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Fewer and fewer children are being born in Sweden, while the average age of first-time mothers is rising. The latest figures from Statistics Sweden show that fertility rates in Sweden have fallen every year since 2009, and that the average age at first birth is the highest over a very long time. But none of the explanations researchers referred to in the past seem to be sufficient this time. So how can this development be explained?
Falling birth rates have long been the subject of discussion in Southern and Eastern Europe. Similar trends aroused among our Nordic neighbours in more recent years. The issue has been on the political agenda in both Norway and Finland, with Norwegian Prime Minister Erna Solberg recently encouraging the population to have more children.
But although it has not yet been featured in the public debate, the situation in Sweden has lately started to resemble that of our neighbouring countries. Fertility, based on a measure showing how many children per woman will be born on average, has been falling for ten years reaching just over 1.7 recently. This is not a minor deviation from earlier development, but a new trend, according to Gunnar Andersson, Professor in Demography at the Department of Sociology at Stockholm University.
“The decline in fertility is strong in the other Nordic countries, apart from Denmark. So this is very much part of a bigger change. The fertility figures in Finland, Norway and Iceland are lower than they have ever been,” he says.
Explanatory models for the decline in birth rates that demographers have identified in the past are linked either to economic trends and the labour market situation or to family policy, says Gunnar Andersson. This correlation has been particularly strong in Sweden. The fall in fertility in the 1990s was directly related to the economic crisis of that decade. But this time researchers do not see the same link.
“This time the pattern of lower birth rates started in 2008, which may indicate that it has something to do with the latest financial crisis. But if we look at the economic parameters, that crisis had limited impact in Sweden. It was just a blip in the curve, the economic parameters have looked really good during subsequent years and unemployment has been low,” he says.
Family policy cannot explain the downturn
The Nordic countries are usually role models for high fertility, and according to research in the area this is linked to the structure of social and family policies. The fact that it is easy to combine children with employment thanks to generous systems for parental leave and childcare is assumed to make more people inclined to actually have children.
But as there have been no significant changes in family policy, this does not explain the downturn we now see.
According to Gunnar Andersson, one possible explanation is that people still perceive the future as uncertain, with media reporting of crime generating a lot of debate and the climate threat being discussed more and more. There is also increasing talk of an impending economic downturn, with worsening of the economy and the labour market.
“After all, people can have a totally different view of developments in the society than the one we seen in the economic indicators,” says Gunnar Andersson.
Data from Statistics Sweden show the average age at which women give birth to their first child on a monthly basis. The figure for July 2019 was 29.75 years. This is the highest for a very long time. According to Gunnar Andersson, we have to go back to the 1930s to find a time when the average woman waited for so long to have her first child.
It remains to be seen whether the fall in birth rates in recent years will be maintained, as in our neighbouring countries, or whether it is simply a variation in which people have their children later but still have as many as before. We are not yet down at crisis-level fertility, although if this trend does persist, it will have negative effects on the welfare system and create an imbalance in the population age structure, with more and more older people being cared for by fewer and fewer young ones, says Gunnar Andersson.
Different labour market realities
The fact that the labour market has changed and now consists largely of insecure jobs may be one reason why more and more people are delaying starting a family, or are not having children at all. This is something that researchers have now started to study more closely, explains Livia Oláh, Associate Professor in Demography at the Department of Sociology at Stockholm University.
“There are more precarious jobs around nowadays, many young people perceive a major lack of security in the labour market. This can absolutely affect the willingness to start a family. The parental leave scheme is not really adapted to those who do not have a permanent job to return to. For young people today, labour market realities are very different from what they used to be” says Livia Oláh.
Researchers are also interested to find out who start postponing having children; in the past childbearing behaviours for women below and over the age of 30 were rather different.
“It’s mainly the younger ones who are affected by economic factors, and by the state of the labour market. For obvious reasons, older women cannot wait for long, so they are more likely to have children regardless of their view on the future,” says Livia Oláh.
Which cohort may eventually postpone having children is also of significance. If it is the large cohorts from the late 1980s and early 1990s who are now waiting, the effect on the number of children will be greater than if it were others who postpone childbearing.
A new area to study in the field of family demography
New studies are needed to better understand the reasons for the downturn. A major new questionnaire-based survey in the Generations and Gender Programme (GGP) is planned for the whole of Europe. Researchers from the Nordic countries met recently to discuss the structure of the questions, to be better able to capture in particular the subjective experiences that people have of societal developments. By also asking questions about how much people use social media, researchers hope to better understand how big an influence the debate in such media can have.
“We want to add more questions in the Nordic module of the survey specifically about trust in society and uncertainty. This is really exciting in pure research terms for us as demographers. It’s a new area to study in the field of family demographic research,” says Gunnar Andersson.
- Andersson, G. (2000). The impact of labour-force participation on childbearing behavior: Pro-cyclical fertility in Sweden during the 1980s and the 1990s. European Journal of Population, 16(4), 293-333.
- Comolli, C., Neyer, G., Andersson, G., Dommermuth, L., Fallesen, P. et al. (2019). Beyond the Economic Gaze: Childbearing during and after recessions in the Nordic countries. Stockholm Research Reports in Demography no. 2019: 16.
- Neyer, G. & Andersson, G. (2008). Consequences of family policies on childbearing behavior: Effects or artifacts? Population and Development Review 34(4), 699-724.
- Oláh, L. Sz. & Bernhardt, E. M. (2008). Sweden: Combining childbearing and gender equality. Demographic Research, 19(28), 1105-1144.
This article originally appeared on the website of the Stockholm University Demography Unit (SUDA) and is re-posted with many thanks.
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A devastating combination of heat, drought, fire, storms and beetle plagues have destroyed a remarkable amount of forest area in Germany, as well as in many countries across the globe. To discuss how this affects Germany’s forests and the different measures to counteract the impact of such threats, the Federal Agriculture Minister, Julia Klöckner, convened a Forest Summit on 25 September 2019 in Berlin. On the occasion of the summit, several institutions have published their own position to point out their perspective of what is needed to strengthen climate-resilient forests.
Besides its undoubtedly high value for nature ecosystem services, forests are the largest terrestrial carbon sink we have, and are regarded as highly important for some economies. Last two years, however, many forest owners have faced financial troubles.
In order to raise the political discussion to the federal level, Minister Klöckner has launched the national “Waldgipfel” (forest summit). “Every missing tree is a missing comrade-in-arms against climate change,” minister Klöckner saidahead of the summit where around 180 participants gathered, representing both environmental groups, timber industry as well as state politicians. “Whatever we don’t reforest today, our grandchildren will, of course, miss.”
Facing numerous challenges for the forest-sector, the German government announced to spend more than 500 million euros over the next four years to revitalize the forests. To this end, additional funds should be provided by the federal states, so that up to 800 million euros can be raised. Whereas its specific use of these funds will be discussed further, the money will be used to replant trees, remove dead trees and support (private) forest-owners.
At the end of the summit, the Minister presented a position paper (de) upon which the government’s strategy will cope with the current forest damage. The key points can be summarized as follows:
- to limit current damage, remove damaged timber and comply with road safety obligations
- to coordinate and expand timber transport and storage regionally
- to reforest damaged areas and increase overall adaptation of forests to climate change
- to balance ungulate density on silviculture
- to promote and maintain road networks; enhance general forest protection infrastructure
- to extend the support for small private forest
- to secure urgently needed qualified technical staff and provide new jobs in the forest sector that are more practice-orientated
- to expand research on forests and climate
- to improve monitoring of forest damages
- to adjust the “forest-damage-compensation” law
- to promote the use of wood from sustainable forestry
- to strengthen European and international cooperation in sustainable forestry
- to encourage society’s understanding for the importance of forests and its sustainable management
The reactions to the paper were rather mixed. The biggest concern is the lack of environmental standard when it comes to the implementation of the measurements. According to the Association of German Foresters (Bund Deutscher Forstleute), reforestation and protection will cost considerably more than the government estimates, namely around two billion euros within the next ten years. The Association of Forest Owners (Die Waldeigentümer) were relieved after the summit and called it “a strong signal to save the forests”(de).
Several forests-associations and environmental groups’ positions floated around ahead of the summit. Among others the Association of German Foresters published a list of proposed measures, also known as Carlowitz-Plan(de). The Federal Agency for Nature Conservation demands to increase the adaptability and resilience through more diversity and mixed forests (de).
There is no doubt that this first attempt, especially the direct financial aid, is an important incentive to relieve the burden on forest owners and federal states.
In the long run, however, more efforts and more international cooperation are needed to help our forests adapt to climate change and to enhance their resilience to the increasing risks of natural disturbances. What sounds like a calendar motto remains true: “Forests do not know borders.”
In an open letter, the EFI director, along with CIFOR and ICRAF call the heads of state for the need of an “Earth Forest Summit”.
To discuss further approaches on a global
scale, this summit could be a valid start!
(1)Quote taken from: State aid for wooden protection
Photo credit: Frans de Wit@Flickr
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With the plethora of plant-based “milks” sharing space with dairy milk in the grocery store, the question of what is “milk” has been a source of contention over the years and a continuing saga. However, this is a question that can only be resolved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
On February 22, 2023, FDA released the “promised” draft guidance — five years late. In 2018, the agency stated it was their goal to “modernize certain standards of identity” and requested comments on the “Use of the Names of Dairy Foods in the Labeling of Plant-Based Products” and consumer understanding of the “differences between the basic nature, characteristics, ingredients and nutritional content of plant-based products and their dairy counterparts.”
In its February 2023 release, FDA stated that 13,000 comments were received and there was an overall understanding from the comments and consumer research studies that “consumers generally understand that plant-based milk alternative (PBMA) do not contain milk and choose PBMA because they are not milk.” However, the agency did acknowledge that “many consumers may not be aware of the nutritional differences between milk and PBMA products,” which is reflected in the draft guidance.
Why the Conflict?
Actually, there is already a standard of identify in the FDA’s current Code of Regulations, Title 21, Vol 2, Part 131-Milk and Cream, which defines milk as “the lacteal secretion, practically free from colostrum, obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy cows.” But it has not been enforced. Hence the contention along the way. With the released draft guidance, the word “milk” can stay on the label regardless of its source, but the nutritional difference should be noted. Here are the highlights as published by FDA and summarized by the Dairy Council of California:
- The term “milk” is permissible on plant-based milk alternatives. This guidance applies only to fluid milk and not to other plant-based products like cheese or yogurt.
- The plant source of PBMA must always be specified in the product name.
- Manufacturers are recommended to include a voluntary nutrient statement on the packaging that products contain lower levels of nutrients compared to dairy milk, including calcium, protein, vitamin A, vitamin D, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, riboflavin and vitamin B12.
For example (as used by FDA), almond or oat-based PBMA products may contain some calcium and be consumed as a source of calcium, but their overall nutritional content is not similar to milk or fortified soy beverages, and thus they are not included as part of the dairy group in the Dietary Guidelines, 2020-2025.
- However, if a PBMA is not labeled with “milk” as part of its name and uses the term like “beverage” or “drink” without making a claim comparing the product to milk, then the voluntary nutrient statement recommendations does not apply.
Why the Importance of Nutrient Statements?
Consumer studies over the past few years reflect that consumers do not know the difference in nutritional value of plant-based versus dairy milk. With the recommended guidance for voluntary nutrient statements, nutrient contributions of dairy foods are recognized as outlined in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and aligned with the nutritional standards set by the USDA’s Food and Nutrition Service for fluid milk substitutes served in the National School Lunch Program, School Breakfast Program and Child and Adult Care Food Program.
The growth of plant-based “milks” will continue but it’s important to know the facts. All milks are not equal regardless of how they are labeled! If dairy-based milk is not tolerated or preferred, the new labeling could provide the guidance consumers need to help supplement their personal and their children’s diets. There is more to a “milk” label than just a name!
1. Draft guidance are always open for public comment. If you like what you read or not, this is your chance to comment. To submit comments, FDA published the following instructions: “Comments on the draft guidance should be submitted within 60 days after publication in the Federal Register . You may submit electronic comments to Regulations.gov. All written comments should be identified with the docket number FDA-2023-D-0451 and with the title of the guidance document.”
2. Some of the content included in this blog was first reported in my August 30, 2019, blog post “Is Milk by Any Other Name Still Milk?”
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1This is the account of the family line of Esau (that is, Edom).
2Esau took his wives from the women of Canaan: Adah daughter of Elon the Hittite, and Oholibamah daughter of Anah and granddaughter of Zibeon the Hivite – 3also Basemath daughter of Ishmael and sister of Nebaioth.
4Adah bore Eliphaz to Esau, Basemath bore Reuel, 5and Oholibamah bore Jeush, Jalam and Korah. These were the sons of Esau, who were born to him in Canaan.
6Esau took his wives and sons and daughters and all the members of his household, as well as his livestock and all his other animals and all the goods he had acquired in Canaan, and moved to a land some distance from his brother Jacob. 7Their possessions were too great for them to remain together; the land where they were staying could not support them both because of their livestock. 8So Esau (that is, Edom) settled in the hill country of Seir.
9This is the account of the family line of Esau the father of the Edomites in the hill country of Seir.
10These are the names of Esau’s sons:
Eliphaz, the son of Esau’s wife Adah, and Reuel, the son of Esau’s wife Basemath.
11The sons of Eliphaz:
Teman, Omar, Zepho, Gatam and Kenaz. 12Esau’s son Eliphaz also had a concubine named Timna, who bore him Amalek. These were grandsons of Esau’s wife Adah.
13The sons of Reuel:
Nahath, Zerah, Shammah and Mizzah. These were grandsons of Esau’s wife Basemath.
14The sons of Esau’s wife Oholibamah daughter of Anah and granddaughter of Zibeon, whom she bore to Esau:
Jeush, Jalam and Korah.
15These were the chiefs among Esau’s descendants:
The sons of Eliphaz the firstborn of Esau:
Chiefs Teman, Omar, Zepho, Kenaz, 16Korah,#36:16 Masoretic Text; Samaritan Pentateuch (also verse 11 and 1 Chron. 1:36) does not have Korah. Gatam and Amalek. These were the chiefs descended from Eliphaz in Edom; they were grandsons of Adah.
17The sons of Esau’s son Reuel:
Chiefs Nahath, Zerah, Shammah and Mizzah. These were the chiefs descended from Reuel in Edom; they were grandsons of Esau’s wife Basemath.
18The sons of Esau’s wife Oholibamah:
Chiefs Jeush, Jalam and Korah. These were the chiefs descended from Esau’s wife Oholibamah daughter of Anah.
19These were the sons of Esau (that is, Edom), and these were their chiefs.
20These were the sons of Seir the Horite, who were living in the region:
Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, Anah, 21Dishon, Ezer and Dishan. These sons of Seir in Edom were Horite chiefs.
22The sons of Lotan:
Hori and Homam.#36:22 Hebrew Hemam, a variant of Homam (see 1 Chron. 1:39) Timna was Lotan’s sister.
23The sons of Shobal:
Alvan, Manahath, Ebal, Shepho and Onam.
24The sons of Zibeon:
Aiah and Anah. (This is the Anah who discovered the hot springs#36:24 Vulgate; Syriac discovered water; the meaning of the Hebrew for this word is uncertain. in the desert while he was grazing the donkeys of his father Zibeon.)
25The children of Anah:
Dishon and Oholibamah daughter of Anah.
26The sons of Dishon#36:26 Hebrew Dishan, a variant of Dishon:
Hemdan, Eshban, Ithran and Keran.
27The sons of Ezer:
Bilhan, Zaavan and Akan.
28The sons of Dishan:
Uz and Aran.
29These were the Horite chiefs:
Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, Anah, 30Dishon, Ezer and Dishan.
These were the Horite chiefs, according to their divisions, in the land of Seir.
The rulers of Edom
31These were the kings who reigned in Edom before any Israelite king reigned:
32Bela son of Beor became king of Edom. His city was named Dinhabah.
33When Bela died, Jobab son of Zerah from Bozrah succeeded him as king.
34When Jobab died, Husham from the land of the Temanites succeeded him as king.
35When Husham died, Hadad son of Bedad, who defeated Midian in the country of Moab, succeeded him as king. His city was named Avith.
36When Hadad died, Samlah from Masrekah succeeded him as king.
37When Samlah died, Shaul from Rehoboth on the river succeeded him as king.
38When Shaul died, Baal-Hanan son of Akbor succeeded him as king.
39When Baal-Hanan son of Akbor died, Hadad#36:39 Many manuscripts of the Masoretic Text, Samaritan Pentateuch and Syriac (see also 1 Chron. 1:50); most manuscripts of the Masoretic Text Hadar succeeded him as king. His city was named Pau, and his wife’s name was Mehetabel daughter of Matred, the daughter of Me-Zahab.
40These were the chiefs descended from Esau, by name, according to their clans and regions:
Timna, Alvah, Jetheth,
41Oholibamah, Elah, Pinon,
42Kenaz, Teman, Mibzar,
43Magdiel and Iram.
These were the chiefs of Edom, according to their settlements in the land they occupied.
This is the family line of Esau, the father of the Edomites.
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An Article from NaturalNews.com reveals that there is a connection between the spinal cord and blood sugar and studies have shown that chiropractic care may be able to assist those suffering with diabetes.
Diabetes is the 5th deadliest disease and affects nearly 20.8 million children and adults in the United States. It is a disease that may be genetic, but is also caused by obesity and lack of exercise, where the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Why is that important? Insulin is a hormone that plays an important role in the conversion of sugars and starches into energy.
So what’s the association between chiropractic care and treating diabetes? Well, the nervous system runs through one of the main areas of chiropractic focus, the back. The nervous system is directly correlated to diabetes in that nerves from the upper neck or middle back send signals to the pancreas, when those signals are disturbed the pancreas can’t function properly. When blood sugar levels, controlled by the pancreas, and digestion are unbalanced due to this disturbance that’s when diabetes or hypoglycemia occurs.
The Canadian National Post reported that in a lab experiment with diabetic mice they returned to a healthy state after a short period of time after researchers tested the association between disrupted nerve signals to the pancreatic by injecting “a substance to counteract the effect of malfunctioning pain neurons in the pancreas”.
Article referenced :
Chiropractic and diabetes – The connection between blood sugar and the spine
Chiropractic care can aid many different conditions, for more information visit Petett Chiropractic.
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This LibGuide has been created to help you use the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide, frequently used for the social sciences, including education, management, psychology, and the health sciences. Texas Tech University has a Physical Copy of the APA 7 Manual
This guide can help you with the more fundamental tasks, including:
1. Reference Formats - examples and explanations for citing your sources in the various formats for your References list.
2. Formatting Your Paper - how to set up your paper, including the margins, font, and References list, as well as sample student papers.
3. In-text citations - also known as parenthetical and narrative citations - how to cite your references in the text of your paper.
4. EndNote - bibliographic citation software, which can help format your citations and is freely available for download to CSS faculty, staff, and students. NOTE: APA 7th Edition is not available in EndNote yet.
5. Ethically Use Sources - information on the College's academic honesty policy and Turnitin, an online tool to detect where sources need to be cited
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Using a machine-learning system known as a deep neural network, MIT researchers have created the first model that can replicate human performance on auditory tasks such as identifying a musical genre.
This model, which consists of many layers of information-processing units that can be trained on huge volumes of data to perform specific tasks, was used by the researchers to shed light on how the human brain may be performing the same tasks.
“What these models give us, for the first time, is machine systems that can perform sensory tasks that matter to humans and that do so at human levels,” says Josh McDermott, the Frederick A. and Carole J. Middleton Assistant Professor of Neuroscience in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at MIT and the senior author of the study. “Historically, this type of sensory processing has been difficult to understand, in part because we haven’t really had a very clear theoretical foundation and a good way to develop models of what might be going on.”
The study, which appears in the April 19 issue of Neuron, also offers evidence that the human auditory cortex is arranged in a hierarchical organization, much like the visual cortex. In this type of arrangement, sensory information passes through successive stages of processing, with basic information processed earlier and more advanced features such as word meaning extracted in later stages.
MIT graduate student Alexander Kell and Stanford University Assistant Professor Daniel Yamins are the paper’s lead authors. Other authors are former MIT visiting student Erica Shook and former MIT postdoc Sam Norman-Haignere.
Modeling the brain
When deep neural networks were first developed in the 1980s, neuroscientists hoped that such systems could be used to model the human brain. However, computers from that era were not powerful enough to build models large enough to perform real-world tasks such as object recognition or speech recognition.
Over the past five years, advances in computing power and neural network technology have made it possible to use neural networks to perform difficult real-world tasks, and they have become the standard approach in many engineering applications. In parallel, some neuroscientists have revisited the possibility that these systems might be used to model the human brain.
“That’s been an exciting opportunity for neuroscience, in that we can actually create systems that can do some of the things people can do, and we can then interrogate the models and compare them to the brain,” Kell says.
The MIT researchers trained their neural network to perform two auditory tasks, one involving speech and the other involving music. For the speech task, the researchers gave the model thousands of two-second recordings of a person talking. The task was to identify the word in the middle of the clip. For the music task, the model was asked to identify the genre of a two-second clip of music. Each clip also included background noise to make the task more realistic (and more difficult).
After many thousands of examples, the model learned to perform the task just as accurately as a human listener.
“The idea is over time the model gets better and better at the task,” Kell says. “The hope is that it’s learning something general, so if you present a new sound that the model has never heard before, it will do well, and in practice that is often the case.”
The model also tended to make mistakes on the same clips that humans made the most mistakes on.
The processing units that make up a neural network can be combined in a variety of ways, forming different architectures that affect the performance of the model.
The MIT team discovered that the best model for these two tasks was one that divided the processing into two sets of stages. The first set of stages was shared between tasks, but after that, it split into two branches for further analysis — one branch for the speech task, and one for the musical genre task.
Evidence for hierarchy
The researchers then used their model to explore a longstanding question about the structure of the auditory cortex: whether it is organized hierarchically.
In a hierarchical system, a series of brain regions performs different types of computation on sensory information as it flows through the system. It has been well documented that the visual cortex has this type of organization. Earlier regions, known as the primary visual cortex, respond to simple features such as color or orientation. Later stages enable more complex tasks such as object recognition.
However, it has been difficult to test whether this type of organization also exists in the auditory cortex, in part because there haven’t been good models that can replicate human auditory behavior.
“We thought that if we could construct a model that could do some of the same things that people do, we might then be able to compare different stages of the model to different parts of the brain and get some evidence for whether those parts of the brain might be hierarchically organized,” McDermott says.
The researchers found that in their model, basic features of sound such as frequency are easier to extract in the early stages. As information is processed and moves farther along the network, it becomes harder to extract frequency but easier to extract higher-level information such as words.
To see if the model stages might replicate how the human auditory cortex processes sound information, the researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure different regions of auditory cortex as the brain processes real-world sounds. They then compared the brain responses to the responses in the model when it processed the same sounds.
They found that the middle stages of the model corresponded best to activity in the primary auditory cortex, and later stages corresponded best to activity outside of the primary cortex. This provides evidence that the auditory cortex might be arranged in a hierarchical fashion, similar to the visual cortex, the researchers say.
“What we see very clearly is a distinction between primary auditory cortex and everything else,” McDermott says.
Alex Huth, an assistant professor of neuroscience and computer science at the University of Texas at Austin, says the paper is exciting in part because it offers convincing evidence that the early part of the auditory cortex performs generic sound processing while the higher auditory cortex performs more specialized tasks.
“This is one of the ongoing mysteries in auditory neuroscience: What distinguishes the early auditory cortex from the higher auditory cortex? This is the first paper I’ve seen that has a computational hypothesis for that,” says Huth, who was not involved in the research.
The authors now plan to develop models that can perform other types of auditory tasks, such as determining the location from which a particular sound came, to explore whether these tasks can be done by the pathways identified in this model or if they require separate pathways, which could then be investigated in the brain.
The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, a Department of Energy Computational Science Graduate Fellowship, and a McDonnell Scholar Award.
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Stanhope Forbes was born in Dublin, Ireland in 1857. When he was eleven, Forbes began drawing at the encouragement of family friends who took him on sketching trips. In college, Forbes began studying under John Sparkes. Sparkes emphasized drawing from casts and models, as opposed to copying drawings by the masters. Forbes enrolled in the Royal Academy School and briefly studied under Millias, Leghton and Alma Tadema.
In 1880, Forbes traveled to France, enrolling in the studio of Leon Bonnat near Montmartre. In Bonnat’s classes, Forbes was trained to paint from life. However, Bonnat did not sympathize with outdoor painting that was becoming popular with the students at the time. By 1881, Forbes was working in Cancale with other students who revered painting outdoors. The sale of a figure painting to the Walker Art Gallery so inspired Forbes that he dedicated his career to outdoor figure work.
Forbes finished his two years of study in France and returned home to England where he was anxious to establish himself as an artist. He began searching for a picturesque village to paint. He settled on Newlyn in Cornwall. Artists had been visiting the coast of Cornwall for years. A recently built rail stop to Penzance, only a few miles from Newlyn, allowed artists to live in the area and still have easy access to London and their galleries. Because of Forbes’ financial and critical success, he was considered the leader of the Newlyn Colony.
In 1886, he became engaged to Elizabeth Armstrong—an artist who had come to Newlyn to paint the year before. They married in 1889.
Forbes fidelity to outdoor figure work required a Herculean effort. He did not believe in painting nature as is compositionally and so each painting required much planning.
One of his most successful works, “A Fish Sale on a Cornish Beach” is 4 feet by 5 feet, with more than 26 figures. For this painting, Forbes had to contend with the challenges of weather and changing effects of light. To complicate matters, models were often unreliable.
Many of Forbes paintings were finished over months, not days, requiring the complexity equal to a movie set. To avoid losing precious time when the weather was inclement, Forbes painted interior scenes. Usually he was working on at least two paintings at the same time—one outdoor and one interior. His greatest successes came during the 1880’s and 1890’s. Forbes continued to paint Newlyn and its citizens for the rest of his life. He died in 1947 at the age of 90.
Stanhope Forbes and the Newlyn SchoolCaroline Fox
1993 David and Charles Publishing
The Good and Simple Life Artist Colonies in Europe and America
1985 Phaidon Press
QuoteTo plant one’s easel down in the full view of all and work away in the midst of a large congregation needs a good deal of courage: but it takes even more to boldly ask some perfect stranger to pose for one under such trying conditions. But our principles demanded it and convinced of their virtue, I always strove to be consistent to them.
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Capys - in ancient sources @ attalus.org
This is part of the index of names on the attalus website. The names occur either in lists of events (arranged by year, from the 4th to the 1st century B.C.) or in translations of sources. There are many other sources available in translation online - for a fuller but less precise search, Search Ancient Texts.
On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found.
- son of Assaracus; father of Achises
→ Wikipedia entry
of Aeneas : Assaracus, Capys, and Anchises SERVIUS auctu
he named Capua, after Capys, his great-grandfather, Anc
- a king of Alba
reigned twenty-six, then Capys twenty-eight, and after Cap
ars. When he died, Capis was appointed king, and he ruled
Silvius - for 26 years Capis Silvius - for 28 years Calp
- father of Lycaon
its local ruler, Lycaon son of Capys. Lycaon prostrated
← Search for another name
This page © Andrew Smith, 2019 :
Attalus' home page
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Winter is mostly about snuggling up in bed with a hot chocolate and sleeping in. This is the perfect season to relax. But with winter also come colds, coughs and flu. What our body needs during this time is a healthy, balanced diet that includes all the foods needed to support our immune system. There are a few effortless ways to eat nutritious foods to stay warm and energized during the colder months. We’ve covered the most important of these in this article, along with some super helpful winter nutrition tips.
Several vegetables and fruits of the month of December contain vitamin C.
December is a great time to stock up on vitamin C-rich fruits and vegetables. Citrus fruits like oranges and grapefruit are in season. As well as cruciferous vegetables like kale and Brussels sprouts. Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that helps boost the immune system, making it an essential nutrient during cold and flu season. Not only does it help fight infections, but it also helps the body recover from illness faster. Next time you’re shopping for the winter months, be sure to include plenty of vitamin C-rich seasonal foods.
Don’t forget the superpower of beets!!
Beets are one of the most amazing vegetables because of their versatility and nutrient density. They can be roasted, steamed, grilled, pickled or even eaten raw. Plus, they’re packed with vitamins and minerals like potassium, iron, and vitamin C. But did you know that beets have a superpower, too? They can help you stay healthy throughout the winter. Indeed, they contain antioxidants that strengthen the immune system, such as betacyanin. The next time you’re not feeling well, try sipping some fresh beetroot juice or adding some to your stir-fry. You just might find that this humble root vegetable is your new best friend during cold and flu season.
Dates and nuts are also seasonal foods!! Enjoy!
There is no doubt that nuts and dates are among the most nutrient-dense foods you can eat. They’re packed with vitamins, minerals, healthy fats, and fiber, and make a great snack or addition to any meal. Eating nuts and dates can help you stay healthy in December:
- Nuts and dates are an excellent source of antioxidants.
- The healthy fats in nuts and dates can help keep your skin hydrated and supple.
- Eating nuts and dates can help boost your energy levels and keep you feeling full longer.
- The fibers contained in these foods can contribute to good digestion.
With sweet dates and crunchy nuts, turn them into energy balls the whole family can enjoy.
Have you thought about composing a 100% orange menu?! We give you an overview!
A delicious and nutritious fall feast can be made up of many delectable components. For breakfast, how about orange juice and papaya slices? An energy boost with a rush of vitamins and nutrients to start the day right. For lunch, enjoy an accompanied yam and orange salad or a roast pumpkin. The oven brings out the natural sweetness of the pumpkin, and pairing it with a little savory spice makes for a perfect starter. For the main course, why not try a hearty carrot soup? This dish is sure to please vegans and meat eaters alike. And for dinner, try the grilled salmon with a side dish of roasted papaya and yams. There you have it, it’s a great way to enjoy December foods. So do not hesitate and try it! With a little creativity, you can plan other red, green and white meals… Why not?
Consume hot spices to fight common ailments.
It’s no secret that spices like cinnamon, turmeric and saffron can do wonders for your health. But did you know that these spices can also help you warm up in the winter? Cinnamon helps improve blood circulation, which makes it perfect for cold days. Turmeric is a powerful anti-inflammatory, which can help relieve aches and pains. And saffron is a natural mood booster, helping to chase away the winter blues. Add these spices to your meals and you’ll be surprised at how comforting they can be.
Potatoes with skin in the oven: a treat for your stomach and a bonus of polyphenols for immunity.
We all know potatoes are packed with nutrients like potassium and fiber, but did you know they can also help boost your immune system? Indeed, potatoes with skin contain polyphenols, plant compounds with proven anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Studies have shown that polyphenols can help reduce the risk of various diseases, including cancer and heart disease. Baked potatoes are therefore not only delicious, but they are also good for your health! So go ahead and enjoy that extra serving of baked potatoes. Your stomach and your immune system deserve it.
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This little book is designed to help children to think about the effects of plastic pollution – in a fun way with a stinky monster!
Our UK fairies were delighted to include Lily and the Wipe Monster in our Green Book Fairies month, which coincides with Plastic Free July.
Book fairies around the UK found playgrounds, zero waste shops, nature walks and more at which to leave this little green gem! We hope that the lucky little finders enjoy their new read. We think it’s a very special story!
About the book:
Lily is a smart, caring girl who always tries to do the right thing. So when she finds out her family has been flushing plastic wipes down the loo for years, she embarks on a mission to make things right. With a little help from a very large and very stinky new friend…
This book was created and funded by Pura. They believe high-quality, eco-friendly wipes and nappies should be available for all. Because a clean bottom shouldn’t be at the cost of a dirty planet.
We love hearing from people who find the books we hide!
Not lucky enough to find a copy?
Do not worry! There is a wonderful reading on instagram here and you can also receive a copy with an order from MyPura.
We put babies first, with anti-allergy, organic ingredients and sustainable, biodegradable materials. So you’re protecting their skin and protecting their future too.
We believe being eco-friendly is no longer a luxury, but a necessity. And that we should all be able to look after our planet, simply by looking after our families.
pura for all
We’re here to empower everyone to protect the future of the planet today, with eco-friendly products that are affordable and accessible for all.
Would you like to be a book fairy?
Anyone can share the magic of The Book Fairies! Just grab your first set of official stickers to get started!
The Book Fairies Inserts£10.00
Stickers – English£4.00
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CBSE Class 9 Biology The Fundamental Unit of Life
__________ termed the fluid within the cells as protoplasm.
Shape and size of the cells are determined by their specific
How does an RBC appear?
- smallest cell in world
- What is Granules? And why it is important?
- which came first egg or hen
- smallest cell
- what is cells
- What is the cell theory and it was proposed by whom ?
- every multicellular has come from a single cell justify the statement
- what is chromosome
- what is eukaryotic
- how are important cell in human body
Queries asked on Sunday & after 7 pm from Monday to Saturday will be answered after 12 pm the next working day.
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Punk Rock: Music Is The Currency Of Live – how punk rock shaped modern culture, including from the LGBTQ+, feminist, and alternative communities.
Punk Rock: Music Is The Currency Of Live examines the history of punk rock in its totality. Punk became a way of thinking about the role of culture and community in modern life. Punks forged real alternatives to producing popular music and built community around their music. This punk counterpublic, forged in the late Cold War period, spanned the globe and has provided a viable cultural alternative to alienated young people over the years. This book starts with the rise of modernity and places the emergence of punk as a musical subculture into that longer historical narrative. It also reveals how punk itself became a contested terrain, as participants sought to imbue the production of music with greater meaning. It highlights all styles of punk and its wide variety of creators around the world, including from the LGBTQ+, feminist, and alternative communities. Punk was and remains a transnational phenomenon that influences music production and shapes our understanding of culture’s role in community building.
Mindy L. Clegg teaches history at Perimeter College at Georgia State University.
Available from Suny Press
About the Author
Bryen Dunn is a freelance journalist based in Toronto with a focus on tourism, lifestyle, entertainment and community issues. He has written several travel articles and has an extensive portfolio of celebrity interviews with musicians, actors and other public personalities. He’s willing to take on any assignments of interest, attend parties with free booze, listen to rants, and travel the world in search of the great unknown. He’s eager to discover the new, remember the past, and look into the future.
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Aerial respiratory behavior in the pond snail Lymnaea was operantly conditioned so that snails learned not to perform aerial respiration in a hypoxic environment. Snails were trained in either the standard context (no food odorant) or a carrot (food-odorant) context. An operant training procedure of two 45-min training sessions with a 1-h interval between the sessions followed by a third 45-min training session 18 h later was sufficient to produce associative learning and long-term memory (LTM) that persisted for at least 5 days. If, however, following the third operant training session snails received three 45-min extinction training sessions, with each extinction session separated by at least a 1-h interval, LTM was not observed when tested the following day. That is, the memory was extinguished. Extinction, however, did not occur if the context of the extinction training was different from the context of the associative training. That is, in the snails trained in the standard context, extinction did not occur if the extinction training sessions were performed in the food-odorant context and vice versa.
Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).
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Dental operatory environmental surfaces are those surfaces or objects that do not come in contact with. They can become contaminated during patient care and can become a reservoir of microbial contamination. These may in turn be transferred to the DHCP, instruments or the patient. Although hand hygiene is key to minimizing this transferal, barrier protection or cleaning and disinfecting of environmental surfaces also protects against healthcare–associated infections.
Environmental surfaces can be divided into clinical contact surfaces (eg, light handles, unit switches and drawer knobs) and housekeeping surfaces (eg, floors, walls and sinks). Because housekeeping surfaces have limited risk of disease transmission, they can be decontaminated with less rigorous methods than those used on dental patient-care items and clinical contact surfaces. Strategies for cleaning and disinfecting surfaces in patient-care areas should consider the 1) potential for direct patient contact; 2) degree and frequency of hand contact; and 3) potential contamination of the surface with body substances or environmental sources of microorganisms (eg, soil, dust or water).
Cleaning is the necessary first step of any disinfection process. Cleaning is a form of decontamination that renders the environmental surface safe by removing organic matter, salts and visible soils, all of which interfere with microbial inactivation. The physical action of scrubbing with detergents and surfactants and rinsing with water removes substantial numbers of microorganisms. If a surface is not cleaned first, the success of the disinfection process can be compromised. Removal of all visible blood and inorganic and organic matter can be as critical as the germicidal activity of the disinfecting agent.
• Follow the manufacturers’ instructions for correct use of cleaning and EPA-registered hospital disinfecting products.
• Do not use liquid chemical sterilants/high-level disinfectants for disinfection of environmental surfaces (clinical contact or housekeeping).
• Use PPE, as appropriate, when cleaning and disinfecting environmental surfaces.
Such equipment might include gloves (eg, puncture- and chemical-resistant utility), protective clothing (eg, gown, jackets or lab coat), and protective eyewear/face shield, and mask
• Areas when they are visibly dusty or soiled
• When a surface cannot be cleaned adequately, it should be protected with barriers
CLINICAL CONTACT SURFACES
Clinical contact surfaces can be directly contaminated from patient materials either by direct spray or spatter generated during dental procedures or by contact with DHCP’s gloved hands. These surfaces can subsequently contaminate other instruments, devices, hands, or gloves.
Examples of such surfaces include:
• Light handles,
• Dental radiograph equipment,
• Dental chairside computers,
• Reusable containers of dental materials,
• Drawer handles,
• Faucet handles,
• Telephones, and
Barrier protection of surfaces and equipment can prevent contamination of clinical contact surfaces, but is particularly effective for those that are difficult to clean. Barriers include clear plastic wrap, bags, sheets, tubing, and plastic-backed paper or other materials impervious to moisture. Because such coverings can become contaminated, they should be removed and discarded between patients, while DHCP are still gloved. The surface needs to be cleaned and disinfected only if contamination is evident. Otherwise, after removing gloves and performing hand hygiene, DHCP should place clean barriers on these surfaces before the next patient.
Also, general cleaning and disinfection are recommended for clinical contact surfaces, dental unit surfaces and countertops at the end of daily work activities and are required if surfaces have become contaminated since their last cleaning. To facilitate daily cleaning, treatment areas should be kept free of unnecessary equipment and supplies.
Manufacturers of dental devices and equipment should provide information regarding material compatibility with liquid chemical germicides, whether equipment can be safely immersed for cleaning, and how it should be decontaminated if servicing is required.
Clinical Contact Surfaces
1. Use surface barriers to protect clinical contact surfaces, particularly those that are difficult,to clean (eg, switches on dental chairs) and change surface barriers between patients.
2. After removing the barrier, examine the surface to make sure it did not become soiled inadvertently. Clean and disinfect areas that are visibly contaminated.
3. Clean and disinfect clinical contact surfaces that are not barrier-protected, by using an EPA-registered hospital disinfectant with a low- (ie, HIV and HBV label claims) to intermediate-level (ie, tuberculocidal claim) activity after each patient. Use an intermediate-level disinfectant if visibly contaminated with blood.
Evidence does not support that housekeeping surfaces (eg, floors, walls and sinks) pose a risk for disease transmission in dental healthcare settings. Actual, physical removal of microorganisms and soil by wiping or scrubbing is probably more critical than disinfection.
The majority of housekeeping surfaces need to be cleaned only with a detergent and water or an EPA-registered hospital disinfectant/detergent, depending on the nature of the surface and the type and degree of contamination.
Floors should be cleaned regularly, and spills should be cleaned up promptly with detergent. An EPA-registered hospital disinfectant/detergent designed for general housekeeping purposes should be used in patient-care areas if uncertainty exists regarding the nature of the soil on the surface (eg, blood or body fluid contamination versus routine dust or dirt). Unless contamination is reasonably anticipated or apparent, cleaning or disinfecting walls, window drapes and other vertical surfaces is unnecessary. However, when housekeeping surfaces are visibly contaminated by blood or OPIM, prompt removal and surface disinfection is appropriate infection-control practice and required by OSHA.
Part of the cleaning strategy is to minimize contamination of cleaning solutions and cleaning tools (eg, mop heads or cleaning cloths). Cost, safety, product-surface compatibility and acceptability by housekeepers can be key criteria for selecting a cleaning agent or an EPAregistered hospital disinfectant/detergent. In the cleaning process, another reservoir for microorganisms can be dilute solutions of detergents or disinfectants, especially if prepared in dirty containers, stored for long periods of time, or prepared incorrectly. Preferred cleaning methods produce minimal mists and aerosols or dispersion of dust in patient care areas.
1. Clean housekeeping surfaces (eg, floors, walls and sinks) with a detergent and water or an EPA-registered hospital disinfectant/detergent on a routine basis, depending on the nature of the surface and type and degree of contamination, and as appropriate, based on the location in the facility, and when visibly soiled.
2. Clean mops and cloths after use and allow to dry before reuse, or use single-use, disposable mop heads or cloths.
3. Prepare fresh cleaning or EPA-registered disinfecting solutions daily and as instructed by the manufacturer.
4. Clean walls, blinds and window curtains in patient-care areas when they are visibly dusty or soiled.
CLEANING AND DISINFECTION STRATEGIES FOR BLOOD SPILLS
The majority of blood contamination events in dentistry result from spatter during dental procedures using rotary or ultrasonic instrumentation, although no evidence supports that HBV, HCV or HIV has been transmitted from a housekeeping surface. Prompt removal and surface disinfection of an area contaminated by either blood or OPIM are appropriate infection-control practices and required by OSHA.
Strategies for decontaminating spills of blood and other body fluids differ by setting and volume of the spill. Blood spills on either clinical contact or housekeeping surfaces should be contained and managed as quickly as possible to reduce the risk of contact by patients and DHCP. Visible organic material should be removed with absorbent material (eg, disposable paper towels discarded in a leak-proof, appropriately labeled container). Nonporous surfaces should be cleaned and then decontaminated with either an EPA-registered hospital disinfectant effective against HBV and HIV, or an EPA-registered hospital disinfectant with a tuberculocidal claim (ie, intermediate-level disinfectant). If sodium hypochlorite is chosen, an EPA-registered sodium hypochlorite product is preferred. However, if such products are unavailable, a 1:100 dilution of sodium hypochlorite (eg, approximately ¼ cup of 5.25% household chlorine bleach to 1 gallon of water) is an inexpensive and effective disinfecting agent.
Spills of Blood and Body Substances
Clean spills of blood or OPIM and decontaminate nonporous surface with an EPAregistered
hospital disinfectant with low- (ie, HBV and HIV label claims) to intermediatelevel
(ie, tuberculocidal claim) activity, depending on size of spill and surface porosity.
Carpeting and Cloth Furnishings
Carpeting is more difficult to clean than nonporous hard surface flooring, and it cannot be reliably disinfected, especially after spills of blood and body substances. Studies have documented the presence of diverse microbial populations, primarily bacteria and fungi, in carpeting. Cloth furnishings pose similar contamination risks in areas of direct patient care and places where contaminated materials are managed (eg, dental operatory, laboratory or instrument processing areas). For these reasons, use of carpeted flooring and fabricupholstered furnishings in these areas should be avoided.
Carpet and Cloth Furnishings
1. Avoid using carpeting and cloth-upholstered furnishings in dental operatories, laboratories and instrument processing areas.
Nonregulated and Regulated Medical Waste
Studies have compared microbial load and diversity of microorganisms in residential waste with waste from multiple healthcare settings. It was shown that general waste (gloves, masks, gowns, lightly soiled gauze or cotton and environmental barriers) are not more infective than residential waste. These are considered non-regulated medical waste. Although any item that has had contact with blood, exudates or secretions might be infective, treating all such waste as infective is neither necessary nor practical. Infectious waste that carries a substantial risk of causing infection during handling and disposal is regulated medical waste. A complete definition of regulated waste is included in OSHA’s blood-borne pathogens standard.
Spills of Blood and Body Substances
Clean spills of blood or OPIM and decontaminate nonporous surface with an EPA registered hospital disinfectant with low- (ie, HBV and HIV label claims) to intermediatelevel (ie, tuberculocidal claim) activity, depending on size of spill and surface porosity.
