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The children complained that the free lunch at their state school — rice, beans, potato curry and soy balls — tasted odd. The cook gave it a taste, too. Within half an hour they all began to suffer severe stomach pains followed by vomiting and diarrhea, and within hours at least 22 of the children were dead and dozens of others remained hospitalized, said officials in the northeastern state of Bihar.
By nightfall on Wednesday, as angry protests broke out, officials said they believed they had found the cause: cooking oil stored in a container formerly used for insecticides.
School lunch programs became universal in India after a 2001 order by the country’s Supreme Court, and free meals are now served to 120 million children — by far the largest such program in the world. It has been credited with improving school attendance, sometimes substantially. With some surveys suggesting that nearly half of Indian children suffer some form of malnutrition, it also serves a vital health purpose.
But like so many government programs in India, it is plagued by corruption and mismanagement, and cases of tainted food are fairly routine. <Read more.>
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Here are some strategies that can help boost both teachers' and their students' confidence in maths.
Both have been much maligned by parents who felt like they couldn't help their kids with basic math homework. But the Common Core could help with conceptual understanding and math intuition.
Children as young as six can show math anxiety. What's the link between parents’ math anxiety and their children’s math anxiety?
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http://theconversation.com/uk/topics/math-anxiety-20069
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Interactive Book / Early Reading Software -- The Big Picture
In general, these programs are good introductions to reading for young children, especially for those not always interested in sitting down to hear a book read in a parent's lap. Although they will not teach your child to read, they do provide additional exposure to reading, reading comprehension, and vocabulary.
SuperKids' reviewers have looked at numerous programs in this category, evaluating their content and design, as well as their kid appeal and ease of use. Which is best for your child? Click on the titles to see SuperKids' complete reviews.
The Eency Weency Spider [for ages 3 mos to 7] from Moving Picture Books, is beautifully illustrated and clearly narrated, with English subtitle and Spanish narration options. Lack of interactivity limits the educational value. Best as a travel distraction for young non-readers.
Joe Rock and Friends, Book 2 [for ages 3 to 9] from BoggleNoggin Media. Three fun stories, in three languages each, offer reading, listening, and speaking practice. Best for young, learning to read, native speakers in English, French or Spanish. Also good for early new language learners.
The Book of Lulu [for ages 5 and up] from Organa. A pleasant story with many of the makings of a classic. Best for children who can hold onto the thread of a plot despite interactive distractions.
Alice in Wonderland [for ages 7 to 13] from Joriko Interactive. A faithful interpretation of a classic story. Unfortunately, Alice is easier to understand and enjoy in its original text form.
Eddie & Minx Waking Up the Magic [for ages 5 and up] from Birchtree Multimedia, is a rudimentary, but interesting effort at creating an interactive storybook. Although it lacks the pizzazz of more sophisticated programs, it tells a compelling tale that children will enjoy.
Little Explorer: Reading Fun My First Interactive Storybook [for ages 2 to 6] from Publications International, is truly written for the early reader. Text is minimal and words are simple. Words light up as they are read, clicking on a word repeats the word, and clicking on a red word accesses a pop-up definition of the word, written in kid-friendly language. A definite winner.
Arthur's Computer Adventure [for ages 3 to 7] from Broderbund, provides a familiar story to young users, but increased game activities diminish educational value.
The Cat in the Hat [for ages 3 to 7] from Broderbund, is a delightful animated version of the classic Dr. Seuss story.
Mulan Animated StoryBook [for ages 5 to 9] from Disney, provides an entertaining follow-on to the Disney movie. Best for young girls who liked the movie.
Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too [for ages 3 to 6] from Disney, is a simple program -- just right for early computer users. A great story plus clever animations and basic but addicting games produce a program with great kid appeal.
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June 18, 2016
While traveling in Western Samoa many years ago, I met a young Harvard University graduate student researching ants. He invited me on a hike into the jungles to assist with his search for the tiny insect. He told me his goal was to discover a new species of ant, in hopes it might be named after him one day.
Whenever I look up at the stars at night pondering the cosmos, I think of my ant collector friend, kneeling in the jungle with a magnifying glass, scouring the earth. I think of him, because I believe in aliens—and I’ve often wondered if aliens are doing the same to us.
Believing in aliens—or insanely smart artificial intelligences existing in the universe—has become very fashionable in the last 10 years. And discussing its central dilemma: the Fermi paradox, has become even more so. The Fermi paradox states that the universe is very big—with maybe a trillion galaxies that might contain 500 billion stars and planets each—and out of that insanely large number, it would only take a tiny fraction of them to have habitable planets capable of bringing forth life.
Whatever you think, the numbers point to the insane fact that aliens don’t just exist, but probably billions of species of aliens exist. And the Fermi paradox asks: With so many alien civilizations out there, why haven’t we found them? Or why haven’t they found us?
The Fermi paradox’s Wikipedia page has dozens of answers about why we haven’t heard from superintelligent aliens, ranging from “it is too expensive to spread physically throughout the galaxy” to “intelligent civilizations are too far apart in space or time” to crazy talk like “it is the nature of intelligent life to destroy itself.”
Millions of singularities have already happened, but we’re similar to blind bacteria in our bodies running around cluelessly
Given that our planet is only 4.5 billion years old in a universe that many experts think is pushing 14 billion years, it’s safe to say most aliens are way smarter than us. After all, with intelligence, there is a massive divide between the quality of intelligences. There’s ant level intelligence. There’s human intelligence. And then there’s the hypothetical intelligence of aliens—presumably ones who have reached the singularity.
The singularity, David Kelley, co-founder of Wired Magazine, says, is the point at which “all the change in the last million years will be superseded by the change in the next five minutes.”
If Kelley is correct about how fast the singularity accelerates change—and I think he is—in all probability, many alien species will be trillions of times more intelligent than people.
Put yourself in the shoes of extraterrestrial intelligence and consider what that means. If you were a trillion times smarter than a human being, would you notice the human race at all? Or if you did, would you care? After all, do you notice the 100 trillion microbes or more in your body? No, unless they happen to give you health problems, like E. coli and other sicknesses. More on that later.
One of the big problems with our understandings of aliens has to do with Hollywood. Movies and television have led us to think of aliens as green, slimy creatures traveling around in flying saucers. Nonsense. I think if advanced aliens have just 250 years more evolution than us, they almost certainly won’t be static physical beings anymore—at least not in the molecular sense. They also won’t be artificial intelligences living in machines either, which is what I believe humans are evolving into this century. No, becoming machine intelligence is just another passing phase of evolution—one that might only last a few decades for humans, if that.
Truly advanced intelligence will likely be organized intelligently on the atomic scale, and likely even on scales far smaller. Aliens will evolve until they are pure, willful conscious energy—and maybe even something beyond that. They long ago realized that biology and ones and zeroes in machines was literally too rudimentary to be very functional. True advanced intelligence will be spirit-like—maybe even on par with some people’s ideas of ghosts.
On a long enough time horizon, every biological species would at some point evolve into machines, and then evolve into intelligent energy with a consciousness. Such brilliant life might have the ability to span millions of lights years nearly instantaneously throughout the universe, morphing into whatever form it wanted.
Like all evolving life, the key to attaining the highest form of being and intelligence possible was to intimately become and control the best universal elements—those that are conducive to such goals, especially personal power over nature. Everything else in advanced alien evolution is discarded as nonfunctional and nonessential.
All intelligence in the universe, like all matter and energy, follows patterns—based on rules of physics. We engage—and often battle—those patterns and rules, until we understand them, and utilize them as best as possible. Such is evolution. And the universe is imbued with wanting life to arise and evolve, as MIT physicist Jeremy England, points out in this Quanta Magazine article titled A New Physics Theory of Life.
Back to my ant collector friend in Western Samoa. It would be nice to believe that the difference between the ant collector and the ant’s intelligence was the same between humans and very sophisticated aliens. Sadly, that is not the case. Not even close.
The difference between a species that has just 100 more years of evolution than us could be a billion times that of an ant versus a human—given the acceleration of intelligence. Now consider an added billion years of evolution. This is way beyond comparing apples and oranges.
The crux of the problem with aliens and humans is we’re not hearing or seeing them because we don’t have ways to understand their language. It’s simply beyond our comprehension and physical abilities. Millions of singularities have already happened, but we’re similar to blind bacteria in our bodies running around cluelessly.
The good news, though, is we’re about to make contact with the best of the aliens out there. Or rather they’re about to school us. The reason: The universe is precious, and in approximately a century’s time, humans may be able to conduct physics experiments that could level the entire universe—such as building massive particle accelerators that make the God particle swallow the cosmos whole.
Like a grumpy landlord at the door, alien intelligence will make contact and let us know what we can and can’t do when it comes to messing with the real estate of the universe. Knock. Knock.
Zoltan Istvan is a futurist, journalist, and author of the novel The Transhumanist Wager. He writes an occasional column for Motherboard in which he ruminates on the future beyond natural human ability.
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Python is a powerful, expressive programming language that's easy to learn and fun to use! But books about learning to program in Python can be kind of dull, gray, and boring, and that's no fun for anyone.
Python for Kids brings Python to life and brings you (and your parents) into the world of programming. The ever-patient Jason R. Briggs will guide you through the basics as you experiment with unique (and often hilarious) example programs that feature ravenous monsters, secret agents, thieving ravens, and more. New terms are defined; code is colored, dissected, and explained; and quirky, full-color illustrations keep things on the lighter side.
Chapters end with programming puzzles designed to stretch your brain and strengthen your understanding. By the end of the book you'll have programmed two complete games: a clone of the famous Pong and "Mr. Stick Man Races for the Exit"-a platform game with jumps, animation, and much more.
As you strike out on your programming adventure, you'll learn how to:
- Use fundamental data structures like lists, tuples, and maps
- Organize and reuse your code with functions and modules
- Use control structures like loops and conditional statements
- Draw shapes and patterns with Python's turtle module
- Create games, animations, and other graphical wonders with tkinter
Why should serious adults have all the fun? Python for Kids is your ticket into the amazing world of computer programming.
A playful guide to programming basics and the Python language, for kids and other beginners.
- Late-elementary through early-high school students (ages 8+)
- Parents and educators
- Beginners looking for a gentle introduction to programming
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You say puh-tay-tow, I say puh-tah-tow, but how did our ancestors use language millennia ago? Typically you’d ask a linguist, but manually reconstructing protolanguages — hypothetical early languages from which extant ones evolved — can be a lengthy, arduous process. What if you could get reasonably close in a fraction of the time by using a computer?
Researchers in Canada and California have done exactly that by designing software that can take rules about how language-related sounds change over time to essentially reverse-engineer the process and recreate the rudiments of lost root languages — a sort of linguistic time machine-meets-Rosetta stone.
The idea that language changes over time is obvious enough on contemporary time-scales — just look at dialects. Today some people say “axed” (phonetically) instead of “asked” while others say “howdy” instead of “hello.” When I lived in Denton, Texas, folks said “y’all” instead of “you all,” and the colloquialism “ain’t” (instead of “am not” or “is not”) — the bane of English language formalists everywhere — was widespread by the 18th century.
(Conversely, the historian J.M. Roberts writes in The History of the World that a word like “alcohol” survives more or less in its original form from Sumerian, a language spoken in southern Mesopotamia since the 4th millennium B.C.; so, says Roberts, does the world’s first recipe for beer.)
But tracing back the origins of dialect changes is kid’s stuff compared to constructing entire progenitor languages that existed prior to the earliest extant ones. All we have are the descendant languages and ideas about how sounds change over time: kind of like playing Clue with half the game board and only some of the cards. Compare the features of two or more languages with common ancestors — a process known as the comparative method — and scholars would argue you can get close, but it can be a painstaking process.
Imagine instead taking over 600 existing languages spoken in Asia and the Pacific — precisely what these researchers did — and feeding them to a computer that quickly and accurately reconstructed likely protolanguages from which the modern cognates evolved. In this case, the computer program scanned a database of over 140,000 words, from which it managed to construct a protolanguage the researchers believe may have been spoken around 7,000 years ago. How accurate are we talking? According to the researchers: “Over 85% of the system’s reconstructions are within one character of the manual reconstruction provided by a linguist specializing in Austronesian languages.”
That’s kind of remarkable, even if Alex Bouchard-Côté — one of the researchers and co-author of the related paper “Automated reconstruction of ancient languages using probabilistic models of sound change” published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Science — admits the algorithm is still “doing a basic job right now” (via TechNewsDaily).
Outside geeky academic circles and obscure scholarly journals populated with articles no one generally reads, what’s the practical purpose of reconstituting a dead language?
For starters, knowing how languages changed over time can help us better organize history, say the order in which key events happened. According to Bouchard-Côté, for instance, we might be able to refine our understanding of how Europe was settled: “If you can figure out if the language of the settling population had a word for wheel, then you can get some idea of the order in which things occurred, because you would have some records that show you when the wheel was invented.”
“It’s very time consuming for humans to look at all the data,” says fellow researcher and paper author Dan Klein (via BBC). “There are thousands of languages in the world, with thousands of words each, not to mention all of those languages’ ancestors. It would take hundreds of lifetimes to pore over all those languages, cross-referencing all the different changes that happened across such an expanse of space – and of time. But this is where computers shine.”
But okay, ask the question we’re all burning to know: What happens if you take Vulcans and Romulans — two Star Trek races with their own constructed languages and common ancestry — and feed this program that?
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By Eric VanLieshout
Do you know why millions of people all over the world will be drinking Guinness, wearing green clothes and shamrock-adorned costume jewelry? To celebrate Saint Patrick’s Day and everything Irish! And to celebrate the legacy and memory of someone assumedly named saint Patrick who was some Irish fellow who did saint stuff of some sort a long time ago (something like that). Where did this unique holiday come from exactly?
It all began in the 4th-century A.D., with an Anglo-Roman Christian missionary named Patrick. Although not the first Christian missionary to the island, he succeeded in bringing the Christian faith to prominence in Ireland during the fourth-century. The significance and prevalence of the Shamrock in the holiday’s festivities stems from Saint Patrick’s use of the 3-leaf clover to illustrate the Holy Trinity for the pagan Irish. Today, Saint Patrick is revered as the patron saint of Ireland.
Additionally, he is often credited with driving all the snakes out of Ireland, but it is doubtful that there were ever snakes in to begin with.
Little more is known about Saint Patrick, although he left behind two written works dealing with his spiritual life and times on the Emerald Isle. As Christianity came to prominence, the Vatican chose to venerate Saint Patrick with a feast on March 17, the supposed date of his death. For the purposes of this feast, the Vatican suspends lent, allowing those celebrating St. Patrick’s Day to indulge without penalty in the food and drink given up for lent. To this day, Saint Patrick’s Day is a religious holiday for many Christians, celebrating renewal and rebirth.
Today, Saint Patrick’s Day has also become a more secular celebration of Ireland and Irish culture. The holiday is celebrated worldwide with parades, festivities, green and orange, and Irish drinks and food. The city of Chicago even dies the Chicago River green.
So how will you celebrate Saint Patrick’s Day? Brian O’Connell, University Budget Office, says, “Being Irish, I have to eat corned beef and cabbage and if a Guinness happens by me, I won’t turn it down.” Sounds like a plan to me!
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The last major effect of the Enlightenment were the Latin American Revolutions. Dominated by the Creoles, these movements saw Spain lose all of her major colonies in the new world. Simon Bolivar gained independence for 5 nations on his own. The effect of these new Caudillos has affected Latin American history until today. So, here is how New World gained its independence.
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A GIANT telescope now being built could hunt for alien life by detecting oxygen on exoplanets.
On Earth, plants and some bacteria are the only sources of large amounts of atmospheric oxygen. Existing telescopes can look at the light that passes through exoplanet atmospheres and tease out their make-up, but observations made from the ground struggle to filter out Earth’s oxygen. And space missions intended to hunt for distant oxygen have been cancelled.
A team in the Netherlands has now calculated that the European Extremely Large Telescope, due to be completed in the next decade, will have high enough resolution to spot alien oxygen (Astrophysical Journal, doi.org/kh6).
This article appeared in print under the headline “Bigger eye will spy alien oxygen”
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Methods and risks
Maintaining a clean diamond can sometimes be difficult, as jewellery settings can obstruct cleaning efforts, and oils, grease, and other hydrophobic materials adhere well to a diamond's surface. Some jewelers provide their customers with sudsy ammonia cleaning kits. Many jewelers use steam cleaners. Some other jewelers sell small ultrasonic cleaners. Home-based cleaning methods include immersing the diamond in ammonia-based or ethyl alcohol-based solutions, or even a solution of mild grease dissolving detergent and warm water. Silver jewelery can be cleaned using aluminum foil, baking soda, and hot water. However, this practice is not recommended by most jewelers.
Certain types of cleaning can damage some jewellery. For example, some class rings are coated with a dark pigment to reduce their shininess. Some gemstones, such as white topaz, have an overlay to produce certain colors. Ultrasonic cleaning can remove this coating, if it is not a quality piece. Ultrasonic cleaning is also contraindicated for opals, pearls and amber, and any other gemstone that is porous. Gemstones that are glued in (a common practice with semiprecious stones in non-precious methods, and in class rings) should not be placed into an ultrasonic cleaner. An ultrasonic cleaner can cause stones that are loose in their settings to come out. Jewellery should always be examined for overlays and loose stones prior to cleaning with an ultrasonic cleaner or a steam cleaner.
There are a number of things you can do to prevent build up of dirt and prevent jewellery becoming tarnished. Namely; Store jewellery carefully in its original packaging or a jewellery box. Clean jewellery using warm water, mild soap and a soft bristle toothbrush. Use a non abrasive silver cloth or soft lint free cloth to polish jewellery and remove tarnishing. Don't expose jewellery to harsh chemicals or perfumes as this could cause damage and discoloration. Don't wear jewellery when doing anything heavy duty and avoid unnecessary knocks and scratches. Try to avoid spraying your jewellery with beauty products such as hair spray, cosmetics or perfume as this can tarnish or discolour the jewellery. Always put your jewellery on last. Clean your jewellery on a regular basis. Bangles, earrings (particularly those manufactured from hollow tubing) and chains should be worn with care in order to avoid surface damage, and should be removed before going to bed. Check for signs of wear and tear regularly, especially on catches and joints. Stone settings can become loose over time, especially if they have been hit against a hard surface or snagged on clothing.
Beauty of gems
Although it is not one of the 4 C's, cleanliness affects a diamond's beauty as much as any of the 4 C's (cut, carat, color, clarity).
A clean diamond is more brilliant and fiery than the same diamond when it is "dirty". Dirt or grease on the top of a diamond reduces its lustre. Water, dirt, or grease on the bottom of a diamond interferes with the diamond's brilliance and fire. Even a thin film absorbs some light that could have been reflected to the person looking at the diamond.
Colored dye or smudges can affect the perceived color of a gem. Historically, some jewelers' diamonds were misgraded due to smudges on the girdle, or dye on the culet. Current practice is to thoroughly clean a gem before grading its color as well as clarity.
Cleanliness does not affect the jewellery's market value, as jewelers routinely clean jewellery before offering it for sale. However, cleanliness might reflect the jewellery's sentimental value.
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Find Out More About Suzuki the world wide famous method of teaching music.
Music Teacher Resources for all ages of students includes everything from holiday songs, music history, crafts, games, special teaching techniques, and lessons that span across the content areas. Great ideas and tools for any classroom!
Teacher Planbook for Integrating Folk Music, Folklore and Traditional Culture Instruction into K-12 education is complete with full media resources of heritage award winners and other examples of folklife and culture across the United States. This site also includes many links to folklore resources, arts education standards, lesson plans, and the National Children’s Folk Song Repository.
Appalachian Folk Music and Culture for 4th and 5th grade students in music and social studies classrooms.
Appalachian State University’s Appalachian Songs and Singing Games Project is a collection of lesson plans for music and social studies classrooms that range from Kindergarten – 8th Grade.
Learn NC The University of North Carolina School of Education features this lesson plan about folktales for 3 – 5 grade students.
Discover Bluegrass – This study guide with six lesson plans accompanies the Discover Bluegrass DVD produced by the International Bluegrass Music Association and the Bluegrass Foundation. This guide also features 25 additional lesson plans for students K-12 spanning many content areas.
Local Learning is a national network for folk arts in education with a clearinghouse of information and ideas related to full inclusion of folk and traditional arts and artists in the nation’s education.
Louisiana Voices features comprehensive lesson plans and units. These public domain lessons are easily adapted to fit whatever traditional or folk culture fits your classroom.
American Roots Music – Into the Classroom has 4 lesson plans that accompany the PBS American Roots documentary.
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Even at eight months old, we seem to have a desire to see evildoers punished. Researchers showed groups of babies a puppet routine in which one elephant puppet treated a duck puppet well, while another was mean to his puppet peer. In a later scene, a moose puppet rewarded the elephant for his behavior with a toy, or punished him by taking a toy away. The infants then chose their favorite moose.
The five-month-olds showed a preference for the moose who had been nice to everyone—even the elephants who’d behaved badly. But most babies eight months old and older liked the moose who punished the mean elephants, ABC News reports. “It’s hard to argue that parents are teaching their children to punish at eight months. It’s a very complex idea. If they are learning it, they’re doing it on their own, suggesting that there is some kind of system for learning it,” said a researcher. Click to watch videos of the puppet situations.
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A new study published in the American Journal of Pathology suggests that using a vascular homing peptide, which can retain its activity when given sublingually and can selectively target hypertensive pulmonary arteries to boost the pulmonary, but not systemic effects of vasodilators, can help in development of more effective vasodilators for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension.
PAH is a cardiovascular disease characterized by a resting mean pulmonary arterial pressure >25 mmHg, or >30 mmHg during exercise. Symptoms of PAH are shortness of breath, chronic fatigue, dizziness, peripheral edema, cyanosis, and chest pain. PAH results from pulmonary vasoconstriction and vascular remodelling accompanied by endothelial dysfunction, fibroblast activation, and endothelial cellular proliferation. Without treatment, heart failure and death may occur.
"Our results open the door to a new direction of PAH treatment. These findings have high clinical significance because CAR (peptide CARSKNKDC) enables the down-dosing of not only vasodilators, but any PAH drug to reduce its systemic side effects without decreasing its pulmonary efficacy," says Masahiko Oka, MD, PhD, of the Department of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine and Center for Lung Biology at the University of South Alabama.
In previous work, the investigators found that in two experimental models of PAH in rats the homing peptide CAR selectively accumulates in the walls of hypertensive pulmonary arteries. In the current study, PAH was experimentally induced in rats by subcutaneous injection of Sugen5416, followed by exposure to hypoxia for three weeks, and then returned to normal oxygen levels for two weeks. These rats manifest very high right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) compared to controls (102 mmHg vs.24 mmHg). Histologically, small pulmonary arteries and arterioles display severe, occlusive neointimal lesions.
Intravenous CAR was found in the pulmonary arteries of the PAH rats but not in normal pulmonary arteries. CAR was not detectable in the liver, spleen, or heart but was found in the endothelium and fibrotic tissue of severely remodeled pulmonary arterial walls. Notable levels were also found in kidney tubules but this reflects where it is excreted, say the authors.
The investigators then looked at the effects of CAR on vasodilating drugs. They found that co-administration of CAR significantly enhanced the pressure-lowering effects of the Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil on RVSP but not on systolic systemic arterial pressure. CAR also boosted the pulmonary vasodilator effects of the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor sildenafil and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib.
One limitation of homing peptides is finding a good route of administration. Intravenous administration is impractical on a routine basis and oral bioavailability of peptides is poor due to digestive degradation. The authors were able to show that CAR was effective when given sublingually, and this route might even be superior to administration via injection.
"Additional studies are warranted to examine if CAR works similarly in human PAH as in the rat model. However, our results open the door to a new direction of PAH treatment and warrant further investigation," says Dr. Oka.
The concepts underlying the study were first established in tumor biology with the identification of disease-specific, distinctive surface markers of tumor blood vessels that are not present in the vessels of normal tissues. Homing peptides are substances that find their way to receptors in these abnormal blood vessels, and are being developed to transport drugs selectively to tumors. These peptides can spread into tumor tissue, and can target drug delivery where it is needed. Some homing peptides chemically couple with the drug being transported, but this can weaken the drug's activity. Other homing peptides can transport a drug without chemically interacting with it, a process known as the "bystander effect"; the advantage is that the drug's activity is not compromised by its carrier.
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Durga Puja: A Festival of Traditions and Joy
Durga Puja, also known as Dussehra and Navaratri in other parts of India, is one of the main festivals of the Hindus. The puja is dedicated to deity Durga who is the Goddess of divine power against all evils. It is the celebration of joy, culture, tradition and customs, more than just a festival. Much awaited Durga Puja is the time of reunion and rejuvenation, a share of joy and care. It is also one of the biggest festivals in the state of West Bengal. It is celebrated in the month of September/October every year. The festive moods build up as ‘dhakis’ (drummers) gather near the city. The beat their beautifully decorated feather drums which create the essence of the Puja. The first recorded Durga Puja has taken place in Nadia district, West Bengal in or around 1606. In those days Durga Puja was a festival of the upper class or landlords.
Durga Puja Celebrations
It is one of the biggest festivals in Bengal. The festival is celebrated on a mass scale and the city is dotted with puja pandals nearly every corner and streets of the state. Several big community Pujas in the city are sponsored by multi-national companies and commercial firms. Puja inauguration starts on Mahashasthi. The main puja is for three days – Mahasaptami, Mahaastami, & Mahanavami. Durga Puja is organized both as family Pujas and “Sarbojanin” in Pandals meant for men and women. An expert priest is needed to do this puja. The city of Kolkata glitters up in lights, music and colors of joy and celebrations. People comes from different parts of the state and country and line up before the pandal to take a view of the idols crafted very skillfully and inventively maintaining the theme of the pandal. The streets are lighted and electricians display several types of light shows. Schools, colleges and offices remain closed during these four days. Bengalis from different parts of the country visit their relatives in West Bengal and exchange gifts. Shopping mania reaches its peak during this time. People of all economic and age groups indulge in shopping and buy clothes and accessories for both self and gifting purposes.
Durga Puja is the worship of shakti, the divine power. The myth is about the fight between the evil and the good. Mahishasur, the Buffalo Demon, through years of praying received blessings from Lord Brahma, that no power can kill him which gave him the status of immortal and invincible. As Mahishasur received power he started ravaging the whole world killing all kind of human life on earth. He also wanted to uproot the Gods too. Realizing the present scenario of human kind, the Gods combined their powers and created a beautiful maiden. Then each of the Gods placed his or her most potent weapon in one of the ten hands of the deity who was riding on a lion. After receiving the power and the weapon from the Gods she slew the evil demon Mahisasura and won against the fight between good and evil. According to other traditions, it is believed that Lord Shiva permits GoddessDurga to visit her mother (earth) only for nine days in a year. The festival therefore actually marks the deity’s visit to her mother.
Durga Puja days and rituals
The five days of Puja begins with the welcome of Devi Durga with dhak (drums), dhunuchi(fire) and Shiuli(flower). Sashti is the day when ‘Bodhon’ (welcome) rituals are performed. Saptami features the first day of Durga puja that too begins with rituals and bathing of ‘Kala Bow’ (banana tree). Ashtami is the most important day of the puja. This day celebrated durga’s victory over the demon Mahishasur. Devotees offer Pushpanjali, recite mantras and offer flowers to Devi Durga. Nabami is commencement of ‘ Sandhi Puja ‘ with Nabami bhog. Food is offered to GoddessDurga and then distributed among the devotees.
Vijaya Dashmi- the end of the five days festival
The festival of Durga Puja ends with Vijaya Dashmi day. It is said that Goddess Durga leaves for her return to Mount Kailash. “Sindur Khela” is a major event of Dashami. Married women apply vermilion to each other and greet each other with sweets. With heavy heart Bengalis immerse the idol of Durga in the sacred Ganges.
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The heavens, man has looked up to them since the dawn of time. It is with great wonderment that children lay on the ground and dream of going into outer space, walking on the moon visiting a foreign planet.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has built dreamers since its creation in 1958. Before NASA, its predecessor the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), established in 1915, gave students and scientists the chance to dream of pushing the envelope. But now that we in the United States have stopped going to the moon and given up the Space Shuttle what is there for science students to dream about and scientists and engineers to strive for?
Before you do anything else today you need to listen to Neil deGrasse Tyson, an astrophysicist who will captivate you and get you dreaming again, discuss the under funding of NASA and how it has caused us to stop dreaming.
Credit goes to the folks at NYCAviation.com for finding this video.
Happy Flying … and not just within the atmosphere!
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FOURCC is short for "four character code" - an identifier for a video codec, compression format, color or pixel format used in media files.
A character in this context is a 1 byte/8 bit value, thus a FOURCC always takes up exatly 32 bits/4 bytes in a file.
Another way to write FOURCC is 4CC (4 as in "four" character code).
The four characters in a FOURCC is generally limited to be within the human readable characters in the ASCII table. Because of this it is easy to convey and communicate what the FOURCCs are within a media file.
AVI files is the most widespread, or the first widely used media file format, to use FOURCC identifiers for the codecs used to compress the various video/audio streams within the files
Some of the more well known FOURCCs include "DIVX", "XVID", "H264", "DX50". But these are just a few of the hundreds in use.
To find out which FOURCCs are used within a media file, you need to use an application specialized to open and inspect the media file.
In our fourcc identifier section we have several such applications (all free) available for download.
You may refer to our video codecs for a long list of which FOURCCs that identifies which video codecs.
For audio codecs it is not FOURCCs that is used, but rather audio tags, or an audio identifier - that identifies one specific audio codec or one type of audio compression scheme.
An audio tag is just an integer decimal value (32 bits) or alternatively often specified as a HEX value. Your best bet at locating an audio codec given the audio tag is probably through this list.
