteners—like cancer-linked aspartame—can contribute to tooth decay, obesity, kidney damage, and depression.
2. Bisphenol A and Other Chemicals in Canned Goods
BPA is a hormone disrupting chemical used in canned goods and plastic bottles. The chemical, which is labeled as “toxic” in other nations, had a chance to be banned of March 2012. In a move that angered activists within the US and even internationally, the FDA ruled against the ban. This ubiquitous chemical has been linked to:
- Hyperactivity in girls
- Breast cancer
- Reproductive issues
- Hastened puberty
- Feminization in boys
- Damaged arteries
3. Buying Out and Creating Organic Companies
You may not know this, but many organic companies are actually owned and operated by major corporations like Coca-Cola or Kellogg. Companies like Honest Tea and Odwalla may appeal to health conscious shoppers, but they are actually owned by Coca-Cola. Another popular ‘health’ brand is Kashi, owned by the Kellogg corporation. Some products from these companies may be ‘100% organic’, but do you really trust their labeling practices? Or perhaps more important, do you really want to give support to the corporate producer?
Further, these large corporations are buying out some of the companies many natural-health advocates have grown to love. One example is when New Chapter, a vitamin and supplement company offering worthy products since 1892, was bought out by mega-corporation Proctor & Gamble.
4. Antibiotics are Making People Fat
These days, physicians are a little stab-happy with their antibiotics, often to just please the patient with a medical solution (a placebo effect, if you will). But it could be setting us up for lifelong obesity – at least that’s what some research has to say.
In addition to killing “bad” bacteria, antibiotics kill “good” bacteria in the gut, thereby disrupting digestion even in the long run. There’s also mounting evidence that antibiotics may be promoting diabetes and metabolic syndrome—but not killing the cold and flu viruses that parents think they are (antibiotics cannot kill viruses, only bacteria).
5. Antibiotics in Livestock are Promoting Bacterial Resistance
Last year, The Guardian wrote about 150 scientists and 50 farmers—including a former FDA commissioner—demanding that Congress regulate antibiotic use in livestock. The European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has even blamed overuse of antibiotics for the global resistance to antibiotics, which could make antibiotics futile against disease-causing bacteria. And this is not even considering the other ill effects antibiotics have on the animals we eat.
6. Supporting Genetically Modified Foods and Herbicides
If you are into organic foods and have been following GM news, you know that the latest and greatest chance for GM labeling was with California’s proposition 37. Needless to say, the bill was not passed, but Prop 37 did teach us a lot about the interest of various companies and mega corporations.
It was no surprise to see biotech giant Monsanto dish out over $4 million to fight the bill, but some people were surprised to see Naked Juice, Kashi, Cascadian Farm Organic, Honest Tea, and some others on the side of anti-GM labeling. As mentioned above, many of these companies are owned by corporations like Coca-Cola or General Mills.
They all support GM food, are anti-GM labeling, and subsequently support the use of herbicides and pesticides. Pesticides that are being used in greater amounts each day thanks to mutated insects that become resistant to Monsanto’s Roundup-ready GM crops.
According to numerous pieces of research, GM foods like Monsanto’s corn have been implicated of contributing to weight gain, organ disruption, tumor development and infertility in rats. Roundup—a glyphosate-based herbicide— is to thank for contributing to water pollution, resistant rootworms and superweeds, and environmental devastation.
7. Herbicides and Insecticides Contributing to Bee Colony Collapse
Although technological products like cell phone towers and cell phones are hurting the bee population, herbicides, insecticides and pesticides brought to us by Bayer, Monsanto, and Dow AgroSciences appear to be the main culprits. It has been shown time and time again that these chemicals are ravaging these tiny insects that are essential for agriculture purposes and pollinating food crops.
“…a document was leaked revealing that a bee-killing pesticide put in use by the EPA may be to blame [for the bee decline]. Adding to the controversy, more records have emerged showing that the USDA was fully aware of the pesticide’s threat to not only bees, but humans…Neonicotinoids, the particular type of pesticides used, are absorbed systemically into plants, including the pollen and nectar. Once the bees begin to pollinate, they also absorb the insecticide, and die.”
Neonicotinoids have been banned in France and Germany, but not the United States.
8. Factory Farms Devastate Land and Sea
If you purchase your meat from a grocery store instead of a farmer’s market or co-op, it was probably raised in a factory farm. Not only are these farms known for extreme animal cruelty (which many undercover videos have gruesomely pointed out), but they are also responsible for polluting groundwater, drinking water, and contributing to massive deforestation. Actually, they produce 100 times more waste than the entire U.S. population.
Run-off from these establishments as well as non-organic crops are contributing to blooms and dead zones in coastal waters. Earlier this year, a scientific paper argued against the case of factory farms feeding the world, but with the USDA and FDA deep in industrial farming’s pockets, it will take considerable time and effort before we see any changes.
35 thoughts on “8 Ways Corporations are Poisoning Our Food, Water, the Earth”
* Seems like a plethora of inverted /metaphorical porcupine quills stabbing methodically into the general population at large…
Methinks it's more like a massive geno/democide of "Useless Eaters' perpetrated by the same 0.2% …you know the scoin of the I.G.Farben conglomerate ie: Nazi-Zionist-Banksters that created ALL of the unspeakable atrocities of ALL of the 20th century wars thus far on planet Earth…using the faceless corporation as they hide in board rooms & dictate their monopoly of poisons via Monsanto-Dow -Bayer et al (Pig Harmaceuticals)..machinating machiavellian war marketing/ propaganda agendas …this is a fermenting ponerological nest of generational socio/psychopaths…claiming the Earth as there own.
…Consider the OBVIOUS…now that I've pointed it out…It's TOTALLY DELIBERATE…there I said it!
* flushed a "stinkin badges" Troll out of hiding…+1 for me…hahahahaha!
This is no different than killing ants, poison them thru their food and they take it back to family and kill them to or make them sick for the future insuring big pharma lots of clients
Wish more people like you could WAKE UP…cheers
Amen! Absolute Bottom Line…grow your own from organic heirloom seeds, so that you can save the seeds to plant the next year. Hopefully, you have enough space between you and BigAg farms to assure that your seeds were not polluted by their inferior GMO seeds! If you can not grow your own, join a local organic farm co-op or buy only USDA certified organic (with the little label on the front), although there are pitfalls there, too. For instance, you can buy oganic canned tomatoes, but when you open the can, you will notice that it has BPA lining the interior of the can. Remember…the only real vote you have regarding what is sold in the grocery store is with you dollar! If you can not find something you want organic, ask for it. Start demanding that the food you buy your family is organic and NOT the over-produced, nutrient free, chemically laden "soylent green" main stream "food" offered in most grocery stores! Get active, people…it's YOUR life that is at stake! Peace, out.
and some say that horse meat is bad.
Of course, to speak of these crimes against humanity would label you as a 'conspiracy theorist'. A convenient label created by the conspirators themselves.
Prop 37's demise was rigged anyway. Whole Foods signed the petition but
You left out fluoride!
And the air! What are your thoughts on Chemtrails?
These 8 ways are only tip of the iceberg, and I gladly admit I am a "conspiracy theorist".
many people have for gotten Captain Morgan. he was a martyr to the freedom of writing printing and speaking the truth. he was murdered for exposing the secrets of free masonry. check out the video ” secret mysteries of America’s beginnings” volume 1 the New Atlantis nothing has changed. the free masonry organization has a distinct independent government with in our own government and beyond the control of the law of the land by means of secrecy
You have to add in the Council on foreign relations and the Trilateral commission they are the real shadow govt with about 500 members in high offices throughout our govt.. Created to control both party's, and funded by the Carnegie ,Rockefeller and Ford foundations, It is their goal to bring in the new world order under the United Nations, Everyone listed on the CFR site is a subversive whether a Dupe or Knowledgeable.. They are the reason people complain about the media because they control it.. http://www.prolognet.qc.ca/clyde/cfr.html http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/586965/p…
The antibiotic claim caught my eye. I have not been on antibiotics for years and have only been slightly ill one time and that was while everyone else was getting the flu this past season. I felt 'bad' for about a day. Had a wonderful doctor who would write me a prescription for antibiotics but would also tell me not to get it filled or take them unless I thought I just had to use them. Seems he had some good advice. Also seems the people that get the sickest are the ones on antibiotics for every little ailment.
If you just consider corn and soy and byproducts of…then go into a store and make a check mark for every item that has those products in them…hard to avoid…a little here and there in everything ='s a whole lot…company's are big on 'acceptable amts' per product…consider wheat alone, flour, breads, cereals…any wonder cancers from birth on?…that doesn't include chemicals other than what goes in/on food crops…artificial sweeteners, dyes, preservitives and a host of other things…our bodies must be having trouble regenerating every 7 years by now…almost have to do a blind study on individuals to find out how much chemical etc is being taken in per/day for a month to start…w/b interesting
* at least you're awake & aware…we just need to wake up the 100th 'human' lol
Being awake and aware is the first step but like Mary says what can you do when these products are the majority of what there is to buy/eat??
There is something wrong with this picture. Could it be the corporatocracy?
* 'your mamma didn't raise no fool'
The blood test taken from the heel of every newborn almost world wide has nothing to do with the health of the baby and much to do with checking that the child will be unhealthy, recording its dna markers and is also stored on a database forever. No choices there, also the vitamin K jab whether you want your baby to have it or not. gets toxins into the newborn within minutes of birth
RICH OR POOR, WE ARE ALL DESTROYING THE PLANET, BUT ITS MOST CONVENIENT TO ALWAYS BLAME THE RICH, RITE?
The wealthy bribe the politicians who pass weakened environmental & safety laws. That ‘s not blame, that’s a fact!
LET’S EXTERMINATE CHEMTRAIL AIRCRAFT!
We all use the planet, not all destroy it.
I am a republican free market Austrian Capitalist.
What we see in American corporations is not Capitalism. It is a counterfeit. It looks like Capitalism on the surface.
This is corporate socialism now. Socialists (Marxists/Communists) destroy everything in their paths and blame it on Capitalism, because Americans no longer understand the implications of that word in depth.
What you can do is not buy any of it. That’s what I started doing years ago. Just buy what you know is good for you and that you will eat in a week or less. No junk food, chips, etc. There are crackers and chips that are organic, but they are really just filler. Try to give up meat. It’s easier than you think once you know what the animals have to go through!
Direct THAT to your city council. (Hopefully your city doesn’t have a ‘City Manager’, which is an International Banker Agent. CMs don’t listen to anybody.)
Is ‘Evergreen Corp’ still contracted?
The Rothschild family doesn’t give a damn about Jews. They USE The People anyway they please without guilt or conscience.
You are control at every level…it’s a matter of time before organic farms are wiped out. Get serious and do your research.
I’m so glad I had my sons at home. No one OWNS their DNA.
Conspiracy Analyst (a person who analyzes, evaluates and interprets ) In other words someone who thinks and reasons
No…just CERTAIN corporations. Do your research. For example Mansanto, who brought us Agent Orange during the Vietnam War, now they are the one’s manufacturing GMO. This is not a name calling “game”. This is REALITY. It’s just that the majority of our population would rather sleep and not deal with it.
That’s because those others are perhaps Vitamin D deficient. Since upping my vit D3 my levels have been optimal, and I get tested annually. I haven’t been sick with colds and flus for about 5 years now!
I haven’t bought into Kashi for over a year now!
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://naturalsociety.com/8-ways-corporations-poisoning-food-water-humans-earth/
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To Learn, To Feel, To Remember, To Act
Survivors’ testimonies and objects add a human dimension to each of the following historical periods.
Life before the war
Your visit begins by discovering the cultural diversity of Jewish communities in Europe and North Africa before World War II.
Life during the Nazi Era and the Holocaust
In the pre-war period, you will discover the anti-Jewish policies put in place by the Nazis after their rise to power, as well as the reaction of German Jews. You will conclude this section by learning about antisemitism in Quebec and across Canada, and the world’s reaction to events in Europe.
You will also explore the rapid implementation of the genocide of the Jews at the beginning of the Second World War. From the systematic destruction of Jewish communities through ghettos, mobile killing units and concentration and death camps, to the inspiring examples of physical and spiritual resistance, you will leave with a strong understanding of the varied personal experiences during the Holocaust.
Rebuilding life after the Holocaust
The exhibition provides a better understanding of the end of the war, the liberation of the camps, the situations that Jews in Europe faced after WWII, and their immigration, notably to Montreal.
You will complete your visit in a commemoration room allowing for personal reflection and remembrance of the victims.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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http://museesmtl.org/en/exhibitions-and-events/exhibitions/to-learn-to-feel-to-remember-to-act
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en
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Visualization in Python with matplotlib
Instead of placing each new bar above the previous one, there is one more approach to visualize such data: placing bars on the sides of other bars. We call such bar charts grouped bar charts.
The approach of building grouped bars is similar, but with some nuances. First, we need to predefine column widths. Then, we need to generate a sequence of 'positions' (preferably by using
np.arange()). Then, with every call of the
.bar() function we pass the newly created sequence as the first argument, and the values as the second. The third positional argument should be the column width. Then, for better readability, we should set the
Please note, that for building 2 columns we need to set
x - width/2as the first parameter with the first
x + width/2for the second. If we want to build three columns, we can use the following approach:
x - width,
x + width.
We may see, that there we created a
numpy array length of the same as countries, and then used approach from the note above. Also, we used the
plt.xticks function to display countries on the x-axis ticks.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://codefinity.com/courses/v2/ed80401e-2684-4bc4-a077-99d13a386ac7/f759ffde-d5f4-4560-a00d-94cbddd9d680/33dc863b-0e8d-4831-8672-6f8de9e787e7
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In some countries, governments are encouraging industries and businesses to move to regional areas outside the big cities.
Do the advantages of this trend outweigh the disadvantages?
– Bài viết mẫu IELTS –
Industries and businesses are the primary concern in many cities as they make the city more congested and pollute the environment in one hand, while creates job opportunities and contribute to the development of the city on the other hand. Many of the enterprises are operated and promoted in bigger cities only. Encouraging them to move to regional areas is a good idea. I believe that has more benefits than drawbacks.
There are several advantages why industries should move to the regional areas and the government should take initiatives to do so. The most important aspect is the development of the regional areas. Setting up of the enterprises in the rural area will help to develop the basic infrastructures like transportation facility, electricity and road in the rural areas. In addition, the people of this area will have the golden opportunity of employment and that would enhance the living standard as well. Moreover, the economic activity of the area will increase and that would let the government take further initiatives in order to develop this urban area. The various types of small businesses and industries like hotel, lodge, suppliers will emerge and that will support other businesses and add value to the economy of these areas.
Regional offices are often helpful to expand businesses and to reduce the manufacturing and operating cost. Thus many big industries would be actually benefited from this. Again the pressure on the big cities would reduce and that would lessen many serious issues like pollutions, traffic jam and waste management.
Despite this, there are several disadvantages of moving the businesses and industries to regional areas. One of the prominent drawbacks is the exploitation of natural resources. The industry will use the various kind of resources such as forest, water resources which will cause the environmental degradation like pollution, climate change and much more. The gradual increase in the number of population in such urban areas will increase the crime rate. Finally relocating an industry to a different place involves a huge amount of costs and the industries would not want to spend this amount naturally.
All in all, comparing the good look and bad look, I think that the government must encourage the selected industries and businesses to move to regional areas where they would operate in a better fashion for the overall betterment of economy and environment and population.
– Bài viết mẫu IELTS writing band 9 , bài IELTS essays mẫu band 9 , bài viết mẫu ielts band 9 , ielts writing task 2 , học viết ielts writing task 2, học viết ielts, học ielts online , cách viết bài ielts
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https://ielts4everyone.com/in-some-countries-governments-are-encouraging-industries-and-business/
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1. Map the Song Form. Every song has its own structure, known as the song form or arrangement. This is based on the order and number of verses, pre-choruses, choruses, a possible “bridge” section and/or “tag ending.” I call this the map of the song. Type the lyrics and label each section so you can see the entire song arrangement. This gives you the outline and prediction needed to quickly learn it.
2. Establish the Best Key. Singers. You do not have just one correct key in which to sing all songs. A song melody has a lowest note and a highest note. Make sure that the melody note you start on permits you to sing the lowest and highest notes comfortably. Put your best foot forward and choose a key for which you can sing the entire melody range with ease while also sounding appropriate for the style and mood.
3. Learn the Melody. Don’t worry about memorizing the words just yet. If you are singing someone else’s song, put on a recording with the other vocalist singing it. Or, if you read music and have the sheet music, you can practice it that way. With this step you will isolate the melody and work on it until you have gained complete familiarity. There is a secret reason and wonderful result achieved when you practice the melody separately from the lyrics.
4. Learn the Lyrics. Learning the lyrics and understanding their meaning go hand in hand. Write or type out the lyrics. Define any words you don’t know in a dictionary. If you don’t understand the lyrics, you will not be able to deliver a believable message to the audience. Develop a personal interpretation of what you’re saying with them––which also helps you remember the order of the lyrics, verse to verse.
5. Map the Lyrics With Your Mouth. Learn them by saying, as well as singing, them repetitively with and without musical accompaniment. Do this as though you are singing with meaning to someone––the “live communication” mind-set really helps! It is much better than silent memorization.
6. Resolve Any Pitch or Range Difficulties. If you have chosen the right key for the song, any pitch difficulties and straining can come from mismanagement of the vowel and consonants of the word you are singing. Consonants can cause muscle tension in the tongue, which will adversely affect the functioning of your voice. Isolate what the vowel sound is (not vowel name, but vowel sound) for the notes and phrase or word giving you the problem.
Example: “life.” The vowel is “i” but the sound of it (in the context of a particular song) is a combination of “a” (apple) and “ah” (wand). To discover the vowel sound, say the word and sustain the vowel before you end the word. Listen to yourself. Find the vowel sound that is natural for you in the context of the word.
Next, sing the phrase. Discover what the vowel sound is for any word or syllable that is not totally on pitch or easy to sing. Let that be your focus as you again sing the phrase. A key to singing with ease and sounding pro is how you deal with vowels and maintaining consistency of pronunciation while not choking your voice with over-emphasized consonants.
7. Learn All Important Rhythmic and Musical Cues. Beginning to sing the lyrics at the incorrect time rhythmically is a sure sign of an amateur. For every phrase know how many beats you have to wait and on what beat you begin. Doing so will help you sing with confidence rather than standing on stage absorbed in worrying when to come in, while the audience wonders what you’re doing up there. With enough practice you will end up “feeling” your entrance and coming in on time. If not, you can always simply count the beats to come in correctly.
8. Lock Into the Rhythm. If you try to sing a melody note on a consonant, you’ll most likely arrive late rhythmically. The consonants are NOT your voice. Remember, your melody notes are created by the vowel sounds of your voice. Thinking the vowel sound as part of the melody note (not the consonant) will improve your rhythmic accuracy.
9. Develop Your Phrasing. A phrase is a group of words and notes. The group can be a complete or a partial sentence but a complete phrase is a complete thought. Phrases are often separated by a moment of silence (rests), even if a very short one. Phrasing is the way you rhythmicize the words in each sentence of your song. Your phrasing should have a similarity to the way you might speak the words to someone in a conversation. Style and phrasing are intimately entwined. This in turn, is intimately connected to your interpretation of the song.
10. Phrasing and Breathing. As a lead singer, the rule is: your breathing should not interrupt your phrasing. Or more to the point, each complete thought that you sing as expressed in words and melody should flow without a mechanical interruption such as taking a breath. There may be certain sections in a song where you hold a note longer or must sing several phrases in a row without pause. Prior to those sections, you would simply plan on taking a breath so you don’t interrupt the phrase.