Regulated medical waste is only a limited subset of waste: 1% to 2% of total waste in dental offices. Regulated medical waste requires special storage, handling, neutralization and disposal, and is covered by national or local rules and regulations. Examples of regulated waste found in dental-practice settings are solid waste soaked or saturated with blood or saliva (eg, gauze saturated with blood after surgery), extracted teeth, surgically removed hard and soft tissues, and contaminated sharp items (eg, needles, scalpel blades and wires). Regulated medical waste requires careful containment for treatment or disposal. A single leakresistant biohazard bag is usually adequate for containment of non sharp regulated medical waste, provided the bag is sturdy and the waste can be discarded without contaminating the bag’s exterior. Exterior contamination or puncturing of the bag requires placement in a second biohazard bag. All bags should be securely closed for disposal. Puncture-resistant containers with a biohazard label, located at the point of use (ie, sharps containers), are used as containment for scalpel blades, needles, syringes and unused sterile sharps. Dental healthcare facilities should dispose of medical waste regularly to avoid accumulation. Any facility generating regulated medical waste should have a plan for its management that complies with national and local regulations to ensure health and environmental safety.
Regulated Medical Waste
1. General Recommendations:
a. Develop a medical waste management program. Disposal of regulated medical waste must follow national or local regulations.
b. Ensure that DHCP who handle and dispose of regulated medical waste are trained in appropriate handling and disposal methods and informed of the possible health and safety hazards.
2. Management of Regulated Medical Waste in Dental Healthcare Facilities:
a. Use a color-coded or labeled container that prevents leakage (eg, biohazard bag) to contain non sharp regulated medical waste.
b. Place sharp items (eg, needles, scalpel blades, orthodontic bands, broken metal instruments and burs) in an appropriate sharps container (eg, puncture resistant, color-coded and leak proof). Close container immediately before removal or replacement to prevent spillage or protrusion of contents during handling, storage, transport, or shipping.
c. Pour blood, suctioned fluids or other liquid waste carefully into a drain connected to a sanitary sewer system, if local sewage discharge requirements are met and the state has declared this an acceptable method of disposal. Wear appropriate PPE while performing this task.
Discharging Blood or Other Body Fluids to Sanitary Sewers or Septic Tanks
All containers with blood or saliva (eg, suctioned fluids) can be inactivated in accordance with state-approved treatment technologies, or the contents can be carefully poured down a utility sink, drain or toilet. Appropriate PPE (eg, gloves, gown, mask and protective eyewear) should be worn when performing this task. No evidence exists that blood-borne diseases have been transmitted from contact with raw or treated sewage. Multiple bloodborne pathogens, particularly viruses, are not stable in the environment for long periods, and the discharge of limited quantities of blood and other body fluids into the sanitary sewer is considered a safe method for disposing of these waste materials. State and local regulations vary and dictate whether blood or other body fluids require pretreatment or if they can be discharged into the sanitary sewer and in what volume.
Dental Unit Waterlines, Biofilm and Water Quality
Studies have demonstrated that dental unit waterlines (ie, narrow-bore plastic tubing that carries water to the high-speed handpiece, air/water syringe and ultrasonic scaler) can become colonized with microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Protected by a polysaccharide slime layer known as a glycocalyx, these microorganisms colonize and replicate on the interior surfaces of the waterline tubing and form a biofilm, which serves as a reservoir that can amplify the number of free-floating (ie, planktonic) microorganisms in water used for dental treatment. Although oral flora and human pathogens (eg, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella species and nontuberculous Mycobacterium species) have been isolated from dental water systems, the majority of organisms recovered from dental waterlines are common heterotrophic water bacteria. These exhibit limited pathogenic potential for immunocompetent persons.
Certain reports associate waterborne infections with dental water systems, and scientific evidence verifies the potential for transmission of waterborne infections and disease in hospital settings and in the community. Infection or colonization caused by Pseudomonas species or nontuberculous mycobacteria can occur among susceptible patients through direct contact with water or after exposure to residual waterborne contamination of inadequately reprocessed medical instruments. Nontuberculous mycobacteria can also be transmitted to patients from tap water aerosols. Healthcare–associated transmission of pathogenic agents (eg, Legionella species) occurs primarily through inhalation of infectious aerosols generated from potable water sources or through use of tap water in respiratory therapy equipment. Disease outbreaks in the community have also been reported from diverse environmental aerosol producing sources, including whirlpool spas, swimming pools and a grocery store mist machine. Although the majority of these outbreaks are associated with species of Legionella and Pseudomonas, the fungus Cladosporium has also been implicated.
Researchers have not demonstrated a measurable risk of adverse health effects among DHCP or patients from exposure to dental water. Certain studies determined DHCP had altered nasal flora or substantially greater titers of Legionella antibodies in comparisons with control populations; however, no cases of legionellosis were identified among exposed DHCP. Contaminated dental water might have been the source for localized Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in two immunocompromised patients. Although transient carriage of P aeruginosa was observed in 78 healthy patients treated with contaminated dental treatment water, no illness was reported among the group. In this same study, a retrospective review of dental records also failed to identify infections.
Concentrations of bacterial endotoxin (<1,000 endotoxin units/mL) from gram-negative water bacteria have been detected in water from colonized dental units. No standards exist for an acceptable level of endotoxin in drinking water, but the maximum level permissible in United States Pharmacopeia (USP) sterile water for irrigation is only 0.25 endotoxin units/ mL. Although the consequences of acute and chronic exposure to aerosolized endotoxin in dental healthcare settings have not been investigated, endotoxin has been associated with exacerbation of asthma and onset of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in other occupational settings. Dental Unit Water Quality
Research has demonstrated that microbial counts can reach <200,000 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL within 5 days after installation of new dental unit waterlines, and levels of microbial contamination <106 CFU/mL of dental unit water have been documented. These counts can occur because dental unit waterline factors (eg, system design, flow rates and materials promote both bacterial growth and development of biofilm. Although no epidemiologic evidence indicates a public health problem, the presence of substantial numbers of pathogens in dental unit waterlines generates concern. Exposing patients or DHCP to water of uncertain microbiological quality, despite the lack of documented adverse health effects, is inconsistent with accepted infection-control principles. Thus in 1995, ADA addressed the dental water concern by asking manufacturers to provide equipment with the ability to deliver treatment water with <200 CFU/mL of unfiltered output from waterlines. This threshold was based on the quality assurance standard established for dialysate fluid, to ensure that fluid delivery systems in hemodialysis units have not been colonized by indigenous waterborne organisms. Standards also exist for safe drinking water quality as established by EPA, the American Public Health Association (APHA), and the American Water Works Association (AWWA); they have set limits for heterotrophic bacteria of <500 CFU/mL of drinking water. Thus, the number of bacteria in water used as a coolant/irrigant for nonsurgical dental procedures should be as low as reasonably achievable and, at a minimum, <500 CFU/mL, the regulatory standard for safe drinking water established by EPA and APHA/AWWA. Strategies to Improve Dental Unit Water Quality
It was previously recommended that dental waterlines be flushed at the beginning of the clinic day to reduce the microbial load. However, studies have demonstrated this practice does not affect biofilm in the waterlines or reliably improve the quality of water used during dental treatment. Because the recommended value of <500 CFU/mL cannot be achieved by using this method, other strategies should be employed. Dental unit water that remains untreated or unfiltered is unlikely to meet drinking water standards. Commercial devices and procedures designed to improve the quality of water used in dental treatment are available; methods demonstrated to be effective include self-contained water systems combined with chemical treatment, in-line microfilters and combinations of these treatments. Simply using source water containing <500 CFU/mL of bacteria (eg, tap, distilled or sterile water) in a self-contained water system will not eliminate bacterial contamination in treatment water if biofilms in the water system are not controlled. Removal or inactivation of dental waterline biofilms requires use of chemical germicides. Patient material (eg, oral microorganisms, blood and saliva) can enter the dental water system during patient treatment. Dental devices that are connected to the dental water system and that enter the patient’s mouth (eg, handpieces, ultrasonic scalers or air/water syringes) should be operated to discharge water and air for a minimum of 20 to 30 seconds after each patient. This procedure is intended to physically flush out patient material that might have entered the turbine, air or waterlines. The majority of recently manufactured dental units are engineered to prevent retraction of oral fluids, but some older dental units are equipped with anti-retraction valves that require periodic maintenance. Users should consult the owner’s manual or contact the manufacturer to determine whether testing or maintenance of anti-retraction valves or other devices is required. Even with anti-retraction valves, flushing devices for a minimum of 20 to 30 seconds after each patient is recommended. Maintenance and Monitoring of Dental Unit Water
DHCP should be trained regarding water quality, biofilm formation, water treatment methods and appropriate maintenance protocols for water delivery systems. Water treatment and monitoring products require strict adherence to maintenance protocols, and noncompliance with treatment regimens has been associated with persistence of microbial contamination in treated systems. Clinical monitoring of water quality can ensure that procedures are correctly performed and that devices are working in accordance with the manufacturer’s previously validated protocol.
Dentists should consult with the manufacturer of their dental unit or water delivery system to determine the best method for maintaining acceptable water quality (ie, <500 CFU/mL) and the recommended frequency of monitoring. Monitoring of dental water quality can be performed by using commercial self-contained test kits or commercial water-testing laboratories. Because methods used to treat dental water systems target the entire biofilm, no rationale exists for routine testing for such specific organisms as Legionella or Pseudomonas, except when investigating a suspected waterborne disease outbreak. Delivery of Sterile Surgical Irrigation
Sterile solutions (eg, sterile saline or sterile water) should be used as a coolant/irrigation in the performance of oral surgical procedures where a greater opportunity exists for entry of microorganisms, exogenous and endogenous, into the vascular system and other normally sterile areas that support the oral cavity (eg, bone or subcutaneous tissue) and increased potential exists for localized or systemic infection (see Oral Surgical Procedures). Conventional dental units cannot reliably deliver sterile water even when equipped with independent water reservoirs because the water-bearing pathway cannot be reliably sterilized. Delivery devices (eg, bulb syringe or sterile, single-use disposable products) should be used to deliver sterile water. Oral surgery and implant handpieces, as well as ultrasonic scalers, are commercially available that bypass the dental unit to deliver sterile water or other solutions by using singleuse disposable or sterilizable tubing.
Dental Unit Waterlines, Biofilm, and Water Quality
1. Use water that meets EPA regulatory standards for drinking water (ie, <500 CFU/mL of heterotrophic water bacteria) for routine dental treatment output water. 2. Consult with the dental unit manufacturer for appropriate methods and equipment to maintain the recommended quality of dental water. 3. Follow recommendations for monitoring water quality provided by the manufacturer of the unit or waterline treatment product. 4. Discharge water and air for a minimum of 20 to 30 seconds after each patient from any device connected to the dental water system that enters the patient’s mouth (eg, handpieces, ultrasonic scalers and air/water syringes). 5. Consult with the dental unit manufacturer on the need for periodic maintenance of anti-retraction mechanisms.
A boil-water advisory is a public health announcement that the public should boil tap water before drinking it. When issued, the public should assume the water is unsafe to drink. Advisories can be issued after:
• Failure of or substantial interruption in water treatment processes that result in increased
turbidity levels or particle counts and mechanical or equipment failure
• Positive test results for pathogens (eg, Cryptosporidium, Giardia or Shigella) in water
• Violations of the total coliform rule or the turbidity standard of the surface water treatment rule
• Circumstances that compromise the distribution system (eg, watermain break)
coupled with an indication of a health hazard
• A natural disaster (eg, flood, hurricane or earthquake)
1. The following apply while a boil-water advisory is in effect:
a) Do not deliver water from the public water system to the patient through the dental operative unit, ultrasonic scaler or other dental equipment that uses the public water system.
b) Do not use water from the public water system for dental treatment, patient rinsing or handwashing.
c) For handwashing, use antimicrobial containing products that do not require water for use (eg, alcohol-based hand rubs). If hands are visibly contaminated, use bottled water, if available, and soap for handwashing or an antiseptic towelette.
2. The following apply when the boil-water advisory is cancelled:
a) Follow guidance given by the local water utility regarding adequate flushing of waterlines. If no guidance is provided, flush dental waterlines and faucets for 1 to 5 minutes before using for patient care.
b) Disinfect dental waterlines as recommended by the dental unit manufacturer.
Special Considerations: Dental Handpieces and Other Devices Attached to Air and Waterlines
Handpieces and other semi-critical devices such as scalers and air/water syringes are probably one of the most neglected instruments and devices in the dental office. Dye expulsions have confirmed the potential for retracting oral fluids into the internal components of handpieces. Laboratory models suggest the retention of viral DNA and viable virus inside both handpieces and prohylaxis angles. For this reason dental devices attached to air and water should run from 20 to 30 seconds to physically flush patient material that might have entered the turbine or water lines.
Disinfection and immersion in germicides is not an accepted method for handpieces and similar devices. In clinical evaluations of high-speed handpieces, cleaning and lubrication were the most critical factors in determining performance and durability (361–363). Manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning, lubrication, and sterilization should be followed closely to ensure both the effectiveness of the process and the longevity of handpieces.
Components or instruments that are permanently attached to the dental unit such as suction hoses, light handle and the like are likely to become contaminated and should therefore be considered as a possible source of disease transmission.
Backflow from low-volume saliva ejectors occurs when the pressure in the patient’s mouth is less than that in the evacuator. This occurs when a patient closes the lips around the suction tip. This of course can be a source of potential contamination of the patient. Such backflow can also occur if the hose of the suction tip is positioned higher than the patient. Although
no adverse health effects associated with the saliva ejector have been reported, practitioners should be aware that in certain situations, backflow could occur when using a saliva ejector and is a potential source of contamination.
Special Considerations: Dental Handpieces and Other Devices Attached
to Air and Waterlines
1. Clean and heat-sterilize handpieces and other intra-oral instruments that can be removed from the air and waterlines of dental units between patients.
2. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning, lubrication and sterilization of handpieces and other intra-oral instruments that can be removed from the air and waterlines of dental units.
3. Do not surface-disinfect, use liquid chemical sterilants or ethylene oxide on handpieces and other intra-oral instruments that can be removed from the air and waterlines of dental units.
4. Permanently attached devices should be covered with barriers such as plastic wrappings and should be replaced after every patient. If they are visibly soiled the DHCP should disinfect these devices with an acceptable disinfectant.
5. Do not advise patients to close their lips tightly around the tip of the saliva ejector to evacuate oral fluids.
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Make learning the ABCs fun with these free printable alphabet flashcards. This set includes separate cards for uppercase and lowercase letters, giving you endless possibilities for how to learn with your child.
Note: This post contains affiliate links. When you buy something through a link on my site, I may earn a commission, at no cost to you. See my disclosure to learn more.
Last year, I was looking for ways to help my preschooler practice the alphabet. Specifically, I wanted to help him match upper and lowercase letters. I found lots of adorable printable flash cards online, however none of them were exactly what I was looking for.
So, as I often do when trying to teach my children, I decided I would just have to make what I was looking for. That’s how these alphabet flash cards were born. And since I got a little carried away in designing them, I thought I’d share them with all of you!
What I love about these alphabet flashcards:
- They are big (1/4 page). This makes them easy to read and easy for little hands to grab and manipulate.
- The uppercase and lowercase letters are on separate cards. There are lots of cute flash cards out there that have the upper and lowercase letters on the same card with adorable illustrations…which works really well for drilling, but it’s also pretty limiting when it comes to playing other hands-on learning games. By separating the upper and lowercase letters, it opens up a whole world of possibilities for learning the alphabet: matching games, go fish, and so much more.
- The font mimics the handwriting of the perfect kindergarten teacher. Seriously, I spent SOOO long hunting for the perfect font to use. I even redesigned the whole set after I had made the set the first time with a different font because I realized in practice that some of the letters were confusing. Thank you to Nicole from Rowdy in Room 300 for the awesome font I finally settled on!
How to make your flash cards last–let’s talk laminating:
I highly recommend laminating your flash cards to make them last longer. You can certainly use them without doing so, but paper only lasts so long in the hands of a toddler…if you know what I mean.
If you don’t have a laminator, I have to say, I think every mom needs one. They come in SO handy, especially if you are the type to do learning activities at home with your child (which you probably are, since you’re reading a blog post about DIY alphabet flash cards…just sayin’).
I have this Purple Cows Laminator, and it’s been working great for me for eight years and counting. I love it!
Are you ready to get your own FREE set of alphabet flash cards? Sign up below!
Once you have printed your flash cards, read on for the rest of the tutorial.
How to assemble your printable flash cards
- card stock paper
- laminator & pouches
- scissors or paper cutter (this is the one I have)
What to do:
- Download and print the free printable alphabet flashcards on white card stock paper. You could use plain paper, but they will be stiffer and more card-like if you use card stock.
- Cut out the flash cards (there are four per page). I used my paper cutter to keep the lines super straight, but you could use scissors in a pinch.
- Laminate four at a time. Make sure you leave space between the cards in the laminating pouch so you can cut them apart later.
Pro Tip: Put a dab of glue on the back of each card before setting it in place in the laminating pouch. This will help it stay in place as you feed it through the machine.
- Once cool, cut the laminated pages into flash cards. I like to round the corners so that there are no sharp points to poke anyone.
- Now you’re ready to play!
They take a little time to put together, but it’s a great, mindless activity to do while watching a show on Netflix (or whatever) in the evening. We’ve had our cards for over a year now and they are still holding up great!
Need help getting started with your new alphabet flashcards?
Check out this post: 23 Unconventional (and fun!) ways to learn with alphabet flashcards
Want more learning activities for preschoolers? Try these:
Great flashcards!!! So cute and attractive design!
Great cards! Thank you!!
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8 June 2018
Most British adults dangerously underestimate the amount of sugar contained within energy drinks, the findings of a new nationwide poll reveal.
Research carried by the Oral Health Foundation, which interviewed more than 2,000 members of the public, show almost two in three (63%) misjudge how much sugar is inside some of the country’s most popular energy drinks.1
A standard can of Red Bull has more than six teaspoons of sugar – the total recommended daily allowance for an adult, while some energy drinks on sale contain up to double that amount.
The charity is now campaigning to raise awareness around the dangers of energy drinks and the damage that can be caused by regular and excessive consumption.
Dr Nigel Carter OBE, Chief Executive of the Oral Health Foundation, is deeply worried about the growth in popularity of energy drinks and the long-term effect it will have on the nation’s health.
Dr Carter says: “One in three British adults no…
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What is the common name for ischium?
Ischial tuberosity is an anatomical term for the V-shaped bone at the bottom of the pelvis that makes contact with a surface when a person is sitting down, hence their common name of sit bone or sitting bones.
What is the common name for the iliac crests?
Pelvic girdle. Overview of Ilium as largest bone of the pelvis. The crest of the ilium (or iliac crest) is the superior border of the wing of ilium and the superiolateral margin of the greater pelvis.
What is fibula common name?
The fibula, sometimes called the calf bone, is smaller than the tibia and runs beside it. The top end of the fibula is located below the knee joint but is not part of the joint itself. The lower end of the fibula forms the outer part of the ankle joint.
What is the neck bone called?
Overview. These are the seven bones of the neck, called the cervical vertebra. The top bone, seen on the right of this picture, is called the atlas, and is where the head attaches to the neck. The second bone is called the axis, upon which the head and atlas rotate.
Why is it called the ischium?
Adoption of ischium into English-language medical literature dates back to c. 1640; the Latin term derives from Greek ἰσχίον iskhion meaning “hip joint”.
What does iliac crest pain feel like?
What iliac crest pain feels like. The most common type of iliac crest pain is associated with chronic low back pain. You may also have tenderness around the iliac crest, with can feel like hip or pelvic pain. Iliac crest pain can increase with movement.
Why does the top of my ilium hurt?
Causes of ilium pain can be categorized as either direct or referred. Direct causes of ilium pain include fracture, trauma, cancer, inflammation, or injury to any of the tendons, muscles, or ligaments that attach to the ilium. Referred sources include sacroiliac joint injury or instability and low back disc injuries.
Why does fibula hurt?
In some people, particularly long-distance runners7 or hikers, the fibula may be injured as a result of repetitive stress. This type of injury is known as a stress fracture. The pain of a stress fracture may begin gradually. Usually, the pain worsens with increasing levels of activity and is relieved by rest.
Is fibula on inside or outside?
What are tibia and fibula fractures? Tibia and fibula are the two long bones located in the lower leg. The tibia is a larger bone on the inside, and the fibula is a smaller bone on the outside.
How is the ilium attached to the tailbone?
As part of the hip bone, the ilium, alongside the ischium and pubis, are fused to one another, and, via the sacroiliac ligaments, are attached to the sacrum (the tailbone). 2 This juncture, which is largely immobile, is the sacroiliac joint. Anatomically speaking, the ilium is broken down into two parts: the body and the wing.
How is the ilium different in men and women?
Basically, women’s pelvises are wider and display a greater distance between the anterior superior iliac spines, whereas men’s pelvises tend to be deeper and have stronger and thicker bones to support their (typically) heavier upper bodies. 1
Where is the ileum located in the small intestine?
The ileum is the remaining three-fifths of the small intestine, though there is no absolute point at which the jejunum ends and the ileum… The ileum is located in the lower abdomen.
What kind of problems can the ilium cause?
The ilium can be the site of problems as part of diseases that affect the pelvis. Primarily, these affect women. For instance, scar tissue can arise in this area as a result of a number of diseases and can lead to pain and infertility.
What is the common name for the ilium?
The largest and uppermost bone of the hip, the ilium, also known as the iliac bone, is an essential part of the pelvic girdle.
What are medical terminology words?
Medical terminology is a system of words that are used to describe specific medical aspects and diseases. It is based on standard root words, prefixes, and suffixes.
What does all of this ‘medical terminology’ mean?
Medical terminology is the standardized means of communication within the healthcare industry. The importance of fluency in medical terminology, which applies to all hospital personnel, including allied healthcare professionals, cannot be overstated.
What are the components of medical terminology?
Basic Components of Medical Terms. Most medical terms consist of three basic components: root word (the base of the term), prefixes (letter groups in front of the root word) and suffixes (letter groups at the end of the root word).
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The Pueo – Hawaiian Owl (Asio flammeus sandwicensis) – is considered sacred by many Hawaiians. It is a widely recognized Hawaiian ancestral guardian known as `aumakua. These birds are believed to protect individuals from harm, and even death.
Pueonuiakea, an `aumakua from Maui, guides individuals safely back to their home.
Hawai’i, being isolated from any other land mass by 2,500 miles of ocean, has no native land mammals. The few mammals Hawai’i has today, such as the feral pig, mongoose and rat are the result of human contact. What Hawai’i lacks in land mammals, it more than makes up with birds, insect and ocean dwellers.
The pueo is a subspecies of the short-eared owl. It is a smaller owl, with yellow eyes and a round dark facial disk, and is 13-17 inches long. It is an endemic species, which evolved in the Hawaiian islands and is not found naturally elsewhere. The early Hawaiians arriving on the islands found the owl already present. There is no fossil record of the pueo before the Polynesians arrived here. That may be because the early Polynesians created a habitat that was suited for colonization by the pueo.
Unlike the other common Barn Owl, also found in Hawai’i, the pueo is diurnal, more active during daylight, and nests on the ground. The pueo’s modern diet consists of introduced rodents, rats, mice, and small mongooses. Before rodents arrived, pueo is thought to have feasted on the small Hawaiian rail, a flightless bird that is now extinct. Even though the main diet of the pueo is mostly rodents and mongoose, the fact that the pueo is a ground nesting owl means the eggs and young, ironically, are often raided by rodents and mongoose. Pueo lays between 3 to 6 eggs over a span of several months resulting in babies being born at different times. A nest will often have all ages, baby to adult, in the nest at the same time. Owlets begin to fly at about 6 weeks of age.
There are no statistics on the pueo‘s population numbers. They are present on all the islands, but they are definitely in decline where urban development makes it impossible for the shy, brown bird to find the green, solitude it craves. Considered endangered, pueo has become a candidate for threatened status throughout the island chain.
The pueo, with all its mysterious wisdom – a bird that flew over the islands well before the first Hawaiians sailed in – is among the oldest physical manifestations of the Hawaiian family protectors, the ancestral guardians, the `aumakua. It was believed that after the death of an ancestor, the spirit could still protect and influence the remaining family acting through a body such as that of the owl, the shark, the turtle, or even the centipede. Each species channeling the ancestor held unique strengths. The owl as `aumakua was specifically skilled in battle.
The next time you are met by this wonderful bird, step back, humbly greet it, and feel safely assured of meeting your protector!
Why would these people post a list of trappers nationwide if
there was no intent to actually target them, andd their families.
Gophers have a very keen sense of hearing and sensitivity to ground vibration, so they’ll avoid areas where there are constant sounds
and movements in the ground. You can even protect newly
pplanted trees with some easy gopher control.
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The femoral vein is a large vessel located deep within the thigh. It is sometimes referred to as the superficial femoral vein in order to distinguish it from the deep femoral vein. This term is, however, misleading and rarely used due to the fact that the vessel is located deep in the thigh.
The femoral vein is a direct continuation of the popliteal vein just proximal to the knee. The vein ascends to the inguinal region, where it passes posterior to the inguinal ligament as the external iliac vein to enter the abdomen.
The main function of the femoral vein is to drain the lower limb.
|Drains from||Popliteal vein|
|Tributaries||Deep femoral vein, great saphenous vein, lateral circumflex femoral veins, medial circumflex femoral veins|
|Drains to||External iliac vein|
|Drainage area||Lower limb|
This article will discuss the anatomy and function of the femoral vein.
Anatomy and course
The femoral vein begins at the adductor hiatus of the adductor magnus muscle as the proximal continuation of the popliteal vein, into the anterior aspect of the thigh. It courses proximally through the adductor canal (subsartorial canal or Hunter's canal) into the femoral triangle, accompanying the femoral artery. The femoral vein then traverses the femoral sheath, just lateral to the femoral canal. It terminates posterior to the inguinal ligament as the external iliac vein, which drains into the common iliac vein and ultimately into the inferior vena cava.
The relationship of the femoral vein to the femoral artery usually varies at different locations along its course. Distally, the vein lies posterolateral to the artery, while proximally, at the apex of the femoral triangle, the vein lies posterior to the artery. At the base of the femoral triangle and within the femoral sheath, however, the vein lies medial to the artery. The femoral vein typically has four to five valves at various points along its length.
Along its course, the femoral vein receives several tributaries that drain structures of the lower limb. The main tributaries include:
- The deep femoral vein (deep vein of the thigh) empties into the femoral vein posteriorly, about 8 cm distal to the inguinal ligament. It is formed by perforating veins that drain the surrounding muscles. Proximal to the entry point of the deep femoral vein, the femoral vein is often referred to as the common femoral vein.
- The great saphenous vein (long saphenous vein) lies within the subcutaneous tissue of the lower limb. It joins the femoral vein anteriorly, about 3 cm inferolateral to the pubic tubercle. This vein receives numerous tributaries along its course and forms several anastomoses with deep veins of the leg and thigh. Typically, at its proximal end, the great saphenous vein receives the external pudendal, superficial circumflex iliac, superficial epigastric and accessory saphenous veins, prior to joining the femoral vein.
- The lateral and medial circumflex femoral veins accompany their corresponding arteries and drain surrounding structures including muscles and the proximal femur into the proximal end of the femoral vein.
Test your knowledge on the main veins of the lower limb with this quiz.
To learn more about the veins of the lower limb, explore our articles, quizzes, video tutorials and labeled diagrams.
Femoral vein access
The femoral vein is a common site of venous access for catheterisation and venous sampling mainly because it offers easy access to the right atrium of the heart. A good appreciation of the arrangement of structures within the femoral triangle is required to safely perform this procedure. Under sterile conditions, physicians first palpate for the femoral pulse about 1 cm to 2 cm inferior to the inguinal ligament. The femoral artery is located at the midpoint between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis. With the femoral pulse identified, the femoral vein is accessed about 0.5 cm to 1 cm medial to the pulsation. This procedure is, however, often performed under ultrasound guidance to improve accuracy and to provide additional information about vessels and surrounding structures.
Femoral vein: want to learn more about it?
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#30 The Place That Sharon Elliott Was Discovered
It was Christmas eve 1931 when a seven-day-old infant, Sharon Stieg Elliott, was found covered in a blue blanket inside a hatbox.
It seemed as though she was abandoned in the Arizona desert, near Florence, South-east of Phoenix; the States Capital.
Florence and the area surrounding it experience dry and scalding summers (average temperature of 39°C) and cool weather in winter, with maximum temperatures averaging at 19°C.
Seeing that the baby was discovered in December, she was most likely discovered in less harsh weather of the winter.
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Human vs Robots: Will Robots Take My Job?
Automation has been making headlines in recent years, as technological advances have led to the creation of some pretty impressive gizmos and gadgets that can handle a myriad of tasks that were once dependant on human labour and creativity. From writing news to escorting patients to a waiting room, modern day robots are clearly capable of many tasks that were once the stuff of movies and dreams. While all this may seem fantastic, the rapid progression of automation has left many experts and concerned citizens wondering what this means for the future of human jobs.
What is automation?
Automation can have multiple definitions. The International Society of Automation (ISA) defines it as “the creation and application of technology to monitor and control the delivery of products and services”. While the words ‘products’ and ‘services’ might initially spark the thought of manufacturing processes, automation can and will have a place across many different industries beyond manufacturing.
What industries will be automated?
The transportation, defense, utilities and manufacturing industries are currently being automated at impressive rates, but there are many other jobs that will be most surprisingly taken over by robots in the near future. While robots may not generally look, talk or act like human beings, they are able to carry out the same tasks as a human employed in the same capacity. In many instances, robots may even be better suited to a given task than a human being, such as when it comes to jobs that involve heavy lifting.
Retail sales jobs, fast food positions, general office clerks, waiters and waitresses, bookkeepers, receptionists and administrative assistants are all at particular risk of being automated in th the years to come. Indeed, some of these jobs are already being increasingly automated, as evidenced by the popularity of automated grocery store checkouts in many urban areas. Unfortunate though it may be, the jobs most at risk of being automated are positions that are often the sole source of income for many working-class members of society. There is a natural worry then that social disparity may increase as automation becomes the norm.
Even “safe” jobs requiring a “human touch” such as nursing and teaching are not entirely immune to automation. For instance, the carebot industry is set to be worth billions of dollars by 2020, as governments and corporations begin to turn towards developing personal care assistants capable of dealing with aging societies. Such robots are already used for socializing with patients, carrying them from bed to bath, escorting them from one room to another, monitoring vital statistics, and more.
Teaching robots such are nothing new either. Some are so sophisticated that they are capable of detecting human emotions in order to adapt their behaviour to a specific interactant. Teaching robots such as Softbank’s ‘Pepper’ have been in classrooms for years already to students in Japan and in the UK.
It is clear that technology trends are pointing towards automation in every field. While manual, repetitive tasks are the most at risk of being taken over by robots, positions requiring human empathy and creativity are the least at risk. However, even these latter roles are not entirely immune to automation, as evidenced by existing technologies in hospitals, classrooms and more. Ultimately, automation will touch every aspect of human life, from home to car to office. Indeed, the best option when preparing forthe next generation of jobs might be robotics education and basic automation training.
An automated future
With automation set to take over millions of jobs in the next few years, low-skilled or not, there is a legitimate fear that many people will simply not be in possession of a competitive skillset able to provide them with a job in an automated future. In order to prevent disastrous social inequality, governments, companies and educational institutions must set themselves to task of figuring out the fate of the future unemployed sooner rather than later.
One clear strategy is investing in and promoting technological education. Humans must be taught to work alongside machines. The “liquid workforce” model must be supported so that current employees can train and adapt themselves throughout their working lives, as the world around them evolves in increasingly rapid order. In the meantime, the world’s next-generation of workers need to be trained from childhood to understand and interact with technology from behind the scenes, rather than simply being consumers of technology. Without support models in place to foster consistent training, workers will quickly find themselves obsolete in an ever-changing, automated world.
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Examples Of Vows To God In The Bible
My best understanding of Scripture is that God does not continue to hold a person responsible to fulfill a vow that has been broken, repented of, and forgiven. The key texts where God reveals His perspective on vows are Leviticus 27, Numbers 30, Deuteronomy 23:21-23, and Ecclesiastes 5:1-7. Interestingly, the two New Testament texts (Acts 18:18; 21:23-24) that mention vows give no indication that God’s perspective on vows has changed.
A vow is a voluntary promise to God to do or not do something (cf. Deut. 23:23). Vows are not limited to “If-you-do-this-for-me, I’ll-do-that-for-You” bargains with God. You don’t have to use the words “vow” or “promise” to make a vow. Anytime you voluntarily tell God you are going to do or not do something for Him, it is a vow.
The key texts where God reveals His perspective on vows are Leviticus 27, Numbers 30, Deuteronomy 23:21-23, and Ecclesiastes 5:1-7. Interestingly, the two New Testament texts (Acts 18:18; 21:23-24) that mention vows give no indication that God’s perspective on vows has changed.
In Ecclesiastes 5, Solomon warns us that vows should not be made lightly: “Do not be rash with your mouth, and let not your heart utter anything hastily before God. For God is in heaven, and you are on earth; Therefore let your words be few” (5:2). In verse 4, he cautions us not to be late in paying our vows, for God takes no delight in fools who fail to pay their vows. It is better, the wise man counsels, not to vow at all, than to vow and fail to pay (Eccl. 5:5). This echoes Deut. 23:22 where Moses informs Israel it is not sin to abstain from vowing: “if you abstain from vowing, it is not sin.”
On the other hand, if you vow and fail to pay, it is sin (Deut. 23:22; Eccl. 5:5). Not only is it sin, but Solomon warns, “Do not let your speech cause you to sin and do not say in the presence of the messenger, “It was a mistake.” Why should God be angry on account of your voice and destroy the work of your hands?” (Eccl. 5:6).
In other words, God punishes those who break their vows. Claiming that you made a mistake and shouldn’t have vowed or didn’t really mean what you vowed arouses God’s anger against you. Thus, Solomon concludes, “Fear God” (Eccl. 5:7).
The seriousness of vows is further underscored in Numbers 30 where God identifies which vows are automatically binding and which may be nullified. God distinguishes the vows made by adult males, widows, and divorced women from those made by female children and wives. In the case of adult males (30:2), widows, and divorced women (30:9), they must fulfill any vow they make. In the case of female children (30:3-5) and wives (30:6-8; 10-15), if their father or husband nullifies their vow on the day that he hears it, then they are absolved of their vow (30:5, 8, 12).
However, if the father or husband does not nullify their vow, then their vow stands. They are responsible to fulfill it. If the father or husband does not say anything the first time he hears it but chooses to nullify it at a later time, then he will “bear the iniquity” of the broken vow (30:15).
Because Numbers 30:2 includes “swearing an oath” as an equivalent of taking a vow, the guilt offering prescribed for breaking an oath (Lev. 5:4) would likely apply to a broken vow. Since God provides a sacrifice for atoning for a broken vow, we can infer that forgiveness for breaking a vow is available through Christ, who is our guilt offering (Isa. 53:10).
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Coke, snow, flake, blow, crack, and C. These are all common names for cocaine, one of the most popular and addictive illegal drugs in the United States. It is estimated that around 15% of people in the United States have tried cocaine, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Addiction to cocaine can develop very quickly, even after trying it a few times. More than 100,000 people die as a result of drug overdoses in the United States each year, including from cocaine, which saw an increase in fatalities in 2021.
In this blog post, we will take a closer look at cocaine addiction. This includes causes, signs, risk factors, symptoms, treatment options, detoxing, and the effects of cocaine withdrawal. We will also highlight why your premier option for drug addiction support and treatment is Living Stones Recovery.
Causes of Cocaine Addiction
As we have already highlighted, cocaine is incredibly addictive. There are a number of reasons for this. One is the positive reinforcement that comes with taking cocaine, given how it makes a person feel energetic, excited, awake, and confident.
The effects of cocaine, particularly from snorting it, are short-lived. The “high” may last anywhere from 5 minutes to half an hour. Many addicts have a pattern of behavior where they snort more cocaine within a short period, which increases the likelihood of substance use disorder.
Cocaine tolerance also increases quickly. This results in a person using high amounts to achieve the same high as before. Dependence on cocaine can be both psychological and physical.
Cocaine is often listed among the top 5 most addictive drugs in the world, alongside heroin, methamphetamines, nicotine, and alcohol (particularly due to its popularity and availability).
Understanding the Risk Factors of Cocaine Addiction
The reality is that anyone who uses cocaine is at risk of becoming addicted to this drug. However, there are a number of specific factors that may increase a person’s risk of cocaine addiction.
These include mental illness (for example, depression), addiction to other drugs and alcohol, and a family history of drug dependence.
Cocaine Addiction Symptoms and Signs
As noted above, cocaine—given that it is a stimulant drug—makes a person feel more euphoric and alert. However, in addition to feeling energetic and upbeat, a person may feel irritable, restless, paranoid, and sensitive to light, touch, and sound.
Common behavioral and physical signs of cocaine use include the following:
- Erratic behavior
- Faster heartbeat
- Dilated pupils
- Loss of appetite
- Higher blood pressure
- Higher body temperature
In terms of cocaine overdose symptoms, these may include panic, anxiety, chest pain, trouble breathing, seizures, vomiting, and paranoia.
Outside of the signs of cocaine use listed above, there are a number of other clues that a person may have an addiction to cocaine. These include lying, risky behavior, secrecy, ignoring hygiene, mood swings, sleep pattern changes, financial problems, and loss of interest in enjoyable hobbies and activities.
Detox for Cocaine Addiction
When a person wants to stop using cocaine, it is necessary to first contend with detoxing. This is the process of ridding the body of the toxins associated with the drug. While a difficult and sometimes overwhelming process, it’s important to remember that a better, healthier life lies on the other side.
There are a number of common withdrawal symptoms for cocaine that you should know about. These include:
- Body aches and headaches
- Lack of libido
- Vomiting and/or nausea
- Reduced physical activity
- Social isolation
- Racing heart
- Difficulty concentrating
There are a number of different stages when it comes to the cocaine withdrawal timeline. These include the crash stage, the acute stage, the withdrawal stage, and the extinction stage. It may take 5 or more weeks to reach the final stage.
It’s important to note that quitting cocaine and other drugs “cold turkey” can be dangerous, given that there is an increased risk of overdose. That’s why it is so beneficial to seek professional support and treatment.
Treatment Options for Cocaine Addiction
Cocaine addiction is treated in a number of ways. Given that it is a complex disease, there are a variety of methods that address the mental, physical, social, familial, and environmental factors.
Here at Living Stones Recovery, we take a holistic approach to rehabilitation, one that incorporates different modalities. These include:
- Group therapy
- One-on-one counseling
- Medical care
We offer a range of supports and activities, including therapeutic art experiences, synergistic group experiences, daily yoga experiences, cooking classes, gardening, and much more.
Rest assured that, at our facility, you will receive round-the-clock clinical and medical care. We understand that asking for help is an important starting point when it comes to recovery from cocaine addiction. That is why we are here when you need us.
The good news is that it is absolutely possible to overcome cocaine addiction and return to a normal and well-balanced life.
How to Overcome Cocaine Addiction
As this blog post has highlighted, cocaine addiction is a serious issue in the United States. It has the ability to tear families and friendships apart, in addition to the individual risks that an addict faces.
If you or someone you care about suffers from cocaine addiction, your premier choice is Living Stones Recovery in California. Get the help you need today by calling (800) 546-4577 and start the admission process.
If you would like to learn more about the admission process, simply click here. Our friendly and professional cocaine rehab team is looking forward to speaking with you.
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Helping Iowa Generate More Green Energy
Featured image: University of Iowa Power Plant. Image credit: Little Village Magazine
The University of Iowa has been recognized by the EPA for its role as a leader in green power generation and use. At the Ratner Research Labs, Graduate Student Tejasvi Sharma and his team of Mechanical Engineering undergraduates is helping push the envelope regarding green energy gasification research at the University of Iowa.
Gasification is a process that converts organic or fossil fuel based material to gases such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide at high temperatures using controlled amounts of oxygen. The outcome of gasification is clean “synthesis gas” (syngas), which can be directed into a boiler for electricity production, can be used as a heat source for hot water generation and bio char processing. Bio char is a soil amendment that can be used by farmers to grow crops. Gasification, a member of the renewable energy family, could help a country reduce its dependence on imported oil.
Originally from Cameroon, and a long-time Iowa resident, Sharma got his BS in Mechanical Engineering in 2013, and continued on for his Master's degree, which he received in 2015. For his Master's thesis, Sharma selected to work on a challenging problem, unique to Iowa: high availability of unused biomass from various crop products and residues, and also pesticide-tainted seed kernels, which can only be disposed of in a landfill or an incinerator. Specifically, he investigated a technique of converting low-energy density biomass into high-energy density syngas, which is a clean-burning fuel. Working with local Iowa businesses based in Tama and Des Moines, Sharma and his team investigated a downdraft gasification system, which showed high promise in not only efficiently converting biomass into syngas, but also producing soil-friendly biochar.
Many undergraduate and graduate students from the Ratner Research Lab have visited Itajuba, Brazil, where we have a working partnership for developing better gasification system with the Federal University of Itajuba.
Gasification can be used by developing countries to produce clean, renewable and affordable energy. This technology can also be helpful to countries affected by natural disasters, where it can serve as a stop-gap measure to produce much-needed power when traditional energy resources have been disrupted.
The Ratner Research Lab is also helping local Iowa businesses expand into emerging markets for biogasification, as far as Tanzania, Brazil and Belize.
Contributed by: Tejasvi Sharma, Gurjap Singh
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Bumble-bee declines across Europe have been linked to loss of habitat and forage availability due to agricultural intensification. These declines may have severe ecological and commercial consequences since bumble-bees pollinate a range of wildflowers and crops. In England, attempts are being made to reintroduce forage resources through agri-environment schemes, yet there are few data on how the area of forage, or the landscape context in which it is provided, affects their success. We investigated the effects of sown forage patches on bumble-bees across sites varying in landscape characteristics. Bumble-bee densities were higher on sown patches compared with control habitats but did not vary with patch size, i.e. total forager numbers were proportional to patch area. Importantly, the relative response to sown forage patches varied widely across a landscape gradient such that their impact in terms of attracting foraging bumble-bees was greatest where the proportion of arable land was highest.