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| 0.905227
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Believe in opposites
The way we read situations and people’s reactions can become coloured by something as simple as a bad day. This may lead to tension, anger and negative emotions, which can all cause stress. If you think this characterises you then this exercise could be helpful. The purpose of the exercise is to show that negative thoughts and attitudes can, in fact, be challenged using just your mind as the weapon.
Exercise - Take some time to reflect on negativity, and times when you experience this feeling
- Imagine a situation where you experience a negative emotion towards someone or something. Briefly write down what causes your feelings. “I hate it when…”, “This person makes me angry when…”, “It’s not fair that..”
- Think about what you’ve just written. Is it really true that this person or this situation is against you? How can you know with complete certainty that this is the case?
- The next step is to reflect on what this negative thought or attitude does to you. What emotions do you feel? If it involves another person, think about how this makes you treat him or her? How does it make you treat yourself? Write down your answers.
- Now you need to imagine it could be different. Look at your negative thoughts or attitude and turn everything around. You can use different tactics, for example by changing the active person or by negating the statement. “People think I’m ugly” can be turned into “I think I’m ugly” or “People don’t think I’m ugly”. “I hate when…” can be turned into “I like it when…”. For each negative thought or attitude write down three ways to turn it around.
- The final step in the exercise is to take your “opposite” statements and consider them more in depth. Take a little time to let the new sentences sink in. Could they have some truth to them? If yes, what does that say about your initial negative thoughts?
Integrating the exercise
Always be aware that negative thoughts and attitudes can often be challenged and changed just by thinking about the in a new way – even when they seem carved in stone. Remember to use this exercise whenever you start experiencing negative thoughts and attitudes to avoid becoming angry, tense and stressed.
Get Started ! Take our 10-question test
The MINDBOOST test is a simple multiple-choice questionnaire comprising 10 questions. MINDBOOST will then recommend how you should start.
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ABOUT ARTISAN CHEESE
The Great Canadian Cheese Festival showcases producers who turn the pure milk of Canadian cows, goats, sheep and water buffalo into cheese, using no artificial colours, flavours or preservatives, and no modified milk ingredients.
A Tale of Three Milks
Cow’s milk cheese makes up the overwhelming majority of cheese consumed in the United States. The relatively neutral flavor of cow’s milk, its ease of handling, and its durability make it the simplest milk to work with.
Goat’s milk is more difficult to work with. Its shorter protein strands can make for more delicate cheeses, but those strands also require gentler handling. Additionally, goat’s milk must be fresh in order to avoid goaty-tasting.
Although rich in fat and protein, sheep’s milk is expensive to produce and can be temperamental to work with.
Cow’s, goat’s, and sheep’s milk are the biggest players in the cheese world, but other milks have cameo roles, including reindeer (used to make Juustoleipa of Finland) and water buffalo (mozzarella di bufala). Cheese can be made from yak’s milk (Nepal), pig’s milk (Mexico), and more.
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Dramatic view of fine details in ice hills and valleys in an unnamed region on Jupiter's moon Ganymede.
North is to the top of the picture and the sun illuminates the surface from the left. The finest details that can be discerned in this picture are only 11 meters across (similar to the size of an average house) some 2000 times better than previous images of this region.
The bright areas in the left hand version are the sides of hills facing the sun; the dark areas are shadows. In the right hand version the processing has been changed to bring out details in the shadowed regions that are illuminated by the bright hillsides. The brightness of some of the hillsides is so high that the picture elements "spill over" down the columns of the picture. The image was taken on June 28, 1996 from a distance of about 1000 kilometers.
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.
This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at URL http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo.
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Today is a day off. And as Samantha has told us about 400 times, it is because of Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthday. When asked why we celebrate his birthday with a vacation day she answered that he was "a good and generous man". Huh?!?
Is that what they are teaching these days? We've made it so politically correct that we don't even discuss civil rights or equality under the law with second graders? Neither Samantha nor Rachel could state one thing that Mr. King had done other than the title of his famous speech. So we talked about race, slavery, unfair laws, prejudice, bias, Jim Crow, and Rosa Parks. Today we will read a book about Mr. King's life. A book that talks about police dogs, fire hoses, separate drinking fountains, and little girls going to school with police escorts.
If our children aren't taught the truth of our American history, how are they going to keep from repeating it? Persecution comes in many forms, not just skin color. Mr. King fought against all persecution and prejudice. We live in a world where my children's christian beliefs are challenged and denied on nearly a daily basis. If we, as a people, don't teach our children how to stand up for our beliefs, then we will soon be without the right to believe. Mr. King stood up for his beliefs and tried to use the life of Jesus Christ as his model. There is something to be learned from that.
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On the 26th of May 2012, a new law comes into effect where websites need to ask for permission before they can set most cookies. Any UK-based website which uses “non essential” cookies, such as visitor tracking code or advertising, is affected. This means that if your website uses Google Analytics, your website could be deemed illegal.
There is a lot of confusion about the law, with many people awaiting official responses from companies such as Google, Microsoft and Mozilla to see if they will provide a browser or service based solution, rather than everyone requiring to update their websites with individual alerts. A majority of website owners have also held back to see if the law will be changed as it could have a huge negative impact on all European business websites.
This article hopes to explain the law clearly, helping you make a decision on the action you want to take with your website.
What is a cookie?
Cookies are small text files which store website information on a visitor’s computer. They’re typically used to identify that particular visitor and provide them with a better experience. Cookies are a crucial part of many website functions which many people take for granted.
For example, cookies are often used with online shops to remember what items you have in your basket. They’re also used to keep you logged in to a website, or to provide valuable usage statistics and information to website owners.
Can’t a user turn off cookies in their web browser?
Whilst modern browsers have the ability to control cookie settings, this is not enough. The new law states:
– ICO Guidelines
This means that for now it’s up to the owner of the website to ask for the user’s consent when they visit their website. It is possible that we’ll be able to rely on browser settings sometime in the future, but no one knows when that is likely to be.
Are all cookies affected?
All cookies that are not “strictly necessary for a service requested by a user” are affected.
For example, if a user adds an item to their shopping basket, that would be considered necessary – a cookie is technically required to remember that user and retain their basket contents. Similarly, a cookie may be necessary to keep a user logged in to a website.
However, a cookie which was set to welcome a user back to a website, or to record what pages they view would not be strictly necessary. In particular, this means you can’t use traditional analytics without permission.
Many cookies serve multiple purposes, and if any of these are not strictly necessary they must be explicitly opted into. This is an obvious problem with technologies that set a single session identifier, including virtually all server side programming languages (PHP, .NET, JSP etc).
What about Google Analytics?
Analytical tools such as Google Analytics have their own specific section right at the bottom of this document (PDF Download). Despite the document explaining that we need to gain user consent, they admit this little caveat in the penultimate sentence:
Although the Information Commissioner cannot completely exclude the possibility of formal action in any area, it is highly unlikely that priority for any formal action would be given to focusing on uses of cookies where there is a low level of intrusiveness and risk of harm to individuals.
This sentence would suggest that they see analytical cookies as a possible exclusion to the rule, and that they may not take any formal action if you use them. Although, please be aware that it says “highly unlikely”, meaning that we do not recommend you ignore it.
The next sentence states:
Provided clear information is given about their activities we are highly unlikely to prioritise first party cookies used only for analytical purposes in any consideration of regulatory action.
This means that we need to create a page explaining what cookies we use and why. This transparent and informative approach is a much better approach than creating invasive pop-ups, which ask for consent and distract or confuse the user.
Moving towards compliance
It’s looking very unlikely that many websites will have implemented a cookie opt-in by 26th May, but that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t be doing anything at all. In fact, the ICO – which is responsible for enforcing the rules – has suggested that the most important thing is to take steps in the right direction. If you can show you’re moving towards full compliance , you’re less likely to be targeted.
As a bare minimum, it’s important to have an understanding of what cookies you have on your website and what they are used for, then plan how you might implement an opt-in. If you have a website and require assistance, please e-mail us at email@example.com and we will get back to you shortly.
Useful Links and Sources:
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The pig has always been an important staple food in the South. Fatback, bacon, and lard season most traditionally prepared vegetables, and pork in some form or another appears on most Southern tables. The cultural importance of barbecue in Southern foodways, however, lies preeminently in its roots in festival and social ritual. The rites and customs which surround the preparation and consumption of barbecue today have roots in the cultural history of the South, with implications for traditional views of race relations, sex roles, and the formation of social relationships in the South. Decisions about food support political and social opportunities (Hilliard 95). One historian speculates that the slow-cooking method of barbecue stems from a long tradition of general slowness in the South, (Bass 311), and maybe that is the reason that the South has been slow to abandon its traditional foodways. Other theories include the relative poverty of the South compared to the rest of the region, and a resulting reliance on familiar (and easily and cheaply procured) foods. Slow-cooking methods can transform tough and stringy meats and vegetables into delicious meals, and canning and preserving bountiful summer foodstuffs is an economical Southern custom. Cooking with pork adds flavor without expensive seasoning. The Depression which enveloped the United States in the mid-twentieth century was nothing new for most Southerners-- poverty was a way of life for many Southerners long before it affected the rest of the country.
Another reason for the strong tradition inherent in Southern cooking is the emphasis on tradition in most aspects of Southern culture. Most Southerners are proud of their traditions-- for hospitality, for strong family ties, and for a lavishly laid table. John Egerton expresses this beautifully in the preface to his book on Southern food:
For as long as there has been a South, and people who think of themselves as Southerners, food has been central to the region's image, its personality and its character . . . . Accents and attitudes and life-styles may change, but fondness for Southern food persists; for many people it lingers in the mind and on the tongue as vividly as the tantalizing aroma of barbecue on the pit hangs in the air and penetrates to the core of thought and remembrance(2).The specific foodways imposed on the South by a combination of geographical isolation and economic privation have continued into the twentieth century not only because of the persistence of these two factors, but because to many Southerners, these foods bespeak home, family and regional identity. Simmering vegetables for hours on the back of the stove made sense in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries-- the stove was already lit, and the cook could tend to her many other chores without worrying about the greens and fatback (or butter beans or stewed corn or other vegetables). They would peacefully simmer at low heat, and would provide a meal (along with some biscuits or cornbread) when her other chores were finished. Today, this method is not convenient, but it persists. When Georgia Brown's, a restaurant specializing in Southern food in Washington D.C., started serving collard greens that were cooked quickly to retain crispness and nutrients, patrons complained. Now, the restaurant serves collards both ways. Obviously, convenience is not the main factor in food preparation in the South anymore-- memory and tradition dictate some food choices.
When considering barbecue, tradition is particularly important. Barbecue is not easy to prepare-- it requires hours of tending a hot smoky fire, and vigilant monitoring of the roasting meat. Few people would choose to spend their time in a covered shack, inundated with smoke (especially during the blazing summers of the South). But barbecue endures. Despite encroaching health regulations, despite inconvenience, and despite the prevalence of fast food restaurants all over the country, people still eat barbecue, and "pit men" still hone their craft.
The "pit men" who painstakingly tend the fire and smoke the
meat that becomes barbecue are usually older black men, sometimes
moonlighting from day jobs as farmers or agricultural workers (Zobel 61). Unlike most food preparation
in the South, which is dominated by women, barbecue is a male
This phenomenon is one manfestation of the tendency of
Southerners to cherish those aspects of the South that defy the
traditions of the rest of the United States. When choosing a
mascot for an entire region, few people would choose the hog no
offense to the Arkansas Razorbacks). Barbecue, like the recent
"chic" of the redneck, embraces the humble origins of Southern
foodways. In the South, there is often a tendency to glorify
defeat and privation, and this is amply demonstrated in the
popularity of barbecue. Pigs are smelly, slothful, and
unattractive, but pigs are Southern.
continue on to Barbecue as Southern
return to barbecue home page
This phenomenon is one manfestation of the tendency of Southerners to cherish those aspects of the South that defy the traditions of the rest of the United States. When choosing a mascot for an entire region, few people would choose the hog no offense to the Arkansas Razorbacks). Barbecue, like the recent "chic" of the redneck, embraces the humble origins of Southern foodways. In the South, there is often a tendency to glorify defeat and privation, and this is amply demonstrated in the popularity of barbecue. Pigs are smelly, slothful, and unattractive, but pigs are Southern.
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UNITED NATIONS DECLARES THE HOLY SEE LEGALLY RESPONSIBLE AND ACCOUNTABLE TO INDIGENOUS PEOPLES FOR EFFECTS AND LEGACY OF RACIST COLONIAL BULLS AND DOCTRINES
14 January 2016
As the result of a comprehensive shadow report and presentations by members of the Apache-Ndé-Nneé Working Group submitted to the United Nations (UN) Committee on the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) for the Committee's review of the Holy See, the UN CERD Committee has recognized that the Doctrine of Discovery, the Holy See's Inter Caetera and related Papal Bulls are within the legal scope of racial discrimination under International Law and therefore require redress.
The UN CERD Committee has also recognized in its concluding observations that the Holy See is responsible for the past and present effects, i.e. the ongoing legacy, of these historical racist legal documents, and that, in addition, the Holy See must be in direct dialogue with appropriate representatives of Indigenous Peoples to discuss its accountability.
The CERD Committee has additionally recognized that the Holy See, in its response to the Committee's questioning regarding issues raised by the Apache-Ndé-Nneé Working Group, remarked that a high-level meeting between Indigenous Peoples and the Pope regarding the canonization of Juniper Serra (see pages 13, 14, 27, 28, 30, 34, 35, 38, 48 of the shadow report) will occur at an unspecified time in the future, but that knowledge of such a meeting with Indigenous Peoples has thus-far excluded the Apache-Ndé-Nneé and Working Group, as well as the additional issues raised in the shadow report, such as the the Doctrine of Discovery, the Holy See's Inter Caetera and related Papal Bulls, and the past and ongoing effects and legacy therein. The CERD Committee has concluded that these issues and appropriate representatives of Indigenous Peoples must be included in said high-level meeting.
With the support of the UN CERD Committee and its Concluding Observations therein, the Apache-Ndé-Nneé Working Group holds firm and demand that this dialogue between the Pope and Indigenous Peoples must indeed occur, and must include the Apache-Ndé-Nneé Working Group and the issues of the Apache-Ndé-Nneé, including those issues raised in the Working Group's shadow report, for full accountability of the Holy See and justice to occur. These dialogues must result in genuine redress and remedy and in the establishment or supporting of the establishment of one or more related Truth Commission(s). Moreover, such a Truth Commission must occur with respect to self-determination, historical correction, and the rights of women and all affected peoples therein.
Follow-up by the UN CERD Committee on the progress of the Holy See in these measures will occur at the Committee's next review of the Holy See, as per the Committee's Concluding Observations.
For further questions or information contact:
Michael Paul Hill, project leader and originator of the Apache-Ndé-Nneé Working Group and shadow report, email@example.com / phone: +1 520-261-7074
India Reed Bowers, legal counsel and project co-coordinator for the Apache-Ndé-Nneé Working Group and shadow report, firstname.lastname@example.org / phone: +46 (0) 70-283-4808
Apache-Ndé-Nneé Working Group Shadow Report:
CERD Concluding Observations:
Video recordings of the CERD Holy See review sessions, including Apache-Ndé-Nneé Working Group oral interventions:
Transcripts of CERD - Holy See State review session:
Text from the CERD Committee's Concluding Observations directly regarding the Holy See and Indigenous Peoples, as a result of the contributions of the Apache-Ndé-Nneé Working Group, is as follows:
16. While welcoming the statement made by Pope Francis in the Plurinational State of Bolivia in July 2015, in which he apologized for the actions of the Catholic Church in the context of colonialism against indigenous peoples in the Americas, the Committee notes the concerns expressed by indigenous peoples regarding the current legacy and effects of the Doctrine of Discovery endorsed in the Inter Caetera from 1493 and its related papal bulls, as well as other issues (arts. 2, 5 and 6).
17. The Committee recommends that the State party engage in meaningful dialogue with indigenous peoples with the aim of effectively addressing their concerns. In this regard, the Committee takes note of the information provided by the State party delegation concerning a high-level dialogue that is scheduled to take place in Rome to address the concerns expressed by indigenous peoples, and recommends that the State party ensure that its interlocutors in this dialogue include appropriate representatives designated by indigenous peoples. The Committee requests the State party to provide information in its next periodic report on the outcome of the meeting and concrete follow-up measures taken."
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DETROIT (WWJ) – Fast food, soda and ice cream may be American kids’ favorite menu items, but a new study says junk food is probably the worst thing for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
A recent study published in the Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics examined the role of dietary methods for treatment of children with ADHD in cases where medication has proven unsatisfactory or unacceptable.
The study suggests dietary changes, such as avoiding foods that are high in fat and sugar, can be effective in managing the disorder
Dr. J. Gordon Millichap of Chicago’s Children’s Memorial Hospital, who authored the study, said switching your child to healthy foods can ease ADHD. He said this is good news for many people who are opposed to taking medication and looking for an alternative.
“In about 20 percent of cases, people don’t want to use medicine. They are very much adverted to the idea of medication and they want something else,” said Millichap.
The study suggests that people with ADHD could benefit from an “elimination diet, also known as a hypoallergenic diet, which avoids foods most often implicated in food allergies and includes a daily dose of Omega−3 supplement.
Millichap adds, however, that the elimination diet is time-consuming and disruptive to the household, and is not the right solution for every case.
Nonetheless, Millichap believes a healthy diet could be one of the most promising and practical complementary or alternative treatment of ADHD.
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Dairy is one of the eight most common allergens in the United States. Food labeling laws require that the presence of milk is clearly marked on ingredient lists. Allergy in cow’s milk is the most common food allergy in childhood. This allergy occurs more frequently in infants who are fed cow’s milk formula rather than being breast fed. Children usually outgrow this allergy by age three but about one fifth of children will still be allergic to milk as adults. The individuals who don’t outgrow this allergy are more likely to have high levels of cow’s milk antibodies in their blood. Some symptoms of this allergy are rashes, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach cramps, and difficulty breathing. Cow’s milk allergy is caused by a reaction to different allergens found in the milk such as casein and whey. Casein, which has 80% of the milk’s proteins, is the curd that forms when the milk is sour and whey, holding 20% of the milk’s proteins, is the watery part left when the curd is removed. People can be allergic to whey, casein or both and an allergic reaction can be triggered by small amounts of these allergens. A milk allergy is not the same as lactose intolerance. Intolerance doesn’t involve the immune system and requires different treatment than a true milk allergy. Rarely a milk allergy can cause anaphylaxis, which is life threatening and can block airways. Also, children who are allergic to milk are more likely to develop other health problems which include allergies to eggs, soy, peanuts or even beef. It’s not easy to avoid these foods because a lot of unsuspected products actually contain milk or milk products.
It is important to always check the labels on foods every time you buy a particular product. Heat treatment such as pasteurization is sometimes used to change the whey in the milk, but this will not affect the casein. If you have a milk allergy, you should strictly avoid milk by reading food labels and ingredients. Some foods to avoid would be milk in all forms, casein, whey, butter, cheese, cream cheese, pudding, yogurt, ice cream, sour cream etc. Milk is also present in some processed foods that people are unaware of such as chocolate, salad dressings, certain soups and pastries. Milk products are an important source of Calcium, Protein, Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D. It’s important that people who have a milk allergy get these vitamin and mineral sources from other foods such as broccoli, spinach, and soy products or take supplements when appropriate. Always be aware of cross contamination of where some foods may have been while processing them. There are some food substitutes for milk products in super markets and food stores. Milk can be substituted by water or fruit juice when cooking or baking products. An EpiPen can also be carried around if an individual has severe reactions to milk. A nutritionist can help these people finding foods that might have milk in them that they are unaware of and also help find milk-free substitutes like Calcium, Vitamin D and protein. It is also important to avoid products that are labeled with a D in bold, standing for dairy, as another factor to keep track of when buying foods. Some foods that can be tolerated with milk allergies on food labels that some may think aren’t acceptable are calcium lactate, cocoa butter, cream of tartar, lactic acid, and sodium lactate. It’s important to read labels as carefully as possible if you have a severe allergy to milk since milk products are used in a variety of foods that may sometimes be hidden.
A wheat allergy is one of the more common food allergies in children. Wheat allergies affect as many as six percent of children under the age of three. An allergy to wheat means that an abnormal immune system reacts to one or more proteins found in wheat. Some symptoms that may occur are hives, difficulty breathing, and nausea. The wheat allergy can also cause anaphylaxis. A wheat allergy is different than the disorder, celiac disease. A wheat allergy also may not be a lifelong disorder. Children usually outgrow this allergy by the time they are three or five and it isn’t as common in adolescents and adults. Albumin, globulin, gliadin, and gluten are the four classes of proteins in wheat that can cause an allergic reaction. Some sources of wheat are found in bread, cakes, breakfast cereals, pasta, crackers, beer, meat products, condiments such as ketchup, dairy products, natural flavorings, modified food starch etc. Also, if you have a wheat allergy you may be allergic to other grains such as barley, oat, and rye. An individual is at an increased risk for developing a wheat allergy if parents have any food allergies and if you are an infant or toddler you are at an increased risk. Three most common allergy symptoms of a wheat allergy are asthma, eczema, and sometimes anaphylaxis. In order to diagnose a wheat allergy, a food diary should be kept of the foods you eat and how they affect you, remove certain products from your diet, and have a skin test or a blood test.
Avoiding wheat is the primary treatment for this allergy. Since wheat is a staple dietary grain, it is hard to live with an allergy of this. There are also common hidden allergens especially in hair products and arts and craft materials individuals should be aware of. Medications may also be necessary if you accidentally eat a wheat product. Always check food ingredients before consuming a product. Many processed foods may contain wheat flour, so be aware of this when checking the label also. Some substitutes for wheat are corn, potato, barley, oat, soy and rice flours. Bread, pasta, and most batter fried foods are off limits to a person with a wheat allergy. Chain restaurants often include wheat and gluten information on websites or are included in their menus. Whole foods markets are reliable sources to find wheat-free products. Spelt and kamut are usually used as wheat substitutes and are known as safer source for people with wheat allergies, but that’s not always the case because they are such close relatives to wheat. Some grains that are not a close relative to wheat are amaranth, buckwheat, quinoa, corn, rice, oats and millet. Antihistamines may reduce signs and symptoms of wheat allergies after a wheat product is consumed. Also, epinephrine is an emergency treatment for anaphylaxis. If an individual is at a severe risk for a wheat allergy, they may need to carry around an EpiPen. Buying wheat free cookbooks, checking food labels and being cautious while eating out are all ways to help people with wheat allergies cope with this allergy for the amount of time that they have it.
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Chase Hurley is general manager of the San Luis Canal Company in Dos Palos. He points to a small dam near the river in western Madera County. It’s likely the most important structure for the irrigation company because it guides water from the river into its canal system.
“That dam, and this canal are sinking roughly six inches a year," says Hurley."So when that happens the dams not going to be high enough to physically gravitationally push that down the canal.”
(Sack Dam is sinking six inches a year due to subsidence. Photo By Amy Quinton)
Groundwater withdrawals in the Central Valley are causing the ground to sink. It’s a phenomenon called subsidence, and it’s historically been a problem in the Central Valley. But satellite maps show the problem is now much worse.
(Satellite Map of Subsidence Area)
“We’ve got some recent information from NASA and some staff at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and have noticed two areas that are subsiding nearly up to a foot a year for the past four to five years,” says Dane Mathis, an engineering geologist with the California Department of Water Resources.
The rate of subsidence varies geographically, but it covers a large area across Western Madera and Merced County. And going right through it, is the San Jose to Merced segment of California’s proposed high speed rail system.
“We’re aware of it, we take that into consideration as another engineering element to take into our design elements,” says Frank Vacca, who heads the engineering teams for the California High Speed Rail Authority.
He says High Speed Rail will use ballasted track comprised of stone, which he says is flexible enough to handle subsidence.
“If you have to adjust it you can add more stone and quickly bring it back to the level you require it at, so it makes it very economical to adjust the track,” says Vacca.
But other engineers say there are a lot of variables.
Bruce Kutter, a civil engineering professor at UC Davis, says the integrity of the rail bed will depend on the severity of the subsidence and how rapidly it occurs along the track.
“Over a short distance if there’s a significant change in the elevation of the track, the ride will become uncomfortable and bumpy and potentially unsafe,” says Kutter.
If the subsidence is gradual over the length of the track, Kutter says it would be manageable.
In some areas, the rate of subsidence is causing alarm.
"In the last five years there’s been subsidence of four feet," says Reggie Hill, with the Lower San Joaquin Levee District, which operates the Eastside Flood Bypass.
"Our bypass system is right in the middle of it," he says. "We convey flood flows around the San Joaquin River because the San Joaquin River has constraints in its channel, and the Bypass system is designed to carry twice the amount that the river can."
(Erosion in channel of Lower San Joaquin Levee District, Photo By Amy Quinton)
But when channels sink, river banks erode. The loosened soil moves downstream, reducing capacity and pushing water close to the top of 14 miles of levees.
“It’s an extreme situation," says Hill. "We need to address it and now that we’re aware of it we need to jump on it as quickly as we possibly can.”
Subsidence is putting hundreds of acres of farmland, an elementary school, the city of Dos Palos and Highway 152 at risk.
Michelle Sneed, a USGS hydrologist, says subsidence is causing even more problems.
About 50 feet away from the Delta Mendota Canal, just south of a small town called Oro Loma in the Central Valley, Sneed measures groundwater levels.
The Delta Mendota Canal carries water to parts of the central valley and southern California.
“In this location there are several visual effects that you can see as a result of subsidence," says Sneed. "A couple of them are buckles in the lining of the canal."
(Cracks and buckle in concrete lining of Delta Mendota Canal. Photo by Amy Quinton)
Sneed’s been studying the effects of subsidence on the Delta Mendota Canal for several years.
“It’s not a small problem," she says. "It’s a problem for not only the Delta Mendota Authority and the Bureau of Reclamation to maintain the flow and level in the Delta Mendota Canal but there are canals that are just snaking through this area.”
One canal just a few miles north has lost 50 percent of its capacity due to subsidence.
A USGS study soon to be released will show the details and the extent of the subsidence problem, and how it’s reducing capacity of the Delta-Mendota Canal, the California Aqueduct, and other canals that carry water to both urban and agricultural areas.
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Published on May 23, 2007
WATERSHED AREA IN LORE LINDU NATIONAL PARK ADVANCED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (ITM 524) BROTO RAHARJO G051054021
1. CREATE DEM FROM SRTM S02E119 – S02E120 Global Mapper 7.04 3DEM (Opensource, downloaded from www.terrainmap.com)
Select smaller area and project to UTM coordinate Save as GeoTiff ( lorelindu.tif ) Open lorelindu.tif in ArcGIS
Create integer value from floating value Lorelindu_int.tif
2. REMOVE ERROR SINK Lorelindu_fil.tif
3. CREATE FLOW DIRECTION Lorelindu_flo.tif
4. CREATE FLOW ACCUMULATION Lorelindu_fla.tif
5. GENERATING STREAM CHANNEL Based on our flow accumulation, we can map stream channels where the water flows. This channel is based on the number of cells which flow into a specific cell. If we want large channels we use a larger number. For this project we will map all cells that has at least 500 cells that flow into it. Because the cell size is 90 m, these means we are mapping all cells that have a drainage area of at least 90 x 90 x 500 = 4.05 km2. Lrlindu_fla5.tif
6. GENERATING STREAM LINK Lrlindu_strm.tif Stream channel 500 Flow direction
7. GENERATING WATERSHED Lrlindu_wshd.tif Flow direction Stream link
8. 3D VISUALIZATION IN ARCSCENE
9. COMPARISON BETWEEN GENERATED STREAM CHANNEL AND TOPOGRAPHIC ____ Generated stream channel ____ Topographic
1 IN THIS TUTORIAL ArcGIS 3D Analyst Tutorial • Copying the tutorial data • Exercise 1: Draping an image over a terrain surface • Exercise 2: Visualizing
The output slope raster. Raster Dataset: output_measurement (Optional) ... ArcGIS for Desktop Standard: Requires 3D Analyst or Spatial Analyst.
To use this tutorial, you must have the 3D Analyst extension and ArcGIS installed. The tutorial data should be installed on a local or shared drive on your ...
Hello All, I am trying to learn to use the 3D Analsyst using the ArcGIS trial version. However i have been led to understand that the tutorial practice
The 3D Analyst is an extension that adds support for 3D shapes, surface modeling, ... The watershed delineation tools used in the section on Hydrologic ...
1 Exercise 4. Watershed and Stream Network Delineation GIS in Water Resources, Fall 2012 Prepared by David Tarboton, Utah State University Purpose
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I was looking for a way to plot real-time Arduino data and after a bit of search I decided to couple it with LabVIEW; but among all the documentation and references I found on the internet about the topic none of them suited exactly my needs.
The documents from NI provides useful information to directly access read/write Arduino pins both analog and digital, but no further details are given to transfer variables back and forth.
If you don’t have Arduino IDE or LabVIEW installed, please follow the instructions from NI page on how to setup the environment.
The virtual instrument used below are available on the LabvVIEW-VIs GitHub repository.
Method 1 – Sequence of CHAR
Common practice when it comes to transfer data over a serial line is to send them as sequence of ASCII characters. The following example show how to send a float variable from Arduino as fixed 4 characters, and read it in LabVIEW using the “Send Receive” utility block.
The trick is to send a dummy flush command to Arduino, which otherwise respond with a “sync” signal that mess up with actual data.
Method 2 – Byte array
The approach described before is not that flexible as it assumes a fixed number of bytes is exchanged. Moreover data were sent encoded in ASCII and not as C data type implementation.
A more versatile approch would be send data to LabVIEW as sequence of bytes (binary). This would allow to send variable length data and reconstruct them inside LabVIEW, and require proper serialization functions in the firmware.