11. Determine Dynamics. Music at its best is a universal language that can convey energy and emotion. Dynamics have to do with the volume variation of loud and soft. Staying at one volume without change can tend to make a song boring, emotionally monotone, less believable and so less communicative. Explore the emotions inherent in the music as well as the emotional variations within the lyrics. From there you can develop your sense of dynamics for each song you sing.
(This article is adapted from Jeannie Deva’s manuscript of her book for singers, which will be published in 2011 and contains all the things you need to know to achieve powerful and unforgettable performances.)
By Jeannie Deva
miniBIO: Jeannie Deva is a celebrity voice and performance coach and recording studio vocal specialist with a list of impressive endorsements. Author of The Contemporary Vocalist book and CD series and The Deva Method Vocal Warm-ups and Cool-downs CD, her two private studios are located in Los Angeles and she teaches globally via webcam. See jeanniedeva.com and facebook.com/jeanniedeva.
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Tap on a feature to learn more.
iPad, iPhone, Android, Mac, and Windows.
Throughout the Old Testament, God commanded the children of Israel to observe his holy days (holidays) to remember the mighty things that he had done in the lives of Israel's forefathers. The Feasts of the Bible pamphlet celebrates and explains the meaning behind the different feasts and why they are important to God. The pamphlet contains an easy-to-read chart that provides the name and an explanation of each holiday, date of observance, and reveals how each holiday points to Jesus as the promised Messiah.
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https://www.olivetree.com/store/product.php?productid=21088&related_source_page=product_php&source=product_php_recommended_21087
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Early-life environmental conditions can provide a source of individual variation in life-history strategies and senescence patterns. Conditions experienced in early life can be quantified by measuring telomere length, which can act as a biomarker of survival probability in some species. Here, we investigate whether seasonal changes, weather conditions, and group size are associated with early-life and/or early-adulthood telomere length in a wild population of European badgers (Meles meles). We found substantial intra-annual changes in telomere length during the first three years of life (both between and within individuals), with shorter telomere lengths in the winter following the first spring and a trend for longer telomere lengths in the second spring compared to the first winter. In terms of weather conditions, cubs born in warmer, wetter springs with low rainfall variability had longer early-life (3–12 months old) telomere lengths. Additionally, cubs born in groups with more cubs had marginally longer early-life telomeres, providing no evidence of resource constraint from cub competition. We also found that our previously documented positive association between early-life telomere length and cub survival probability remained when social and weather variables were included. Finally, after sexual maturity, in early adulthood (i.e. 12–36 months) we found no significant association between same-sex adult group size and telomere length (i.e. no effect of intra-sexual competition). Overall, we show that controlling for seasonal effects, which are linked to food availability and foraging success, is important in telomere length analyses, and that variation in telomere length in badgers reflects early-life conditions and also predicts first year cub survival.
|Datum van beschikbaarheid||13-jul.-2021|
|Uitgever||University of Groningen|
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<urn:uuid:2044701e-0980-4e90-bcc7-e6a9fe19de96>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://research.rug.nl/nl/datasets/earlylife-seasonal-weather-and-social-effects-on-telomere-length-
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| 0.931216
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8th grade is in the middle of their chemistry unit. They have been learning about the periodic table and different properties of these elements. This week, the 8th grade was looking at boiling and freezing points. It’s hard to imagine a liquid oxygen molecule or a solid gas since we are used to living at a comfortable climate. So to understand this, students investigated dry ice or frozen carbon dioxide. At a cool -109 degrees F (approximately) and the classroom at a temperature of 68 degrees F, this drastic temperature change creates a sublimation state change for the dry ice; it changes straight from a solid to a gaseous form.
Students began to understand how the quick change creates a dense gas or fog coming off the dry ice. This dense air sank and created a bubble of air the students could use to float the block on top of the counter. They pushed pennies into the block to see how matter responds at that temperature and how solid gases react to warmer solids colliding into them. By adding water to the block, they saw the water bubble (boil) with white gas filled bubbles and then freeze the water they had once put over the dry ice.
They then related their understanding of what was happening in our solar system. As frozen gases orbit through space, when they come close to stars, they melt, much like our dry ice was doing on the table, and produce a gaseous tail. We recognize these orbiting frozen gas balls as comets.
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<urn:uuid:7e6e03c1-fe46-408d-b17d-c3881e8f499b>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://saklanfridayblog.org/2019/10/25/dry-ice-experiment/
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Aspergillus is a type of mold that is commonly found in the environment and can be harmful to human health if inhaled. This type of mold is commonly found in moist or damp areas, such as bathrooms, basements, and in materials that have been damaged by water. When inhaled, Aspergillus can cause serious health problems in individuals who are particularly vulnerable, including those with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy, and those with respiratory problems such as asthma or cystic fibrosis.
One of the dangers of Aspergillus mold is that it can produce mycotoxins, which are toxic substances that can cause a range of health problems in humans. Inhalation of Aspergillus mold can lead to respiratory problems, including coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. In severe cases, Aspergillus can cause infections in the lungs, such as aspergillosis, which can be life-threatening if left untreated.
Another danger of Aspergillus mold is that it can trigger allergic reactions in some individuals. Symptoms of an allergic reaction to Aspergillus may include sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes, and skin rashes. In some cases, these symptoms can be severe and lead to anaphylaxis, a life-threatening reaction that requires immediate medical attention.
To protect against the dangers of Aspergillus mold, it is important to take steps to prevent mold growth in your home. This may include maintaining a low humidity level, fixing leaks, and cleaning up any areas that have been damaged by water. If you suspect that you may have Aspergillus mold in your home, it is important to have a professional inspect your home and take steps to remove the mold.
In conclusion, Aspergillus mold is a dangerous type of mold that can cause serious health problems in humans, especially those with weakened immune systems or respiratory problems. To protect against the dangers of Aspergillus mold, it is important to take steps to prevent mold growth in your home and to seek professional help if you suspect that you may have mold in your home. With proper precautions and early detection, you can reduce your risk of exposure to Aspergillus mold and protect your health.
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The brain is the epicenter for all things, it’s the foundation where everything begins and ends; Thankfully the brain doesn’t just clunk out and malfunction after an overload; but things that are toxic, negative, discouraging, fearful, and hurtful can alter the way your brain operates. Diet and healthy eating also play an important role in your brain’s activity. Here are some tips to help you declutter your brain, and hopefully find relief and a sense of peace.
Start at the Source
When things appear to be foggy or too compact at times, that means it’s time for a reset. To truly declutter your brain you have to start at the source, which is the root. Ask yourself these questions: What is bothering you? Where is it coming from? When did this begin? Why do you feel the way you do? How long has this been going on? If you can answer these questions, you are on the right track to decluttering.
Unpack the Baggage
One truth in life is we all have baggage whether minute or large. To truly do some decluttering in the brain you have to unpack the past, as it is oftentimes lingering and waiting to be acknowledged. Many people don’t like therapy, but it can be a great tool to help you awaken your awareness of why you react to certain things the way you do, and how you go about your everyday life.
Sweep out the Trash
Just as you would sweep out the dirt in the kitchen, practice sweeping out the dirt in your brain. Decluttering your brain is all about cleansing the brain. Think of your brain as this magnificent thing that controls your every action, and it can’t effectively operate at its highest efficiency because there is debris and smog surrounding it. Once you clear out distractions, fear, toxicity, and any other deterrent, you will see a major difference in your brain health, attitude, and outlook on life.
Declutter the Brain with Meditation
Meditation has healing powers and relaxes the mind at the same time. When you meditate you are engaging in the innermost part of yourself. The main focus is to become one with your thoughts and nothing else matters. Practice taking 5 to 10 minutes (at first) out of your day to meditate and log your results. You should see a change in your mood, your perspective, and the way things affect you.
Unplug to Declutter the Brain
Some say social media has become the demise of our society, while others argue that it has been the most beneficial. But overuse of anything can be damaging, and social media and technology is no different. We often get caught up in the latest trends, celebrity gossip, or simply posting our every move to our audience. This is not real life. Taking a break from social media for a week every few months can impact your brain tremendously. It’s okay to unplug from the world and enjoy simply living without telling the world. Practice spending the day with yourself, or doing an activity without your phone attached to your hand at all times. Can you do it? Sure you can!
Take Life A Day At A Time
Life can move so fast and spin out of control when you put too much pressure on yourself, but you can control how you approach each day. Things only get difficult when you take on more than you can handle. So the best thing you can do is take things at a moderate pace as they come. Don’t rush anything because what’s meant for you will always reach you when it’s time. Settle in the knowledge of knowing that you lack nothing and everything for you has or will surface.
Decluttering the brain is all about putting yourself and your health first. The world can get crazy at times but that is especially when you need to sit and focus on what really matters. Don’t let the toxicity, smog, and negativity flood into your brain because it doesn’t belong there. All that does is slow you down and deter your purpose. Use each day as a means to start anew and work towards decluttering not only your brain but things that need a refresh; it could be your house, car, or even those ‘skinny jeans’ you’ve been saving to wear once you lose weight. Give them away and be a blessing to someone that can wear them now, buy yourself a new pair when the time comes. The moral of the premise is to declutter the brain so that you won’t go insane!
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WHAT IS THE DISCOVEREUM?
The Discovereum is a dynamic, interactive space where children can use their gifts of curiosity and play to expand their imagination, explore the nature of the world around them and investigate everything from chemistry to culture. The Discovereum is an exhibit based, multi-sensory, multi-media children’s museum promoting self-directed learning for families, students, teachers and schools. Developing skills of critical thinking and problem solving so essential for their future.
Our founders Drs J.N. Maraire and A.N. Chiura dreamed of creating institutions and collaborative spaces to improve the lives of urban families and children. A children’s museum, the Discovereum is an interactive and inclusive learning space that is the beginning of putting this vision into action.
Our goal is to create an interactive space that sparks creativity and intellectual development in young minds across the world. We want to nurture curiosity, and encourage creativity in a stimulating environment that is fun and enriching for the whole family, and ultimately delivering a hub of creation, expansion, and hands-on learning to enrich the lives of our children
We are a family museum, and registered non-profit organisation, providing a multi-sensory, multi-media, interactive space for schools and families. Exhibits focused on Science Technology, Engineering, Arts, Mathematics and Innovation are designed for children to interact with, and are coupled with activities appropriate for ages 2-18 years.
Simon Sinek writes that “there are two ways to build a career or a business. We can go through life hunting and pecking, looking for opportunities or customers, hoping that something connects. Or we can go through life with intention, knowing what our piece looks like, knowing our WHY, and going straight to the places we fit.” We have found our WHY.
This space offers interactive activities that teach children to thrive in the 21st century, as well as inspire their parents to catch up with them, and to be active participants in their learning, exploring, and growth. Providing a space for inter-generational interaction, the Discovereum ignites in us all the desire to become lifelong learners, who can continually evolve our skills to identify and solve problems with collaboration and empathy.
Make STEAMI (Science, Technology, Environment, Arts, Mathematics and Innovation) learning fun for the young and the young at heart
- Increase exposure to and participation in science learning for rural and urban schools with limited resources
- Be a link for youth to connect to other regional and international cultural and science organisations.
- Provide fellowship programs for interns and young graduates.
- Creating vibrant environment for intercultural and inter-generational interaction
Supplement academic education with hands on learning, exploration, and discovery.
Complement and reinforce academic syllabi and stimulate critical thinking
Showcase and develop local talent.
Create regular performing, literature and visual art programs that stimulate the imagination and entertain throughout the year
Be a hub of innovation for kids so they can be motivated to be creative and expand their imagination.
HELP US REBUILD
After closing our first facility in favor of a more easily accessible location, The Discovereum has found a permanent home in Belgravia. Help us bring back this popular destination for children and families. All funds raised will go towards finishing the purpose build facility, designing, and constructing exciting interactive exhibits and supporting the creation of a dynamic, cutting-edge internship and youth mentoring program. Further to that, we are looking to strengthen our networks to create synergies through internships, research programs and creative collaborations. Click here to support.
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The Canticle of Mary (Magnificat) in Latin & English
The Canticle of Mary, known as the Magnificat, comes from the first sentence of the canticle (song) in Latin:
“Magníficat ánima mea Dóminum…”
The canticle’s text is based on words spoken by Blessed Mother in Luke 1:46-55, when she visits her cousin Elizabeth.
Elizabeth says to her cousin Mary:
Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb. And whence is this to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me? For behold as soon as the voice of thy salutation sounded in my ears, the infant in my womb leaped for joy. And blessed art thou that hast believed, because those things shall be accomplished that were spoken to thee by the Lord.
In the West, the Canticle of Mary is usually sung during Vespers (evening prayer).
There are various renditions of the Magnificat from simple chant to polyphonic settings. Although the music enhances the beauty of the canticle, the true beauty is the humility expressed by our Blessed Mother.
Imagine how easy it would have been for any one of us to become puffed up with pride if we were suddenly told we were going to become the Theotokos– the Mother of God.
Let us pray to our Mother for her intercession so that we can become humble like her, as we cannot become Saints without being humble.
The Magnificat is a prayer that every Catholic should strive to learn my heart. It is a beautiful prayer to recite especially in the Marian months of May and October.
For those of you have a love for Latin, the official language of the Roman Catholic Church, we got you!
The Canticle of Mary (Magnificat) in English
My soul doth magnify the Lord.
And my spirit hath rejoiced in God my Savior.
Because He hath regarded the humility of His slave:
For behold from henceforth all generations shall call me blessed.
Because He that is mighty hath done great things to me; and holy is His name.
And His mercy is from generation unto generations, to them that fear Him.
He hath shewed might in His arm: He hath scattered the proud in the conceit of their heart.
He hath put down the mighty from their seat, and hath exalted the humble.
He hath filled the hungry with good things; and the rich He hath sent empty away.
He hath received Israel His servant, being mindful of His mercy:
As He spoke to our fathers, to Abraham and to his seed for ever.
Glory be the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit,
As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, forever and ever, Amen.
The Canticle of Mary (Magnificat) in Latin
Magníficat ánima mea Dóminum.
Et exultávit spíritus meus: in Deo salutári meo.
Quia respéxit humilitátem ancíllae suae:
Ecce enim ex hoc beátam me dicent omnes generatiónes.
Quia fécit mihi mágna qui pótens est: et sánctum nómen eius.
Et misericórdia eius in progénies et progénies timéntibus eum.
Fécit poténtiam in bráchio suo: dispérsit supérbos mente cordis sui.
Depósuit poténtes de sede: et exaltávit húmiles.
Esuriéntes implévit bonis: et dívites dimísit inánes.
Suscépit Ísrael púerum suum: recordátus misericórdiae suae.
Sicut locútus est ad patres nostros: Ábraham, et sémini eius in saecula.
Glória Patri, et Fílio, et Spirítui Sancto,
Sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper, et in sæcula sæculórum.
Magnificat Gregorian Chant
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Music has an indescribable power. It can evoke emotions within a moment, stir a memory with the strike of one chord and bring countless hours of enjoyment, love, laughter and tears.
That is why many people have a desire to learn a musical instrument, yet hold back because of one simple reason; age!
It is not just the upper age limit that can present presumed problems, many parents are keen for their children to start along their musical path, but wonder whether they are too young to get started.
As an experienced music teacher I am keen to share my knowledge and expertise with you as we focus on our burning question; is there an upper or a lower age limit to learning a musical instrument? Let’s take those age limits one at a time.
Is There A Lower Age Limit To Learning A Musical Instrument?
Absolutely not! Did you know that you can help your child to take its first steps along its musical journey while it is still in the womb? It is strongly believed that playing music to an unborn child can have a positive impact, in fact, classical music is thought to even improve the intellectual ability of a growing baby, quite a thought!
Once your little bundle of fun has arrived, you will be keen to help that musical journey continue. Evidence suggests that until your child reaches nine years of age, there is a promising window for introducing a musical instrument. Many teachers will not take students until they are at least five years of age. However, this does not mean that your child cannot start to learn before that.
The best way you can help your child to start learning music before he or she reaches an age when they can attend professional music lessons is to expose them to as much music as possible. The aim at this age, is not to introduce them to instruments so that they will master them, but rather to help them develop a relationship and love of music. Even a toddler can fall in love with music!
While a traditional music teacher for a specific instrument may not take students that are very young, you may be able to find a general music class for babies and toddlers. The aim will normally be to help your youngster focus on the music being played, perhaps by swaying to the music, dancing with your baby in your arms or singing or playing music.
As the child grows, perhaps by the age of three, they may be able to attend more formal music lessons, again with a focus on music, rather than a specific instrument.
Once your child is five, they will now have developed a sub-conscious understanding of music, as well as a relationship with it. At this point, you will be in the perfect position to decide which specific instrument your child would enjoy learning. Giving music to your child is certainly one of the finest gifts you could bestow as a parent.
Is There An Upper Age Limit To Learning A Musical Instrument?
So we understand that there isn’t a lower age limit to learning music, but what about the upper age limit? I am going to give you the same clear answer as before; absolutely not!
Music is a gift, and anyone who is blessed with the ability to be alive should feel more than welcome to make use of it. That being said, you should be aware of a couple of crucial things you are going to need if you want to start your musical journey later in life.
Patience is a virtue! For youngsters, having youth on their side tends to speed up the learning process. Also, many have a natural musical talent which can be tapped into very well at a young age. Unfortunately, as the years creep up on us, so does the need for extra patience when embarking on a new venture. So long as you are willing to enjoy each step of the journey, you are going to do just fine!
Learning a musical instrument at an older age also requires a commitment to practice. When youngsters learn an instrument, they tend to be already in a learning system. Many are students at school or kindergarten and may also attend other extracurricular lessons. This means their brain is naturally in learning mode. For older music students, it is time to engage the learning part of your brain and give it enough opportunities to practice that progress will become satisfying.
Indeed being able to play a musical instrument is one of the life’s most enchanting pleasures. Remember, age is only a number, and should never be a roadblock in your quest to become a musician, why you can even use it to your advantage!
I started to learn to play the clarinet almost two years ago — when I was 64 years old. Yep, started to play at 64 years old. I had absolutely no musical experience of any kind. Now I’m 66. I practice every day. I love it. And I get better all the time.
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A word on the blackboard gives rise to a bunch of associated words, in two languages – one familiar, and a translation in a less familiar one. Along with the vivid pictures, these form verbal and visual clues – stepping stones for many stories children can develop on their own and learn a language. A list at the end helps them remember the new words. This series of bilingual books encourages children to ‘Imagine Words’ and build vocabulary with the aid of pictures in a storytelling setting.
The illustrations are a winner and make these books stand out... In Blackboard, the black-and-white chalk drawings, amazing in their simplicity, are sharply contrasted by the eye-catching, complex coloured drawings on the following page. I couldn’t recommend these two books enough—they are an absolute godsend for repatriated parents like myself struggling to help their children ‘fit in’ to their new surroundings and for expat ones wanting to keep their children in touch with their language and cultural roots... Goodbooks.in
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Nail fungus (onychomycosis)
Nail fungus (medical name onychomycosis) is a fairly common disease. According to medical estimates, more than 15% of the world’s population suffer from it, although this pathology is diagnosed much less often (in 2% of people). This discrepancy is explained simply: nail fungus does not threaten life, and if it worsens its quality, then in most cases it is very insignificant. Therefore, they do not always turn to a doctor about onychomycosis, trying to cope with the disease on their own or simply leaving it without treatment.
Nail fungus develops quite slowly. Therefore, the first signs of a fungal lesion usually escape the patient’s attention. When the nail changes caused by the fungus begin to catch the eye, it means that the process has already gone far enough, and it will not be easy to defeat the fungus.
Onychomycosis is often perceived as a cosmetological problem: nails affected by fungus look ugly. But it is necessary to fight the fungus not only in order to return the nails to the correct shape and shine. If the fungus is not treated, it will spread further. Usually the nail of the big toe is affected first. If the treatment is not started, the fungus passes to other toes, and since we inevitably touch our feet with our hands, then it is possible to get infected with nail fungus on our hands as well. The fungus also spreads to the skin surrounding the nail, causing it to become irritated and itchy.