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Hi, this is Zidane tutorials. And in this video, we are going to learn how to justify text in Adobe Illustrator. So let me show you, uh. What do I mean by justify text here? I have got two paragraphs, text paragraphs, and in the first one, you will notice that it is perfectly aligned from the left left end, but on the right side, it’s quite irregular and random and on the other hand. This paragraph is perfectly aligned from both ends from the left end and the right when it’s pretty straight. So this is called justified text and this is left aligned, so this is our normal default or problem case, and this is our solution or the target for this video. So, uh, we are going to learn how to do this thing in Adobe Illustrator, and in order to do that, Let’s begin with the type tool in Adobe Illustrator. I will select it and let me clear. A concept of type tool here is that it works in two ways. The first way is with a single click and the other one is by creating a type box. So let me show you both so that we understand why this justified version works sometimes and why it does not so the first way of using Type 2 or the way we use it is that we just do a single click, and whenever we do do a single, click like this, it will create a text layer for us, but the problem with this text layer is that I can just keep typing and typing and it has no boundary. It will just keep typing unless I press enter, and then it will move to the second line and then I can just keep typing and typing and it will have no boundary. Uh, unless I press enter again so because it has no boundary. So how will the Adobe Illustrator identify, uh, what to align it with so yeah, it can align from the left, and, but how will it align it from the right side because it does not know where is the boundary of it? And if you think maybe it’s we can, it can go with that. The enter key. It cannot because here I press enter at this point, and maybe here I will press enter at this point. So what’s defining the boundary? Nothing can define the boundary this way. So, uh, that was first way of using the Type 2 and I have explained what’s the problem with this? If you want to justify a text which is created with a single click, uh, you just cannot not in a normal way, At least so this This was first way of, uh, using a type 2 The second way is by creating a type box. Uh, in in this case, instead of just doing a single click. I will draw a box, okay. I will hold my click, and I will draw a box and once it’s drawn, it will be like this now. It has a boundary of, uh, a boundary or a container for it, but you will notice again. Still, it is aligned from the left side, but it’s not aligned from the right end and this is because it has if you will notice on the top. If your text layer is selected, you will find these settings on the top or in the property panel here. Okay, now the problem with, um, this, uh, top settings is that it only displays three options to us but here. I have selected this. I have three options at the moment. It is left aligned. If I will click on this one, it will be center aligned, okay, And when a text is center aligned, its random from both ends and the third one is right aligned. Okay, so there is no, uh, option for justified Text here, so that’s? Why a lot of designers the new ones, uh, they miss, or they struggle in finding how to justify the text, So I will show you This example again and for in this case as it is left line. All you need to do. Is you need to go to this paragraph? You need to click on it and it will open up this. Um, these settings. Okay, and here you will find all kind of, uh, alignment options. The starting from the left align center right now. This one is the justified. These four, the first one is, it will justify all text, except the last line. It will keep the last line to the left. For example, this case, this is justified from both ends, but the last line is left aligned. Uh, this is center. If I will let me show you this one if I click on it, And if I go to paragraph, you will notice at the moment. It is justified with the left. Um, the last line to be left. This is justified, but it will keep the last line in the center. This is justified, but the last line is in this right side, and this is justified. It will keep everything justified with like it will open up the text, make gaps and spaces in it in order to make it touch, touched both ends. Okay, so this is what we used, uh, in most of the cases anyway. This was the solution, but lets. Uh, let me demonstrate another solution to another problem. Uh, which is also quite common. So which is, uh, even though we find the solution to our justification, uh, problem and this alignment is can be solved easily by going to this paragraph and clicking on justified. There is something which we miss a lot. Which is these hyphens? You will notice even if I justify it, I have justified it now. Still, it is making these hyphens in some words. Uh, I’m sure you will be able to see it. I will zoom this section, so you you will notice there? Are these hyphens a lot in a lot of words on the other hand? In this paragraph, there are no hyphens, right, so what is making these hyphens appear? And what’s, uh, making it not appear here, so let’s solve that problem as well because these hyphens look, uh, quite bad, uh, in terms of appearance, so how to fix it? You need to go to paragraph again. This must be selected and here you will notice this option called hyphenate by default. It will be checked. All you need to do is uncheck it and that’s it. Now you will notice all the iphones are gone, and it has created spaces and gaps in order to keep everything justified without making any hyphenated words in your paragraph text. So that’s it, uh? I hope this video was helpful to you. Thank you, have a nice day.
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We completed one of the two notebooking research pages each Friday in class. The first week, the kids also completed the
Walrus Folder activity.
Walrus Folder Activity...to see how to put the Sea Creatures Research Journal together, click HERE!
We ended this chapter by making our own Walrus Craft and writing about what we learned and remembered! The kids were encouraged to find some other interesting facts other than the ones we learned in the chapter...like, did you know a Walrus can have between 400 and 700 whiskers?!?!
The kids were super amazed by that! We even looked up close up pictures of a Walrus and they DO have a ton of whiskers!
I saw a pic of these Walruses on the internet but there was no pattern for them so I made up my own...here is a scanned in copy of my own pattern for you to use. They are easy, peasy. Just need 2 shades of brown construction paper, plus a small bit of white and cream construction paper too. You could also substitute large googly eyes if you didn't want to have kids make their own eyes.
I think the Walrus looks super cute if you had the head turned horizontal or vertical! Works both ways...and don't forget some yarn for all those whiskers!
Sea Creatures Journey!
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The Parthenon is one of the most important buildings in Greece and in the World. It is generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order.
Image source: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/1205304d-5818-4b57-91ea-503e0167dba2
When was it built and why it is so important?
The Parthenon is an ancient temple, on the Athenian Acropolis, in Greece, dedicated to the Goddess Athena, whom the Athenians considered their protector.
Construction began in the period in which the Athenian empire was at the height of its strength, in 447 BC. It was completed in 438 BC although the decoration of the building continued until 432 BC. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered the zenith of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered to be some of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is considered one of the greatest cultural monuments in the world, a symbol of Ancient Greece, Athenian democracy, and western civilization.
The basic structure of the Parthenon remained intact, despite the white marble having suffered damage over the centuries, including the loss of most of its sculpture.
A colonnade of baseless fluted columns with square capitals stands on a three-step base and supports an entablature.
- Entablature, or roof structure, consisting of a simple architrave, or stone band;
- an alternating frieze of triglyphs (vertically grooved blocks) and metopes (smooth blocks with relief sculpture, now partially removed);
- and, at the east and west ends, a low triangular pediment, also with relief sculpture (now largely removed).
Image source: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/229bd5cc-cc2b-4699-b5f7-db2a00e09ab1
The colonnade, composed of 8 columns to the east and west and 17 to the north and south, encloses a walled internal rectangular chamber, called cella, originally divided into three naves by two smaller Doric colonnades closed at the western end just behind the great cult statue.
Behind the cella, is a smaller, square chamber that is accessed from the west. A six-column portico faces the east and west ends of the building’s interior. Starting at the top step of the base, the building is 101.34 feet (30.89 meters) wide and 228.14 feet (69.54 meters) long.
The Parthenon is a Doric temple with Ionic structural characteristics. The richness of the Parthenon is a unique decorations for a classic Greek temple.
The frieze of the Parthenon’s entablature contained ninety-two metopes Doric (made by Phidias and his pupils), carved as reliefs. The metopes, agreeing with the logs of the buildings, are dated as the years 446-440 BC.
- The metopes of the east side of the Parthenon, above the main entrance, depict the Gigantomachy (a mythical battles between the Olympian gods and the Giants).
- The metopes of the west side show Amazonomachy (mythical battle of the Athenians against the Amazons).
- The metopes of the south side – except for 13-20 metopes now lost – show the Thessalian Centauromachy.
- On the north side of the Parthenon, the metopes are poorly preserved, but the subject seems to be the sack of Troy.
Image source: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/86fc1756-f9e6-432d-b14e-d2cf736e8d02
The most characteristic feature in the decoration of the Parthenon is surely the long Ionic frieze on the outside walls of the cell. It is an innovative feature since the rest of the temple is built in Doric style.
The continuous marble frieze was 160 meters long of which 130 have survived, about 80%, now located in various European museums.
In a first simple reading, the frieze is the solemn procession that was held every four years during the Panathenaic festivals.
Are possible different interpretations about the meaning of the representation, or its possible attribution to a specific historical event.
Image source: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/7b612fb3-7579-467a-b2f8-7004c94b58a3
The fact that it is the representation of a community event, which was tied to the worship of Athena and then of the home and the goddess represented: individuals of all stratum of society could identify with the characters of the frieze and recognize the various moments of the ceremony.
The entire frieze was designed to be read from the corner south-west: the viewer from this angle could choose to head north, or head directly to the east. From the corner southwest of the frieze take-off thus two processions run around the cell to merge then on the east side (the entrance to the temple), the center of which is represented the gesture of delivery of Peplum to the goddess Athena. The gesture of delivery attends to the hosts of gods and heroes.
Image source: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/ba6a04ab-0e15-41c2-aed7-62e9a2669309
The traveler Pausanias, when he visited the Acropolis and saw the Parthenon, he only described the gables.
- The East pediment narrates the birth of Athena from the head of her father, Zeus.
- The West pediment narrates the dispute between Athena (the olive branch) and Poseidon (which gives the water) during their competition for the honor of becoming the city’s patron, and consists of statues in the round recessed in the eardrum.
Image source: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/a2bc1dc7-c3c6-40e7-845c-f946ddd090c4
The carvings of the pediments of the Parthenon are some of the best examples of classical Greek art, the work on the pediments lasted from 438 to 432 BC.
Image source: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/d35fb059-ee69-49ad-a4f2-06e2fe608e8a
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A wide variety of environmental samples such as waters (drinking water, waste waters, or natural waters), soils, sediments, and air particulates are analyzed for trace elements. Regulated elements that may have potentially toxic concentrations in these samples are of particular importance; some notable examples are arsenic, cadmium, lead, and thallium. Meanwhile, soils are monitored as much for nutrient levels as they are for potentially toxic contaminants. Some key nutrients are phosphorous, zinc, copper, sodium, magnesium and calcium.
Atomic spectroscopic techniques such as ICP-AES and ICP-MS are widely used for measurements of trace elements in environmental samples. Teledyne CETAC offers a variety of sample introduction and sample handling accessories to improve the quality and efficiency of these ICP-AES and ICP-MS measurements.
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Yesterday I was handed a paper to read which was commissioned by the Constellation Program to see if there was anything we could learn from historical exploration as a lesson for NASA. That was a great idea. I was excited to see that the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, Scotland was the scholarly organization which produced this paper. I was just there! I had walked across the campus! wow, small world!
I had great hopes for this paper.
After I read it, I felt disappointment. I slept on it. I read it again this morning. I am still disappointed.
Probably it is not fair; the attempt to learn lessons from history is always a noble one. Perhaps this is just too big a topic to address in a short academic paper. So rather than criticize, lets take a look beyond the Venn diagrams and explore for the golden nuggets of wisdom that come with a deep understanding of the lessons that history of exploration can teach us.
The Strathclyde study said that Columbus’s voyages were a tactical (“program”) failure and a strategic success. Really?
I would offer the following episode from Columbus’s last voyage for your contemplation. It is a story of discovery, knowledge, arrogance, ignorance, and lastly justice. You decide if the result of the voyage is failure or success.
This is from a great book — and a very timely read it is: “Isaac’s Storm” by Erik Larson, Vintage Books, 2000 ISBN 0-609-60233-0. The book is about the great 1900 hurricane that devastated Galveston, Texas. These pages take you back another 400 years earlier.
Excerpts from pages 34-43.
Columbus set off on his first voyage on August 3, 1492, from Palos, Spain, with a fleet of three tiny caravels, the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. By nineteenth-century standards, the three vessels hardly qualified as ships. They were large boats crewed skimpily with a few experienced sailors and adventure-hungry boys. Not only did Columbus and his captains have no means of determining the exact location of their ships in the featureless blue of the ocean, they also carried none of the meterological tools that mariners in Isaac’s time took for granted.
After overcoming a few technical problems, the ships caught the trades and made quick, untroubled progress. The weather was perfect: clear blue skies, brisk and steady winds shoving big cotton clouds over the horizon, cool nights and balmy days, the overall effect one of languid, sloe-eyed sensuality. “The weather was like April in Andalusia,” Columbus wrote, “the only thing wanting was to hear the nightingales.”
But something curious did occur during the first voyage. A lookout saw them first, rising a long way off. Astonished, he sounded the alarm.
It was September 23, the fleet’s exact position unclear but the weather good, skies bright, no sign of a storm on any horizon. Nonetheless, the lookouts spotted immense swells marching slowly and silently toward the ships. Columbus and his captains turned the fleet into the oncoming seas and watched open-jawed as the surface of the ocean rose in great oil-smooth hills of blue and green. The swells lifted the ships to exhilarating heights but posed no danger.
What Columbus did not know was that these swells were most likely the advance guard of a hurricane rising hundreds of miles away, well out of sight – the same brand of swell Isaac observed as he stood on the seat of his sulky in Galveston four centuries later.
The ships continued their journey; Columbus opened the gates to the New World.
The more time Columbus spent in the waters of the Indies, however, the more he saw the flaws in his original appraisal of Caribbean weather. Water spouts danced among his ships. Tropical rains fell as if from a ruptured cask. Squalls tore the sails from his spars. By the time of his final voyage, Columbus had learned that the seas of the New World were both seductive and deadly, but in the process had become adept at reading the tropical skies for signs of trouble.
He was ready for his first true hurricane.
Four years before the storm, Ferdinand and Isabella, intending to reward Columbus, appointed him viceroy of the Indies. He reached Hispaniola in August of 1498 expecting to savor the perquisites of rank, but found rebellion and turmoil. When word came back to Spain that chaos, not the sovereigns, reigned in Hispaniola, Ferdinand and Isabella dispatched an emissary, Francisco de Bobadilla, to straighten things out. Secretly they had granted him extraordinary powers, which he demonstrated immediately upon his arrival. It did not help that as Bobadilla sailed into Santo Domingo harbor he saw seven Spanish corpses dangling from the gallows. Swaying palms were one thing; swaying countrymen quite another. He used the hangings as a pretext to arrest Columbus and lock him in chains, a degree of public humiliation that speaks clearly of some deeper passion filling Bobadilla’s portfolio. Greed perhaps, but certainly envy.
In October 1500 Bobadilla marched the iron-laced Columbus through town and on board a ship, La Gorda, bound for Spain. Bobadilla himself took over the administration of Hispaniola. After returning to Spain, Columbus remained in chains for six more weeks before the sovereigns released him. He pleaded for the license and funds to conduct one more great voyage. In a sign of new warmth toward the admiral, Ferdinand and Isabella commanded Bobadilla to assemble all the proceeds from trade and the mining of gold that were owed Columbus, and to place these in the custody of his designated agent. On March 14, 1502, the sovereigns granted Columbus another voyage. Like wise parents seeking to head off the wars of jealous children, they forbade him to stop at Hispaniola.
Columbus, delighted to be sailing again, set out with four caravels, and on June 29, 1502, found himself and his fleet off Hispaniola. He saw that a great convoy of thirty ships was being readied in the Ozama River at Santo Domingo for imminent departure, but did not know at the time this fleet was carrying Bobadilla and a vast fortune in gold, including his own share. That Bobadilla had consigned Columbus’s gold to the smallest and flimsiest of the convoy ships, the Aguja, was yet another mark of whatever hidden passion fueled his hatred. If any ship was likely to sink, it would be the puny Aguja.
Columbus has a least three good, practical, defensible reasons for what he did next: First, the departing convoy presented an excellent opportunity for getting mail from his own little fleet promptly back to Spain. Second, he wanted to trade one of his ships, a poor performer, for something a bit more spry. Third, the weather had taken an ominous turn, exhibiting the usual troika of storm signs: oily swells, oppressive heat, a red sky.
For all these good, practical, and defensible reasons, Columbus sent one of his captains ashore with a request to permit his fleet to enter the harbor, a clear violation of the sovereigns’ orders.
The new governor, Don Nicolas de Ovando, only laughed.
Stung, Columbus lead his ships to the leeward side of Hispaniola to place the mass of the island between the ships and the rising storm. He instructed his captains that if they became separated by the storm to meet in a harbor on Ocoa Bay, near what later became Puerto Viejo de Azua.
Meanwhile, with great fanfare – trumpets blaring, cannon roaring, banners streaming – the thirty-ship convoy ferrying Bobadilla and Columbus’s gold sailed from Ozama and made for the Mona Passage, the strait between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico that connects the Caribbean to the Atlantic.
The storm was a full-fledged hurricane. Columbus’s fleet, sheltered in the lee of Hispaniola, caught a glancing blow that nonetheless topped anything in severity that Columbus had so far confronted. “The storm was terrible,” he wrote, “and on that night the ships were parted from me. Each one of them was reduced to an extremity expecting nothing save death; each one of them was certain the others were lost.”
In a maneuver that went against customary marine practice, Columbus did not strike for open sea but instead brought his ship closer to shore to leverage further the windbreak afforded by the mountains of Hispaniola. His ship survived. On Sunday, July 3, he sailed his caravel into Ocoa Bay, the designated meeting place. He saw no sign of the others.
As his ship rocked gently in the gorgeous blue, its deck quiet but for the sounds of repair, Columbus watched the entrance to the bay through thermals of humid air.
A lookout would have spotted it first as a glint of white against the settling sea. He cried out, then perhaps wished he had not, as the glint disappeared and the ship eased back into the turquoise quiet.
But another spark followed, a true sign now. Sails and finally a ship. Followed by another. And, impossibly, yet another.
And what of Bobadilla?
The hurricane caught the convoy in the Mona Passage head-on, the eye passing close, perhaps directly overhead. It drove twenty of the gold ships to the bottom with all hands. One of these carried Bobadilla. In all five hundred mariners lost their lives. A few ships, gravely wounded, fought their way back to Santo Domingo.
Only one ship of the original thirty made it to Spain: the puny little Aguja, carrying Columbus’s gold.
So I ask you: success or failure? Tactical or Strategic? and whose?
It is nice to think that you can put the lessons of history into simple bins and categories. But it seems to me that a true explorer searches for the deeper lessons that apply not necessarily universally, but to the current time and the current exploration.
Do you think we will not encounter hurricanes on the way to the moon? Perhaps not. But we most definitely will encounter arrogance, ignorance, and stupidity.
So what lesson did you learn today?
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The Stanford World (Stanford, Mont.) 1909-1920, April 22, 1920, Image 1
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I. Vol. 11, No. 9 g $2.00 Per Year. MOISTURE PROSPECTS GOOD FOR RIG CROP County Agent Carl Peterson sends in the Following and It's Still snowing Any one who has attempted to travel our Central Montana roads . or walk across a grain field dur- ing the past month will testify to the fact that for the present at lea0 we have enough moi,ture ard the stt anger within our midst can hardly conceive that last year Montana passed through an ex- tremely dry SeaS011. If one studies the weather rec- erds of the U. S. Stations located at Lewistown, Utica, and Mocca- sin, some interesting comparisons can be made. Take for instance the precipi- tation recozAs at Lewistown for twe»ty-th:pe year period begin- ning in 1896 and ending in 1919, We find that the average precip- itation for the eight months be- ginning with September and in- cluding all of April is 8.69 inehes. For the same eight month period nsginning last September, the to- t nveipitation up to April 18. Was 10774--inehes, or 2.05 inches abave the average, and there is at this time, still twelve days left of this month, which may add to the total. rrth. reason these mouths precipitation is consid- ered is because the growing per- iod of winter wheat dates back from about September each year. Assuming that there will be a nor- mal average precipitation during May, June, July, and August, the total for the year ending August 31 will be 21.66 inches or 2.08 above the average. On the other hand should the precipitation during the next four months compare. with that of 1915, the total for the year will be 25.62 or .68 above the highest on record, that of 1909. Take for instance the records for the month of April alone indicate that the average is 1.34 . ittehese-while thistqtpril up tit • the 18th. the total was 2.14 inches and if there is no further precip- itation for the other twelve days of the month, it will then be the fourth weltest April on record, - bring only exceeded by that of 1896, 1903, and 1912, but present indications point to more rain and allow. The tecords at Lewistown are fairly comparable with fliOse of Utica and Moccasin, except that during the past eight months the precipiation at Lewistown has been a little less than at above points. ‘viiile in other years it has been greater, hence there is even more favorable outlook for mois- ture in the other districts of the county. Since the crop prospects in a neforb STANFORD, FERGUS COUNT V. lSONTANA, THURSDAY, APRIL 22:' 1920. seini-arid legion, such as we have, depends upon the annual precipi- tation, especially that of the five growing months, April, May, June, July, and August, we are this year at least getting a good iend off and with an even break during the balance of the season there should be at least all aver- age (lop of winter vheat har- vested. A few wet snow falls during the mouth of April are nee led for winter wheat in that it packs and thoroughly saturates the soil and at the same time develops a itrong vigorous root system. Summer Chautauqua A representative of the Ellison - White company was in town the latter part of last week and com- pleted arrangements for a four - day tent Chautauqua this Sam- alCr, about the middle of July. This Chautauqua will cover four days, with seven programs, embracing vocal and instrumental music, and 1 .. .endings, which are promised to be of as high a char- acter if not better than those giv- en last winter. In connection with the Chautauqua there will also be au . eight day play grounds course for the children of the city, four days before the open- ing of the Chautauqua and the four days thereof. The Ellison - White people will bring complete ground equipment with them and the work will be in Charge of competent directors trained in the work at the Portland, Oregon, grounds, which have the reputa- tion of being the greatest in the country and therefore in the world, by Capt. Upton, who lec- tured here last fall. There will be classes for children of all ages and a story hour for the little tots, and people of the city who Pre interested will at the same time be given instructions on how to continue the play ground work after the Ellison -White people have left. Want to Swap? Nearly all of our readers prob- ably have stored away somewhere some article for which they have no use, and which they would be glad to trade for !something they could use. For the next two months we ill insert for trade ads of five lines one time free. Dig up sonic of the old junk that is useless to von and try an ad. The success of our exchange columns is in di- rect proportion to its use. One may be successful in \nail- ing a lie - to the smokehouse door, hut the durned thing is still up there where the skeptical can see It. 0000000000000\000.000 0 0 0 •,.-cocionoon0oon0000n0o00000 , 0000; 000.\ 000000000000C 0000000C , Your Bank Your bank is your friend. If your proposition is right they are usually ready to \go\ with you. And if conditions are bad or your proposition is not, right, then the real !yank says \No.\ The banker's efperience makes him an expert in financial decis- ions that require a loan or advice. We are always pleased to go into - these matters with you regardless of whether it will mean business for us or not. We are here to help you and when occasion comes that you are in a position to favor us, be assured that it will be appreciated. Basin State Bank Stanford, Montana Capital $20,000.00 Surplus $10,000.00 o0000onononcon000000 n on _ Chinese Operetta Is Artistic Success The High School Girls' C . ortis orislented \The Feast of t! !le htinterns,'' a t'lli k atthe oper- gin, at the City Hall last Satin. - lay evening Iii a manner etleet- it g much credit upon themselves. rk ey h ere wor k e d f a ithf u lly fin d 5 Cents Per Copy NORTHWEST SMITTEN BY \OVERALL\ EPIDEMIC Many Clubs Organized as Protest Against Excessive Cost of Clothing - Overall ('hilts' are sweeping the eintiory. The idea, first put into operation ill Arkansas in an effort to fore,' down the cost of elothing, has been taken tip Eke the alluring strains of a popular melody and already the Overall brigade is stretehing it across I he count ry. Iteporls reeeived at the Ninth Vederal Reserve Distret Savings In•adotiarters in Minneapolis show that Overall clubs - are (tally being 1 . 4011014i Ill towns throughout the Northwest. Will- iPton, N. Dak. was the first to • jump into jeans. - In that city . 50 business and professional men signed on agreement to wear Gyeralls at all IMPS, l'XI4111 011 Sundays and at sovial affairs. • Winona, M inn., school boys (-aught the inspiration and classes i•t the Lineoln st.liool surprised their teachl ,r by appearing in bright tiew blue overalls. Other ! rooting , enteelotometas. int , ore Winona . sehools are following. told. are to go into an athletie Mil\ 01 .Y. Alma- eing(it . 11( t .. 0 1 we jki lii - ct pleasing. express the hope that the sehool at e\ \\tY hi g h , , The weather could not hava. rthlelic:: he a little wo r en geera ' -eloao. iron; treshmen to Heinors, been worse and the had roads s tn t : I s u l mi e h a ii r i . re 'l:1 1 ( t ) t i . it g under ins v handicap:4, and ile- mode a ttendance from the eoun- ierve the m eess they scored. try impossible: lent in 9site of this in providing funds and are en- ( \ Ii( ' ) ' 1 \b• The stage setting was beautiful. the hall was well tille). titled to connideralion in the pro -I A l \'Ivrt' M \ al - f \\\ win g The above flashlight picture gives The proveeds of this and two gram for athletics nest year. vole by the Bo •s' Conned, khaki 'ii•ousers were (I( tined by the boys tid girls prou dly devided to DRESSMAKING . SCHOOL !wear school drcl..'eti made or eat - IS WELL ATTENDED ton i taint Devetopment Assoeiation has Tim ii rainy, Friday, and Sat ttr-; CHURCH NOTES Systematic crop rotation, with the ! for its members: ifotroduetion of sumnier fallow -1 i hi slate %%le Pre';8 °f l i . S 1 t I : i . 'lliti . )3;n(111ilest g 1 1 a. in. and 8 p. last week were about the' M Ot mm111111110* gathered each last (I! the . year, yet - a pi c,,1 1 111 ( .;:la i _ - . Sehffi'll al 10 a. in. lag and summer tilled crops, has !US; the twwspai been the best mea»s of meeting txceptions, are interested in pro. 1 only goon marber of the W0111e11 young 's Service a t 7 p, mu drouth Conditions in the nort h- tooling any movemeut which will The two 11101111 gootl we , tt i t , t h e past few nears, at , - aid in the deN,elopment of the c.orditg.tsi Iiireetor F_ILL4usiev : t :t ili a r t h e t,i l l ind they believe the Mon - of the Montana Exne - riment Slat- j' itto th :,. v ,, e , 1 ,1 \1 , 1 ,7 nt aut ass o : ) .; t 1 ;A it t i ;: i n t i o i tt s lion. Director ['infield has just I on tana need:;. returned from a conference with With all this in mind we would agricultural authorities in lie- . gitut. Saskatchewan. Om. The ,,gain remind our nosnbers. es - meeting was called by the dep. , peeiall those in rural eomman- it tity minister of agriculture in 1i1 \ 1 the \ ews l i \ 1 \ 4* 1 \ elich community deserves hearty and Saskatchewan: liferal support. Wo all realize \The me» preaent at the meet- ing, - said Director Linfleld.. 1\1 \ 11Y )11111i \ e \ \111 ' 11 be \ dyer- but a faint idea of what it looked like. Tile dee01111j011S, costumes, end tousle were all orientrl in 111111111 II :111,1 the goiend e lre e t very ROTATION OF DROPS -------- -- 1 An Appreciaion IS BEST SOLUTION The 1,11b ial bulletin of the .N1011- day at the ( 'it y hall to reeeiye ,h ow i ng .. Th ere w ill b e - s p ec i a l intql•ttetiffit iti the art. of dresa-i more at both services next Sun - larking. . Mrs. Roosevelt. ., 1 -bit a\ Young Peop'e s Cl'ioir state (h.nionst rat ion agent , and!imi . ..tiee on Thursday night at M iss Hall were limit h lireael it the Mr. Dmitri 'a horn... Adult 's three days. An advanced eottrae choir praeliee on Priday night at i II lil*M411111 king is phtlInled for 0 h e o mei .h . ., this fall, wit Ii a full week of 'ii -1 The joint reeling of elders and struetion and OHO a ( . 1ffl Week on , i rust evi l will h e oii Thorudny ev _ the trimming of hats. 'flue work cuing a t 8 beim; thme in Statiffird is attract- !how, p. tn. ill 1)1.. Myrick 's ing attention in other sections of At t he reeling of Presbytery the county. Just today 8 let let- at Mot -Armin lest week elder C. W. - were agreed that the following • lised if it iH to reifinin itenitil • V * wits received Irani a itidY iii Flat- Strawinan, of Afoertain, and II. . . itee-”far clop tota ion Is mos Looking' ni the 011111 tir ill a ma \ willow asking information /14 10 A. Brown were chosen commis - successful against drouth : corn,1 1 ' • • oats or small grain seeded to . . newspaper van do a Innen more htlit , lits u hick the list tact wa v a well -supported state it pro- a t rhiladelpilia, May 20. Haulers to the General Assembly , how to proeeed to secure these ; sweet clover, the sweet clover for . eonstruetive and useful work in fing I h rough its extension Ben Peters will conduct the the eommunity t han a poori it.' Ii hay. This rotation has been found especially adaptable to . west. drouth conditions in the north- 11 „ , , 1 . • , , ..,',. ; 1 , 'Ph fellow who makes the big - .7:01 ( ( OM. Ina\- help 'ill\ \\ I \' w ill li \ 11 ,.gest splutter when he applies for r q behin I vow. newsiei ier --- - A mixture of brome grass and • ; it job is usually the one who alfalfa was reported by men at :passes omit of it without being the meeting to be a very good hay ' Every farmer who provides :missed. for drouth conditions. Sweet himself \vitt) as lovely a residence clover was a favorite crop fol. as his 'twain; will permit soy- ricultin.e men from North and nig 10 at13' community. This coin-, nt at the meeting were ag.- well eultivated farm, is a bless-, i r rotinfied- wth a »eat lawn and -a Present , FiRsT NATIoNn _ BANK NEws (month areas.\ South Dakota and Montana, as nomity may consider itself lucky 1 _ _______ _ well as from various points in indeed to have so many holtistri- 'Vol. 2 Canada. i oils farmers of this stamp. Young People's meeting on Sun- day night. Rev. II, A. Brown, pastor. At six months a baby walrus will eat 50 pounds of codfish a day. PRIVATE MOSQUE OF THE SULTAN o piow ,, „4„ nt.41 f ' ; l'3;1%tito• mosque of Stiltnit goes eta). Friday tom', prayer, 4.• Stanford, Mont., April 22, 1920 No. 9 A. J. Stough, President R. D. Taylor, Vice President Frank Meredith, Cashier J. F. Pieper, Asst. Cashier YOUR The road that yott travel to more out of life in goods, refine. rents, recreations, knowledge, and service. You want, for instance, a better house, better furniture, better conveniences, better transporta- tion, better machinery, better pro- fessiOnal services for health, ed- ucation, amt information. You want these satisfactions HOME TOWN largely because of the touch that your home town gives you with the world of thought, action, and ymn. home town may not be nehieventent. t , t.owileil with traffic fromnnorn- Wanting them, you strive for imig until night, nor free from niud them. That means progresa. ! holes at all aeasons of the year. Your home town makes it pos- But : it it; of more direct import- sible for you to get them, That mimic,' to VOU than the great coin- menus nwe efijoYmetit out of • ' mereial routes that the world maps show.. ! It is where eommeree from you 'fi t° the world begins and where ,( , t) i t s nerce from the world to you f It is your highway to the goods ; and aervicea—the satisfactions— ; of the world. Your home 10wIt may as yet ;have unpaved streets, only half - !dozen stores, and no big factor- ies, but it is of far . more import- ! itnee to you than tlie distant me- your touch with the world would Aropolis with its sky -scrapers and he difficult, your service from the its clamor. world would greatly diminish. Your home town is the point A good home town, connected where goods and ttervieek of the with your farm Ifiy a good road, world are gathered to serve you. itt one of the most vital require - life Think about these truths the item time you dritve down the road to your home town. That road and that town are the im- mediate mediums through which the world serves you. The doc- tors, the merchants, the news- paper Merl, the dentists, the drug- gists, and the other business and professional tnen of the town are agents of this service of the world to you. Without them, your home ;town praotically vanish, It is the !mount of connecting ments for offing front the world metiasimi•Li vi 01 Tur1:4 , ) atvildiz, w h ere In. V011 and your family with antis- the satisfactions that make life factions that enable you to get richer. --The Furrow. • • •
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It’s well understood that humans have the capacity to love a place, from a humble spot like their local beach or hiking trail to majestic destinations like Yosemite or Pt. Reyes. The intense feelings of pleasure we get from visiting these places for the first time can feel almost like falling in love.
Some economists wonder out loud how and why anyone in our modern world still chooses to practice agriculture as a vocation given the long hours and economic challenges involved: the math simply doesn’t add up. What they fail to quantify is the emotional attachment farmers have to the land they steward.
For most normal people, seeing a flat field of soil with crops growing on it may produce just a small amount of dopamine – a warm, fuzzy, pastoral feeling . But a farmer can fall deeply in love with even the most anonymous-seeming parcel, getting to know its topography, soil, and weather intimately. You experience traumatic events like floods or hailstorms as you would a family crisis. And just the way the sun hits a piece of land at a certain time and day can inspire an an intense emotional response.
The mandarin orange orchard we farm is on a piece of land that even a layperson can easily fall in love with. The ranch starts with a thin strip of alluvial soil along a long, winding seasonal creek and gradually rises up into the oak woodlands along the coast range. It is not just a productive farm, but an astonishingly beautiful place.
Bill Hamilton fell in love with this piece of land decades ago. A wildlife biologist at UC Davis, he planted walnut trees on the productive soil and dedicated himself to restoring the rest for wildlife. A few years into his love affair with the ranch, he ran out of money and had to sell a quarter of the land to pay the bills.
The couple that bought the land were pioneering young organic farmers at the time. They planted the mandarins — one of the first Satsuma mandarin orchards in Northern California — in one field and grew organic potatoes and other crops on the rest of it for over a decade. Of course they both fell deeply in love with the land they were farming, too.
Alas, love between two humans doesn’t always last. The couple divorced, and as is so often the case, had to sell the property as a result. During the ensuing years, Bill Hamilton’s walnut orchards had begun to produce bumper crops and he had become one of the world’s preeminent experts on tricolored blackbirds. Buying back the missing piece of his ranch was like finding a lost loved one.
But the ranch now had a mature and productive citrus orchard on it. Bill didn’t know what to do with it, so he asked a few of his farmer friends and they were kind enough to recommend Terra Firma. And so in the late 1990s we began helping take care of the orchard, and in the process, fell in love with the place too. We don’t spend much time there: the ranch is down a long, winding road and citrus is a relatively low-maintenance crop. But every time I go there, the place takes my breath away.
Bill Hamilton died in 2006 (his obituary is here), just after we had finished planting a second mandarin orchard on his ranch. But before he did, he made sure to permanently protect the land with a conservation easement. His wife Marion and daughter Susan still live on the land, which they love as much as he did. And we have continued helping them steward it.
Science has shown us that parental love is locked into our DNA due to its value in our evolution. I would contend that love of the land is just as significant in the evolutionary success of humanity. Parents feed their children until they leave the nest, but farmers feed the children for the rest of their lives. Emotional attachment to the land helps us keep doing it, even when logic tells us we should be doing something else.
We are happy and proud to have the opportunity to feed you and your families through our CSA, which helps us nourish our own love for the land we farm, and keeps us going.
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Thither (adv.) To that place; -- opposed to hither.
Thither (adv.) To that point, end, or result; as, the argument tended thither.
Thither (a.) Being on the farther side from the person speaking; farther; -- a correlative of hither; as, on the thither side of the water.
Thither (a.) Applied to time: On the thither side of, older than; of more years than. See Hither, a.
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Analog filters, composed of electrical components such as resistors, capacitors and op amps, have been used historically to filter continuous-time signals. In this lesson you will learn how a signal-processing system consisting of sampling, discrete-time filtering, and reconstruction is equivalent to an analog filter.
Sampling, discrete-time filtering, and reconstruction are often used in place of analog filters in many modern applications. The discrete-time approach is much more complex than an analog filter, but the relative cost is much less due to the inexpensive nature of digital electronics. Digital electronics also are much less sensitive to parameter drift, temperature, and other factors that affect the performance of analog filters.
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Scramble by researchers to monitor driving restrictions in Indian capital pays off.
New Delhi may be the world’s most polluted city, but it’s making an effort to relinquish that title. With pollution from particulate matter at potentially lethal levels early last December, city officials took a drastic step: they announced that they would temporarily restrict the use of private vehicles by allowing owners to drive only on alternate days, based on the sequence of their number plates.
The initial results of that 15-day trial, which began on 1 January, are now in. Although traffic actually increased in the first week of the ban, the levels of PM2.5 — particulate matter measuring less than 2.5 micrometres across — fell by roughly 10%. That is a victory not just for New Delhi officials, but also for the scientists who sprang into action to collect the data necessary to determine whether the test had achieved its goal.
“This experiment with ‘live research’ has been really quite exciting,” says Santosh Harish, assistant director of the India centre of the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago (EPIC-India). EPIC-India and the New Delhi-based Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW), an independent think tank, used video monitors around the city to document the types and numbers of vehicles on the roads. The groups had less than a month to collect baseline data before the driving restrictions began.
But they weren’t the only researchers interested in Delhi’s living lab. Economist Gabriel Kreindler of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge scrambled to secure human-study approval and funding for a survey of driver behaviour during the traffic restrictions. Within 18 days of the announcement of the driving ban, he had arrived in New Delhi to oversee a surveying team from the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab’s office there. Kreindler’s work eventually found that the alternate-day restrictions were well received by most drivers, who, in spite of the disruption, were willing to comply and alter their behaviour for short periods of time.
Other researchers built on work already under way. The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), a non-profit research and advocacy group in New Delhi, had been closely analysing government air-quality data since last October. By December, government monitors were recording daily levels of noxious PM2.5 in the range of 400–600 micrograms per cubic metre. This is much higher than the Indian legal standard of 60 micrograms (which itself is more than double the 25-microgram target threshold set by the World Health Organization).
PM2.5 particles cause more than 600,000 premature deaths in India each year, from lung cancer, asthma, and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. There is no known safe level for this pernicious pollutant.
The CSE’s analysis found that, despite unfavourable weather conditions, the peak pollution during the driving scheme was lower than it would have been without the restrictions in place.
This experiment with ‘live research’ has been really quite exciting.
“The region is geographically disadvantaged,” says M. P. George, a scientist with the government’s Delhi Pollution Control Committee. In winter, particulate levels can be twice as high as during the summer, because ‘inversion layers’ of warm air trap cold air close to the ground. This prevents pollution from dissipating into the atmosphere. Emissions from vehicles and construction dust also combine with raised levels of black carbon generated from winter sources — fires for warmth, brick kilns that are lit in the autumn, and widespread field burning in neighbouring states.
“It’s a very simple math,” says Sarath Guttikunda, director of the independent research group Urban Emissions, which is registered in New Delhi. “In winter, your air volume is going down and your emissions are going up.”
Because atmospheric conditions such as wind and temperature can greatly affect particulate-matter measurements, researchers from EPIC-India and the Evidence for Policy Design initiative at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, gathered data from air-quality monitors in New Delhi and placed monitors in three adjacent cities as a control. They found that the daily level of PM2.5 pollution in Delhi dropped by 10–13% during the vehicle restrictions. Hourly comparisons showed an even greater improvement, at times an 18% fall.
The question now is whether New Delhi, the capital of a nation with dozens of growing cities choked by pollution, can build on the experiment for long-term gains in air quality. “Delhi has to get it right,” says Namit Arora, a member of the pollution task force of the Delhi Dialogue Commission, a government initiative. This will require long-term strategies and coordination between local, regional and national efforts, he says, as well as a reduction in all sources of air pollution. Other researchers stress the need for more open-access data from a wide range of well-calibrated instruments.
But the driving-restriction experiment has given researchers a tantalizing glimpse of one possible future. “We need to re-imagine the way we think about cities,” says Hem Himanshu Dholakia, a research associate at the CEEW. “That’s the real opportunity.”
Related links in Nature Research
Sustainable mobility: Six research routes to steer transport policy 2015-Jul-01
Environmental science: Pollution patrol 2015-Jan-07
India races through environmental approvals 2014-Jul-08
Global health: Deadly dinners 2014-May-28
Development: Mobilize citizens to track sustainability 2014-Mar-30
Related external links
Council on Energy, Environment and Water
Centre for Science and Environment
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About this article
Cite this article
Subramanian, M. New Delhi car ban yields trove of pollution data. Nature 530, 266–267 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/530266a
This article is cited by
Disability-adjusted life years and economic cost assessment of the health effects related to PM2.5 and PM10 pollution in Mumbai and Delhi, in India from 1991 to 2015
Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2017)
Modelling the Behavioural Response to Congestion Pricing in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Transportation in Developing Economies (2017)
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InvokeAll is a method on the ExecutorService to start multiple submitted tasks simultaneously. The ExecutorService will use a platform thread from its pool to run the submitted task. Instead of using these expensive and resource-heavy platform threads, we can also use virtual threads to run the tasks submitted to the ExecutorService. This article will cover all the ways to implement the invokeAll method with virtual threads, structured concurrency, and platform threads.
InvokeAll with virtual threads
The first example we are going to look at uses virtual threads. We have a try-with-recourse statement that creates an executor that makes a virtual thread for each task. On line 8, the invokeAll method is called with a list of tasks.
After starting all the tasks we create a stream that will wait for the results and return them.
InvokeAll with structured concurrency
Structured concurrency is a new way of managing the lifetime of threads in Java. The lifetime is controlled through a StructuredTaskScope.
There are mainly two scopes, one with InvokeAny behavior and one with InvokeAll behavior. For this article, we are going to
implement InvokeAll. To make a StructuredTaskScope that waits till all threads are finished running, we need to call the
We need to call the fork method to add a task for the scope to execute. The scope.join() method call at line 7 will block till all the threads are done. At line 10, we check if an exception has been thrown before we get the results.
Because we are inside and scope, we will use the new
resultNow method to get the results from the futures instead of calling
This is the new preferred way because we have already waited for the threads to be done.
InvokeAll with platform threads
Platform threads are the threads we know from previous Java versions. These threads are tightly coupled to threads that are managed by the operating system. The example below looks like the first example that uses virtual threads because we use an ExecutorService. This time the ExecutorService we are using is a CachedThreadPool. This pool creates a new thread when needed but will reuse threads that have already finished their task.
This article looked at three ways of implementing the invokeAll method. We first used ExecutorService, which creates virtual threads for each task it needs to perform. After that, we saw how to make a StructuredTaskScope that behaves like the invokeAll method. The last example used the platform threads we are already familiar with from previous Java versions.
More about virtual threads in Java:
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If you are a parent of a child with cerebral palsy, you may have questions about how and why it occurred. Although there is no definite answer to this question, many medical professionals believe that birth injuries are a common cause of cerebral palsy in children.
This article will discuss the symptoms of cerebral palsy and what parents should do if they believe their child has the condition.
What is cerebral palsy?
Cerebral palsy is a neurological condition that impairs muscle coordination and can result in physical disability. Since it affects the part of the brain that controls movement and posture, it can lead to difficulty with walking, balance, coordination, facial expressions and general control. The condition may be due to a number of different causes, including traumatic incidents during labor or delivery.
Signs that your child may have cerebral palsy include:
- Unusual delays in speech
- Difficulties in meeting typical developmental milestones such as crawling or walking
- Involuntary but repetitive movements like muscle spasms or tremors
- Weakness in one side of the body or uneven muscle tone
If you recognize any of these signs in your child, then it’s essential to seek medical attention as soon as possible so that they can begin receiving appropriate treatment and support to help manage their condition.
If you believe a birth injury caused your child’s cerebral palsy, it is important to understand your legal rights and remedies. You may have the right to pursue financial compensation through a legal claim. Depending on the circumstances of the medical negligence or recklessness that led to the injury, you may be able to seek damages for pain, suffering, disability costs, rehabilitative therapy costs and more.
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A scotoma is a blind spot in your vision. Everyone has it, and it’s due to the lack of photoreceptors where your optic nerve exits your eyeball. Normally, it’s right at the center of your vision. It’s curious to note that most maps have Africa placed squarely in the center, and most are blind to it as well.
I’m a big fan of infographics, visualization tools that help us understand something faster than reading a long-winded explanation or a spreadsheet of data. It’s disappointed to see how Africa is usually missing from the global ones – especially in relation to technology.
I call this “Africa blindness”.
Luke Wertz linked one to me earlier today from the New Scientist on Twitter saying, “Notice anything missing from this image? Oh yea, the ENTIRE continent of Africa.”:
It’s a good graphic, really well designed and it does gets a point across. However, it’s missing two continents: Africa and Australia. Thank goodness, we’re not just dealing with Africa-blindness, but Oz-blindess too. 🙂
Here’s another great technology infographic, this time by XKCD where he’s showing the IPv4 space (that’s how you get an IP address). Note the glaringly obvious fact that the entire continent of Africa has the same-sized IP allocation as the likes of Apple and half as much as Japan.
Is there a case for Africa Blindness in tech?
A part of me can understand how a graphic designer sitting in the US or Europe, tasked with creating a graphic, would bypass Africa. After all, if you’re not from the continent, you surely don’t think of it as having much relevance in the high-tech world. On top of that, it’s not always easy to find web and mobile data in Africa as it is in the rest of the world. The first is an issue of education and media focus. The second is far more serious of a problem.
You’d think that finding aggregate information on tech in Africa would be fairly easy to find. It’s not, at least not for free like it is for much of the rest of the world. If anyone should know this, it’s me. After all, this is what I spend a great deal of time tracking…
July 20, 2009 at 7:11 pm
Africa, at least most of the continent, is irrelevant.
We have to earn our rightful place at the table.