The following example show how to read a single precision float (4 bytes). A fifth byte is prepended and used as header for the transmitted data. LabVIEW wait for 5 bytes on the serial line, read the first of them and if it’s not equal to 0x69 flush the serial receive buffer and wait for the next packet. If the header is recognized the remaining 4 bytes are swapped to convert Arduino’s little-endian to LabVIEW big-endian format, then casted to a single precision float.
Method 3 – A simple protocol
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Colon Cancer - Why Is It So Common In The West, But Not In Other Places?
Colon cancer, or colorectal cancer, is a major killer disease.
It is prevalent in the West but rare in the developing countries, as reported in Science News Online (Feb 13, 2003):
"Each year, about 150,000 people are diagnosed with colon cancer in the United States alone. Although the disease is the fourth-leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, few people living in developing nations contract the illness..."
For decades, many Western researchers have been trying to find an explanation for this phenomenon.
But coming from a society where sitting toilets are well and truly entrenched, they couldn't understand or accept how toilet posture could be the reason…
How could they? Almost none of them has ever use or seen a squatting toilet before... As a result, the researchers had missed the important connection between the toilet posture and colon cancer.
- People in the developing world squat for waste elimination.
- People in the West sit.
Lacking this insight, the researchers have mainly focused on dietary factors. Many have attempted to prove that a diet high in fiber prevents colon cancer.
high fiber diet theory has NOT been proven.
Fiber from whole plants has been shown to be beneficial in other disorders, including heart disease and diabetes. So there's good reason to keep eating it. But it is not the main factor in colon cancer cases.
The truth is that colon cancer, like other kinds of cancer, is a complex disease. The exact cause is not very clear. Yet, the underlying cause is stagnation of waste (fecal stagnation) in the colon.
Which bring us to the next point.
What had protected the developing world from colon cancer is the natural cleanliness of the colon as a result of using the squatting position for waste evacuation.
By forcing users to sit instead of squat, the sitting toilet makes it physically impossible to evacuate waste effectively and causes fecal stagnation -- the primary cause of colon cancer and inflammatory bowel diseases.
Sitting Toilets Put You At Great Risk
The colon or large intestine is five to six feet in length. It receives food wastes from the small intestine and moves them, by wavelike muscular contractions (peristalsis), towards the rectum to be passed out.
During this process, water is continuously extracted and the waste gradually solidifies. If there is any obstruction in the flow of waste for any reason, the continual drying process can cause waste to be glued to the colon walls.
When this occurs, the colon passageway becomes constricted and cells start to suffocate. The prolonged exposure to toxins could trigger the onset of colon cancer.
The colon is specifically designed with squatting in mind.
Sitting toilets obstruct the flow of waste in the colon because they ignore and break all the natural laws of waste elimination. They make elimination difficult and cause stagnation of waste.
Here's the reason why...
For safety, nature has created obstacles in the colon to maintain continence, ie: the ability to prevent accidental evacuation.
Eighty percent (80%) of colon cancers are located in the grey areas. Not surprising, as these areas are where fecal stagnation is common.
This explains the strong correlation between constipation (fecal stagnation) and colon cancer, as reported by the Epidemiology Journal in 1998: "People who frequently felt constipated were more than four times as likely to develop colon cancer as those who did not complain of constipation."
These obstacles in the colon can ONLY be released in the squatting position. In any other position, these obstacles are not released and the colon is in the "continence mode".
One of these obstacles is the kink (or bend) where the sigmoid colon joins the rectum.
For complete waste evacuation, the sigmoid colon needs the support of the left thigh. In the squatting position, the left thigh lifts the sigmoid colon and opens up the kink to let waste flow easily to the rectum.
The other obstacle is the bend where the rectum joins the anus. In the sitting position, the puborectalis muscle grips the rectum in a choked position to maintain continence.
In the squatting position, the puborectalis muscle relaxes its grip and straightens the bend to allow waste to be passed out easily.
But there is more…
In the squatting position, the right thigh -- pressed against the abdomen -- squeezes the cecum from below to push wastes upwards into the ascending colon. As the force is directed upwards, the ileocecal valve (the inlet valve of the colon) stays securely closed.
The cecum is the second most common site for colon cancer. Squatting goes a long way to prevent cancer because the cecum, squeezed from below by the right thigh, is cleared of waste regularly. Two other benefits: a clean appendix and a small intestine that would not be contaminated by waste.
In the squatting position, the weight of the entire upper body pressing down against the feet and thighs increases the pressure in the abdomen. This compresses the colon to create a natural laxative effect and encourages complete waste evacuation.
All these things don't happen with sitting toilets...
The sitting toilet obstructs the flow of waste because it ignores all the natural requirements for waste elimination:
- The left thigh does not lift the sigmoid colon to open up the kink to let waste flow easily to the rectum...
- The right thigh does not squeeze the cecum so that waste is forced upwards into ascending colon and away from the appendix and small intestine...
- The path between the rectum and anus is held in the choked position by the puborectalis muscle...
- The entire colon is not properly sealed and pressurized for complete waste evacuation...
Is it any wonder why, when you use sitting toilets, elimination is so difficult? (It is like trying to drive a car with the parking brakes on.)
In spite of all the straining, the 'pushing' downwards with the diaphragm, holding the breath, in order to force waste through these obstacles, evacuation is never complete. This leads to stagnation of waste in the colon, especially in the sigmoid colon, cecum and rectum -- the three most common locations for colon cancer.
Find Out More...
Colon Cancer: A Terrible Scourge in Modern Times
In the Western world, colon cancer is the third most common type of cancer, with almost 150,000 new cases each year in the United States alone.
Despite recent advances in screening and treatment for colon cancer, the number of people dying from the disease has remained steady since the late 1980s.
The immense pain and suffering due to colon cancer is totally unnecessary...
The good news is that you can do something about it... By choosing to squat for waste elimination, you need not fear this disease. You would also reap a lifetime of health dividends that come from having a cleaner and healthier colon.
One point though. If you have been sitting toilets all your life, squatting may be difficult at first. The cause is explained on this page about squatting facets. However, with some practice, it is possible for you to regain the ability to squat again.
That would allow you to switch from sitting to squatting for waste elimination, using one of the options listed
For most, however, the most feasible option would be to use a toilet squatting platform or converter, like this one featured here.
Find Out More...
Like to know more about the benefits of squatting, but don't have the time to read all the information on this site?
Are you a person who prefers to read a book? If so, you might want to order a copy of Nature Knows Best, the first and only book on squatting.
You can find out more about Nature Knows Best by visiting this page.
Read what fifteen people from all walks of life -- doctors, health experts and ordinary people -- have to say about toileting posture and colon ailments on this page.
The Roadmap To Colon Health
Article: The Secret of The Navajo Indians' Freedom from Constipation and Cancer
Go from Colon Cancer to Home Page.
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PolymPart reports: In the world of medicine, new devices offer huge potential for patients and healthcare. At the forefront of this wave are bioabsorbable or resorbable polymers – giant molecules that can be broken down by and assimilated back into the body gradually over time. This allows the body to heal without the need for a permanent device implant or surgery to remove a medical device once healing has properly occurred.
However, with that potential comes the need for strict testing and regulation. Without these precautions, there is no way to assure that the material will be safe for the patient or if it will perform as expected.
Bioabsorbable Polymer Definition
A bioabsorbable polymer is a chemical compound used in orthopedic implant devices that eventually dissolves and is absorbed by the body. Bioabosorbable polymers make suitable material for prosthetics because they can be engineered to dissolve at the same rate as new bone growth.
The benefits of bioabsorbable polymers
Bioabsorbable polymers play an important role in all kinds of surgeries, procedures and healthcare. For example, in maxillofacial surgery, these materials allow surgeons to provide scaffolding to aid the healing process that are broken down into small molecules once they are no longer needed.
Polylactic acid is one common resorbable polymer due to its strength and biocompatibility. Once it’s within the body, it converts to lactic acid – the same chemical that causes you to feel the burn during a workout.
Considerations for the testing process
There are many ways to characterize and test bioabsorbable polymers for their safety and effectiveness, including inherent and intrinsic viscosity, molecular weight distribution, moisture content, and several others. Polymer structure, molecular weight, and morphology are three attributes that affect not only the mechanical properties of the material, but also the rate of resorb.
Testing laboratories must be aware of potentially toxic polymeric degradation products – if these build up in the body or occur in concentrated doses, they could become fatal. However, properly-tested bioabsorbable polymers have huge potential for increased healing and more advanced operations. Going forward, these compounds could play an integral role in healthcare and quality of life.
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The Stories We Tell Ourselves
author:Rabbi Michael Ozair
The Hasidic master, Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach taught that on Passover night we are bringing our entire life stories to the Seder table to be freed. What exactly does this mean? To begin with, we are by nature, storytellers. Whether we are aware of it or not, we live in a world of stories. Stories that we tell our family, friends, coworkers, and clients. Stories we share over the phone, e-mail, in our journals and the stories that are constantly playing themselves out in our heads. Stories about what’s happening to those we love, stories about those we despise, stories that inspire the spirit, and stories that instill fear.
The sum and total of our life is that, from our birth until our death, we are walking stories, here upon the earth. Yet on Passover, it’s the stories we tell ourselves about ourselves that needs to be looked at and freed. The stories we tell ourselves about ourselves have great power over us. Depending on how they are told, our life stories can either enlighten or mislead, inspire or discourage.
A good exercise for this Passover is to become more aware of the stories we tell ourselves about ourselves and our past. What are the underlying themes of our stories?
Victory? Betrayal? Struggle? Victimization? Each of us has had key events in our pasts, whether it be from our childhood, or more recent episodes of hurt and loss, where a part of us draws a reactionary conclusion about our life stories — even when the conclusions are terribly incorrect. Many perpetuate these stories and our immature understandings of them often make a further mess of our lives in the process – unless a reminder comes to wake us up and reorient our perspective. Our Hebrew Sages teach that Passover is such a reminder.
Passover is a reminder that we need not live in our Egypts forever. There is a G-d, a Higher Power, that has an invested interest in our Liberation. Our job comes in our willingness to understand, heal and ultimately elevate the stories we hold onto that are no longer working for us. After all, it does clearly state in the Haggadah, “In every generation a person is obligated to see themselves, as if they themselves left Egypt”. What are we doing to leave THIS year?
We can simply begin by looking at our life stories and revising parts of the script. Remember, it’s not what happened to us that’s important but what we make of those events.
The following suggestions are designed to help us tell our stories well this year:
Become a Sympathetic Narrator
When telling your story about yourself, to yourself, become a sympathetic narrator.
In literature, a sympathetic narrator is one who takes the side of the story’s protagonist or main character. For example, when the Torah introduces the life of King David, it includes his shortcomings, yet does not let it take away from his greatness. Similarly, we need to admit mistakes yet not obsess over them. A sympathetic narrator casts daily failures as learning experiences, painful yet helpful steps on the way to success.
Choose What You Want to Emphasize
Any honest reporter will tell you that all stories have a slant. It’s not that reporters try to mislead, it’s just that in choosing what to cover, some things are always left out or minimized in order to create a perspective. And that’s OK. Likewise, in our own stories of loss or pain, deciding what to highlight can bring about the difference between lingering bitterness and a sense of closure.
Seek the Higher Purpose
There is a core spiritual principle that our lives are divinely designed for each one of us to get exactly what we need to support our own soul’s unique evolutionary process. As the Baal Shem Tov taught, “You are exactly where you need to be”, which implies that we should not get too caught up in our internal struggles against what is, or what was, which will only lead to more pain and suffering. According to this spiritual belief, nothing in our world occurs by accident and there are no coincidences, only synchronicity. When reframing our life stories, attempt to see the “Hand of G-d” or the pattern of events that have led us to this moment. These patterns of connectedness or synchronicity are the magical language of the Divine in our lives. When rewriting our stories, seek to see beyond the circumstances and instead at the Divine Order of the unique paths that have chosen us.
As for the Life Story that still plays itself out today:
Work on the 20 Percent
While it is not commonly known, according to the Midrash, when Moses left Egypt, only 20 percent of the nation of Israel left with him. The other 80 percent remained behind, and did not succeed in taking the risk of leaving an imprisonment that was all too familiar to them. An interesting correlation is found in the meetings of Alcoholics Anonymous and other recovery groups where the statistic is the same. It is known that only 20 percent of those in recovery will remain sober, the other 80 percent will inevitably relapse into old behavior as statistics have shown, because the life of addiction, no matter how painful and dark, is at least familiar.
Consequently, when we say we want to change our life stories, the important thing to remember is not whether we feel 100 percent confident and ready. The more realistic question to ask ourselves today is whether we still have a least 20 percent of ourselves that is strong enough to take the steps, and if we can agree to work on that 20 percent that is committed and willing. Passover asks us to at least look for that part, to find that part, and to work on that part, for it is there that we might find the secret of finding the life we want and deserve to live.
May this Passover be for all of us, the benchmark in time when we begin retelling our stories, but perhaps this time, in a slightly different way. May G-d release us this Passover from our pasts that we may be delivered to our future.
Rabbi Michael Ozair
Write out three stories from any period of your life (no more than a page each) of something you did well, some problem you solved, and tell (yourself) how you did it.
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What and How Are Kids Reading?
1. The English teachers at our school have been noticing a gradual loss of reading and writing skills in the last five years. While the “above-average” students still exist in good numbers, there seems to be more students with “very-low” reading competency.
2. My colleagues and I on the 7th grade team have noticed more students each year who are struggling with vocabulary and reading comprehension skills, so that even in math, they struggle with understanding the questions asked of them.
3. Everywhere you look outside of the classroom, students are reading a lot, but it’s mostly text messages, instant messages, emails, teen-related blogs and websites. Teens are often seen viewing screens yet are very rarely seen reading a book. (Some are calling this generation of kids the “children of the screen.”)
4. Our Academic Dean gave all the English teachers a copy of chapter 2 of Mark Baurlein’s “The Dumbest Generation” to read.
5. I watched PBS’s FrontLine documentary “Digital Nation” again, which shows how fragmented our digital lives have become and how hard it is for us to concentrate for sustained amounts of time on reading, writing, discussing, or anything. We’re all becoming a little ADD because we are constantly interrupted.
Some Startling Statistics
– The literary rate (the percentage of those who read any books in a year) for 18-24 year-olds plummeted in the 20 years from 1982 to 2002 from 60% to 43%.
– In 2005, 15-24 year-olds spent just 8 minutes a day doing any kind of reading activity (back of cereal boxes, video game instructions, internet article, anything).
– The percent of 17 year-olds who “Never or hardly ever” read for fun more than doubled from 1984 to 2004, 9 percent to 19 percent.
– 25% of high school graduates who have gone to college never read a word of literature, sports, travel, politics, or anything else for their own enjoyment.
(All of the above statistics are from various studies cited in The Dumbest Generation by Mark Baurlein)
The New Attitude About Books
Here are some excerpts from Baurlein’s book specifically about reading.
“It’s a new attitude, this brazen disregard of books and reading. Earlier generations resented homework assignments, of course…but no generation trumpeted a-literacy (knowing how to read, but choosing not to) as a valid behavior of their peers…Today’s generation wears anti-intellectualism on its sleeve, pronouncing book reading an old-fashioned custom. [One student said,] “My dad is still into the whole book thing. He has not realized that the Internet kind of took the place of that.”
“In her world, reading is counterproductive. Time spent reading books takes away from time keeping up with youth vogues, which change every month. To prosper in the hard-and-fast cliques in the schoolyard, the fraternities, and the food court, teens and 20-year-olds must track the latest films, fads, gadgets, YouTube videos, and television shows. To know a little more about popular music and malls, to sport the right fashions, and host a teen blog, is a matter of survival… Heavy readers miss out on activities that unify their friends.”
And the problem is that it’s a zero-sum game. You cannot have it all. There are only so many hours in a week. By adding all this technology into the daily life of teens, there is not enough time or motivation leftover for reading books.
What’s Causing This?
In my opinion, and many others’, it is caused by the meteoric rise of personal technology in our lives every day, all day.
Watch excerpts of the PBS FrontLine documentary “Digital Nation”
Section 1 – “Distracted by Everything”
Section 5 – “The Dumbest Generation”
A New Literacy or a New Illiteracy?
There are new terms being invented and used by language teachers now: e-literacy, viewer literacy, and digital literacy. This is to give credit for what kids are learning. Many teachers are fully embracing all these new modes of communication, but at what cost?
Bauerlein responds with, “However much the apologist proclaim the digital revolution and hail teens for forging ahead, they have not explained a critical paradox. If the young have acquired so much digital proficiency, and if the digital technology exercises their intellectual faculties so well, then why haven’t knowledge and skill levels increased accordingly? “
“If the Information Age solicits quicker and savvier literacies, why do so many new entrants into college and work end up in remediation? If their digital talents bring the universe of knowledge into their bedrooms, why don’t they handle knowledge questions better?
“Digital habits have mushroomed, but reading scores for teens remain flat, and measures of scientific, cultural, and civic knowledge linger at abysmal levels.”
What Can Teachers and Parents Do About It?
A far as I can tell, the answer to this problem is not complex. Kids need to read more books. They need to read books that are interesting to them and on their reading level. This will yield wonderful results.
Benefits of Reading for Fun
“Books afford young readers a place to slow down and reflect, to find role models, to observe their own turbulent feelings well-expressed, or to discover moral convictions missing from real situations. Habitual readers acquire a better sense of plot and character, an eye for the structure of arguments, and an ear for style.”
“The more you read, the more you can read. Reading researchers call it the Matthew Effect, in which those who acquire reading skills in childhood read and learn later in life at a faster pace than those who do not. They have larger vocabularies, which means they do not stumble with more difficult texts, and they recognize the pacing of stories and the form of arguments, an aptitude that does not develop as effectively with other media… A sinister corollary to the cognitive benefit applies: the more you don’t read, the more you can’t read. (Bauerlein)”
Here are some ideas we are kicking around at school:
– Make a bulletin board with reading lists, book reviews, faculty favorites, and a “Who’s Reading What?” section.
– Read a book at some point in the year in science and social studies, not just in language arts.
– Construct a blog all about books, including student discussion forums and student-generated videos.
– Give out prizes to those who are caught reading a book or for meeting a goals (i.e. 1,000 pages in a school year + 1,000 pages in a summer).
– DEAR (Drop Everything And Read) time weekly, or even daily. Teachers need to drop everything and read too, in order to be good role models.
– Require all students to bring a reading book along with their daily planner to every class. Give small rewards to those who do.
– Setup a “Free Books” shelf or rack in a central location where students can exchange old books for different ones.
Remediation Possibilities for Weak Readers:
• Summer Reading Class with a Reading Specialist
• Remedial Reading Program for Home Use (home school curriculum)
• “Classic Illustrated” graphic novels, Roald Dahl novels, and other easy and fun books that are not frustrating to weak readers.
• Books on tape to aid the reading process
Your Help Needed
If you have any other ideas, I welcome your thoughts. This is an open process for me. I am looking for more ideas and thoughts on this topic.
So, how do you get your children or your students to read more? How can we help kids embrace a balanced lifestyle in which reading has a place?
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Equivalence Point vs Endpoint
Titration is a technique widely used in analytical chemistry to determine acids, bases, oxidants, reductants, metal ions and many other species. In titration, a known chemical reaction takes place. Here, an analyte reacts with a standard reagent known as a titrant. An ideal standard solution used in titrations should have several properties such as,
• React rapidly with the analyte
• React completely with the analyte
• Undergo a selective stoichiometric reaction with the analyte
Sometimes a primary standard, which is a highly purified and stable solution, is used as a reference material in titrimetric methods. The quantity of the analyte can be determined if the volume or the mass of titrant, which is needed to react completely with the analyte is known. Experimentally, the titrant is in the burette and the analyte is added to the titration flask using a pipette. The reaction takes place in the titration flask. An indicator is used to detect the end point. Sometimes change in an instrumental response can be used to identify the end point. The instruments record responses of the solution that vary in a characteristic way throughout the titration. Such instruments are colorimeters, turbidimeters, conductivity meters, temperature monitors, etc. There are different types of titrations. “Volumetric titrimetry involves measuring the volume of a solution of known concentration that is needed to react essentially completely with the analyte.” In gravimetric titrimetry, mass of the reagent is measured instead of the volume. In coulometric titrimetry, the time required to complete the electrochemical reaction is measured.
In any titration, end point is the point where the indicator changes its color. Or else a change in an instrumental response can also be used to identify the end point. For example, HCl and NaOH reacts 1:1 and produce NaCl and water. For this titration, we can use phenolphthalein indicator, which has a pink color in the basic medium and turn to colorless in the acidic medium. If we put HCl in the titration flask and to it, if we add a drop of phenolphthalein, it will be colorless. During the titration, we can add NaOH from the burette and gradually, HCl and NaOH will react in the flask. If we take the same concentration of the two solutions, when we add an equal amount of NaOH to the flask, the solution in the flask will turn to a light pink color. This is the point where we stop the titration (end point). We consider, at this point the reaction is completed.
The equivalence point in a titration is the point at which the added titrant is chemically equivalent completely to the analyte in the sample. This is the point where the chemical reaction is completed stoichiometrically. Although we determine the end point from the indicator color change, it may not be the actual end point of the reaction. That is reaction is completed slightly before that point. At this equivalence point, medium is neutral. After adding an extra NaOH drop, medium will show the basic color of phenolphthalein, which we take as the end point.
What is the difference between Equivalence Point and End Point?
• The equivalence point in a titration is the point at which the added titrant is chemically equivalent completely to the analyte in the sample. End point is the point where the indicator changes its color.
• Equivalence point comes before the end point.
• To get the same equivalent point as the end point, pH of the indicator should match the pH at the equivalence.
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Butler/Lives of the Saints with Daily Reflections/St. Basil the Great
From Saint Wiki
June 14.—ST. BASIL THE GREAT.
ST. BASIL was born in Asia Minor. Two of his brothers became bishops, and, together with his mother and sister, are honored as Saints. He studied with great success at Athens, where he formed with St. Gregory Nazianzen the most tender friendship. He then taught oratory; but dreading the honors of the world, he gave up all, and became the father of the monastic life in the East. The Arian heretics, supported by the court, were then persecuting the Church; and Basil was summoned from his retirement by his bishop to give aid against them. His energy and zeal soon mitigated the disorders of the Church, and his solid and eloquent words silenced the heretics. On the death of Eusebius, he was chosen Bishop of Cæsarea. His commanding character, his firmness and energy, his learning and eloquence, and not less his humility and the exceeding austerity of his life, made him a model for bishops. When St. Basil was required to admit the Arians to Communion, the prefect, finding that soft words had no effect, said to him, "Are you mad, that you resist the will before which the whole world bows? Do you not dread the wrath of the emperor, nor exile, nor death?" "No," said Basil calmly; "he who has nothing to lose need not dread loss of goods; you cannot exile me, for the whole earth is my home; as for death, it would be the greatest kindness you could bestow upon me; torments cannot harm me: one blow would end my frail life and my sufferings together." "Never," said the prefect, "has any one dared to address me thus." "Perhaps," suggested Basil, "you never before measured your strength with a Christian bishop." The emperor desisted from his commands. St Basil's whole life was one of suffering. He lived amid jealousies and misunderstandings and seeming disappointments. But he sowed the seed which bore goodly fruit in the next generation, and was God's instrument in beating back the Arian and other heretics in the East, and restoring the spirit of discipline and fervor in the Church. He died in 379, and is venerated as a Doctor of the Church.
Reflection.— "Fear God," says the Imitation of Christ, "and thou shalt have no need of being afraid of any man."
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The Fatih Mosque - Istanbul
The Fatih Mosque constructed at the Conqueror's orders was designed by a great architect named Sinan the Elder. Begun in 1463, it was finished in 1471. The mosque was composed of two large complete domes and a semi-dome on the mihrab side. It had two minarets, each with a balcony, and with lead-covered pinnacles. All round the mosque, cultural and social centres were installed.
The nature of these can be judged by the remains existing today. We should like to draw your attention to the fact that the was built in the 15th century. During this period ninety-nine percent of the world was plunged in ignorance and superstition. In European countries the level of civilisation was so primitive that those unfortunate enough to be afflicted with mental illness were burned alive in the belief that they were possessed by the devil. At a time when Europe was sunk in this state, here is what a European traveler wrote about the Fatih Mosque. Nicolas de Nicolay, geographer to the court of King Francis, I, who came to Istanbul in 1540, had this to say:
"The most beautiful and the richest of the mosques is that of the Conqueror, which has an annual revenue of 60 thousand ducats. All round the mosque are the dwellings of the imam and the ulemas, and in addition there are 200 houses with domes covered with lead, catering for visitors of all races and religions. Visitors passing through the city can stay here with their servants without making any payment. Outside the walls of the Fatih Mosque there are 150 houses reserved for the poor of the city. To the unfortunate persons seeking refuge here is given each day one akce (a sum of money) and enough bread. But since many of the poor do not care for this style of life, a lot of the houses remain empty, and the money thus saved is distributed among the city hospitals."
In another building free medicines were given to those who came and asked for them. And a special house was reserved for the mentally sick. Sultan Mehmet had guaranteed these institutions an income of 60,000 ducats, and this was doubled by the fact that the revenue from St. Sophia and its shops, as well as the main stores in the city, were devoted to these institutions.
One of the oldest statutes concerning the institutions founded by Fatih (Conqueror) is a document in Arabic. According to the information left by those learned in the Arabic language concerning this document, Fatih founded 6 houses of instruction under the name of "Medarisi-Semaniye" and behind these 8 smaller schools called "Tetimme". On the west side of the mosque, for the use of these cultural centres, he founded a library and a hospital in which every disease was treated. A "Tibiae" was built for savants traveling through or visiting Istanbul, as well as for tourists. According to Vakfiye in each of these eight schools there were eight teachers for the sciences and theology. The study of science included philosophy, history, the natural sciences, geography, grammar and algebra. The religious sciences consisted of the study and exegesis of the Koranic law and the commandments of the Prophet. These teachers were paid 50 dirhems a day, about 250 silver kurus. Beside each teacher was an assistant with a salary of 50 silver kurus a day.
Still according to the Vakfiye, two doctors, a surgeon, a pharmacist and a sufficient number of nurses and orderlies were employed in the hospital. Rules governing cooking and the type of foods to be distributed were written down to the smallest detail. The schools called "Tetimme" were for primary studies; ones these were over the student moved into the eight schools.
The great orientalist Deisman enumerates 587 non-moslem works in the library left by Fatih in the Topkapi Palace. The young monarch Mehmet II was one of those rulers, rare in the world, able to assimilate at the same time the Eastern and the Western cultures. The learned men whom Fatih appointed at the head of these schools were authorities on their subjects well above the other savants of the period. Among them, a Turk from Central Asia, Ali Kuscu, was one of the finest mathematicians and astronomers of his epoch. He wrote two scientific works in Persian, at present in the library of St. Sophia. which remain authoritative, even after the passing of so many centuries, another mathematician, Sinan Pasa, who had made a profound study of philosophical skepticism, arrested for some reason, was freed after colleagues of his had threatened to burn their books and leave Istanbul. An outstanding proof of the freedom enjoyed by schools in Turkey, a freedom unexampled elsewhere at that period. Two other great authorities were the doctor Altuncuzade and the astronomer Hoca-Zade. A work on their studies in physics and astronomy is in the Vienna Library under No. 1445.
It is thus that the torch of science flamed 500 years ago in the buildings which surround us. The fact that the Ottoman Empire could make its domination accepted for 400 years constitutes an irrefutable proof of its cultural, scientific and technical supremacy. Here on the spot you are afforded the tangible evidence of it.
To return to the Fatih Mosque at the centre of this complex, an earthquake in 1766 having caused very severe damage, the sultan of the day, Mustafa II, had what remained demolished and rebuilt the mosque in its present form. The inauguration of the reconstructed mosque took place on Friday the 15th of April 1772. The Blue Mosque was chosen for the new construction. The first courtyard was preserved in the form it had in the time of Fatih. The multicolored faiences above the windows are of the period of Fatih. In the courtyard 18 granite columns support 22 domes. In the interior of the mosque the oval dome rests on 4 arches and 4 elephant feet with rounded edges. Besides this, 4 semi-domes are installed on 4 arches.
The pulpit of the mosque is in colored marble, the ornaments on the wall and the cupola date from the last century. The minarets were furnished with three balconies and the cones were of wood covered with lead in accordance with the classical method. After the earthquake of 1894 these cones were refashioned in stone clocks and such is the form they have preserved up to today, Around the mosque, in the gardens, besides the library of Ahmet III, there are the tombs of the great men of the century after Mehmet II.
Fatih's tomb, with its immense cupola and its door whose dome resembles in shape a vast mushroom, as well as its original entrance is s construction whose beauty deserves attention. The Fatih Mosque, apart from its religious and mystical activity, was the scene of many social movements and revolts during the centuries.
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CAPE CANAVERAL — America’s next Mars rover, a $2.1 billion nuclear-powered vehicle to search for evidence that life once existed there, will be launched to the Red Planet in the summer of 2020 by a powerful Atlas 5 rocket.
Jim Green, planetary science division director, revealed the selection of the United Launch Alliance vehicle at the NASA Advisory Council meeting in Cleveland this afternoon.
“It will be the Atlas 5 carrying Mars 2020 to Mars,” Green said.
ULA’s Atlas 5 and Delta 4-Heavy and SpaceX’s Falcon Heavy were studied as possible launch vehicles for the intermediate-to-heavy classed payload. It was not immediately known if SpaceX submitted a bid for this launch contract.
But, currently, Atlas 5 is the only launch vehicle that holds a NASA certification for launching the nuclear batteries made of plutonium that will power the 2,000-pound rover.
The six-wheeled robot will use by a Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator, enabling surface operations day and night by converting heat into electricity.
Atlas 5 has successfully performed the only launches of nuclear-equipped spacecraft for NASA in recent history: New Horizons to Pluto in 2006 and the Mars Science Laboratory’s Curiosity rover in 2011.