Causes of onychomycosis
Onychomycosis can be caused by various types of fungi. First of all, these are dermatophytes. In second place are yeast fungi of the genus Candida, which are always present in small quantities on human skin (they often affect the nails of the hands). Infection with mold fungi is also possible (they usually accompany other pathogens. isolated lesion by mold fungi is typical not for our, but for a tropical climate).
The risk of fungal infection increases with age. In children, nail fungus is very rare, and, conversely, in older people it is detected relatively often. At the same time, men suffer from onychomycosis more often than women.
The age-specific nature of the fungus is explained by the fact that our local immunity decreases over the years, whereas the natural defense of a young organism, as a rule, suppresses the activity of fungi well, preventing them from colonizing the nail plate. There is a dependence not only on local immunity, but also on general immunity. Weakening of the general immunity is a favorable background for the development of any fungal infection.
For fungi of the genus Candida, it is enough that there are problems with immunity: they simply begin to multiply actively. Mushrooms of other species still need to somehow get into our body from the external environment. Some types of fungi can be carried by animals. Mold fungi are found everywhere; they are able to reproduce without having a carrier. However, in most cases, the fungal infection spreads from person to person.
Mushrooms love a humid environment. Therefore, infection with fungus often occurs in places where humidity is increased. These are swimming pools, saunas, changing rooms, gyms. Wearing socks and shoes on wet feet can also be a provoking factor.
If there are wounds and cracks, they allow the infection to get right inside the tissues, avoiding the need to storm the protective barrier that forms the surface of our skin.
The spread of fungi is facilitated by negligence in relation to personal hygiene: you can not use someone else’s slippers, soap, towel. It is due to the fact that not every family follows this rule, nail fungus often becomes a family disease.
Nail damage usually starts from the edge. Dermatophytes penetrate under the free edge of the nail plate (into the sub-elbow notch). In this case, the pathological process develops mainly in the nail bed. The second way of penetration of fungi is from the nail roller. Candida fungus usually affects the posterior nail roller first (paronychia occurs), and only then the nail itself suffers. One of the types of dermatophytes (i.e. mentagrophytes) can penetrate directly through the nail plate.
Symptoms of onychomycosis
The first sign of a fungal lesion is the loss of shine by the nail, clouding, discoloration. In cases where the infection affects the skin around the nail, itching is observed. If treatment is not started, the fungus begins to destroy the nail plate: the surface of the nail becomes rough, the nail can delaminate, peel off, break, crumble.
Specific manifestations depend on the pathogen, as well as on the localization, duration of the pathological process and its form. There are normotrophic, hypertrophic and atrophic forms of fungal lesions.
It is characterized by the fact that the thickness of the nail plate remains unchanged. The disease manifests itself in the form of white or yellowish spots that gradually increase in size. In the end, the color of the entire nail changes. The nail plate may peel off, as the fusion of the nail with the subcutaneous tissues is disrupted.
It is characterized by a significant increase in the thickness of the nail plate (due to the proliferation of the subarticular epithelium). The nail acquires a brownish-yellowish or gray color. The nail plate is usually actively crumbling. The nail is especially strongly destroyed from the sides, acquiring a claw-like shape as a result.
With this form of fungal infection, the nail is thinned and destroyed, starting from the outer edge. The destruction goes deep into the posterior nail roller; the nail bed is filled with a loose mass formed by decaying epithelial particles. Eventually, the nail may be completely lost.
Methods of diagnosis of onychomycosis
Discoloration and brittle nails should be a reason to consult a dermatologist. It is not necessary to replace the doctor and diagnose yourself yourself – you can make a mistake: nail changes may have a different reason.
The doctor makes a diagnosis based on a visual examination (a microscope can be used). Laboratory diagnostics is performed to confirm the diagnosis. It is also necessary in order to determine the type of pathogen (this will allow you to prescribe the most effective treatment).
At the reception, the doctor will make a scrape from the affected nail plate. If the pathological process has affected only the free edge of the nail, then a scraping of the subarticular epithelium is also taken.
Microscopy is performed in the laboratory. Cultural studies are also carried out (the material is placed in a favorable environment and they see if a colony of fungi will arise). Cultural studies allow us to determine which fungi caused the disease.
Methods of treatment of onychomycosis
Treatment of nail fungus involves removing the affected part of the nail. Further, treatment is carried out with the help of antifungal agents of local action (ointments, drops, sprays, varnishes). In case of significant lesions, the doctor may prescribe general antimycotic agents (tablets).
Since the activity of fungi increases against the background of problems with immunity, the proposed course of treatment may include measures aimed at improving overall immunity.
Local remedies (ointments, creams, drops) should preferably be applied to the open nail bed. Do not stop treating the lesion site before the expiration of the period prescribed by the doctor. Before removing the treatment, the doctor will most likely do another scraping so that a laboratory study confirms the absence of the fungus. Otherwise, the risk of recurrence of the disease is high.
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Teachers – Designers and Architects of Meaningful Student Learning Experiences
By Rhonda Hill
Smith Springs Elementary School students in Metro Nashville Public Schools use a product rubric to provide critique to peers to inform and revise their work (as pictured in right feature image).
McKissack Middle Prep students in Metro Nashville Public Schools collaborate with a city planner to answer the question, “How can we use coding to develop a geographical information system to create an emergency escape plan for our community?”
Loudoun County Public Schools’ students plan, design and create a garden and use the vegetables to help the food insecure in their area.
Students want to do real work. Work that has meaning to them, their communities and the world. They want to know that the work they do matters.
Teachers are designers of student learning experiences.
Teachers know “what” they have to teach but the real magic happens when they consider the “how” and the “why” of the work they do with their students. Ask any teacher what their ideal graduate looks like, what competencies s/he has that would make that teacher feel proud to say that they were a part of that child’s education and they say things like critical thinker, collaborator, effective communicator, risk taker. They don’t however say things like “knows the reasons of the War of 1812.” When a teacher is tasked with not only teaching the students the content standards, the “what” they have to teach, they really have to consider the how and this is where project-based learning (PBL) comes into play. PBL asks students to engage in real work. Solve real problems. Explore community issues through the lens of being change agents. It is a pedagogy that is agnostic to content area, subject matter or standards. It is a framework for designing student learning experiences that challenges students to engage deeply with content in order to understand a problem and offer solutions through the development of authentic work.
Teachers are architects of their classrooms.
They work to create the conditions necessary for students to thrive in their classroom environment and meet the challenges of the learning experiences they’ve defined to drive student learning and sustain inquiry. They have to create a classroom culture where students feel safe to take risks and know that their work matters. That the talents and curiosities that they bring to their schooling will be celebrated in a meaningful way and that their work is contributing to something bigger than just a test.
Combine these two ideas, teacher as designer and teacher as architect, and you realize quickly that the ways in which we have to support teachers’ professional journeys is quite different than what it’s been or perhaps, what it is. The question for administrators then becomes, what is it that teachers need to know, understand and be able to do to provide these types of learning experiences for students? Experiences like those in Loudon County and Nashville where students are doing real work that they know is meaningful? How can we create professional learning that supports teachers in understanding how to create and implement experiences for students that lead them to being “ideal grads” (see image of an ideal grad chart draft below).
No small undertaking, right?
Suggestions for Implementing a Project-Based Framework
PBL is a framework for how to design meaningful student learning experiences and a mindset; a set of core beliefs about what our kids can do, what they deserve, and the role of the teacher in providing these experiences for kids. For leaders scratching their heads and wondering what their first steps are, I’ve outlined a few suggestions that will hopefully get your gears spinning about how to bring this project-based framework to your staff and students.
- First, be a learner! Become familiar with what PBL is and what you’re really asking your teachers to do in this shift to a more project based approach to teaching. Model that you are also learning right alongside your staff.
- Engage your teachers in developing your school’s “Ideal Grad”. Lead your teachers through the process of identifying the competencies and characteristics that they would want for their students and/or their own children.
- Facilitate conversations with staff about core values. In these conversations, have staff identify their core values for instruction and debrief that list of values using the Ideal Grad as an anchor chart or metric for whether or not believing those things about instruction will result in the Ideal Grad.
- Engage your teachers in a mini-project. Use an in-service day to have your teachers be learners through the context of a challenging problem or question. Put them into teams where they have to collaborate to create a product that they present to their peers. Then debrief this experience with teachers. What did that feel like? How closely did the project experience measure up to what was defined as the core values for instruction? How often are teachers providing these kinds of opportunities for students in their classrooms?
- Train your teachers in PBL. Work with an organization such as the Buck Institute for Education to provide teachers PBL PD (for more information, check out service offerings at bie.org). Then, follow that PD up with support that helps teachers translate their professional learning into practice. For ideas on how, check out John Larmer’s Blog “Making the Most of PBL Professional Development”, or a piece I authored, “How Districts Help Teachers See Stepping Stones to PBL”
- Analyze your daily and professional development schedules. Do you provide time for teachers to collaborate? Can you safely say that the PD offered throughout the school year will push teacher practice in designing and delivering instruction that is aligned to the core values and will cultivate an environment where your Ideal Grad will thrive?
- Model a PBL mindset. Be open to feedback about the structures that promote (or inhibit) teachers from doing PBL well. Lead staff development with a driving question. Elicit from your teachers what it is they “need to know” in order to answer it. Use those questions to guide the way you cull and share resources and allocate staff time. Offer teachers voice and choice in their PD. Lastly, but definitely one of the most important things to do throughout this process, celebrate success and risk-taking!
Rhonda is an experienced educator and PBL facilitator. She currently is a Systematic Partnership Coach at the Buck Institute for Education. You can follow Rhonda @rhondabie.
This blog is part of “It’s a Project-Based World” series. To learn more about this series and to learn ways that you can contribute, click the icon below to go to the Project-Based World page.
Join in the conversation at #projectbased.
For more, see:
- Preparing Teachers for Project-Based Learning
- Teaching is a Project-Based Profession: 10 PBL Teacher Mindsets
- It’s a Project-Based World. Let’s Prepare Students for It
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How to grow hydroponic lettuce at home? Hydroponic lettuce step by step? If you are looking for some tips for growing hydroponic lettuce at home, this generic guide might help you.
How to Grow Hydroponic Lettuce: Hydroponic System
It is important to consider factors such as your budget, the area and, especially, the type of hydroponic crop because, depending on the time of harvest, the area of cultivation varies.
How to Grow Hydroponic Lettuce: Best lettuce for hydroponics
Chiefly, the best lettuces for hydroponics are Butterhead, Romana, Loose leaf, Iceberg, among others.
Certainly, the first two weeks of hydroponic lettuce cultivation are very important as its growth develops in seedlings with controlled temperature, good lighting, necessary irrigation and so on.
Moreover, once you open the package, you must sow the seeds immediately so that they do not lose their viability.
Growing media and Germination
Generally, there are many options such as: rock wool, coconut fiber, perlite, river rock, vermiculite, etc. One of the best options is rock wool.
- The starting buckets should be moistened. Too much water can rot the seeds.
- Place three to five seeds in each bucket, place the bucket under an artificial light or window, spray them for the next few days until the seedlings germinate.
- Some people, for transplanting, are guided by the height or number of true leaves. Then, when the plants reach a length of 2-3 inches with 4 true leaves (about 3 weeks), you can start transplanting them (true leaves are larger than embryonic leaves).
- Remember that not all your seeds will germinate well.
How to Grow Hydroponic Lettuce: Transplant
Firstly, before transplanting into the hydroponic system, check the pH. Secondly, check for pests, fungus, odors, stains in order to get a good harvest.
Subsequently, take each cube and transplant it into your system. Carefully loosen the roots and place each seedling in its pot.
Hydroponic lettuce nutrients requirements
Emphatically, you have to look at the nutrient requirements of the type of lettuce. Generically, lettuce has high needs for potassium, calcium, zinc, iron, magnesium and manganese.
By the time the cotyledon leaves are open, the plants should already receive good nutrition. Besides, should be, on average, every 8 days. But this varies depending on the type.
Related Post: Hydroponic Nutrients
Hydroponic lettuce light requirements
By and large, lettuce seedlings need approximately 18 hours of light during the day and 6 hours at night. Most lettuces require low radiation light, therefore, one of the best lights are fluorescent lights.
During the day, lighting should be between 10 – 14 hours.
Related Post: Grow Lights for Hydroponics
Best ph for hydroponic lettuce?
Lettuce is a cool climate crop, so in warm temperatures it can deteriorate. An appropriate temperature would be between 68-73 F during the day and 54-59 F at night.
- Water temperature: 68-77 F
- Minimum relative humidity: 50-70%.
- pH: 5.5-6.5
- EC: 1.2 – 1.8
- PPM: 560 – 850
How to harvest hydroponic lettuce?
In most cases, lettuce will be ready for harvest in six to eight weeks, as its diameter should be approximately 8-9 inches.
In addition, leaving the roots intact allows for longer storage time after harvest.
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Studying, family, work, projects, reports and life in general can all be quite stressful. At times, especially around deadlines and important events, stress can feel overwhelming and the desire to stay motivated and concentrated may wane a bit. But why is this?
What is stress?
A little bit of stress is a good thing. It keeps us motivated and energised. It keeps us moving forward. Pressure (such as deadlines) sets parameters for how we work and is often necessary for getting things done. But stress can occur when the pressure starts to become overwhelming; when too much physical or mental tension has been allowed to build up over a period of time.
Stress, at a physiological level, can cause things like muscle tension; stomach problems (IBS or diarrhea); changes in sleep patterns and eating habits, changes in heart rate, breathing difficulties, excessive sweating or even skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis.
At an emotional level, negative or thoughts or feelings may be apparent; you may feel disappointed in yourself; have increased emotional reactions; distance from others, lose confidence or motivation; feel anxious or worry constantly (i.e. have thoughts constantly swimming around in your head). You may feel unable to “switch off” or relax.
At a mental level, you may experience confusion, indecision, lack concentration and your memory could become affected, causing revision to become very difficult.
Stress itself is not an illness, but it does lead to 80% of all health problems if not managed correctly. Stress causes a surge of hormones in your body and activates the sympathetic nervous system– the system responsible for the “fight or flight” response.
Once the danger had passed your stress hormone levels will usually return to normal. However, if you’re constantly under stress, these hormones will remain in your body, leading to the symptoms of stress discussed above.
How does stress affect thinking ability?
We discussed how stress can impact us on a mental level, causing confusion and problems with memory and the retention of information. But why is this? Basically, it goes back to the sympathetic nervous system. When we are in real danger, the thinking brain (the cortex) goes offline and the emotional brain (the limbic system) takes charge. The last thing our brains want us doing in a situation that looks or feel threatening is to waste too much time thinking. For example, if you were walking down the high street and saw an angry looking lion coming towards you, you wouldn’t stop and think to yourself “I wonder how far way that lion is from me?” “I wonder which bit of me it will bite first?” No, you would just run. As fast as you could. Or, if you were wearing a lion tamer’s outfit and had a stick, you might try to engage with it. Whatever happens, your reactions would be quick. Your sympathetic nervous system would see to it that you had enough energy to run or fight.
So, it is no wonder that in moments of high stress your mind may go “blank” or you might find it difficult to concentrate or be motivated. If your brain and body are feeling under threat, your thinking brain may not be supporting you as much as you would like it to.
So, what can you do about stress? How can you manage it before it gets the best of you?
One easy way is to pay attention to your breathing. Breathing is something we do every second of every day without much conscious thought paid to it. But because breathing from the top of the chest simulates what we do when we are under threat (breathing in that way sends more oxygen to your muscles so that you can run more quickly), try bringing your breaths to deeper down into your abdomen. You might even sit quietly and put one hand on your chest and one on your belly to notice where the air is being taken from. Then, imagine moving your breaths around your body to give you a boost of calm energy. Imagine breathing into your hands and out of your feet. Then into your forehead and out of your solar plexus. Into your heart and out your stomach. Move the air around your body to create a relaxation response but also to clear your mind. If you take 5 minutes a day to breathe with intent (stop and focus on the breaths you in your body), you will begin to feel easier and easier day by day.
Exercise is also a fantastic stress buster. Not only does exercise help to release the “feel-good” chemicals in our brains, it can also lead to a clearer mind and help to improve concentration. It also leads to you feeling stronger and better about yourself, which can enhance overall feelings of wellbeing.
Talking to others can be helpful in managing stress. The saying goes – “a problem shared is a problem halved” and that is certainly true when it comes to feelings of stress and overwhelm. Do not be afraid to talk to others about what you are feeling, even if they are your peers. Chances are, they will have feelings similar to yours.
Work smarter – not harder. Use of good time management and prioritization skills can stop the feelings of burn-out. Working smarter means keeping a to-do-list with low, medium and high priority items on it and working through them to the best of your ability. Don’t feel disappointed if you do not get to everything on your list. Instead give yourself a pat on the back for a job well done and move the remaining items to the following day. Avoid judging or criticising yourself as this just leads to more stress. Also, keep a diary that lists your deadlines and recognise how much time you need in advance to complete the tasks by the deadlines. Avoid leaving everything to the last minute. That too causes unnecessary stress.
Mindfulness. Rather than worrying about what is coming up or beating yourself up for something that happened in the past, live more in the present moment. Studies have shown that bringing your mind into the present moment as often as possible can reduce stress levels, aid memory and concentration and stop worry in its tracks. One great way to practice mindfulness is to join a meditation group or to have some hypnotherapy sessions. But, just by taking a break; paying attention to your breathing and allowing any thoughts or feelings to come to the surface, without trying to fight them or push them down, is being mindful. Acceptance is the key – accepting yourself and your limitations, accepting your feelings and emotions, and recognizing there really isn’t such a thing as “negative” or “positive;” there just “is,” can be very a very powerful and profound experience.
Stress tests: http://www.stress.org.uk/stresstest.aspx; http://bemindful.co.uk/mbsr/test/
Stress Management Society: http://www.stress.org.uk/What-is-stress.aspx
NHS site about stress: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/stress-anxiety-depression/Pages/understanding-stress.aspx
Mindfulness information and resources: http://bemindful.co.uk/
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Dade Heritage Trust opened a new exhibit focusing on Dr. James M. Jackson and Miami Medicine. The Trust, formed to preserve Miami-Dade County’s architectural, environmental and cultural heritage through education and advocacy, is housed in the historic office and surgery of Dr. Jackson. The exhibit highlights Dr. Jackson, folk and Native American health practices, medical instruments and the current and future paths of medicine. Two rooms are interpreted to represent a typical medical practice and office in the early 20th century.
Considered to be the first professional physician to practice medicine in the City of Miami, Dr. Jackson arrived in the frontier city in 1896 to serve as the doctor for the Florida East Coast Railway in Miami. Dr. Jackson would experience many changes in his adopted city as it moved from a hard scrabble outpost to a popular destination and hot real estate market. He also worked on the front lines of medicine, tackling serious outbreaks of typhoid fever, malaria, yellow fever, tuberculosis, and the pandemic Spanish Influenza of 1918.
As was the practice of the time, Dr. Jackson would make house calls and/or treat patients in his medical office. He served as the first president of the Miami City Hospital in 1918. This hospital ould later grow into today’s Jackson Memorial Hospital, named in his honor in 1924.
The exhibits, which are considered to be permanent and ongoing, were generously sponsored by the Jackson Health System, the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Miami-Dade County, Culture Builds Florida, the Miami Downtown Development Authority and the City of Miami.
Founded in 1972, Dade Heritage Trust is Miami-Dade County’s largest preservation organization. DHT offers educational initiatives such as: Historic Places–Green Spaces Educational Program, walking tours, bike tours, workshops in historic venues, original exhibits and publications. DHT’s advocacy efforts include historic neighborhood surveys, historic designation assistance, partnerships with non-profits, neighborhood organizations and local governments to improve Miami’s quality of life through preservation, affordable housing and restoration initiatives.