July 20, 2009 at 8:18 pm
Quite the opposite on my part. Whenever I see a map of the globe the only place I see is Africa and then in nanoseconds my eyes do an out line of Kenya in search of Nairobi. Sure, I am good with geography and can locate all or almost all the approxi. 200 countries but my mind will switch to the other land masses on a need to know basis.
July 20, 2009 at 8:35 pm
On the relative internet / economic sub par status of Africa the reasons are two fold. First, African’s relational modes are heavy on oral and face to face communication. I am an extreme example: while I can afford a phone, any attempts to own one have never lasted more than two months for a maximum of two attempts. The only communication I do is face to face, person to person unless I have no choice (work purposes or downtime online browsing). The second reason is energy and related resource generation which, clearly, the other continents harness large quantities of energy from sources such as coal, nuclear, hydro, and so on and have enormous infrastructure systems on which their information age sits.
July 20, 2009 at 8:40 pm
@African – I can understand your personal reasons on the tech-side of things. However, I can’t help but point out the massive amounts of natural energy resources that a number of African nations sit upon (oil, natural gas).
July 20, 2009 at 9:24 pm
I think that the greater problem is in the fact that most all of these charts are compiled by folks in the US and the US loves, loves, loves numbers. As opposed to looking at the lump base of users (which is important, but not definitive), they should actually be looking at the percentage of user growth. When you take that in to account, you would see that the US would be nearly flat when compared to a place like say, South Africa or other African nations taken in relation to the total number of users from the previous year to measure the actual growth of the user base. Africa has fantastic growth year after year and why few are paying attention to that, is the bigger question of blindness. I suppose it’s because few investors want to put their money in the continent even to this date, although it’s the place where real business is going to happen over the next decade.
On a more personal note, these statistic questions are annoying to me personally as I get asked them about my projects all the time to which I’ve just started responding, “Oh, we have 230 million users. We’re just staying ahead of Facebook. Why do you ask?” Rarely have I seen any numbers question turn in to any kind of interesting conversation, although I’m still trying to keep an open mind.
As to the IP mapping chart, it would be a lot more fair if people tracked which VSAT IPs that are currently linked with Europe are actually the front for African traffic. I know that friends in Liberia appear as being from Israel or England and when I was in Congo, I appeared to be from Belgium or Italy (if at a UN office.) This will sort out better once all of this new cable comes online.
July 21, 2009 at 5:38 am
Is it the lack of media focus on Africa? I doubt it. I think it’s more of an issue of the businesses, people & organizations who are on the ground not making information available. I personally wonder if this is an issue of accountability. Another reason why westerners & the rest of the world are so uneasy about engaging Africa. There’s no info, b/c there is no accountability. Bill Easterly has made his name of late on this issue. Aid organizations (gov’t, UN & private) don’t do it or they do it while grumbling and even then only in one language on a piece of paper you have to go pick up in their office of who knows where. In other words, they make it as difficult as possible to access if it even exists.
And on the other hand we have businesses that are corrupt. We can argue a lot about how much corruption by private or public individuals impacts the free market, but the reality is that the rest of the world won’t engage when they don’t feel safe about how their money is being used, when information isn’t available, when maps without any info on Africa keep popping up.
Kind of looks like it’s taking on a chicken and egg scenario.
I tend to think it’s more an issue of your first note, education. Media focuses in on what people want to hear. If the population isn’t educated, they’ll just listen to what’s cool instead of what is reality. Another chick/egg problem. Which comes first? I know the idea is that media educates, but that’s some of the problem. Real, actual, book & school education is needed. Quality media should follow. We shouldn’t rely solely on the media to educate us.
Dare I say it’s a case of branding? A conversation is happening on twitter #brandafrica discussing all kinds of issues. Who is branding Africa? How should it be branded? What should be branded? Should it be branded as 1 or as 53 countries?
Perhaps I’m going off a bit off topic, but I feel like all these issues (and many, many more) play into your theory of ‘Africa Blindness’.
July 21, 2009 at 6:35 am
The dark spot in the first graphic could either be a blind spot or a black hole – from which information can never hope to escape. @miquel has a good point about numbers… No ones really compiled accurate numbers on Africa, making it difficult to compare it to the rest of the world. Without numbers, investors are less likely to be attracted to what is otherwise a potentially huge return on investment.
Branding is critical, but ultimately information sharing between African countries will lead to greater transparency which makes Africa easier to ‘sell.’
July 22, 2009 at 4:54 am
I think the glass is half full. The question, for me, is not why there is blindness, (since there is), it is, what am I doing to take advantage of the current situation because we know the blindness will lift?
We are already seeing the lifting in some areas. There is a sizable amount of work going into outsoursed content creation in these parts of the world, and we are quickly going to get into a human resource problem.
Say, the fiber optic kicks in by the end of next week (SEACOM is on the 23rd July 09, but hey?) , are we ready for the opportunities that will be staring at us in the eyes, once we shut our mouths after the celebrations?
July 22, 2009 at 10:25 pm
I don’t think it is an issue of data. The Data is available. google “Internet users in Africa” and you will have some data to work with.
Africa is sometimes referred to as the dark continent but pretty soon it will be in the light.
July 30, 2009 at 4:02 am
I don’t understand your frustration. You’re comparing a continent to individual countries. The above graphics just lists 7 top countries, non of them is in Africa or Australia. If Africa would be one country, then we would see much different maps:)
August 8, 2009 at 11:51 am
Why wouldnt Africa use such little internet when more than 50% of its population is under the age of 15, when 60-70% of its population is in rural areas, when GDP per capita is under $1000 in most countries (not enough disposable income for computers) ?
The disparity is even worse when you exclude North Africa and South Africa. After all, while at AfriNIC (the African registry) I wrote software that auto-generated charts on IPv4 resource usage (www.afrinic.net/statistics) and you find that South Africa ALONE accounts for 60% of IPv4 usage with Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria accounting for another 15% or so. Those countries happen to be highly urbanized, have much higher per capita income than much of Africa and have inexpensive fibre connectivity to the rest of the world.
On the bright side African countries can catch up with the rest of the world as long as they invest in all the associated infrastructure like power, fibre connectivity, like teaching computers in schools, like training on open-source technologies. The growth of mobile shows that there is a demand in the African market for technology like anywhere else and having a young population can only be an asset for the rise of the internet because the young are everywhere eager and ready to learn.
September 1, 2009 at 8:39 am
Africa can score higher in Technology. If the fundamentals are taught at an early age, a lot of ideas currently expressed in the free industry could all be done through technology.
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Despite having many fond memories of celebrating a holiday centered around gratitude and togetherness, Thanksgiving no longer has the same charm of my childhood. Growing up, we learned about Native Americans teaching Pilgrims to fertilize corn crops with fish to help them grow. We were told they celebrated togetherness, and without the indigenous people who occupied this land before us, the colonists would not have survived. Then we are supposed to ignore 400 years of systematic decimation and oppression against the very people who helped us settle and thrive in these United States.
Ignorance was bliss. As a child, I grew up making clothespin Pilgrims and Native Americans, and construction paper turkeys shaped like my hands. I enjoyed Thanksgiving. But the horrific relationship stemming from that first Thanksgiving is far from enjoyable.
There’s a lot of debate about the history of Thanksgiving: what food was actually served, who first proclaimed it, did it celebrate a massacre of Pequot people, or did the tradition begin in 1621 after the Wampanoag people and the English colonists of Plymouth Bay harvested and shared their bounty as friends? Regardless of technicalities, our track record as a country has tainted the mythic harmony between Puritans and Native Americans.
Dakota Access Pipeline
This contradictory history came to a head last year as people across the country prepared to feast on turkey and mashed potatoes with gravy while the First Nations people of the Standing Rock Sioux tribe were having their land destroyed by an oil company, backed by mercenaries and police, could reap huge profits. Just four days before Thanksgiving 2016, we watched Dallas Goldtooth and others livestream protesters being shot with water cannons in temperatures as low as 23 degrees. All of this happened on their own land, without their consent, despite the fact these tribes are supposed to have sovereignty over how their land is used. And we ate turkey anyway.
We watched men in masks threatening Native Americans at a hotel close to the protest, and police officers preventing supplies from reaching the camps and burning the sacred belongings of Native Americans so that a corporation and then President-elect Trump could make money. Security forces used attack dogs on protesters who disagreed with someone abusing land that is rightfully theirs, and we worried about whether or not the cranberry sauce was homemade.
A legacy of terror
It is impossible to celebrate Thanksgiving without acknowledging our past misdeeds. United American Indians of New England have made a new tradition by establishing a National Day of Mourning on Thanksgiving. The historical treatment of indigenous people in this country is a vomit-inducing disgrace and warrants more mourning than gratitude.
I hoped the federal government would help First Nations’ struggles at Standing Rock, only to be disheartened by the disinterest of our government and society. Having that hope is symbolic of my place of privilege. So is growing up thinking Native Americans and Pilgrims used to eat food together. We need to take a hard look at our dark past.
The Trail of Tears was very real and disgraceful. Searching for Wounded Knee on Google calls the brutal slaughter of 300 Native Americans a U.S. victory. The chemical warfare of smallpox blankets used to eradicate indigenous people and boarding schools where the U.S. government would kidnap Native American children and whitewash tribal cultures are tragedies. The belief held by the boarding schools was that one could “kill the Indian, save the man.” These grotesque parts of U.S. history are shameful and I am not thankful for them. Knowing the truth is more important than comfortably accepting sanitized exclusion.
Colonialists and missionaries have the longstanding incorrect belief they are helping by erasing primitive cultures and saving people by bringing them into our superior standards of living. The idea of the United States as a melting pot only works if you respect all of the people and cultures involved, not if you expect the pot to melt everyone down to whiteness.
In order to celebrate Thanksgiving properly, we as a country have to acknowledge we are responsible for tragedy. We have to take responsibility for our horrific past and learn from it so we can move forward in a positive direction capable of curating the harmony we boast in the Thanksgiving myth. It won’t be easy.
Celebrate with action
The first step toward a climate of respect involves actually respecting people. Everyone likes the golden rule, but this is usually used to benefit the self, not potentially harm the self in order to help the marginalized. Ta-Nehisi Coates wrote in his new book, We Were Eight Years In Power, that he can’t imagine groups in power will relinquish control in order to make things right, but we should.
Respecting tribal sovereignty is the first step. First Nations not only deserve respect of existing treaties, but we should also be looking at broader representation. Two senators and two representatives in congress specifically for First Nations people does not undo 400 years of an abusive relationship, but possessing voting power and congressional advocacy for Native Americans by Native Americans could be a good start.
More official apologies would probably be appropriate. Associated Students of Portland State Vice President Donald Thompson III frequently acknowledges our presence on stolen land from indigenous people when speaking in public, bringing awareness to this overlooked issue. We need more of that, all the time. We need to demand a better future for all of our citizens. We can’t demand better if we don’t truly acknowledge the wrongs of our past. We can’t move forward if we don’t recognize the problems we continue to perpetuate. We can’t celebrate the unity of Thanksgiving without treating Native Americans with the respect and dignity all citizens of this country deserve.
The Jake Johnson Experience is an ongoing column by Jake Johnson.
Very good article. I am with you on this holiday. I cannot stand this holiday and I refuse to partake in it. Growing up I was taught about the harmony and peace and good ol fashion love these groups had. And then I also played Cowboys and Indians where the Indians were always the bad people.
That’ll change when I was in high school and learned the true genocide that we did to the natives. I was disgusted and revolted.
No way in hell am I going to celebrate a holiday that is as fake as a snack cake*.
PS: fake as a snack cake is from a song. I still have trouble deciphering what it means but it was on the top of my head.
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|Posted: Jan 10, 2018|
Atomically controlled gas sensing(Nanowerk News) An international team of scientists, including those from the LCN at UCL, have solved the stucture of a gas sensing surface of tin dioxide, opening the way to advanced device design (Physical Review Letters, "Structure of the SnO2(110)-(4×1) Surface").
|The basis for the gas sensing as well other applications of tin oxide is the reducibility of the oxide, which allows it to readily and reversibly release oxygen in the presence of reactants such as carbon monoxide or hydrocarbons, and to facilitate adsorption of molecules such as oxygen. The changes in electrical conductivity of this semiconductor resulting from these surface processes are the basis for the material’s gas-sensing characteristics. Because of this, it has long been a goal of fundamental research to characterise the structural, physical, and chemical properties of tin oxide surfaces.|
|The structure of the tin dioxide surface determined in this work along with a simulation of the scanning tunnelling microscope image. (Image: London Centre for Nanotechnology)|
|The (110) plane of tin oxide, the mineral cassiterite, is the most stable under ambient conditions and therefore will be the most abundant termination of the gas sensor. This is the surface that the team investigated with a number of experimental and theoretical techniques, including those available at the Diamond Light Source at Harwell Laboratory.|
|The lead author of the work, Lindsay Merte, comments “the tin oxide (4 × 1) termination is one of a handful of gas sensor related surfaces to have its quantitative structure determined. It can now serve as a useful model for fundamental studies of tin oxide surface chemistry and a basis for further studies that should help resolve the complex behavior of the surface under different conditions”|
|Considering the importance of tin oxide surface electrical conductivity in gas-sensing applications, it is a natural question whether upon formation of the (4 × 1) termination the surface becomes metallic. To address this, we have evaluated the electronic properties of the upper layers in our structure. This shows that the surface remains semiconducting, which is a necessary requirement for gas sensing.|
|Source: London Centre for Nanotechnology|
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If you’re a good plant parent, you would want to get rid of the slugs and snails in your garden, as these can cause more damage than other garden invaders. Several slug killers like sprays and baits are available in the markets, but can something as simple as coffee grounds deter slugs?
Coffee grounds will deter slugs because they are toxic and can slow them down. Some studies suggest that coffee grounds stimulate mucus production in slugs, making it difficult for them to crawl smoothly. However, dregs act like a pest repellent and are not always enough to protect vulnerable plants.
Read on to know more about how you can use coffee grounds to get rid of slugs, its advantages and disadvantages, why slugs dislike coffee, and a few alternatives, non-toxic methods that slugs are not fans of.
Why Do Slugs Dislike Ground Coffee?
According to experts, the effect of ground coffee on slugs is debatable, but most studies suggest that slugs dislike coffee. Although the exact reason is not clear, a few theories state why coffee grounds deter slugs:
- Since the coffee grounds’ texture is abrasive and grainy, slugs find it difficult to cross them with their soft bodies.
- The chemicals in caffeine can cause damage to the nervous system. As a result, slugs experience uncoordinated writhing, irregular heartbeats, and loss of energy.
- Coffee grounds, in general, can be toxic to slugs and can slow them down.
- Slugs detest the mere smell of coffee grounds, so they move far away from caffeine content.
- The ingredients in coffee grounds stimulate mucus production in slugs. Consequently, the slugs will have a hard time crawling over their mucus.
Coffee grounds are widely used as a natural pesticide to get rid of mollusks like snails and slugs. Furthermore, caffeine can suppress weeds and eliminate fungal pathogens. It can even keep pets like cats, dogs, and rabbits away, minimizing the garden’s damage.
Pros and Cons of Using Coffee Grounds in the Garden
The advantage of using coffee grounds is that it keeps slugs, snails, fungal pathogens, and pets away from your garden. Furthermore, it is an excellent fertilizer that contributes to water retention, drainage, and aeration in the soil. However, it is not practical to put out a good portion of coffee every day.
Also, keep in mind that it is not good to spread a thick layer of coffee grounds on the soil. As the dregs stick together, plants won’t get enough water and sunlight. This can result in stunted growth and even lead to the death of the plants.
You can use coffee grounds temporarily to keep your garden plants in good shape. But in the long run, it is best to seek professional help or use alternative options to get rid of garden pests.
Having said that, if you have used coffee grounds that are going to the trash anyway, distributing it in your garden isn’t a bad idea.
How to Use Coffee Grounds to Get Rid of Slugs
If you are dealing with slugs in your garden, try using coffee grounds to eliminate the mollusk. The procedure is pretty simple. Follow these steps to keep pests away:
- Take some coffee grounds, preferably fresh ones.
- Sprinkle the grounds in a thin layer on the soil. Coffee grounds are acidic, so don’t go overboard with the sprinkling as too much acidity in the soil will kill the plants. Moreover, do not put the coffee on plant leaves where beneficial insects may be present.
- Add carbon-rich materials like dried leaves or newspapers to balance the coffee grounds.
Using Coffee Grounds in Garden
Gardeners love coffee grounds, not just because it deters slugs. Here are a few benefits of caffeine you should know about:
Coffee Grounds As Fertilizer
Caffeine is rich in nitrogen, due to which it is an excellent fertilizer. The microorganisms present in the soil love coffee grounds as it promotes their growth and attracts earthworms beneficial for plant growth.
Coffee also adds organic material to the soil and improves water retention, drainage, and aeration. Fresh coffee grounds are acidic, whereas used ones are neutral. Hence, try to use fresh grounds for acid-loving plants.
While sprinkling coffee on soil, mix it with materials rich in carbon. These include dried leaves, bits of wood, newspapers, etc.
However, do not use too much coffee grounds on the soil because it can do more damage than good.
Coffee Grounds As Mulch
Coffee grounds not only benefit the soil but also act as a good barrier to unwelcome guests in the garden.
The caffeine content in coffee beans suppresses other plants’ growth to reduce competition for space, sunlight, water, and nutrients. One obvious solution is not to sprinkle coffee grounds near seedlings, as their growth may be inhibited.
Be careful not to spread a thick layer of coffee grounds, as it will form a solid crust that will prevent air and sunlight from entering the soil. Also, the ground particles stick together and form barriers, resisting water penetration. This will lead to the plants dying of thirst.
Use variable particle sizes of coffee grounds to prevent barrier formation.
Coffee Grounds as a Natural Pesticide
As mentioned already, coffee grounds suppress weeds and repel pests. Though it does not fully eliminate pests, it does the job to an extent. Additionally, caffeine keeps cats, rabbits, and dogs away, thereby minimizing damage in the garden.
But if you are a pet owner, remember that coffee is harmful to pets. While using caffeine to keep them away is good for your plants, see that your pet does not consume the coffee grounds.
Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that can instill the effect of drowsiness in pests. It can even kill many insects feeding on the plants.
Home Remedies to Get Rid of Slugs
There are a lot of ways to get rid of slugs other than using coffee grounds. These home remedies are natural and will not harm your soil. Besides, there is no need to spend your hard-earned money on slug repellents.
Use Plants That Deter Slugs
Certain plants give off a scent that slugs dislike. Planting them in your garden will prevent this mollusk from wandering around. A few examples of slug beating plants are astrantia, fennel, anise, and rosemary.
Use Wool Pellets
Slugs find the itchy and rough texture of wool very annoying. Spin wool to create small pellets and place them at different places in your garden. As they don’t like moving over the coarse texture, they are likely to find another place to chill.
Use Copper Tape
Copper reacts with slug slime to give a mild electric shock. Paste the tape on to plant pots, raised beds, or anything you want to protect from these hungry mollusks.
Set Up Organic Slug Baits
Using slug baits is an efficient way to get rid of slugs. All you have to do is sprinkle the bait on the soil. When the slugs come in contact with the bait, they stop feeding and die within a few days.
A good bait is one that is organic and unharmful to pets and other mammals. Slug baits with iron phosphate are the most accepted bait. Avoid using products with poisonous ingredients like methiocarb and metaldehyde, as these can be toxic to mammals.
The most effective way to eliminate slugs is to encourage slug predators like birds, toads, and badgers. Chickens are also widely used to get rid of slugs. This natural method does not pose any risks while contributing to the food chain.
Use Materials With Sharp Edges
Since slugs have soft bodies, they detest prickly materials. A few examples of such barriers include grainy sand, eggshells, needles, and thorns. The sharp surface hurt slugs, and they are likely to leave the area. Also, be careful not to go barefoot into your garden after leaving barriers with sharp edges.
Beer is not only a great beverage but also a slug attractant. Take a small container, and fill it with beer. Place the container on the ground where slugs are most active.
These mollusks will be attracted to the beer and gradually crawl onto the container. While trying to take a sip, the slugs will fall in and drown.
Ensure that the container’s rim is at least 1 inch above the base to prevent the ground beetles from falling into the beer. Ground beetles feed on slugs and are good bugs.
Overall, coffee grounds and gardening work well together. Using caffeine is a widely accepted natural way to get rid of slugs and other pests. Remember that a thick layer of coffee dreg on the soil can damage your plants. Therefore, sprinkle some grounds so that it forms a very thin layer on the soil.
Here is a video showing how coffee grounds affect slugs:
One thing to keep in mind is that many gardeners do not prefer using coffee grounds to repel slugs, simply because they could not obtain the desired results. Hence, you may want to have a backup plan in mind if it doesn’t work.
- Nature: Coffee breaks slugs
- PCC Markets: Controlling Slugs With Coffee
- Earth Easy: Natural Slug Control
- Slug Help: Coffee Grounds Against Slugs and Snails: Do They Really Work?
- SF Gate:How to Kill Slugs With Caffeine
- The English Garden: How to Get Rid of Slugs: 10 Solutions
- 5 Simple Ways to Use Coffee Grounds in the Garden
- GrowVeg: A Common-Sense Guide to Using Coffee Grounds in the Garden
- Savvy Gardening: How to Get Rid of Slugs in the Garden
How Do Coffee Pods Work?
Coffee pods save time without affecting the coffee flavors. How do coffee pods work? Find out more by reading our article.
Can You French Press Coffee Twice?
French Press coffee is rich and robust, especially the first time through. Can you french press coffee twice? Read our article to find out more.
Why Does My Coffee Taste Bitter?
Strong coffee shouldn't taste bitter. In this piece, we explore why coffee may taste bitter and suggest ways to prevent this.
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composed by Chopin
Etude Op. 25, No. 7 in C-sharp minor composed by Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849) is for a piano technical study. The melody part is played by the left hand. It is sometimes called “Cello” as a term of endearment. There are several arrangement for Cello solo accompanied by Piano. The arrangements by Auguste Franchomme (1808-1884), Jules de Swert (1843-1891), and Władysław Tarnowski (1836-1878) are in d minor. On the other hand, the arrangement by Glazunov, Alexander Konstantinovich (1865-1936) is in e minor, which is the most poplar one.
Score & part notes
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Grow your own oak tree
- Collect ripened acorns from the ground during autumn.
- Float test: put all the acorns in a bowl of water; discard the ones that float.
- Put the acorns in a container/plastic bag with potting soil.
- After 2-3 weeks, check the acorns to see if a root has emerged.
How do you grow oak trees from acorns?
- So here’s how to grow an oak tree from an acorn: Find some healthy acorns, without cracks or anything. Soak them in water for 10-24 hours. Stick two or three toothpicks in the top half of the acorn, pointy part facing down. Get a glass, a vase, or a glass bottle and fill with water to the top. Stick
- 1 How do you grow an oak tree from an acorn?
- 2 How long does it take for an acorn to sprout?
- 3 How long does it take to grow an oak tree from an acorn?
- 4 How do you sprout an acorn in water?
- 5 Which way up do you plant an acorn?
- 6 What can I do with fallen acorns?
- 7 How do you grow an oak tree indoors?
- 8 Do acorns grow roots or shoots first?
- 9 How long does it take for an oak tree to grow 30m high?
- 10 How do you tell an acorn from an oak tree?
- 11 When should oak trees be planted?
- 12 What falls from oak trees in spring?
- 13 Can you root an acorn in water?
- 14 How do you grow an acorn at home?
- 15 How do I know when an acorn is ripe?
How do you grow an oak tree from an acorn?
Acorns of bur, pin and red oaks can be planted in fall or stratified seed can be sown in spring. When planting acorns, place the seeds one-half to one inch deep. Choose a planting site where the oak seedlings can receive good care for one to two years before they are transplanted to their permanent locations.
How long does it take for an acorn to sprout?
Acorns grow roots first, long before they grow shoots. Acorns will germinate 2-4 weeks after planting (if they haven’t already done so in the refrigerator!) Roots will be substantial and some shoots will appear 8-10 weeks after planting. Most shoots should be visible by week 14.
How long does it take to grow an oak tree from an acorn?
The newly planted tree will become fully established in about three years. Until that time, water and fertilize it as needed. As it grows, we all benefit. To properly plant an acorn is good…to ensure it survives is golden.
How do you sprout an acorn in water?
Soak them in water for 10-24 hours. Stick two or three toothpicks in the top half of the acorn, pointy part facing down. Get a glass, a vase, or a glass bottle and fill with water to the top. Stick the acorn in the water making sure its nearly all covered in water.
Which way up do you plant an acorn?
Add acorns to compost Fill a small flowerpot, yogurt pot or plastic cup with peat-free compost mixed with some sand or sawdust. Push the acorns into damp compost mix, one per container. Make sure the more pointed end is facing upwards.
What can I do with fallen acorns?
Hunters use them as deer bait, so they will often buy them and spread them during hunting season. Creative people use acorns in crafts, especially during the holiday season. Some ideas for acorn crafts include, wreaths, picture frames, candles, jewelry, animal shapes, and Christmas ornaments.
How do you grow an oak tree indoors?
Keep the potting mix moist and cool. In spring you can move the pot to a warm sunny (or under artificial lights) location to encourage shoot growth. Move your oak tree outdoors for the summer. In fall you can move it indoors in a cool room or sheltered area where temperatures do not drop below 20 degrees.
Do acorns grow roots or shoots first?
A Shoot Appears First, the roots grow down into the soil. The roots take up water and help the new tree to stand firm. Then, a shoot begins to grow above the ground.
How long does it take for an oak tree to grow 30m high?
Any ordinary well drained soil, tolerant of clay, produces best quality timber on heavy soil. TREE 15ft x 8ft (4.6m x 2.4m) in 20 years, ultimate height 100ft (30m).
How do you tell an acorn from an oak tree?
Look for the presence of hard-shelled acorns on or about a tree. This is the easiest way to tell if a tree is an oak, allowing you to focus on identifying the specific species. Acorns are oblong or rounded nuts that have a cap on them, with the cap attaching to the branches of the tree.
When should oak trees be planted?
Start by gathering mature acorns, when they drop to the ground in the fall. Since they quickly lose their viability if they are stored under dry conditions, it is best to plant them immediately or to stratify them.
What falls from oak trees in spring?
These stringy brown tassels are called catkins or tassels. They are the male pollen structures produced by oak trees (Quercus spp.). They hang in the trees like tassels on the end of bike handlebars, releasing their pollen into the wind to fertilize the female flowers.
Can you root an acorn in water?
Add just enough water to make it all moist. Plant the acorn between the paper and the side of the bottle. Place a ‘collar’ made of sugar paper or the equivalent around the outside of the bottle to cut out light, but make it easy to slip on and off so that the progress of germination can be observed.
How do you grow an acorn at home?
How to grow
- Loosely fill the pot with compost leaving around a 2.5cm (1in) gap between the compost and the top of the pot.
- Make four spaced holes at the edge of the pot with your finger and put an acorn in to each hole.
- Water the pot and place it outside, you may need to protect the acorns from animals and birds.
How do I know when an acorn is ripe?
Wait for the darker acorns to fall before you harvest. If they all fall in a green state, do not shell them until they turn brown. Brown is ripe! TIP: An acorn with a small hole in the shell has a worm in it.
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This idea uses the giant plastic bull's-eye, based on this strategy from the fabulous Kristina Smekens, and some balls from Hungry Hippos.
Gist: Teams aim a ball with their answer choice on the target to knock their opponents out of the rings and to try to win the most points.
Why Do It? A little competition, balanced with collaboration with one's teammates, added with the fun of aiming ANYTHING at a target, makes this an engaging way to get students answering questions.
-ball pit balls (one for each team)
-dry erase markers (one for each team)
Directions to Make:
None if you've already made your bull's-eye. Find more directions here.
1. Push desks out of the way to clear floor space for the bull's-eye.
1. Distribute one worksheet to each student or otherwise project/share questions for them to answer.
2. Divide students into teams.
3. Give each team one ball (I use a different color for each team, or since the balls are numbered from Hungry Hippos, each team could have a number.
4. Each team talks together to answer the first question.
5. One player from each team writes the answer on their ball using dry erase marker.
6. Those players are the first to roll. They stand outside the target with their feet off the plastic. For the first round, all teams roll at the same time. Their feet cannot touch the plastic during their roll.
7. Teams score the points for the ring their ball landed in if their answer is correct. Correct answers that stopped outside the target get 1 point.
8. Teams work together again to answer the next question. The next player up writes the answer on the ball. FOR EACH ROUND AFTER THE FIRST, players roll one at a time, starting with the team with the HIGHEST point total. Each subsequent team can try to knock other teams out of the rings. Starting with the highest scoring team keeps the competition hot!
9. Check answers, add points, and continue until all questions are answered or the end of playing time.
Caution and Tips:
-You may want to let teams practice rolling first or let them use that 1st round to really get a feel for it. It's harder than it looks and requires a pretty gentle roll.
-Set clear expectations for how to handle the ball. For example, it is to be ROLLED, not chucked, pitched, kicked, etc.
-As with Hungry Hippos, be prepared for some giggling with the word "ball." Yeah. You can consider milder alternatives like sphere, round object, etc. But remember to loosen up and enjoy the fun, too.
-Set expectations up front about how to respond if someone rolls VERY badly. Some kids are very uncomfortable with anything loosely resembling an athletic exercise or that requires aiming.
-Keep teams small. 3-4 students is probably best. Any more than that and someone will sit back and ride on his or her teammate's coattails or get off-task.
-Be sure to check out how the bulls'-eye can be used to narrow multiple choice answer options, supporting evidence, etc!
-The bull's-eye can also be used as a great Homework Buster--students evaluate answers to an assignment question to discover exemplar answers.
-See how to use the target as a Lecture Buster or exit ticket too!
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General description and introduction to how Decidim works
Decidim, from the Catalan for "let’s decide", is a digital infrastructure for participatory democracy, built entirely and collaboratively as free software. More specifically, Decidim is a web environment (a framework) produced in Ruby on Rails that allows users to create and configure a website platform or portal, to be used in the form of a social network, for democratic participation. The portal allows any organization (local city council, association, university, NGO,trade union, neighborhood or cooperative) to create massive democratic processes for strategic planning, participatory budgeting, collaborative regulatory design, urban spaces design and elections. It also enables the organization of in-person meetings, signing up for them, the publication of minutes, proposing points for the agenda and receiving notifications of the results. Decidim can also help organizing governing bodies, councils or assemblies, the convening of consultations and referendums or channeling citizen or member initiatives to impact different decision making processes. All together Decidim makes possible to digitally structure a complete system of participatory democratic governance for any organization.
To understand in detail how Decidim operates, a distinction must be made between participatory spaces and components (see Summary diagram of Decidim’s functional architecture showing a combination of components in participatory spaces. The "Vote*" component allows a variety of voting systems, expressions of support or allegiance for a proposal.).
Participatory spaces. These are the frameworks that define how participation will be carried out, the channels or means through which citizens or members of an organization can process requests or coordinate proposals and make decisions. Initiatives, Processes, Assemblies and Consultations are all participatory spaces. Specific examples of each of these include: a citizen initiative for directly changing a regulation (_Initiative); a general assembly or workers’ council (Assembly); a participatory budgeting, strategic planning, or electoral process (Processes); a referendum or a call to vote “Yes” or “No” to change the name of an organization (Consultation).
Participatory components. These are the participatory mechanisms that allow a series of operations and interactions between the platform users within each of the participatory spaces. The following are participatory components: comments, proposals, amendments, votes, results, debates, surveys, sortitions, pages, blogs, newsletters and meetings. Other components that build on top of basic components are: participatory texts, accountability and conferences.
The ways in which spaces and components interact is the following. Users of the platform (participants) interact through participatory mechanisms known as components which afford a variety of features for the various participatory spaces. In other words, participatory spaces such as Initiatives, Assemblies, Processes and Consultations have components at their disposal which work together as participatory mechanisms. The more notable components include in-person meetings, surveys, proposals, debates, results and comments. So, for example, the various phases of a participatory budgeting process can combine components in the following way: at an early phase public meetings can be opened for citizens to analyze different needs classified by districts. In turn these meetings can lead to the design of a survey. The survey results can then be used to define a set of categories for projects to be proposed. The proposal component can then be activated for participants to create and publish their projects as solutions to the identified needs. These proposals can then be commented and, after two weeks of deliberation, voting can be activated to select among the projects with a budget-expenditure system. Participants can then be called to a public meeting to evaluate the results, and an assessment survey can be launched afterwards for those who could not attend the meeting. Finally, the accountability component may be activated to monitor the degree of execution of the selected projects, and people can comment on it. What makes Decidim particularly powerful is this combination of components within spaces, which provides an organization with a complete toolkit to easily design and deploy a democratic system and adapt it to the organization’s needs.
Decidim’s top navigation bar displays the different types of active spaces of the platform. Processes is a space that allows to create, activate/deactivate, and manage various participatory processes. These are distinguished from other spaces by being structured in different phases within which all of the components can be incorporated. Examples of participatory processes are: an election process for members of a committee, participatory budgeting, a strategic planning process, the collaborative writing of a regulation or norm, the design of an urban space or the production of a public policy plan. Assemblies is a space that offers the possibility of setting decision-making bodies or groups (councils, working groups, committees, etc.) that meet up periodically, detailing their composition, listing and geolocating their meetings, and allowing to take part in them (for instance: attending if the seating capacity and nature of the assembly so permits, adding items to the agenda, or commenting on the proposals and decisions taken by that body). Consultations is a space that makes it possible to coordinate referendums, trigger discussions and debates, get voting results published; it can be connected to a secure e-voting system. Initiatives is a space that allows participants to collaboratively create initiatives, define their trajectory and goals, gather endorsements, discuss, debate and disseminate initiatives and define meeting points where signatures can be collected from attendees or debates opened to other members of the organization. Initiatives is a special kind of space by which members of the organization can trigger actions that are generally restricted to elected bodies or platform administrators, by collecting (digital) signatures. The organization can define the types of initiatives and set up the number of signatures that are required to trigger the expected result (e.g. to call for a consultation).
The components (also called features) are displayed as a second level menu with white background within spaces (as displayed in Decidim displays participatory spaces on the top menu (dark) and components are displayed on the bottom menu (white).). The collaborative draft for proposals facilitates the collaborative creation of proposals as well as the monitoring and control of changes throughout the process. The proposals component allows a user to create a proposal using a creation wizard, compare it with existing ones, publish it in the platform and include additional information like geolocation or attached documents and images. This component also makes possible to navigate, filter and interact with a set of proposals. The proposal component has plenty of configuration options, and different features can be activated or de-activated in time. One such feature is voting or support: it offers organizations the possibility of activating different voting or support systems around proposals: unlimited, limited to a given threshold, weighted, cost-based, etc. Proposals can also be imported to a new phase, so they can be re-written or elaborated in different stages, where they can also be subject to amends which can be voted separately, accepted and merged or rejected, to improve proposals democratically. The results component is used to turn proposals into results and give official responses concerning their acceptance or rejection, merging various proposals into a single result or creating different results related to the same original proposal. The accountability component offers the possibility of subdividing results into projects, defining and applying progress statuses around their implementation, as well as displaying the extent of the results’ implementation grouped by categories and scopes. In this sense the accountability component works like a project management system built into the platform. The surveys component can be used to design and publish surveys and to display and download their results. The sortition component allows to select a number of proposals (e.g. candidates for a jury) with random, yet reproducible, procedures that guarantees non-biased and uniform distributions. The comments component enables users to add comments, to identify the comment as being in favor, against or neutral in relation to the commented object, to vote comments, respond to them and to receive notifications about responses. The participatory texts component can be used to convert lengthy text documents into various proposals or results and, vice versa, to compose and display a unified text based on a collection of proposals or results. This makes possible to work with a full document as continuous text in participatory manner. The pages component is used to create informative pages with rich text formatting, embedded pictures and videos. The blog component makes possible the creation of posts or news, and to navigate them chronologically. The meeting component offers organizations and participants the opportunity to convene meetings, determine their location and time, registration and management of attendees, to define the structure and content of the meeting as well as publishing the minutes, and the resulting proposals. The conference component allows an organization to create a website for a big event by joining up a series predefined meetings (chats, workshops etc.), putting together a unified program and managing attendees. The newsletter component makes possible to send emails to everyone registered in the platform or, more selectively, to those who participate in a specific space.
Participants can carry on different types of actions within the platform:
They can navigate and search for information
They can create contents of different types (e.g. proposals and debates).
They can vote, support or sign all three modes allow for participants to aggregate their preference or will for a specific consultation question, proposal or initiative respectively (the difference between these three types of actions involve different levels of security and anonymity: signatures can be audited and attributed to a participant, supports cannot, in order to prevent coercion, while votes involve higher cryptographic guarantees than supports).
They can comment on any object of the platform (proposals, debates, results, sortitions, etc.).
They can endorse any content, meaning that they can publicly declare they support it or find it relevant, with the participants following it then receiving notifications.
They can follow other participants, a participatory process, an initiative, a specific proposal, etc. and receive notifications.
They can sign up for a meeting.
They can also share and embed content out of the platform, sharing the link to other social networks and embedding content on other sites.
Component items (e.g. a proposal, a blog post, a meeting) have their individual page but are also displayed as cards throughout the platform, cards being a major design interface to interact with components. Decidim’s proposal card anatomy. displays a proposal card with the different types of data and interactions identified within the card.
The users who participate in Decidim can be grouped into three different categories:
Visitors have access to all of the platform’s content without having to sign up or provide any information.
Registered participants can create content and comments, sign-up for meetings, endorse content, follow other participants and objects of the platform, customize their profile and receive notifications, mentions and private messages. By choosing a username and password, accepting the user agreement, and providing an email account (or using an account for several social networks) participants become registered. Registered participants can also have their account officialized (meaning their username is accompanied by a special symbol indicating they really are who they claim they are on their profile).
Verified participants can make decisions. In order to fall under this category they must first be verified as members of the organization, citizens of the municipality, or constituents of the decision-making group (an association, community, collective etc.). Decidim offers different ways to carry out this verification. Once verified, participants will be able to take decisions by supporting proposals, signing initiatives and voting in consultations.
Administrators can manage permissions for registered or verified users selectively. For example proposal creation can be activated for both registered and verified users but supports to proposals only for verified users. It is also possible (although rarely recommended) to consider all registered users as verified and to grant them decision making powers.
There are different types of administrators: administrators of the whole platform or of specific spaces and components, they can also be moderators (with the exclusive power of moderating proposals, comments or debates) or collaborators that can read unpublished content, create notes and responses to proposals.
Participants can register as an individual or as a collective (associations, working groups, etc. within the main organization). User groups might also be created so that individuals can be associated to a group. Decidim allows participants belonging to such a group to express or act individually or embodying the group identity: when an action is carried the platform prompts the participant to choose wether she wants to act as herself or as the group she belong to.
Participants can not only navigate the content of Decidim through the top menu and move down the architectural hierarchy, from a space to its different components; they can also get information through the search engine, or via notifications. Participants can also talk to each other by internal messaging or chat.
The participant’s profile makes possible to read notifications, manage followers, and monitor different gamification and engagement badges.
The home page of the platform is fully customizable: it can display different types of banners, call-to-action buttons, it can also display statistics and interactive visualizations, activity streams, and maps with the upcoming meetings.
The content of the platform can be classified by different criteria. A participatory space and its contents (e.g. a participatory process or the proposals within) can be (independently) assigned a scope. Scopes are defined for the whole platform, and they can be thematic or territorial (for example, an assembly can be assigned to a specific theme or subject, like "ecology", and to a specific territory, like a district within a city). Content within a space-instance can be assigned to a category or sub-category (e.g. topics) that are specific for such a space-instance. For example, the categories "sport facilities", "parks" and "schools" can be created for a participatory budgeting process, and proposals will be assigned to these categories. Hashtags can also be freely created and introduced in the body text almost anywhere in the platform (proposals, debates, comments, process description, etc), both by participants and administrators, to classify content and make it searchable.
Unlike other existing platforms, Decidim’s architecture is modular, scalable, easy to configure, and integrated with other tools or apps (data analysis, maps, SMS, mail, social networks, etc.). The platform has been designed in such a way that processes, assemblies and mechanisms can be set up easily and deployed from an administration panel. No knowledge of programming is required to install, configure and activate it. The participatory spaces and components can be developed, activated and deactivated independently.
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The creation (or abolition) of a legislative council in a state hinges primarily on that state's legislative assembly passing a resolution to create (or abolish) it. This however must be passed by the Parliament for the creation/abolition to be successful. To illustrate, in Article 169 of the Indian constitution states:
Parliament may by law provide for the abolition of the Legislative Council of a State having such a Council or for the creation of such a Council in a State having no such Council, if the Legislative Assembly
of the State passes a resolution to that effect by a majority of the total membership of the Assembly and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of the Assembly present and voting.
Notice that the wording "may" is not binding and therefore the proposals for legislative councils in Rajasthan and Assam to be pending, as it has not gained traction amongst the members of the Rajya Sabha (and until that is achieved, the resolution is in suspended animation). Apparently the role and impact of legislative councils in general in Indian polity seems not to have lived up to the intended aim. The resolutions even went to a parliamentary committee but are still pending.
As for Telangana, since the state itself couldn't have passed a resolution since it didn't exist as per law. The parliament took upon its role to include the creation of the council within the ambit of the creation of the new state.
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Their forced migration reaches the highest point between COVID: UN | Migration Issues
The number of forced evacuations reached a peak by the end of 2020, with the COVID-19 epidemic surpassing other pre-existing drivers, a United Nations report has found.
In a report released Friday, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) found that 82.4 million people worldwide had been forcibly relocated by the end of 2020 – the highest number ever.
In 2012, that number reached 41 million, while in 2019, it reached 79.5 million.
As a result, more than 1 percent of the world’s population, or one in 95 people, is now forced to leave their home. This compares with one in 159 in 2010.
“The effects of poverty, food insecurity, climate change, conflict and relocation are strongly linked to mutual support, moving more people to seek safety and security,” the report found.
The UN said peace and violence rates have risen to nearly half of the world’s population, albeit in 2020, and that “the magnitude and severity of the food crisis has intensified in 2020 as a result of prolonged conflict, bad weather and the collapse of the COVID -19 economy.” ”.
Although asylum seekers face “unprecedented challenges” in 2020 and new claims have dropped by one million, the UN found that refugees worldwide rose from 20.4 million in 2019 to about 20.7 million by the end of 2020.
Nearly 21,000 unaccompanied or separated children filed a complaint in 2020, compared to 25,000 a year earlier.
Eight out of 10 border migrants come from 10 countries; The Assyrians wrote 6.8 million people on the list, followed by Venezuela’s four million people.
Turkey had an estimated 3.7 million refugees by 2020, the largest population in the world.
So far, the number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) has reached 48 million – more than ever before.
Colombia continues to report on the IDP, with 8.3 million refugees fleeing their homeland by the end of 2020.
UNHCR and the International Organization for Migration were forced to suspend evacuation for several months at the start of the epidemic, although they resumed.
“With so many governments closing long-term borders and restricting central travel, only a handful of refugees and refugees have been able to find solutions such as a free return or re-establishment of a third country,” the report found.
Only 34,400 refugees have migrated to third countries, a 69% reduction compared to 2019, while about 1.4 million refugees have to be relocated.
Predictions for the food crisis in 2021 are “equally worrying”, according to the UN, with countries such as South Sudan, Syria, and the Central African Republic facing the threat of famine.
Similarly, the number of people living in extreme poverty as a result of COVID-19 is expected to rise at an unprecedented rate – between 119 million and 124 million by 2020 – according to the World Bank.
“Given this, the question is not whether the forced relocation will exceed 100 million people – but when,” the UN said.
“Obviously, the importance of avoiding conflict and ensuring that displaced people can get answers has never been more difficult than it is now,” he added.
However, there have been reliable signs, the report said, with the US government announcing refugee status – up to 62,500 in 2021 and 125,000 in 2022.