The Mars 2020 mission will search for indications of past Martian life, building upon the ongoing field geology work by the Curiosity rover that shows the planet’s early history had conditions suitable for life.
“The central scientific objective is seeking the signs of life,” said Ken Farley, the Mars 2020 project scientist.
“Did life evolve there? Did it thrive there? Now, this life almost certainly disappeared because the climate changed about 3.5 billion years ago…So we are going to focus our exploration on the distant past.”
The new mission now under development will send a Curiosity-like vehicle to an area of Mars likely to have once been habitable, exploring for a full Martian year — nearly 700 days — and collecting a cache of soil and rock samples for a future return to Earth.
“(We will be) preparing a very compelling set of scientific samples and leave them on the surface of Mars for a possible future mission to go and get them,” Farley said.
A suite of science instruments include a stereoscopic camera package, a camera for the detection of organic compounds in rocks, an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer for elemental composition data, an ultraviolet laser for mineralogy, an experiment to produce oxygen from atmospheric carbon dioxide, a ground-penetrating radar to probe the geologic subsurface and a mini weather station.
And there will be microphones on the landing system and rover to pick up the sounds of Mars.
Mars 2020 will use the combination of a heat shield, supersonic parachute, rocket engines and “sky crane” landing technique successfully employed by Curiosity in its touchdown on Aug. 6, 2012.
“From the outside, things look pretty much the same,” said Allen Chen, the Mars 2020 entry, descent and landing (EDL) lead at JPL.
“But under the hood we’ve made a number of improvements…that allow us to shrink the area we could be coming down in — the landing ellipse — by about 50 percent. That allows us to land in much tighter spots, spots we could not have considered before with Curiosity, and lets us land closer to the types of things that the scientists want to go see.”
What’s more, the descending craft will take images of the ground below to autonomously compare with an onboard map to avoid hazardous terrain.
“We were always looking for flat, boring landing strips. Now we can look for places that have patches of flat along with science targets nearby,” Chen said.
Some of the candidate landing locations now being studied for the Mars 2020 rover were sites rejected for Curiosity because they were deemed unsafe.
“Now we can consider landing in those,” Chen said.
Launch from Cape Canaveral is scheduled for July 2020 when the planetary alignment between Earth and Mars offers a brief window to dispatch the rover. It will arrive at the Red Planet for entry, descent and landing in February 2021 at a site still to be chosen.
“The most important decision ahead of us is where we are going to send the rover,” Farley said.
The science team has narrowed the list of potential landing sites to 8 possibilities.
“Those sites all have characteristics that we believe suggest that they were habitable. The first half of the sites are associated with surface water — rivers, lakes and deltas — recorded in the rocks. The other half of the sites are associated with high-temperature water circulating through rocks. In those two kinds of environments on Earth, those are areas microbial life thrives,” Farley said.
NASA also plans to launch a batch of Cubesats to Mars alongside the 2020 rover. Selections of which projects will fly have not been made.
The 197-foot-tall, 1.2-million-pound rocket will be powered off the launch pad by its RD-180 kerosene main engine and four solid-fuel boosters. The Centaur upper stage will sport an RL10C cryogenic engine and shrouded by an 18-foot-diameter nose cone.
The current era of Mars exploration dates back to 1996 and the launch of the Mars Global Surveyor orbiter and Mars Pathfinder lander with the tiny Sojourner rover. Mars Odyssey launched in 2001 after an orbiter and lander duo was lost in 1999.
The plucky Spirit and Opportunity rovers launched separately in 2003, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter followed in 2005 and the stationary Phoenix lander went in 2007.
Curiosity left Earth in 2011 and the MAVEN atmospheric orbiter launched in 2013.
Atlas 5 rockets launched MRO, Curiosity and MAVEN, and the Mars 2020 rover joins InSight on the booster’s future manifest. All of the others were entrusted to the smaller Delta 2 rocket.
InSight is the scheduled 2018 flight of a seismic lander that will drill into the reddish ground to study how terrestrial planets form.
The Atlas 5 has become a NASA workhorse, flying 12 missions to date with 7 more currently scheduled by the agency’s Launch Services Program through 2020, including OSIRIS-REx, GOES R and S, TDRS M, Solar Orbiter and the two Mars launches.
The vehicle also plans to launch NASA astronauts to the International Space Station in the Starliner capsules starting in 2018 and boost to orbit the Dream Chaser cargo-delivery mini shuttle starting in 2019.
In its 63 previous missions since debuting in August 2002, the Atlas 5 has flown 25 flights dedicated to the Defense Department, 14 commercial missions, 12 for NASA and 12 for the National Reconnaissance Office.
Our Atlas archive.
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For six-plus decades, two 12-inch natural gas lines placed on the bottom of the Ohio River provided reliable service to Greater Cincinnati homes and businesses. But with the end of their useful lives drawing near, it was time to replace the vintage 1947 lines.
Crews accomplished this feat in July 2015. A new 16-inch pipeline now provides service from Covington, Ky., to Cincinnati, Ohio.
Installing the new natural gas pipeline took some engineering savvy. Unlike the 1947 lines that rested on the riverbed, the new line was dug 115 feet below the river bottom. With directional drilling technology, crews tunneled a 2,250-foot path through shale and limestone in one month. To lay the line, sections of welded pipe were pulled through the opening from Ohio to the Kentucky side by using the same drilling rods that created the new path. With natural gas use increasing 4-1/2 times since 1950, the new pipeline will provide Duke Energy customers with safe and reliable service for at least another 70 years.
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When thinking of unsanitary places, public restrooms, port-o-potties, and high traffic public areas come to mind.
However, according to a hygiene surface test conducted by the International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 44 percent of playground surfaces tested positive for urine, feces, mucus, saliva, and other blood-borne pathogens.
Only 25 percent of public restrooms tested positive.
Unbeknownst to many, playground equipment was the No. 1 contaminated surface.
The dark side of fun
Playgrounds are a wonderful experience for children to have while growing up.
Children learn and develop from socially interacting and facing the physical challenges that playgrounds have to offer.
However, whether it’s in your neighborhood, school, church, town park, fast food restaurant, or even in your backyard, your child might be at risk for becoming ill from something as innocent as playing on a playground.
We often overlook the importance of the sanitation, cleaning, and upkeep of equipment such as playgrounds, picnic tables, handrails, etc.
Many assume that rain and the sun’s UV rays will take care of most of the cleaning.
Exposure to environmental elements can spread these germs to a new location on the equipment, not to mention the damage the sun does to the lifespan of a playground’s plastic.
Safeguard play areas
In order to truly sanitize, clean, and disinfect your playgrounds, you must make sure that your cleaning products contain an anti-bacterial, mildew-stat, and fungicide to guarantee true cleanliness.
With outdoor playgrounds, we must be environmentally conscious when choosing cleaning products.
Many playgrounds are located in natural areas within parks.
What many people do not realize is that in order for a cleaning product to work effectively and kill dangerous bacteria and disease, it is impossible for cleaning products to be completely “green.”
Try to pick products that have been EPA-approved and are “environmentally friendly” so that they are safe for children as well as the environment.
Another common method of cleaning is just by using a household bleach solution.
However, it can leave a residue, strong odor, and potentially damage clothing.
The smell of bleach is distinctive and in high concentrations can cause respiratory issues if inhaled in confined areas.
You want to use a disinfectant that is not so potent in smell so that children cannot play safely.
Don’t ruin good times
When cleaning your playground, you really want to make sure that you do not use the wrong product on the wrong component because that can potentially damage your playground.
Most products are not safe to use on plastic because plastic is very porous and the product can seep into it, creating mildew and mold.
Once this happens, there is no way to undo the damage that has been done.
A degreaser will immediately cloud a Plexiglas window and fade plastics.
If the degreaser is not properly wiped up, children may touch it and then stick their hands in their mouth, which is not safe.
Non-tested and unapproved products should not be used where children can come in contact with them.
Pressure washing can damage the playground equipment as well.
Paint can come off, ties will be broken, padding can be destroyed, and you are forcing dirt into the unit.
The only way to truly clean a playground is by hand using appropriate products.
Over time, the appearance of playgrounds can diminish due to use and the environment.
In order to protect playground surfaces, special playground polishes have been developed and should be used to preserve their color and appearance.
Playground polishes have anti-static and sun-resistant components that help protect playgrounds from harmful UV rays.
Not only do they make the playground look better with its shine, but they help save money in the long run by not having to replace old, worn parts.
Children of all ages enjoy playing in play areas in fast food restaurant chains.
It is common sense to never let your child eat and play in a playground because of the importance of hand-washing before eating.
This becomes an enormous health hazard to children.
Most parents don’t even think of all of the potential germs that their children have been exposed to in such a short period of time.
There are no regulatory agencies that monitor the conditions of these playgrounds.
With no regulations, these playgrounds are only cleaned at the restaurant’s discretion.
This is where playground products come into play.
It is wise for companies to invest in playground cleaning supplies to clean and maintain the facilities they own in order to promote general health.
With the majority of children being involved in schools, camps, or day care centers during their childhood, a large
percentage of children are exposed to playground equipment.
Playgrounds are a key tool in the development of children, so we must make sure that they are as safe as possible.
As the dangers of unsanitary conditions become increasingly well-known, playground cleaning supplies have become more and more vital to ensure the safety of our children.
Jenna Gaillard works for Good Clean Fun, a premier playground maintenance company in Cornelius, NC. GCF has developed its own product line, Good Clean Fun Products that provides a packaged, playground cleaning kit. The kit contains a disinfectant Plexiglas cleaner, polish, and heavy-duty cleaner. For more information, visit www.goodcleanfunproducts.com
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Contact us now to get immediate help: 1-877-882-9275
In several studies, including the current one, they've used postmortem samples of brain tissue from known cocaine users who were using the drug at the time of their deaths, and from well-matched control subjects. They focused in on the striatum, an area of the brain with the highest concentration of dopamine neurons.
With approval from the U-M Institutional Review Board and appropriate consent, they interviewed relatives and friends of the subjects, and asked about the subjects' alcohol use, mental illness and other characteristics.
The team previously showed that cocaine users have higher numbers of dopamine transporters, suggesting that the cells tried to make more return gateways to compensate for blocked ones. Recently, they showed in cell cultures that cocaine causes more dopamine transporters to travel from the interior of a cell to the membrane, increasing the overall dopamine uptake level.
The data provide support for the idea that chronic cocaine abuse leads to a phenomenon seen in animals, called allostasis of reward. With extended use of cocaine, the brain's response to the drug is "reset", and drug-taking once pursued for the pleasure it caused becomes drug-taking to avoid the negative feelings associated with the absence of cocaine.
The new data suggest this same phenomenon occurs in human cocaine users, and is quite pronounced at the neurochemical level. The experiment sheds light on the molecular mechanisms involved as dopamine-producing brain cells try to adapt to a cocaine-drenched environment.
VMAT2 protein levels, measured through the use of specific antibodies that bind to the protein, are not as affected by other factors as dopamine transporters are. VMAT2 binding availability, measured through an unique radioactive tracer developed by U-M nuclear medicine specialists, is another assessment of VMAT2 presence and activity. And the overall dopamine level, measured through liquid chromatography, shows how much of the chemical was available at the time of death.
On the whole, all three were significantly lower in cocaine users than in non-drug users. A history of alcohol abuse in cocaine users or controls did not affect the difference significantly.
Levels of VMAT2 protein were lowest in the seven cocaine users with mood disorders that may have been caused by cocaine use. Researchers have found that depressed cocaine users have more severe addiction and mental health problems than non-depressed users. Little hypothesizes that the decreased dopamine vesicles and increased transporters may contribute to cocaine-induced depression and other depressive disorders. This may explain why depressed cocaine users are less likely to respond to some depression treatments.
In all, Little says, "We could be seeing the result of the brain's attempt to regulate the dopamine system in response to cocaine use, to try to reduce the amount of dopamine that's released by reducing the ability to collect it in vesicles. But we could also be seeing real damage or death to dopamine neurons. Either way, this highlights the fragility of these neurons and shows the vicious cycle that cocaine use can create." New treatments will have to break that cycle, he adds, and the new findings may help steer clinical researchers.
He also emphasizes that the vulnerable nature of dopamine neurons is important in understanding the moods and actions of normal adults as they age and lose dopamine neurons naturally. Considerable evidence suggests that uncontained dopamine may be mildly toxic over time.
In future research, Little and his colleagues hope to look for differences in the number of dopamine neurons in the subjects' brain samples, and to study gene activity in the cells of cocaine users and control subjects. They also hope their results will help other researchers study living cocaine users and look for signs of decreased VMAT2 levels.
In addition to Little, the study's authors are David Krolewski, M.S.; Lian Zhang, Ph.D.; and Bader Cassin, M.D. U-M nuclear medicine researcher Kirk Frey, M.D., led the team that developed the radioactive tracer used to measure VMAT2 binding levels. The study was funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health, and by a VA Merit Award.
Reference: American Journal of Psychiatry 160:1-9, January 2003.
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Date Started: July 14, 2014
Every new word I learn will be added here.
“We have too many high sounding words and too few actions that correspond with them.”
Effrontery – Insolent or Impertinent Behavior
Insolent – Showing a rude or arrogant lack of respect
Impertinent – Rude
Adamant – refusing to be persuaded or to change one’s mind.
Equate – consider (one thing) to be the same as or equivalent to another.
Assertiveness – Is the quality of being self-assured and confident without being aggressive.
Lest – with the intention of preventing (something undesirable); to avoid the risk of.
Relentless – oppressively constant; incessant.
Zeal – great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or an objective.
Paragon – a person or thing regarded as a perfect example of a particular quality.
Harrowing – acutely distressing.
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Common Core Aligned. This collection of resources is designed to help facilitate student understanding of the development of symbols and motifs within a text. PPT slides and lecture instruct a students with the knowledge of motifs vs. symbols in literature. Students then use the graphic organizer to track the development of motifs and symbols within the novel. Bloom's Taxonomy prompts provide a platform for students to interact with and evaluate the symbols and motifs relative to the plot and theme of the novel.
IF YOU ARE INTERESTED SAVING OVER 50% ON LITERARY ANALYSIS RESOURCES, CHECK OUT THE SAVINGS IN THE BUNDLE BELOW
Link-LITERARY ELEMENTS BUNDLE
IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN OTHER LITERATURE GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS, VISIT THE CUSTOM CATEGORY BELOW
Link-LITERATURE GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
This Lesson Plan Includes:
1. Teacher Instructions
2. Student Handouts (6 pages)
3. Symbol Motif Student Notes
4. Graphic Organizers
5. 3 Analysis prompts
6. PPT Lecture (12 slides)
CCSS: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.9-10.7 CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.9-10.5
1. How does one become an active reader?
2. What is the role of motifs and symbols in developing theme?
ACADEMIC OBJECTIVES (All Students Will Be Able To):
1. Understand the difference between motif and symbol
2. Chart the development of a symbol/motif within a novel
3. Complete Symbol/Motif Graphic Organizer
4. Analyze the use of symbols/motifs to develop a theme
DIRECT INSTRUCTION AND CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES:
Teacher uses PPT lecture to introduce motifs and symbols in literature
Teacher introduces the structure and purpose of symbols/motif graphic organizer
Use symbol/motif and organizers for evaluation of text for literature assessments.
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New York, July 12, 2016 – The Douglas House receives recognition of its historical and architectural significance by the National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior. The house will now be included in the National Register of historic places, and it will become part of the selective list of cultural resources worthy of preservation in the United States of America.
Richard Meier comments: “One day I received a letter from a Mr. and Mrs. James Douglas inquiring if I would sell them the blueprints for the Smith House. I replied that while I was not prepared to sell the drawings I would certainly be willing to design a new house for them along similar lines. They accepted, and I started designing a house for a site that they had purchased in a residential subdivision in northern Michigan. As it happened, the developer who had sponsored the subdivision insisted on reviewing the design of any house that would be built within its boundary. He asked me to submit photographs of my work, whereupon he immediately refused to permit a house designed by me since it did not have the prerequisite classic pitched roof. To my delight, the Douglases responded to this impasse by promptly selling the plot and looking for another site, and that was the beginning of a very gratifying collaboration.”
The Douglas House is dramatically situated on an isolated site in Harbor Springs, Michigan, that slopes down to Lake Michigan. So steep is the fall of the land from the road down to the water that the house appears to have been notched into the site. The entry to the house extends beyond the building envelope. As the sharp downhill grade of the land requires the house to be entered at roof level, it takes the form of a flying bridge that seems to shear off the top of the frontal plane.
The east side, facing the road, is the private zone, protected by a taut white membrane pierced by square apertures and horizontal strip windows. The roof-level bridge accentuates the unimpeded flow of space between this wall and the hillside, and is experienced as an activated void that further seals the private zone from the road.
“Usually when people enter a house, they expect the outside to be brought in, but in the Douglas House, the opposite occurs: you are transported outside, over the lake and into the trees. Visitors all depart with an experience they’ve never had before. It is truly a house of opposites: to leave the house for instance, you go up instead of down,” said Mr. Meier.
Once inside the entry vestibule, the views open to the west, down to both the living and dining levels, and out to a large roof deck overlooking Lake Michigan. As in the Smith and other houses designed by Richard Meier & Partners, the living-room fireplace is located directly opposite the entry, but in this case it is two stories below. At roof level, its stainless-steel smokestacks act as a foil to the entry and frame the view. Horizontal circulation moves along four open corridors, stacked one above the other behind a screen wall. Internal and external staircases provide vertical passage at the corners.
A skylight running nearly the full length of the roof-deck focuses sunlight into the living room, reinforcing the separation between the public and private sectors of the house. The living room virtually hovers in the landscape within three glass walls. The fireplace anchors the room, binding the floor to the lake’s horizon as if the water itself were cantilevered from the bricks. The house’s levels can be traced in the mullions of the glazing, which echo the dramatic horizontals of the lake’s surface, the horizon, and the shoreline. Vertical mullions fan out from the corners, carrying with them the lines of the great trees alongside the house. The unimpeded flow of space from inside out, so powerfully inscribed in the iconic Smith House, is rendered more profound.
Richard Meier comments: “Reflecting on the history and the design of the Douglas House I believe the architect is really the facilitator of creating something which goes on to have an existence that is much greater than itself and has a life that is longer than any of the people involved in the creation of it.
“In thinking about the ideas that go into making architecture one has to think about not just the context, the circumstances of the site, its history, the surrounding buildings, the topography, and the nature of the place in the public realm, but also about what it can be, what it will be, and how it will be meaningful for future society. With all of the changes that are taking place in the world today, it is important that architecture continues to move us aesthetically, as great architecture always has.
“We are deeply honored by this historic distinction of the Douglas House, and we are very grateful for all the dedication, care and supervision given by the current owners of the house. Michael McCarthy and Marcia Myers have returned the house to its original intent.”
Notes to the Editor
Major Building Materials: Wood frame and steel column structure, wood floors, wood roof, redwood exterior siding, gypsum wall partitions, and fiberglass insulation
Program: Private residence
Site Area: 22,760m2 (245,000 SFT)
Floor Area: 418 m2 (4,500 SFT)
About Richard Meier & Partners Architects
The work of Richard Meier & Partners is instantly recognizable and internationally respected. For over five decades, the Firm has been appointed to design important buildings, and it has successfully completed over 130 projects across North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. Among its best known works are: the Smith House in Darien, Connecticut; the Getty Center in Los Angeles, California; the United States Courthouse in Islip, New York; the Perry & Charles Street Condominiums in New York City and the Jubilee Church in Rome, Italy.
Richard Meier & Partners is led by founder and Pritzker Prize laureate Richard Meier and six partners – Michael Palladino, James R. Crawford, Bernhard Karpf, Vivian Lee, Reynolds Logan, and Dukho Yeon. The offices in New York and Los Angeles employ a multicultural staff of talented professionals practicing architecture, urbanism, product design and exhibition design. The quality of the work has been recognized with almost 300 design awards, including major awards from the American Institute of Architects (AIA) and the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA).
About The National Register of Historic Places
The National Register of Historic Places is the official list of the Nation’s historic places worthy of preservation. Authorized by the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, the National Park Service’s National Register of Historic Places is part of a national program to coordinate and support public and private efforts to identify, evaluate, and protect America’s historic and archeological resources.
For more information on the work of Richard Meier & Partners, please visit www.richardmeier.com or contact firstname.lastname@example.org
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"This is an improved version of the Alabama state flag, which is currently just a plain red saltire on a white field. Each element represents one of the countries that Alabama has belonged to, and thus the flag as a whole represents Alabama's history.
The symbolism is as follows:
- Fleur-de-lis: France (1702-1763)
- White field: Britain (1763-1780)
- Red saltire: Spain (1780-1810)
- White star: United States (1810-1861, 1868-present)
- Blue saltire: Confederated States (1861-1868)"
Appears on these pages
The current flag of Alabama was adopted by the state legislature on February 16, 1895...
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That general sense of strain or discomfort has a name
If you use a computer at work on a regular basis, there is a good chance you have experienced some computer-related discomfort at some point. You know the feeling: dry eyes, fatigue, blurred vision, a general sense of strain or discomfort. This wide array of related visual problems is known as Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS), and it affects up to 75% of the computer-using workforce.
Even the newest high-resolution displays still cannot offer the sharpness of words on a printed page, and it is not often practical or even possible to set up a workstation that places the monitor at the optimum viewing distance from the user. So the tiny muscles that bend and pull the natural lens in your eye to keep everything in focus get tired, and the result is slew of symptoms that occur as the visual demands of your task exceed your ability to perform the task comfortably. Computer screens introduce some unique challenges for users of all ages, and as little as two consecutive hours in front of one can result in the onset of some temporary, but quite uncomfortable visual symptoms as well as head, neck and back pain.
And even patients with progressive eyeglasses or multi-focal contact lenses, which are specifically designed to assist with focusing on objects at a variety of distances, may find that their computer screen does not fall exactly into any comfortable viewing zone.
The first thing I would recommend to anyone who experiences persistent discomfort when using a computer is to simply take a break. Moving your focus off the computer screen for as little as 20 seconds at a time can help rest the tiny muscles in your eye and allow your focusing reflex to normalize and relieve the symptions of Computer Vision Syndrome. When this is not enough, wearing a pair of corrective glasses specifically designed for computer use can help patients regain their ability to easily adjust their focus. These customized computer lenses can also help by reducing uncomfortable glare and can be made with special tints and lens coatings that provide sharper vision and better protection to the eyes.
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Those were also the days of Edmund Gosse’s terrible childhood.
No fiction of any kind, religious or secular, was admitted into the house. In this it was to my Mother, not to my Father, that the prohibition was due. She had a remarkable, I confess to me still somewhat unaccountable impression that to 'tell a story', that is, to compose fictitious narrative of any kind, was a sin. - Gosse, Father and Son (1907)
Though Gosse was a child in the 1850s, his upbringing was a sign of things to come. By the 1860s, certain types of fiction were considered incredibly dangerous, especially the sensation novel. Drawing from gothic and romantic literary fiction, the sensation novel appealed to the uncultured masses through shocking themes, like adultery, theft, kidnapping, insanity, bigamy, forgery, seduction, and murder. Other than relying on shock and awe, sensation novels separated themselves from other more respectable genres by using common settings familiar to their poorer middle- and working- class audiences.
By the 1880s, the sensation novel was replaced by the ‘penny dreadful,’ known as ‘dime novels’ in the United States. Stanford's Dime Novel and Story Paper Collection celebrates the era, which “benefited from three mutually reinforcing trends: the vastly increased mechanization of printing, the growth of efficient rail and canal shipping, and ever-growing rates of literacy.”
I’ve always thought of these as serial novels, published in story-based (I hesitate to use the word literary) publications. Again, their low price made them accessible to the uncultured reading masses, filling their minds with the kind of trash Mother Gosse sought to protect her son from in the 1850s.
In the 1890s, the British newspaper and publishing magnate, Alfred Harmsworth, decided to take on the corrupting influence of the penny dreadfuls, but wound up creating the same thing for less: The Half-penny Marvel, The Union Jack and Pluck, all priced at a half-penny. A.A. Milne once said, "Harmsworth killed the penny dreadful by the simple process of producing the ha'penny dreadfuller." But Harmsworth made some thing wonderful happen.
Meet Sexton Blake, who, in the 1890s, was known as “the poor man’s Sherlock Holmes.” Though written by many hands (Harmsworth owned the rights), the first Sexton Blake story, “The Missing Millionaire,” was published on 20 December 1893 and really sought to capitalize on the popularity of Sherlock Holmes, who Arthur Conan Doyle was already getting tired of writing about.
Like Sherlock Holmes, Sexton Blake was a consulting detective operating out of Baker Street. Blake’s Watson is called Tinker, who didn’t appear until 1904 and is more like Batman’s Robin. Blake’s love interest is Yvone Cartier and his housekeeper is Mrs. Bardell. Blake is a little more clean-cut than Holmes, but is actually an educated medical doctor, like the real Sherlock Holmes.
The Sexton Blake franchise continued on through the 1960s and the official fan website calls for a revival in the 21st century.
So why was Sherlock Holmes considered literature, while Sexton Blake was considered trashy? My focus is on the 1890s, so I’m not going to comment on what might have happened to the franchise in the 20th century, but the fact that it actually was a franchise might have had something to do with it. Maybe having multiple authors had something to do with it? During my undergraduate degree, I took a class, in which we read novels of many shapes, my fellow students found that they had a lower opinion of what a book would be like, based on its shape. If it looked like a Harlequin romance book, they expected it to be trashy. They were often surprised by what they found inside. Maybe readers in the 1890s didn’t take Blake seriously because of the cheap quality of the publications?
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21 February 2008
The Virtual Water project
Water is probably one of the most precious resources and vital for everyone’s everyday life. In spite of this obvious fact, people use large amounts of water: drinking, cooking and washing, but even more for producing things such as food, paper, cotton clothes, etc.
One of the most important research papers in this field is Chapagain, A.K. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2004), »Water footprints of nations«, Value of Water Research Report Series No. 16, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the Netherlands.
Designer Timm Kekeritz created a poster, visualizing parts of their research data, to make the issue of virtual water and the water footprint perceptible.
The water footprint of a person, company or nation is defined as the total volume of freshwater that is used to produce the commodities, goods and services consumed by the person, company or nation.
The idea of the water footprint is quite similar to the ecological footprint, but focussing on the use of water.
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Definition of 'betwixt'
Example sentences containing 'betwixt'
I had only made to lead her off, when her partner set himself betwixt us - a puffed-up man hiding behind an Italian mask.MAN'S LOVING FAMILY (1990) HERE BE DRAGONS (1990)
`I think myself there stands an agreement betwixt herself and her father: she keeps to her bed and he, George - keeps to hers!MAN'S LOVING FAMILY (1990)
`I could of kissed old sourpuss when she set it down betwixt us.KING OF THE MOUNTAIN (1990)
Trends of 'betwixt'
View usage over:
Definition of betwixt from the Collins English Dictionary
Why every generation is at risk
We take a look at the etymology behind the word 'election' in the run-up to the UK General Election in June
Language expert Ian Brookes looks at the word 'election' and its origins.
Join the Collins community
All the latest wordy news, linguistic insights, offers and competitions every month.
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What lies behind the concept of BFM?
As many people know, there exist two distinct varieties of fats that can be encountered. Those are essential fats on one hand, and body fats on the other. The former are known to be in charge of the body metabolism and they are made of fats formed and stored in one’s lungs, kidneys, liver, heart, and other organs, as well as in specific parts of the person’s nervous system. Having the latter in mind, what needs to be emphasized is that they are also known as the storage fats and that they are actually loose connective tissue, i.e. adipose tissue. They are held responsible for energy storage in the shape of fats. Another distinct and extremely important function of the fats in question is their role in protection of the person’s internal organs, as well as in providing the person’s body with energy in the moments when one’s body craves it the most. Despite numerous evident benefits that they offer, in case they build up in too large quantities, it will be the number one culprit for occurrence of a quite serious weight related condition known as obesity.
In direct relation to the aforementioned is the person’s recommended and healthy body weight, which depends on the height of that person. For those who seek to calculate and determine their proper body weight, the most efficient and accurate tool, used in the greatest majority of cases, is known as body mass index, or BMI for short. Those people whose BMI is or exceeds the value of 25 kg/m2 are regarded as those with serious weight related problems; they are considered to be overweight. Furthermore, if a person’s BMI is exactly or higher than 30 kg/m2, this person is referred to as obese. Obesity is by far more serious problem than being simply overweight, and is one of those condition that can seriously damage one’s health to a great extent, and in some cases even cause life threatening side effects.
Monitoring and tools
Having fitness and overall health of a person in mind, it must be emphasized that, in terms of importance, the percentage of the entire body fat is regarded as more essential than the person’s general body weight. Exactly for this reason monitoring one’s body fat becomes quite an important manner by way of which a person can not only monitor the body fat levels (i.e. percentage), but also control it in the most proper manner as well.
Considered to be the most accurate and thus most reliable body fat monitors are:
- Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
- Near Infrared Interactance
- Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry
- Calipers (i.e. skinfold measurement)
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Key Stage 4 Religious Studies
Philosophy and Ethics
All students follow the OCR short course in Philosophy and Applied Ethics and focus on one main religion examining the response to contemporary ethical issues.
Students will explore:
- the relationship between religion and medical ethics and conflict
- one religious perspective in depth
- common themes and similarities between religions
- religious facts and cultural diversity
- a wide range of ethical issues.
Students will develop:
- critical thinking skills
- literacy skills
- tolerance and respect for others
- personal responses to a range of ethical issues to them.
The course offers all students from a religious or non-religious background the opportunity to discuss common themes in a challenging environment.
Students with a special interest in Religious Studies have the opportunity to gain the full course qualification. Students will be expected to attend twilight sessions on a Friday that will cover philosophical modules. This is a fantastic opportunity to develop philosophical knowledge and understanding and widen students’ understanding of religious responses to deeper questions such as the nature of God.