For more information: DHT is located at 190 SE 12th Terrace in the Financial District, 305.358.9572, DadeHeritageTrust.org and on Facebook,@DadeHeritageTrustMiami. Hours of operation are 9a-5p Monday through Friday, 10a-5p Saturday, 12a-5p on Sunday.
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When you think of a smile, it’s not all about permanent adult teeth. Your child’s baby teeth matter too! Truth be told, keeping your little one’s teeth and gums healthy as early as possible is the best way to ensure that their adult teeth will develop in their proper places. Healthy baby teeth lay a strong foundation for permanent adult teeth.
Taking care of your son or daughter’s teeth from a young age includes massaging their gums as they’re infants, instilling good brushing and flossing habits as they grow into toddlers and adolescents, and most importantly, bringing them in to visit your local family dentist.
When should my child start visiting the dentist?
According to the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, your child’s first dental visit should no later than their very first birthday. Sometimes, it could even be before then if they begin developing teeth before the age of one.
Dental appointments are important at an early age! Although you may not expect it, your child becomes susceptible to developing cavities even when really young. How can you help your child avoid dental issues from the very beginning? By having your child visit your friendly family dentist, you can gain valuable information about the good things to feed your children for optimal oral health. You’ll also learn about the best dental hygiene practices to complete at home.
What does your local family dentist do for you and your child during their first visit?
When it comes to keeping your child’s primary teeth healthy, there’s no better way than to start with dental appointments. Pediatric dental care keeps primary teeth healthy and free of decay and other dental diseases.
Your child not only gets comfortable and builds a friendly relationship with their dental professionals, but your little one will receive comprehensive cleanings infused with preventive products such as fluoride. You and your child can benefit from the very first appointment in these ways:
- Hands-on learning experiences about proper dental care.
- Protection against cavities with dental sealants and fluoride treatment.
- Thorough head, neck, and mouth examinations to ensure development is going smoothly.
- Professional cleanings to remove harmful dental plaque and debris.
What are you waiting for? It’s time for your child to meet their family dentist!
Healthy baby teeth and gums create a sturdy foundation for adult teeth to develop into. This sturdy foundation also helps with developing your child’s bite, assist with chewing food, and speaking clearly.
Also, by keeping their gums strong and healthy at a young age, you’re helping your child’s oral health in the long run. Their adult teeth will have a much lower risk of having dental decay, cavities, and other severe dental problems. Not to mention, if your child becomes comfortable with the dentist while they’re young, they will be fearless of the dental chair as they grow older.
If you’re interested in scheduling your child’s first dental appointment, we encourage you to schedule your appointments before the school season starts. It’s understandable that the hustle and bustle of life can distract you from taking care of your smile, but it’s important!
Meet Your Family Dentist
It’s a hard job to take care of you and your family’s health. Dr. Nakhla and the rest of our team at Independence Family Dentistry is here to help make that task a bit easier. When it comes to taking care of your children’s teeth, Dr. Nakhla is passionate about using his extensive experience and advanced technology to provide personalized, comfortable services for patients of all ages. Are you ready to schedule an appointment? Call us at (859) 356-2000.
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Zanskar or Zangskar (Ladakhi: zangs dkar་) is a subdistrict or tehsil of the Kargil district, which lies in the eastern half of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The administrative centre is Padum. Zanskar, together with the neighbouring region of Ladakh, was briefly a part of the kingdom of Guge in Western Tibet.
Much of Zanskar's vegetation is found in the irrigated villages, and on the upper slopes which receive more precipitation and where it consists of alpine and tundra species. Most impressive are the meadows covered with thousands of edelweiss. At the foot of the Gumburanjon mountain blue poppies can be found. Crops including barley, lentils, and potatoes are grown by farmers at the lower elevations. Domesticated animals such as the yak, dzo, sheep, horse, and dog are found in the region.
Among the wildlife that can be found in Zanskar are the marmot, bear, wolf, snow leopard, bharal, alpine ibex, wild sheep and goats, and the lammergeier
Zanskar is a high altitude semi-desert lying on the Northern flank of the Great Himalayan Range. This mountain range acts as a climatic barrier protecting Ladakh and Zanskar from most of the monsoon, resulting in a pleasantly warm and dry climate in the summer. Rain and snowfall during this period are scarce, although recent decades have shown a trend towards increasing precipitation. Several water-driven mills were built during ancient periods of drought at a great distance from the villages, but have been abandoned because running water is now available nearer to the settlements. Zanskari houses, though otherwise well built, are not adapted to the recently increasing rainfall, as their roofs leak, catching their surprised inhabitants unprepared. Most of the precipitation occurs as snowfall during the harsh and extremely long winter period. These winter snowfalls are of vital importance, since they feed the glaciers which melt in the summer and provide most of the irrigation water. Parts of Zanskar valley are considered some of the coldest continually inhabited places in the world.
Visitors must try out the local dishes which almost define the cuisine here such as Thukpa, noodle soup, Tsampa and Skyu which is a heavy pasta dish with plenty of veggies as well as the very popular and delicious Momos which are steamed dumplings stuffed with vegetables or meat.
The options for food are basic. Local preparations such as Thukpa, Momos, Skyu and Ladakhi Chai should be available as well as a popular bowl of maggi. Ladakhi Chai. Hotels and guesthouses provide popular items off Indian, Continental and European menus.
Summer days are pleasant at the Zanskar Valley, however nights can turn a bit chilly. April to August are considered to be the good months however the weather can be a bit unreliable during early summers, so July to August would be an ideal time to visit. Winters are too cold to travel in Zanskar.
Suru and Zanskar Valleys are best seen on a trip to Leh. Reach Zanskar valley and head to the Zanskar river for river rafting. One may also take to a trekking trail. Alternatively or if you have time visit Zongkhul for its cave monasteries and Stongdey for the second largest monastery in the Zanskar region. Towards a late afternoon, head to the Suru Valley or you can keep it for next day.
While at Zanskar one can visit Zongkhul for the elaborate cave monasteries it houses and Stongdey for a few more monasteries. One can trek to both these places. Also, Suru Valley is not to be missed while here.
Rafting in the Zanskar river is a favorite here. A number of trekking trails, trekkers don't miss the amazing experience.
Zanskar glorifies the Himalayan region with the panoramic view of the Trans-Himalayan region. Zanskar is a traveler’s ultimate destination that boasts of nature’s surrealness and formidability, extracts the best out of a traveler, and leaves him/her with an enchanting memory of a lifetime.
But walking across the unforgiving passes and traversing the difficult alleys at 7756 meters above sea level doesn’t come easy. One has to be physically and mentally sound to scale the passes and valleys of the region.
Padum to Pidmo: This circuit runs along the Zanskar river and through some of the plain areas. Ample homestay options can be found on this route.
Lugnak trail: It runs along the eastern banks of the Tsarap river. In comparison to the previous one, Lugnak trail runs along the rocky gorges and age-old routes between Zanskar and Lahaul valley in Himachal.
Zanskar to Sham: It is another 4-5 day trek that is moderate in nature. On this route, stays are available at Karsha, Zangla, Pidmo, and Pishu.
Padum to Darcha: One of the most daunting treks in the valley, it runs through the heart of Zanskar Valley to finally reach Lahaul Valley in Himachal. Time taken to complete this trek is mostly 9-10 days.
Zanskar Chadar trek: Another favorite of nomads who endure the freezing conditions of Ladakh and walk the frozen Zanskar river. The good news is that the Zanskar Chadar trek has already been covered for you.
Air: Leh domestic airport is the nearest airport from Zanskar. From the airport, taxis are available ,that charge Rs 1000 to commute to Zanskar Valley. One can also get to Zanskar from Srinagar. From the airport one can go for shared taxis or buses to get to Zanskar Valley.
Rail: The nearest railway station from Zanskar is Jammu. One can travel to the valley via shared buses from Jammu.
Road: There is a regular bus service from Jammu & Kashmir State Road Transport Corporation from Leh and Kargil for Padum with stops at various points in Suru and Zanskar Valley. The other option is by hiring a taxi or a motorcycle from Leh or Kargil for Zanskar Valley.
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Teaching jobs in the UK don’t just involve literacy and numeracy. Your job as a teacher is to develop healthy, all round switched on young people who can go on to live happy and successful lives. Some of this is about pastoral support, and emotional wellbeing and some is about cross curricular activity. You may be surprised how much comes from sports.In a busy world where walking to school is less common than in previous generations, and playing outside after school just isn’t safe, there needs to be more provision of activity in school. Taking part in organised competitive sport is great for developing young people – here’s why.
Sport is good for healthy bodies
According to the NHS, under 18s should aim for an average of at least an hour of moderate or vigorous intensity physical activity a day across the week. However, figures show that one third (29%) are doing less than 30 minutes of exercise every day. Running, walking, and functional exercises that you get from sports help get the heart rate up, the blood pumping, and build strong muscles. Competitive sport often requires lots of different activity types and uses different muscles – think of all the muscles used in netball or football for example – so can build good all round athleticism.
Sport is good for mental health
Exercise is great for mental health. One of the most important chemicals for mental health is oxytocin – the love hormone. Competitive team sport can help build a connection and bring people together. It also triggers off endorphins – the feel good chemicals – that make us feel brighter and happier. Sport England say that “Being physically active can improve mood, decrease the chance of depression and anxiety and lead to a better and more balanced lifestyle.” Which sounds like a win.
Sport helps us overcome setbacks
Like it or not, life can be competitive. And we can’t always come out on top. There will be winners in organised competitive sport, and those who just don’t get on the podium. Young people have to recognise that they can not be objectively the best at everything, but that doesn’t mean they can’t have benefits. So they didn’t win the game – but they had fun, enjoyed themselves, and got some exercise. It’s really important that we use ‘losing’ to help young people understand how best to get over setbacks and move forward. It’s worth sitting down with a team who doesn’t win and discussing what they can do to be better next time – more time warming up, better communication etc.
Sport helps us work as a team
Team work makes the dream work, as they say. Team sports such as football, netball and rugby require good communication as a group of people. Rather than a player of the match, successful teams have a group of people working together towards a shared goal. Teamwork is essential. This is useful for future success, such as on school projects, workplace collaboration, and even with family and friends. There’s no ‘I’ in ‘team’ but young people all play a part in their teams. It’s important that young people understand how they can contribute their talents to a bigger picture, and that strength comes in numbers, with communication.
Sport helps with focus
Not all organised competitive sport is a team endeavour. Running for example, or athletics, is often a solo pursuit. Focusing on an end goal and doing everything you can to achieve it is really helpful for young people when it comes to mapping out objectives and creating a plan to get there. There will be times in their lives when school work or employment isn’t as fun as going out or seeing friends – but they need to see the bigger picture and how prioritising is essential. Achieving a grade in an exam needs
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Land use planning
21. To a significant extent the convenience of car
travel depends on decisions about land use which at first accommodated
the car and subsequently made it seem to many a necessity. For
many years we have seen developments which are inimical to access
on foot, including low density housing developments and large
scale shopping, leisure and office facilities built out-of-town
or on the edge-of-town. The Regeneration Practice observed that:
"a creeping disconnection
between people and place driven by social and economic trends
has been exacerbated over the last 50 years by the land use planning
system which has encouraged mobility demands, the disintegration
of living and working communities and social dispersal".
22. In opposition to these changes, walking requires
local facilities clustered in high density, mixed developments
since it is subject to a fairly rigid threshold and small changes
in distance can affect whether we walk or not.
The average trip length on foot is 0.6 mile, a figure which has
remained static since 1975. 80% of walking trips are less than
one mile, 97% are less than 2 miles. It is axiomatic, therefore,
that where people have to travel more than one mile, the proportion
of trips made on foot will be small. The proliferation of out-of-town
centres and housing developments in the countryside has accordingly
created a land use pattern which is unsuitable for journeys on
foot. Out-of-town centre stores typically have a modal split for
customers of 80-90% by car. Single use activities provide a further
obstacle to walking. People who walk one mile to a town centre
with a wide range of shops are unlikely to walk the same distance
to reach a single isolated large shop. In contrast people are
far more likely to go to local shops on foot.
23. While there were improvements to planning policy
in the 1990s which restricted the construction of out-of-town
developments, Government research has found that implementation
has been patchy. Moreover, the local planning assumption until
very recently has been that, providing the location is right,
any scale and format of development which a developer brings forward
is acceptable. Yet this is crucial in influencing travel mode.
In particular large format development (large superstores, regional
leisure centres, centralised hospital facilities, university campuses)
usually have to be located out of town because of their land requirements.
They therefore attract journeys from a wide catchment area, thus
making it impossible for more than a small proportion of trips
to be made on foot, or even cycle and bus.
24. The location and scale of new developments have
not been the only problem. Many supermarkets, leisure centres
and other facilities, even where they are in or near to the town
centre, are not on the line of the street as buildings were traditionally.
Instead, they are at the back of the plot with large car parks
in front. This means that pedestrians have to cross a monotonous
landscape of parked cars to reach the facility. Even those who
drive to the site often have quite a long walk from the remoter
part of the car park.
25. New housing developments have commonly been constructed
at the edge of towns or villages at a low density which has discouraged
walking to local shops and other facilities even where they exist.
To make matters worse they have usually been developed with convoluted
road layouts, which have been designed to prevent rat-running
through traffic and to create what were in the past considered
secure environments. Such "loops and lollipops" layouts
mean that local facilities, including bus stops cannot easily
be reached on foot. The Commission for Architecture and the Built
Environment (CABE) referred to "the standard cul-de-sac layout
of new housing schemes [which] tends to promote car dependency
and reduce pedestrian movements, while at the same time putting
additional pressure on connector routes and making them less safe
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Achaea (/əˈkiːə/) or Achaia (/əˈkaɪə/), sometimes transliterated from Greek as Akhaia (Αχαΐα, Akhaïa [axaˈia]), is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Western Greece and is situated in the northwestern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital is Patras which is the third largest city in Greece.
|Coordinates: 38°05′N 21°50′E / 38.083°N 21.833°ECoordinates: 38°05′N 21°50′E / 38.083°N 21.833°E|
|• Total||3,272 km2 (1,263 sq mi)|
|• Summer (DST)||UTC+3 (EEST)|
25x xx, 26x xx
|Area codes||261, 269x|
|ISO 3166 code||GR-13|
|Car plates||ΑΖ, AX|
Achaea is bordered by Elis to the west and southwest, Arcadia to the south, and Corinthia to the east and southeast. The Gulf of Corinth lies to its northeast, and the Gulf of Patras to its northwest. The mountain Panachaiko (1926 m), though not the highest of Achaea, dominates the coastal area near Patras. Higher mountains are found in the south, such as Aroania (2341 m) and Erymanthos (2224 m). Other mountain ranges in Achaea are Skollis, Omplos, Kombovouni and Movri. Its main rivers ordered from west to east are the Larissos, Tytheus, Peiros, Charadros, Selinountas and Vouraikos. Most of the forests are in the mountain ranges, though several are in the plains including the extreme west. There are grasslands around the mid-elevation areas and barren lands in the highest areas.
Achaea has hot summers and mild winters. Sunny days dominate during the summer months in areas near the coast, while the summer can be cloudy and rainy in the mountains. Snow is very common during the winter in the mountains of Erymanthos, Panachaiko and Aroania. Winter high temperatures are around the 10 °C mark throughout the low-lying areas.
The regional unit Achaea is subdivided into 5 municipalities. These are (number as in the map in the infobox):
- Aigialeia (2)
- Erymanthos (4)
- Kalavryta (5)
- Patras (Patra, 1)
- West Achaea (Dytiki Achaia, 3)
As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the regional unit Achaea was created out of the former prefecture Achaea (Greek: Νομός Αχαΐας). The prefecture had the same territory as the present regional unit. At the same time, the municipalities were reorganised, according to the table below.
|New municipality||Old municipalities||Seat|
Note: Provinces no longer hold any legal status in Greece.
The Achaean League was a Hellenistic-era confederation of city states in Achaea, founded in 280/281 BC. It later grew until it included most of Peloponnese, much reducing the Macedonian rule in the area.
After Macedon's defeat by the Romans in the early 2nd century BC, the League was able to finally defeat a heavily weakened Sparta and take control of the entire Peloponnese. However, as the Roman influence in the area grew, the league erupted into an open revolt against Roman domination, in what is known as Achaean War. The Achaeans were defeated at the Battle of Corinth (146 BC), and the League was dissolved by the Romans.
In AD 51/52, Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus was proconsul of Achaea, and is portrayed (under the name "Gallio") in the book of the Acts of the Apostles, in the Bible, as presiding over the trial of the Apostle Paul in Corinth (Acts 18:12–17).
Achaea remained a province of the Byzantine Empire after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. In the 6th and 7th centuries, Slavs invaded Greece and reached the Peloponnese, settling there. The coastal cities remained largely under Byzantine control, and a Siege of Patras in 805/807 failed. By the end of the 9th century, the whole peninsula was firmly under Byzantine control again, forming the Theme of the Peloponnese.
After the Fourth Crusade several new Crusader states were founded in Greece. One of these was the Principality of Achaea, founded in 1205, which like the Roman province covered a much larger area than the Achaea region. The Achaea region was among the core territories of the Principality, with four baronies: the extensive Barony of Patras, the Barony of Vostitsa, the Barony of Chalandritsa, and the Barony of Kalavryta. Patras, under the powerful Latin Archbishopric of Patras, over time became a semi-autonomous domain under the protection of Venice and the Holy See. Although Kalavryta was lost to the Byzantine Greeks already by the end of the 13th century, the other baronies survived until the Principality of Achaea was conquered by the Byzantine Empire in 1430, and became part of the Despotate of the Morea.
The Despotate of the Morea fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1460. As a part of the Morean War, the Republic of Venice captured Achaea in 1687 and held it until 1715, when the Ottomans recaptured the Peloponnese. Under Ottoman rule, Achaea was part of the Morea Eyalet.
In the Greek War of Independence, Aigio was one of the first cities to be liberated by the Greeks and all of Achaea was liberated by the end of 1821. Achaea produced several heroes including Kanaris, Zaimis and Roufos and prime ministers of Greece including Andreas Michalakopoulos as well as some head of states.
In the first administrative subdivision of independent Greece, Achaea was part of the Achaea and Elis Prefecture. This was divided into the prefectures of Achaea and Elis in 1899. Achaea and Elis were reunited in 1909, and split again in 1930.
Achaea saw an influx of refugees that arrived from Asia Minor during the Greco Turkish War of 1919-1922. Tens of thousands were relocated to their camps in the suburbs of Patras and a few villages mainly within the coastline. One of the camps was named Prosfygika.
Achaea today has about one-third of the population of the Peloponnese. Patras, the capital of Achaea, is the third largest city in Greece, behind Athens and Thessaloniki. Two-thirds of the Achaean population live near Patras, and more than half within the city limits. The main industrial areas are around Patras.
Main towns and citiesEdit
The main cities and towns of Achaea are (ranked by 2011 census population):
- Patras 269,034
- Aigio 40,664
- Kato Achaia 11,880
The monastery Agia Lavra is situated a few kilometres west of Kalavryta on the top of a hill. 12 to 20 km east, is Cave Lakes, with lakes inside. The length is around 300 to 500 m.
The mountain hosts the most modern Greek telescope, named Aristarchus (after the ancient Greek astronomer - Aristarchus of Samos) and operated by the National Observatory of Athens. A narrow gauge railway track runs for 30 km, mainly as a tourist attraction. The track begins near Kalavryta and ends off Diakopto.
Patras is one of the main industrial and commerce centers in Greece. Temeni is a place where the spring water Avra (Άυρα) is manufactured. It is owned by Tria Epsilon, a division of The Coca-Cola Company and a parent. There is a small oil refinery near Rio. Athenian brewery has the largest production facility of the company in Patra.