Colombia also announced in February that it would provide temporary protection for more than 1 million Venezuelans.
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In this unit we are asking you to create photojournals, but what is a photojournal?
Photojournals are an evolution from photojournalism. According to wikipedia “Photojournalism is a particular form of journalism (the collecting, editing, and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast) that employs images in order to tell a news story. It is now usually understood to refer only to still images, but in some cases the term also refers to video used in broadcast journalism.”
So, we are asking you become a journalist of a news story (the coronavirus) but what we are asking you to do is to tell YOUR STORY, using your perspective on the topic. We are asking you to report on how you and your family lived through the coronavirus: what did you do, how did you feel, etc..
I am going to share with you some personal photojournals, so you get a better idea.
One photographer that does photojournals really well is Philip Toledano “In the last five years, British photographer Philip Toledano has turned the lens on his life and his family. ”
With Days With My Father, he dealt with his mother’s passing and the impact the loss had on his father, who suffered from dementia. See here what he wrote, and here the pictures he took:
In The Reluctant Father, he studied how the birth of his daughter, dreaded at first, changed his life for the better.”
In his latest book, When I Was Six, Toledano goes back in time, to the moment when his sister Claudia died in a fire. He was just 6, then, and, to this day, he doesn’t remember how he coped with the unexpected loss. “I don’t have any memories of my life after she died, except for this kind of peculiar fascination with space travel and astronomy,” Toledano tells TIME. “I think it was a way of being somewhere else, far from what had happened.” After the death of his parents, Toledano found a box of Claudia’s things that his mother had kept. “Clothes, toys, health records, notes she wrote,” he says. “But also, everything to do with her death. It was a museum of sorts. But it was also a second chance; a chance to know my sister; to understand the pain my parents carried, and the strength it took not to bury me along with my sister.” – TIME writes.
Here is what he wrote, here the pictures he took.
This last example is good for this project because as you can see these pictures are metaphors. Like in poetry. See why this unit is an IDU with poetry?
So, after seeing these examples you should get a better idea of what we are trying to do. Take pictures of your every day to tell us how you are feeling through these uncertain times. And when you are doing that also think that another 140 grade 8 students are doing the same, so how can you make your photos unique? How can you make sure they reflect only your perspective?
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One handy feature of Microsoft Word you may not know about is the Word Clipboard. The Word clipboard can hold up to 24 items, making it easy to save texts and images and place them anywhere you want in your document.
Here’s how it works. Any text or images you copy while using Word will be stored on the clipboard, up to 24 separate items. To access the clipboard click the Home tab at the top-left of Word.
You’ll find the clipboard just under Format Painter. Click the little arrow.
The clipboard pane will open at the left.
You’ll see a list of everything you’ve copied while Word was open. You can paste all or any of the items in whatever order you please.
First, choose where in the document, you want to paste and click to place the cursor.
Then click the item or items you wish to paste from the pane.
The text or image will appear in your document.
You can click the arrow next to your selection and choose to either delete or paste the item.
If you want to paste all of the items, click Paste All at the top of the pane. You can also clear all the items as well.
Click Options at the bottom of the pane for, you guessed it, options.
You can choose to have clipboard displayed by default or to have it pop up after you’ve pressed Ctrl + C twice.
You can also choose to have the Clipboard icon displayed on Taskbar.
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https://cynmackley.com/2019/07/25/word-clipboard/
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Are you teaching students to orthographically map CVCC words and CCVC words? These fun CVCC and CCVC word worksheets can be used with poppits as a low-prep phonics activity to consolidate early phonemic awareness and phonics skills such as blending and segmenting of CVCC and CCVC words.
Use in a variety of different ways- write the sounds, colour the sounds, tap the sounds etc to target different skills:
Level 1: Phonemic Awareness
Students pop each of the sounds in CVCC & CCVC words
Level 2: Map/spell the word
Students pop each of the sounds, then spell the word.
This resource includes:
Looking for more poppit resources? You may like:
For more phonics resources, check out the Phonics categories
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https://mrslearningbee.com/products/cvcc-ccvc-word-worksheets-for-poppits-phonemic-awareness-word-mapping
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A simple, mild, and effective template approach has been used to produce hollow silica nanospheres with controlled sizes ranging from 40 to 150 nanometers. The obtained powders showed systematic variations in measured thermal conductivity, with values down to 0.024 W/(mK) so far, with en expressed goal to reach below 0.020 W/(mK). Surface hydrophobization was successfully performed. Thus, hollow silica nanospheres are considered to be promising building blocks for new hydrophobic, superinsulating materials.
Monodisperse polystyrene (PS) spheres with controllable size have been synthesized by a straight forward and simple procedure. The as-synthesized PS spheres have a typical diameter ranging from ~180 nm to ~900 nm, where a reduced sphere size is obtained by increasing the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/styrene weight ratio. The PS spheres function as sacrificial templates for the fabrication of hollow silica nanospheres (HSNSs) for thermal insulation applications. By modifying the silica coating process, HSNSs with different surface roughness are obtained. All resulting HSNSs show typically a thermal conductivity of about 20 mW/(mK), indicating that the surface phonon scattering is probably not significant in these HSNS samples.
The application of manufactured nanomaterials provides not only advantages resulting from their unique properties but also disadvantages derived from the high energy use and CO2 burden related to their manufacture, operation, and disposal. It is therefore important to understand the trade-offs of process economics of nanomaterial production and their associated environmental footprints in order to strengthen the existing advantages while counteracting disadvantages. This work reports the synthesis, characterization, and life cycle assessment (LCA) of a new type of superinsulating materials, nano insulation materials (NIMs), which are made of hollow silica nanospheres (HSNSs) and have great flexibility in modifying their properties by tuning the corresponding structural parameters. The as-prepared HSNSs in this work have a typical inner pore diameter of about 150 nm and a shell thickness of about 10–15 nm and exhibit a reduced thermal conductivity of about 0.02 W/(m K) because of their size-dependent thermal conduction at the nanometer scale. The energy and raw material consumption related to the synthesis of HSNSs have been analyzed by the LCA method. The results indicate that the recycle of chemicals, up-scaling production, and use of environmentally friendly materials can greatly affect the process of environmental footprints. New synthesis routes for NIMs with improved thermal performance and energy and environmental features are also recommended on the basis of the LCA study.
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Dreams are the most amazing part of human life. No one has even seen a dream awake. The most imaginary world exists in dreams. Everyone has their definition of dream. We’re all captivated by our dreams, but most of us don’t really know what they stand for. The irony of the situation is that the rest of us can’t even recall our dreams.
Experts suggest that keeping a closer eye on your dreams can in fact help you improve your life.
This is what exactly when you go to sleep. In the first 90 minutes of sleep, you go through deepening stages ranging from light sleep to deep sleep. Upon entering REM sleep, heart rate and breathing become irregular eyes move rapidly and brain activity rises toward the same level as when you’re awake. That’s when you do about 80 percent of your active dreaming and when dreams are most dramatic. You’ll go through this sleep cycle three to five times during the night. During sleep the rest of the body essentially becomes paralyzed. It’s the nature’s way of making sure you don’t act out your dreams, whether it’s repeatedly kicking your spouse or jumping off the bed and hurting yourself. Dreams can help you tap into the emotional issues in your waking life. On the other, they’re also a way for your brain to catalog the events of the day.
Dreams can be dangerous sometimes. Research suggests that up to 8 percent of adults suffer from chronic nightmares, like drowning or being chased, at least once a week. Most of them are caused by stress. Bad dreams are result of mind’s way of processing stress and figuring out how to deal with it in future. Dreams seems to be so real because your brain is just as active when you dream as when you’re awake. Some parts of the brain like the occipital lobe which processes images and the amygdala which regulates emotions are even more active when dreaming. This is why a dream can seem so vivid and evoke so much emotion that you wake up happy or sad.
It’s a false sense of familiarity created in your mind by previously glimpsing certain aspects of the object or situation. Your brain is just tricking you into thinking that you’ve seen it before. Anxiety is the most common emotion to experience while dreaming. It kind of feels like a nightmare but you feel more stressed than scared. These types of dreams could be due to either a childhood trauma that you have experienced in the past to a conflict that you’re dealing with in the present.
Also read Importance of Environment to Humans | 5 Global Laws to Protect Environment
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(Editor’s note: This article uses affiliate links. If you click on a link and it takes you to an Amazon page, you may purchase the book or song there. It won’t cost you any more than going directly to Amazon, and it will help our blog prosper. Thank you.) According to Robert Sherman, as recounted in “The Musical World of Walt Disney,” Walt Disney’s favorite song was the ballad “Feed the Birds.” Walt would invite the Sherman Brothers to his office for a scotch and a chat, then he would ask Richard Sherman to play the song that he would later call “the most beautiful song written for me.”
Mary Poppins sings “Feed the Birds” to the children as she puts them to bed, the evening before they are supposed to go with their father to the bank.
Early each day to the steps of Saint Paul's The little old bird woman comes. In her own special way to the people She calls, "Come, buy my bags full of crumbs."
This old bird woman is coming to a place of worship, a place where people are supposed to remember the love and charity of their religion, and she’s there to help remind them of what it means to be human. Her call for tuppence is a direct contrast to the bank’s call. The Fidelity Fiduciary Bank wants you to invest your tuppence, so you’ll get rich and make others rich in the process. The little old bird woman wants your tuppence to:
"Come feed the little birds, show them you care, And you'll be glad if you do. Their young ones are hungry; their nests are so bare. All it takes is tuppence from you."
If this song were really just about birds, you may think yourself worldly for rejecting the old woman’s plea. She’s asking for your money, after all. However, that misses the point of the song entirely. The birds are both literal – there are birds on the steps of St. Paul – and metaphorical: The birds represent the poor people that Christians are supposed to take care of. Children of those in need are the “young ones” and their nests are their homes that are so bare and empty.
But in that second verse, don’t overlook what happens if you simply feed the birds. “You’ll be glad if you do.” Charity for animals, people, and birds comes with its own reward. Contrast the little old bird woman sitting on the steps of St. Paul and those who are helping her feed the birds with the men of industry in the bank. The bank is living in the future expounding the principles of conquest and conflict. While the little old woman lives in harmony with her birds, the bank is driving:
Railways through Africa, Dams across the Nile, fleets of ocean Greyhounds, Majestic, self-amortizing canals, Plantations of ripening tea...
It is also proposing the damaging actions of:
Purchas[ing] first and second trust deeds, … foreclosures Bonds! Chattels! Dividends! Shares! Bankruptcies! Debtor sales! Opportunities! All manner of private enterprise! Shipyards! The mercantile Collieries! Tanneries! Incorporations! Amalgamations! Banks!
Not only does the “Fidelity Fiduciary Bank” not mention anything about being happy, but it also denies the individual the opportunity to develop him- or herself. The bank directors are in charge of the future; the individual just has to give up his or her money to the bank. This disempowerment leads to people who aren’t able to make their own financial decisions. By focusing on the future, the bank is denying its customers the opportunity to experience the here and now, which is the key to being happier.
"Feed the birds, tuppence a bag Tuppence, tuppence, tuppence a bag Feed the birds", that's what she cries. While overhead, her birds fill the skies All around the cathedral, the saints and apostles Look down as she sells her wares. Although you can't see it, you know they are smiling Each time someone shows that he cares. Though her words are simple and few Listen, listen, she's calling to you. "Feed the birds, tuppence a bag Tuppence, tuppence, tuppence a bag." Though her words are simple and few Listen, listen, she's calling to you. "Feed the birds, tuppence a bag Tuppence, tuppence, tuppence a bag."
Showing you care is part of being human. People are naturally compassionate. It is only through years of being worn down by traumatic experiences and cultural values that human beings begin to see the darkness more than the light. Walt Disney was someone who saw the light. He wanted to bring what was good into the world. “Feed the Birds” is a simple tune that reminded him of what he wanted in the world. People who cared for each other and who would choose to do the right thing with their tuppence. So, go out and feed the birds. By doing so, you’ll be taking care of others and yourself.
Or you could go with the bank…
This is part of our Disneycember coverage. Disneycember appears to have been coined by Doug Walker, the Nostalgia Critic, and Channel Awesome. Come back every day during December and read a new Disney article.
If you want to read more about Disney and creativity, check out “Disneyland Is Creativity” and “The Haunted Mansion Is Creativity.” Read more about the Disney Company in “Penguinate! The Disney Company.” Check out other Disney stories at www.penguinate.weebly.com.
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LEISURE PARK RAINGARDENS
What happens to the rain at a leisure park?
Leisure and retail parks like this can be seen on the outskirts of many towns and cities. The pavements are hard tarmac, the roads, large car parks and delivery areas too. Rainwater washes off these hard surfaces into the street gutters and down the drain to the sewer. Downpipes also take rainwater from the roof gutters off the buildings and into the sewer.
Other pipes also take dirty water from the school bathrooms, sinks and kitchens into the same sewer. Dirty water from the toilets is called foul water, the water from the sinks and kitchens is called grey water – this water is not as dirty as the foul water from the toilets.
We often have combined sewers which mean the rainwater, grey water and foul water all go to the same sewer pipe, they mix together and all get treated at a sewage works.
Our climate is changing, and we are having more and more heavy rain showers where a lot of rain falls very quickly. Our sewers were built a long time ago and are too small. When it rains heavily the rainwater fills up the sewer, and there is nowhere for the water to go. This causes flooding as the drains are full. It also causes overflow valves (called combined sewer overflows) to open and a mixture of foul water, greywater and rainwater to go into our rivers causing pollution.
But what can you do about it?
Raingardens can help!
You can help reduce flooding and stop dirty water overflowing into our rivers by slowing down rainwater on its way to the sewer. You can do this using raingardens. You may also hear raingardens being called sustainable drainage or SuDS.
Raingardens use plants, soils and the landscape to hold onto the rainwater and then slowly release it. They also help reduce the amount of water which gets to the sewer. Some water is taken up by the plants, some rainwater finds its way back down into the ground, and some water will evaporate. Raingardens also help clean the water, which may have picked up dirt from the roofs and roads.
The leisure park in this picture has used raingardens to slow down the rainwater. This includes raingarden planters on the downpipes from buildings, swales alongside the road, permeable parking places, small basins, and trees planted in in-ground raingardens.
Why not just build bigger sewers?
We could build bigger sewers, but this is expensive and may not be the best solution. Rainwater doesn’t need to be sent to a sewage works before it finds its way back to the river. Raingardens also give other benefits to us humans and to wildlife.
Raingardens can provide us with beautiful places to sit, walk through and look at. They provide a space for nature, giving insects and birds a home and food. The plants which grow in raingardens help improve air quality and water quality. By slowing down the rainwater, and stopping it getting to the sewers so quickly, raingardens help to reduce flooding and protect our rivers.
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The official name of Vietnam is the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam), sometimes shortened to SRV, commonly known as Vietnam. The name implies that the country is officially a socialist state ruled by a single party, the Communist Party of Vietnam.
Vietnam has been known by a variety of different names throughout its history. Early Chinese records referred to it as Giao Chỉ, while Europeans later called the region Tonkin (now part of northern Vietnam).
The French in the 19th century referred to it as Indochine before calling it French Indochina. Following the end of the Vietnam War, the country was briefly known as the Republic of South Vietnam, before becoming the Socialist Republic of Vietnam after the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1975.
Today, the country is largely referred to simply as Vietnam by the international community, and this is the name that appears on official documents, maps and other materials.
Did Vietnam have another name?
Yes, Vietnam had another name prior to its independence. During the period of French colonization, it was known as French Indochina, which referred to the region of southeastern Asia which included the current states of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos.
French Indochina existed from 1887 to 1954, when France ceded its control of the area to its three constituent countries. Following Vietnam’s independence in 1953, the country changed its official name to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
Despite the name change, Vietnam still sometimes goes by the nickname “Indochina. “.
Is Vietnam correct?
Vietnam is a country in Southeast Asia bordered by China, Laos, Cambodia, and the South China Sea. Historically, Vietnam was a divided country with its northern half, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), ruled by a communist government and its southern half, the Republic of Vietnam (RVN), made up of a U.
S. -backed government. After a long and bloody civil war, the two sides finally came to a peace agreement in 1973, leading to the reunification of Vietnam in 1975 and the establishment of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
Today, Vietnam is a multi-party political system with a growing economy, boasting the highest GDP growth rate in Southeast Asia. It is also known for its spectacular natural beauty, vibrant culture and its distinctive cuisine.
So, in answer to the question, yes, Vietnam is correct.
What is the meaning for Nam?
Nam is a Sanskrit word that is commonly used in traditional Indian languages such as Hindi, Tamil, and Telugu. The literal translation of the word is ‘name’, or ‘label’. In Hinduism, the word is used to describe divine qualities or attributes of a deity, such as the power and authority of a divine being.
In Buddhism, the word is used in reference to Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, and the qualities he embodied.
In Indian culture, the word Nam is used in reference to the spiritual identity of an individual; it is seen as a collection of qualities that define the person’s spiritual attributes. Hindus often use Nam to identify an individual’s spiritual path and to refer to the spiritual journey they are on.
Nam is also often used in reference to spiritual symbols and artifacts related to different gods and goddesses. For instance, in Hinduism, the Trishula – three-pronged weapon of the Hindu god Shiva – is often referred to as the Nam of Shiva.
The word Nam is also associated with positive qualities of character such as humbleness and respect. A person who possesses Nam is often regarded as someone of stature, honor, and grace. It is also used in reference to one’s dharma (duty or spiritual obligations), and is often seen as a source of honor and devotion.
Is Nam a Vietnamese name?
Yes, Nam is a Vietnamese name. It is a unisex name, recognizable throughout Vietnam and the rest of the world. Its origin is from the Vietnamese word “Nam” meaning “south”. This is a very common name in Vietnam, with the name being ranked the 10th most popular for boys and 48th for girls.
It is often used in combination with other names and typically given to children born in the south of Vietnam. It is a suitable name for both boys and girls, and typically has positive connotations.
What does Vietnam mean in English?
Vietnam is a Southeast Asian country located in the easternmost part of the Indochinese Peninsula. The name Vietnam is derived from the Vietnamese language and literally means “Southern Viet,” or what humans refer to as the ethnic Vietnamese people who are considered to be the major group in Vietnam.
The English definition of Vietnam is “peninsula of the southern Viet,” which means a peninsula formed and ruled by the ethnic Vietnamese people. This definition accurately depicts the cultural and political aspects of the region, as well as its geographical features.
Why did America go to Nam?
The United States went to war in Vietnam for a variety of reasons, but at the heart of the conflict was a struggle for power between the Communist North and the non-Communist South. After World War II (1939–45), the French established a colonial rule in Vietnam, a country that had been occupied for thousands of years by various indigenous tribes, as well as other nations.
During the 1950s and 1960s, as wars of liberation spread across Africa and Asia, the Vietnamese worked to rid their country of colonial rule.
When the French government decided to abandon colonial rule in Vietnam, the United States moved in to preserve the stop the spread of Communism. The U. S. became increasingly involved in the conflict, providing financial and military aid to the South and engaging in a limited guerrilla war against the North.
In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson sent the first American combat troops to Vietnam, and the war soon escalated. By the time the last U. S. combat troops were withdrawn in 1973, over 58,000 American soldiers had died, and many more had been wounded.
The war was also devastating to the Vietnamese people, who saw millions of their citizens killed or wounded in the conflict.
Did the Americans win the Vietnam War?
No, the Americans did not win the Vietnam War. After more than 20 years of war and more than 58,000 American deaths, the United States withdrew from the region in 1973, and the North Vietnamese declared a victory the following year.
During the war, the United States deployed more than 2. 5 million U. S. troops, and although their efforts succeeded in preventing a communist takeover of the South, the war ultimately concluded in a stalemate.
In the peace agreement that ended the war, it was agreed that North and South Vietnam should be united under the communist government in the North, and America would withdraw completely from the region.
In the decades that followed, many within the United States viewed the war as a costly mistake, and the human and economic toll of the conflict continues to be felt in Vietnam today.
How many US soldiers died in Vietnam?
Approximately 58,220 United States military personnel died in the Vietnam War between 1956 and 1975. Of this total, 47,434 were fatalities (including the missing in action) and 10,786 were non-fatal casualties.
Of the fatalities, 11,465 were “hostile deaths”, the remainder being from disease, accidents, and other non-hostile causes. Of the hostile deaths, 10,802 were killed in action and 663 died of other hostile causes.
The deaths of United States personnel in the Vietnam War include 1,626 on active duty in the South Vietnamese military and 1,565 killed on duty with the United States Air Force and United States Navy.
The number of deaths among United States military personnel was higher than the 58,220 figure announced in June 1973, as the Defense Department later added non-hostile deaths and fatalities among U. S.
military personnel on duty with the allied South Vietnamese forces.
What Vietnam is known for?
Vietnam is known for its beautiful landscapes and stunning coastline, its unique culture and its unique cuisine. From swaying palms and lush mountain jungles in the north, to golden-sand beaches, pristine islands, and vibrant cities in the south, Vietnam offers a visual feast of natural beauty and cultural experiences.
Vietnamese cuisine is renowned for its delightful complexity and incorporates a range of regional flavors and specialties. Dishes such as pho, bun cha, banh mi, and cha gio are known around the world and offer an infusion of fresh herbs, spices and vibrant flavors.
Vietnam is also known as a great destination for adventure travel, boasting a number of exciting activities such as rock climbing, scuba diving and white water rafting. From the monolithic limestone formations of Ha Long Bay to the wild rivers of the northern valleys, there is something for all types of travelers.
What are 3 interesting facts about Vietnam?
1. Vietnam is home to some of the world’s most spectacular natural landscapes and diverse ecosystems. To the north, there is temperate mountain ranges, tropical lowlands in the center, and predominantly arid and desert terrain to the northwest.
Vietnam’s beaches boast crystal clear waters and some of the most amazing waves for surfing.
2. Vietnam is the world’s largest exporter of cashew nuts, accounting for up to 40% of the world’s supply. The country also produces some of the world’s highest quality coffee, with some standard beans selling for thousands of dollars per kilogram.
3. Vietnamese cuisine has become increasingly popular in recent years. Dishes like pho, the national dish of Vietnam, are now found in restaurants across the globe. It’s a flavorful and healthy bowl of soup filled with rice noodles, fresh herbs and meats such as beef or chicken.
There are plenty of other regional delicacies such as banh mi (Vietnamese sandwich) as well as sweet treats like che (sweet soup).
What is the most popular from of Vietnam?
One of the most popular forms of traditional Vietnamese culture is music. Vietnamese music is composed of a variety of instruments such as the đàn nhị (a two-string barrel-shaped lute), đàn tranh (16-string zither), and đàn bầu (monochord musical bow).
Vietnamese music is often characterized by its strong rhythm and repetition. Traditional music is usually performed at cultural events such as festivals and weddings, as well as for leisure.
Another popular form of Vietnamese culture is dance. Traditional dances in Vietnam are often seen during festivals and special occasions. They are generally designed to express emotions such as joy and celebration.
Traditional dances are usually performed in large groups, and the performers often wear intricate traditional costumes.
Cuisine is also a key component of Vietnamese culture, and Vietnamese dishes are known for their freshness and bold flavors. Some of the most popular dishes include phở (noodle soup), banh mi (sandwiches), and bún bò Huế (spicy beef soup).
These dishes can be found all around Vietnam, particularly in the country’s many street-side food stalls and restaurants.
In addition, Vietnam has a rich history of literature and art. Vietnamese literature is full of philosophical and religious works, and its most acclaimed traditional works include Việt Nam Sử Ký Toàn Thư, an official chronicle of the country written in the 13th century.
Art is also an important part of Vietnamese culture, and traditional artforms include wood carving, crafts, and bronze casting.
What is famous in Vietnam to buy?
Vietnam is known for its diverse culture and unique items. Popular souvenirs to buy in Vietnam range from traditional arts and crafts to high-end shopping options. Many of the items sold in Vietnam come from local markets, where shoppers will find colorful textiles, hand-crafted woodwork, lacquer ware, and pottery.
Traditional Vietnamese clothing, such as ao dai or ao tu than, are popular items to purchase. Other great souvenirs to buy when visiting Vietnam include:
-Traditional silk paintings: Crafted using special Vietnamese weaving techniques
-Ceramics: An array of local pottery, from bowls and plates to vases and jars
-Coffee: Vietnam is known for its delicious and aromatic coffees
-Hoi An lanterns: Colorful, handmade paper lanterns of all shapes and sizes
-Tien studs: An array of studs, earrings and pins made of turquoise and jade
-Ginger Flowers: A sweet and fragrant flower, typically found in the central highlands
-Conical hats: A traditional accessory often seen in rural regions of Vietnam
-Pho: Save some room before you leave and try some of the delicious local pho offered by street vendors, markets, and restaurants across the country!
What is considered rude in Vietnam?
In Vietnam, there are many cultural norms that are important to be aware of so as to not unintentionally disrespect the locals. Generally speaking, the people of Vietnam are very hospitable, so following basic etiquette and politeness is the best thing to do.
These are some of the things that are considered rude in Vietnam:
• Avoid pointing at someone; the Vietnamese view this as a sign of disrespect.
• Don’t use the “V” sign with two fingers, as this sign is associated with soldiers and a painful history.
• Don’t take photos of people without asking permission first.
• Don’t make disparaging remarks about the country or its people.
• Don’t touch people or objects with your feet, as the feet are viewed as the dirtiest part of the body.
• Don’t hand something over with only one hand; use two, as this is seen as polite.
• Don’t raise your voice when discussing something; this is considered very offensive in Vietnamese culture.
• Don’t give someone a gift with your left hand; this is also seen as very impolite.
• Smoking in public or in someone else’s house is frowned upon; always ask permission.
In general, if you show respect and consideration to people, you will be well regarded in Vietnam.
What should I bring back from Vietnam?
When visiting Vietnam, there are so many unique and interesting items to bring home as souvenirs! Depending on the region where you are visiting, there are a few different items that you may want to pick up to commemorate your trip.
Traditional handicrafts like pottery, baskets, and lacquerware can be found around many cities. For example, the city of Hoi An is known for its impressive pottery, as well as its handmade textiles. If you’re interested in gems or jewelry, there are many artisans who will be able to craft something for you based on your specifications.
If you’re looking for clothes, you can find custom-made traditional Vietnamese garments made from silk in many bustling markets. In the northern regions, you can find high-quality winter apparel made from yak fur.
Additionally, you can find traditional clothing and accessories such as conical hats and beaded necklaces with colors and designs unique to the region.
Foodwise, there are many unique snacks and dried ingredients that can be brought back to enjoy at home. Lao Gan Ma, a popular chili sauce, can be found in any grocery store. For sweets, Vietnamese moon cakes, often filled with luxurious ingredients, are widely available.
If you’re looking for something savory, dried salted fish and pork jerky can both be found in abundance.
In addition to purchasing items as souvenirs, it’s important to also take a few moments to slow down and appreciate the beauty of the country from its stunning beaches to its towering mountains. Vietnam is a vibrant country with a rich culture, and you’re sure to bring back many wonderful memories of your trip!.
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Water spinach is a close relative of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) but is cultivated for its succulent stems and leaves rather than its underground tubers.
Thought to have originated in Southeast Asia, it is widely cultivated in the region, especially in Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and southern China. It is also now cultivated and naturalised in India, Africa, Australia, the South Pacific and South America. Where cultivated, it is usually found sold in markets tied in bundles of between ten and fifteen plants.
As its name suggests, Water Spinach grows in wet environments and is a semi-aquatic perennial herb, with all parts of the plant being soft, succulent and green, though some wild forms have wine-red stems. There are two main types recognised, the upland type (formally Ipomoea reptans), which is adapted to moist soils and the lowland type, which is adapted to flooded conditions.
The two types are most easily distinguishable by their leaves, which on the upland type is a narrow lance-shape up to 15 cm (6 in) long and on the lowland type is a broad arrow-head shape with a shorter length. The upland type also has a more upright growth habit, forming plant clumps 30 to 50 cm (1 to 1.6 ft) tall, whereas the lowland type is vine-like with a running or creeping habit but with a reluctance to climb.
The stems are long, jointed, round and hollow and this in the lowland type enables the plant to float on water, leading to the formation of dense mats of floating vegetation. Where the stems make contact with water or soil, nodes along the length sprout roots that anchor the plant and allow it to take up nutrients.
Flowers are trumpet-shaped, around 4 cm (1.6 in) in diameter and white or pink with purple centres. In wild forms, they are wholly purple. Flowering occurs in winter, favoured by the short days and with the flowers arising solitary from the leaf axis. They are followed by small, round seed capsules enclosing two to four grey-coloured seed.
Water spinach is an important green vegetable in the diet of people in Southeast Asia, being eaten regularly either stir-fried, steamed or blanched. The young stem tips and leaves are also used in salads, battered and deep-fried or are added to soups, stews and curries, sometimes even pickled.
A common but tasty way of cooking water spinach is to lightly stir-fry the young stem tips and leaves in garlic, chilli and soya sauce. Other variations of this popular Asian dish include adding onions, chillies, garlic, galangal, and either shrimp paste or squid as an ingredient. Regional favourites include Thai style stir-fried water spinach with oyster sauce and shrimp paste, Chinese style with bean-curd, hot bean paste and shallots, and in the Philippines, stir-fried water spinach with spicy pork or chicken.
The stems should be added first when cooking, as the leaves take only a few seconds to wilt. When stir-fried, the slippery texture of the leaves contrast nicely with the firmer stems and both have a slightly nutty, spinach-like flavour. Water Spinach retains its green colour when cooked, which helps brighten the presentation of the finished dish.
Older stems and leaves are tough and fibrous and are not suitable for cooking, but are highly palatable to livestock and in Southeast Asia are fed to pigs and cattle. The whole plant has a high protein content, which is around 19% of the dry weight but may be up to 34% for some parts of the plant.
Stir-fried water spinach (Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam)
Water Spinach contains good amounts of Beta-carotene (pro-vitamin A, important for good vision), Calcium, Iron, Manganese, Copper and Protein.
Grows naturally as a perennial in humid subtropical and tropical climates, generally frost-free areas with annual lows of 16 to to 25°C, annual highs of 26 to 35°C, annual rainfall of 2000 to 8000 mm and a dry season of 2 months or less.
Water Spinach is also cultivated with irrigation in drier climates and as well in much cooler climates but as an annual, as plants are damaged at temperatures below 10°C (50°F).
Water Spinach propagates readily from seed or stem cuttings. It grows very quickly under optimal conditions and is highly productive, with yields of up to 10 kg per sq meter (2 lbs per sq foot) reported for greenhouse cultivation, which is the preferred cultivation method in commercial operations because it keeps the plants clean and free from dirt.
Under soil cultivation, raised beds are constructed with irrigation or drainage channels on either side. Seeds are then sown in rows on top of the beds. When the plants have sprouted, urea and an organic fertiliser are applied and the soil kept moist. Cuttings may also be used for planting.
Under flood cultivation, the plants are planted in paddy fields either as cuttings or seedlings. Once the plants have established their root system and begin to grow they are then flooded, and the water level raised according to their stage of development. The water under this type of cultivation should not be saline or allowed to become stagnant.
Harvesting of water spinach can start two to three months after planting, and continue regularly thereafter. All parts of the young plants are eaten. However, older stems become fibrous, so young succulent stem tips are preferred. As a general rule, stem and leaves are always picked before the plant flowers to ensure a good eating quality. Harvesting should be carried out in the cooler part of the day to prevent wilting and the cut ends stood in a container with clean water.
The upland type performs best on moisture-retaining, clay-loam soils that have been enriched with organic matter and adjusted to a moderately acid to neutral nature, generally with a pH of 5.3 to 7.0. The planting beds should have full to partial exposure to the sun, ideally with some afternoon shade. An organic mulch is also recommended to help retain soil moisture.
Water Spinach is very fast-growing and in some countries, the lowland type is considered invasive or a noxious weed because it can quickly overrun wetland areas. A permit is required in Florida to grow water spinach, even in the home garden.
Adams, C. D. 1972, Flowering plants of Jamaica, University of the West Indies, Mona, Greater Kingston
Gohl, B. 1981, Tropical Feeds : feed information summaries and nutritive values (Revised edition), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome
Herklots, G. A. C. 1972, Vegetables in south-east Asia, Allen and Unwin, London
Holttum, R. E. & Enoch, I. C. 2010, Gardening in the tropics : the definitive guide for gardeners, Marshall Cavendish Editions, Singapore
Macmillan, H. F. 1943, Tropical planting and gardening : with special reference to Ceylon, 5th ed, Macmillan Publishing, London
Martin, F. W & Ruberte, R. M. 1975, Edible leaves of the tropics, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and the Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
Norrington, L. & Campbell, C. 2001, Tropical food gardens : a guide to growing fruit, herbs and vegetables in tropical and sub-tropical climates, Bloomings Books, Hawthorn, Victoria
Randall, R. P. 2002, A global compendium of weeds, R.G. and F.J. Richardson Press, Melbourne
Speichert, C. G. & Speichert, S. 2004, Encyclopedia of water garden plants, Timber Press, Portland, Oregon
Tindall, H. D. & Rice, L. W. 1990, Fruit and vegetable production in warm climates, International ed., Macmillan, London
Toensmeier, E. 2007, Perennial Vegetables : From Artichokes to Zuiki Taro, A Gardener's Guide to Over 100 Delicious and Easy to Grow Edibles, White River Junction, Chelsea Green Publishing, Vermont
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The Olympics/The Olympic Games 1
Choose the best response for each sentence:
1. The Swedish athlete ___________ the record in the 50 meter backstroke.
2. Q: What ___________ is she competing in? A: She is competing in the 400 meter relay.
3. The German athlete was ________ for using steroids.
4. Right now, The United States has the ________ medals.
5. The three types of Olympic medals are gold, silver, and ________.
6. The Russian swimmer has a good ________ of winning this event.
7. The South African runner is currently in first ________.
8. Most athletes will be ________ ( = living) in the Paris Athletes' Village.
9. Italy was winning, but the German soccer team came from ________ and won the match ( = game).
10. He's one of Japan's ___________ sports stars. = He's one of Japan's young, promising athletes.
(Your answers will be displayed in a new window)
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A little bit of litter you have in your grasp today could add up to billions of litters toward the finish of the year. Billions of cash are spent just to tidy up the litter that many individuals have neglectfully hurled out in the city and other open spaces.
In any case, if each of us attempts more of train and use of essential learning about the impacts of litter, envision how much cash could be spared and utilized for other more critical administrations.
In America alone, more than 250 million tons of junk is created every year, some of which is disposed of as litter along streets, on city boulevards, in parks and the country over conduits. Read on for 23 littering insights that will knock your socks off.
Littering not just decreases the physical excellence of the world we live in, yet it additionally represents some significant issues for the general population, plants,and creatures who are influenced by it.
In the event that you've at any point been liable for littering, you may not understand exactly the amount of an effect it has, both naturally and fiscally. Regardless of whether you don't perceive any quick results, there's as yet a stream down impact, since things like water contamination are regularly connected to littering and dumping.
Whenever you're enticed to simply hurl that vacant drink bottle out of the auto window or leave a cigarette butt lying around, remember these surprising littering insights.
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The technology of agriculture.
The history of technology begins with agriculture. Today, technology defines what and how we eat, from corn feed beef to organic gardens in urban schoolyards. Yet it all starts from one basic premise, for people to eat, plants must be “fed” first. The application of chemistry to agriculture for many brings to mind the use of fertilizers to provide the nutrients that plants need to grow. The real breakthrough was learning about the chemical composition of soil and the nutritional requirements of plants.
One of the keys to a “green thumb” is “good” soil. The key to good soil is knowing what is in your soil.
Soil testing is a service provided to growers as a management tool to help decide what crops and fertilizers to use. It uses a scientific basis for maintaining optimum soil fertility levels to attain maximum yields. Whether you are growing winter wheat on a dry land farm, alfalfa in an irrigated field on your ranch, cucumbers in your garden or sweet peas along side your house, the plants need nutrition and soil testing is the best way to provide enough, but not too much.
B & C Ag Consulting.
B & C Ag Consulting’s principal, Mike Choriki, and his father, Ray Choriki have been on the leading edge of soil analysis and how it affects different crops and plants since 1958. While Ray passed away in 2014, B & C Ag continues to help farmers, ranchers, homeowners, and hobbyists to maintain healthy vibrant soil for their crops and gardens.
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The Surgeon By Roald Dahl Summary,Theme, Characterization and Title
Sandy is as a profound surgeon who is not in the business for money. But upon saving a Saudi Arabian prince, he is offered a diamond worth almost a million dollars. He leaves with his wife for the weekend and they hide the diamond at a safe place in their house. When they return, they find their house was broken in and the diamond missing. Will it ever be found?
Outline of the Story
Dr Robert sandy had recently saved the life of a Saudi Arabian prince. And as a reward, he was given a very large diamond. Sandy was amazed when his local jeweller told him it’s worth almost a million dollars. He rushed home to show it to his wife, who was just as excited. Robert and Betty wished to go on a tour to Egypt and Turkey and also Baalbek, and other places. They are going away for the weekend, though, so they decided to freeze the diamond into an ice cube tray in order to hide it from any thieves. When they returned, they were shocked to see that their house had, in fact, been burgled. Everything in their kitchen had been smashed and thrown on the floor, including the contents of the freezer. The police were called and searched them everywhere, but they couldn’t locate the diamond.
The next day, another surgeon at the hospital was operating on a young man with something lodged in his intestine. To the surgeon’s amazement, it was a large diamond. He and one of the hospital theatre sisters took it to the local jeweller to have it appraised. The jeweller recognized it as Dr Sandy’s and called the police. Sandy was also notified, and by the time he got to the spot the surgeon and sister were both in handcuff. Sandy recognized him and they told him their story. He then asked the police to release them and asked them to head to the hospital to arrest the recovering thief.The young hooligan had evidently made himself a drink in Dr Sandy’s house and he had swallowed the ice cube.
Robert Sandy was a modest, hardworking man. He worked as a general surgeon in England. He was not at all concerned with fame and riches. Sandy enjoyed his work. One night he was the only surgeon available to work on a young man. The patient had been in a car wreck and had sustained massive abdominal injuries. Robert Sandy worked for three and a half hours to save the man’s life. By the next day, the patient was showing signs of recovery. He was the prince of Saudi Arabia and his associates wanted to move him to a hospital with famous surgeons. The patient said that he wanted to stay with the man who saved his life. Seven weeks later, he met with the prince who offered Sandy money, but the surgeon refused the money as always. Then, the prince gifted him a diamond. Sandy, who was quilted into accepting the diamond, came to know from Harry Gold, a jeweller, that the diamond was worth half a million dollars in the trade. The excited surgeon got on his bike and drove straight home to tell his wife Betty.
Betty was ecstatic. Soon they remembered that they were supposed to spend the weekend at their friends’ house. They couldn’t exactly bring the diamond with them, they would be anxious all weekend. They decided to freeze the diamond in a piece of ice and leave it in the icebox. So after they froze the diamond, they packed up and left for the Renshaws. After a pleasant weekend, Robert and Betty came back to find their house in ruins. Everything was smashed and thrown around. The kitchen was the worst of all. Robert and Betty called the police and told them about the diamond. The police looked, but could not find it.
The next day, two surgeons were operating on a young man who had a piece of something lodged in his intestine. William Haddock and a nurse looked at the object and realized it was a diamond. They used glass to test if it really was a diamond. They took it to Harry Gold to get appraised. Harry realized it was Robert’s diamond, and called him. Robert called the police and reached the jewellery store.
William and the nurse were in handcuffs. They explained to Sandy the story of surgery and the removing of the diamond from the patient’s intestine. Sandy asked the police to release them and asked them to head to the hospital to arrest the recovering thief. The young hooligan John Diggs had evidently made himself a drink in Sandy’s house, and he had swallowed the ice cube in which the diamond was hidden.
There are various themes of the story. One can read the message of humility, magnanimity, loyalty and integrity in the character of Robert Sandy. He is a different doctor who presents a loud and clear message to the world of doctors and other professionals to work with zeal and loyalty that certainly pays you beyond your expectations. He in a way is a messiah who is preferred by the royal people over the costly doctors who lack the true ethics and the professionalism that the job demands. In the current scenario, the docs charge too much which is always beyond the reach of common masses.
On the other hand, one should not be careless about one‘s precious and costly things. These things need to be kept at some safe places where they are not stolen easily. In the story, it is quite strange to see that Sandys keeping the diamond in a freezing tray in the refrigerator. They leave the house unattended and see the result after returning.
Title of the Story
The title of the story is aptly “The Surgeon” as the entire actions are structured around Robert Sandy. It is also very interesting to read that the most precious stone the diamond comes back to Sandy after a surgery conducted on the thief.
In “The Surgeon” one can find many literary elements while enjoying a humorous story. An example of a literary element used in the story is foreshadowing. Before Mr and Mrs Sandy leave to go out of town for the weekend, they talk about where they should hide the diamond in case a robbery was to occur. While a robbery is highly unlikely as they say, they still hide it. Their conversation about a possible robbery foreshadows that a robbery will occur later in the story, just as it does. Another example is dramatic irony. When the diamond resurfaces the audience/reader knows where it is, however everyone in the story does not know, leaving it a mystery to them.
Character of Robert Sandy
Robert sandy is the main character of the story. He is a soft-spoken man with great humility and empathy. Sandy is a highly skilled and committed surgeon. He is a simple man and loves to ride a bicycle to attend his duty. He has devoted his life to operate and heal his patients with utmost patience. Sandy is humorous and a sober person with no inclination towards becoming famous and rich. He is a perfectionist and gives only the best possible care to his patients. He does not believe in receiving bribes, extra money or gifts from his patients. He feels happy to receive simple things like a bottle of beer from his patients as a gift.
He gets excited and feels delighted to receive a gift from the prince whom he had operated and cured recently. He eagerly wants to show the diamond to an expert goldsmith and then to his wife whom he loves very much. In a fit of humour, he tries to avoid telling the cost and forces his wife to think it out and takes time to tell her the real worth of the diamond. His work ethics make him a successful and most dedicated surgeon as the royal people avoid costly hospitals and love to be operated by him. He is an admirable person who never wants to see people in trouble as he quickly asks the inspector to release the doctor and the nurse and arrest the real thief.
In spite of all odds, Sandy‘s good work pays in the end. The diamond comes back to him because he really deserves it for his invaluable service, professionalism, modesty and honesty.
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Before I answer the question posed I want to set the scene before two characters talk.
In a short story I am working on, a man is walking down a hallway, stops in front of a door with a security window, punches a code into a keypad, and enters into another hallway.
I do not tell what the facility is, but through describing what the man sees in the hallway, like the color of the walls and what type of pictures or posters are hanging on the wall and using phrases like ‘institutional carpet’ and what he observes by watching people, some of whom are looking at a TV, though few seem to be comprehending, the reader should get the idea that the man is in a nursing home.
The man walks into a room where a woman is sitting and looking out the window. He pulls up a chair and begins to talk. So now we have a setting. And now they must talk.
When faced with a conversation, especially an emotional one and one with a twist, and a conversation that must reveal character, a lot of thought must go into the dialogue.
You must know your character, know how he talks, and know his personality. What you need not know is how the conversation will end. If you choose to think of how it will end and write towards that end that works too. For me, I like to make it up as I go along. Like an improve actor.
If I know my character, then I can imagine the conversation. As I write I know the man is going to reminisce about two things. One is about how happy he was when he got married and the other is the worst day of his life when his two children, home from college, are killed in an auto accident.
So, like an actor, I go with the scene. A writer must get into the character’s head and pretend to be the character. Writing fiction requires you, not to think, but to feel. A good actor feels the words, understands the emotion. Once you feel the emotion of the words, the dialogue flows. It did for me, usually does. And in this moment where the man says more than the woman he is conversing with I come up with something that makes it all work, including the twist.
You see, the man thought he was talking to his wife. The woman said that she was not his wife, that her children were not dead. She made short interjections, then asked him to call a nurse; three of four times she would break in and ask for the nurse.