Assessment and Examinations (OCR)
2 hour written examination
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A Brief History Of Foston
Foston lies on an ancient cross roads, situated on the northern edge of the Vale of Belvoir, nearly six miles northwest of Grantham, national grid reference SK 85 42. Foston has a linear scattering of houses sited on the upper edge of a north-south fault line in theory giving flood free living conditions, but having a line of springs, which emerge from the outcropping limestone. The local subsoil is mainly clay although there are a considerable variety of soils within the parish.
Foston is traditionally a farming village. The River Witham runs to the north of the village and the A1 trunk road bisects at the south-western edge isolating half a dozen village dwellings. The Foston Beck runs along the eastern border and the parish covers around 850 hectares. Neighbouring villages include Long Bennington, Westborough, Allington and Marston.
In Roman times there was a settlement in the parish and it is thought that it may have been developed from a late Iron Age farmstead situated close to the Fallow Ford at the end of Fallow Lane. A Roman Villa was excavated in late Victorian times 1891-1896; it was on slightly raised ground near to the present forded crossing of the River Witham. Rev. Henry Faulkner Allison (who was Curate of Foston from 1891 to 1896) found various Roman pieces of pottery and Mr J Dable discovered numerous Roman coins in 1973. These coins were dating from Nero AD 37 to Constantius ll in 306. Other artefacts have also been found including two Dolphin brooches and one Trumpet brooch along with a Stud brooch.
The Saxons settled in this district and extensive remains have been excavated on Loveden Hill, which can be seen to the east of the village. Another pointer to the possible Saxon settlement within the parish is to be found in the name Foston itself - i.e. the first “ton” or settlement on the road north from Grantham, FOTR-TUN. The combination of Scandinavian personal name and Saxon ending found in Ekwall's interpretation of the Village name may reflect a Saxon settlement taken over by a Viking headman. Foston from the Old Scandinavian Fos+ton, for “farmstead or Fotr”.
[A. D. Mills, “A Dictionary of English Place-Names,” Oxford University Press, 1991]
The Normans took over an existing agricultural society and organised it. We give the name “feudalism” to this system where land is held in return for the performance of services. The Manor was the farming unit and evidence of the Manorial system is extensive in Foston. Foston was part of the manor of Long Bennington and Foston appears in the 1086 Domesday Book as “Foztun”.
Agricultural practices in the Middle Ages were based upon the open field system and the land divided into strips. The general line of the holdings would run in an east-west direction. The Enclosure Act in a plan dated 3rd March 1796 affected Long Bennington and Foston. The present pattern of land usage is very nearly that formed from the old strip system at enclosure. Modern agricultural machinery has made it necessary to remove hedges thus recreating the appearance of the large open fields of the pre-enclosure era.
The English Civil War started in 1642. In 1643, which was the year Oliver Cromwell won his first victory over the Royalists at Grantham. The Royalists were defeated in 1647, and King Charles I was executed two years later. The monarchy was restored with Charles II in 1660.
The Wesleyan Methodists chapel
The Anglican Church of St Peter dates back to at least the 13th Century, although in 1858 it received substantial restoration and was partially rebuilt under the direction of Charles Kirk. The parish register for burials and baptisms begins in 1626, several years before Oliver Cromwell proposed the civil registration of births, deaths and marriages. Marriages were included in the Long Bennington register until 1766. There was a Wesleyan Methodists Chapel (on the right) that was situated on Chapel Lane. However, it was taken down and bungalows and houses were built on the site.
A National School was built next to the Church in 1847 to hold eighty children, which later became a Church School. The attendance at the time was only about forty. An earlier school building adjoined the south wall of the churchyard. The School was closed in 1987 and subsequently converted into a home. Children up to the age of eleven are bussed to the Long Bennington Church of England School.
The Foston Poat Windmill
The Foston Post Windmill was one of the oldest in Britain, dating back to 1624. It was demolished in 1966. It had been sited on the A1 at the cottage known as Mill House. Previous to that it was sited at Mill Close on Allington Lane and before that it stood immediately below the old Post Office on Newark Hill. At the time these mills were considered portable.
Old buildings constructed from mud and stud have been demolished although most new dwellings have been built on sites of older dwellings with the exception of Wilkinson Road. In 1967-69 around forty houses were built on land belonging to Mr Wilkinson whose family had farmed in the village for a hundred years. New houses were also built on the site of The Black Boy Inn (left). From 1979 to the 1980's eight houses were built on Highfield Close and since then individual houses have been fitted in along Main Street, Church Street, Newark Hill and Long Street. Foston is currently undergoing a series of small developments of individual properties in Long Street and Back Lane.
The Black Boy Inn
Coaching was at its height in the early 19th century and Foston had several Inns and Staging Houses. The Duke William public house was at the Allington crossroads close to the service station area. The Black Horse still exists in the centre of the village as a private house and flats. The Black Boy was demolished in 1967 and it stood at the Junction of Tow lane and Newark Hill. With the advent of the railway Foston lost any importance it may have had as a staging post and the village was bypassed in the 1920's isolating the village from any through traffic.
At the turn of the century when the Great North Road ran through the village, the vehicles on the road were mainly horse drawn. Travelling circuses would pass through the village along with occasional dancing bears and travellers from all walks of life.
During the First and Second World Wars, Foston remained a thriving village. Sadly, during the Great War eight men from the village lost their lives in the armed forces. In the Second World War, two men were lost during the war. During that time American Medics stationed at Allington frequented the Public Houses in the village. Italian prisoners of war worked on some of the farms, replacing villagers that had left to go to war or work in Grantham at the armament factories.
The Old Shop and Bakery
Up until the time the school closed Foston remained a busy, more or less, self-supporting village. By the beginning of the twenty first century the story is very different. Foston has lost all her services including the Doctors surgery, Post Office, pub, and shop, which, was also a bakery, however, the villagers are fighting back with the Parish Plan.
More history here
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Sampling Errors › Under coverage – happens when some groups in the population are not included in the sampling frame. (A sampling frame is a list of individuals from which a sample is drawn.) › What happens if under coverage occurs???
Non-Sampling Errors Response errors – person lies about answer, remembers details incorrectly, doesn’t understand question
Non-Sampling Errors Non-response errors – failure to obtain data from individual (refuses to cooperate or cannot be contacted) This is becoming the biggest error category, which produces the most bias… (people don’t want to answer questions over the telephone; caller ID and answering machines prevent contact; and the elderly are often reluctant to participate)
Non-sampling errors › The wording of questions – if the question asks if the subject “favors” some policy as a means to an end, it is a loaded question that draws positive responses from subjects who are worried.
› Example: “Do you favor imposing a closed campus for Irvington students if it means increased safety for your children?” › Example: “Do you favor leaving Irvington campus open for students during lunch time so that nearby businesses would not need to close due to lack of customers?”
Stratified Random Sample › Divide the sampling frame into distinct groups (strata). › Take SRS’s of each strata. › Example: Using the school’s population, the sampling frame can be divided into freshmen, sophomores, juniors, seniors, and staff (5 strata).
Cluster Sample Can be used when the population falls into naturally occurring subgroups (like zip codes). To select a cluster sample, divide the population into groups (clusters) and select all the members in one or more (but not all) the clusters. Other examples: different periods of the same course, different branches of a bank, etc.
Systematic Sample Each member of the population is assigned a number. The starting number is randomly selected, and then the sample members are selected at random intervals from the starting member. Example: randomly chose the 15 th person, then the interval was every 4 th person after that, so the 15 th, 19 th, 23 rd, 27 th, and so on, were chosen for the survey. Be careful using this in case there are regularly occurring patterns already in the population (every 4 th person has a common quality).
Who carried out the survey? What was the population? How was the sample selected? How large was the sample?
What was the response rate? How were the subjects contacted? When was the survey conducted? What were the exact questions?
Government statistical offices answer these questions when they announce results; national opinion polls don’t always release the response rate (usually low). Newscasters usually leave out a lot of this information (boring); interest groups/newspapers don’t give this info because their methods are usually unreliable. If someone doesn’t give all the information stated above, be skeptical!!!
NEW YORK, Oct. 7 (UPI) -- Nearly half of Americans surveyed for a new poll said "whatever" was the most annoying word that could be used in a conversation. The Marist Poll received votes for "You know" and "anyway," but they weren't even close to the 47 percent that pegged "whatever" as something that had definitely run its course. The breakdown found "whatever" to be particularly tiresome among respondents in the Midwest, Latinos and people under 45 years old. Phrases that bug Americans include "it is what it is" and "at the end of the day." The poll, based on 938 responses, had a margin of error of 3.5 percent.
Page 110…114, #2.58-2.60, 2.62-2.66 Bring a Gallup Poll for Friday’s group activity Friday’s homework… Page 119…122, #2.68-2.71, 2.74
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Being confident "isn't about succeeding at everything and knowing what to do in any situation" notes Isabelle Filliozat. It's more to do with "thinking that you're capable of doing or learning to do something you want or need" . Bascially, it's not a question of being capable or not, but of convincing yourself that you can become capable and give yourself the means necessary.|
What to do: "If I don't know how to do it, I can learn". Memorize this motto to stop yourself from thinking that you're rubbish at everything! To develop your skills, Isabelle Filliozat recommends the "act like you know how to" technique: tackle situations that are holding you back and act like you know how to handle them.
> For example: the guy you've had your eye on all evening asks you to dance, but dancing isn't exactly your strong point so you decline, wishing you'd bothered to go to classes. The right attitude would be to act like you know how to dance. Join in, watch what the others are doing and learn. The same goes at work: if you're a bundle of nerves because you've been asked to use Excel, pull up a chair next to the office spreadsheet pro, study what she does and copy her. If she can do it, then so can you!
Extra tip: Don't be afraid of getting things wrong. We learn by making mistakes!
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The book traces the political history of the concept of social policy. Social policy originated in Germany in the mid 19th century as a scholarly term that made a career in politics. The term became more prominent only after World War II. Kaufmann, the doyen of the sociology of social policy in Germany, argues that social policy responds to the modern disjunction between state and society diagnosed by the German philosopher Hegel. Hegels disciple Lorenz von Stein saw social policy as a means to pacify the capitalist class conflict. After World War II, social policy expanded in an unprecedented way, changing its character in the process. Social policy turned from class politics into a policy for the whole population, with new concepts like 'social security', 'redistribution' and 'quality of life' - and new overarching formulas, 'social market economy' and 'social state' (the German version of welfare state). Both formulas have remained indeterminate and contested, indicating the inherent openness of the idea of the social.
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Belly (Diaphragm) Breath
In our first exercise, we will explore belly (diaphragm) breathing to help us transition from a stress mode in our body to a calm mode. Here we use a sand bag (or any other heavier object) to help us gain awareness of the rise and fall of our belly with each breath. You may find this exercise challenging at first since most of us are not attuned to the diaphragm. The good news is that the diaphragm is a muscle, and like any muscle in the body, it will get stronger with practice.
What you need:
● Sand bag, heavy blanket, or a couple of heavy books
Lie down on your back with your knees bent and your head on a pillow. Place the sand bag (or other props that you are using) over your belly, as pictured. Relax your arms by your sides with your palms facing up and allow your shoulders to soften to the floor. Without straining your body, take deep breaths into your belly so that the sand bag rises and falls with each breath. Complete 20-30 rounds like this, then place the sand bag to the side. Rest and observe how you feel.
Why this works:
If you watch a newborn or a young child breathe while they sleep, you’ll notice that their belly rises and falls with each breath. Now if you pay attention to your normal breathing, you’ll find that you breathe mostly into your chest. When we transition from childhood to adulthood, the added stressors in our lives cause our bodies to literally tighten up and take shorter and shallower breaths. There is also the aesthetic aspect of sucking one’s belly in for the flat tummy appeal. However, chest breathing is a less effective way of taking in oxygen and also stimulates the stress response in your nervous system (the sympathetic nervous system). On the other hand, belly (diaphragm) breathing helps you draw in deeper breaths for effective oxygenation of the entire body, as well as slowing the nervous system down (the parasympathetic nervous system) to promote deeper relaxation.
Share with friends
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THOUSANDS of doses of experimental Ebola vaccines could be ready for use in African countries badly hit by the deadly virus early next year, the World Health Organisation (WHO) said Friday.
“If everything goes well, we may be able to begin using some of these vaccines in some of the affected countries at the very beginning of next year,” said WHO assistant director general Marie-Paule Kieny.
Currently, there is no licenced treatment or vaccine against the virus that has killed nearly 3,000 people in West Africa, and the UN health agency has endorsed rushing experimental prototypes through testing.
WHO is focusing on two vaccines: one made by British company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), and the other by US group NewLink Genetics. It is working with both companies to accelerate clinical trials, Kieny told reporters in Geneva.
Another experimental vaccine by US company Johnson & Johnson had not been ruled out, but “they are clearly behind by a few months,” Kieny said.
Some clinical trials of the GSK vaccine have begun in the United States and Britain, and other trials are expected to begin in Mali next week.
Trials of the NewLink vaccine are also set to start “imminently” in the US, and others are planned in other countries, including Germany.
The agency has already said that, if found to be safe, some doses should be available for use to healthcare workers by November and wider use could be possible early next year.
“Before going straight to very vulnerable people in affected countries, we need to know at least whether this is safe in a few hundred volunteers,” and whether it is effective, Kieny said.
If shown to be safe, thousands of doses of both experimental vaccines should be available by January.
The Canadian government has already donated 800 vials of the NewLink vaccine to WHO, and Kieny said a few thousand more doses would likely be available in coming months.
Around 10,000 doses of the GSK vaccine should also be available by early 2015, she said.
‘Monkeys are not humans’
The two prototype vaccines “have given very promising results in monkeys, but monkeys are not humans,” she said, stressing that people who receive them initially “should not consider themselves protected against Ebola”.
WHO is also trying to accelerate the development of around half a dozen treatments for the deadly Ebola virus, including the prototype ZMapp drug.
Supplies of that drug, which has been used on a few infected healthcare workers with promising results, have run dry.
Kieny said “a few hundred doses” should be available by the end of the year.
“Clearly this is not the kind of scale that will make an impact on the epidemic curve,” she said.
It will likely be easier to scale up the use of another possible treatment method endorsed by WHO —the use of convalescent serums and blood and plasma transfusions from people who have survived Ebola.
This method, which counts on boosting antibody defences in those infected, has already been used in a number of cases, including on an American doctor who was released from a Nebraska hospital Thursday after recovering from the Ebola infection contracted in Liberia.
For both the experimental drugs and blood-based treatments already used on humans, it is too early to say anything about their efficiency, since they are not being used systematically and often in combination with other treatments, Kieny said.
Patients also have begun the treatments at different stages of Ebola infection and with very different initial health statuses, she said, explaining why drugs like ZMapp had appeared to cure several people while others died despite taking the treatment.
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Dear fellow Herodoteans,
Here are some discussion questions to help you think through Books 6 & 7. Exciting stuff here.
Herodotus Book Six Discussion Questions
1. In Book VI ch. 30, Histiaeus’ end at the hands of Artaphrenes and Harpagos is related in gruesome but cursory fashion: “they took him to Sardis and there hanged him from a stake. But they embalmed his head and brought it to King Darius in Susa” (p. 437). Just prior to this remark, Herodotus himself tells the reader that in his opinion “if, after being captured alive, Histiaeos had been taken to Darius, I suppose that Darius would have forgiven him for his offense and that he would have suffered no harm” (437). Knowing what we know about Darius in the Histories, would that be an accurate prediction? Why does Herodotus feel this way and what evidence from earlier in our reading could support his assertion?
2. In chs. 51-55, Herodotus digresses on the origins of the Spartan dual kingship. He comments on both the Spartan version and the common Greek traditional version. What are we to make of the story? Is Herodotus favoring one or the other? Are there other versions deliberately not mentioned by Herodotus? Why does Herodotus suddenly proclaim: “let that be the extent of what is said on this topic” (449)?
3. In ch. 84, Herodotus presents various views on the Spartan king Kleomenes’ madness and eventual death. After presenting the Argive and Spartan explanations, Herodotus claims: “For myself, I think that the best explanation is that Kleomenes was punished for his treatment of Demaratos” (460). What does this say about Herodotus’ judgment? Is he taking sides or does he have justification, according to his evidence, that his assertion has credence? What does this remark say about Herodotus’ regard for history in general?
4. Herodotus uses 94 chapters to set the stage for one of the most important battles in history. Given the actual details of the battle, why does Herodotus not go into more detail about the individuals and events on the battlefield? How does Herodotus contrast the Athenians to the Persians in this conflict? How is Sparta compared/contrasted with Athens? Persia??
5. Ch. 121 just seems to leap out of nowhere. After a description of the battle of Marathon and Sparta’s late arrival, Herodotus seems eager to address the veracity of Alkmeonid treachery against Athens: “I am astonished by that story about the Alcmeonids” (478). He then goes on to elaborate on the Alcmeonid clan, seemingly making an appeal for them, through chapter 131. How convincing is his defense? Why does Herodotus make this appeal here? What sort of tensions are betrayed in Herodotus’ words that show the movement between myth and history, fact and fiction?
Book 7 Discussion Questions
1. The decision for the Persians to invade Greece is a highly significant one. Starting in Book 7, chapter 8, what are Xerxes’ reasons for doing so? Are they based on national security? personal revenge? tradition? anything else?
After Xerxes’ dreams convince the Persians to invade, does that make Mardonios’ reasons any stronger? Why or why not?
2. In chapters 27-29, Pythios voluntarily offers Xerxes a great amount of resources to help the war effort. Xerxes appreciates the offer, but becomes angry at Pythios soon after (38-39). Is Xerxes justified in doing so? Does this story, which surrounds Xerxes’ order to ‘punish’ the Hellespont, show Xerxes’ madness? wisdom?
3. The Ancient Greeks believed that “hubris” or ‘overweening pride’ would lead to a just punishment from the gods. In which instances in Book 7, does Herodotus show Xerxes’ “hubris?” In which instances is Xerxes prudent? How does Xerxes compare with his predecessor Darius in balancing “hubris” with prudence?
4. Before the crossing of the Hellespont, Xerxes and Artabanos have a dialogue that begins with the ‘shortness of human life’ (chs. 46-52). Both Xerxes and Artabanos have differing views on this and on the coming invasion of Greece. How does Xerxes justify his position vis-a-vis Artabanos? Given the situation and regardless of the outcome, do either Xerxes or Artabanos have the stronger argument?
5. Given Xerxes’ decision to allow the three captured Greek spies to see his whole Persian force (ch. 147), what is Xerxes’ strategy as he approaches Thermopylae? Even with the exiled Spartan king Demaratos’ advice, what does Xerxes nevertheless cling to as his military advantange? What advantage to the Greeks is Xerxes constantly overlooking? Why?
6. The Delphic oracle predicted for the Spartans that “either their city must be laid waste by the foreigner or a Spartan king be killed” (ch. 220). Was this the main reason Leonidas decided to remain at Thermopylae? What other reasons are there? Was the battle of Thermopylae militarily significant or merely symbolic?
7. What are your favorite stories from Book 7? Which, if any, have you heard about before in movies, books or popular media?
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American Flags near Strafford.
Proudly Made in the USA!
The United States flag is a solid icon of American identification and also nationwide pride. Called Old Glory, the U.S. flag has a vibrant history and also has actually gone through several adjustments since the first official flag of 1777.
Today the flag consists of thirteen straight stripes, 7 red alternating with six white stripes. The shades of the flag are symbolic as well: red symbolizes hardiness as well as valiance, white represents pureness as well as virtue and blue represents vigilance, perseverance and also justice.
In time, some have actually connected somewhat different definitions to the three colors, for example, the color red signifying the blood spilled to maintain our liberty, however the essence of the original meaning has actually been fairly regular from 1782.
Exactly how did the American flag become what it is today?
It is so much greater than the 3 shades or a “decoration”. Think of the areas around the world that the American flag has actually flown, consider the improvement it has undertaken throughout the years on American territory. It is truly humbling to think about all that was offered and sacrificed to ensure that the American flag could fly easily across this country.
The flag that began with just 13 stars expanded to 50 with the addition of states to the Union. The number of stars on the flag progressively rose to its existing number today where a brand-new star would certainly be included in the blue field on the 4th of July after the day of each new state’s admission.
The number of alternating horizontal red and white stripes has remained at thirteen except from 1795 to 1818 when fifteen stripes showed up on the flag to show the admission of Kentucky and also Vermont to the Union. In 1818, it was decided that adding a stripe to the flag for each brand-new state would not take place as it will make the flag look crowded as well as it would certainly make the flag unwieldy. It was decided then that the flag would return to having only thirteen stripes to represent the original colonies.
The American flag is a symbol not only of hardiness, valor, purity, virtue, vigilance, willpower as well as justice; it is a sign of freedom. Liberty that has actually been dealt with so hard for over the decades. Liberty that has cost this nation as well as the households within a lot, and yet it is still a beacon to those wanting they had the freedom that the nation has.
Folding the American flag.
Standard flag rules prescribes that prior to an American flag is kept or presented, its handlers must twice fold it in half lengthwise; after that (from the end opposite heaven area) make a triangular fold, continuously fold it in a triangular patter til the other end is reached. This makes a triangular “pillow” of the flag with only the blue starred area revealing outside, and it takes thirteen folds to generate: two lengthwise folds as well as eleven triangular ones.
The flag isn’t folded up in this manner because each of the folds has a unique symbolic significance; the flag is folded in this manner due to the fact that it provides a sensible ceremonial touch that differentiates folding a flag from folding a common thing such as a bedsheet, and also because it results an aesthetically pleasing, easy-to-handle form. This thirteen-fold treatment was an usual method long prior to the production of a ceremonial assignation of “indicating” to each of the steps.
An intricate flag folding ceremony integrating these meanings has actually since been developed for special occasions such as Memorial Day and also Veterans Day. These associations are “real” in the sense that they indicate something to individuals that participate in the ceremony, yet they are not the reason a flag is folded in the typical thirteen-step fashion.
This is America and also its sign is the American Flag. Also though many Americans in New Hampshire proudly fly the flag outside their residences and also organisations every day, it is suitable that we, as a country, have established apart one particular day each year to honor our flag and also to keep in mind that it represents the ideals and also worths that we should strive to support.
Strafford ZIP codes we serve: 03884
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Diet: Roots and tubors
Time: Ice WorldHabitat: North American Desert; underground burrows
In the Life of a SpinkEdit
The Spinks live underground in a colony, like ants. The queens reproduce. The workers shovel the dirt and expand the tunnels in search of underground roots, desert turnips, and tubors. During mating season, males go above ground and hoot their mating calls. Females approach them, and when they mate, the pair goes off to start their own colonies. They do not go above ground during the day, because the Deathgleaners hunt at this time.
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Technology overload: An alarming danger
Preventing alarm fatigue to improve safety
Beep. Beep. Beep.
The telltale noise of a hospital is the bleeps, the sweeps, and the creeps of the many machines hospital patients are hooked up to during their stay. These machines have alarms—as many as 400 per patient—and many are important. They alert staff if a patient needs immediate care.
But those alarms can become such an ingrained part of the background noise that frontline staff may no longer recognize when an important alarm is sounding. Just as a mother of three small children may no longer pay attention to their screaming, with so much noise, nurses may not hear what they need to in order to provide safe care.
Take, for example, a well-publicized event at Massachusetts General Hospital in January 2010. Federal investigators concluded that alarm fatigue contributed to the death of a heart patient. A bedside alarm had been turned off, but another alarm sounded at the nurses’ station—an alarm that 10 nurses failed to hear.
The problem is serious, says Kathryn Pelczarski, director of the applied solutions group at the ECRI Institute, a nonprofit organization that researches best practices for medical procedures, devices, drugs, and processes. ECRI listed “alarm hazards” as the No. 2 technology hazard for 2011 in its November 2010 issue of Health Devices. The list reflects what ECRI believes are risks that should receive priority after analyzing how often they occur, the severity of the consequences, recent literature and recalls, and the institute’s own investigative and consulting experience.
The report concludes that often when staff become overloaded with alarms, they will improperly modify the alarm settings—something that should only be done in concert with and after careful consideration of the patient’s condition.
“I think most hospitals would agree that alarm fatigue is a pervasive problem,” says Pelczarski. “To give you an example, in some of the critical care units that I have been in, I have actually seen that their physiologic monitors, their bedside alarms, may be as many as 150–400 physiologic alarms per patient per day. And in these units, the nurse-to-patient ratio is typically one nurse for one or two patients. If you think of a nurse just dealing with two patients, that’s 300–800 alarms. But the problem gets worse when they hear the alarms for all the other patients in that unit—typically alarms for 10 or 12 patients.”
Pelczarski says staff become so desensitized to the noise that it gets to the point where they don’t actually hear the alarms. Adding to the confusion, many of the machines sounding off are close to each other and sound similar.
The Joint Commission retired a National Patient Safety Goal on improving the overall effectiveness of alarms in 2004. The trend at that time, says Pelczarski, was to simply focus on ensuring that alarms were audible and not turned off. The Joint Commission told The Boston Globe in February 2010 that it has seen a resurgence in alarm-related incidents.
Addressing the problem
Hospitals may want to start at the source: the purchase of alarm technology.
“It’s certainly good to look at the machines, see how the alarms are set, how easy it is to set the alarms within the physiologic monitoring system that you’re purchasing, and to question whether you have the ability to change the alarm level,” says Pelczarski.
For example, if a patient’s blood pressure is out of the normal range, an alarm will sound. However, if it is determined that the patient is healthy outside the regular normal rate, it is wise to change the settings to avoid the alarm constantly sounding, which can promote alarm fatigue. Pelczarski gives the example of a marathon runner whose heart rate is naturally lower, often under 60 beats per minute. This would cause an alarm set for the average patient to go off even though the runner’s situation is noncritical.
Another important factor to consider is how clearly the alarm is displayed and whether a critical alarm’s sound is distinguishable over the noise of the other alarms in the facility.
Nuisance alarms (e.g., false alarms caused by a loose electrode) add to the problem of alarm fatigue. Tailoring alarms to the patient as much as possible is critical, as is ensuring proper skin preparation technique before placing electrodes on the patient. Frontline staff members should also strive to troubleshoot false alarms when they occur, not ignore them or find a way to work around them.
Still, these simple methods need to be held together by a core alarm management strategy.
“The only way to prevent alarm fatigue is through better alarm management,” says Pelczarski. “This is really a very complex issue. There are core strategies that can be effective, but they alone are not going to solve the problem. Each hospital and each care area within the hospital really has a unique set of circumstances with unique processes in place, unique vulnerabilities, and variations of many common problems.”
Elements such as patient population, clinical needs, staffing patterns and care models, the architectural layout of the care area, and the alarm coverage model will vary from place to place, says Pelczarski. Because all these elements vary, so do the specific underlying causes of alarm fatigue, she notes. A strategy needs to be developed, and just as an emergency management strategy needs to be facility specific, so does alarm management.
With a plan in place, Pelczarski recommends a few core strategies:
- Make all alarms actionable so that the nurses are only alerted to clinically significant alarms and system alarms that need a response. This can be addressed by analyzing whether the default alarm settings are appropriate for the patient population in question.
- Consider incorporating a brief delay in alarm notification (e.g., five to 10 seconds) so an alarm does not go off for a problem that quickly resolves. Pelczarski urges caution when implementing this strategy because hospitals need to think critically about what fits—it’s important to ensure that the delay does not jeopardize quick access to necessary critical care. She gives the example of one hospital that set a nine-second delay for ventilator alarms because alarms would sound every time a patient had a brief coughing spell. The delay ensured that alarms wouldn’t sound for brief episodes of coughing.
- Implement appropriate preventive maintenance. Routinely replace electrodes before they dry out. It may be advisable to replace them every 24 hours, depending on what types of electrodes are used.
- Address alarms as soon as they occur. Delayed alarm response contributes to alarm fatigue because the alarm perpetuates. Pelczarski notes this is especially important with “leads off” alarms, or alarms that sound when the patient is no longer being monitored because a lead fell off. The problem is twofold: the unaddressed constant alarm contributes to alarm fatigue, and the patient is not monitored until the alarm is addressed.
Where to start
A multidisciplinary team composed of a chief nursing officer or director of quality, key medical staff, clinical engineering, nurse managers, frontline nurses, patient safety officers, and IT staff should be gathered to begin the effort. The first step might be to analyze adverse events and near misses and whether they might be attributed to alarms. These data will allow the team to determine a starting point. It might also be a good idea to observe alarm coverage and survey staff members about their concerns regarding alarms, says Pelczarski.
Before implementing a new alarm notification system (e.g., the use of a mobile device for alarms), it’s important to think of all the potential failures of the new system, says Pelczarski. Think of what needs to be alarmed, what patients’ specific conditions are, and what your hospital’s current alarm culture is. The principles must remain the same, no matter what technology exists.
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Myths can be organised into three broad categories; etiological, heroic and folk tales. This is of course contestable, as the Myth that fits neatly within the contours of any academic designation is very rare. These categories however, tend to be informed by what many scholars have attempted to identify as the functional purpose of Myth. The numerous and diverse theories form a spectrum of comparative mythology. I have briefly explored some of these in previous posts, such as the ability to define society or cultural identity and explain natural phenomena. Other functions are more subtle, such as communicating anxieties and unrest within the collective unconscious and, perhaps the most interesting and insightful function of rationalising psychological behaviours and impulsions.
It’s my intention to outline the three broad types of Myth here, and return to create links to posts that represent strong examples. There may be many obvious examples I could refer to, but until I’ve explored and posted about them, I’d rather not get ahead of myself. This might be a good time to cheekily hint that, if you like, you can follow my blog and receive email notifications each time I post.