The main highways are:
- Ionia Odos (A5, part of E55): Rio - Antirrio - Arta - Ioannina
- Greek National Road 8, old road Athens - Corinth - Rio - Patras
- Greek National Road 8A (part of E55 and E65): Athens - Corinth - Rio - Patras
- Greek National Road 9 (part of E55): Patras - Pyrgos - Kyparissia - Pylos
- Greek National Road 31: Aigio - Kalavryta
- Greek National Road 33: Patras - Tritaia - Lampeia - Vlacherna
Intercity bus transport is provided by KTEL Achaias. The main bus terminal is in the city of Patras.
Achaea is served by both the Patras Suburban Railway on the Patras–Kyparissia line to Patras and Athens Suburban Railway on the Athens Airport–Patras line from Aigio to Athens. Both lines, as yet, do not meet.
Newspapers, fanzines and othersEdit
- Achagiotika Nea - Kato Achaia
- Allagi - Patras
- Elliniki Dimokratia - Patras
- Epi ta proso - Patras
- Evdomada - Patras
- Filodimos - Aigio
- Frouros tis Anatolikis Aigialeias - Akrata and eastern Aigaleia
- Ta Gegonota tis Achaias - Achaea
- I Gnomi - Patras
- Imera - Patras
- Imerisios Kyrix - Patras
- Kosmos tis Patras - Patras
- Paraliaki - Patras
- Patraiki Evdomada - Patras
- Politis ton Patron - Patras - political
- Proodos - Patras
- Proti tis Aigaleias - Aigio and Aigaleia
- Simerini - Patras
- Splats - a fanzine based in Patras
- Sport Week - Patras - sports
- Sportivo west - Patras - sports
- Styx - Akrata
- Symvoulos Epocheiriseon - Patras
Ceased and defunct newspapersEdit
- Achaikos Kyrix - an older newspaper of Patras
- Tachydromos tis Anatolis - Patras, one of the few newspapers that were only published in French
- ERA Patras - Rio
- Super B - Patras
- Top FM - 93 FM
- Ionion FM - 95.8 FM
- Radio Gamma - 96 FM
- Radio Aigio - 99.2 FM
- You FM - 100.1 FM (launched in 2006/2007)
- Mojo FM - 107.9 FM
- Kronos Supermarkets - Patras
There are two skiing resorts, one on the Panachaicus west of the mountain top (elevation around 1700 m) east of Patras, it will be Nafpaktos's closest because of the new bridge (mid-2004) and the other on Aroania, sometimes still called Chelmos, near Kalavrita. It is Kalavrita's closest resort.
Division rankings were as of the 2005-06 season for most teams, for football (soccer), they are run by the Achaea Football Clubs Association:
- Teams with multiple sporting clubs
- Panegialios F.C. - Aigio - second division
- Achaios Saravali Patras - Saravali - fourth division
- Anagennisi/Aias Sympoliteia - Rododafni
- Apollon Patras, A1 Basketleague
- Atromitos Patras - fourth division
- Diakopto AC - Diakopto - fourth division
- Fostiras Ovrias FC - Ovrya, fourth division
- Iraklis Patras - Patras, fourth division
- NO Patras - Patras, A2 League/Water polo
- NE Patras - Patras, A2 League/Water polo
- Olympiakos Aigio - Aigio, fourth division
- Olympiakos Kamares - Kamares - fourth division
- Olympiakos Patras - Patras - fourth division
- Ormi Patras - Patras, A1 League/ Women's Handball
- Panachaiki - Patras, third division
- E.A. Patras - Patras, third division/Volleyball
- Spartakos Ovrya - Ovrya - third division (as of 2007)
- Thyella Patras F.C. - Patras, third division
- A.P.S. Zavlani - fourth division
- Basketball only
- Defunct and historic teams
- Lefkos Asteras - Patras
- Thriamvos Patras - Patras, now part of NE Patras
- Actor, mythological legend
- Alexon, ancient figure
- Timoleon Ambelas, a writer
- Anchialus, mythological legend
- Dimitrios Andrikopoulos-Boukaouris, Mayor of Patras
- Antheia, mythological legend
- Argyra, mythological legend
- Autonous, ancient figure
- Bolina, ancient figure
- Bryson of Achaea, ancient figure
- Anastasios Charalambis General and Prime Minister for one day in 1922.
- Vasileios Christopoulos, an artist
- Danielis, ancient figure
- Kostas Davourlis Footballer of Panachaiki
- Theodoros Deligiannis a Prime Minister of Greece
- Ioannis Diakidis
- Rena Dor, actress
- Dymas, ancient figure
- Eperatus, ancient figure
- Spyros Fokas, an actor
- Asimakis Fotilas, a revolutionary leader
- Panagiotakis Fotilas, a revolutionary leader
- Giorgos Giannias, a revolutionary leader
- Dimitrios Gounaris a Prime Minister of Greece
- Helike, ancient queen
- Ion, mythological legend
- Antonios Kalamogdartis, a revolutionary leader
- Athanasios Kanakaris-Roufos, a revolutionary leader
- Panagiotis Karatzas, a revolutionary leader
- Kostas Katsouranis Footballer - European Champion (Euro 2004)
- Konstantinos Konstantopoulos a Mayor of Patras and Prime Minister of Greece
- Andreas Kontogouris, a revolutionary leader
- Nikolaos Kontopoulos
- Christos Laskaris
- Afroditi Laoutari, an actress
- Dimitrios Maximos
- Vassilis Makris, an artist
- Memos Makris, an artist
- Dimitrios Maximos a Prime Minister of Greece
- Andreas Michalakopoulos a Prime Minister of Greece
- Andreas Mikroutsikos
- Betty Moschona, an actress
- Molurus, ancient figure
- Thanos Mikroutsikos, composer, former Minister of Culture
- Kostis Palamas national Greek poet
- George Papandreou (senior) a Prime Minister of Greece
- Georgios Papadopoulos Leader of the military junta
- Georgios Papandreou (historian), an unrelated historian and linguist
- Anagnostis Petimezas, a revolutionary leader
- Konstantinos Petimezas, a revolutionary leader
- Konstantis Petimezas, a revolutionary leader
- Nikolaos Petimezas (elder)
- Angelos Roufos
- Benizelos Roufos a Prime Minister of Greece
- Ioannis Roufos
- Selemnus, mythological legend
- Panagiotis Skagiopoulos
- Sokratis Skartsis, poet
- Konstantinos Skourletis, mayor of Patras
- Markos Sklivaniotis
- Socrates of Achaea, ancient figure
- Sostratus of Dyme, an ancient figure
- Sostratus of Pellene, an ancient Greek Olympian
- Konstantinos Stefanopoulos President of Greece
- Epameinondas Thomopoulos, an artist
- Dimitrios Tofalos Olympic Champion
- Spyridon Vassiliadis, poet
- Xenofon Verykios
- Dimitrios Votsis, mayor of Patras
- Spyros Vrettos, poet
- Alexandros Zaimis a Prime Minister and President of Greece
- ^ Populations at 1 January 2020, ELSTAT, 30 December 2020.
- ^ The spelling Achaea is the most common in English (as shown by the entries in the Britannica and Columbia encyclopedias and most dictionaries and other reference works) although this is based on an erroneous but well-established transliteration of the Greek original (which does not have a diphthong) and in disregard of the Latin spelling (Achaia) of the Roman province Achaea. The spelling Achaia is used in English by the Greek authorities and the European Union. The transliteration Akhaia of the (Ancient and Modern) Greek is sometimes used in English, for example by the Encyclopædia Britannica and the Collins English Dictionary.
- ^ a b "ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
- ^ Holloway, Paul (October 26, 2021). "Religious 'Slogans' in 1 Corinthians: Wit, Wisdom, and the Quest for Status in a Roman Colony". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
- ^ "Home". imeranews.gr.
- Bunson, Matthew (1994). Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. New York: Facts on File Inc.
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Description of this painting
The Adoration of the Trinity by Albrecht Dürer is a work of religious iconography painted between 1509 and 1511 AD It is an oil on wooden board intended to serve as an altarpiece painting in a chapel.
The oil painting measures 135 x 123 centimeters with an arched top. In the upper center is the crucified Christ, with a figure of God the Father behind and above him. Above the head of God the Father is a white dove surrounded by light. Surrounding the figures of the Trinity are a host of angelic beings. To the left of Christ's feet is the Virgin Mary and a large group of female saints holding palms. To the right are holy men, including Moses with the tablets of the commandments. Below the saints, other women and men are shown worshiping God. All this is represented in a tear in the air.
In the lower right corner of the earth below the heavenly scene, a small figure of Albrecht Dürer stands looking out at the viewer. He points to a plaque next to him with the inscription "Albert Dürer of the North did this in the year of the Virgin 1511."
This oil on poplar panel has gone by several different names in the centuries since Dürer mastered the Northern Renaissance. The worship of the Trinity is sometimes known as All Saints, Allerheiligenbild, or the Landauer Altar (Landauer Altarpiece).
The style and scale immediately point to the Renaissance era, where huge art installations were commissioned to decorate the interiors of religious buildings across the European continent. The most famous, of course, was the Sistine Chapel, which enlisted the help of countless artists to wow its visitors. Raphael and Michelangelo were just two of them.
The rich merchant, Matthäus Landauer from Nuremberg, was the one who commissioned this great work of art that Dürer finally painted.
Replica Paintings: Warranty and Conditions
Each oil painting reproduction comes with a 100% quality guarantee.
Please read the details about our guarantee.
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If you are not satisfied with the painting for any reason, please return it within 30 days from the date the painting is received at your address. Upon returning the painting you will receive a full refund of the amount paid for the painting.
Reproduction of oil paintings: Conditions for the Guarantee
- Return Shipping costs
- Personalized portraits (pictures of a relative for example)
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As all replicas are 100% hand-painted, colors and other details may vary from the original painting.
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Atmospheric Vent Silencers for Reducing Pipeline Noise
Noise pollution from industrial activities is a major concern for operators and environmental regulatory agencies alike. In the U.S., environmental regulatory agencies such as the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) specify a maximum emitted decibel level to be maintained during industrial processes to prevent noise-induced hearing loss. Thus, management must take active steps to reduce the noise levels at their facilities.
During operations discharging compressed fluids such as natural gas or steam from pipelines, the noise generated can be significant if an atmospheric vent silencer is not installed. The noise generated during venting operations is due to rapid fluid expansion or turbulence in the system and escapes into the environment via the open stack exit.
This article will discuss what these devices are, outline some common applications, and aid management to choose the most suitable device for their industrial operations.
What Are Atmospheric Vent Silencers?
An atmospheric vent silencer (also called a blow-off silencer) is a device used to reduce excessive noise emitted from compressed fluids (such as nitrogen, natural gas, oxygen, and CO2) being vented into the atmosphere from a pipeline. Steam vent silencers lower noise levels produced from venting steam at high velocity and pressures.
Vent silencers consist of acoustic cylinders housed in a steel casing capped at one end and exposed to the atmosphere at the other. They are usually installed at the upstream or discharge valve of the pipeline – at the point where noise would otherwise escape into the environment. Common materials of construction include high-purity carbon and stainless steel.
Noise level reduction can be achieved by diffusing the sound using an expansion system and then absorbing the sound frequencies using a dissipative system. Fluid enters the silencer via an inlet (reactive component) which reduces the sound pressure and passes into an acoustic packing system (dissipative component) which absorbs most of the sound energy. After acoustic attenuation and absorption, the sound output is considerably lower and can meet regulatory constraints.
Vent Silencer Applications
Atmospheric vent silencers can be utilized in industries that carry out periodic, high-pressure fluid venting and blow-down operations. The devices can be installed on equipment such as fittings, safety valves, pressure relief valves, startup valves, control valves, blow down tanks, and ejectors. Some important industrial applications include Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) regasification plants, Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs), boilers, petrochemicals refining, etc.
How to Choose a Vent Silencer
Regardless of your application, you can find a vent silencer to attenuate the noise to a reasonable and regulatory-approved level. However, there are some essential data points you must consider before choosing a particular device, such as:
- Nature of the fluid being vented
- Desired operation: Intermittent or continuous?
- Valve pressures
- Pressure drops / Back pressures
- Fluid temperature limits
- Maximum and ideal fluid flow rates
- Material specifications
- Vent silencer elevation
- The diameter of the pipeline
- Targeted maximum noise level for regulatory compliance
NiGen pipeline maintenance services provide expert guidance for choosing the ideal vent silencer for all kinds of industrial operations.
The adequate size of vent silencer to be installed will depend on factors such as the fluid stream flow parameters obtainable at the facility, the type of fluid being vented through the pipeline, and the targeted noise level limits for local compliance. The most important dimensions are the outer diameter (mm), length (mm), and weight (kg).
The diameter of the silencer must be large enough to accommodate the fluid flow rate without damaging the acoustic packing system and compact enough to inhibit the sound energy being produced without permitting any significant noise to escape. The device should also be of an ideal length and weight. Choosing the right vent silencer will ensure maximum operational efficiency, durability, and cost savings.
NiGen boasts a wide selection of atmospheric vent silencers suitable for any kind of operation which ensures compliance with local industrial noise regulations. We also offer industrial air dryer rentals for air compression and storage and on-demand gas generation.
Design and Installation
Vent silencer design is an expert’s job. As such, it must be carried out by experienced/competent professionals. Efficient steam silencer design will reduce the noise level in industries that vent steam and other high-temperature fluids.
After a suitably sized device has been selected, it is installed at the pipeline purge outlets where fluid expansion takes place. Depending on the nature of the fluid to be vented, pressure and temperature conditions and a client’s assets structure, the vent silencers may be installed as flanged or welded connections.
Contact NiGen for Your Vent Silencing Needs
Reducing the noise level at your organization is critical to safeguard the health and safety of your employees and ensure compliance with regulatory standards.
Our experts at NiGen can advise on the most suitable vent silencer for your application and budget, provide the ideal steam silencer design or natural gas silencer design for your application and carry out a full-service installation.
For more information on our products and services, call us today at 713-956-8022 or request a quote online.
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The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
|Previous: Trengganu||Table of Contents||Next: Tribal class, British destroyers|
|Tonnage||1927 tons standard displacement
|Dimensions||377' by 36'6" by 13'
114.9m by 11.1m by 4.0m
|Maximum speed||36.25 knots|
1x2 4"/45 DP guns
1x4 2 pdr
2x4 0.50 machine guns
1x4 21" torpedoes
Depth charge tracks (20 depth charges)
||2-shaft Parsons geared turbine
3 Admiralty 3-drum boilers
|Bunkerage||505 tons fuel oil|
|Range||5700 nautical miles (10,600 km) at 17 knots|
||Type 124 sonar|
6 20mm Oerlikon AA guns were added as they became available.
These were later replaced with 40mm Bofors AA guns.
Surface and air warning radars were added as described for the British ships.
The British Tribal class was originally a response to the powerful Japanese Fubukis and duplicated their twin turret gun armament. The Australian Navy decided in 1939 to produce several units at the Cockatoo Island shipyard at Sydney. However, some important refinements were made to the original Tribal design. Six units were ordered but only three were laid down due to production delays arising from the yard's inexperience with such complex ships. As it was, the machinery was constructed in Britain.
The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia © 2008-2010, 2013 by Kent G. Budge. Index
Comment on this article
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Until the Panama Canal was completed, a ship's captain who wanted to travel from New York to San Francisco had to go all the way around the continent of South America. Passing the southern tip was very dangerous because of its proximity to Antarctica and the South Pole. The Panama Canal shortens the trip from 13,000 miles to 5,200 miles.
The Spanish explorer Balboa weighed the benefit of a canal going through the narrowest section of Central America as early as 1515. Some of the millions of tons of rocks and earth excavated from the canal itself was used to form a new area of 500 acres along the Pacific coast of Panama. The name of the town on this land is Balboa, a tribute to his idea centuries later. Other excavated material turned an island into a peninsula, and more was dumped in the Panamanian jungle.
The French started the project of building the Panama Canal in 1880, but the United States completed the work. While the French were in charge, up to 2,200 people may have died from accidents and the malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases so prevalent. Another 5,609 people died when the U.S. was in charge. In all, 56,307 people were employed between 1904-1913 to help build the canal, according to the Panama Canal Authority.
The Panama Canal cuts the isthmus of Panama into a channel for ships that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. It is 50.72 miles long and contains three sets of locks that allow water to rise and fall so that the ships can move through the narrow gap. They are pulled through by special locomotives called mules.
Daily, 34 ships pay a toll to pass through the Panama Canal, but very large military carriers are too big to fit. Seventy percent of the cargo that the United States imports and exports goes through this canal. It cost more than $380 million to build and took more than nine years to complete.
One of the unexpected benefits of building the Panama Canal was the discovery that mosquitoes carry yellow fever and malaria. Col. William C. Gorgas was put in charge of improving the sanitary conditions at the canal site in 1904. He is credited with eradicating yellow fever from the area. He also eliminated the rats that carried bubonic plague. By the time the canal was finished, there was a lot less malaria because of Gorgas' work.
The United States controlled the Panama Canal under a 1903 treaty. This was renewed in 1977 but, in 1999, the control of the canal passed to the government of Panama. The U.S. Southern Command headquarters still remains near the Panama Canal.
Lesley Barker, director of the Bolduc House Museum, authored the books "St. Louis Gateway Rail—The 1970s," published by Arcadia, and the "Eye Can Too! Read" series of vision-related e-books. Her articles have appeared in print and online since the 1980s. Barker holds a Bachelor of Arts in sociology from Washington University and a Master of Arts in Teaching from Webster University.
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The Winter of Peace
Though the name sounds tranquil, winter is not something that most of Adin ever experiences, and peace came only after years of war and at a great cost to all the survivors. Instead, the Winter of Peace involved the entire world falling into chaos for over two years, as the supervolcano known as Izilakur spewed forth plumes of noxious sulphur and ash into the atmosphere. The skies went dark, Adin's brilliant blue suns barely piercing through the fog. The tropical world cooled suddenly, causing mass die offs of plants, fish, and animals.
Plunged Into DarknessSeveral species are believed to have gone extinct during the Winter of Peace, including the famed red maize of Anzakar as well as several species of birds that have not been seen in Gibila since the event. Crops failed due to the lack of sunlight and poisonous ash in the rivers which fed irrigation canals. Livestock quickly starved as their food sources shriveled and died. Many Adinites turned to consuming ambrita during this period. There were not many Sherdasan shapers left to speak of, and the few remaining could not create enough ambrita to support the population.
Rebuilding Through the ChaosGuilty over their part in causing the Winter of Peace, the Five Nations sent what food they could to Sherdasa, before the treaties were even finalized. Adinite shapers went along to provide aid to those they had just finished slaughtering. Volunteers helped to rebuild the damage their golems had done to the Sherdasan cities, feeding the people with the ambrita they produced. The Sherdasan Udug, in turn, taught the Adinite kursu a mildly blasphemous trick they had learned during an earlier period of famine. Kursu are not only capable of repairing tissue, they are also able to grow it. The Adinites were able to supplement their diet of ambrita with a nearly limitless supply of meat using this ability, avoiding the side effect of infertility caused by an exclusive ambrita diet and providing more food for all.
Lessons to be LearnedSurviving the Winter of Peace was only accomplished through the disparate species of Adin working together, and it was a lesson not to be forgotten. Though there will always be some that hold animosity towards their old foes, most of Adin emerged from the Winter of Peace ready to cooperate and learn from each other. At the marking of the third anniversary of the end of the Great War, though Izilakur was still belching out ash and poison, it was markedly less than before. The Winter of Peace was declared to be over.
"Of course, we ended the war. But to rejoice in that would mean celebrating the deaths of countless creatures, worldwide starvation, and perhaps more of our people dead than if we had just let the war continue. We take responsibility for what we did. We thought it was the right thing at the time, but every moment since has been full of doubt. We didn't win. No one can claim victory when the entire world suffers."