When the nurse does come she sees the man and an empty chair.
The man was not in the right room, his wife is dead, the woman who lives in the room was watching TV in the activity area, and the man had dementia.
But you never say what the facility is. You never give the background like a reporter giving news. You reveal through descriptive imagery and through dialogue, imagining you are an actor, not on the stage, but on the page.
Finished imaginings of mine are found at the top of my web page and the e-books are available on Amazon.
Thanks for reading.
I agree completely
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« WIC: Latest advances »
Impact of Personal Preference and Motivation on Fruit and Vegetable Consumption of WIC Participating Mothers and Children in Atlanta
The primary objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between psychosocial factors (personal preferences and motivation for healthy eating habits) and the consumption of fruit and vegetables (F&V) among mothers and children participating in the WIC program in the metro-Atlanta area. Socio-demographic factors were also examined as possible confounders of the relationship with F&V consumption. Understanding personal preferences and motivation would allow the WIC program to improve the effectiveness of its nutrition education efforts to increase F&V consumption .
Participants were selected from two metro-Atlanta WIC agencies and interviewed between April and October, 2009. All 249 participants of the study met the following inclusion criteria:
- at least 18 years of age,
- English as the primary language;
- received WIC coupons or vouchers at the WIC clinic;
- had at least one child receiving WIC vouchers between the age of 1 and < 5 years; and
- received WIC vouchers on date of interview.
Measure of F&V consumption and psychosocial and sociodemographic factors
The baseline survey asked six questions pertaining to F&V intake for the mother and the oldest child receiving the food voucher. The questions asked about the daily or weekly consumption of six different categories of F&V: fruit juice, fruit, green salad, potatoes (not including french fries), carrots, other vegetables.
The psychosocial factors included in this study focused on personal preference and motivation factors of F&V consumption for participants. A total of eight subtopics of personal preference and motivation were asked (Table 1) with three response options: ‘‘Disagree,’’ ‘‘Agree,’’ and ‘‘Neutral.’’ Seven sociodemographic variables were identified (Table 1).
Fruit juice and fruits consumption were the highest category of F&V intake
For both mother and child, fruit juice and fruit had the highest average intake. Carrots, potatoes, and green salad had the lowest average daily consumption for both mother and child (Table 2).
Categorical breakdown for F&V consumption is important for development of new WIC initiatives focused on F&V. Fresh fruits and green leafy vegetables are highly recommended for a healthy diet2. Fruit juice consumption has been criticized for high sugar content, often with sparse nutritional benefits3,4.Further examination of knowledge of F&V consumption will be benefi cial in developing education programs and tailoring new WIC initiatives toward healthier diets.
Only 28% of mothers and 44 % of their oldest children consumed more than five servings of F&V daily
The average total daily intake of F&V among mothers was 3.92 servings, and 5.25 for the oldest child.
The analysis of perception of F&V intake showed that the majority of mothers in this study believe they ‘‘already consume plenty of F&V.’’ However, only 28% of mothers (and 44 % of oldest children) met the suggested daily intake of five servings of F&V a day.
Not knowing how to prepare F&V and spoilage of F&V before eating them were significantly related to F&V consumption of mothers
The demographic characteristics did not differ signifi cantly by whether the F&V criterion was met. However, those who did not meet the criterion showed a higher percentage of being concerned about not having enough money.
Of the 15 independent variables, only three showed a significant difference between mothers who met criteria and those who did not: ‘‘Already eat plenty of F&V’’ (P =0.04); ‘‘Fruits and vegetables often spoil before I eat them’’ (P=0.02); and ‘‘Do not know how to prepare most F&V’’ (P =0.04). This last item is consistent with findings from a previous study in which WIC recipients claimed to spend little time cooking each day, rarely used recipes, and prepared larger meals only on weekends5.
|Food storage and preparation resulted in signifi cant differences in meeting criteria for F&V consumption. Future education
and research initiatives should offer cooking classes and focus on teaching participants how to use recipe books.
For children, only two variables had a signifi cant different in outcome of child’s F&V intake: ‘‘Already eat plenty of F&V’’ (P=0.04); and ‘‘Concerned about money’’ (P=0.02).
- Kant AK. Dietary patterns and health outcomes. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104: 615-635.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Eat a colorful variety of fruits and vegetables everyday for better health. In: U.S Department of Health and Human Services, ed. Fruits & Veggies Matter; 2011.
- Yeh MC, Ickes SB, Lowenstein LM, et al. Understanding barriers and facilitators of fruit and vegetable consumption among a diverse multi-ethnic population in the USA. Health Promot Int. 2008;23:42-51.
- United States Department of Agriculture. Choose my plate: vegetables. http://www.choosemyplate.gov/foodgroups/ vegetables.html. Accessed December 17, 2013.
- Treiman K, Freimuth V, Damron D, et al. Attitudes and behaviors related to fruits and vegetables among lowincome women in the WIC program. J Nutr Educ Behav. 1996;28: 149-156.
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LONDON -- Strokes are increasingly hitting younger people and the incidence of the crippling condition worldwide could double by 2030, warns the first global analysis of the problem.
Though the chances of a stroke jump dramatically with age, the growing number of younger people with worrying risk factors such as bulging waistlines, diabetes and high blood pressure means they are becoming increasingly susceptible.
Worldwide, stroke is the second-leading cause of death after heart disease and is also a big contributor to disability.
Most strokes occur when a clot blocks the blood supply to the brain. Patients often experience symptoms including a droopy face, the inability to lift their arms and garbled speech. If not treated quickly, patients can be left with long-term side effects, including speech and memory problems, paralysis and the loss of some vision.
Scientists combed through more than 100 studies from 1990 to 2010 studying stroke patients across the world and also used modeling techniques when there wasn't enough data. They found the incidence of stroke has jumped by a quarter in people aged 20 to 64 and that those patients make up almost one-third of the total number of strokes.
Researchers said most strokes still occur in the elderly and that the numbers of people suffering strokes are still increasing as the world's population ages.
"Some of the increase we will see in strokes is unavoidable because it has to do with people aging, but that doesn't mean we should give up," said Majid Ezzati of Imperial College London, one of the study's authors. Ezzati said countries should focus on reducing smoking rates further, aggressively controlling blood pressure and improving eating habits.
Ezzati said developing countries such as Iran and South Africa that have set up national systems to monitor maternal and child health are a good model for similar initiatives that could help keep stroke risk factors, such as high blood pressure, in check.
Ezzati and colleagues found the death rate from strokes dropped 37 percent in developed countries and 20 percent in developing countries, largely because of better diagnosis and treatment.
Stroke prevalence was highest in East Asia, North America, Europe and Australia. It was lowest in Africa and the Middle East — though researchers said people in those regions may be dying of other ailments before they get old enough to have a stroke.
In the U.S., doctors have already noted an alarming increase in strokes among young and middle-aged Americans, while the number has been dropping in older people.
The research was paid for by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and published online Thursday in the journal Lancet.
"Young people think stroke is only a problem of the elderly, but we need to educate them," said Dr. Yannick Bejot of the University Hospital of Dijon in France, who co-wrote an accompanying commentary. He added that using illegal drugs such as marijuana and cocaine also boosts the chance of a stroke.
"If young people understood how debilitating a stroke is, maybe they would change their behavior," he said.
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Is carbon offsetting an effective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or is it simply a form of greenwashing? Divisive though it may be, carbon offsetting is an essential part of the sustainability toolkit – and here’s why.
Voluntary carbon credits have come under fire in recent years, from environmental activists and media pundits, for different reasons. While some see offsetting as a means of buying one’s way out of other polluting behaviour – and thus, a form of greenwashing – others challenge the effectiveness of the projects underlying those credits and intended to remove carbon from the atmosphere.
While we think it’s right that sceptics challenge the effectiveness of the tools used to achieve net-zero emissions, the picture they paint of carbon markets and offsetting is not.
No single action will get us to net zero. Successful climate strategies aim for incremental progress on multiple fronts.
Part of a larger sustainability strategy
Emissions offsetting is an essential part of the corporate sustainability toolkit. Yet it must be viewed as just that: part of a larger transition strategy that also aims to reduce or eliminate emissions and helps accelerate the move to a low-carbon economy.
Low-carbon technologies are coming to market faster than ever before, but innovation still takes time. Due to technology and cost, it’s simply not possible for most to completely eliminate or reduce emissions. The Science-Based Targets initiative (SBTi), the foundation behind the SBTi Corporate Net-Zero Standard, suggests that by setting long-term science-based targets companies could eliminate or reduce up to 90% of emissions from their operations and supply chains. But that still leaves residual emissions in need of removal.
Carbon credits can do just that. Removal credits are those that result from projects that directly remove carbon from the atmosphere; these are distinct from avoidance credits, which result from projects that avoid producing new greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (for example, off-grid renewable energy projects). At present, removal credits are usually issued from nature-based projects such as afforestation or rewilding. Nature-based solutions alone won’t be enough to tackle emissions: tech solutions, such as Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS) and Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) will be instrumental in the wider transition to net zero.
Due diligence is key
Buyers must be cautious. Investigations undertaken by activists and media have rightly called out ‘phantom projects’. This is where projects intended to capture carbon – and used for carbon credits – haven’t actually materialised, have lapsed or expired, or have been neglected to such a degree that they don’t remove GHGs at anywhere near the levels specified.
These situations are avoidable, with the right due diligence. As we’ve stressed in previous articles, carbon credits must be certified to a high standard. The long-term nature of projects that underpin credits underscores the need to understand the risks inherent to them, which we outline here.
But ensuring the carbon credits you buy are certified to a high standard (which also means the underlying projects are auditable and verifiable) is the single most effective thing you can do to mitigate the risk of phantom projects.
The importance of standards
The integrity of carbon offsetting relies wholly on the environmental additionality of the credit, which all standards define in the same way: a carbon credit is considered additional if the emissions reduction/removal that underpins the credit would not have occurred without the project that generates the credit.
It’s also important to stress that standards are becoming stronger and increasingly multilayered as more organisations become involved in their development. A good example of this is the Core Carbon Principles (CCP), a new internationally recognised standard for global voluntary carbon markets to be soon developed by the Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market (ICVCM). It sits alongside a range of other frameworks, legal principles, and contracts developed by other standard setters providing better governance, transparency, and scalability in global voluntary carbon markets.
Some are also helping to deliver incremental sustainability benefits beyond decarbonisation. Developed by the Climate Community and Biodiversity Alliance, the Climate, Community and Biodiversity Standards (CCB) standard for land-based projects can deliver climate biodiversity and community benefits simultaneously.
Get on the front foot
As long as carbon credits are truly ‘additional’, companies that use them correctly greatly reduce the risk of exposing themselves to charges of greenwashing. But there are activities companies can undertake to further mitigate that risk:
- Create the right culture: from the mailroom to the boardroom, employees need to believe in why the transition to net-zero matters. Lack of buy-in for ‘why’ makes the ‘how’, from the smallest behaviour changes to the biggest operational pivots, nearly impossible to embed.
- Set meaningful, science-based targets: sustainability strategies need to be grounded in real, science-based targets, not vague commitments to ‘doing more’ for the environment and society. The SBTi Corporate Net-Zero Standard is an excellent starting point for translating long-term science-based targets into tangible action.
- Report, disclose, and communicate progress: tracking and regularly communicating progress on your transition strategy – including emissions offsetting activities – to a broad range of stakeholders is an important part of driving accountability when it comes to reducing emissions.
Finally, it’s important to stress that the transition to a more sustainable future won’t be won by striving for perfection. No single action will get us to net zero; success can be achieved only through incremental progress on multiple fronts. But speedy action is essential.
Follow NatWest’s Carbonomics 101 series to stay informed on the development of the carbon markets and learn about the role they could play in your sustainability strategy. To access the full Carbonomics 101 series you can visit the bank’s Carbon Hub, where they also include essential tools and insights to help you on your climate transition journey.
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Hello to everyone who is in school or at university. If you need to write an urgent report or article, abstract. Just turn to a essay writer, and he will do everything for you, while you do more important things.
A report is a type of public (oral) presentation of information on a particular issue in the form of a detailed report based on the use of documentary data.
Scientific report - one of the forms of promulgation of the results of scientific research, a detailed presentation of a particular scientific topic, problem or issue.
The report combines three qualities of the researcher: the ability to conduct scientific research, the ability to present the results to the audience and qualified to answer questions.
During the preparation for the presentation it is advisable to prepare the text of the report, that is a document containing information about the subject and object of research, the rationale for the relevance and prospects of studying this issue, the main results, conclusions and proposals. Working on the text of the report - cpm hw help, you should remember that it is intended for oral reading and discussion, so it requires not only his possession of the material report, but also the ability to answer questions, to enter into a discussion and prove to the audience the correctness of the arguments and politely obtained results.
Depending on the content and volume of the material presented, a distinction is made between:
report reports - summarize the status of the research process;
current - give information about the progress of the work;
reports on research topics allow you to present the results of completed research work, such as coursework, thesis or master's thesis.
The most common structure of the report, which contains an introduction, the main part, the conclusion.
At the beginning of the report indicate the title of the work, the name of the supervisor, the place where the work was performed.
In the introduction explain the theme of the report, indicate the relevance of the problem, its significance, formulate the purpose of the report, set out the history of research on the issue.
In the main part of the submit a description of the scientific problem (it is advisable to highlight the main aspect of the problem, and then the main provisions, which in detail and consistently analyze). The main part of the report should not be overloaded with an excess of experimental data. The sheer number of results cannot increase the value of the paper.
Conclusions summarize the most important provisions, they should be clear and concise.
In the report, it is advisable to observe the polemical character, which will arouse the interest of the audience, as well as reference to previous performances.
When preparing the text of the report use professional scholarship essay writers , one should take into account that much of the important information is presented on slides, slides, or posters. Now mostly computer presentations are used. The speaker should use the illustrative material effectively, commenting briefly on it. This saves 20-40% of the presentation time.
Like the text of the report, the illustrative material should be as accessible as possible. On one of the slides or posters it is desirable to reflect the plan of the report, it will help listeners to better orient themselves in the material of the work. Graphs, schemes, drawings should be simplified as much as possible, leaving additional data on the oral comment.
Forming the content of the report, the selection of material, it is important to consider that the text, published on three pages, a person can read in 10 minutes. Consequently, the text of the speech can be from 3 to 5 pages.
The beginning of the report is crucial to creating a good impression in the audience. The speaker's language should indicate that he or she has a thorough knowledge of the subject and is well prepared for the presentation.
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A transmission, or a gearbox, goes about as the medium that sends power created by the motor to the wheels using a mechanical arrangement of cogwheels and stuff trains. A transmission permits an individual to apply capacity to a vehicle in a controlled way, without which, the vehicle wouldn’t productively move. Vehicles need transmission to move the power from the motor to the drive shaft and the differential to allow the wheels to turn.
Let us look at the benefits of installing a transmission:
- The transmission differs the force, the speed, and the course by changing the transmission proportions and empowers the vehicle, to begin with, with a high force.
- Transmission liquid is utilized to grease up every one of the parts of your vehicle’s transmission. This takes into consideration that the parts move among each other all the more easily and produce less erosion and intensity. It likewise assists your motor with working at its max execution, so it is essential to have it under your hood.
- A transmission switches the gear of a motor, subsequently moving the motor’s capacity to the wheels fully intent on pushing the vehicle forward.
- The transmission assumes an imperative part of your vehicle. While the portrayal of what a transmission does is basic, it contains many parts cooperating to move your vehicle. The transmission liquid inside empowers cooling and grease, communicating force and strain and forestalling development. By changing the transmission liquid consistently, the liquid stays clean and will keep the transmission moving along as expected.
All through the core of Leon County, Alachua County, Madison County, Chiefland, Perry, FL, and Live Oak, FL areas, everybody from overhanging tree mechanics to proficient assistance professionals trusts Dixie Salvage for essentially any part they need. There are other rescue yards, however, there’s just a single full-administration yard nearby, and that is Dixie Salvage, where you’ll find enough parts you want and the help.
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News | August 7, 2014
From pole to pole, NASA's flying laboratories study our world
NASA gains its global perspective of Earth through its fleet of 17 satellites orbiting our home planet. But sometimes scientists need to add a closer view to tackle certain challenging questions.
Over the next few months, NASA will fly a series of airborne research campaigns — from the North Pole to the South Pole and in between — to take a closer look at U.S. air quality, hurricanes forming in the Atlantic, and the impact of climate change on Earth’s polar regions.
While Earth-observing satellites provide a much-needed global and long-term view, the ability of NASA's Airborne Science Program to put scientists and advanced scientific instruments directly in the field offers a different level of insight into Earth’s complex systems.
Throughout the remainder of 2014, NASA and NASA-funded scientists will be using the nimble capabilities of the agency’s aircraft in a series of targeted campaigns.
Investigating the air we breathe
Scientists have traditionally measured air quality using sensors on the ground. NASA is putting a focus on ultimately improving our ability to observe air quality from space. Before that’s possible at high resolution, the agency is using campaigns such as DISCOVER-AQ (Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality) to better understand local air quality and how it changes throughout a summer day and at different altitudes.
With its current campaign over and around Denver, Colorado, DISCOVER-AQ will complete its four-year series of field studies in regions of the United States that routinely experience poor air quality. Previous campaigns were centered over the Washington-Baltimore area, central California, and Houston.
NASA’s P-3B and B200 aircraft are measuring gaseous and particulate pollution along Colorado’s Front Range, which has a mix of urban and agricultural pollution sources, as well as a broad region of oil and gas extraction activity.
Storming the Atlantic Basin
Hurricane forecasters have made great strides in recent years in their ability to project the tracks of these powerful, damaging storms. But the mechanisms that cause tropical storms and hurricanes to form and intensify remain a puzzle. If scientists could better understand what causes formation and strengthening, it’s possible forecasters could improve the projections of a storm’s strength at the time it makes landfall.
NASA’s Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel, or HS3, mission was designed to study these processes. The mission uses the unique capability of NASA’s unmanned Global Hawks — the planes can fly up to 65,000 feet for as long as 30 hours — to provide sustained measurements above and around evolving tropical storms in the Atlantic Basin. The mission will fly from NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia, for a one-month period during August and September.
Satellites can only give scientists a snapshot in time of a storm, and traditional aircraft can only observe a storm for several hours at a time. But the Global Hawks are allowing scientists to peer inside the evolution of tropical cyclones as they develop over longer periods of time.
At Earth’s poles
The Arctic and Antarctic are undergoing rapid and significant changes. Understanding these changes is a key research priority for NASA, which is why the agency will have three separate airborne campaigns flying at Earth’s poles this year.
A new airborne mission called the Arctic Radiation IceBridge Sea and Ice Experiment, or ARISE, will fly in August and September to study how the loss of Arctic sea ice is affecting the formation of clouds and the exchange of heat from Earth’s surface to space.
ARISE is designed to take advantage of NASA’s existing capabilities in order to give scientists better insight into the relationship between retreating sea ice and the Arctic climate. The mission will fly aboard the agency’s C-130 aircraft, which will be based at Thule, Greenland, and Fairbanks, Alaska.
Also in the Arctic, NASA will fly the third year of a campaign to observe the impacts of thawing permafrost due to a warming Arctic climate. The Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment, or CARVE, will use a Twin Otter aircraft to probe the frozen land above the Arctic Circle in Alaska, measuring the carbon dioxide and methane emissions released as permafrost thaws.
CARVE is testing hypotheses that Arctic carbon reservoirs are vulnerable to climate warming, while delivering the first direct measurements and detailed regional maps of Arctic carbon dioxide and methane sources.
At the other end of the world, this October NASA’s Operation IceBridge will make its sixth trip to fly over Antarctica, collecting data on sea ice, glaciers and ice sheets. IceBridge, the largest airborne survey of Earth’s polar ice ever flown, is returning to many of the same flight lines from previous years in order to measure exactly how the ice has changed from year to year.
The airborne measurements to be made from the DC-8 flying laboratory will help bridge the gap in polar observations between NASA's Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), which stopped collecting data in 2009, and its replacement, ICESat-2, which is scheduled to launch later this decade.
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First and foremost, it is important to know if you are complying with all regulations regarding water use for growing commercial cannabis. As water scarcity increases globally, many agricultural-based businesses like cannabis cultivators seek ways to conserve water. Commercial agriculture uses approximately 80% of the state’s ‘developed water,’ or water that’s moved from its natural source via pipes and aqueducts for businesses and homes.
The exact amount of water it takes to grow cannabis depends on several factors such as the location, size of plants, type of soil, strain, etc. There is always a more efficient, environmentally-friendly option available; it just depends on if it’s a viable, cost-effective solution for a company. With the problem growing exponentially over time, water efficiency is imperative.
There are various factors that affect water efficiency like plant size, humidity, wind speed, solar radiation, soil types, chemovar, and water temperature. Complying with cannabis cultivation policies in each state is also essential. These are guidelines that establish laws for environmental protection, specifically the protection of water quantity and quality.
Plants use water to transport nutrients by absorbing them and then releasing them into the air through the process of transpiration. To get the most significant plant yield, cultivators control the temperature and lighting, encouraging the plant to consume more water for nutrients. This water consumption makes cannabis a water-intensive crop.
Water Conservation Solutions
However, because many cultivators grow cannabis in a controlled environment, reducing water waste is possible. In places where cannabis is still grown outside, many grow operations plant their crops in containers to conserve water. It’s also more efficient to irrigate plants earlier in the morning or just before sunset.
There is still unnecessary water waste in the form of excess water that evaporates from the plant. Growers can reduce this by eliminating overwatering. One of the smartest conservation techniques is dehumidifying the growing area to capture condensation for reuse. Adding nutrients to the captured condensation allows growers to use it again. This process enables cultivators to minimize water waste significantly. Reclaiming water is also cost-effective and helps Return-on-Investment (ROI).
Recapturing water can be done simply if the business already uses a controlled environment. These systems have piping from the dehumidifying and cooling systems and pipes that draw the water outside or down a drain. Instead, the water can be drained into a holding tank. After that, the grow operation would need to invest in a filtration system to remove contaminants from the condensate.
Covering the substrate with a special cloth that acts as thermal insulation is another solution. Other conservation techniques involve covering plants with shading meshes in very hot areas or using products like mycorrhizal fungi or humic acid to improve water absorption efficiency in plants.
Cannabis growers are encouraged to practice sustainability and ensure that they are operating in compliance with laws. Everyone has a responsibility to contribute to solutions for water scarcity.
For marijuana growers using municipal water supplies, you must verify that your water is coming from a source that is not federally managed. It is essential to know and follow all regulations regarding water usage and supply source.
For example, municipal water supplies in parts of Nevada and Southern California are provided by the Federal Bureau of Reclamation via diversions from the Colorado River and are therefore prohibited for use in cannabis operations.
Every grower, producing cannabis commercially or for personal use, should be sure to track water usage and yield data for each variety of marijuana they grow. Data will help cannabis cultivators determine the perfect balance between maximum water efficiency and achieving the highest yield per plant.
Finding this sweet spot will benefit the bottom line of individual growers and the environment as a whole.
Let us know what you think.
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A second viewing in a police line-up may help more eyewitnesses identify the culprit, new research from Flinders University reveals.
The study of 400 South Australians from varying demographics, conducted between 2012 and 2013, found that offering a second ‘lap’ in a sequential police line-up could increase the number of positive identifications without reducing the overall accuracy of the witnesses’ decisions.
In police line-ups, witnesses see a police suspect (who may be guilty or innocent) alongside several innocent volunteers. An increasingly common testing method is the sequential line-up, where members are shown one by one, rather than in a single group. Many jurisdictions that have adopted the sequential line-up allow witnesses to see a second lap of the line-up if requested.
Chief investigator Dr Ruth Horry, based in Flinders School of Psychology, said the study explored the impact of additional line-up laps on the number of guilty suspects identified and the overall accuracy of decisions.
Contradicting existing research, she said accuracy was stable from the first to the second lap, however the number of guilty culprits identified increased significantly.
“The rate of mistakes in police line-ups is very high – people either wrongly identify someone they’ve never seen before, which is particularly serious if the person is innocent and if that person happens to be the police suspect, or they miss the offender,” Dr Horry said.
“Despite such a high rate of errors, there’s very little research on the effect of sequential line-up laps on accuracy, and most of these studies have significant flaws,” she said.
“The most comprehensive study to date argues that you get a drop in accuracy from the first to the second lap because some witnesses don’t really know who the offender is but feel compelled to pick somebody.
“Rather than having a clear idea of the bad guy, the study suggests that some witnesses will pick anyone in the second lap, which obviously means a huge drop in accuracy, but this doesn’t fit with what we found.”
Dr Horry said her study showed a second lap could actually increase the number of offenders identified because some witnesses are being overly cautious in the first lap but feel confident enough to identify the culprit in the second lap.
“It’s not that witnesses don’t know who to pick, they’re just being too cautious in the first lap.
“But if they’re offered a second lap they tend to make a correct identification.
“Though some innocent suspects were also identified in the second lap, the increase in false identifications was much smaller than the increase in correct identifications. Consequently, a lot more bad guys were identified with no overall cost to accuracy.”
Dr Horry said she recruited seven mock culprits for the line-up and used a broad cross-section of the community as witnesses, as opposed to other studies which only use a handful of offenders and witnesses: “We’re confident the results are a lot more robust and generalisable than previous studies.”
The study has now been submitted for publication in a top international psychology-law journal, and was a key factor in Dr Horry recently winning one of Flinders University’s Vice-Chancellor’s Awards for Early Career Researchers.
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In the new era, the need for data scientists is growing continuously. All around us is evolving and becoming more digital. With several people getting interested in this area, it’s no wonder that technology has evolved and progressed at such a rapid pace. Computer science is classified into many sub-fields, each with its own group of specialized staff.
However, Composing instructions in the form of code, generally referred to as programming, is one thing prevalent in virtually all these areas. This is the basis of data science, and it provides the capacity to create and remove objects. With the number of current programming languages approaching the three-digit level, and because each programming work has its own unique set of criteria, finding out which language to learn can be incredibly overwhelming.
Python is considered to be one of the rapidly developing languages out there. Python offers several web development structures, like Django and Pyramid. These two are the most mainstream core tools provided by Python.
To be a high-level language is a great thing in Python. This language is easy to understand. Python is the most commonly used language globally, and it is considered an outstanding language by both beginners and experts. Furthermore, it is open source and has a range of excellent documentation to understand the core concepts. In the Big Data and AI sectors, Python has also been a core player and also get python coding help.
R is regarded as the most popular language for ML(Machine Learning). Because it is open-sourced, you can configure it as per your project’s requirements and easily add modules for extra functionality and also get R programming assignment help.
- R libraries are used to conduct statistical analysis at the production level and produce great visualizations of results.
- Occasionally, data analysis may require programming to interface with databases, which is no concern for R since it has multiple interoperability-enabling packages.
In large companies, Java is another common alternative, and it has remained so for decades. Java is a popular programming language for developing large-scale web applications. Java is considered to be highly robust, and so it has been embraced by many major corporations.
If you want to work in a big company as a developer, Java is the language to mas
ter. Java is still commonly used in Android App Creation.
Since there are billions of Android users now, nearly every company wants an Android application. this opens up a massive opportunity for Java developers provided by Google has built an outstanding Java-based Android development platform – Android Studio –
The history behind the development of the PHP programming language is interesting. It was originally developed to manage a personal webpage but has been used globally since then. The PHP language is mainly used for the construction of dynamic and static pages. The PHP programming language is used by organizations such as Twitter, Yahoo, and Mail Chimp.
Some benefits of using PHP are:
- It’s extremely convenient to use for designing websites.
- It’s got a lot of unique structures.
- It’s consistent with debuggers like Xdebug.
- To install and test software, it provides numerous automation tools.
- There are plenty of good automation resources available for training and implementation.
- There’s immense support from the government.
C# is one of the programming languages developed by Microsoft. This programming language has made a notable name for its game and web development areas.
C# is ordinarily used in Unity software. It is the most popular game engine program practiced for building 2D and 3D video games.
Also, C# represents a large part in developing Windows applications and has been used on many sites’ back-end side.
Take a glimpse at some of its advantages:
- It’s simple to update and balance.
- It can be utilized as an object-oriented programming language.
- It can operate with general codebases.
- A user can combine it with the .NET library.
- It can be utilized as a component-oriented programming language.
New programming is developing every day, and it is becoming so hard to choose the best one from them. But for your convince, we have provided the best and most popular programming languages of 2021. With the help of this article, You can also get brief details about some popular languages.
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Originally published, June 2003; "Current Implications" added by Heidi Burgess in June, 2017.
Defining Identity Frames
Drawing from the larger body of general research on conflict framing, the concept of identity frames illustrates the various ways in which people view themselves in the context of specific conflicts. It also allows us to think about how individuals who are part of a larger group are influenced by their affiliation with and participation in that group.
Why Frames Matter
A frame is an interpretive device that all people use when making sense of the world around them. Because the task of processing information about our social world is difficult, complex, and often cumbersome, especially when addressing social conflicts, we must use devices that help us make better sense of any given situation. All individuals use frames to aid in deciding where and how we fit into a conflict and what, if anything we can do as a response. Using the metaphor of a picture frame, the concept of "frame" acts as a device to draw borders around what is and is not important. Just as a picture frame defines what is and what is not included in a picture, conflict frames define what is and is not important to consider when faced with a conflict.
The Importance of Identity Frames
The concept of identity frame is an important one because it allows us to analyze how individuals' identity and group affiliation influence how they view and respond to conflict. Because identity describes who we are as a person, we tend to protect those things (beliefs, values, group affiliations) that help create our sense of self. When individuals' identities are threatened or challenged through conflict, they respond in ways that reinforce their allegiance to these affiliations. In a nutshell, identity frames "crop" information and perspectives that do not align with or perhaps contradict features of an individual's core identity.
Where Frames Come From
Identity frames are created in a number of ways and are influenced by multiple factors. Individuals' understanding of their core beliefs, values, and sense of self influences how they will respond in a conflict. Often people see themselves as an advocate of a particular set of values (environmentalism, conservation, freedom, equality) and frame the conflict based on how the alternatives advance one or more of a particular set of interests.
Group Identification: The different groups of which individuals are a part also influence their orientation toward the conflict and toward other parties involved. For example, when deciding whether to support new legislation calling for prayer in public schools, one's identity as a fundamentalist Christian would result in a more favorable frame toward the policy. One would likely frame the conflict through the values of one's church community, rather than through the values of personal choice or preference. This framing, in turn, influences how the individual will consider the merits of opposing arguments and positions on the conflict. When people view themselves as a part of a larger group, position, institution, or set of values, they will behave in ways that protect these markers of identity.
|In a nutshell, identity frames "crop" information and perspectives that do not align with or perhaps contradict features of an individual's core identity.|
Social/Institutional Roles: One's role in society, as student, parent, friend, activist, victim, guardian, relative, boss, or employee, can dramatically influence one's identity frames. In turn, each of these societal roles can influence the options we see available. For example, when considering options for moving the boundaries of school attendance areas, thus changing which school particular children will go to, the way we frame the ensuing dispute depends on our particular social and institutional role. As a parent, people may view the dispute in terms of how the outcome would affect their children or perhaps their ability to parent. (Parents generally do not want their children to be forced to move, unless they are being moved into a better school.) School administrators may be more interested in how the outcome would affect teachers or the overall budget of the school system. As an employee, people may be more interested in how this relocation would affect their employment status. Based on our different roles, we will see and respond to (frame) the dispute differently based on the needs and interests of our particular role. Role conflict may occur when two of our roles clash (perhaps our roles as parent and administrator).
Our institutional affiliation (logger, rancher, federal employee, state house representative, mayor, president of a chemical company, director of an environmental organization) may also facilitate or inhibit particular ways of looking at a conflict. For example, as a politician, we may evaluate first and foremost how the outcome of a particular dispute (or even the processes we used to address the conflict) may influence our ability to be re-elected. In this case, the politician would make choices based on a frame that considers only those behaviors that make good politics. A sound solution may not be considered because the "politician frame" did not allow that option to come into view.
Individuals' identity frames are also strongly influenced by their affiliation with a particular ethnic group (Polish, Irish, African, Peruvian), racial background (Hispanic, African-American, Asian-American), place (the South, the Midwest, Flowing Gardens subdivision, Los Angeles, Texas, South America) or participation in a particular cultural or sub-cultural group (hippie, retired, female, lesbian, lawyer, elderly, disabled). Members of a particular cultural identity group are likely to operate from a frame that evaluates how a particular conflict will affect members of the larger group.
In one case featuring a dispute over neighborhood redevelopment, different cultural groups may frame the same problem in drastically different ways. For example, a proposed development requires tearing down an old blues club to build a new set of apartments that includes a medical facility for the elderly. Certain African-American groups and the local musicians' guild are upset that their only form of entertainment in the community will be lost. However, the elderly population sees the conflict through a frame that considers the significant expansion of health services in the neighborhood. Still other, older members of the Polish community are concerned that the new buildings conform to the "old world" architectural style of the surrounding buildings. Based on the interests and needs of the larger cultural identity group, rather than on solely individual beliefs, their members are likely to use a frame that prioritizes examining the effects of the conflict on their specific group (see Cultural Frames).
Those of you who have been reading the Conflict Fundamentals Seminar consistently may find this entry a bit repetitive. But it explains more about identity frames than our earlier posts have done, so we are including it here.
We also are including it because identity framing is so very important in explaining current political conflicts in the United States, as well as in many other places in the world right now. People in the U.S. have become increasingly and distressingly polarized into one of two identity frames: conservatives who may (or may not have) have supported Donald Trump when he was a candidate, but who are steadfastly defending him now, and liberals who are focused on resisting everything Trump and his Republican allies do. Some of this polarization relates to traditional liberal/conservative differences over such things as the role of government in society, taxes, and fiscal policy. Thomas Edsall asserts that those issues are fading in importance, and the new key difference is between globalists and nationalists...people, who like most of the elite of both parties favor global engagement, trade, and relatively loose immigration policies, versus nationalists, who, like Trump supporters, want to more strongly defend American borders by limiting interactions with the outside world as much as possible--pulling out of global treaties and trade agreements, building walls, slowing or even stopping immigration.
All of these issues are driven by their supporters' identity frames...people either identify themselves as "patriotic white Americans" who want to defend white America from what they perceive as an attack from "outsiders," or they see themselves as Americans and global citizens who want to interact effectively and cooperatively with people all over the world.
Identity frames lead to many more differences as well...for instance, see the other examples provided in the original article.
Then consider for yourself what your identity is...and how that likely shapes the way you see the world and hope/plan for the future!
--Heidi Burgess, June, 27 2017
Use the following to cite this article:
Gardner, Robert. "Identity Frames." Beyond Intractability. Eds. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess. Conflict Information Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder. Posted: June 2003 <http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/identity-frames>.
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Watch CBS News
/ CBS News
If you haven’t heard of crypto, you clearly haven’t been following the news lately. If you’re not quite sure what crypto is, or what you should do with it, correspondent David Pogue is here to teach you (just about) everything there is to know about crypto, in nine simple steps:
“Crypto” is short for “cryptocurrency.” Bitcoin was the original one, and it’s still by far the most popular. But there are over 10,000 different cryptocurrencies. Anyone can start one up!
If you go to Google Images and type in “bitcoin,” you get thousands and thousands of pictures of physical metal coins. Don’t be fooled! The only place you can see cryptocurrency is on your phone or on your computer screen. The only cash register is the internet.
This is another reason why bitcoin may not strike you as a regular currency. For now, you’ll have a really hard time spending it! Go to a pet store, a bodega or a hot dog cart, and you’ll find it very hard to buy something with a cryptocurrency.
One of the few stores that accept bitcoin directly is the P.J. Bernstein Deli in New York. There, Pogue used his phone to capture a QR code, received a verification code, and hit “submit.” Lunch paid for!
Crypto needs some trustworthy way to track all those transactions, and that’s what a blockchain is. It’s a theoretically tamper-proof public online database.
Caitlin Long, the CEO and Founder of Custodia Bank, a bank for digital currencies, described the blockchain as “a new type of ledger, where different parties who don’t know each other – and certainly don’t trust each other – actually can trust that that shared ledger is the so-called golden copy of all the data.”
All you need to see it is an internet connection. And sure enough, at websites like blockchain.com, you can look at the transactions happening in real time, all essentially anonymous.
But if you can’t really shop with cryptocurrencies, then what good is it? At this point It’s mostly an investment, a speculative one, that got a big spike during the pandemic.
“I think it’s, like, probably the biggest bubble of our lifetime,” said Ryan Payne, the president of Payne Capital Management, a wealth-management firm. “I mean, this could be worthless at some point. Very possible.”
Pogue asked, “You think it’s going to zero?”
“I think there is no intrinsic value,” Payne replied. “Look: We use oil, even gold. Whereas with bitcoin, there’s no real use in society for it, which, again, in my mind equals could be worth nothing.”
But traditional currency isn’t based on anything physical, either. A dollar bill has value only because we all believe that it does.
Long said, “The good we use as money is a piece of linen, with a picture of a dead president in green ink printed on it. For the last 50 years, nothing’s been backing it substantially, since the U,S. and the rest of the world moved away from the gold standard. It just is an intermediary. That’s all it is.”
To buy 50 dollars’ worth of bitcoin at Coinbase.com, the largest U.S. exchange, the customer enters their email address, is sent a verification email, is asked for their phone number, receives an authentication code via text, submits the last four digits of their Social Security number, takes a photo of their driver’s license, provides their bank PIN and password, hits “But Now,” and voila! For $50 in “real” U.S. currency, Pogue has purchased 1/1000th of one bitcoin.
Pogue did purchase some bitcoin last May, and within six months, his money had more than doubled!
And then as of this week, it has crashed, almost all the way back down to where it started.
Long said, “It’s very confusing. We’re in the very, very early stages. I liken this to maybe the 1994 of the internet.” The future, she said, “will have a look and feel very much like your online banking.”
Crypto has some other problems to overcome before it’s ready for the mainstream. There are all kinds of scams; the transactions are slow; if you lose your crypto password, you can lose your entire investment; and crypto transactions can bypass the U.S. financial sanctions on Russia.
And there’s a terrible environmental cost. Creating new bitcoins and confirming their transactions require massive banks of computers burning vast amounts of power. By some estimates, every time you make a Bitcoin transaction, its network spews out half a ton of carbon dioxide.
Pogue asked Ryan Payne, “I’m trying to figure out how you can look at the same facts as crypto fanatics and draw such different conclusions?”
“We love a great story; Bitcoin’s a great story; decentralized finance is a great story,” Payne replied. “So, this is just human nature, doing what it does over and over again: deluding itself. But we know, based on history, how these things end.”
Caitlin Long could not disagree more: “It’s not a perfect system by any stretch. But it’s going to make things better, faster, cheaper, more secure and, frankly, devolve power away from the big banks and even big governments towards the individual.”
You can’t believe how many haters, and how many fanatics, there are. But at this early stage in the life of crypto, everyone seems to agree on one thing:
“I certainly would not ever encourage anyone to put more money into this than you can afford to lose,” said Long.
And Payne? “My philosophy is just put money into it you can afford to lose,” he said.
For more info:
Story produced by Amol Mhatre. Editor: Joseph Frandino.
First published on April 10, 2022 / 9:28 AM
© 2022 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Copyright ©2022 CBS Interactive Inc. All rights reserved.
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Stearic Acid is a fatty acid found primarily in animal derivatives, but in vegetable fats as well.
- It is used in a variety of cosmetics and personal care products, as a fragrance ingredient, surfactant and emulsifier.
- It is also used as the base for the manufacture of other fatty acid ingredients which are used as emulsifers, emollients and lubricants, according to CosmeticsInfo.org.
- It is also used as an ingredient in candles, plastics, dietary supplements, oil pastels, and for softening rubber; it is a frequent ingredient in soaps made from vegetable oil, and is used to harden the product
- Because stearic acid is derived from natural sources and not produced in industrial settings, it is sometimes used as an alternative to chemical ingredients in natural skin care. Often the ingredient is sourced from by-products obtained during the processing of meats, particularly pork. For this reason, it is not frequently used in vegan cosmetics and skin care however; stearic acid sourced from plants is suitable in formulas that are animal-free.
- Because stearic acid helps water and oil mix, the ingredient is also added to many liquid cosmetics and skin and hair care products in low concentrations to function as an additive rather than an active ingredient or cleansing agent. In these products, stearic acid helps prevent the formulas from separating into liquid and oily layers. As a result, products that contain stearic acid require less shaking prior to use and remain more potent when stored for extended periods of time.
- Stearic Acid is considered a low to moderate hazard ingredient by the Cosmetics Database, which notes concerns regarding cancer, and lesser concerns regarding neurotoxicity, organ toxicity and irritation. One or more animal studies showed brain and nervous system effects, respiratory effects and skin irritation at very low doses, and in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results (leading to its designation as a potential carcinogen).
- However, Stearic Acid is generally considered a safe and mild ingredient when it is concentrations below limits that have been shown to cause irritation.
Source: TruthinAging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/stearic-acid
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There is an old saying that says, “you are what you eat.” while this saying is not literally true, it is meant to impart an important lesson: The importance of proper diet. In fact, it is literally true, in some ways. A person who eats a lot of fat will probably become fat, while a person who eats a lot of meat will tend to become meaty (meat is muscle, for those of you who don’t know). There are so many benefits to healthy eating that we could never hope to list them all. Thus, we will focus on our top five reasons, presented in no particular order.
1. Better Immune System Function
It might surprise you to know that your diet can have a significant effect on your likelihood of disease. It is well-known that diet has an effect on heart health, but you might be surprised at how many other health problems can be traced directly to your diet.
Take this study as an example. In this study, researchers sought to determine the effect of a certain diet on a person’s likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s Disease. The diet in question is known as the Mediterranean diet, and it has become quite popular in recent years.
The study found that a Mediterranean diet was associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer’s. They also cite other studies to show that this diet can also decrease your chances of acquiring cancer, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, abnormal glucose metabolism, heart disease, and death in general.
2. More Energy
Throughout the day, the body goes through cycles of low energy and high energy. Most of us don’t even give it much thought, but most would agree that it’s good to have more energy. More energy allows you to accomplish more tasks in a shorter time, and that’s why so many people drink caffeine before work.
However, there is always a crash at the end of the ride. When the energy rollercoaster goes up, it must eventually come down, just as Newton would have predicted. Because of this, it’s a good idea to stick with foods that offer a high nutrient value.
High-nutrient foods give your body a lot of fuel with which to work. It uses all the nutrients present in food to power your various bodily functions, although different nutrients are used for different things. Low-nutrient foods, on the other hand, displace other foods and leave your body with something that just doesn’t have what it needs.
It is essential to avoid foods that act like stimulants by giving you a huge rush of energy followed by a drop (and quite possibly a nap). Processed flour, sugary foods, fried foods, and other low-nutrient junk will do this, and the result is that you feel energetic for a couple of hours without gaining any real nutrition.
3. Weight Loss
Low-nutrient foods tend to be very high in fat and carbs. After all, there are only so many things that the body can digest. If a food doesn’t offer protein, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and other healthy things, it will often be made of filler. Carbs and fat are added to many processed foods. This is done in order to make a person feel “full” even though their body is starved for nutrients.
High-nutrient foods, on the other hand, tend to be higher in protein. This is important because of the fact that high-protein diets have been shown to aid weight loss. They do this by promoting a greater feeling of “fullness,” which helps a person to avoid snacking. At the same time, protein is also more difficult for the body to process than fat or carbs. This means that the body has to work a little harder to get the job done, and that means less energy that will later be converted to fat.
4. Increased Performance
If you want to understand how a good diet leads to increased physical performance, you can think of your body as a racecar. If you give it the wrong kind of fuel, it will surely lose the race. You need high-octane fuel If you want that thing to run like a cheetah. Although you obviously don’t need the same things that a car needs, you can’t expect to achieve maximum performance with inferior fuel.
You might think that you need a really lean diet, but this study says otherwise. Although they did find that it was beneficial to keep your fat intake at or below 25%, they also found that there was no benefit in going lower than 15%. Thus, a low-fat diet can be helpful, but only to a certain extent.