Etiological Myths are concerned with the divine, specifically, themes of creation and the actions of divine beings. Etiological Myths are chiefly set in the age of the gods, before the time of humans. They often interpret how mankind came to inherit the earth as it was (known as Cosmogony), or how humans first came into being. It is worth noting however, that gods and their actions, communications and general involvement of the affairs of humankind are visible across all types of Myth. There are Myths that also allude to either the early days of a utopian human existence, preceding the afflictions of disease, death and suffering, or the existence of an afterlife, that also capture an essence of the divine.
As a general rule, Myths that attempted to rationalise natural or psychological phenomena in the absence of scientific exploration seem best represented by this category. Deities are ascribed characteristics that associate them with specific phenomena, allowing people to interpret what they see around them as a reflection of that deities’ will, temperament or actions. Parallel to this ‘tangible’ interpretation of divine intervention, is the concept of human behaviour, action and emotion presided over by a custodial, divine being. A person overcome by their emotions or other such compulsions, may have been deemed helpless under the thrall of, or even temporarily inhabited by, the appropriated entity. Similarly, a person may be elevated beyond mortal ability when imbued or influenced by divine power. This is however, often very apparent in the second type of myth explored here.
Heroic myths are certainly not devoid of divine intervention, but are centred around the actions of mortal human characters who, more often than not, are descendants of the gods. Their divine lineage marks out these characters as heroes in their time, representing the best of humanity in terms of skill and ability, especially when concerned with fighting and combat. Whilst retaining ‘call-backs’ to etiological and divine myth, heroic myths appear less concerned with unexplained physical phenomena, as they are with social commentary and psychological exploration.
In some cases, as heroic myths are concerned with mortals and their burgeoning civilisation, they have a tendency towards historical recollections of actual or potentially true events; without dispensing fully with what we may describe in modern literature as the paranormal. It may be argued the the more grounded in realism a tale may be, the more apt it is to consider it Legend rather than Myth.
Folktales are less inclined to explore and explain relationships between humans, the natural world and the divine. They function rather to entertain, communicate instructional information and teach a moralistic lesson through allegory, in the manor of fables. This is not to suggest that they do not involve mythical creatures, magic, powerful artefacts and the like, as these elements can make for some of the most entertaining stories there are.
These elements are presented through some surprisingly specific and recognisable motifs and act metaphorically to communicate themes such as personal development or rights of passage. It is common for the protagonist of a Folk tale to demonstrate great wit and cunning in order to survive perilous situations or encounters with terrible creatures that represent some kind of social anxiety or concern.
From providing explanations of the world in etiological myth, exploring relationships between mankind and the divine, or preserving history through heroic myth, to demonstrating a social imperative through Folktales; Myths clearly serve a variety of recognisable and discrete purposes.Yet as myths may contain combinations and elements of all three categories discussed here, it may be frustrating or seem counterproductive to become too focused on setting out boundaries and distinctions. Approaching myths with a knowledge of these categories in mind however, may help deconstruct their intentions, therefore communicating both an understanding of the circumstances and times in which they were formed and an exposition of some longstanding issues that people continue to grapple with today.
Blackwell C W, Hackney Blackwell A, 2002, ‘Mythology For Dummies’, Wiley, Indiana
Meineck P, 2004, ‘Classical Mythology: The Greeks’, The Modern Scholar, purchased from http://www.audible.co.uk
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Popular types of illustrations include charcoal drawings, woodcuts, metal etchings, metal stamps, pen-and-ink drawings, pencil sketches, freehand digital illustrations and vector graphics. Each has a distinct appearance and is especially well-suited for specific applications.Continue Reading
Pen and pencil drawings often have elaborate, precise details and are useful in cookbooks, instruction manuals and other media containing step-by-step instructions. In the absence of digital illustration tools, pen and pencil drawings are suitable for technical diagrams.
Charcoal illustrations lack the minute precision of pen and pencil works but are a popular choice for illustrating short stories and nooks. Charcoal's blendability lets the artist create a range of textures to represent shadows, people, objects and the natural world. According to ArtHistory.net, charcoal illustrations are prone to smudging unless sprayed with a fixative.
Woodcutting is an ancient technique used in some of the world's oldest surviving manuscripts. It was popular during the Middle Ages and became the illustration type of choice after the invention of the printing press. Carved block illustrations made it possible for mass-produced books to have beautiful illustrations all printed from the same master cutting. The Metropolitan Museum of Art explains that woodcut illustrations were also extremely popular in feudal Japan.
Vector graphics are an important and useful type of digital illustration. Enlarging photographs and other digital art results in a grainy, pixelated image. Vector graphics behave differently and retain their smooth lines at all sizes. They are a popular choice for billboards, movie posters and company logos.Learn more about Drawing
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Women have different needs when it comes to birth control. Both hormonal and non hormonal types of contraception are available. Non hormonal types of contraception, such as condoms and spermicidal agents, are usually available without a prescription. An appointment is required to fit for a diaphragm. Hormonal contraception has many forms to meet individual needs; from pills to patches to rings and injections.
Appointments may be scheduled with a health care provider to discuss your specific needs and the type of contraception that may meet those needs.
Often, an exam may not be required to get you started on a form of contraception. Call 848-932-7402 for an appointment, or click here to access the online scheduling tool.
Types of Hormonal Contraception:
The Pill contains estrogen and progestin. The Pill works by suppressing ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovary). No egg means no fertilization. The Pill comes in a monthly or a 3 month pack and is taken daily. The menstrual bleeding you experience while on the Pill (or any hormonal contraception for that matter) is not really a menstrual period. The bleeding is in response to the withdrawal of the hormones. In the case of the Pill, this occurs when the inactive pills at the end of the pack are started. With the one month pack, a “period” occurs every month, whereas with the 3 month pack, the pill is taken continuously for 3 months so that your “period” occurs only four times a year. Many studies have been done which show this is a safe and effective regimen.
According to RU National College Health Assessment data (2006), the Pill is the most commonly used type of birth control at Rutgers. When used correctly, the Pill is 99.9% effective; only three women in 1000 will unintentionally become pregnant. In fact, it’s one of the most effective non-surgical methods when used consistently and correctly. Unintentional pregnancy associated with the Pill happens most often after a woman stops using the Pill and has unprotected sex without using another birth control method.
The Pill is available by prescription and often the cost of the prescription is less expensive when filled at the Rutgers Health Services Pharmacy.
“The Patch” is the Ortho Evra Transdermal Patch- a smooth beige transdermal square (about the size of a mini-post-it) that you put directly on your buttock, abdomen, or upper outer arm. “Transdermal” means that the estrogen and progestin are absorbed through your skin into your blood stream.
The Patch works much the same way as the Pill and is equally effective. It contains the hormones estrogen and progestin. It has a 99.2% success rate when used correctly. With typical use, eight out of 1000 women will unintentionally become pregnant while using the Patch.
Unlike the Pill, each Patch is worn for one week, for 3 weeks out of 4 weeks. You apply and change the Patch yourself weekly on the same day of the week. This gives you 3 weeks with the Patch and one week without to allow for your “period.”
The Patch only comes in one color, beige, so it is noticeable on most women’s skin. Some women report skin irritation (20%) where the Patch is adhered. This can be avoided by switching the location of “the Patch each week.
There is a higher steady state of hormones due to continuous absorption, so that a woman will be exposed to more estrogen-related risks over the 3 weeks of patch use compared to the Pill.
The Ring, or Nuvaring, is not as scary as it may sound. It is a 2-inch, soft, flexible, transparent ring that you insert into your vagina. It contains estrogen and progestin that are absorbed through the skin of the vagina. The Ring prevents pregnancy in the same way as the Pill does. The Nuvaring is 99.2%effective. About eight out of 1000 women using the Ring will unintentionally become pregnant.
The Ring has a 4-week schedule: 3 weeks with the Ring and one week without. It is similar to inserting a tampon into your vagina. After 3 weeks, the Ring is removed to allow for a “period.”
Depo Provera is commonly known as “The Shot.” It is an injection of synthetic progestin (no estrogen) into your shoulder or buttock that prevents pregnancy for 12 weeks. Only one shot is needed every three months to prevent pregnancy.
Depo Provera prevents ovulation, thickens cervical mucus, and thins endometrial tissue (the lining of your uterus). Depo Provera is 99.7% effective when used correctly and consistently. Only three in 1000 women will become pregnant unintentionally in the first year of use.
The Shot may cause a loss of the monthly period; this usually occurs after the third shot. Irregular bleeding patterns which are usually light may occur at any time. Fertility may be delayed for up to a year after stopping the Shot. Because the risk of bone loss in women who use the Shot for more than 2 years maybe significant, adequate daily calcium intake is important.
Intra-Uterine Device (IUD)
An IUD is a t-shaped plastic device that either contains progesterone or no hormones at all. It does not contain estrogen. The IUD prevents pregnancy by preventing fertilization. It is inserted into the uterus and can stay in place for 3-5 or 5-10 years (depending on the device). About 75% of women continue to use the IUD at one year, which is higher than seen with the Pill or Depo Provera. The IUD is a prescription birth control and is inserted by a health care provider. Contrary to popular belief, the IUD can be used by women who have never had children!
Potential Benefits of Hormonal Contraception:
Using hormonal contraception has other potential benefits. Each method has its own specific positives but in general:
- Decreased risk of breast cysts, ovarian and uterine cancer, as well as the incidence of ovarian cysts
- Sexual intercourse can still be spontaneous
- May help improve acne
- Hormonal methods are reversible-meaning that once you stop taking/using them, you can become pregnant
- Regulates your period and reduces menstrual cramps. Lighter periods
- Consistent contraceptive protection!!!
Potential Disadvantages of Hormonal Contraception:
As with all medicine, there are possible side effects of hormonal contraception. Make sure to inform your health care provider that you are using a form of hormonal contraception- especially if other medications are being prescribed. Not everyone will experience the same side effects, and some women will have severe or frequent side effects, while others will have minor or moderate ones. Side effects can include:
- Spotting or bleeding between periods (called “breakthrough” bleeding)
- Appetite changes
- Breast tenderness or fullness
- Mood changes, irritability, depression
- Changes in sex drive
- Hormonal changes can result in vaginal itching, increased vaginal discharge and possible vaginitis
- Skin irritation (with the Patch)
Hormonal contraception DOES NOT protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Most side effects usually clear after 2-3 months of using the particular method. If symptoms persist after 3 months, talk with your health care provider to discuss alternative methods.
To learn more about contraception: click here
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A strong earthquake has struck near the troubled nuclear power plant at the centre of Japan's radiation crisis, the meteorological agency said.
The agency said there was no fear of a tsunami following the quake, whose magnitude was recorded at 6.0 by the agency today.
Public broadcaster NHK said there was no immediate report of further damage to nuclear power plants in Fukushima, including the Fukushima No. 1, which was crippled by the March 11 quake and tsunami.
The number of people confirmed dead or missing after March 11 has topped 21,000.
Engineers have partially restored power to one of the control rooms at the plant, as radioactivity in the sea fuelled anxiety over food safety.
An external electricity supply has now been linked up to all six reactors at the Fukushima No 1 power station, more than a week after a 14-metre tsunami crippled the ageing facility.
In another small step towards regaining control of the plant, the lights came back on in the control centre of the number three reactor, making it easier for workers toiling to get the vital cooling systems working again.
"As of 10.43pm [local time] the control centre for reactor number three had its lighting on," an official from plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Co [Tepco} told reporters late yesterday.
The number three reactor is a particular concern because it contains a potentially volatile mixture of uranium and plutonium.
The twin quake and tsunami disaster, Japan's worst crisis since World War II, has left nearly 23,000 people dead or missing, with entire communities along the northeast coast swept away.
Now the shell-shocked nation faces an invisible threat from radiation seeping from the Fukushima No 1 plant, which lies just 250km from the greater Tokyo area and its 30 million inhabitants.
The health ministry advised residents in five towns or cities in Fukushima prefecture not to use tap water to make formula milk and other drinks for babies due to abnormally high radiation levels.
The government also ordered increased inspections of seafood after radioactive elements were detected in the Pacific Ocean near the Fukushima plant.
At one spot 8km from the troubled plant, radioactive iodine 80 times the normal level was found.
The government has halted shipments of some foodstuffs in nearby prefectures after the discovery of higher than normal levels of radiation in milk and certain vegetables, but it insists there is no health hazard.
"Food products that present abnormal levels [of radiation] will not appear on the market, so please don't worry. And even if you put such foods in your mouth, they will not have an immediate health risk," said Consumer Affairs Minister Renho, who uses only one name.
Nuclear plant staff and technicians, firefighters and military personnel are struggling to regain control of the overheating facility but spikes in radiation levels have at times forced the crews to suspend work.
The government has declared an exclusion zone with a radius of 20km around the power station and evacuated tens of thousands of people, while telling those within 20 to 30km to stay indoors.
An executive of the under-fire plant operator bowed deeply and apologised at evacuee centres to people forced from their homes by the crisis.
"Since I have tried to manage this problem hand-in-hand with the government, my visit here to directly meet you was belated," said Tepco vice-president Norio Tsuzumi.
"For this I also apologise from the bottom of my heart."
The plant has been hit by a series of blasts since the March 11 tsunami, in the worst nuclear crisis since the Chernobyl disaster in the Soviet Union in 1986.
France's Nuclear Safety Authority warned that local contamination from the Japanese plant would last "for decades and decades".
Workers were forced to evacuate part of the facility on Monday when grey smoke rose from reactor number three, TEPCO said.
Smoke or steam was also seen rising from the number two and number three reactors on Tuesday but work later resumed at the site.
Firefighters again used high-pressure water jets to cool the number three reactor.
A truck with a pump 50 metres high also sprayed water on the spent fuel pool of reactor four, where reduced water levels had led to overheating.
An even bigger truck-mounted concrete pump with a reach of more than 60 metres was on the way from China.
Evacuees endured another night of freezing temperatures, but aid was flowing into the affected areas in greater quantities, according to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
Some 533,000 people still had no household power and two million people were still without tap water, with 318,213 people huddled in evacuation centres across 16 prefectures, it reported.
But about 90 per cent of the national highways damaged in the twin disaster are now open to the public and more than 90 per cent of disrupted telecommunications have been restored, the UN agency said.
A series of strong quakes measuring above 6.0-magnitude rattled the northeast coast on Tuesday, keeping residents on edge, but there were no reports of damage or injuries.
Tokyo's stockmarket, which took a pummelling for most of last week, jumped 4.36 per cent as the Bank of Japan pumped another Y2 trillion ($24.5 billion) into the money market to calm jittery investors.
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It was an abrupt ending to what was a wonderful time with our North Korean orphan, "Jae Hwa". One evening about two years ago, a child in one of our group homes said she was leaving for a boarding school nearby. The house fell under a muffled silence after she left, as if covered in a thick blanket. Jae Hwa had been planning this with her father for months but nobody in the home knew.
Like all the children in this home, Jae Hwa’s mother was North Korean refugee who was purchased by a Chinese man. Her mother was captured by the Chinese police and sent back to a North Korean prison camp when Jae Hwa was eight-years-old. She came into Crossing Borders’ care in 2011, when she was 13-years-old.
Jae Hwa’s father went to South Korea to find work and kept in touch with his daughter by text message via the smart phone he purchased her.
The children in this home were allowed to have smart phones for this very purpose. As time went on, these phones became a nuisance. The kids were using them to play games and to text with their friends. It became harder to hold their attention and this led to conflict as the caretakers of this home would sometimes take these phones away.
Parents around the world are grappling with how to control their children’s smartphone use and so too are the caretakers of our North Kroean orphans. Not only do they have to deal with them as distractions but they must also be wary of the way our children portray their living conditions in these homes to their parents.
Jae Hwa would tell her father that she felt trapped in her home, that her caretakers were too strict and that she was unhappy. These accounts, one must note, were filtered through the lens of a teenage girl. She didn’t report any abuse or specific incidents of wrongdoing. What drove her away was the rigid structure of the home, something teens around the world struggle with.
Teenagers are impulsive. They make poor choices. They are reckless.
In 2012, National Geographic Magazine published a fascinating study on the teenage brain. It was once thought that brains are fully developed by the age of 10, recent studies found that teenagers have brains that are about 90 percent developed. This development could be one of the reasons why teenagers are so impulsive, the study said.
“These studies help explain why teens behave with such vexing inconsistency: beguiling at breakfast, disgusting at dinner; masterful on Monday, sleepwalking on Saturday,” the writer says. “Along with lacking experience generally, they're still learning to use their brain's new networks.”’
This might explain one of the factors to what we consider a poor decision on the part of Jae Hwa.
She thought that living in a dorm would allow her to do what she wanted. She thought that she would be able to go to play games at a local PC gaming business through the night. She thought she would be able to go to parties.
She realized that this wasn’t true at all.
Her dormitory has strict rules and in some ways is even stricter than her Crossing Borders group home.
Our caretakers are adjusting now. They are now loosening the grip they once held on our North Korean orphans. They are now allowed to go to birthday parties and their schedules are less rigid but for now, smartphones are banned in this home.
Jae Hwa visits the home every weekend for church and even brings her classmates along. She looks thin. She doesn’t like the food at the dorm and it does not offer meals on the weekends.
Every weekend our caretakers take Jae Hwa grocery shopping and they cook her any meal that she wants. They tell her repeatedly that she could come back to the home but she does not. Her father will not allow it based on the testimony she once gave him.
For now, all we can offer her are some meals, prayers and an open door.
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Internet Safety Guidelines
Student Health & Nursing Services
You are here:
Bullying Resources for Everyone:
Kids, Teens, Young Adults, Parents, Educators and the Community
Hampshire County Schools Policy
5517.01 - Harassment, Intimidation or Bullying
How to Report Harassment, Intimidation or Bullying in Hampshire County Schools
8 ways to Banish Bullying:
Gulp! What to do When Your Child is the Bully:
Top 5 Tips for Dealing with Bullying in Your Family:
Signs Your Child is a Bully or Being Bullied:
OMG-The Mean Girl Saga Starts at Age 4:
Cyberbullying Specific Articles:
Stop Cyber Bullying:
Cyberbullying is Parents’ #1 Fear:
How to be a Plugged-in Parent:
Bullying Statistics for 2011
Are you a bully?
(Quiz for kids)
Are you a bully?
(Quiz for girls)
Are you a bully or a bully in the making?
(Quiz for all)
Stop Bullying (links for Kids, Teens, Young Adults, Parents, Educators, and In the Community)
Kids's Health - Dealing with Bullies
Teens Health - Dealing with Bullying
It's My Life - Friends - Bullying - What is bullying?
Kid's Against Bullying
Big Bully - Are you Cyberbullying?
Are you a Cyberbully?
- (Take the survey to find out.)
STOP Cyberbullying - what is it? how it works? why cyberbully? prevention - take action - what's the law?
Cyberbullying Research Center ... identifying the causes and consequences of cyberbullying
iSafe - Cyberbullying - Dig Deeper
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry - Facts for Families about Bullying
Free PowerPoint Presentations about Bullying
- great for classroom teachers or group leaders
How to Report Bullying On Facebook
What to do about bullying - Tips for parents
other helpful links:
Internet Safety Links for Parents
- Look for the new links about Facebook and YouTube!
Hampshire County Schools
111 School Street
Romney, WV 26757
Dr. Jeffrey R. Crook
Phone: (304) 822-3528
Fax: (304) 822-3540
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Monday, September 15, 2008
Narrative Statement project 1
I have learned and gained a better understanding and perspective of how storyboarding, animations, and narratives are told and how to go about telling a narrative through a series of frames. In this project I have also learned how to ride a freebord and how to assemble one frontwards and backwards. Also through my process and viewing my classmates work I know that narratives can be told many ways depending on the narrator. In the beginning I enjoyed experimenting with different methods of depicting my two actions through drawing, collageing, thinking outside the box with metaphors and photography which was my choice of medium in the end. After choosing photography, I learned that editing is key into creating a good narrative. Changing the pace in a narrative by increasing and decreasing frames between scenes, transitioning between actions and actions and scenes to scenes can make the viewer or audience become engaged and in your narrative, especially when they are forced to use their imagination when I story doesn’t tell you everything.
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The Georges River was an important focal point for Aboriginal life and culture iin the southern Sydney region, offering both food, transport and dreamtime links. Several major language groups existed along the river: Eora to the east, Dharag to the west, north and north-east, Dharawal to the South and Gandangarra in the far south-west.
The early 1800s saw European settlers migrating to the areas along the Georges River. Much of the catchment was cleared for farmlands and housing, however the banks stayed relatively untamed due to their rugged slopes.
Development within the catchment has flourished since WWII. Today, the Georges River and surrounds are a highly significant landscape feature of the Sydney region and the Campbelltown environment. It is home to much of the biodiversity that can be found in the region, including an active Koala colony, and provides immense scenic value to the area. The corridor also offers a number of recreational opportunities for local residents.
Click here to download your copy of the Georges River Bushwalking Guide, and follow the links below to discover more about the walks available around the Georges River in Campbelltown.
Georges River Rd, Kentlyn
Freres crossing is a significant heritage site containing the remnants of an old wooden bridge that formed part of a connection between Campbelltown to Newcastle up to 1917. It is one of the most scenic sites along the Georges River in the Campbelltown area. Take a walk and enjoy the serene environment.
Frere's Crossing Walking Trail:
Distance: 2km return walk along established firetrail
Grade: Medium, includes hills. Trail surface is loose and rocky in places. Steep sections.
Suitable for: Bushwalking and experienced mountain bike riders.
Find out more about Frere's Crossing here.
Picnic Grove, Ingleburn
Situated on the Georges River, the reserve contains the historic Ingleburn Weir, which was constructed in the late 1930s to provide a swimming area for the local community. The reserve is home to a number of endangered plant species, as well as a range of native birds, some marsupials, other small mammals and reptiles.
Ingleburn Reserve Walking Trail:
Distance: 400m return walk takes visitors down to the weir.
Grade: Medium. Sandstone steps. Trail surface loose and rocky in places.
Suitable for: Bushwalking and picnics (picnic tables and toilet facilities are located at the reserve).
Find out more about Ingleburn Reserve here.
Keith Longhurst Reserve (The Basin)
Georges River Rd, Kentlyn
The Keith Longhurst Reserve is a 76 hectare bushland reserve with significant scenic and cultural values. The reserve, formerly known as The Basin Reserve, includes a number of walks down to the Georges River. The Dharawal people originally inhabited the area, and there are many sites of cultural significance.
The Basin Walking Track:
Distance: 2km return walk.
Grade: Medium. The end of the track is quite steep and is only recommended for people of
Suitable for: Bushwalking
The Old Ford Road Walking Track:
Distance: 2.6km return walk.
Grade: Easy. An established, sloping track, suitable for a wide variety of fitness levels.
Suitable for: Bushwalking and mountain biking.
Find out more about the Keith Longhurst Reserve here.
Simmo's Beach Reserve
Fifth Ave, Macquarie Fields
Simmo's Beach is located on the Georges River. Its easy access, picnic facilities and beach area make it a popular site for local residents. The features of the reserve such as extensive areas of bushland, proximity to the Georges River and connectivity with the Georges River Regional Open Space, means it provides a range of recreational opportunities.
Simmo's Beach Walking Trails:
Distance: Various tracks ranging from 500m to 1.5km return walks.
Grade: The tracks range from easy (paved, mostly flat) through to hard
(narrow, sloping, unsealed).
Suitable for: Bushwalking and picnics (picnic tables, BBQ and toilet facilities are located
at the reserve).
Find out more about Simmo's Beach Reserve here.
The Georges River
Georges River Nature Reserve, Georges River Rd,
Ph: (02) 4645 4921
Weather forecast provided by Bureau of Meteorology
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Water is life and needs to be respected. For the Indigenous people in Canada, there is a reciprocal and unique relationship with water. In particular, Indigenous women share a sacred connection to the spirit of water through their role as child bearers, and have particular responsibilities to protect and nurture water. The forces of colonization and the lack of services to sustain reserves (space), residential schools (relationships), and federally imposed Elected Council systems (governance) have led to a disconnect in the intergenerational transfer of knowledge surrounding water. As a consequence, communities have experienced loss of language, traditional practices, and the roles and responsibilities of Indigenous women related to water. In response, Indigenous women across the country are raising their voices to draw attention to water issues faced in Indigenous communities and the inequities in the involvement of Indigenous women in water governance. They are arguing for the necessity of restoring women’s rightful place in and responsibilities for water governance. Drawing from literature, inspirational examples, and personal communication with Indigenous men and women from across Canada, this article provides a framework that is guided by 10 key principles and seven mechanisms to support Indigenous women in reasserting and reclaiming their influence on water governance.
Water has significant cultural importance to Indigenous communities in Canada.
Indigenous women in particular share a sacred connection to the spirit of water through their role as child bearers and have particular responsibilities to protect and nurture water.
Through colonialism processes, inequities exist in the involvement of Indigenous women in water governance, necessitating the restoration of women‘s rightful place and responsibilities in water governance.
Indigenous women across the country are raising their voices to draw attention not only to water issues faced in Indigenous and wider communities.
As principles and mechanisms are applied to re-empower and support Indigenous women in their role as water stewards and to be part of or lead the water governance dialogue, challenges can be overcome.
The Earth is said to be a woman. In this way it is understood that woman preceded man on the Earth. She is called Mother Earth because from Her come all living things. Water is Her life blood. It flows through Her, nourishes Her, and purifies Her.1
No matter where people reside, what we do for a living, our beliefs, or age, all of us must relate to water in order to live.2 Water is fundamental for our individual and community health, well-being, and sustainability as well as for ecological integrity and function. For Indigenous people in Canada (First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples, nations, or communities) there is a reciprocal and unique relationship with the water; Indigenous women especially are recognized as having a special role and connection with water as they are life-givers.3 Across Canada there has been a movement within Indigenous Nations to “rebuild the connections that have been altered or lost through Western influences, starting with the spiritual and cultural bonds they have had to water.”4 As the traditional ‘water-keepers‘ or ‘care takers‘ of the water, it is predominately Indigenous women who are leading these efforts. Water is an increasingly contested issue as Indigenous Canadian communities continue to assert Aboriginal Title, Treaty, and Rights regarding lands and waters within their traditional territories, revealing the complexity of future water planning, management, and governance. Most recently, the Supreme Court of Canada declared that the Tsilhqot‘in peoples have Aboriginal Title to over 1,700 square kilometers of their traditional territory.5 While Aboriginal Title to water was not specifically discussed in this decision, it is predicted that it has laid the foundation for Indigenous communities to assert their rights and make claims to water sources within their traditional territories.6
This article reflects on the relationships Indigenous women have to water, the impact of decolonization on, and inequities in the involvement of Indigenous women in water governance, and the need for restoring women‘s rightful place and responsibilities in these processes. There are nuanced interpretations and different experiences associated with these processes, thus it is not the intent to reflect the views of all Indigenous people across Canada or to provide a thorough discussion on the numerous issues that contextually surround Indigenous women and water. Rather, the intent is to provide instructive examples that represent these different histories. Among the most prominent, colonization and the lack of services to sustain reserves (space), residential schools (relationships), and federally imposed Elected Council systems (governance) have led to a disconnect in the transfer of knowledge. As a consequence, Indigenous communities have suffered a loss of language, traditional practices, and the roles and responsibilities of Indigenous women related to water. This is a reflection of selected literature, water-related events and initiatives, and interviews conducted with eight Indigenous men and women from across Canada in order to explore solutions to engaging Indigenous women in water governance. For the purpose of this paper, water governance refers to the processes and institutions related to the development and management of water resources.7
While the interviewees represented a variety of Nations from many locations (north, south, east, and west) and included both men and women, they do not represent all Nations, or present an exhaustive list of views and perspectives held by Indigenous peoples with regard to water in Canada. It has been a privilege to hear the insights provided by these Indigenous men and women and we deeply appreciate and respect the time they took to share their stories, experiences, and insight with us on this important topic. Some respondents requested to remain anonymous and others agreed to share their names.
Indigenous Communities, Women, and Water
Water has significant cultural importance to Indigenous communities in Canada. For Indigenous peoples and their ways of life, water is a living thing, a spiritual entity with “life-giving” forces, which comes with certain duties and responsibilities to ensure that it is respected, protected, and nurtured.8–11 As Ardith Walkem, an Indigenous lawyer of the Nlaka’pamux Nation in British Columbia (BC) explains,explains, “Water is the lifeblood of the land and of the indigenous peoples and cultures that rely upon it.”12 For Indigenous peoples, water quantity and quality are not only ecological and health issues but also parts of a much broader holistic perspective which recognizes that all aspects of Creation are interrelated.13 Water is not only for drinking but also has traditionally and continuously been used in ceremonies, to grow medicines, and for cleansing and purification.3,8
Water is provided by Mother Earth, and mothers create children in water (amniotic fluid). Water is sacred and must be cared for, because without mothers and the water provided by Mother Earth we would not exist.10 Indigenous women have a strong and distinct physical and spiritual relationship with water and have traditionally been tasked with caring for it as it provides us with our first water environment in the womb, announces our birth, and sustains life. Thus, Indigenous women are often called the “Keepers of the Water” or “Carriers of the Water,”2,3,14,15 as the inheritors of water knowledge, protection, and management.9 As Animkiiquay (Katherine Morrisseau-Sinclair) from the Bear Clan and member of the Mideahniquay Society of Three Fires Midewiwin Society explains:
We teach our daughters and granddaughters they are the caretakers and protectors of the water and how to use the sacred water bundle that we have been blessed to carry to help us do this work. This bundle holds the traditional teachings, songs, prayers and ceremonies of our Ancestors generations back.16
Attached to this role as caretakers of the water are the responsibilities to respect, honor, and express our gratitude to water and its spirit through ceremonies and songs, enabling water to fulfill its role to provide for Mother Earth and, in turn, all her creatures, including humans.9,10 For example, given that women are especially strong in spirit during their “moon time” and the moon cycles with the water, there are songs that Indigenous women will sing to Grandmother Moon to acknowledge how women are tied to water and Mother Earth, water within us, and the water that sustains us.17
T’souke Elder teaching youth and CIER staff how to bless the waters in prayer.