- Roderick Rothwald,
Reflections on What We Lost
Great idea to include environmental impacts on events happening among characters and counties.
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Botanical name: Lasianthus jackianus Family: Rubiaceae (Coffee family)
Synonyms: Mephitidia jackiana, Nonatelia jackiana
Jack's Lasianthus is a large shrubs or small trees up to 5 m tall. It is named for John George Jack, 20th century Canadian dendrologist and explorer of North America and Europe. Bark is brown, smooth. Branches are horizontal, branchlets nearly round to compressed, hairy. Leaves are simple, opposite, decussate; stipule triangular, interpetiolar, falling off and leaving scar; leaf-stalk 0.2-0.5 cm long, planoconvex in cross section, hairy. Leaf blade is 5.5-17 x 2-4 cm, narrow elliptic to oblong or inverted-lanceshaped, tip sharply tapering, falling off, base pointed to rounded, margin entire and fringed with hairs, hairy beneath; midrib channeled above; secondary_nerves 7-8 pairs; tertiary_nerves horizontally closely percurrent. Flowers are borne in cymes, in leaf-axils. Flowers are stalkless, white. Drupe is spherical, surmounted with persistent sepals, seeds 4. Jack's Lasianthus is endemic to southern Western Ghats - South Sahyadri and Palakkad hills and Wayanad in Central Sahyadri.
• Is this flower misidentified? If yes,
The flower labeled Jack's Lasianthus is ...
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In the wake of the Taliban’s takeover of Kabul and the ouster of the Afghan national government, alarming reports indicate that the insurgents could potentially access biometric data collected by the U.S. to track Afghans, including people who worked for U.S. and coalition forces.
Afghans who once supported the U.S. have been attempting to hide or destroy physical and digital evidence of their identities. Many Afghans fear that the identity documents and databases storing personally identifiable data could be transformed into death warrants in the hands of the Taliban.
This potential data breach underscores that data protection in zones of conflict, especially biometric data and databases that connect online activity to physical locations, can be a matter of life and death. My research and the work of journalists and privacy advocates who study biometric cybersurveillance anticipated these data privacy and security risks.
Investigative journalist Annie Jacobson documented the birth of biometric-driven warfare in Afghanistan following the terrorist attacks on Sept. 11, 2001, in her book “First Platoon.” The Department of Defense quickly viewed biometric data and what it called “identity dominance” as the cornerstone of multiple counterterrorism and counterinsurgency strategies. Identity dominance means being able to keep track of people the military considers a potential threat regardless of aliases, and ultimately denying organizations the ability to use anonymity to hide their activities.
By 2004, thousands of U.S. military personnel had been trained to collect biometric data to support the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. By 2007, U.S. forces were collecting biometric data primarily through mobile devices such as the Biometric Automated Toolset (BAT) and Handheld Interagency Identity Detection Equipment (HIIDE). BAT includes a laptop, fingerprint reader, iris scanner and camera. HIIDE is a single small device that incorporates a fingerprint reader, iris scanner and camera. Users of these devices can collect iris and fingerprint scans and facial photos, and match them to entries in military databases and biometric watchlists.
In addition to biometric data, the system includes biographic and contextual data such as criminal and terrorist watchlist records, enabling users to determine if an individual is flagged in the system as a suspect. Intelligence analysts can also use the system to monitor people’s movements and activities by tracking biometric data recorded by troops in the field.
By 2011, a decade after 9/11, the Department of Defense maintained approximately 4.8 million biometric records of people in Afghanistan and Iraq, with about 630,000 of the records collected using HIIDE devices. Also by that time, the U.S. Army and its military partners in the Afghan government were using biometric-enabled intelligence or biometric cyberintelligence on the battlefield to identify and track insurgents.
In 2013, the U.S. Army and Marine Corps used the Biometric Enrollment and Screening Device, which enrolled the iris scans, fingerprints and digital face photos of “persons of interest” in Afghanistan. That device was replaced by the Identity Dominance System-Marine Corps in 2017, which uses a laptop with biometric data collection sensors, known as the Secure Electronic Enrollment Kit.
Over the years, to support these military objectives, the Department of Defense aimed to create a biometric database on 80% of the Afghan population, approximately 32 million people at today’s population level. It is unclear how close the military came to this goal.
More data equals more people at risk
In addition to the use of biometric data by the U.S. and Afghan military for security purposes, the Department of Defense and the Afghan government eventually adopted the technologies for a range of day-to-day governmental uses. These included evidence for criminal prosecution, clearing Afghan workers for employment and election security.
In addition, the Afghan National ID system and voter registration databases contained sensitive data, including ethnicity data. The Afghan ID, the e-Tazkira, is an electronic identification document that includes biometric data, which increases the privacy risks posed by Taliban access to the National ID system.
It’s too soon after the Taliban’s return to power to know whether and to what extent the Taliban will be able to commandeer the biometric data once held by the U.S. military. One report suggested that the Taliban may not be able to access the biometric data collected through HIIDE because they lack the technical capacity to do so. However, it’s possible the Taliban could turn to longtime ally Inter-Services Intelligence, Pakistan’s intelligence agency, for help getting at the data. Like many national intelligence services, ISI likely has the necessary technology.
Another report indicated that the Taliban have already started to deploy a “biometrics machine” to conduct “house-to-house inspections” to identify former Afghan officials and security forces. This is consistent with prior Afghan news reports that described the Taliban subjecting bus passengers to biometric screening and using biometric data to target Afghan security forces for kidnapping and assassination.
Concerns about collecting biometric data
For years following 9/11, researchers, activists and policymakers raised concerns that the mass collection, storage and analysis of sensitive biometric data posed dangers to privacy rights and human rights. Reports of the Taliban potentially accessing U.S. biometric data stored by the military show that those concerns were not unfounded. They reveal potential cybersecurity vulnerabilities in the U.S. military’s biometric systems. In particular, the situation raises questions about the security of the mobile biometric data collection devices used in Afghanistan.
The data privacy and cybersecurity concerns surrounding Taliban access to U.S. and former Afghan government databases are a warning for the future. In building biometric-driven warfare technologies and protocols, it appears that the U.S. Department of Defense assumed the Afghan government would have the minimum level of stability needed to protect the data.
The U.S. military should assume that any sensitive data – biometric and biographical data, wiretap data and communications, geolocation data, government records – could potentially fall into enemy hands. In addition to building robust security to protect against unauthorized access, the Pentagon should use this as an opportunity to question whether it was necessary to collect the biometric data in the first instance.
Understanding the unintended consequences of the U.S. experiment in biometric-driven warfare and biometric cyberintelligence is critically important for determining whether and how the military should collect biometric information. In the case of Afghanistan, the biometric data that the U.S. military and the Afghan government had been using to track the Taliban could one day soon – if it’s not already – be used by the Taliban to track Afghans who supported the U.S.
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Which of the following statements correctly describe the relationship between genes and chromosomes?
a. Genes are chromosomes;
b. Chromosomes contain many genes;
c. Genes are made up of hundreds or thousands of chromosomes;
d. Genes are assorted independently during meiosis, but chromosomes are not;
e. More than one of the above is correct.
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Babies Continue to Sleep on Stomachs
Too Many Babies Are Still Sleeping on Their Tummies
Every child has a different bedtime routine, but one thing they should all have in common is their sleep position. But that doesn't seem to be the case. A recent study finds that, despite the health risks, almost 30 percent of babies in the US are placed on their sides or stomachs when it's time for bed.
"This is very worrisome given the rate of SIDS, which has been stagnant over several years," Dr. Sunah Hwang, the study's lead author and a neonatologist at Boston Children's Hospital, tells NBC News. SIDS, which is the leading cause of death among children ages 1 month to 12 months, has been linked to these particular sleep positions for quite some time. To encourage parents to place sleeping babies on their backs and reduce the risk of SIDS, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development launched the Back to Sleep campaign in the 1990s. The campaign was effective, as researchers saw a 50 percent drop in SIDS-related deaths during a 10-year period. Over the past few years, however, the rates have remained the same, with more than 2,000 children dying from SIDS in 2010.
So why do parents ignore these numbers? Studies show that parents unnecessarily worry about their children choking when placed on their back.
"I tell parents that their child has a normal airway and a normal nervous system, and so they have a mechanism to prevent the vomit from going into the lungs," Dr. Ari Brown, a pediatrician and spokesperson for the American Academy of Pediatrics, tells NBC News. Brown adds that NICU practices may also be to blame for parents' behavior.
"When I walk into the NICU, many babies are sleeping on their stomachs, and they can do that because there are monitors and oxygen support," Brown says. "But the baby may get used to sleeping in that position, and the parent may be used to seeing that." Both Brown and Hwang believe NICUs need to model safer sleep practices by occasionally placing preterm infants on their backs once they reach 34 weeks gestational age. They also believe the medical community needs to be more involved in spreading the message of proper sleep positions, especially to less educated families.
"The teaching that doctors and nurses do and the messages from the health community may not effectively be reaching these underserved women," Hwang says.
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The UAE is on course to eliminate hepatitis C within a decade with the help of a new strategy to wipe out the virus in “baby steps”.
The process of ‘micro-elimination’, which targets specific communities or at-risk groups one by one for screening and treatment, would help detect cases and treat patients who might not even know they had the condition, experts said.
The approach was trialled in Ras Al Khaimah and is set to be adopted by the Ministry of Health, Samir Alawadi, a consultant gastroenterologist and President of Emirates Gastroenterology and Hepatology Society, said.
The tactic means specific groups in a community will be identified and targeted by health workers, rather than the population as a whole.
For example, those at greater risk, such as those who undergo blood transfusions, could be prioritised with interventions.
Agreements between authorities, hospitals and insurance providers in the UAE can then see expensive treatment provided for the virus, which primarily affects the liver and can cause fatal cirrhosis and liver cancer if left untreated, for all residents.
The UAE has previously said it intends to eliminate the disease by 2030, in line with World Health Organisation goals to drastically reduce prevalence.
“Along with micro-elimination strategies and the new approved treatments available within the UAE, I think this target can be met within the next 10 years,” Dr Alawadi said.
“While prevalence rates in the UAE are low, collaboration between governments, primary care providers, other healthcare specialists, policy makers and pharma companies is key to achieving the WHO elimination targets.
“Efforts so far have proven to be successful, however, further simplifying the approach by creating a strategic plan to break down national elimination goals into smaller achievable goals for individual populations, and working collaboratively, will really support to maintain momentum of elimination efforts.”
There are an estimated 170 million carriers of Hepatitis C around the world and the Middle East and North Africa regions have the highest regional infection rates. The virus causes approximately 399,000 fatalities each year worldwide, according to WHO.
The prevalence in the UAE ranges from 0.24 to 1.64 per cent of the population. But medics have said up to 70 per cent of patients remain undiagnosed.
“There’s been a revolution in the treatment of hepatitis B and C, which are major killers,” Stefan Wiktor, Professor in the Department of Global Health at the University of Washington, Seattle, who attended a conference about micro-elimination in Dubai this year, said.
“Around 1.4 million people die from chronic viral hepatitis B and C every year but now there’s an effective treatment for both.”
While overall infection rates in the UAE are low, he said among some small sub-groups of the population, hepatitis C rates could be far higher. For example, among people who inject drugs, it could be as high as 50 per cent, he said.
“The challenge that many countries have had is the fact that it’s all a bit overwhelming,” Professor Wiktor said. “The sheer number of people that need to be tested and treated seems daunting so, the concept of micro-elimination is an idea of carrying out the task in baby steps.
“You could pick a city or region and really develop a plan and try to tackle the issue in a smaller area to show that it’s possible and to learn lessons that could then be applied on a national level.
“Basically, this is an idea that simplifies national elimination by identifying a more feasible, more practicable population or group in which you could try to achieve elimination more rapidly.”
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Researchers have found evidence that climate change is making gender-based violence and mental-health problems worse for the most vulnerable women in Malawi.
Experts at Glasgow Caledonian University’s Mary Robinson Centre for Climate Justice carried out an in-depth six-month study in Malawi speaking to women who have been hit hardest by climate change.
The study found that as many as 86% of the women surveyed admitted their mental health and wellbeing had been affected by climate change, compared to just 15% saying the same about their physical health.
Professor Tahseen Jafry, Director of the Mary Robinson Centre for Climate Justice, said: “These testimonies are harrowing and provide clear evidence that climate change does contribute to changes in mental health and issues of violence faced by women.
“This research is important to ensure that solutions to the impacts of climate change are people centred, in that they do not ignore what vulnerable groups are personally experiencing.”
The researchers say Malawi, in south-eastern Africa, is highly vulnerable to climate change and can experience extreme and unpredictable weather events such as drought, flooding and cyclones.
This can cause loss of life and contribute towards food shortages, destruction of livelihoods, displacement, and deepening poverty, all of which, the researchers say, negatively impact the population’s physical and mental health.
The study, funded by the Scottish Government, gathered data through surveys and one-on-one interviews with local women who are bearing the brunt of gender-based violence and mental health.
The aim of the study was to gather evidence, find solutions with a range of stakeholders, and make recommendations to protect women from the mental-health impacts of climate change, while also addressing gender-based violence and supporting progressive social change at a national and local level.
The project involved discussions with 213 local women and 46 in-depth interviews, where a mental-health district nurse was on stand-by to support as needed. The women were also encouraged to contact local support networks and provided with long-term support counselling.
More than 86% of the 213 surveyed women said their mental health and wellbeing had been affected by the changes in weather. In this context, participants spoke of emotional pain (30%), feeling sorry, sad, or depressed (17%), worrying and restlessness (16%) and the mental-health impacts related to their marriage (10%). Respondents also mentioned feeling devastated or traumatised (6%), stressed (6%), experiencing fear (5%), being traumatised by physical impacts (5%), crying (2%), and being confused and frustrated (2%). More than 5% admitted having suicidal thoughts. Only 2% (four respondents) mentioned coping strategies, including “getting used” to these emotions.
Their biggest worry was for their children and the effects climate-induced food insecurity can have on them, both in the short and long term.
Mothers worried about disasters making it impossible to provide enough food for their children, leading to malnutrition and hunger, which would have a detrimental effect on their education, health and development in general.
Many mothers said they felt guilty about not being able to properly raise their children, an emotion described by one of the participants as “painful”. There was also at least one case of a child losing their life to a landslide, traumatising the mother, who needed to continue caring for her other two children in the direct aftermath of the disaster. Another interviewee mentioned having to leave their three-year-old child in someone else’s care due to mental illness.
Verbal abuse was also a common theme identified among the majority of women and 24 disclosed they had been victims of physical abuse, while 44 women specifically highlighted incidents of physical abuse, saying frequently that “husbands beat their wives” when were asked about gender-based violence occurring in their community.
These emotional testimonies will help decision-makers in Malawi identify, design and develop community-led solutions to adapting to climate-change that minimise the risk on women’s mental health and deal with gender-based violence for vulnerable groups.
Researchers have recommended the design of a robust network of support for women (and men) using referral systems and the development of victim-support facilities.
The project was carried out in collaboration with Mzuzu University in Malawi, and Life Concern, a Malawian non-profit organisation which provides sustainable economic empowerment to women and vulnerable populations. The researchers also worked closely with the Malawian Government’s Ministry of Health.
Researchers presented their project findings and recommendations at a workshop in Lilongwe, Malawi.
They met with mental-health practitioners, policy makers, academics, activists, government stakeholders and individuals from affected communities to find areas of common understanding and identify recommendations for support structures for women in need and seek collaborations for further research across more regions in the country and beyond.
Professor Jafry said: “There has been little research to date that explores the relationship between these issues, the overlapping risk factors and the extent of the problem.
“Climate change is exacerbating issues of mental health and gender-based violence in countries all over the world, but more research is needed in countries like Malawi, that are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, to build the evidence base and overcome the global lack of knowledge and data on the impact that climate change is having on mental health and gender-based violence. This will help to achieve climate justice for those who have contributed least to climate change but are bearing the brunt of the crisis.
“Globally, there is now great impetus to look at these issues and use it to strengthen the resolution that was announced by the UN General Assembly in July 2022, whereby they declared access to clean and healthy environment a universal human right. This is such a positive development and I hope that our research can play a vital role in underpinning the much-needed work that is required to protect those on the front line of the climate crisis.”
Environment Minister Mairi McAllan MSP said: “All too often, it is the people least responsible for global warming that are suffering its worst consequences. This research helps to illustrate the full and terrible extent of those consequences, including the disproportionate impact on women, their mental wellbeing and physical safety.
“Scotland is committed to supporting countries that have experienced loss and damage as a result of climate change and to ensuring we recognise and address the gendered impacts of the climate crisis. This work will help us deliver on that promise and provide a valuable resource for others looking to address the often-overlooked impacts of loss and damage.”
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It’s a common misconception that eating locally is the best way to keep climate emissions from food down. It’s understandable why people think this but, in fact, in-depth research from Oxford University shows just how wrong this notion is!
This is the largest meta-analysis of global food systems to date and it examined more than 38,000 commercial farms in 119 countries. Researchers compared the GHG emissions from 29 different foods, including meat, cheese, prawns and eggs, wheat, soya milk, bananas and nuts.
The headline finding was that there are massive differences in the GHG emissions of different foods: producing a kilogram of beef emits 60 kilograms of greenhouse gases (CO2-equivalents) while peas emit just 1 kilogram per kg.
Overall, animal-based foods tend to have a higher footprint than plant-based. Lamb and cheese both emit more than 20 kilograms CO2-equivalents per kilogram. Poultry and pork have lower footprints but are still higher than most plant-based foods, at 6 and 7 kg CO2-equivalents, respectively.
If you look at the chart, you can see very clearly which are the biggest emitters: animal products are at the top; plant products at the bottom.
For most foods – and particularly the largest emitters – most GHG emissions result from land use change, and from processes at the farm stage, including emissions from the animals themselves. Together, these account for more than 80 per cent of the footprint for most foods. Transport is a small contributor to emissions.
This research led journalist and environmentalist George Monbiot to state that you could fly a banana six times around the world and it would have less impact than buying beef from just down the road.
One thing is very clear: what you eat is far more important than where it came from. If you want to reduce the environmental impact of your lifestyle, why not try vegan?
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In the history of China, with the development of individual handicrafts, the use of glasses for natural glass to the use of glass, the use of glasses began to promote and expand to the public, and the production technology has also developed.
China's Gusu (Suzhou) is the birthplace of China's glasses. Suzhou has not only produced a long history of glasses, but also played a significant role in promoting the development of China's optical industry. In the early years of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty (1628 AD), there was an outstanding technician in the history of Suzhou glasses. The name was Sun Yunqiu, the word Wenyu, and the word Qibin, the original Wujiang. He was very diligent and eager to learn. At that time, he saw that people with poor eyesight were very painful, but the use of "single photo" mirrors was inconvenient. So he carefully developed a lens that can be often placed on the glasses. After repeated trials and experiments, he used the mechanical principle to invent and create the lens grinding machine - the traction car. This kind of locomotive is the so-called classically processed water orange. It is rotated by the pedals. It uses ore sand, white mud, brick ash, etc. as abrasive or polishing material, and the lens is ground into a convex-concave lens to adapt to the eye refraction. The need, finally finally mastered the grinding technology. The lens is made from natural crystal stone. At the same time, he mastered the technology of "opposite light" (optometry), developed presbyopia, myopia, farsightedness and other kinds of luminosity lenses according to people's age and different visions, and compiled a set of "sense to mirror" "The original optometry method is used for eye examination. This way, you can wear glasses with your eyes, the effect is not bad, wearing on the face is also more convenient and comfortable, to meet the needs of each person's vision, this is the beginning of China's independent optometry.
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The UK has just completed a full week without using coal, for the first time since the first coal-fired power station for public use was opened in London in 1882.