5. Longer Life
The human body begins to deteriorate as it ages. You can’t stop this process, but you can certainly slow it down. That’s where a proper diet comes into play. Many scientific studies have established that a good diet leads to a longer life. At this point, it’s such an obvious fact that it requires little proving, anyway! This study, for instance, found that they could isolate the metabolic pathways by which diet regulates lifespan.
This is only a sampling of the many good reasons that you should work to cultivate a good diet. Without a good diet, you will never be running the machine that is your body at its best. Unless you are happy with being unhealthy, we suggest that you take this advice to heart and think about the contents of your diet. We also suggest that you follow us on Facebook for more educational articles like this one.
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Nature never ceases to amaze you. One such spectacular phenomenon of nature was captured in a video which is now going viral. A short clip posted on Twitter shows a rare species of glass octopus, Vitreledonella richardi, floating in the sea.
The video was posted by ‘The Oxygen Project’ and it features a marine creature living deep down in the vast ocean. As the name suggests, the ‘glass’ octopus is as clear as glass and one can only see its nerves, eyes and digestive tract. The Vitreledonella richardi evolved to be nearly transparent in order to hide from predators to the best of their ability, according to Oceaninfo. The glass octopus resides deep down in the ocean where sunlight cannot reach.
Along with the video, the caption reads, “The glass octopus (Vitreledonella richardi) is a very rarely seen cephalopod found in tropical and subtropical waters around the world. These beautiful creatures are found in the deep sea where sunlight doesn’t reach.”
Watch the video here:
Happy belated #WorldOctopusDay! 🐙
The glass octopus (Vitreledonella richardi) is a very rarely seen cephalopod found in tropical and subtropical waters around the world. These beautiful creatures are found in the deep sea where sunlight doesn’t reach.
Video by @SchmidtOceanpic.twitter.com/fXgYPYDSUG
— The Oxygen Project (@TheOxygenProj) October 9, 2022
So far, the video has amassed more than 19,000 views. After watching the video, internet users were left fascinated. A user wrote, “The definition of the development of life is seen in the sea itself.” Another wrote, “They’re also so clear as glass that you can see their nerves and digestive tract. Their appearance is camouflaged, and this ability will protect them from attack.”
“Wow! What a great job you guys have,” the third user commented.
According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, glass octopuses were not discovered until 1918. It is usually found in tropical and subtropical regions in the vast ocean. These mysterious creatures live for about 2-5 years.
It has a mantel of around 4.3 inches or 11 cm in length. The total length of an adult specimen is around 18 inches or 45 centimetres, reported Oceaninfo. It has 8 tentacles.
Click for more trending news
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Critiquing Malthus and Overpopulation Theory
by Benjamin Studebaker
Recently I have seen a resurgence of Malthusian thinking. Thomas Malthus, the late 18th and early 19th century British economist, put forth An Essay on the Principle of Population, in which he argued that the world was becoming overpopulated at an unsustainable rate. Malthus’ ideas have come in and out of fashion since the early 19th century. Having heard a few people recently make Malthusian arguments, I would like to put forth a few compelling reasons to continue to disbelieve them.
There are several issues with the overpopulation argument that warrant addressing:
- Problem of Production: It assumes people consume more than they produce
- Problem of Distribution: It interprets problems of distribution as problems of population
- Problem of Technology: It ignores scientific progress and assumes a fixed carrying capacity
I will consider each in turn.
Problem of Production:
Imagine a village with a single villager. This villager has to build his own shelter and find his own food and water. Imagine now, that there are two villagers, instead of one. If the villagers work cooperatively in a society, they can both increase one another’s productive efficiency. One can gather food while the other constructs shelters or gathers water, double the work can be done, and double the leisure time for the two workers results. The workers can use that leisure time to devise technological solutions that speed the rate of production and make both workers still more efficient, leading to more leisure time and more innovation. Adding more villagers increases the amount the village needs to produce, but it also further increases the productivity of the village.
Overpopulation theory implicitly assumes that each added individual person consumes more resources than he produces. One way of looking at this is through an assumption the old classical economists used to make–that every person is paid precisely the value of what he contributes to the economy. This assumption is obviously not universally true–there are people who are underpaid or overpaid for the work they do. We do however know that, on balance, this assumption is true more often than it is not–if this were not the case, plenty of people even in 1st world, developed countries would be struggling to obtain food, water, and shelter, and capitalism could not function. Most people make more money than they spend, and, for people with money, obtaining food or drinking water is not difficult. The people who do struggle to obtain these essentials are the people who do not have money in the first place, and that brings us to our second consideration.
Problem of Distribution:
Imagine a family of four that lives next door to a bachelor. The bachelor is immensely rich and buys and consumes so much food, water, energy, and shelter that dozens or even hundreds of ordinary people could survive off his income and consumption. The family next door, however, is very poor. The bachelor is happy to sell scraps from his table to the family in exchange for what the family earns, but the scraps he’s willing to give them are insufficient to feed the entire family. What should the family do?
If you believe in the theory of overpopulation, the family should kill one of its members to reduce its need. This answer should strike you as obviously ridiculous, because the problem is that too much of the resources are being consumed by too few of the people in this society. Even the most fervent believer in free market economics would have to concede that, in this example, what is needed is a redistribution of wealth to the poor.
Overpopulation theorists might counter, arguing that there really is not enough resources, that our example does not reflect reality. However, there is conclusive evidence to the contrary.
On food, we can see that some regions are in heavy food surplus, while others are in heavy food deficit. The Economist points us to this chart:
Here, we can see that the problem is really one of distribution of existing food supply–consumption more or less balances supply. Furthermore, it should be painfully obvious that poorer regions like Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, are not producing to their potential–these places do not have the infrastructure or technology in place at this time to produce food to the level that say, the North American or South American region does. Were industrialised farming brought to those regions, global food production would increase exponentially, even if no further innovations were made. The chart also shows that the size of the distribution gap has been growing since the sixties–this is the result of a rapid pace of productivity improvements via technology in the developed world that have not spread to the developing world.
A similar problem is evidence with regard to water supply:
Here we can see that some countries consume per capita as much as 100 times the amount of fresh water that the poorest countries consume. The problem is one of providing water to the people who need it, not of absolute water supply. Distribution, again, is the culprit. It is not pleasant for free market purists, but it remains the case that the most humane way to solve resource problems is by redistribution, not by draconian efforts at population control. Supporters of overpopulation theory may well contend that this is all fine and good for now, but what about in the future, when we really do run out of room? What about all those websites we visited in science class in school, that told us that, “if everyone lived like you, we’d need X number of earths?” This brings us to the last point.
Problem of Technology:
Consider this–the population of the United States has doubled since 1950, while agricultural output has nearly tripled, while the amount of money paid to labourers is over 75% less than it was then. US agriculture continues to produce more food at a faster rate than population growth needing far fewer people to do it.
When Thomas Malthus first made his argument, the population of the world was about 1 billion. Today the population exceeds 7 billion. Every time advocates of the overpopulation argument return, technology advances are made. What are the new advances that will increase the carrying capacity of the planet going forward?
- Turning Africa into a breadbasket
- Vertical Farming
- Desalination of Seawater
- Renewable energy, from solar to nuclear and beyond
- Vertical housing–skyscrapers increasing housing capacity
Those websites you might have been to that say “we’d need X many earths if everyone lived like you” assume that everyone consumes like a 1st world country, but they forget that 1st world countries are not merely world-beating consumers, they are world-beating producers. As the third world develops, it will produce exponentially more than it does today. There remain distribution problems, and places with food and water surpluses need to send those resources to places with deficits. There remain environmental challenges, as our development needs to be sustainable and minimise the threat of climate change and environmental catastrophes. These challenges can be surmounted without programmes of mass sterilisation or extermination.
If you still find yourself wanting to believe overpopulation theory, consider what has happened in countries whose populations have declined. Places like Japan, Germany, and Russia find themselves without sufficient young, productive workers to pay for the benefits of retirees, making it difficult to sustain social programmes. Even countries conventionally thought of as overpopulated like China are impacted. There is a wide and rich literature on this subject, often referred to as “demographic crisis”. This sentence contains links to several interesting pieces on the subject.
Nice to have an area on which we are in almost full agreement, Ben. Glad (but not surprised) to see you’re not buying in to the overpopulation hype!
Thanks Mr. Mathew! It is a bit of a zombie idea–it just keeps coming back into fashion every few decades.
I think this is a somewhat simplistic view. Overpopulation does create multiple problems for the environment and social well being of the individuals. Look at the unemployment rates of the world (especially in the 18-25 age group) and the downward spiral of the 1st tier populations: eroding wages increased cost of staples and energy and the real sustainability of agriculture.
To adequately address these and other issues will require a stable population with defined goals to achieve a balanced sustainable and rewarding; economic, environmental and socially positive world. We are on a tightrope and everyone needs to move with precision and communications to get to the other side. The rope only supports so much weight and one member jumping at a critical juncture can cause most if not all to fall.
Interesting view, but I would argue that higher long-term unemployment is the result of automation and increases in productivity more than it is the result of more people. We can see that this is so because our economic supply is meeting demand despite an increasing population with higher rates of unemployment. With more people consuming but fewer people producing while demand is still met, it is evidence that the population is more easily, not less easily sustainable. It’s true that some productive work needs to be found for those people who are unemployed due to productivity increases, but that has always been true throughout history–when humanity developed agriculture, the food demands of the communities could be met without everyone participating in food collection, and so new jobs were found for the unemployed, leading to metallurgy, science, and all of those wonderful things. The same thing can happen going forward, with excess population employed in the arts and sciences.
I agree that the environmental concern is a serious one, but would argue that efforts to eliminate population growth give us demographic problems that strain the welfare state. Surely a better solution is one of using sustainable technologies to reduce and in time eliminate the environmental impacts of productive output? Cleaning up our method of producing electricity would give us a source of renewable carbon neutral energy, suitable for accommodating excess population. The employment of these kinds of technologies is also job-creating and economy-boosting.
[…] if food scarcity is not a significant problem, if the real problem is food distribution (and I have compelling evidence that this is so), then making more cattle does not necessarily result in making fewer people. There […]
[…] CBO’s research also backs another argument I previously made against the Malthusians, who believe that increasing the population increases consumption faster […]
[…] A critique of over-population […]
Thanks for sharing!
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- Author: Ben Faber
Some call it tip burn which is often what you see on an avocado as it goes into flowering. The areas where avocado are grown typically have a lot of salts in the water, but also specific salts like sodium and chloride. Over the irrigation season (which is all year long there is little or no rain), the salts in the water/soil are taken up by the tree. In adequate rainfall years, there is enough water to leach those accumulated salts from the root system. When we go for several years with low rainfall and we keep irrigating with the poor quality irrigation water, the trees develop die back at the tips and is conditions worsen more and more of the leaf is called. This can get to the point where you can not call it die back any longer. It's called leaf drop. I've recently seen a number of orchards that are completely defoliated. No leaves. We have had a number of homeowner calls asking what the problem is and what they can do about it. The damage is done and those leaves are not coming back. It's possible to reduce the damage if one acts early on by applying more water than is usually applied to aid the leaching process, but if it is poor quality water, there will still be damage, but possibly not defoliation. With high priced water or where water is being rationed, many growers and homeowners do not have themake the option of putting on the excess water. There is no chemical or equipment that is going to make the situation better. When you trees defoliating, you want to cut out those that are diseased or you know have been poor producers and put what water you have on the remaining trees in better condition.
This advice is good for other evergreen tree crops like citrus, although they are not as sensitive as avocado. Avocado is an indication of how bad it really is.
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The Panda live only in the remote mountainous areas of central China. There they find the bamboo they feed on. This animal typically eats 12 hours a day, this averages 28 pounds of bamboo, per Panda, per day. Although the Panda is know for eating bamboo, what many people don’t know is that this animal is an Omnivore and will eat birds or rodents as well. Female Pandas give birth after 5 months, to one or two cubs, although she will only care for one cub. These cubs are born all white and develop the familiar Panda coloring later. The average life span of the Panda in the wild, of which there are approximately only 1000 left, is 20 years, with the average weight being approximately 300 pounds. Most of what is known about the Panda comes from studying the Pandas in the zoo because their wild relatives are just too scarce.Each one of our stone resin Tiny Ones heads have a gold tone eyelet carefully added right between their ears so you can slip this hand painted, unique, species specific pendant on any chain! NOTE: CHAIN PICTURED IS NOT INCLUDED! What a perfect gift for birthdays or holidays. All items are individually packaged, ready to give as a gift, or hang in your store. Great item for that special someone!
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Exciting news out of South Africa! Today, the world committed to help save the vaquita at the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Parties agreed to crack down on trafficking in a fish species, the totoaba, which is wiping out the vaquita. The vaquita get caught and drown in gillnets used to catch totoaba.
It is a sad reality that the illegal trade in one CITES protected species, the totoaba, will cause the extinction of another CITES protected species, the vaquita, within 5 years if current trends continue. Now, with fewer than 60 vaquita remaining, there is simply no margin for error.
As I write this, governments from around the world are discussing the fate of many species at the 17th meeting of the CITES Conference of the Parties in Johannesburg, South Africa. In most instances, the Parties are finding comfort in knowing that, if proper steps are taken, we have time to reverse destructive trends. But for the vaquita, time is no longer a resource. While well intentioned, prior efforts were too timid, allowed to lapse, and in some cases undermined by unscrupulous stakeholders.
In recent years, Mexico has taken important steps, including increased enforcement to combat totoaba trade. And earlier this year the United States and China committed to combat the trade at the U.S. and China strategic and economic dialogue. But more must be done.
Thus, it is critical that we take all steps necessary to combat illegal trade in totoaba. If the vaquita is going to survive beyond the next CITES Conference of the Parties in 2019, Mexico, the United States, and China must work together to completely wipe out the totoaba trade. The actions adopted by governments at CITES support that effort and now Mexico, the U.S., and China must vigorously implement them.
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Category: Varroa – testing and treatment
Fighting Varroa Takes Guts
It takes guts to fight Varroa. Do honey bees have what it takes to do it?
What’s Killing Honeybees & What We Can Do About It
The plight of the honeybee is real. The statistics are grim. Dr. Jamie Ellis takes a deeper look at what’s killing bees and what we can do about it.
Know Your Numbers
Have you checked for Varroa yet? If not, you should…like right now. In this article we discuss the latest research being done to help understand and control Varroa.
New Research Suggests Probiotics May Treat and Prevent Chalkbrood
Dr Murali Nayudu is an Adjunct Associate Professor with the Faculty of Science & Technology at the University of Canberra in Australia. He has spent more than a decade investigating the microbiome of honey bees. Since October 2018, Dr Nayudu has collected monthly gut bacteria samples from honey bee colonies in order to understand what the normal diversity and concentration of gut bacteria should be. He plans on using this information to help identify and treat diseased hives.
Tropilaelaps mite: A Fate Worse than Varroa
Dr. Ramsey fundamentally changed our understanding of Varroa mites in his most recent publication Varroa destructor feeds primarily on honey bee fat body tissue and not hemolymph. He has since uncovered a pest potentially more dangerous than Varroa – Tropilaelaps.
Dr. Ramsey Fundamentally Changes Our Understanding of Varroa destructor Mites
Much of the knowledge about Varroa was derived from closely related parasitic and predatory mites. Assumption that Varroa mites were blood-sucking was propagated by “chain citing” an English-language study referring to rudimentary Russian-language Varroa publications. However, there are some important differences that prompted Dr. Ramsey to investigate this assumption and conclude that Varroa destructor feeds primarily on honey bee fat tissue and not hemolymph.
Antiviral Properties of Mushroom Extracts
Researchers and Oregon based company, Fungi Perfecti, test the anti-viral effects of mushroom extracts in honey bees.
Rearing Varroa in the Lab
Studying host-parasitic interactions in laboratory setting provides opportunities to delve deeper into the behavior and physiology of the honey bee parasite – Varroa destructor mites.
Varroa Mite Control Using Oregano Oil Vapors
Electric vaporizers containing oregano oil installed above the brood chamber of honey bee colonies and running continuously, achieved 97-98% mite killing rates…
Varroa destructor – Test & Treat
Testing and treating your bees for Varroa destructor mites before going into winter is imperative for hive survival. Learn tips and tricks to help your bees stay healthy and overwinter with success.
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Why is Bitcoin Useful?
Bitcoin is a decentralized digital currency, without a central bank or single administrator, that can be sent from user to user on the peer-to-peer bitcoin network without the need for intermediaries. Transactions are verified by network nodes through cryptography and recorded in a public distributed ledger called a blockchain.
Bitcoin was created in 2009 by an anonymous individual or group of individuals going by the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto. The idea behind the creation of bitcoin was to create a new form of currency that was not controlled by any government or financial institution. This was in response to the 2008 financial crisis, which had revealed the fragility of the traditional financial system and the potential for corruption and manipulation.
Bitcoin has several key features that make it unique and useful. One of the most important is its decentralized nature. Because there is no central authority controlling it, bitcoin is resistant to censorship and can be used for transactions in any country without fear of interference from governments or financial institutions. This makes it a valuable tool for people living in countries with unstable currencies or oppressive regimes.
Another important feature of bitcoin is its anonymity. While all transactions on the bitcoin network are recorded on the blockchain, the identities of the people making those transactions are not revealed. This allows for more privacy in financial transactions and can protect people from identity theft and other forms of financial fraud.
Another utility of Bitcoin is its ability to facilitate cross-border transactions at low cost. Traditional cross-border transactions can be slow and expensive, with high fees and exchange rates. Bitcoin, on the other hand, can be sent anywhere in the world in minutes and with very low transaction fees. This makes it particularly useful for people living in developing countries or for businesses that operate internationally.
Bitcoin is also highly secure. The blockchain is resistant to tampering and hacking, and the use of advanced cryptography ensures that transactions are safe and private. Additionally, because bitcoin is decentralized and not controlled by any government or institution, it is not subject to the same regulatory risks as traditional financial systems.
Bitcoin has also been used as a store of value in countries with high inflation or economic instability. In these countries, bitcoin can provide an alternative to traditional forms of savings, such as cash or gold, which can be lost or stolen.
Another feature of Bitcoin is the ability to create smart contract. Smart contract is a self-executing contract with the terms of the agreement written into lines of code, with the code and the agreements linked to the blockchain for tracking and execution. This eliminates the need for intermediaries and provides a more efficient and secure way to conduct transactions.
Despite its many advantages, bitcoin is still a relatively new and untested technology. There are concerns about its volatility, security, and scalability. However, many experts believe that these issues will be addressed over time and that bitcoin has the potential to revolutionize the way we think about money and financial transactions.
In conclusion, Bitcoin has many features that make it a useful and valuable tool for people and businesses around the world. Its decentralized nature, anonymity, low-cost cross-border transactions, security, and smart contract capabilities make it an attractive alternative to traditional forms of money and financial systems. While there are still some challenges to be addressed, the potential of bitcoin is undeniable, and it is likely to play an increasingly important role in the global economy in the years to come.
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Finite and non-finite verbs
These lessons are based on Macmillan English Ferry Class 8 Textbook and Workbook.
Finite verbs are verbs that have different forms in different tenses. Finite verbs change their form when there is a change in the number or person of the subject.
Examples are: come, work, is, am, break, stop etc.
Study the examples given below.
- My brother serves in the army. (Serve is a finite verb because it becomes serves when the subject is a singular noun.)
- My brother served in the army. (The finite verb serve becomes served in the simple past tense.)
There are three types of non-finites: gerunds, infinitives and participles
Gerunds end in –ing. Examples are: singing, dancing, running, working, looking etc.
Infinitives are the first form of the verb. They are usually used with the marker ‘to’. Examples are: to sing, to dance, to run, to work, to look etc.
There are two types of participles – present participles and past participles
Present participles also end in –ing. Examples are: reading, writing, teaching, listening, singing etc.
Past participles usually end in –ed, or –en. Note that there are several exemptions to this rule.
Examples are: stopped, looked, worked, earned, played, broken, written etc.
As you can see, both present participles and gerunds end in –ing. However, there is an important difference between them.
Gerunds serve the same purpose as nouns. They can be used as the subject or object of the verb. They can also be used as the object of the preposition.
Examples are given below.
- Singing is his passion. (Here the gerund singing acts as the subject of the verb is.)
- I enjoy reading. (Here the gerund reading acts as the object of the verb enjoy.)
- I am interested in cooking. (Here the gerund cooking acts as the object of the preposition in.)
Present participles are mainly used as adjectives. They are also used to form continuous tenses.
- Barking dogs seldom bite. (Here the present participle barking acts as an adjective modifying the noun dogs.)
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6. The Bull Shark:
This fish is found in all the warm waters that are shallow around the world. It is the deadliest shark that lives in warm oceans. It is aggressive in nature. Since they can adapt to different aquatic ecosystems, they are more likely to harm many humans in the rivers and the lakes as well.
5. The Piranha:
This is an omnivore type of fish. The piranha is common in the South American rivers. They have strong and powerful jaws and sharp teeth. Their meat is tasty…but they are dangerous. The piranha usually attacks anything if they are hungry. The fact that they usually hunt in groups makes it impossible for one to escape if they happen to land on them.
Original Post was found here
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How much do you know about your history class from 3rd to 5th grade? Take this quiz to prove that you have enough knowledge to get more than 80%.
What eccentric civil rights leader and self-proclaimed “Provisional President of Africa” established the enormously popular black nationalist Universal Negro Improvement Association?
Garvey had a captivating, larger-than-life presence, with aspirations to match. He didn’t simply support the black nationalism movement; he also purchased three ships to take black Americans back to Africa. But Garvey’s Black Star Shipping Firm was a disaster: the ships were in poor condition, the company was run (perhaps fraudulently), and Garvey died without ever having visited Africa. Garvey was a divisive figure in his day, meeting with the Grand Wizard of the K.K.K. to plan their joint objective to deport blacks back to Africa. His legacy, however, is generally good; he is acknowledged with his contribution to the black civil rights struggle (including coining the term “Black is Beautiful”) and his impact on succeeding black nationalists.
Which president stated that the US would come to the assistance of any country threatened by the Soviet Union?
Inspired by containment policy, the Truman Doctrine guaranteed help to any country that feared Soviet influence.
To establish the Japanese Co-Prosperity Sphere, the Japanese invaded numerous regions of East Asia. Which of the following was NOT an invaded nation during WWII?
Australia participated in the Pacific War, was attacked, but was never invaded.
One of World War One’s winners was ignored during treaty negotiations and ended up fighting its old comrades in World War Two. What nation was it?
Japan received little of the spoils of victory, and the other victors were hesitant to admit the Japanese to their world order.
This former slave rose to become one of the most powerful abolitionists of the nineteenth century.
“What to the American slave is your Fourth of July? I answer, a day that reveals to him more than all other days of the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. To him your celebration is a sham…” Frederick Douglass was renowned for his powerful and eloquent oratory, such as in this excerpt from an 1852 speech.
In May 1945, the European war concluded with the invasion of Hitler’s bunker in Berlin. What military did this?
The Soviet army stormed Berlin and besieged German soldiers, forcing the Nazis to surrender in April 1945. The other Allied forces did not intervene in this capture, allowing the Soviet Union to handle the fighting.
What makes up the legislative branch?
The legislative branch, or United States Congress, is in charge of enacting legislation. Every state is in charge of electing congressional representatives to represent its interests in the federal government.
Which of these rights is NOT protected by the First Amendment?
Right to peaceful assembly
Right to bear arms
The First Amendment states that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting its free exercise; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or limiting the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for redress of grievances.” The Second Amendment guarantees citizens the right to bear arms.
The Holocaust, conducted by Adolf Hitler and the Nazis, was one of the most heinous atrocities of World War II. Which of the following is NOT a name of a concentration or extermination camp?
Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen, and Dachau were three of the deadliest camps. Bergen-Belsen and Dachau were concentration camps, but Auschwitz was a labor and death camp.
To express the anguish of battle, many troops penned poetry, plays, and novels. Which of these was about World War I?
All Quiet on the Western Front
All Quiet on the Western Front
The Red Badge of Courage was about the American Civil War, Animal Farm was about the Russian Revolution, and Ivanhoe was about 12th century Scotland.
What is the system of government in America?
The United States was built on democratic ideals, which means that any qualified citizen, regardless of income or social standing, can serve as an elected official. A federal republic is governed by elected individuals, and powers are divided between the federal and state levels.
What major conflict triggered the Cold War?
The United States and the Soviet Union (USSR), two of WWII’s victors, became adversaries during the Cold War.
Germany unsuccessfully pushed this country to attack the United States in order to force them into war in a leaked telegraph. What was the country?
Germany backed Mexico in the Zimmerman telegraph to strive to reclaim territories taken by the United States in the American Southwest.
Alexander Fleming was a biologist and pharmacologist by trade, but his most famous discovery was unintentional and changed medicine forever. What is it?
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin after leaving a culture plate out in his lab before going on vacation. When he returned, he saw that mold had developed that would eventually become the world’s first true antibiotic.
Which of George Washington’s plantations was nearly destroyed by the British?
Anchored on the Potomac River near Washington’s Mount Vernon plantation, the Brits requested that the estate send “a huge quantity of provisions.” Lund, Washington’s estate manager and relative, agreed to their request. Washington responded to this, writing, “It would have been a less painful circumstance to me, to have heard, that in consequence of your non-compliance with , they had burnt my House, and laid the Plantation in ruins.”
What is the name of this historical figure is depicted in this image?
Ulysses S. Grant
During the American Civil War, Ulysses S. Grant led the Union army as the 18th President of the United States. For his achievements, he was honored with a $50 note and is hailed as a great general. He was given the first name Hiram when he was born, and the “S.” in his name stands for nothing.
What are the requirements for running for President of the United States?
Natural-born U.S. citizen AND at least 35 years old
Natural-born U.S. citizen OR at least 45 years old
Natural-born U.S. citizen ONLY
At least 35 years old ONLY
Natural-born U.S. citizen AND at least 35 years old
Article II, Section I of the United States Constitution specifies the qualifications for running for president as being a natural-born citizen of the United States and being at least 35 years old. Individuals who had been a permanent resident of the United States for at least 14 years were also eligible in the early years of American history, but that provision is now essentially outdated.
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone. He was born in which country of the United Kingdom in 1847?
Alexander Graham Bell was the second son of Alexander Bell and Eliza Symonds Bell and was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Alexander junior’s name was not changed to “Graham” until he was ten years old.
Who leads the executive branch of the United States government?
The president of the United States is the executive branch’s leader as well as the Commander in Chief of the United States military. The Armed Forces. The primary check on presidential authority is that he or she cannot enact laws, but the individual may veto legislation passed by the legislative branch.
When President Lincoln refused to surrender the territory, this fort was bombarded by Southern troops, kicking off the Civil War.
The first fight of the Civil War took place at Fort Sumter in South Carolina, which was also the first state to secede.
Which baseball icon became the first African American to play in the Major Leagues, breaking the sport’s color barrier?
On April 15, 1947, Jackie Robinson made history by starting at first base for the Brooklyn Dodgers. Black ballplayers had previously exclusively participated in the Negro Leagues. Robinson went on to have an incredible baseball career, earning Rookie of the Year his first year and League MVP two years later.
What were the alliances that brought the eastern and western blocs together against one another?
NATO and the Warsaw Pact
NATO was formed at the end of WWII to provide mutual defense against internal and external attack; the Warsaw Pact was founded in 1955 to retain Soviet rule over these regions.
Adolphe Sax was a talented Belgian violinist. Which section of the orchestra did his most renowned invention come from?
Despite its brass construction, the saxophone is classified as a woodwind instrument due to its sound generating mechanism. Unlike real brass instruments, the sound of a saxophone is produced by a vibrating reed rather than the player’s lips.
Which nation saw a communist revolution that toppled its ruler during WWI?
Czar Nicholas II of Russia was overthrown in 1917, paving the way for the formation of the USSR.
Who was the Soviet Union’s leader during the start of the Cold War?
At the start of the Cold War, the Soviet ruler was Josef Stalin. As a tyrant, he created a personality cult around himself, and cities were renamed in his honor.
Bang, Bang! What was the location of the “shot heard round the world”?
Battle of Concord
“By the rude bridge that arched the flood/Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled/Here once the embattled farmers stood/And fired the shot heard round the world,” according to Ralph Waldo Emerson’s “Concord Hymn,” was fired on April 19, 1775, when 70 Minutemen gathered on Lexington’s village green to meet the British marching toward Concord. Nobody knows which side fired the initial shot, and the rest is history.
Between 1915 and 1970, this artwork by African-American artist Jacob Lawrence illustrates the great movement of blacks from the rural south to metropolitan places in the North and Midwest. What term do historians use to describe this time of tremendous population shift?
At the turn of the twentieth century, the great majority of African Americans still remained in the South. Only 53% remained in the South at the conclusion of the Great Migration in 1970. Eighty percent of African Americans currently live in cities across the country. Why did millions of African-Americans flee the South? To seek better economic possibilities, away from the racially discriminatory institution that remained in place after the end of slavery 50 years earlier.
What is the total number of senators in the United States Senate?
Each state has two senators, for a total of 100 senators, with the vice president serving as Senate president. The Senate is responsible for approving any treaties or hired officials suggested by the president, in addition to formulating and adopting measures.
What country began the Cold War partnered with the Soviet Union and gradually got closer to the United States?
The infamous Sino-Soviet split allowed Americans to send an olive branch to China. This was most notably done by Richard Nixon on his 1971 visit to China.
George Washington Carver, a brilliant botanist and innovator, is well recognized for developing several unusual applications for this lowly crop?
George Washington Carver was able to transform peanuts into over 100 various goods, including fuel, polymers, colors, and even an unproven polio therapy.
During the Civil War, he was the President of the Confederate States of America. What is the name of this man?
Jefferson Davis was the Confederacy’s president. He was a Democratic representative from Mississippi prior to the war.
Which individual was assassinated that ignited WWI?
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, was killed on June 28, 1914, by the Serbian nationalist movement the Black Hand.
Rudolf Diesel named the mechanical mechanism that became his most renowned invention after himself. What was this device?
Rudolf Diesel’s engine design work aimed for a substantially greater efficiency ratio than steam engines.
On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln signed which historic document involving slavery?
Articles of Confederation
While the Emancipation Proclamation was a significant step toward the abolition of slavery in the United States, it only declared the liberation of a subset of slaves: those residing in the Confederacy’s rebel states. To prevent confrontation, slaves in neutral border states and those already under Union administration were excused. The proclamation also stated that emancipated black males might now join the Union Army; by the conclusion of the Civil War, approximately 200,000 black soldiers had fought for the Union and the cause of freedom.
What year would we be in if we could travel back in time to the start of the Civil War?
On April 12, 1861, Confederate soldiers bombarded the Union-controlled Fort Sumter in Charleston Bay, officially starting the Civil War.
The United States did not declare war until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. When did this happen in 1941?
The Japanese attacked the American facility at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Approximately 2400 Americans were slain.
When the Japanese refused to surrender, President Truman detonated the newly created atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. What was the plane’s name that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima?
On August 6, 1945, the Enola Gay flew over Japan and dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima.
“All’s well that ends well.” What is considered the war’s final major battle?
Battle of Yorktown
The Colonial Army defeated British General Lord Cornwallis at the Action of Yorktown, which turned out to be the war’s final significant battle. When Cornwallis surrendered, Prime Minister Lord North exclaimed across the water, “Oh God, it’s all over.” He was right.
If both the President and the Vice President are unable to serve for whatever reason, who takes over the presidency?
Speaker of the House
If both the President and the Vice President are unable to serve, the Speaker of the House steps in.
Aside from inventing the Morse code, Samuel Morse was also known for what artistic pursuit?
Samuel Morse’s creative talent led to his admission to the Royal Academy of Arts in 1811.
Fail. How were you able to pass your basic history class before?
Let's face it: The news hasn't been good in 2020. In many respects,…
World records are a test of the best and brightest in humankind. This quiz will…
All paths converge in Rome. The British Empire never experiences sunset. Do you…
Great work. You can do better, right?
Excellent! You are a basic history genius!
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In recent decades some good progress has been made in improving gender parity in primary education around the world - but superficial gains hide some shocking truths. In low income families in Africa, for every 100 boys only 83 girls complete primary education, only 73 girls complete lower secondary and only 40 girls complete upper secondary. In practice, for example, this means that girls from the lowest income families in Mozambique and Tanzania have just a 2% chance of completing secondary education. Poverty, location and ethnicity are all crucial factors in layering exclusion – so for example, in Nigeria, whilst 99% of rich young men in the South East can read and write, only 4% of poor young women in the rural North-West can do so. Patriarchy in education is clearly still alive and kicking.
Indeed, public schools display a gender bias in multiple ways, fed by widespread stereotypes, social norms and entrenched practices which perpetuate discrimination and the particular disadvantaging of girls. In doing this public schools are simply a reflection of the patriarchal and unequal societies where they are located. By default, without conscious intervention, public schools will serve to reproduce and reinforce social and gender inequalities – playing a ‘domesticating’ role. But as Paulo Freire argues, schools can also be places of ‘liberation’ - where deep-rooted values are contested and we can start to build another world. Developing a comprehensive alternative requires a positive vision of a rights-respecting and gender-responsive public school.
In the past few years, ActionAid, together with the Right to Education Initiative, has built a framework called ‘Promoting Rights in Schools’ based on ten core dimensions of the right to education - each drawn from international human rights treaties. ActionAid has used this core framework in thousands of communities across 25 countries, helping parents, children and teachers to do rights based assessments of local schools, developing rights-based school improvement plans and compiling district and national level Citizens’ Reports that lay out people’s priority agendas for educational reform.
However, until now we have not done enough to make explicit the gendered dimensions of each of the core ten rights in this framework. Doing so provides a powerful starting point for defining the range and diversity of issues that a truly rights-respecting and gender-responsive public school would need to address. Of course this is only a start: there is a huge gulf between beautifully written statements in high level documents and people’s lived experience – but these frameworks can offer a strong sense of direction for practical engagement and policy reform. Below is a brief attempt to draw out the gender issues in each of the ten core rights – followed by a short assessment of how such a transformative vision could be financed in ways that are themselves gender-responsive.
A gender perspective on ten core education rights
Right to free and compulsory education
Perhaps most crucial here is the word ‘free’ as there is compelling evidence that when fees are charged, girls are often the first to be excluded. The biggest gains in gender parity in primary school enrolment were associated with campaigns for the abolition of user fees in the early 2000s. However, fees remain a major obstacle for girls accessing lower and upper secondary education – and the perpetuation of such fees is a major factor in the continuing disparities. Further work is needed also on making sure that free means free – that this extends to exam fees, textbooks, basic learning materials, uniforms, school maintenance and a host of others things that parents are too often charged. Equally important is to ensure that there are no hidden or coercively collected ‘voluntary contributions’ – as these will often make it harder for girls to stay in school relative to boys. Any suggestion that fee-charging is acceptable needs to be challenged – and this extends to so called ‘low fee private schools’ or supposedly ‘affordable schools’ – not least because this almost invariably exacerbates gender inequalities.
‘Compulsory’ is also crucial in the context of communities that may not value the education of girls as much as boys – though there is much diversity about the number of years of compulsory education (when it starts and when it ends) and how this compulsion is enforced. Girls sometimes gain more from starting early (including with early childhood education) especially in contexts where there are pressures for early marriages and early pregnancy. When girls start primary school at 7 or 8 years old it becomes more difficult for them to complete before they enter puberty. However, it is equally important to use the nature of ‘compulsory education’ to insist on the rights of girls to return to school after giving birth – and to ensure alignment and enforcement of laws relating to early marriage.
Right to non-discrimination
Girls face discrimination in access to education in many contexts – whether arising from child marriage or child pregnancy or simply to the burden of domestic and care duties imposed on them. Girls also face discrimination inside classrooms in many different ways as a result of gender stereotyping. Girls may be sitting at the back or on the floor whilst boys sit at the front or on chairs. Teachers may have different expectations of girls: what they should and should not do (be quieter, ‘behave themselves’ differently to boys, sit in certain ways), what they are capable and not capable of (e.g. maths and science) and what roles they should take on in helping out around the school (e.g. cleaning). Girls are often confronted with similar stereotypes in the textbooks they read, framing their views of what are expected or accepted roles. LGBTIQ students and teachers may face even more systematic challenges, with homophobic bullying rising in many countries, reinforced by regressive media and legislation.
Comprehensive work needs to be done with curriculum developers, textbook producers, teacher trainers and teachers themselves to ensure that all dimensions of discrimination, conscious and unconscious, are challenged. This needs to be informed by an inter-sectional approach – recognising that gender discrimination is often compounded by other axes of discrimination based on class, caste, ethnicity, religion, sexuality or disability. It should be noted of course that there is potential for discrimination under all the other rights that are documented here – so this is both a standalone absolute right and something that cuts across all the other rights.
Right to adequate infrastructure
When school infrastructure is inadequate girls are often the first to suffer. This is most directly obvious in the case of sanitation facilities – unless there are safe, decent and separate facilities for girls and boys the impact can be to push girls out of school either permanently or on a temporary basis. There is growing evidence that adolescent girls in rural schools without decent sanitation will avoid attending school when on their periods. Moreover, badly located or designed toilets and changing facilities are all too often locations of bullying and harassment or abuse. More broadly inadequate infrastructure can affect girls in other ways – when classrooms are over-crowded, girls are often the most cramped and the least likely to be heard – and when there are no boundary fences around a school, girls can face particular dangers. Too often parental fear of girls losing their ‘honour’ lead them to withdraw girls from school against their will – and these pressures will only be addressed when school premises are made more safe and secure. Adequate infrastructure of course also plays a crucial role for accessibility of girls with disabilities.
Right to quality trained teachers
The teaching profession is often highly gendered. In some countries there is a tendency towards more female teachers in the early years and primary schools (linked with a more nurturing role) and more male teachers in secondary (more academic and ‘serious’) – and this can be associated with unfair pay differentials. However in many low income countries and particularly in rural schools the profession is male-dominated at almost every level. The lack of female teachers can mean girls lack positive role models and patriarchal attitudes are more likely to be perpetuated. There is of course a cycle here – fewer girls completing secondary education or graduating means there is a smaller pool of women who can become future teachers. Those women whom could enter the profession are often deterred from doing so, particularly in rural schools, for the lack of safe accommodation – as they struggle to travel back and forth to school and to juggle their own gendered family roles. The traditional form of entering the teaching profession, through three year residential initial teacher training colleges, is not always as easy for young women as young men – so changing entry requirements and models (with more in-service support) can help to ensure a better balance. This should not however lead to a loss of quality or de-professionalization (downgrading of the teaching profession disadvantages everyone in the end). Nor should it lead to excessive categorisation – with different streams of teachers on different career paths / salary scales – as these can serve to disguise discrimination against female teachers.
The content of teacher training also plays a crucial role - and gender-sensitivity in training needs to be much more integral than it often is. A quality trained teacher should be understood as one who is aware of gender issues, recognises their own inevitable prejudices and works actively towards transforming their biases and behaviours. As noted by Education International: ‘Teachers must be trained to deal with the dynamics of sexism, racism, and homophobia in the classroom’.
Right to a safe, non-violent environment
Girls (and boys who don’t conform to traditional gender norms) are often at greater risk of facing physical and psychological violence in school, around school and on the way to school - so fulfilling the right to a safe and non-violent environment can be particularly crucial for making schools gender responsive. Evidence on good practice to address violence in schools and among young people suggests that dialogue between peers, with community members and within schools; and raising critical consciousness on the norms, values and beliefs that shape gender relations and violence is effective. These can be facilitated via single sex or mixed groups and through clubs - providing a safe space for girls and boys to explore issues of sexuality, positive relationships and recognising and reporting abuse. Creating safe spaces for girls to meet in girls’ clubs, is particularly crucial – so that girls themselves can build a network of support and be in the forefront of determining the wider changes that are needed. In working with teachers, interventions that have focused on building the confidence of teachers to address gender-based violence and facilitating teachers to reflect on their own values, beliefs and experiences of gender inequality and violence have shown promise in addressing the root causes of gender based violence.
One of the most transformative interventions to reduce violence and abuse has been confidential reporting systems – where these have the confidence of those who suffer abuse and where there is a real link to enforcement – including with connections to specially trained police officers and the judicial system. Work with teachers and teacher unions to develop and implement professional codes of conduct is also important - so that if individual teachers do abuse their power (e.g. through demanding sex for grades) they will face punishment. In-service training for teachers (including on enforcing positive discipline - without violence) and working with parents / community leaders to reinforce positive aspects of social and cultural norms (based on principles of equality and human rights) can make a real difference, ensuring that all abuse, including among teachers and students, is challenged.
Right to relevant education
For education to be ‘acceptable’ and ‘adaptable; it needs to be ‘relevant’ – whether that means teaching the early years in the mother tongue or ensuring learning relates sufficiently to the local environment and livelihoods – but we need to be careful when considering this in relation to gender. A relevant education in a patriarchal context could be used to justify the further entrenchment of traditional roles and expectations. Rather, relevance should be seen also to encompass other dimensions – not purely local but also national and global. There is universal relevance to ensuring girls and boys are prepared for active citizenship to advance the sustainable development goals (including SDG5 on achieving gender equality and empowering women and girls); or indeed to advance values of respect, tolerance and democracy. There is also an urgent relevance to girls and boys learning about sexual and reproductive health issues. Any education system that fails to provide comprehensive sex education can be seen to have failed to have addressed a crucial issue of relevance to the lives of young women and men. In broader terms there is a value to looking at both practical and strategic gender needs – ensuring girls (and boys) learn not just those things to survive in their immediate practical lives – but that they also learn strategically how to challenge and transcend gendered roles and stereotypes. Critical thinking and problem solving rather than rote learning of facts thus become central to a progressive view of relevant education – one that succeeds in developing the full human personality.
Right to know your rights
The Convention on the Rights of the Child includes a specific commitment, signed up to by all but two countries in the world, that 'States Parties undertake to make the principles and provisions of the Convention widely known, by appropriate and active means, to adults and children alike.' Schools play a pivotal role here and it means that girls should be empowered with knowledge of the protections offered under human rights law (and in most national constitutions). Again this includes sexual and reproductive health rights but goes far beyond that to full equality before the law. Respect for human rights, tolerance and equality of the sexes are all part of the aims of education as articulated by human rights law. Teacher training programmes ought to include human rights education and awareness.
Right to participate
Girls and boys have an equal right to participate in decision making in schools – whether through schools councils or other mechanisms. In practice boys often dominate such spaces and the participation of girls is symbolic or tokenistic. Disaggregated tracking of who speaks in key forums and whose voice is given weight can help to ensure that biases are diminished and that the participation of girls in a democratic space in their schools can be a foundation for meaningful participation and leadership in wider society. Separate spaces for girls, including in girls clubs, can be important - and whilst boys clubs are also of value as spaces for addressing gender issues - there is an additional dimension for girls to be able to build confidence and voice in ways which may be seen as counter-cultural. This can be important for shifting the norms of the day-to-day interaction in classrooms – making sure girls put their hands up, demand to be heard, speak up and are ready to challenge situations where teachers show a bias.
Right to transparent, accountable schools
Gender imbalance is not just a problem within classrooms but also in school governing bodies and other community spaces that link with schools. School management committees are often dominated by men and have serious under-representation from women and parents with low incomes. This can be the legacy of decades of a failed system that has left women from poor households unable to read and write and lacking in the confidence to engage in their local school. Yet these voices and perspectives are crucial for ensuring schools are rooted in the reality of the communities they serve. If many children return home to non-literate households the impact of this is enormous and the challenges involved need to be given a voice on school bodies. There is a strong case for women’s literacy and empowerment programmes that seek to increase representation on relevant bodies and thus effective accountability of schools. The requirement for schools to be fully transparent, including about how they use their budgets, can be transformative if widely understood. This will ensure that decision making is not left in the hands of a small (mostly male) elite and becomes open to scrutiny with more representative parents able to offer alternative priorities and ideas.