Through this caretaker role, women also care for and protect the water in various ways (e.g., talking circles, water walks, and protecting water sources through traditional protocols).18,19 Gugula, an Indigenous woman from Joeyaska reserve in central interior British Columbia, explained that her “grandmother’s role was to ensure everyone adhered to the traditional protocols that informed how we, collectively as a community, were to care for this particular water resource.”20 Across Canada, several groups of Indigenous women are also advocating for clean drinking water and raising awareness on a political level about the impacts development is having on our water resources.
The forces of colonization have worked to create disconnects with the land and therefore in the role of women in water governance. Through the historical process of colonization (e.g., loss of lands and resources, the establishment of reserves, residential schools, foreign religions, and other federal government laws and policies to maintain control over Indigenous peoples and communities), a culture of discrimination and disenfranchised women and children has emerged. This has been achieved primarily through disconnecting Indigenous people from the land and from the knowledge and practices of previous generations; mothers were not able to learn from their mothers and in turn, were unable to teach their children to become mothers. The result is a myriad of social, political, health, and economic challenges such as substance abuse, lower life expectancy, suicide, and chronic health conditions that continue to plague communities.
“The status of Indigenous women has been under attack since the colonization
of our territories began.
Restoring the role of Indigenous women
in all forms of governance
would interrupt this and begin to restore our governance.”21
Inequities exist in the involvement of Indigenous women in water governance, necessitating the restoration of women’s rightful place in and responsibilities to water governance. Indigenous women face inequities when compared to their Canadian peers, in part as an outcome of colonization and subsequent termination and assimilation policies such as the Indian Act,22,23 which disempowered Indigenous women and excluded them from decision-making processes.4,24 These decisions are the ones that have frequently resulted in the proliferation of high risk drinking water systems in many Indigenous communities in Canada. Several factors such as fragmented jurisdictional issues, marginalization through placing Indigenous communities on reserves, inadequate financial resources and infrastructure, disempowerment, small population size, and physical remoteness of communities have contributed to these high risk systems.
The important relationship between Indigenous women and water is largely ignored. For example, Indigenous women were not part of the national expert panel assembled in 2006 to explore options for a regulatory framework to ensure safe drinking water in communities.25 However, despite the forces of colonization that displaced Indigenous women from their traditional roles as leaders and teachers within their communities, and devalued their knowledge and contributions to sustaining community and creation,9,22,25 Indigenous women continue to show resiliency and strength. They are reasserting their responsibility in nationhood and sustainability and creating contemporary roles in decision-making around water issues at the local, regional, and national levels.
Sharing Water Experiences
Indigenous women across the country are raising their voices to draw attention not only to water issues faced in Indigenous communities, but also water issues that affect all Canadians. The following are a few inspirational illustrations of specific events and initiatives from across Canada. These activities empower and support Indigenous women, building a movement of understanding about the role Indigenous women play with regards to water, the inequities in the involvement of women in water governance, and the need for restoring women’s rightful place in these processes. These experiences support not only awareness but also the participation of Indigenous women in local, regional, and national water dialogues.
Mother Earth Water Walkers
In 2003, a group of Anishinaabe women led by Grandmother Josephine Mandamin of the 3 Fires Lodge initiated the Mother Earth Water Walks (MEWWS) to raise awareness of water issues, both the sacred connection between people – especially women – and the waters, and how women take care of water.26 The first of these water walks took place in the spring of 2003, when the group walked around Lake Superior with a copper pail (due to its sacred and healing properties) of water to draw attention to the need for action regarding water issues. There were subsequent walks each year around the Great Lakes. The MEWWs have become an action of solidarity as many women have taken up the role of speaking and caring for water, renewing their traditional responsibilities,27 and supporting each other. Katherine Morrisseau-Sinclair is one Indigenous woman that was inspired by Grandmother Josephine Mandamin to start the Lake Winnipeg Water Walk and commit to taking care of Lake Winnipeg.28 In recognition for their work, Morrisseau-Sinclair and the Lake Winnipeg Water Walk received the 2014 Champion for Sustainability award from the Manitoba Round Table for Sustainable Development and the Department of Conservation and Water Stewardship.29
Yinka Dene Alliance
After a week-long water and leadership workshop during which they carried and cared for jars of water, Elder and Youth Water Leaders returned the water to the Similkameen River.
In BC, pipeline development has spurred Indigenous women to rally their communities to achieve a unified, stronger voice for water. As the Enbridge gas company was proposing the Northern Gateway Pipeline to various communities along its routes, a group of Indigenous women from the Saik’uz First Nation focused on building ties with other First Nations in BC. The result was the Yinka Dene Alliance, consisting of six First Nations that united to stop the pipeline. The alliance is drawing on Canadian, international, and Indigenous law to prevent the expansion of the oil industry while organizing campaigns to raise awareness of the devastating impacts of oil sands extraction. The Alliance developed the Save the Fraser Declaration, signed by over 1,600 First Nations and allied American Indian groups, which bans pipelines from their traditional territories in the Fraser River watershed.30
Ontario Indigenous Women’s Water Commission
The Ontario Indigenous Women’s Water Commission (OIWWC) was established by the Ontario Native Women’s Association (ONWA). It represents women from across the 54 ONWA locals, their board members, and Elders. The OIWWC “strives to reassert and promote the traditional and inherent roles of Indigenous women as the caretakers of the waters by engaging in traditional practices, participating in education and planning on water issues, and forming relationships among Indigenous women.”9 The OIWWC developed aWater Rights Toolkit with input from local Elders and community members that recognizes the unique relationship that Indigenous women share with water. It was created to empower Indigenous women who are confronted with water-rights issues and to support them to effectively engage in decision-making processes around water at the community and governmental levels.9
The Centre for Indigenous Environmental Resources
The Centre for Indigenous Environmental Resources (CIER), a First Nation-directed environmental nonprofit organization with charitable status, has been working on Indigenous water issues for many years.31 From 2012 to 2013, CIER led an ambitious and successful ‘Youth Water Leaders’ project where 16 Indigenous youth (of which eight were female) from four different communities (Beausoleil First Nation, Lower Similkameen Indian Band, Iskatewizaagegan #39 Independent First Nation, and Fort Smith) representing each of Canada’s four main watersheds were engaged in and educated about water issues. This initiative gave the youth an opportunity to become leaders in the challenge to have universal access to safe drinking water and healthy freshwater ecosystems across the country. During four, week-long workshops (one in each partnering community), the youth learned from and were inspired by a variety of Elders and community and Canadian leaders from media, politics, advocacy, literary, science, and other relevant fields. The youth were commissioned to work together to craft real solutions to water issues, which they implemented with the support of their local communities and CIER. Respected Indigenous women were involved in each workshop to share with the youth traditional teachings about water and how it is being managed and perform water ceremonies. In one particular exercise, the youth had to take care of a jar of water for a week, put positive energies into the water, speak lovingly to the water, and take it everywhere they went. At the end of the workshop week, they returned the water to the river. This taught the youth that water is life and deserves to be taken care of and respected. Since completing this program, female Indigenous youth from Iskatewizaagegan #39 formed an environmental and water organization called Ferda Water. The group has implemented a peer-to-peer learning approach by sharing what they have done with youth from other First Nations (e.g., starting a community garden and water testing workshops). As a result, those youth have gone back to implement similar initiatives.32
Water Declaration of the First Nations in Ontario
In October 2008, First Nations communities from across Ontario met in Garden River First Nation to share their perspectives on water and to discuss current water issues and models on how to move forward in protecting the waters. This led to the Water Declaration of the Anishinaabek, Mushkegowuk and Onkwehonwe in Ontario, which explains the importance of water to the First Nations culture and their responsibilities to protect and respect the waters for future generations. The Declaration clearly articulates the important role Anishinaabek, Mushkegowuk, and Onkwehonwe women play as “the keepers of the waters as women bring babies into the world carried on by the breaking of the water and;…through the teachings of women have the responsibility to care for the land and the waters by our Creator.”33
“Aboriginal women have a special connection to water
that mainstream society has not considered in formal decision-making processes.
This lack of recognition has not stopped Aboriginal women from
fulfilling their obligations.
They continue to do as they have always done,
guided by spiritual teachings, traditions, values, and ceremonies.”25
Mi’kmaq Women Protest
Indigenous people around the country are rising up to stand against developments that impact water. In October of 2013, a protest against shale gas exploration in New Brunswick came to a head against Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officers. The majority of protestors were Mi’kmaq women who were upholding their traditional responsibilities to care for the water. The women drummed, sang, prayed, and smudged RCMP officers. However, the protest escalated to the point where the RCMP intervened with tear gas, pepper spray, rubber bullets, and dogs for crowd control and arrested 40 people. A respected Mi’kmaq Elder from Elsipogotg First Nation said that it should not be called a protest, saying rather, “I want to call it protect. We are here to protect our water, our land. We have a river. It’s a beautiful river. We love it and respect it.”34
Weaving the Threads of Indigenous Engagement and Empowerment
Josephine Mandaman, a First Nations Grandmother, Anishinaabekwe from Manitoulin Island, during a water blessing ceremony at the Hudson River before the 2014 People’s Climate March in New York.
Water is life and needs to be respected. With Indigenous women’s sacred connections to water comes responsibilities to protect and nurture it for current and future generations. Indigenous women’s voices need to be valued and their positions re-established in their roles regarding water governance to better inform the water governance dialogue at all scales. As this is a national problem that requires local solutions, how this is accomplished will vary across the country depending on several factors, including the historical role of Indigenous women, internal and external influences, and readiness and available capacity to engage. However, through developing these solutions, there are some overarching principles articulated in documents such as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the process provided for in both the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples Report, and the Truth and Reconciliation Report, in addition to leading Supreme Court of Canada decisions respecting and incorporating traditional teachings and knowledge into how water is governed and improving gender equity through shared leadership. Ultimately, the engagement and empowerment of Indigenous women will contribute towards promoting the sustainability of our waters, lands, communities, and families.
Through literature, inspirational examples, and personal communication with Indigenous men and women from across Canada, a framework emerged that is guided by several key principles and mechanisms to support the success of engaging and re-empowering Indigenous women in water governance. This framework of principles and mechanisms can support a discussion on how Indigenous women will reassert their traditional and contemporary roles as caretakers of water.
In order to effectively support Indigenous women in asserting their traditional role as the “Keepers of the Water,” the following principles should be considered:
- Knowledge sharing and shared learning: Indigenous women knowing their history, and opportunities for gathering to listen, share, and reflect in different ways (e.g., speaking, walking, and ceremonies) and spaces (e.g., on the land, in workshops, and in online forums).
- Scale of connections: Once Indigenous women have knowledge, they can organize at different scales (locally, nation-to-nation, provincially, and nationally).
- Communication: Communication between Indigenous women, non-Indigenous women, and others will take varying amounts of time and require different strategies, including harnessing social media and other outlets to share and retain experiences and knowledge.
- Flexibility, time, and patience: Change, and the processes by which change occurs, cannot be prescribed. Change must be organic, emerging from communities while recognizing the need for balance between the urgency of need, constraints of time, and resources available.
- Relationships: Taking the time to establish relationships through respect and gaining trust; the importance of listening; and, mutual respect for different cultures (e.g., historical influences, traditional protocols, and ceremonies).
- Readiness for change: Having the desire, space, and capacity for Indigenous women to engage in a water dialogue through planning and engagement with local, provincial, and national governments.
- Roles and responsibilities: Solutions will require different stakeholders, including NGOs, governments, and academia across levels to start action and facilitate change.
- Engagement: Engagement processes will be different across Canada, but women should be the drivers of the engagement process.
- Values: Even though contexts (economic, social, environmental, and cultural) continue to change, values remain the same and it is essential to find ways to incorporate traditional values.
- Leadership: Providing opportunities and resources for Indigenous women to take on a variety of culturally appropriate and self-defined leadership roles.
Pathways to Success
The following mechanisms can be employed to develop and implement these processes while upholding the key principles to support Indigenous women in reasserting and reclaiming their influence on water governance:
- Using shared approaches: Enable Indigenous and non-Indigenous women, groups, and communities to learn from one another, engage, and re-empower Indigenous women to influence water governance processes.
- Clear, tangible, actionable solutions: Learn from other actionable solutions that have successfully involved and promoted Indigenous women, such as the unity of six First Nations to develop the Yinka Dene Alliance or the OIWWC, which was constituted by Indigenous women.
- Identification of key individuals and the role of traditional knowledge holders: For example, the Water Walkers recognize and embrace/act upon/reclaim the important role of traditional knowledge holders in raising awareness about the importance of water.
- Tools, skills, and knowledge platforms: Scale out of proven solutions requires sharing experiences and knowledge that can kick-start action without having to reinvent the canoe. Innovations in information and computer technologies are making this global shared learning more accessible to more people. In order to maximize the impact of these resources, training opportunities are required by everyone involved with water to ensure the ability to discern, analyze, and implement solutions.35 There are international resources showcasing the development and utility of tools, skills, and knowledge platforms that could be adapted for engaging and empowering Indigenous women in water governance.36,37 Other national examples could include the creation of a proposed Indigenous water security toolkit that has an Indigenous gender lens or an online knowledge portal where Indigenous women can virtually meet and discuss collaborative opportunities for starting action and creating change with regards to Indigenous women’s role in water governance.
- Sufficient resources and adequate timing to facilitate maximum participation: Indigenous women often lack the resources (financial, human, technical, time) to adequately engage in water governance processes and create sustainable change. These constraints need to be recognized, understood, and negated/neutralized to facilitate maximum participation.
- A safe and respectful space to gather and participate in a meaningful manner: For example, using traditional rules of engagement, opening meetings with traditional ceremonies, and involving and recognizing Elders when appropriate.
- Engagement needs to be efficient and effective: Problems need to be addressed by sharing solutions, establishing concrete action plans, implementing these plans in a timely manner, and ensuring success through iterative evaluation.38
“We continue to educate and support women’s knowledge of the
important role water plays in both the traditional sense and the
environmental sense, and how valuable their role is in protecting the water.
We restore their roles through educating and through traditional knowledge.”39
There are several potential barriers to engaging Indigenous women and supporting them in their water stewardship roles. The solutions to these types of challenges will vary and will require a multipronged approach. However, to address these solutions requires building relationships based on respect, reconciliation, and responsibility. One barrier that must be overcome is that traditional knowledge keepers are often not involved in dialogues and decision-making and appropriate cultural protocols are not acknowledged. Another barrier is that men often dominate leadership positions without engaging Indigenous women. For example, in some paternalistic-based Indigenous communities where women are not allowed to participate in certain cultural ceremonies (e.g., sweat lodges or using a traditional drum), fewer women are in leadership roles. On the other hand, in some maternalistic-based Indigenous communities that have been influenced by colonial processes, Indigenous women have lost their traditional roles as water leaders. A third barrier is the broader impact from colonialism (e.g., residential schools, disconnect to the land, loss of language and culture) and the need for truth and reconciliation providing an additional incentive to move forward with engaging Indigenous women in reclaiming their role in water governance.
In order to collectively overcome these barriers, it is essential to redress the balance of women from economic, cultural, and social perspectives. This will only happen if time and money are not used as excuses to constrain the processes because the “best decisions take the appropriate length of time.” It is a balancing act to bring traditional knowledge, values, and practices into new processes, although increasingly the balance is being recognized and operationalized. As people continue to understand and respect the role of Indigenous women, they will continue to embrace opportunities to engage them in water governance processes.
A Fisher River Cree Nation Elder shares stories of historical and contemporary uses of water, and women’s roles as caretakers of the water.
As these principles and mechanisms are applied, Indigenous women will be supported and re-empowered in their roles as water stewards and leaders of the water governance dialogue. The inspirational illustrations of specific events and initiatives from across Canada shared in this reflection have resulted in: i) renewing traditional responsibilities of Indigenous women; ii) the development of declarations to protect land and resources and re-establish Indigenous women’s roles as water leaders in task forces, working groups, and new administrative positions in community, local, and national governance; and, iii) the creation of a youth environmental and water organization. While the broader outcomes are plentiful and will vary across contexts, these are just a few that can be highlighted from these reflections.
Bringing Indigenous women together not only supports efforts in asserting their traditional roles as the “keepers of the water,” but also engages Indigenous women (at different scales) in water stewardship activities. While not necessarily true at the individual level, collectively, women have been identified as effective agents of change and innovators of solutions.38 Harnessing the gender traits and traditional roles of Indigenous women in particular, could lead to policy development that, in addition to addressing ecological integrity, community sustainability, and cultural restoration, addresses broader gender equality. It further creates opportunities for children to learn traditional practices related to water alongside their mothers and a critical space for Indigenous women to connect, learn, and share for sustainable empowerment and engagement. Ultimately, it is essential to create kinship among Indigenous women and non-Indigenous peoples to protect water resources and the environment for future generations.
“A traditional role of women in water governance will allow us to undertake
activities that are respectful of water and thus attempt to keep our society
These outcomes can only be realized through a willingness, on behalf of all people (Indigenous and non-Indigenous, men and women), to understand and act upon the recognition of gender equities, the lack of access to efficient and safe drinking water in Indigenous Canadian communities, and the importance of reconciliation between Indigenous communities and the rest of Canadian society. In developing solutions to these three issues, they cannot be viewed in isolation but as a collective that can be used to catalyze change and overcome the historical intergenerational, intergovernment, and intergender complexities that will move us towards a sustainable society from an equitable water security perspective.
Josephine Mandamin (Anishinaabekwe), The “Water Walker”
- Benton-Banai, E. The Mishomis Book: The Voice of the Ojibway (Indian County Communications, Hayward WI, 1998).
- Craft, A. Anishninaabe Nibi Inaakonigewin report: Reflecting the water laws research gathering conducted with Anishinaabe Elders [online] (2013). http://create-h2o.ca/pages/annual_conference/presentations/2014/ANI_Gath….
- McGregor, D & Whitaker, S. Water quality in the province of Ontario: An aboriginal knowledge perspective. Prepared for the Chief of Ontario [online] (2001). http://www.chiefs-of-ontario.org/sites/default/files/files/TEKwaterCOOpa….
- Phare, MP. Restoring the lifeblood: Water, First Nations and opportunities for change [online] (Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation, Toronto, 2011). http://www.onwa.ca/upload/documents/first-nation-water-report-lo-res.pdf.
- McCue, D. Tsilhqot’in land ruling was a game changer [online] (2014). http://www.cbc.ca/news/aboriginal/tsilhqot-in-land-ruling-was-a-game-cha….
- POLIS Project on Ecological Governance. Tsilhqot’in Nation v B.C. Summary of Panel Discussions on the Supreme Court of Canada Decision [online] (2014). http://poliswaterproject.org/sites/default/files/Tsilhqot’inPanelBrief….
- Government of British Columbia. British Columbia’s Water Act Modernization: Technical Background Report (Government of British Columbia, Victoria BC, 2010).
- Lavalley, G. Aboriginal traditional knowledge and source water protection: First Nations’ views on taking care of water (Chiefs of Ontario, Toronto ON, 2006).
- Ontario Native Women’s Association. Ontario Indigenous Women’s Water Commission Toolkit [online] (2014).http://www.onwa.ca/upload/documents/water-commission-toolkit-final.pdf.
- Longboat, S. First Nations water security: Security for Mother Earth. Canadian Woman Studies 30(2/3): 6–13 (2015).
- Personal Communication, 2016.
- Walkem, A. The Land is Dry: Indigenous Peoples, Water, and Environmental Justice in Eau Canada (ed Bakker, K.) (UBC Press, Vancouver, 2007): 303-319.
- McGregor, D. Linking traditional knowledge and environmental practice in Ontario. Journal of Canadian Studies: 69–100 (2009).
- Anderson, K. Aboriginal women, water and health: Reflections from Eleven First Nations, Inuit, and Métis Grandmothers [online] (2010). http://www.pwhce.ca/pdf/women.
- Personal Communication 2016.
- Morrisseau-Sinclair, K. Personal Communication, 2016.
- Personal Communication, 2016.
- Cave, K. Exploring the Influences of Institutions on Water Governance and Management: First Nation Case Study. University of Waterloo [online] (2012). http://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/10012/6492/3/Cave_Katherine_2012.pdf.
- Personal Communication, 2016.
- Personal Communication, 2016.
- Spillett, T, Nehiyaw (Cree). Personal Communication, 2016.
- Assembly of First Nations. Submission in support of the 4th National Aboriginal Women’s Summit – Promoting Empowerment, Equity and Leadership [online] (2014). http://www.afn.ca/uploads/files/end_violence/afn_wc_nawsivsubmission.pdf.
- Department of Justice Canada. Indian Act (R.S., 1985, c.1-5) (Department of Justice Canada, Ontario, 1985).
- Personal Communication, 2016.
- McGregor, D. Anishinaabe-Kwe, traditional knowledge and water protection. Canadian Woman Studies 26(3/4): 26–31 (2008).
- Mother Earth Water Walk. PowerPoint presentation on Mother Earth Water Walk [online] (2010). www.motherearthwaterwalk.com.
- McGregor, D. Indigenous women, water justice and zaagidowin (love). Canadian Woman Studies 30(2/3),:71–78 (2015).
- Morrisseau-Sinclair, K. Lake Winnipeg Water Walk [online] (2014). http://lakewinnipegwaterwalk.ca/a-personal-statement-to-help-you-underst….
- Government of Manitoba. 2014 Manitoba Excellence in Sustainability Award Winners Announced [online] (2015).http://news.gov.mb.ca/news/index.html?item=33850&posted=2015-01-28.
- Nobel Women’s Initiative. Breaking ground: Women, oil and climate change in Alberta and British Columbia [online] (2013).http://nobelwomensinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Breaking-Gro….
- Centre for Indigenous Environmental Resources [online]. yourcier.org.
- Centre for Indigenous Environmental Resources (CIER). Ferda Water Shoal Lake #39 First Nation Community Water Action Plan [online] (2014). http://iffculture.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Community-Water-Action-P….
- Chiefs of Ontario. Water Declaration of the Anishinaabek, Mushkegowuk and Onkwehonwe in Ontario [online] (2010).http://www.chiefs-of-ontario.org/sites/default/files/files/COO%20water%2….
- Troian, M. Mi’kmaq anti-fracking protest brings women to the front lines to fight for water [online] (2013).http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/11/10/mikmaq-anti-frackin….
- Schuster-Wallace, CJ & Sandford, RW. Water in the world we want – catalysing national water-related sustainable development. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health and United Nations Office for Sustainable Development [online] (2015). http://inweh.unu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Water-in-the-World-We-Wa….
- Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. National Water Knowledge and Research Platform. Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia [online] (2012). https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/d60c10f0-35e2-4050-896….
- Camkin, J. Sharing stakeholder knowledge in water resource management across boundaries and interfaces: experiences from Australia and New Zealand UNESCO HELP basins. Proceedings of the TWAM2013 International Conference & Workshops [online].http://icm.landcareresearch.co.nz/knowledgebase/publications/public/TWAM….
- Schuster-Wallace, CJ, Cave, K, Bouman-Dentener, A & Holle, F. Women, WaSH, and the Water for Life Decade. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health and the Women for Water Partnership (2015).
- Big Eagle, L. Personal Communication, 2016.
- Paul, K. Personal Communication, 2016.
The Turtle Lodge is sharing this original song for Nibi – the Water. The song was gifted to the Turtle Lodge by Zoongi Gabowi Ozawa Kinew Ikwe (Strong Standing Golden Eagle Woman), Anishnabe Nation, Crane Clan (Ojijak), who received the song in a dream.
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Learn all about types of landforms with two styles of PowerPoint (each has 26 pages)! I've uploaded two different presentations, both with the same content, but with differing graphics so you can choose which your students would enjoy more. One is very simple, one has adorable bear graphics.
The landforms covered in each presentation are:
* Please note that in order to use the full PowerPoint with all animations (and the font I used), you will need Lovin' Lit's "LLElementary" font and "Sketchblock" font for the Bears presentation, and "Sketchblock" and "Kreon" fonts for the basic presentation. All are available for free download at the links below.
Sketch Block: http://www.dafont.com/sketch-block.font
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This is an original 12 page, post reading, reading comprehension assessment on "Who Was Ulysses S. Grant" by Megan Stine. It inludes multiple choice questions on the complete novel, context clues vocabulary, and True and False questions.
A ideal post reading compehension evaluation.
Answer Key Included.
Perfect for both Grade 4 & 5.
Mrs. Lena, M.Ed.
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Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington
He was the fourth son of Philip Cottington of Godmanston in Somersetshire. According to Hoare, his mother was Jane, daughter of Thomas Biflete, but according to Clarendon, "a Stafford nearly allied to Sir Edward Stafford", through whom he was recommended to Sir Charles Cornwallis, ambassador to the court of Philip III of Spain, becoming a member of his suite and acting as English agent on the latter's recall, from 1609 to 1611.
In 1612 he was appointed English consul at Seville. Returning to England, he was made a clerk of the council in September 1613. His Spanish experience rendered him useful to King James, and his bias in favour of Spain was always marked. He seems to have promoted the Spanish policy from the first, and pressed on Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, conde de Gondomar, the Spanish ambassador, the proposal for the Spanish in opposition to the French marriage for Prince Charles (later King Charles I).
After his return he was appointed secretary to Prince Charles in October 1622, and was knighted and made a baronet in 1623. He strongly disapproved of the prince's expedition to Spain, as an adventure likely to upset the whole policy of marriage and alliance, but was overruled and chosen to accompany him. His opposition greatly incensed George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, and still more his perseverance in the Spanish policy after the failure of the expedition, and on Charles I's accession Cottington was through his means dismissed from all his employments and forbidden to appear at court. The duke's assassination, however, enabled him to return.
He was a Roman Catholic at least at heart, becoming a member of that communion in 1623, returning to Protestantism, and again declaring himself a Roman Catholic in 1636, and supporting the cause of the Roman Catholics in England. On 12 November 1628 he was made a privy councillor, and in March 1629 appointed chancellor of the exchequer. In the autumn he was again sent as ambassador to Spain; he signed the peace treaty of 5 November 1630 and subsequently a secret agreement arranging for the partition of the Dutch Republic between Spain and England in return for the restoration of the Palatinate. On 10 July 1631 he was created Baron Cottington of Hanworth in Middlesex.
In March 1635 he was appointed master of the Court of Wards and Liveries, and his exactions in this office added greatly to the unpopularity of the government. He was also appointed a commissioner for the Treasury, together with William Laud, and a fierce rivalry sprang up between the two men. However, in their personal encounters Cottington nearly always had the advantage, because he practised great reserve and possessed great powers of self-command, an extraordinary talent for dissembling, and a fund of humour. Laud completely lacked these qualities, and although really possessing much greater influence with Charles, he was often embarrassed and sometimes exposed to ridicule by his opponent.
The aim of Cottington's ambition was the place of lord treasurer, but Laud finally triumphed and secured it for his own nominee, Bishop Juxon, when Cottington became "no more a leader but meddled with his particular duties only." He continued, however, to take a large share in public business and served on the committees for foreign, Irish, and Scottish affairs. In the last, appointed in July 1638, he supported the war, and in May 1640, after the dismissal of the Short Parliament, he declared it his opinion that at such a crisis the king might levy money without the Parliament. His attempts to get funds from the City of London were unsuccessful, and he had recourse instead to a speculation in pepper.
He had been appointed constable of the Tower, and he now prepared the fortress for a siege. In the trial of Strafford in 1641, Cottington denied on oath that he had heard him use the incriminating words about "reducing this kingdom". When the parliamentary opposition became too strong to be any longer defied, Cottington, as one of those who had chiefly incurred their hostility, hastened to retire from the administration, giving up the court of wards in May 1641 and the chancellorship of the exchequer in January 1642. He rejoined the king in 1643, took part in the proceedings of the Oxford Parliament, and was made lord treasurer on 3 October 1643. He signed the surrender of Oxford in July 1646, and being excepted from the indemnity retired abroad.
He joined Prince Charles at the Hague in 1648, and became one of his counsellors. In 1649, together with Edward Hyde, Cottington went on a mission to Spain to obtain help for the royal cause, having an interview with Cardinal Mazarin at Paris on the way. They met, however, with an extremely ill reception, and Cottington found he had completely lost his popularity at the Spanish court, one cause being his shortcomings and waverings in the matter of religion. He now announced his intention of remaining in Spain and of keeping faithful to Roman Catholicism, and took up his residence at Valladolid, where he was maintained by the Jesuits. He died there on 19 June 1652, his body being subsequently buried in Westminster Abbey.
He had amassed a large fortune and built two magnificent houses at Hanworth near Heathrow and Fonthill near Tisbury, Salisbury. Cottington was evidently a man of considerable ability, but the foreign policy he pursued was opposed to the national interests and futile in itself. According to Clarendon's verdict "he left behind him a greater esteem of his parts than love of his person." He married in 1623 Anne, a daughter of Sir William Meredith and the widow of Sir Robert Brett. All his children predeceased him, and his title became extinct at his death.
- Chisholm 1911.
- Hunneyball, Paul. "COTTINGTON, Sir Francis, 1st Bt. (c. 1579-1652), of Charing Cross, Westminster and Hanworth, Mdx.; later of Fonthill Gifford, Wilts.". History of Parliament. The History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- George Edward Cokayne Complete Baronetage, Volume 1 1900
- Walter, Henry (1834). A History of England: Extending from the accession of James I to the abdication of James II. J.G.F. & J. Rivington. p. 85.
- Strafford's Letters, ii. 52
- Granger, James (1824). A Biographical History of England. Baynes. p. 273.
- "Cottington". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cottington, Francis Cottington, Baron". Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 254. This cites:
- Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1888). "Dart, John". Dictionary of National Biography. 14. London: Smith, Elder & Co., and authorities there quoted
- Clarendon's State Papers and Life
- Strafford's Letters
- Gardiner's Hist. of England and of the Commonwealth
- Hoare's Wiltshire
- Laud's Works, vols. iii.-vii.