The National Grid Electricity System Operator (ESO) said on Twitter that at 1.24 p.m. on Wednesday, the UK had officially gone 168 hours without coal — seven days exactly.
“While this is the first time this has happened, I predict it will become the new normal,” said Fintan Slye, director of ESO, in a statement.
The new 168-hour record significantly beats the previous record for UK electricity generation without coal — which was reportedly set over Easter weekend, when the UK went 90 hours and 45 minutes without coal.
It means that overall in 2019, the UK has gone over 1,000 hours without coal — reportedly putting the country on track to beat all of its previous annual records.
@ng_eso confirms the first ever week of coal-free operation of Great Britain’s electricity system! The last coal generator came off the system at 13:24hrs on Wednesday 1st May– meaning we reach a week with no coal at 13:24hrs today!! #netzero#zerocarbon— National Grid ESO (@ng_eso) May 8, 2019
Coal is one of the worst contributors to carbon emissions and global warming.
Business Secretary Greg Clark said this was a “huge leap forward in our world-leading efforts to reduce emissions, but we’re not stopping there.
“We’re now on a path to become the first major economy to legislate for net zero emissions,” he added.
Clark was referring to the Committee on Climate Change (CCC) recommended targets for Britain, which were published last week.
The CCC, the independent adviser to the government on climate change, called on the UK to set legally-binding targets to cut carbon emissions to nearly zero by 2050, including emissions from aviation and shipping.
Hitting these targets would “stop the UK’s contribution to global warming” and would be achievable at low cost through UK domestic effort, according to the CCC.
A temperature rise of 1.5 degrees Celsius by 2100 is considered the threshold for dangerous levels of climate change and, according to the CCC, if we’re going to stay below that rise we need global greenhouse emissions to hit zero by 2070 — and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions need to be at zero by around 2050.
“As more and more renewables come onto our energy system, weekends like this are going to increasingly seem like the ‘new normal,’” a National Grid ESO spokesperson told the Independent, about the latest coal-free record.
“We believe that by 2025 we will be able to fully operate Great Britain’s electricity system with zero carbon,” the spokesperson added.
“The transformation of how we get the energy to heat our homes and power our work is a massive change, but the advantages it brings in terms of green energy far outweigh any challenges,” they said.
Total coal power use for Britain has fallen by almost two-thirds for the first months of this year, compared to the same four month period in 2018, according to Business Green.
There are now reportedly just six coal-fired power stations operational in the UK, which are mainly used for back up during peak demand or when supplies drop from other means.
Back in 2014, coal was the main energy source for Britain, but it is now sixth on the list — behind gas, nuclear, wind, imports, and biomass.
Britain and Canada joined forces in 2017 to launch the Powering Past Coal Alliance, which is a voluntary coalition of governments, businesses, and other organisations.
As part of this, the UK pledged to close all of its coal power stations by 2025, and Canada pledged to do the same by 2030. There are now 80 members of the coalition, reported Business Green.
But concerns have been raised about the increasing reliance on gas, given that it’s also a fossil fuel — although less harmful than coal.
The 2008 Climate Change Act requires greenhouse gas emissions to be reduced by 80% compared with 1990 levels by 2050.
Muna Suleiman, climate campaigner at Friends of the Earth, told the BBC: “Electricity generated by renewable sources is a key part of the fight against climate chaos so it’s time to remove all the blockers to renewable energy.”
She added: “The government must prioritise the development of sources such as solar and onshore wind.”
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Climate change will be amplified on the hottest days in tropical regions, causing severe impact to human health, new research from the University of St Andrews has found.
The paper, published in Nature Geoscience today (Thursday 21 October) predicts that in the tropics, hot days will warm substantially more than on the average day.
For example, the hottest five per cent of days are expected to warm by 20 per cent more than on the average day. This amplified warming of extreme temperatures will have severe impacts on human health, ecosystems and wildfires across large parts of Africa, Asia and the Americas.
Study author, Dr Michael Byrne of the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of St Andrews, uses concepts from atmospheric dynamics to explain the accelerated warming of hot days.
In particular, he shows that two aspects of the tropical climate – namely frequent thunderstorms and the weak influence of the Earth’s rotation – control how hot days respond to a changing climate.
Dr Byrne said: “This paper introduces a simple theory to understand the processes determining extreme temperatures over tropical land.
“According to the theory, warming is amplified on hot days because those days are dry: this is termed the ‘drier get hotter’ mechanism.
“This theory fills an important gap in our understanding of tropical climate and heatwaves and I hope the study spurs new research, using theory as well as climate models and observations, to expand understanding of extreme weather across the tropics and beyond.”
The paper Amplified warming of extreme temperatures over tropical land
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The Evolution of Safe Electricity
Working on electric lines has always been serious business, but in the early years of the 20th century, it could be downright scary. A lack of standards and safety protocols led to far too many injuries and fatalities.
Something had to be done. In August 1914—the same month World War I began in Europe—the U.S. government’s National Bureau of Standards, under the direction of Congress, established the National Electrical Safety Code.
A century later, in a very different world, the code still plays a critical role in electrical system safety with standards that have been widely adopted across the United States and even abroad. But as it celebrates its 100th birthday, the NESC, as it’s known in the industry, is in a process of revision aimed at the future.
“The NESC committee is taking a serious look at what the next hundred years need to be,” says Sue Vogel, who has the responsibility for the code as a senior manager at the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standards Association.
Electric co-ops have a big stake in that process.
“Our members expect our systems to be reliable, cost effective and as safe as they can be, and going by the NESC is one of the best ways to make sure all that is happening,” says Robert Harris, engineering principal at the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association and a member of the NESC main committee that oversees the code.
In the beginning, NESC standards principally dealt with worker safety, but they have since expanded to include the installation, operation and maintenance of overhead and underground lines, substations, grounding and communications equipment.
The standards mean that linemen or other workers are less likely to face unpleasant surprises when working on parts of a system they haven’t seen before. Establishing standards was vitally important in the early days of electricity, when electrical systems were isolated and varied significantly in construction.
But Harris says they remain relevant today, particularly when co-ops or other power suppliers send employees to help with disasters or emergency situations.
“It means they’re not going to be getting into something that’s completely foreign to them,” he says.
The NESC Main Committee, which has authority for approving the NESC, adopts revisions every five years to keep it up to date. Revisions currently under consideration will go into effect in the 2017 edition of the code.
Mike Hyland, chair of the NESC executive committee, says the process is based on consensus, and the committee invites comments from anyone in the industry with an interest in the code.
“An engineer, a lineman, meter readers, construction folks, consultants – they should all be active in this debate,” says Hyland, a senior vice president at the American Public Power Association, the trade organization for the nation’s municipal electric utility systems.
One proposed revision includes better defining where communications equipment and other equipment, such as photovoltaic panels, can be placed on poles, and aligning NESC’s work rules with new Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements that were published in April 2014.
A broader debate
All these matters have been addressed in the revisions. But there is also a broader debate underway about the future of the NESC. The question is whether the code should largely remain focused on the areas it has covered for decades or whether it should expand to take into account the rapidly changing face of the power industry.
“The electrical system is being asked to do things that it wasn’t asked to do back then,” Hyland says. “We didn’t have wind farms. We didn’t have rooftop solar. We didn’t have community solar. We didn’t have this overlay called the ‘smart grid system.’ Electric utilities are having to adapt and plan for all these changes going forward.”
If the NESC doesn’t expand to include some of these new technologies in its standards, some committee members worry it will lose its relevancy.
For example, the code so far has not really dealt much with distributed generation and renewable energy. But Harris says a representative from a company involved in large-scale solar generation joined the NESC committee last year, and an NESC member has attended solar industry events to make sure the committee is staying abreast of issues in that area.
With today’s pace of change, Hyland thinks it may be necessary to consider revising the code more often than every five years, possibly updating some sections every two years or so. He points out that the National Electrical Code, which is administered by the National Fire Protection Association and applies to in-home wiring, is updated every three years.
“Things get done very quickly in today’s world,” Hyland says. “We can’t sit back and say, ‘I had a great idea; I’ll put it in the next cycle, and maybe it’ll get into the code in 2022.’ That’s not going to fly, especially with the younger generation in the industry.”
He thinks the future may include developing apps or other digital systems to allow users to more easily access relevant parts of the code. The NESC is already used as a reference in about 100 countries, but Hyland believes expanding its use in other parts of the world could help bring standardized, safe power delivery to countries where that is still a challenge.
When you look at the history of the code in the U.S., its record of bringing safer practices to the industry is clear, Vogel says.
“If you go back to when the code was started, it was actually pretty graphic in that the editions listed what the deaths were and where,” she says. “There was a real need to put in safety rules to keep people from being killed.”
Harris believes the code also may have played a role in the spread of electrification across the nation. “There would have been a lot more injuries and fatalities and a lot more property damage without the NESC. Both workers and the public would have been at greater risk,” he says. “If people had had the perception that electricity is just too dangerous, that may well have put the brakes on electrification across the country.”
From the 1940s to the 1970s, the code underwent relatively few significant changes, Harris says, reflecting an industry that continued to operate much as it had for several decades. The changes have been more frequent since the industry began a period of change.
With all that, Vogel says there are some things about the NESC that haven’t changed. “Everybody who works on the code is very conscious of it being about protecting people and being a safety code,” she says. “That’s the theme that was there in the beginning, and that still exists to this day.”
Reed Karaim writes on consumer and cooperative affairs for the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association, the Arlington, Va.-based service arm of the nation’s 900-plus consumer-owned, not-for-profit electric cooperatives.
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22. Disinformation: A Russian Tradition?
Aleksei Navalny was poisoned last year and is now, according to his doctor, in critical condition in a Russian prison. All of this serves as a reminder of the "dirty tricks" for which Russian secret police are known. Is this reputation in fact deserved?
Yes. The use of secret police goes back at least to ancient Sparta, but since early Tsarist times Russian regimes have specialized in "active measures" to disrupt real or presumed foes, internal or external. In the sixteenth century Ivan the Terrible had his "oprichniki" who terrorized Russian nobility -- in that case usually not by subtle methods but by outright assassination.
But let's focus on the particular subject of "disinformation": the spreading of fake news designed to destabilize and demoralize other regimes and societies. The Tsarist secret police is credited, for example, with the infamous forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, which purports to reveal a Jewish plot for world domination and is still widely distributed and believed in parts of the world..
This fake document appeared around 1904, and within a few years the source from which it was adapted -- a satire of Napoleon III -- was revealed. But the lie always travels faster and further than the truth. Henry Ford was among those who funded its wide circulation. The Protocols were part of the general transformation of antisemitism from religious prejudice to justification for eliminating an insidious threat.
But Soviet secret police continued such practices. According to some sources, it was none other than Stalin who coined the term "dezinformatsiya," before the cognate term entered Western languages. From the 1920s, the precursors of the KGB used a variety of false reports, fake documents, and other "active measures" to discredit enemies and sow discord.
The KGB, as the Soviet secret police, had a special department for planting false information around the world, with some 15,000 agents in and out of the government taking part. It has been estimated that its reach extended to some eighty countries around the world.
One of the stories with unusual staying power was that the United States created the AIDS epidemic. This, too, is still widely believed by millions.
Vladimir Putin, it should not be forgotten, was a KGB agent before becoming President of post-Soviet Russia. There is little doubt that he sees disinformation -- and dirty tricks more broadly -- as normal instruments of state policy.
The explosion of social media has been a Godsend for disinformation, widely enlarging the channels by which fake news circulates. This is the background for Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. election, confirmed by numerous official investigations. By one account, about 126 million Americans saw fake Russian-generated "news" -- such as Hillary Clinton hiding severe health problems -- on Facebook alone.
U.S. intelligence concluded, as early as January 2017, that the disinformation campaign against Clinton had been ordered by Putin himself. Special Counsel Robert Mueller indicted 26 Russians for their role in trying to influence the outcome of the election.
Did the Russian interference in fact tip the scales for Trump, given the close outcome in the electoral college? The election was determined by thousands of votes in three key states. Former Director of National Intelligence James Clapper says that it "strains credulity" to believe that the Russian efforts did not turn the election.
Given the attention paid to Russian complicity following the 2016 election, they were more circumspect in 2020 (more on that another time?). But President Biden is amply justified in "getting tough" with Russia. Enough already.
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Why Replacing Lost Teeth Is Important
Tooth loss isn’t just a cosmetic issue that leaves a gap in your mouth.
Currently, over 120 million people in the United States are edentulous, have at least one missing tooth/teeth, and struggle with the loss of those teeth and the problems that come along with it.
So are you missing a tooth or several teeth? Have you put off seeing a dentist because you think it’s just a cosmetic problem and not something that could do more harm than good if not resolved?
Well, it’s time to rethink your stance and read about why replacing lost teeth is an important part of your overall health!
Missing Teeth Cause Shifting
Even one missing tooth can cause your teeth to shift. Even though they are permanent teeth, they will begin to spread out to fill in the gap left by the missing tooth.
This causes them to become misaligned, which throws off your bite and can cause problems like TMJ (movement problems and pain in the jaw and surrounding muscles).
You will also notice that with the shifting, it can be harder to brush and floss, increasing your chances of tooth decay.
Problems With Chewing And Talking
Remember the classic Christmas song “All I Want For Christmas Is My Two Front Teeth?”
When you have missing teeth, it can cause issues with your speech! For example, you might not be able to pronounce your words correctly, which could lead to anxiety in public situations where you need to speak.
Your chewing will also be affected! Harder foods to chew, like meat, beef jerky, caramel, and more, will become difficult to eat and could lead to muscle and joint pain (TMJ).
When you lose a tooth, the root and everything disappears. This means your jaw and bone structure are not stimulated and supported.
This causes the jaw bone to shrink and deteriorate.
Bone loss is irreversible; as it starts to disappear, it changes shape. As a result, you’ll find that your facial shape looks different, and this change can even make you look older than you actually are.
How Missing Teeth Can Be Replaced
There are several options for replacing lost teeth, and these options can be discussed with your dentist to determine the best course of action for your health and needs!
Bridges are great for replacing a tooth that is surrounded by two strong, healthy teeth. A false tooth is anchored between the two teeth and gives you the appearance of a healthy natural tooth that no one would suspect is fake!
Dental implants are stand-alone, permanent replacement teeth that are attached to a screw, which mimics the root of a tooth and helps to re-strengthen the jaw and minimize bone loss (and jaw shape change)!
Dentures are a solution that replaces several missing teeth all the way to the entire mouth. There are different types of dentures, and they can be implanted for a permanent fix or removable, which are the traditional, most common types of dentures.
Want To Discuss Options For Replacing Missing Teeth? Visit Castle Valley Dental!
If you’re ready to discuss your options for replacing missing teeth, it’s time to schedule a consultation with our dedicated team here at Castle Valley!
We are located in the Castle Rock, Co area and are ready to help you with any general, cosmetic, surgical, or dental needs!
Contact us today to schedule an appointment and learn more!
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Kalachakra is not just a word. It is a way of life. Kala in Sanskrit translates to ‘Time’, and Chakra means ‘Wheel’. Kalachakra or ‘Wheel of Time’ is a pivotal ceremony that is held once a year according to the Buddhist Calendar. It is unarguably one of the main events in the Buddhist festival calendar. Kalachakra is typically referred to an elaborate and multifarious set of teachings and principles professed and practiced under Tibetan Buddhism. Kalachakra is also the name of the God of Time, the most dominant pantheon of Tibetan Buddhism.
More about the Kalachakra Initiation
Despite its mystifying preface and pedagogies, a reading of the Kalachakra to a public audience is done every year. The last meeting was held in 2012 in Bodh Gaya, claimed to be the place where Gautam Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, achieved Nirvana or enlightenment. Nearly 200,000 people attended the readings made by Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th and current Dalai Lama.
The next Kalachakra ritual will be held over a few days in July 2014. This Kalachakra initiation is slated to be held on top of the world in the altitudes of Ladakh, a region in India aptly nicknamed ‘Little Tibet’.
A symbol of peace, tolerance and freedom, reading the Kalachakra brings together thousands of people – Buddhists from the Himalayan valleys, pilgrims from around the world or just fascinated & curious participants. People from heterogeneous spheres of life are all motivated by the universal and unifying message of the Dalai Lama, a figure of peace & harmony. In 2014, the presence of Dalai Lama in Ladakh will grace the cold region with warmth and love.
The Kalachakra Ceremony
Among the Buddhist texts called tantra, the Kalachakra Tantra is the latest since it was revealed in the tenth century. The Kalachakra consists of 15 stages, with the first 7 stages being the Kalachakra initiation. They are publicly shared on the occasion of large gatherings. The next 8 steps are said to be secret. The practice of the Kalachakra tantra enables a Buddhist disciple in the service of attaining Buddhahood.
The Kalachakra tradition is based on the concepts of the cycles of time, including the external cycles of the planets, seasons and phases of the moon, as well as the internal cycles of human breathing. The Kalachakra ritual professes the practice of dealing with the subtle energies within one’s body to embark on the path to enlightenment. Beyond this dimension, the Kalachakra is also regarded as a guide to yoga and has a great influence on cosmology and the Tibetan calendar.
The Kalachakra ceremony takes place over several days. The next kalachakra of ladakh 2014 has announced the following program:
– From July 3 to 5, 2014: The Dalai Lama and the accompanied monks of Namgyal Lama will confirm and conduct rituals with songs, prayers and the creation of a sand mandala.
– 6th to 8th July: the Dalai Lama will issue preliminary Kalachakra teachings
– On July 9th: the monks of Namgyal Monastery will perform the Kalachakra ritual dance
– From 10th to 13th July: the Dalai Lama will deliver the Kalachakra initiation
– And finally on July 14th: A prayer service will be held to culminate the event
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Hellabrunn Zoo, in Munich, Germany, welcomed a new male domestic Yak. Pedro was born September 10, and he is the first offspring of four-year-old mother, Kat, and two-year-old father, Norbu.
Photo Credits: Tierpark Hellabrunn / Bihler Photography
The Yak (Bos grunniens or Bos mutus) is a long-haired bovid found throughout the Himalaya region of southern Central Asia, the Tibetan Plateau and as far north as Mongolia and Russia. Most Yaks are domesticated (Bos grunniens). The small, vulnerable population of wild Yaks are ‘Bos mutus’.
The Yak may have diverged from cattle at some time in the past, and there is a suggestion that it may be more closely related to the bison that to the other members of its designated genus ‘Bos’.
The Yak is the largest native animal in their range. Wild Yak adults stand about 5.2 to 7.2 feet (1.6 to 2.2 m) tall at the shoulder and weigh 672 to 2,205 lbs (305 to 1,000 kg). Domesticated Yaks are much smaller, males weighing 770 to 1,280 lbs (350 to 580 kg) and females 496 to 562 lbs (225 to 255 kg).
Wild Yaks typically have black or dark brown hair, with a greyish muzzle. Wild Yaks with golden coloring are known as ‘Wild Golden Yak’ and are considered endangered in China. Domesticated Yaks have a wider range of coat coloring, with some individuals being white, grey, brown, roan or piebald. Hellabrunn’s new calf, Pedro, inherited the white coloring of his father, instead of the black his mother exhibits.
Gestation for Yaks lasts between 257 and 270 days. The female finds a secluded spot to give birth, but the calf is able to walk within about ten minutes of birth, and the pair soon rejoins the herd. Females of both the wild and domestic forms typically give birth only once every other year. Calves are weaned at one year and become independent shortly thereafter.
Wild Yaks usually form herds of ten to thirty individuals. Their diet consists largely of grasses and sedges. They also eat a smaller amount of herbs, shrubs, mosses, and occasionally lichen.
The wild Yak (Bos mutus) is classified as “Vulnerable” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is inferred that the species has declined over 30% the last 30 years, based on direct observations, decline in range, and continued threats to their habitat.