Right to quality learning
There should be no reason for any marked gendered difference in learning outcomes in any subject. Any evidence of difference needs to be scrutinised to determine the cause and make corrections because some form of discrimination or bias will be at work – arising in one way or another from the sexist distribution of privilege and oppression that shapes access to opportunities and resources. In focusing on ‘quality learning; it is important to ensure that this does not become too narrowly focused on simplistic measures of literacy and numeracy – and that learning outcomes across a broad curriculum are valued and properly disaggregated. The myth that boys are better at science or ‘more suited to engineering’ needs to be challenged whenever it rears its ugly head! The ‘genderisation’ of subjects can have a lasting impact, disadvantaging girls at higher levels of education and affecting career opportunities. Of course there may be some difference in the initial motivation for girls to follow certain subjects owing to labels and stereotypes – but this should lead to proactive steps and positive discrimination to redress an obvious imbalance.
Gender-responsive financing of public education
Having a clear vision of rights-based elements that should be considered in building a gender responsive public school is a helpful starting point – but getting this embedded in national education sector plans and specifically financing this vision is perhaps the biggest challenge – and we need to ask: what gender-responsive financing for gender responsive schools would look like? Here there are four overall elements to consider: the share, the size, the sensitivity and the scrutiny of budgets:
Share of budgets
Progress on fully funding gender responsive public education will not be realistic unless countries are meeting the widely accepted benchmark of 20% of national budgets spent on education. We need stronger national coalitions on education, uniting with women’s movements to demand increased investment where governments are falling short
Size of budgets
20% of a small pie is a small amount. Piketty calls for a minimum of 20% tax to GDP ratio for countries to be social states rather than mere ceremonial ‘regalian’ states. But how you build a tax base in crucial. There are regressive means, such as value added tax (VAT),which tend to disadvantage women unless there are exemptions for basic goods, and progressive means, such as ending harmful tax incentives; more tax on high incomes and wealth; challenging aggressive avoidance. There are also questions of macro-economic policy that impact the overall size of the budget. Austerity policies tend to hit women hardest because when there are gaps or failures in public service provision this tends to increase the burden of unpaid care that is passed on to women. Feminist macro-economists make the case for more expansionary macro-economic policies, including justifying more investment in education that can act as a force both for greater equality and for greater growth. There is a sweet spot to be found around expanding a progressive tax base In order to expand progressive investment in education – but we also need to ensure that resources are progressively spent for increased gender equality in education.
Sensitivity of budgets
A gender responsive approach to budgeting would look across the ten rights above and ensure investments are made to minimise any violations. It would ensure women’s organisations were strongly involved in the budgeting process and that all policies and investments were scrutinised for their gendered impact. There would be more investment in areas of education that have perhaps been historically under-regarded – such as early childhood education – where the impact on increasing equality (and reducing the burden of women’s unpaid care) can be dramatic.
Scrutiny of budgets
There is no point having a sizable budget, fairly shared out and allocated in gender sensitive ways if it is not scrutinised in practice. Education budgets can all too easily go astray, or decision making over how budgets are used locally can end up in the hands of a small (often male) elite. Addressing the ten rights outlined above will help, making sure there is transparency and greater accountability to representative bodies, and encouraging reflection on the gendered outcomes of different investments in practice.
Human rights frameworks – and the ten core elements of the right to education outlined above - provide a rich foundation for defining what a gender responsive public education should look like and for devising practical policies and interventions. Education has the potential to be the most powerful equalising force in any society if efforts are made to ensure that education systems are equal. If systems are highly stratified, the outcomes will be. If systems are patriarchal, the outcomes will be ever more patriarchal societies. We should not tolerate schools being sites for the reproduction of social and gender inequalities - though we must also recognise that it is not easy to change the gender norms in schools when gender and social inequalities are still entrenched outside the school gates. Building truly gender responsive public schools will always be challenging but some of the directions are clear and, if realised, schools can be powerful levers for wider transformation.
David Archer is Head of Participation and Public Services at ActionAid. He is also chair of the Right to Education Initiative's executive board.
This post orginally appeared on UNGEI's blog.
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Maharashtra Public Service Commission (MPSC) is an organization in India that recruits and advises on the civil service in the state of Maharashtra. It conducts exams to fill vacancies and reviews the work of civil servants after they are appointed.
To qualify for the MPSC exams, candidates must have a bachelor’s degree from a recognized university. They also need to be Indian citizens and between 21 and 38 years of age.
What is MPSC?
The MPSC full form is an examination that you must write if you want to take a job in a government department. It could be for deputy collector jobs, engineering jobs, income tax Maharashtra jobs, or any other government vacancy that requires an exam.
The Commission was established under Article 315 of the Indian Constitution, which ensures that it remains autonomous and impartial in its examinations. It also advises the state government on various civil service matters, including recruitment and promotions.
It conducts competitive exams for recruitment to various civil services in the state. It sets up question papers, evaluates answer sheets, and declares the results of these exams.
To qualify for these exams, candidates must meet certain eligibility criteria, such as age limit, educational qualifications, nationality requirements, and physical fitness standards. For example, the MPSC State Service exam requires candidates to be 18 years old.
In addition to these criteria, applicants must be citizens of India and residents of Maharashtra. Additionally, applicants must be able to speak and write Marathi.
The MPSC exam is held in two stages – the preliminary examination and the main examination. The primary objective of these exams is to determine the best possible candidate for each position.
The prelims exam is an objective type test that assesses a candidate’s knowledge in subjects such as General Studies, Mental Ability, and Comprehension. Those who qualify for the mains examination will then have to undergo a personality test and interview process. The results of these tests will determine whether a candidate is hired by the Commission or not. This process is designed to ensure that only the best candidates are selected for a position in the government.
What is the role of MPSC?
MPSC is a state-based commission that conducts recruitment exams for various posts in the government of Maharashtra. In addition to the recruitment of civil servants, it also plays an advisory role to the state government on various issues related to civil service recruitment, promotions and disciplinary matters.
The MPSC is a constitutional body established under Article 315 of the Constitution of India. It is responsible for conducting recruitment examinations and interviews for various positions in the state of Maharashtra.
It was formed to provide a smooth and efficient functioning of the Maharashtra government by providing suitable candidates for Government posts and also advise the government on various service matters including formulation of Recruitment Rules, promotions, transfers and disciplinary actions etc. The history of MPSC is closely linked with the history of the state of Maharashtra and the evolution of the Indian Constitution.
The MPSC conducts examinations for recruitment to different services in the state of Maharashtra in three phases – Preliminary, Main and Interview rounds. The exam pattern of MPSC is based on the objective type of questions, where each question carries negative marking for wrong answers.
What is the eligibility criteria for MPSC exams?
The eligibility criteria for MPSC exams are a few basic requirements that candidates must meet to be eligible. These include a minimum age requirement, educational qualifications, and other criteria that may be applicable for the post being applied for.
The minimum educational qualification for MPSC exams is a bachelor’s degree from a recognized university or an equivalent qualification. Students in their final year of graduation are also eligible to apply.
However, applicants must check the official notification to see if they qualify for the exam and whether they are eligible for any particular position. If not, the applicant may need to take some additional steps to become eligible.
While preparing for the exam, it is recommended that candidates make a commitment to study hard and devote plenty of time to their preparation. This will help them master the subject and be able to answer questions correctly in the test.
In addition, it is important to understand the type of questions asked in the exam and how they are answered. This will allow candidates to prepare accordingly and avoid common mistakes that can cost them their chance of securing a job.
Another essential aspect of the MPSC eligibility criteria is that candidates must be Indian citizens. They must also be residents of the state where the exam will be held.
Candidates should also be fluent in the Marathi language. This is because the exam will be conducted in the state and those who do not know the language well may have difficulty interacting with the board members.
What is the age limit for MPSC exams?
The age limit for MPSC exams varies based on the specific exam being applied for. It is typically 18 years for general category candidates and 38 years for open category candidates. There are also certain relaxations given to reserved category candidates as per government guidelines.
In addition to the age limit, candidates must meet other eligibility criteria for Maharashtra Public Service Commission (MPSC) exams. These include a minimum level of education, citizenship, and government-issued documents.
If a candidate is caught falsifying their age or other eligibility information during the exam, they may face severe consequences. For example, they could be disqualified from the exam or banned from taking future exams.
For this reason, it is important for applicants to review the eligibility criteria for any exam they are interested in before applying. This will ensure that they are eligible to take the exam and will not be denied the opportunity to pursue their career goals.
While preparing for the MPSC exams, it is vital to develop a good study plan. This will allow you to balance your time and focus on each subject thoroughly.
Aside from studying for the exams, it is important to keep up with current affairs. By reading newspapers and other sources, you can learn about upcoming events and topics that are relevant to the exam.
To be successful in the MPSC exams, it is crucial to maintain a positive mindset. By doing this, you will be more motivated to stay committed and dedicated to your studies.
The MPSC Prelims Exam is a two-part examination that tests your subject knowledge and analytical skills. The first part is an objective-type paper and consists of 100 questions. The second part is a descriptive paper that tests your ability to answer questions on a topic.
What is the exam pattern for MPSC exams?
The Maharashtra Public Service Commission (MPSC) conducts various exams to recruit candidates for different government departments under the state of Maharashtra. The exam pattern includes prelims, mains and interview round.
For a successful preparation, it is important to understand the exam pattern. As there are multiple stages, it is imperative to study the exam pattern in detail before starting your preparation.
MPSC State Services Examination or MPSC Rajyaseva Exam is one of the most competitive exams conducted by the Maharashtra Public Service Commission every year. To qualify the exam, you have to score minimum marks in all the three stages of the exam – Prelims, Mains and Interview.
The MPSC Prelims exam consists of two compulsory objective papers. Both these papers are of 200 marks each and last for 2 hours. The questions are set in English and Marathi language. The paper has a negative marking of 1/4 mark for each wrong answer.
In the Mains Exam, there are nine papers. The first four are General Studies papers and the remaining six are non-language papers. The mains exam is of 1,750 marks as compared to the present pattern of 800 marks. The mains exam has a maximum negative marking of 25 per cent.
To prepare for the exam, you need to follow a proper study schedule and create study notes. This will help you remember crucial concepts easily and efficiently.
You can also attend MPSC mock tests to practice for the actual exam. These will be given by your coaching institute if you are enrolled in one.
The MPSC state service exam is one of the most competitive exams in India and is held every year for recruitment to various government jobs. Candidates who clear the MPSC exam will be appointed to various esteemed posts in the state of Maharashtra.
The Full Form Of The World Wide Web
MPIN Full Form And UPI Full Form
Deputy Superintendent Of Police Full Form
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Starting Complex Initiatives
Complex projects come with an extraordinary degree of uncertainty and unpredictability. Thus project managers are faced with decision making environment in which many of the critical factors are beyond the project team’s direct control. This situation leads to iterative planning and design where project manager must pivot and address seemingly random events that create unforeseen changes in the project’s scope. Project complexity is dynamic.
Its components interact with each other in different ways, similar to pieces in a chess game. Despite the project’s ultimate scope being uncertain in the early stages of project development, the project team must develop solutions to satisfy external stakeholders who can affect the agency’s ability to achieve the complex project’s objectives. The level of uncertainty may also vary with the maturity of the individual organization.
Within the field of project management, researchers have continuously searched for improved methods to successfully deliver challenging projects. As projects have become larger and more elaborate, planning for the many potential uncertainties within a project has become increasingly more difficult. By considering the relationships between risk, uncertainty and complexity the project team may be able to expose the fundamental causes of potential problems earlier in the project lifecycle.
Complex projects face high levels of both uncertainty and ambiguity.
Complexity management considers how the different parts of a project interact and how these interactions should be managed such that the project can embrace the opportunities resulting from the complexity while limiting the risks. Complex projects face two major challenges;
- Project Complexity induces unpredictable behavior in the project. The more complex a project is, the more connections exist between the different elements. When one element is uncertain, it is likely that the connected elements will also become more uncertain. As more elements interact, the behavior of the project becomes less and less predictable.
- Project Complexity induces ambiguity (a lack of clarity) which limits the ability of stakeholders to foresee and manage the project. While project managers and team members utilize tools such as project schedules, work packages and task descriptions to break down the project into more easily understandable parts, it is likely that at some point particular interactions between parts of the project are ignored or simply not noticed. A project can become so large that it is effectively impossible for a single project member to understand all the detailed interactions between the many parts of the project.
The combined challenge of project complexity is thus that the project itself is less predictable; and that it is more difficult for stakeholders to understand the project in its entirety in order to manage the project correctly.
Managing project complexity requires more than a single strategy.
The initial phases of a project are typically dedicated to the exploration of the project scope and the development of an appropriate project structure. A project’s complexity results from the project composition, as such, the project complexity is inherently designed into the project as a result of the project’s definition. The most effective method to manipulate the project complexity is to consciously design the project such that the initial project complexity is in line with the desired project complexity. While simply put, the project complexity can be managed by either removing the sources of complexity or by reducing their impact, several strategies may be considered;
- The active selection of complex projects. By estimating a project’s complexity before taking on a particular project, the fit between the project and the organization can be considered. When a mismatch occurs, the organization should deliberately decide to either proactively change the project’s composition, kill the project or to continue as planned while consciously accepting the inherent risk of the project.
- The selection of appropriately skilled project staff. When a project is particularly complex on one dimension of project complexity, and the project manager lacks the appropriate skills and experiences to manage the complexity of that dimension, it becomes more likely that the negative effects of that dimension are underestimated and consequently poorly managed.
- The selection of an appropriate project methodology. Project complexity stems from the collective behavior of the project system. Since most management methodologies effect the project as a whole, the choice of management method can have a considerable impact on a project’s complexity.
PMO Advisory, LLC, Project Management Institute Authorized Training Provider (ATP) # 4172
Achieving success in business execution is the number one concern facing all organizations, regardless of their type, size, geography, or industry. The challenges are many, but the opportunities are also great. PMO Advisory has spearheaded this field of strategic business execution (SBE) by providing a comprehensive series of courses that span across project management to organizational change. As a Project Management Institute Authorized Training Provider (ATP), PMO Advisory enables organizations to attain superior execution with our high power course series and the associated PMI certification boot camps including the following:
- Project Management (including boot camps for PMI’s CAPM® and PMP® certifications)
- Agile Project Management (including boot camps for PMI-ACP® certification)
- Program Management (including boot camps for PgMP® certification)
- Portfolio Management (including boot camps for PfMP® certification)
- Risk Management (including boot camps for PMI-RMP® certification)
- Project Management Office (PMO)
- Organizational Change Management (OCM)
- Strategic Business Execution (SBE)
Plus many other related courses such as Strategic Planning, Leadership. Communication, Negotiation, Emotional Intelligence courses. Our courses are closely aligned with the PMI and International Standard Organization (our CEO, Dr. Te Wu, is a US Delegate with the ISO Technical Committee 258). As a full-service firm, we provide the following services to our institutional customers:
- Expert-led course offerings, including custom development targeting to address your specific needs
- Condensed live-virtual series (such as our “Sixty Minutes Series”) on highly popular topics designed to promote learning and application
- Tailored information sessions, not only about the course offerings but also making a compelling case of how project management will enhance individuals and teams
- Multi-delivery methods and platform including onsite, real-time and live virtual, and hybrid learning with e-learning components
- World-class instructors, highly experienced, and certified in their respective area of focus
- Free employee access to our monthly webinars (earning free PDUs for PMP certified employees)
- Global reach, including offering courses in Spanish, French, Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, and other languages
- Dedicated client management, including a dedicated client manager, organizational-specific webpage and email for easy communication.
Our Philosophy and Values
PMO Advisory is a PMI® Authorized Training Provider (ATP #4172) and proud to be one the very few PMI® registered firms able to offer Portfolio (PfMP®), Program (PgMP®), Project (PMP®), and Risk (PMI-RMP®) Management Certification Training. We make tremendous effort to understand our clients, their needs and interest and align our products and services accordingly. Because we are a small firm we’re agile, responsive, and will adapt our training programs as your needs change with a speed larger firms just can’t match. We’re committed to getting individuals, small teams, and organizations professionally trained and transformed in line with set goals. You are guaranteed a positive client service experience which meets (and ideally exceeds) your expectations, this is our goal behind all of our business interactions. Specifically we promise to:
1. Focus on the benefit of the training as it relates to each customer’s individual needs.
2. Be responsible and accountable for each customer’s success.
3. Always act with integrity and dignity when dealing with customers, vendors and employees.
4. Always EXCEED the client’s expectations.
Te Wu, Founder & CEO
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By Raquel Miguel, Researcher at EU DisinfoLab
When confronted with a hoax, disinformation researchers often wonder about its relevance: is it just an isolated post? Will it go viral? And if it does, could it have any impact in the offline world? The study of the impact of mis- and disinformation is one of the most challenging aspects for researchers, but it is also extremely relevant.
Experts have already worked in this field with compelling results, such as Ben Nimmo, who created the Breakout Scale, designed to measure the impact of influence operations. However, applying the scale to a single hoax is complex and often unfeasible. This issue inspired EU DisinfoLab to elaborate a simpler alternative that researchers can use in their daily work to analyse single pieces of disinformation. They can apply it hoax by hoax, optimising efforts to rapidly identify those falsities that potentially carry greater risk or may lead to more articulated campaigns.
In addition to this, the Digital Services Act (DSA) sets obligations for how digital services deal with content that has societal risks, and therefore measuring the impact of disinformation could be decisive in the assessment of these risks.
The EU DisinfoLab impact-risk index offers an approach to assess the potential impact of single hoaxes. This index could also go beyond the assessment of single hoaxes and could be applied to other claims. The method goes through a simple list of eight indicators related to the virality and engagement of a single disinformative content, whose scores will be translated into a final scale measuring the low, medium, high, or alarming impact-risk. The scale might be improved in the future to better meet the needs to the community, but it currently offers an immediate and unique method of assessment whose benefits surely surpass the possible limitations.
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Sir Sultan Mahomed Shah Aga Khan III will always be remembered as one of the most distinguished and well-reputed leaders and diplomats in the history of Pakistan movement.
During the freedom movement, Sir Aga Khan proved to be a very conscientious and dynamic mediator between the western world and leaders of the subcontinent. With his vast experience and a personality of international stature, he always believed that education was the ultimate tool with which Muslims of the subcontinent could advance to live a life of prosperity and peace.
He helped Muslims build institutes of educational excellence for their intellectual, social and economic development. At the young age of 25, in recognition of his tireless commitment to the cause of educational development of Muslims in the subcontinent, he was unanimously nominated as a member of the Imperial Legislative Council by the Viceroy, Lord Curzon in the year 1902.
Amongst the many contributions of Sir Aga Khan for the Muslims of the subcontinent was his outstanding role in the creation of the Aligarh University. He shouldered the huge responsibility of collecting funds for the formation of this important centre of learning and excellence. He left no stone unturned in supporting Sir Syed’s dream of establishing the Aligarh University, which played a significant role in the freedom movement of Pakistan. From his personal contribution, Sir Aga Khan generously donated an amount of Rs. 100,000.
With his honest belief in the unity of Muslim Ummah and gracious efforts, he was able to collect Rs. 3 million for the university and succeeded in laying the foundation for the Aligarh University. As chairman of the collection fund, it was inspiring for leaders of the Pakistan movement to see someone of his repute working selflessly for collecting funds and saying, “As a mendicant, I am now going out to beg from house to house and from street to street for the children of Muslim India.”
The inspiring and powerful leadership of Sir Aga Khan at the Simla Deputation gave success and confidence to the Muslims of the subcontinent. With the aim of gaining their freedom and rights, the first Muslim political organisation ‘The All India Muslim League’ was formed in 1906 and Sir Aga Khan was chosen as its first president and remained president for six years, from 1906 to 1913.
Many rightly believe that the creation of the Mohammadan Anglo Oriental (MAO) College Aligarh would have remained just a dream without the efforts and dedication of Sir Aga Khan III. When the Aga Khan visited Aligarh in 1936, Dr. Ziauddin, the then vice-chancellor, in his welcome address said: “It must be a matter of real satisfaction to Your Highness that most of the expansion and development of the University are in a large measure due to Your Highness’ patronage and active support.
The great founder of this institution, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, had expressed the hope that this institution would develop into a University, but the realization of the founder’s dream is precisely due to Your Highness, who worked for it with zeal of a missionary. Your Highness infused a new life into the Aligarh movement by touring the whole of India to collect funds for the establishment of the Muslim University.
It was mainly due to Your Highness’ stupendous efforts that we have since been able to realize a sum of seventy lakh (seven million) from various sources, and by carefully handling this amount we have been able to build up several important departments of the University.”
Sir Aga Khan III also had the honour of representing Muslims of the subcontinent at the Disarmament Conference and in the League of Nations. He was also unanimously elected as Chairman of the League of Nations, which we now know as the United Nations Organisation (UNO). The first Round Table Conference was organised by the British government in London and was attended by the great Quaid-i-Azam, the Aga Khan, Sir Mohamed Shafi, Maulana Mohamed Ali and Maulana Fazlul Huq.
The delegation of Muslim leaders elected the Aga Khan as their leader and spokesman. During this meeting, Allama Iqbal fondly spoke of the services of the Aga Khan for the Muslims and said, “We have placed these demands before the conference under the guidance of the Aga Khan whom we all admire and whom the Muslims of India love.”
Sir Sultan Mahomed Shah Aga Khan was also a strong advocate of female education. The first Aga Khan School was established in 1905 in Gwadar. During the 1940s, he established Aga Khan Schools in the remote, mountainous areas of Gilgit Baltistan and stressed on female education. Sir Aga Khan also established many hospitals and health centres across Pakistan.
He was the 48th Imam of Shia Imami Ismaili Muslims and the eminent grandfather of the present 49th Imam of Ismaili Muslims, Prince Karim Aga Khan. Sir Sultan Mahomed Shah laid foundations for progress in the fields of education and health more than a century ago, and the same aims are now being carried forward by the present Aga Khan under the aegis of the Aga Khan Development Network.
Today, a network of 160 schools is operating under the Aga Khan Education Service, Pakistan, and 65 per cent of the students in these schools are female. Aga Khan Health Service also operates a not-for-profit health care network in the country, while the Aga Khan University Hospital in Karachi stands as an icon of quality healthcare and education in Pakistan.
“It was from him, Sir Sultan Mahomed Shah Aga Khan, that I inherited my present role in 1957. I also inherited from him a deep concern for the advancement of education - especially in the developing world. These two topics - education and development - have been at the heart of my own work over the past fifty years…”
His Highness Prince Karim Aga Khan
Annual Meeting of the International Baccalaureate, 2008
Sir Sultan Mahomed Shah breathed his last on July 11, 1957 and was laid to eternal rest at Aswan, Egypt. In addition to his outstanding services to the world, he has left behind an autobiography of his life entitled “Memoirs of Aga Khan - World Enough and Time”, which is a thorough expression of his 80 years of a full life.
Today we pay accolade to this great Muslim leader by living our pledge to make Pakistan a peaceful and prosperous land.
Published in The Express Tribune, November 2nd, 2014.
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What Defines A Person's Sense Of Self?
Part 5 of theTED Radio Hour episode Maslow's Human Needs
About Caroline Casey's TED Talk
Caroline Casey was 17 years old when she first learned she was visually impaired. Embracing her disability helped nourish her need for self-esteem.
About Caroline Casey
Caroline Casey works to change how society views people with disabilities. As the founding CEO of Kanchi in Dublin, she developed a set of best practices for businesses, to help them see "disabled" workers as an asset as opposed to a liability. Casey started the O2 Ability Awards to recognize Irish businesses for their inclusion of people with disabilities, both as employees and customers.
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.
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The CFPB was created under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act). The purpose of the CFPB is to promote fairness and transparency for mortgages, credit cards, and other consumer financial products and services.
Why was the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau established?
The CFPB was created to provide a single point of accountability for enforcing federal consumer financial laws and protecting consumers in the financial marketplace. Before, that responsibility was divided among several agencies. Today, it’s our primary focus.
Why was the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau CFPB created quizlet?
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau was originally created to do what? Receive and investigate complaints from consumers, and enforce laws pertaining to the banking and financial system.
What is the mission of the CFPB?
To make markets for consumer financial products and services work for Americans by promoting transparency and consumer choice and preventing abusive and deceptive financial practices.
What is the main purpose of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and how can it be contacted?
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau helps consumers by providing educational materials and accepting complaints. It supervises banks, lenders, and large non-bank entities, such as credit reporting agencies and debt collection companies.
What are the 4 P’s of Udaap?
The Bureau adopts the FTC’s “four P’s” – prominence; presentation (easy to understand, not contradicted and timely); placement where consumers are expected to look or hear; close proximity to the claim qualified.
Is the consumer financial protection bureau necessary?
The CFPB works to prevent unfair, deceptive and abusive practices from financial companies by taking action against those that break the law. The bureau also works to educate and empower consumers to make the best financial decisions for themselves.
How might the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau help protect the public quizlet?
– Federal oversight of credit providers, consumer financial products. – Enforces federal consumer protection, discrimination laws. … – Restricts unfair, deceptive, abusive act and practices.
What does financial protection mean?
Financial protection is achieved when direct payments made to obtain health services do not expose people to financial hardship and do not threaten living standards.
Which legislative action created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau CFPB )? Quizlet?
The Dodd-Frank wall street reform and anti-predatory lending act of 2010 (Dodd-Frank Act) established the consumer financial protection bureau.
Who does the CFPB regulate?
For banks with more than $10 billion in assets, the CFPB is the primary regulator for consumer compliance. For banks with $10 billion or lessin assets, the rulemaking, supervisory, and enforcement authorities for consumer protection are divided between the CFPB and the prudential bank regulators.
Is the CFPB a government agency?
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is a U.S. government agency that makes sure banks, lenders, and other financial companies treat you fairly.
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Economics is a broken science, living in a kind of Alice in Wonderland state believing in multiple, inconsistent, things at the same time. Prior to the financial crisis, mainstream economics argued simultaneously for small government on taxation, regulation and spending, but big government on monetary policy. After the financial crisis, economics is now arguing for more government spending and for less government spending. The premise of this book is that the internal inconsistencies between economic theories - the apparently unresolvable debates between leading economists and the incoherent policies of our governments - are symptomatic of economics being in a crisis. Specifically, in a scientific crisis. The good news is that, thanks to the work of scientist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn, we know what needs to be done to fix a scientific crisis. Moreover, there are two scientists in particular whose ideas could show how to do this for economics: Charles Darwin, the man who discovered evolution, and William Harvey, doctor to King Charles I and the first man to understand blood flow and the workings of the human heart. In Money, Blood and Revolution, bestselling financial writer George Cooper explains how the ideas of Darwin and Harvey could revolutionise economics, making it more scientific and understandable, and might even reveal the true origin of economic growth and inequality. Taking readers on a gripping tour of scientific revolution, social upheaval and the secrets of money and debt, this is an unmissable read for anyone curious to understand how the world really works - and the amazing future of economics.
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NS-Frauen-Warte, the only women’s magazine published with the approval of the Nazi propaganda ministry, was published in 1941-45 to reflect on the importance of motherhood in society and the value of housewife for the nationalist state and society.
Among the main topics of the magazine were Soviet and British hostilities, poems trying to instill a sense of immortality in children, articles encouraging women to have children, the social dangers of intellectual thought, and propaganda titles such as the Nazis’ work against women and children.
“The soul is made visible in the body over time.” Nietzsche was convinced of this. It cannot be a coincidence that those who are purely intellectual are ugly. I see people who have nothing but something. I call them “cripples.” The intellectual person is crippled; his soul is swollen with disease in contrast to his weak physique; he is pale, ugly in size, bloodless and pale, like a rootless plant in a pantry. That is why the green with its root is green and full of resentment toward all that is near the soil of the true spirit.
– The Spirit of the Race
Source: ub.uni-heidelberg.de ✪
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The American Duchess Guide to 18th Century Dressmaking: How to Hand Sew Georgian Gowns and Wear Them With Style by Lauren Stowell (Author), Abby Cox (Author).
Lauren Stowell and Abby Cox of American Duchess have endeavored to make the impossible possible by bringing historically accurate dressmaking techniques into your sewing room. Learn how to make four of the most iconic 18th century silhouettes―the English Gown, Sacque Gown, Italian Gown and Round Gown―using the same hand sewing techniques done by historic dressmakers.
Cornélie Falcon as Rachel in the opera la Juive.
Cornélie Falcon. Costume de Rachel dans la Juive.
Cornélie Falcon (1814–1897) was a famous French soprano who sang at the Opéra in Paris. In the picture it shows the Rachel in the opera La Juive, by Jacques Fromental Halévy. La Juive is considered the most important work of J. F. Halévy. The plot of the opera is set in Constance at the time of the Council of Constance of 1414.
The political events of this turbulent time determine the fate of the characters. The focus is on the Jewish goldsmith Eleazar and his daughter Rachel. The story was as a memorial to the conflict between Christianity and Judaism. Estimated by Giuseppe Verdi as well as by Richard Wagner.
During the period of National Socialism, in which the composer was ostracized as a Jew, she disappeared from the game plan. Today, the opera La Juive is rarely included in the repertoire. Cornélie Falcon is buried at the Pere Lachaise cemetery in Paris.
Source: Costumes historiques de ville ou de théatre et travestissements. Author: Achille Devéria and José Domínguez Bécquer. Publisher Paris: Goupil et Vibert. Publisher London: Charles Tilt 1831-1839. Printed by: Lemercier & Cie.
Support and Seduction: The History of Corsets and Bras (Abradale Books) by Beatrice Fontanel.
Thoughout the ages, women's breasts have been subjected to the endless whims of fashion.
From the ancient Greeks to Mae West and Madonna, this light-hearted book charts the changing shapes of female beauty. The elegant and amusing images - including fashion drawings, paintings, photographs, and film stills - illustrate the often surprising history of the garments women have worn for support - and seduction.
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Federal officials connected some of the dots in their investigation of an E. coli outbreak yesterday when they declared the outbreak over. It was one of three concurrent outbreaks linked to romaine lettuce in late 2019.
A total of 167 people infected with the outbreak strain of E. coli O157:H7 were confirmed from 27 states. Illnesses started on dates ranging from Sept. 20 to Dec. 21, 2019. Ill people ranged in age from less than 1 to 89 years, with a median age of 27. Sixty-four percent of ill people were female. Of 165 ill people with information available, more than half were so sick they had to be admitted to hospitals. Fifteen people developed hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a type of kidney failure. No deaths were reported.
The Public Health Agency of Canada also reported several illnesses that were closely related genetically to the illnesses in the United States. As of Dec. 6, 2019, there were two illnesses related to the U.S. outbreak that have been identified in Canada. These individuals became ill in mid-October to early November 2019. One individual was hospitalized. Neither died. Epidemiologic, laboratory, and traceback evidence indicated that romaine lettuce from the Salinas Valley growing region in California was the likely source of this outbreak.
According to the FDA, this outbreak, a Washington state outbreak linked to leafy greens, and another multi-state outbreak shared a common denominator — a romaine lettuce supplier with ranches in Salinas, CA.
Although this grower was determined to be a common supplier for all three outbreaks based on available supply chain information, the romaine lettuce from this grower does not explain all the illnesses seen in the three outbreaks, according to the FDA and CDC. Neither agency has named the grower.
The Maryland Department of Health identified the outbreak strain of E. coli O157:H7 in an unopened package of Ready Pac Foods Bistro Chicken Caesar Salad collected from a sick person’s home in Maryland. The Wisconsin Department of Health Services identified the outbreak strain of E. coli O157:H7 in an unopened bag of Fresh Express Leafy Green Romaine collected from an ill person’s home in Wisconsin. The Salinas Valley growing region in California was the main source of the romaine lettuce in both products.
(To sign up for a free subscription to Food Safety News, click here.)
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When the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau entered Brest in March, 1941, between them they had sunk a total of 22 ships during their North Atlantic operations. Laying in port however, they became a target for constant air attack, Scharnhorst being damaged by bombs, and in February 1942 the decision was made to break out with the famous Channel Dash. Scharnhorst led the flotilla in a daring passage through the English Channel, heading for the sanctuary of Wilhelmshaven. They all got through but, striking two mines en-route, it was March 1943 before the Scharnhorst was able to resume battle operations when, under heavy escort, she sailed for Norway.
Simon Atack’s panoramic seascape depicts a scene from Operation Paderborn as Scharnhorst ploughs through a lively swell with Fw190s of I./JG5, based at Oslo Fornebu, providing fighter cover. Steaming in company with destroyers Z-28 and Erich Steinbrinck, the mighty German battleship has departed Gotenhafen and is heading towards Bogen Bay, near Narvik in Norway. But Scharnhorst’s days were numbered. On 26 December 1943 the huge battleship attacked a convoy off North Cape, but in the heavy seas Scharnhorst became detached from her destroyer escort.
With the British Home Fleet aware of her position, and intentions, she was intercepted, the British battleship Duke of York landing a barrage of 14-inch shells on the mighty German warship. The blows were fatal, the coup-de-grace coming shortly after, when 11 torpedoes sent the magnificent but deadly battleship quickly to the bottom. There were just 36 survivors..
Every copy of “Escort to the Scharnhorst” is individually hand-signed in pencil by the artist Simon Atack, and individually numbered. Each print is authenticated with the original signature of the last of Scharnhorst’s thirty-six survivors to be rescued:
Matrosen Obgefreiter WILHELM ALSEN
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What is Right to Work (RTW)?
For decades, anti-union ideological forces have led an assault against union rights in the U. S. These forces picked up the pace in recent years, and were able to pass so-called right-to-work laws in several states.
The term right-to-work is misleading and right-to-work laws certainly don’t give anyone any rights. They are designed to weaken unions, shrink the unionized percentage of the construction market (our market share), and put downward pressure on our wages and benefits.
In states with right-to-work laws, nothing changes between the employer and the workers, but the laws tie the union’s hands. In right-to-work states, a carpenter can work for a union contractor, get union-negotiated wage rates, participate in the union health and pension plans, and attend apprenticeship and other training programs at the union training center. But that carpenter is allowed to opt out of paying union dues.
Right to Work provisions (either by law or by constitutional provision) exist in 26 U.S. states. In 2018, voters in Missouri saw this for what it was and soundly rejected an attempt to make that state right-to-work. Union carpenters helped lead the effort to defeat it at the ballot box. If all union members remain strong and educate their fellow workers to discourage freeloading, we can still have a powerful presence in right to work states.
Under labor laws in the United States, the union as the exclusive collective bargaining agent has the responsibility of fair representation for all persons in the bargaining unit including those who choose not to be members and pay dues. The phrase “Right to Work” is a misnomer because the lack of such a law does not deprive anyone of the right to work; a RTW law simply affords employees the right to be “free riders”—to benefit from collective bargaining without paying for it.
Over time, Right to Work laws destroy unions. That’s their intent. Read more here: What’s Wrong with the “Right to Work”?
What is Prevailing Wage (Davis-Bacon Act)?
In 1931, Davis-Bacon prevailing wage act was passed by congress. According to the Department of Labor, “The Davis-Bacon and Related Acts, apply to contractors and subcontractors performing on federally funded or assisted contracts in excess of $2,000 for the construction, alteration, or repair (including painting and decorating) of public buildings or public works.” According to the Davis-Bacon Act, contractors must pay the prevailing wage—a combination of the basic hourly rate a and any fringe benefits—as listed in the Davis-Bacon wage determination based on the type of contract and the area in which the contract is being executed.
UBC members need to pay attention to the Davis-Bacon Act in order to ensure its enforcement. According to the Department of Labor, common problems include:
- Misclassification of laborers and mechanics.
- Failure to pay full prevailing wage, including fringe benefits, for all hours worked (including overtime hours).
- Inadequate record keeping, such as not counting all hours worked or not recording hours worked by an individual in two or more classifications during a day.
- Failure of to maintain a copy of bona fide apprenticeship program and individual registration documents for apprentices.
- Failure to submit certified payrolls weekly.
- Failure to post the Davis-Bacon poster and applicable wage determination.
The agency responsible for collecting and disseminating the prevailing wage data is the Wage and Hour Division of the United States Department of Labor. The procedure includes (1) planning and scheduling of surveys, (2) conducting the surveys, (3) clarifying and analyzing the respondents’ data and (4) issuing the wage determinations. Prevailing wage rates are established separately for each county, and are reflective of local wage conditions. Rates are calculated for each job classification based on the survey data, such as carpenters, electricians, laborers, etc. Trades are generally surveyed every three years to determine the prevailing wage rates.
Contractors we want cannot compete against less desirable contractors if we don’t enforce a level playing field with prevailing wage. That category of contractor is financially responsible and stable with a safe, trained, experienced workforce. A prevailing wage brings fairness, protection, productivity and prosperity to the workplace.
Considered the “dirty little secret” of the construction industry, tax fraud drains tax revenues and hurts honest employers every year. The UBC is working to make construction markets fair and honest again by helping officials fight this scourge.
Unscrupulous employers gain an unfair bidding advantage of up to 30 percent by knowingly misclassifying workers as independent contractors, paying in cash off the books, and running other scams—often simultaneously. They skirt the requirements to pay workers’ compensation, unemployment insurance, basic payroll taxes, wages, and overtime.
Union workers’ productivity makes contractors’ bids competitive, but only on a level playing field. That’s why the UBC is committed to providing legislators and agency leaders with the research, resources, and professional assistance needed to identify and crack down on construction industry tax fraud. To date, officials in nearly three dozen states have improved laws and enforcement, annually recapturing tens of millions in previously lost revenue. In some cases, workers’ compensation rates have dropped as well.
Fraud is not a union-only issue. Tax fraud affects the entire construction industry, shrinks public budgets, and even increases health care costs. The UBC is dedicated to shutting down this destructive criminal activity, regaining lost tax revenue and protecting taxpayers, honest employers and their employees.
What is Collective Bargaining?
Collective bargaining is the process in which working people, through their union representation, negotiate contracts with their employers to determine their terms of employment. This may include pay, benefits, hours, leave/vacation, job health and safety policies, work/life balance and more. Collective bargaining is a way to address and solve workplace problems.
The union may negotiate with a single employer (who is typically representing a company’s shareholders) or may negotiate with a group of businesses to reach an industrywide agreement. A collective agreement functions as a labor contract between an employer and one or more unions.
Collective bargaining builds and protects the middle class—for all workers, not just union members. Companies/Employers generally don’t just hand out fair wages and benefits. Middle-class wages and benefits—like health care, paid sick days, etc.—have been built over time by working people who come together to insist on fair standards. Ardently supporting the right to bargain collectively is critical to safeguarding workers’ rights and progressing middle-class standards, strength and growth.
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Cromos Pharma supporting psoriasis clinical research breakthroughs
August is Psoriasis Awareness Month. Cromos Pharma is using this opportunity to underline its commitment to supporting clinical trials to develop new and innovative treatments to improve the lives of millions of psoriasis sufferers around the world.
Immune disorder affecting 125 million people worldwide
Psoriasis is a complex immune system disorder in which white blood cells, known as T cells, mistakenly attack skin cells, which causes the skin-cell production process to go into overdrive. This results in a build-up of skin cells causing red, scaly patches on the skin. This manifestation is a sign of systematic inflammation and the condition has several co-morbidities, including inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, depression, cardiovascular disease and metabolic disease.
Types of Psoriasis
- Plaque —The most common form of psoriasis, accounting for approximately 80% of all cases. Plaque psoriasis presents as inflamed red patches covered with a silvery, white build-up of dead skin cells. Affected skin can be itchy and painful and occur on any part of the body most commonly knees, elbows, and scalp.
- Guttate — The second most common form it occurs in about 10% of people. It usually presents in childhood and is characterized by small, pink, dot-like lesions on the torso, arms, and legs.
- Inverse — Manifests as areas of red, shiny, and inflamed skin found in body folds, such as behind the knee, under the armpits or breasts, and in the groin. It may occur with other types of psoriasis on the body.
- Pustular —This rare form of the disease generally occurs in adults. It is characterized by white or pus-filled blisters surrounded by red, inflamed skin on the hands or feet.
- Erythrodermic —This is a severe and very rare type of psoriasis occurring in about 3% of cases. It presents as widespread redness over large sections of the body and causes the skin to peel off.
Triggers for psoriasis
The exact cause of psoriasis is not known. Research has found in those with a genetic predisposition for the disease, several factors may trigger psoriasis. Common triggers include: infections (strep), weather (cold, dry conditions), injury to the skin, stress, smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and certain medications.
Treatments for psoriasis
At present, there is no cure for psoriasis but there are several classes of medications designed to treat psoriatic symptoms. These include topical ( e.g. Corticosteroids, Vitamin D analogues, Calcineurin inhibitors and cold tar), light (Sunlight, UVB, Psoralen plus ultraviolet A ), and systemic therapies (e.g. Cyclosporine and Methotrexate).
Biologics and Biosimilars
In the last decade biologic drugs (e.g. etanercept (Enbrel), infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira), ustekinumab (Stelara)) have been developed for autoimmune disorders including psoriasis. These drugs have proven to be highly effective for those suffering with moderate to severe psoriasis. However, they are costly and not always covered by health insurers or national health systems. The development of biosimilars of these blockbuster drugs has the potential to dramatically reduce costs and increase access for the millions of individuals with psoriasis across the globe.
Cromos Pharma and dermatological clinical research
Read our Psoriasis case study here
ABOUT CROMOS PHARMA
Cromos Pharma is a US-based, international contract research organization delivering fully integrated clinical research solutions, in all trial phases, across a wide range of therapeutic indications. Our expert team, comprised of 95% MDs, has extensive expertise in study design, medical writing, regulatory affairs, site management, patient recruitment and data management.
Cromos Pharma has experience in delivering success in a wide range of trial types, from biosimilars and generics, to successfully managing trials of novel therapeutics in a wide range of clinical indications. Our team provides full-service solutions to international pharma and biotech companies in high-recruiting regions, assuring exceptional data quality. Cromos Pharma combines global expertise with in-depth experience and knowledge in the US, Central and Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Republic of Georgia, and Turkey to offer exceptional patient recruitment. Our team has met or reduced enrollment timelines in 95% of conducted trials.
We provide accelerated study start-up timelines in our regions of operation. Regulatory inspections by FDA and EMA and site audits attest to the highest quality of our clinical data.
Established in 2004, Cromos Pharma has strong regional experience that is supported by a global network of offices. Its international HQ is located in Portland, Oregon, USA and its European HQ is in Dublin, Ireland.
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The East Florida Rangers are modeled after the group of Floridians who were organized by Governor Lieutenant Colonel Patrick Tonyn in 1774 as a provincial corps and actually called the East Florida Rangers. An East Florida Ranger was engaged to serve for 3 years receiving clothing, provisions and 1 shilling a day! The original East Florida Rangers were charged with scouring the woods for enemy, obtaining intelligence, foraging & driving cattle and horses from the disputed border area, cooperating with Indians, defending the outlying plantations and in general performing services that the British regulars were incapable of doing. While the original unit was a mounted corps under the orders of the Governor, our East Florida Rangers do not engage the use of horses.
The purpose of our group is to support the educational programs found in the State of Florida by assisting in historical re-enactments and demonstrations directed at the specific time period of 1775 to 1783 (the period of the American Revolution). For Example, Rangers can often be found assisting the U.S. National Park Service at the Castillo de San Marcos located in St. Augustine Florida. The East Florida Rangers also periodically step outside of the Revolutionary period of history and can be found assisting Florida’s Department of Environmental Protection at one of the many Seminole Forts that are in Florida.
The East Florida Rangers by its own charter and regulations maintain high standards of safety, sportsmanship, and good fellowship, together with historical appreciation of the era and equipment. While the original responsibilities of the East Florida Rangers were to represent the British “loyalist” role, our group today may, from time to time, serve to re-enact the “patriot” role when appropriate events or venues allow.
The East Florida Rangers are part of the Historic Florida Militia who operate as a 501(c)3 non-profit organization.
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