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As an educator, you will need to understand how students learn. This component of instructional planning is important because it provides a foundation and purpose for learning. Studying seminal theorists, or theorists who have significantly influenced the understanding of cognitive processes, is where you can start to grasp how students learn.
For this assignment, complete the three components of the “Theories of Cognitive Development Table”:
- Define educational psychology and explain its importance.
- Provided are some of the most relevant theorists in educational psychology. Name the theory most often associated with each theorist and provide a brief description.
- Include a 200-250 word reflection that explains the use of specific, evidence-based, and developmentally appropriate learning activities.
Support your table with 2-3 scholarly resources.
While APA style format is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center
Theories of Cognitive Development Table
Remember to properly cite your information in this table. Use APA formatted in-text citations and include a reference page at the end of the document. Make sure to paraphrase all descriptions from references with your in-text citations.
What is educational psychology? Why is educational psychology important?
Name and description of the theory most often associated with the theorist.
Ex. Albert Bandura
Social Cognitive Theory: This learning theory began as the social learning theory from the 1960s and evolved over time to be the social cognitive theory. It involves the idea of self-efficacy, which is the belief of being capable of one’s own success. Bandura’s theory focuses on vicarious learning and consequences of one’s own experiences and can be goal-directed (Woolfolk, 2005).
B. F. Skinner
Reflection: In 200-250 words, explain how developmentally appropriate learning activities support memory, learning, and knowledge acquisition in elementary students. Provide 3-4 specific activities and research to support each.
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Inland waterway drownings pass 900 for a decade
More than 900 people have lost their lives in Australia's dams, creeks, lakes and rivers in a decade, with men vastly over represented in the number of deaths.
There were 924 drownings in inland waterways between 2011 and 2021, new research from the Royal Lifesaving Society shows.
It means an average of 92 people drown around the country every year swimming in dams, waterfalls and creeks.
Males accounted for 80 per cent of the fatalities, and close to half of those who died did so in waterways close to home.
Royal Life Saving's Research and Policy National Manager Stacey Pidgeon said the number of people drowning in dams and creeks was a concern.
"Every drowning death ripples through the community, affecting families, friends, and colleagues," she said.
"More than a fifth of those who drowned were swimming and recreating at the time, which means they purposefully entered the water.
"Rivers as a single location are the leading contributor to Australia's unintentional fatal drowning burden.
"This is not just an issue for people travelling and unfamiliar with local waterways," Ms Pidgeon said.
Some 40 per cent of those who drowned in inland waterways were within 20km of their home.
Summer and school holiday periods see a significant spike in drowning deaths.
Ms Pidgeon said the figures were only for deaths by drowning, with many more families experiencing near-fatal water incidents which could have lifelong consequences.
Five per cent of drowning deaths occurred in national parks and state conservation areas, while another five per cent drowned at waterfalls or swimming holes.
The top five most dangerous rivers for drowning:
* The Murray River (NSW, Vic, SA)
* The Yarra River (Vic)
* The Hawkesbury River (NSW)
* The Murrumbidgee River (ACT)
* The Swan River (WA)
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If you’ve ever wondered what plant is in the foreground of your last magical landscape image, there’s a few apps out there that can help. Those apps can also keep you from trampling rare and endangered species and habitat to get that epic Instagram shot, and along the way you’ll end up learning a few Latin names… maybe.
The first app I use the most and can identify countless species of plants and animals is iNaturalist. The built in artificial intelligence can take any image and provide a list of suggested species. With location services (GPS) on it can also tell you if which suggestion was seen nearby, which is pretty handy. If you’re off the grid just take the photo and upload it later and get the same information. I’ve also uploaded photos from my DSLR months later and gotten proper identifications on an obscure flower or two. There are a few other apps that do the same thing but they don’t work as well as iNaturalist. The other very popular app in the birding community is Ebird developed by Cornell. As the name suggests it focuses on birds and dives deep into ID but also has a library of each bird’s song.
It’s a wonderfully helpful app to get proper captions and it adds a new level of detail that I would never have added if I had to flip through pages of guidebooks to find a plant name. iNaturalist works great for animals as well. Most of off us think of furry ones but it will also ID fish and insects of the most obscure kind. It’s actually pretty remarkable how much information is built into the app. The other bonus is that there is a huge worldwide community out there eager to help or correct you adding another level of accuracy to the whole process. If you’re game for going deeper into the natural world you can add your observations to projects that collect data about plant and animal locations. I’m adding to one in my local mountain range that uses the photographs submitted to study the impact of climate change on alpine flowers about tree line. The way I see it if I’m using these little flowers as models I can at least contribute a bit to the science trying to help them.
Much further away, identifying stars and planets is left to Star Walk, Starlight, Heavens-Above, and Stellarium Mobile. Most of these apps allow you to hold your phone up to the sky and see what stars and planets you’re looking at in real time. I’ve used Star Walk primarily and it’s been great for both planning shoots as well as in the field. The augmented reality has to be used at the time you take the photograph if you want to have that information to use for captions later. The app uses your camera and will overlay the names and locations of stars, constellations and planets in a live mode so you can move through the night sky in real time. Great for those people looking for particular constellations and also those trying to figure out what that bright start is in the frame. If you want to brag to your friends at home getting a good night sleep you can also share to social media directly through the app.
iNaturalist and Star Walk are the two that I’ve found useful both for planning and for getting my caption information correct. If you’ve got an app that has helped you learn more about the subjects in your photograph let us know.
That's really cool. I once purchased a thick book, which proved a little difficult to use. However, I'm torn about the location function.
I use Sky Map, free from Google devs. I have an app called Plant Snap but I haven't tried it yet.
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Nope. A standard candle isn’t the same red, green, blue, yellow and omni-present pink wax sticks that decorate your every day birthday cake. Until now a standard candle meant a Cepheid variable star – or more recently – a Type 1a supernova. But something new happens almost every day in astronomy, doesn’t it? So start thinking about how an active galactic nucleus could be used to determine distance…
“Accurate distances to celestial objects are key to establishing the age and energy density of the Universe and the nature of dark energy.” says Darach Watson (et al). “A distance measure using active galactic nuclei (AGN) has been sought for more than forty years, as they are extremely luminous and can be observed at very large distances.”
So how is it done? As we know, active galactic nuclei are home to supermassive black holes which unleash powerful radiation. When this radiation ionizes nearby gas clouds, they also emit their own light signature. With both emissions in range of data gathering telescopes, all that’s needed is a way to measure the time it takes between the radiation signal and the ionization point. The process is called reverberation mapping.
“We use the tight relationship between the luminosity of an AGN and the radius of its broad line region established via reverberation mapping to determine the luminosity distances to a sample of 38 AGN.” says Watson. “All reliable distance measures up to now have been limited to moderate redshift — AGN will, for the first time, allow distances to be estimated to z~4, where variations of dark energy and alternate gravity theories can be probed.”
The team hasn’t taken their research “lightly”. It means careful calculations using known factors and repeating the results with other variables thrown into the mix. Even uncertainty…
“The scatter due to observational uncertainty can be reduced significantly. A major advantage held by AGN is that they can be observed repeatedly and the distance to any given object substantially refined.” explains Watson. “The ultimate limit of the accuracy of the method will rely on how the BLR (broad-line emitting region) responds to changes in the luminosity of the central source. The current tight radius-luminosity relationship indicates that the ionisation parameter and the gas density are both close to constant across our sample.”
At the first standard candle we discovered the Universe was expanding. At the second we learned it was accelerating. Now we’re looking back to just 750 million years after the Big Bang. What will tomorrow bring?
Maybe a new kind of cake…
Original Story Source: A New Cosmological Distance Measure Using AGN.
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I'm looking for a word to fill in this blank.
"I'm certain of it: the square root of 225 is 25," said Peter. But when Mary pulled out her phone and used the calculator app to find that it was in fact 15, Peter recoiled. In a quick ___, he redirected, adding, "But you know, this reminds me of a funny story involving Euler..."
The word I'm looking for would mean a deflection from a conversational faux pas by redirecting the conversation. It could describe making an excuse for one's flub, but not necessarily. I've thought of some related verbs like redirect, deflect, rebound, recover, and so on, but I'm looking for a noun, and one that pertains particularly to talking. Tangent (as in, "going off on a tangent") is relevant, though that doesn't have the connotation of recovering for a mistake.
I really feel like at some point, the French must have invented a word for this, and then we stole it. Alternatively, a word for a deflection from a generally uncomfortable conversation would also work.
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7 Out of This World Facts About Pan-STARRS
The Pan-STARRS system, located in Haleakala in Hawaii, is the world's largest and most powerful digital cameras. Funded by NASA's Near-Earth Object Observation Program, it is currently employed to hunt and track potentially dangerous space objects.
Here we explore the components that make up the Pan-STARRs system and check out some of its most impressive vital stats.
RELATED: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE TELESCOPE: FROM 1608 to GAMMA-RAYS
What are the Pan-STARRS Telescopes?
The Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System, Pan-STARRS for short, is a system for wide-field astronomical imaging, developed and operated by the Institute of Astronomy at the University of Hawaii. It is located at the Haleakala Observatory (cited on a massive shield volcano on Maui) in Hawaii and consists of astronomical cameras, telescopes, and associated computing facilities.
The telescope's purpose is to survey the night sky, on a continual basis, for moving or variable objects, and to also gather accurate astrometric and photometric data on previously-detected objects.
"The complete Pan-STARRS system will use the world's largest digital camera—with 1.4 gigapixels—to survey the entire sky visible from Hawaii roughly once a week. This vast survey is expected to discover thousands of supernovae, greatly increasing the number of data points on the Hubble diagram and therefore increasing the precision with which we know the expansion history of the universe and its acceleration rate." - Learner.org.
It was built as part of a collaboration between the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy, the MIT Lincoln Laboratory, the Maui High-Performance Computing Center, and the Science Applications International Corporation. The institutions form the PS1 Science Consortium, which together fund the operation of the Pan-STARRS1 telescope, for the purposes of astronomical research. Construction of the 1.8 meter diameter telescope was funded by the United States Air Force.
According to Pan-STARRS, "The PS1 consortium is made up of astronomers and engineers from 14 institutions from six countries. Pan-STARRS is a system for wide-field astronomical imaging developed and operated by the Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii. Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) is the first part of Pan-STARRS to be completed. The PS1 survey uses a 1.8-meter telescope and its 1.4 Gigapixel camera to image the sky."
PS1 went online in December of 2008, with full-time scientific observations begining in May of 2010. With this phase complete, the focus turned to the construction of a second telescope PS2.
A second telescope, Pan-STARRS2 (P2) was also built using funding from NASA's Near-Earth Object Observation Program. It is similar in design to PS1 with the exception that it has a slightly larger camera, with 1.5 billion pixels.
What has Pan-STARRS detected?
The Pan-STARRS project is the world's leading Near-Earth Object discovery telescope. Since coming on-line, it has discovered a number of large Near-Earth Objects with diameters over 140 meters.
"Each night, PS1 observes about 1,000 square degrees of the night sky, using a sequence of four exposures that span a period of about an hour. The images are compared to each other, and objects that move during the one hour period are identified.
Objects that have unusual motions that make them likely to be Near-Earth Objects are immediately reported to the Minor Planet Center, and a worldwide network of telescopes obtains additional observations of these Near-Earth Object candidates to determine their orbits and sizes, and to determine whether any of them pose a threat to the Earth.
The positions and brightnesses of all other moving objects are also reported to the Minor Planet Center, usually within 12 hours of observation." - Institute of Astronomy, Hawaii.
One of the system's main objectives is to search for and track Near-Earth objects (NEO). The project is especially interested in those NEO's that could potentially lead to impact events on Earth.
Apart from the massive amount of new data on existing known, near-Earth objects that the telescope has produced, the Pan-STARRS system has also made some interesting new discoveries. By detecting differences from previous observations of parts of the sky, the telescope has been able to discover new asteroids, comets, variable stars, supernovae, and other celestial objects.
Pan-STARRS is being used to create a database of all objects visible from Hawaii.
One of the Pan-STARRS's most significant discoveries to date was the detection of a mysterious interstellar object named 1I/2017 U1 (aka ‘Oumuamua). After this announcement, months of follow-up observations were conducted to learn more about this interstellar visitor, as well as determine whether it was a comet or an asteroid.
In 2018, PS2 was credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery of the potentially hazardous Apollo asteroids.
7 takeaway facts about the Pan-STARRS Telescope
1. Pan-STARRS1 and 2 are the world's leading Near-Earth Object detection telescopes. The telescopes include some of the world's largest-ever digital cameras, with more than one billion pixels apiece.
2. Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) was the first to be built and consists of a 1.8-meter diameter telescope. It is located near the summit of Haleakala on the island of Maui. Pan-STARRS2 (PS2) was built adjacent to PS1 and has a slightly larger, 1.5 billion pixel camera.
3. Pan-STARRS1 and 2 have made some significant discoveries since their inception, including the ‘Oumuamua asteroid.
4. Pan-STARRS is expected to detect and discover hundreds of thousands of asteroids and other near-Earth objects within our Solar System. This will likely include objects like Jupiter trojan asteroids, Kuiper belt objects and asteroids associated with Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
5. The project is also expected to discover many objects outside of our Solar System. This could possibly include objects such as variable stars, supernovae and, information that will help astrophysicists determine whether dwarf galaxies actually exist.
6. The lion's share of its funding comes from the NASA Near-Earth Object Observations program. For this reason, most of its time is devoted to the hunt for these, and similar, objects.
7. The project's second data release, Pan-STARRS DR2 was released earlier this year and is the largest astronomical data set ever released. It contained more than 1.6 petabytes of images, which is equivalent to around 30,000 times the amount of content on Wikipedia.
A panel of experts at CES 2023, the world's most influential tech event, discusses the potential of technology to improve health care in America.
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Is MSG safe?
Absolutely. Based on extensive research and a long history of use around the world, scientists and health experts have proven many times that MSG is safe to consume. Regulatory bodies like the FDA, too, have never been able to confirm that consuming MSG causes any of the reported effects, such as headache or nausea.
The FDA also considers the addition of MSG to foods to be “generally recognized as safe.” Although many people identify themselves as sensitive to MSG, in study after study where such individuals are given MSG or a placebo, scientists have not been able to consistently trigger reactions. Regulatory bodies like the FDA, too, have never been able to confirm that consuming MSG causes any of the reported effects, such as headache or nausea.
According to the American Chemical Society (ACS), the glutamate in foods is the same as the glutamate in MSG. There are several kinds of glutamate but the body metabolizes glutamate the same way, no matter where it comes from. Humans take in 20 to 40 times more glutamate from foods than from seasonings.
The ASC states that, for these reasons, monosodium glutamate is a safe product. MSG is not considered an allergen and it was removed by the International Headache Society from its list of causative factors for headaches in January of 2018.
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WHAT IS IT?
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or severely reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die.
A stroke may result from a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or the leaking or bursting of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke). Some people experience a temporary disruption of blood flow to their brain without brain cell death, called a transient ischemic attack (TIA).
Ischemic stroke. About 85 percent of strokes are ischemic strokes, which occur when the arteries to your brain become narrowed or blocked, causing severely reduced blood flow (ischemia). The most common ischemic strokes include:
- Thrombotic stroke. It occurs when a blood clot forms in one of the arteries that supply blood to your brain.
- Embolic stroke. It occurs when a blood clot or other debris forms away from your brain — commonly in your heart — and travels through your bloodstream and lodges in a brain artery.
Hemorrhagic stroke. Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in your brain leaks or ruptures. Brain hemorrhages can result from many conditions, including uncontrolled high blood pressure and weak spots in your blood vessel walls (aneurysms). Types of hemorrhagic stroke include:
- Intracerebral hemorrhage. A blood vessel bursts and spills into the surrounding brain tissue, damaging brain cells. Brain cells beyond the leak are deprived of blood and also damaged.
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage. An artery on or near the surface of your brain bursts and spills into the space between the surface of your brain and your skull. This type of stroke commonly results from the bursting of an aneurysm.
Transient ischemic attack (TIA). A TIA, also known as a ministroke, is a brief period of symptoms similar to those you’d have with a stroke. TIAs often last less than five minutes. Like an ischemic stroke, a TIA occurs when a clot or debris blocks blood flow to part of your brain. But a TIA doesn’t leave lasting symptoms because the blockage is temporary. Having a TIA puts you at greater risk of having a full-blown stroke in the future, and often indicates an underlying medical condition, so it’s important to see your doctor.
Many factors can increase your risk of a stroke. They include being overweight, not getting enough exercise, smoking, excessive alcohol use, and the use of illicit drugs. Medical conditions such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obstructive sleep apnea also can increase your stroke risk. So can a family history of stroke, TIAs or heart attack.
Signs and symptoms may include:
- Trouble speaking and understanding. You may experience confusion. You may slur your words or have difficulty understanding speech.
- Paralysis or numbness of the face, arm or leg. You may develop sudden numbness, weakness or paralysis in your face, an arm or a leg, especially on one side of your body. Try to raise both your arms over your head at the same time. If one arm begins to fall, you may be having a stroke. Similarly, one side of your mouth may droop when you try to smile.
- Trouble seeing in one or both eyes. You may have blurred or blackened vision in one or both eyes, or you may see double.
- Headache. A sudden, severe headache, which may be accompanied by vomiting, dizziness or altered consciousness, may indicate you’re having a stroke.
- The trouble with walking. You may stumble or experience sudden dizziness, loss of balance, or loss of coordination.
The treatment you receive will depend on whether you’re having an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke.
1. Ischemic stroke
To treat an ischemic stroke, doctors must quickly try to restore blood flow to the brain.
Treatment is centered around the use of clot-busting medications, which must be administered within about three to four hours of the start of symptoms — the sooner, the better. Quick treatment not only improves your chances of survival but also may reduce complications.
Depending on the circumstances, certain procedures may be performed to treat a stroke. They include the following:
- Mechanical clot removal. In limited circumstances, a catheter is inserted into an artery and threaded to your brain where the device is used to physically break up or grab and remove the clot.
- Angioplasty and stents. A balloon is used to expand a narrowed artery, and a tiny mesh-like device (stent) is inserted to support the opened artery.
- Carotid endarterectomy. To decrease your risk of having another stroke or TIA, your doctor may open up an artery in your neck that’s become narrowed by fatty deposits (plaques) and remove the deposits.
2. Hemorrhagic stroke
Emergency treatment of hemorrhagic stroke focuses on controlling your bleeding and reducing the pressure in your brain.
If you take anti-platelet drugs to prevent blood clots, you may be given drugs or transfusions of blood products to counteract the blood thinners’ effects. You may also be given drugs to lower pressure in your brain, lower your blood pressure, prevent blood vessel spasms, or prevent seizures. Once the bleeding stops, healing is similar to what happens while a bad bruise goes away. If the area of bleeding is large, your doctor may perform surgery to remove the blood and relieve pressure on your brain.
Surgery may be used to repair damaged blood vessels or blood vessel abnormalities in hopes of decreasing the risk of future strokes.
- Surgical clipping. A tiny clamp is placed at the base of an aneurysm to stop blood flow to it. The clamp keeps the aneurysm from bursting or it can prevent re-bleeding of the aneurysm.
- Coiling (endovascular embolization). A surgeon inserts a catheter into an artery in your groin and guides it to your brain. Tiny detachable coils are placed into the aneurysm. The coils block blood flow into the aneurysm and cause blood to clot.
- AVM removal. A surgeon may remove a type of blood vessel abnormality called an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) if it’s located in an accessible area of your brain.
- Stereotactic radiosurgery. Using multiple beams of highly focused radiation, this procedure may be used to repair some vascular malformations.
Maintain a healthy heart, keep a check on these parameters.
Excerpt From: The Mayo Clinic. “Mayo Clinic A to Z Health Guide”.
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