- Winwood's Memorials: A Refutation of a False and Impious Aspersion cast on the late Lord Cottington
- John Dart, Westmonasterium, i. 181 (epitaph and monument).
- Firth, Charles Harding (1887). "Cottington, Francis". In Stephen, Leslie. Dictionary of National Biography. 12. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- Pogson, Fiona. "Cottington, Francis, first Baron Cottington (1579?–1652)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6404. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
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Summary and Analysis
After Orestes leaves, Phoenix reproaches Pyrrhus for letting Orestes see the woman he loves. Supposing he persuades her to elope with him? Pyrrhus says they may elope any time, as far as he is concerned.
Andromache is passing by, and Pyrrhus inquires if Andromache was coming to see him, but she tells him she was simply on her way to give her imprisoned child his daily kiss. Pyrrhus tells her that a Greek embassy has come to demand her son's death, and Andromache cries that he cannot pronounce so cruel a sentence. Is she to lose everything dear to her in life — and always because of Pyrrhus? Pyrrhus says he has already refused their request and will continue to protect Astyanax even at the cost of another Trojan War. But in return, Andromache surely owes him some gratitude. Will she not accept his suit?
Andromache points out that, widowed, a slave, unhappy, she would be a sad mate for him. Would it not be a nobler act if Pyrrhus respected her sorrow and saved Astyanax simply because he is a child and unfortunate?
Pyrrhus angrily replies that he has killed many men and took the lead in the slaying and burning at Troy, but that Andromache's cruelty to him is greater than his has ever been and her vengeful indifference is excessive. Surely now that the war is over, and he and Andromache share the same enemies, they can become allies. Pyrrhus will free her son, act as a second father to him, even help him avenge Troy upon the Greeks.
Andromache rejects his offer. She is now a slave and accepts her lot. Pyrrhus' love can only bring more misfortunes upon all of them. If he will, he should let Andromache and her son quietly disappear from both Epirus and Greece and keep his vows to Hermione. When he protests that he does not love the Greek princess, she reminds him that his father slew her husband, and that this death will always stand between them. Angry, Pyrrhus threatens to give Astyanax to the Greeks, and Andromache vows that she will then kill herself and rejoin her dead son and husband. Pyrrhus suggests she think over what he has said as she goes to see Astyanax.
Scene 3 provides an important bit of information: it indicates Pyrrhus' thorough indifference to Hermione. Conversely, his impatient dismissal of Phoenix at Andromache's appearance shows the extent of his love for her. The play's development depends largely upon Pyrrhus' feeling for the two women.
The intimations of greatness that Pyrrhus gave in his contemptuous rejection of Orestes' demands are exposed as a sham in his behavior toward Andromache in Scene 4. His protection of her son was not prompted by compassion but by self-interest. It is a weapon to put pressure on Andromache. Astyanax is, after all, negotiable. His safety must be paid for by Andromache's love. Pyrrhus turns out to be not a fearless knight but a crude blackmailer. Brutal soldier that he is, he minces no words, either in his concessions or in his threats.
His crudity only aggravates a conflict that is basically irreconcilable. Andromache cannot possibly love Pyrrhus. He is the major cause of her bitter suffering. In addition, she loves Hector with a constancy that goes beyond the grave. Here, incidentally, Racine vividly demonstrates the effectiveness of drawing upon the literature of the past. The mere mention of Hector's name illuminates for the informed spectator the depth of Andromache's love. That a woman should wish to remain loyal to her dead husband at any cost might seem, in the case of the ordinary marriage, unreasonable, but when that husband is Hector, who led his people against a mighty war machine for ten years and died heroically in defense of his city, her resolve is understandable.
In an interesting essay, the critic Lucien Goldman suggests a thought which further underlines the hopelessness of the situation. He postulates the idea — which the play certainly supports — that Pyrrhus, Hermione, and Orestes lack "awareness." By this he means that they have no ethical sensibilities; they never ask themselves whether an action is right or wrong. Their love is an imperious form of self-indulgence. Consequently, Pyrrhus cannot respect Andromache's legitimate abhorrence of his war exploits or her uncompromising faithfulness to her husband, since both are reactions he would never have himself.
Andromache, by contrast, is utterly moral. She believes in the absolute value of her principles. She is willing to pay with her life and, if she must, with the life of her son, for her convictions. Therefore, if we are to accept Anouilh's concept of tragedy as the absence of hope ("and then tragedy is relaxing because we know there is no more hope, none of that filthy hope. We are trapped like rats, with the heavens on our back"), the tragic impact of Andromache is overwhelming. At the same time, the characters do not yield to despair, and, in spite of their inexorable doom, they continue to struggle, and thus the play retains its suspense and its dynamic tension.
Andromache's method of struggle arouses our interest and our admiration. She defends her principles with intelligence and skillfully plays on Pyrrhus' vanity to protect herself and her son. She at least is neither self-indulgent nor blinded by passion, and she chooses her weapons carefully to achieve her ends.
A minor defect in the scene which must be pointed out is Pyrrhus' superficially gallant language, a concession to a literary style of the time known as "preciosity." It consists of elegant turns of speech, avoiding common and straightforward expressions, and in a mannered way, of expressing love by much talk of "eyes" and "flame," making incongruous comparisons between total war and courtly passions in such phrases as "consumed by more fires than I have lit." Racine, fortunately, is not often guilty of these fashionable lapses in taste. In general, his language is simple and convincing.
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People of a certain age will remember a time when taking a child to a dentist was not a priority. Most of us used to think that it wasn’t that important to care for their baby teeth because they were just going to fall out to make way for their adult teeth. Well, many parents of that generation were wrong about neglecting their children’s dental health. Studies have shown that children who are not encouraged to take proper care of their teeth will maintain poor oral hygiene habits into adulthood and experience many different types of oral maladies. It’s best to start as early as possible, along with encouraging children to view proper oral hygiene as fun, rather than to be afraid of it.
The key to getting your kids to actively participate in taking care of their teeth is to find a children’s dentist in your area that will teach your little ones that oral hygiene can be fun. Most of us will no longer go to just “any” doctor; we look to our friends, family members, and the Internet for information on which physicians we can rely on to take good care of us. The same holds true for finding a pediatric dentist who will instill in your children how important it is to care for their teeth no matter how young they are.
A pediatric dentist will make sure that your child’s teeth are healthy and maturing properly. He or she will check gum health and make any recommendations about foods to encourage your child to eat or avoid in order to ensure they keep their teeth and gums healthy. A gentle cleaning will be part of every visit, allowing your child to get used to the experience so he or she will not be afraid of it as they get older. A child who fears the dentist will grow into an adult who is reluctant to take care of this or her teeth.
When you find a pediatric dentist in your area, don’t be shy about asking questions about how often your child should visit, and which routines should be established in the home in order to promote healthy habits. Ask about toothbrushes and toothpastes that are geared specifically for children, and how you can take a more active role in helping your kids understand how important it is for them to take care of their teeth. The payoff will be fewer cavities and less stress and aggravation when it comes time for that regular checkup!
Sean Shen is a pediatric dentist who specializes in oral hygiene education for parents of babies and toddlers.
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SCHOOL ON THE BOAT
Giving children the opportunity of attending school and learning
Co-project between VAF - SOB
Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam, it has around 6,5 million inhabitants, and a density of around 1800 inhabitants per square meter. As in most of the capitals of the world, Hanoi draws in rural populations. They emigrate with the aim to find more work than they had left. Indeed, Vietnam is a developing country which wants to open itself to the world economy, and wants free itself from its dark historical, political and economical past.
During the development of Vietnam, the industry of the large cities expands and evolves. The countryside inhabitants arrive in Hanoi, with the hope of benefiting from this rapid economical expansion.
The urban lifestyle in big Vietnamese cities has been improved, and the poverty rate has diminished from 58% in 1993 to 11% in 2010. The conditions of living have also been improved. For instance, in 2006 the Vietnamese government signed a convention against hard labour, so that decent working conditions are respected. According to this convention, the minimum wage in Hanoi and in Ho Chi Minh City should be 45$ per month, 40$ in small industrial cities, and 30$ in rural areas.
This meant that many families arrived in Hanoi to benefit from the expanding industrial and social improvements. This rural exodus was a success for some families, but those who were unable to benefit from it fell into a precarious financial state.
We work with families excluded of the labour market. Those who tried their luck in prosperous Hanoi, but could not integrate into the new lifestyle. The reason for this and the biggeest problem of these people is that they have no papers, no identity card, no authorization to live where they have settled. They come from the rural areas, where the authorities are more flexible and daily life is simpler than that of big cities. So that these families have to find an alternative to their current situation.
These Families live in 3 areas of Hanoi:
- Area 1 : is under the Long Bien bridge, on an island formed by two sides of the Red River. This area is called “the island”.
- Area 2: is on the edges of the Red River, a placed called “the Fisher village”.
- Area 3: is in a shanty town of Long Bien neighborhood.
The concerned population had no other choice than to settle in these areas, because they are illegal 'immigrants', and they do not have to pay taxes to settle there. Nonetheless, they could be evicted anytime, because if the land on which they live is bought they will have nowhere to live. Considering the intense expantion of Hanoi, it is expected to happen soon. Therefore, they built floating 'houses', made of basic materials such as tins, steel sheets and plastic covers. These houses are unhygenic and are likely to bring diseases, also because the Red River is highly polluted. Hanoi’s inhabitants throw away their waste in the river and in the area around it. The inhabitants of these areas have no other choice than using this water for daily use. It is a major sanitary issue, because even if the water is filtered it is still contaminated, and so many are at risk.
As previously explained, the public who we work with has to find work to survive. They work in various fields, generally as motorbike-taxi drivers, farmers, vendors (of everything you can sell!), night workers in markets or gatherers of recyclable waste. Most of the inhabitants work day and night, trying to offer their families acceptable living conditions. Nevertheless, their average daily wage is around 50,000 and 100,000VND (from 2 to 4€), which is not enough to eat, maintain the household and simply live in Hanoi.
On the island, the families have stands where they sell drinks and snacks. It is impossible for them to do this when it is rainy, too hot or too cold, as the weather in Vietnam can be.
In Vietnam, schooling is not free, and quite expensive in comparison to the national standards of living. It is impossible for these families to afford schooling which costs 200€ per year per child.
Moreover, most of the family members do not have a birth certificate, a necessary paper to inscribe a child to school. They do not have this paper because they had to flee from the hospital after giving birth, for they have no identity card and not the money to pay the hospital.
Our first step was to work with these families to obtain birth certificates for those who did not have one. We act with local authorities and hospitals (sometimes it is necessary to go to the hospital in which they gave birth to gain access to essential information). We needed to finance this, because the republication of the birth certificate was not free. This step would have been very difficult for the families without the help of international and local volunteers. Today, each child has his own birth certificate and is able to be schooled.
As was mentioned above, school in Vietnam is fairly expensive, so that families who cannot afford public schools must find an alternative solution to provide their children with an education. They resort to 'charity schools', also called free schools and are provided by local or international associations. There, the children are education and alphabetized, but their level is still very low, and it cannot be compared to the level in public schools. Also, these schools are overfilled, and are not numerous in Hanoi.
These children are seen as poor, and this limits their access to superior studies. A child needs to be fully integrated in society: it is the first socialization in a whole life ; it is decisive for the future. Free schools exclude them of this personal development process.
1. The general aim
School gives children an opportunity that they will benefit from in the future. This is the reason why the main aim of the association is to help them to stay in school, untill they are independent. However, school is not our only concern. We will also take care of the children, taking into consideration their social and familial environment.
2. Improving working conditions
To improve the working conditions we have to know each child’s family, and their situations. We have to work with them to bring the best situation possible to their children. We cannot understand the children’s behavior if we do not know their lifestyle and their families.
Creating a trustful and sincere relationship with families is the first step of the project. We work with the families, in their houses, in their villages; our presence has to be legitimate and we have to get to know each other.
3. Creating better learning conditions
With the objective to create better learning conditions for the children, we have to help the families, materially and psychologically. How can a child go to school if his family cannot survive? We have to show that we are here to help them when they need us. To encourage the children to go to school, we organize cultural outings and sportive events so that they can escape their hard lives. This allows them to open themselves to the world and to meet other children.
4. Promoting local actions
Today, we work as an international organization; with the project mainly lead by the locals in Vietnam. We want to back local interventions, help social works to develop themselves in Vietnam and to incite local actions, rather than international ones.
In order to achieve our goals, we propose different actions.
Firstly, we organize lessons and extra-scholar activities with local volunteers.
Secondly, we offer to each family, whose children go to school, a weekly rice ration. We want to be present for the families to back them through their difficulties, but also to share enjoyments.
Lastly, we back them financially and would support them in case of health problems, or hospitalization. Health problems can often slow down the children’s education.
This program and the budget are planned for a minimum period of ten years. It is the necessary time for the youngest child, five years old, to be old enough to learn independently.
The program works thanks to five parties: donators, founders (the French organization), Vietnam and Friends (the local NGO), local coordinators, and local volunteers.
Among these parties, we can distinguish two organizations:
The French organization
Created by volunteers coming from overseas
This organization was created in Rouen (France) in 2011. It is composed of three main parts: the president, the accountant and the secretary. These responsibilities can change quite often, and are shared between all the motivated founders and are reviewed every six months. Each founder can ask to be in charge of one of these responsibilities, when it is needed.
• The president
He is responsible of the continuing or ending the project with the agreement of all members. All the decisions are made in cooperation with the founders. To make some decisions, the president has to send an email to the founders, and the final decision is made with a majority of votes.
• The accountant
He is responsible of the monthly money transfer between the SOB and VAF’s accounts. One basic budget; local coordinators’ wages, local volunteers’ defrayal, rice ration, insurance and activities; never changes, it is the same for each month. The accountant is the only one responsible for this basic budget.
Only the budget for health is likely to be modified, as It depends on exceptional health cases. In this case, the accountant has to send an email in order to have the cooperation and agreement of all founders.
The accountant is in charge of the monthly communication, between the international volunteers, local coordinators and donators, concerning the financial report. He has to send this report once a year to the French organization and to the donators.
The bank account in France is only authorized to receive money from donators, and then transfers it to VAF. No credit cards for founders and no other transfers are authorized. The bank account contract is sent to founders.
• The secretary
The secretary is in charge of the communication between founders and evaluates the participation and motivation of each member. He communicates with the international volunteer and the local coordinators, and is responsible of the report of all actions and activities. Furthermore, he must react in case of lack of information. Also, he communicates with Dam The Lâm, VAF’s president, about recruitment and receives each new contract. Then, he informs all the founders about different changes.
The local organization, VAF
The French organization’s partner
We need to sign an agreement with the organization in France about: the way of working, the volunteers, the finances, and the responsibles of the project.
We need to create a separate bank account only for the project. The bank account is ruled by two responsible people entitled to withdraw money. After we have sent the monthly budget to the accountant, the monthly money is transferred. The budget is sent at the end of each month, with the aim to anticipate the finances of the next month.
Local coordinators make the budget for each upcoming month and the international volunteers checks it before sending it to the accountant. The local coordinators are responsible for organizing the basic budget, which depends on the different activities.
The local organization is composed of five parts: the president, the international volunteer, local coordinators, local volunteers and a person who receives a portion of the money of the president (Lâm).
• The president
He has to train the international volunteers and be sure that they have enough information about the project. The president receives money from the French organization and gives a part of it to another person. He transfers it each month to local coordinators. Furthermore, he is in charge of the recruitment of international volunteers, and informs the French organization about his competences. He also is in charge of the recruitment of local coordinators, and sends each new contract to the secretaries.
Lastly, the president is responsible of the progress of the project.
• The person who receives money
With VAF president, the local organization (a founder in Vietnam) gives his agreement to receive money in part with the president.
• The international volunteer
The two organizations give their agreement about the volunteer recruitment. The number of international volunteers is fixed: only one person for at least six months. The international volunteer checks and transmits the project finances to the accountant. This budget comes from local coordinators. They also are in charge of the newsletter, which informs about the actions and the project progress, with pictures and videos.
We advise the volunteers to visit the families and children quite often, spend time with them to understand their environment better.
The international volunteer works in cooperation with local coordinators.
• Local coordinators
They are two: one for the Fisher Village and Long Bien neighborhood, and one for the Island. Their working time is not officially fixed, it is flexible and depends on the current tasks. Their wage is 600,000VND (it can be raised after six months, depending on the coordinator’s investment).
They are in charge of:
- The local volunteers’ training (and they also check their work).
- They check the children's evaluation.
- They are in charge of the monthly activities.
- They organize the monthly meetings with local volunteers.
- They work in cooperation with the international volunteers.
- They have to plan a specific budget in case of emergency (health problems or other specific needs).
- They are responsible for the progress of the project and that it is positive.
- They have to keep a regular contact with each family and each child, to create a trustful relationship.
- They stay in contact with the public school, to follow the progress of each child's education.
The local coordinators work in direct cooperation with the French organization, VAF, local volunteers and families. They are the main component of the project.
• Local volunteers
They are eight: 4 for the Fisher Village and the Long Bien neighborhood, and 4 for the Island. The number of local volunteers is fixed according to the different school levels of the children.
- Their work time is 2 days per week.
- Their defrayal is 200,000 VND per month.
- They have to help the children with their homework and adapt themselves to the children’s level and difficulties.
- They have to remain close to the families and children and communicate with them.
- They have to attend the monthly meetings, and organize activities once a month.
- They evaluate each child (progress, needs, difficulties) and take notes everyday.
- They inform local coordinators about families’ motivations and difficulties
To complete our project successfully, we need you.
To help us, please fill our membership form (on School on the Boat's website), or donate to Vietnam and Friends.
SCHOOL ON THE BOAT
N°201, rue du calvaire,
76 560 Carville pot de fer
VIETNAM AND FRIENDS
N°65E, lance 399
Au Co Street
Tay Ho District
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|Varna.info : Facts : Bulgaria :|
Seen from atop the Ai-Petri Mountain, the Black Sea has an iridescent blue color. So naturally the question arises as to why the sea is called the black sea. But the fact is nobody really knows the true reason. It is speculated that since the sea can be pretty stormy in winter, the name was given to it by ancient sailors and pirates who were struck by its dark appearance when the sky turned black with storm clouds.
The Black Sea is surrounded by six countries namely Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia, Russia and Ukraine. Bulgaria and Romania share the western coastline of the Black Sea, while Russia and Georgia share its eastern shores. Ukraine is along the northern coastline while Turkey occupies its entire southern stretch.
The Black Sea is almost an inland sea except for a few straits that connect it to other seas. The Bosporus strait connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, which in turn connects to the Aegean Sea through the Dardanelles strait. The Aegean Sea opens out to the Mediterranean thereby connecting the Black Sea with it. It is believed that in ancient times when water levels were low, the Black Sea was a lake totally cut off from other water bodies. As water levels rose due to global climatic changes, it became connected to other seas through the straits mentioned above. Many archeologists believe that the catastrophic event that caused a rise in the level of sea water was in fact the Noah's Flood of the Bible.
The Black Sea has a surface area of 168,495 Sq miles and reaches a maximum depth of 7,257 ft at its center. It has a total volume of 133,500 cu miles, out of which 188 cu miles flow into the Mediterranean Sea every year. The Black Sea also receives an inflow from the Mediterranean which is more salty than its outflow. The Don, Dnieper, Danube and many other rivers also pump fresh water into the Black Sea.
Some of the major cities along the Black Sea coast are Constanţa, Istanbul, Odessa, Mangalia, Burgas, Varna, Kherson, Sevastopol, Yalta, Kerch, Novorossiysk, Sochi, Sukhumi, Năvodari, Poti, Batumi, Trabzon, Samsun, Ordu and Zonguldak.
The Black Sea is unique since it has two distinct layers; an oxygenated upper layer which is about 200m deep which is teeming with life, and a ‘dead’ lower layer which is almost sterile. It is theorized that the lower layer may have formed when the Mediterranean flooded in with denser salt water which would have plunged straight to the bottom, leaving a diluted mix of fresh and salt water at the top. Rivers like the Danube and the Dnipro must have poured organic material into the new sea over thousands of years. Due to a lack of vertical currents, the inrush of organic matter might have been too much for the bacteria that would normally have decomposed it aerobically, resulting in a loss of oxygen in favour of hydrogen sulphide. Consequently the lower layer which forms 87% of the Black Sea's volume, is an almost sterile zone of water impregnated with hydrogen sulphide.
But recently some German scientists have discovered corals made by micro-organisms which are processing methane and sulphates in total darkness at the bottom of the Black Sea. These corals are now believed to be the world's oldest life forms.
Another peculiarity of the Black Sea is the bi-directional current which trades water with the Mediterranean. The surface current flows westwards through the straits into the Sea of Marmaris and into the Mediterranean, but the deep current which flows simultaneously in the opposite direction brings back water into the Black Sea.
Black Sea’s History
The Black Sea also had other names in the past. It was known as the Scythian Sea by the ancient Greeks, after the tribes that inhabited its shores at the time. The Scythians who plundered shipwrecked sailors usually made wine goblets out of sailors' skulls. The Greeks initially called it “Pontos Axenos” or the inhospitable sea. But after they settled in Crimea, they changed their minds and called it “Pontos Euxenos” or the hospitable sea.
It is widely believed that the Black Sea is packed with archaeological data yet to be unearthed. Submerged prehistoric settlements in the continental shelf and ancient shipwrecks in the anoxic zone are expected to be exceptionally well preserved due to the absence of oxygen. The Black Sea has witnessed the wars of the Hittites, Thracians, Greeks, Persians, Scythians, Romans, Byzantines, Goths, Huns, Avars, Bulgars, Slavs, Varangians, Crusaders, Venetians, Genovese, Tatars, Ottomans and Russians. The Black Sea was a significant naval platform for World War I and saw both naval as well as land battles during World War II.
Black Sea Tourism
Tourism is truly flourishing along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. After decades of isolation, resorts such as Sunny Beach and Golden Sands are experiencing a new lease of life. Star hotels and luxury inns are sprouting up to accommodate a huge increase in tourists, a good chunk of which are British tourists, trying out Bulgaria for the very first time.
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JUST THE FACTS: PUBLIC CHARTER SCHOOLS IN MASSACHUSETTS
In Massachusetts, tens of thousands of children are stranded on public charter school waitlists – the vast majority of whom are enrolled in the lowest performing school districts in the state. As the debate continues over whether to lift enrollment caps on public charter schools, and give these students fair access to a quality public education, it’s important to know the facts.
Nothing about charter schools is private. Charter schools are public schools.
- Charters are open to all students and admission is determined by random lottery; there are no entrance exams or admission requirements.
- Charter teachers are public school teachers; Boards of Trustees are public boards.
- Charters operate independently of local districts, but are overseen by the state.
- Charters must abide by all the laws and regulations that traditional district schools abide by. They are subject to open meeting laws and their finances are public.
Demand for charter schools has been strong since they first opened in 1995. Because parents had to enter enrollment lotteries for each school, their children’s names often appeared on multiple wait lists. The state implemented new rules in 2013 eliminating all duplicates and most names that had been on lists for more than one year.
- More than 32,000 children are still on waiting lists statewide, 12,000 in Boston.
Questions raised by the state Auditor are being addressed. The Auditor reviewed lists as they existed in 2012 – before new rules were implemented.
Public charter schools have consistently outperformed district schools all across the state. Independent studies show that they are closing the achievement gap between low-income, African American and Latino children and affluent, white children.
- A higher percentage of students in charter schools scored proficient or advanced in all subjects at every grade level compared with their district peers. (2014 MCAS)
- Many urban charters, with a high percentage of African American, Latino and low-income students, ranked first in the state, outperforming affluent suburban districts. (2014 MCAS)
- A higher percentage of African American, Latino and low-income students enrolled in charters are proficient in all subjects compared to their peers in district schools. The data showed charters have virtually closed the achievement gap. (2014 MCAS)
Two studies by Stanford University’s Center for Research on Education Outcomes (CREDO) in 2013 and 2015 showed that Commonwealth charter schools are accelerating the pace of learning at a rate not seen anywhere else in the country.
- Boston charters provided a typical student with more than twelve months of additional learning per year in reading and thirteen months of additional learning per year in math.
- Children in all Massachusetts charter schools gained the equivalent of 36 more days of learning per year in reading and 65 more days of learning per year in math.
- The academic performance of Latino students enrolled in charters was close to or above the performance of White students statewide; the gap was significantly narrowed among African American children in charters and white students.
- The study compared charter students with district students from the same demographic backgrounds, and charters against the district schools the students formerly attended.
Boston charter high school graduates who enroll in college complete college at a higher rate (50.6%) than BPS non-exam school graduates (35%) according to a study by the Boston Opportunity Agenda.
- 9th graders who attend Boston charters are nearly four times as likely to go on to complete college than BPS 9th graders (35% vs. 9%).
- Nearly half (44%) of all high school graduates from BPS’s non-exam schools needed remedial courses in college compared to 10% of Boston charter graduates.
IMPACT ON DISTRICT SCHOOL BUDGETS
Charters receive funding only when parents choose to enroll their children and only the amount the district would normally spend to educate each student. If districts are no longer educating the children, should they keep the funds? Districts also receive additional state aid to reimburse them for lost funds.
- Charter schools account for 4% of public school enrollment and 4% of public education spending.
- Charter schools are public schools, so there is no loss of funding for public education when money is allocated to charter public schools.
- Districts are reimbursed by the state for six years after any increase in funds allocated to charters, ultimately receiving 225% of their money back – the nation’s most generous reimbursement.
- While district schools receive state subsidies for their facilities, charters are not eligible for school building assistance.
- The Massachusetts Legislature has funded district reimbursement at 96% or better in 9 of the last 12 years. Only in years when every area of the budget experienced deep cuts was it shortchanged. To date, districts have received nearly $700 million in reimbursements.
- No locally generated revenues, such as property taxes, are transferred to charters; all charter funding is taken from a community’s state aid, which leads some to incorrectly argue that charters are taking an unfair share of Ch. 70 school dollars. The state could change the law to have charters receive their funds from both local and state sources, but it would not affect the overall amount of funds being reallocated to charters.
IMPACT IN BOSTON
- The Boston Municipal Research Bureau concluded in a recent study that because the City of Boston shares 35% of its total revenue every year with the school department, charter expansion has had no effect on the district’s budget.
- Over the past five years, district spending has risen 12% to $1 billion, while per pupil spending has increased from $14,466 to $16,918. Boston spends more per pupil than any other urban district in the country, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.
- Charters receive less per pupil than the district spends. While BPS spends $16,918 per student (FY 2015 General Fund Budget), charters receive only $14,937 per student. When you factor in state reimbursements, the net cost to the city for each charter student is $12,422.
SPECIAL NEEDS STUDENTS AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS
New reports by the state Department of Elementary and Secondary Education and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology released in January disprove claims that charter schools do not serve students with the same level of need, finding that charters are not only attracting the same students the district serves, but are educating them at a higher level.
State Department of Elementary and Secondary Education data for 2014/15 shows a steady increase in the enrollment of children with special needs (SPED) and a dramatic increase in enrollment of English Language Learners (ELL) in public charter schools.
- Statewide, SPED enrollment in charters is only slightly lower than the state average – 14% to 16.3% - and ELL enrollment is higher - 9.4% to 8.5%.
- In Boston charters, SPED enrollment is 15.9%, compared to 19% in Boston district schools (BPS).
- In mostly urban Gateway city charters, SPED enrollment is 13%, compared to 17.4% in Gateway city district schools.
- ELL enrollment among all Boston charters increased from 3.2% in 2010/11 to 13.8% in 2014/15.
- ELL enrollment among “new” students enrolling for the first time in Boston charters in 2014/15 was 22.6%, approaching the district ELL enrollment of 29.8%.
- In Gateway cities, the percent of ELL students enrolled at charter schools has increased from 7.7% in 2011/12 to 12.1% in 2014/15.
- Gateway charter school ELL enrollment among “new” students enrolling for the first time in 2014/15 was 16.0%, approaching the district ELL enrollment of 19.9%.
A recent MIT study ("Special Education and English Language Learner Students in Boston Charter Schools: Impact and Classification") concluded: “Students across the pre-lottery levels of special education classroom inclusion and English language proficiency are, for the most part, similarly represented in charter lotteries and BPS (Boston Public Schools)."
Children with special needs and English-language learners perform significantly better in charter schools than they do in traditional public schools.
- The MIT study concluded: “Those with the most severe needs, special education students who spent the majority of their time in substantially separate classrooms and ELLs with beginning English proficiency at the time of the lottery, perform significantly better in charters than traditional public schools.” The MIT researchers went on to say: “Even the most disadvantaged special needs students benefit from charter attendance…Special education and ELL students experience large academic gains in charters similar to the gains of non-special needs students.”
- A substantially higher percentage of special needs children attending public charters achieved proficiency in English and math compared to special needs children in sending district schools: 16.4 percentage points more in English, 10.1 percentage points more in math, according to 2014 MCAS data.
- A substantially higher percentage of English Language Learners attending public charters achieved proficiency in English and math compared to special needs children in sending district schools: 12.8 percentage points more in English, 12.1 percentage points more in math, according to 2014 MCAS data.
The attrition rate in Boston and in Gateway City charters “has remained lower” than the attrition rates of district schools in those communities, according to 2014/15 DESE data.
- The attrition rate at Boston charters (9.3%) is significantly lower than in BPS (14.2%).
- In Gateway Cities, charter attrition rates (6.2%) are lower than Gateway districts (11.4%).
- From 2012-2014, an average of just 82 students left charters and returned to Boston Public Schools, according to BPS numbers – one-tenth of one percent of BPS total enrollment.
There is no evidence to support the claim that charter suspension rates lead to higher attrition or dropout rates. Parents overwhelmingly support high standards that create a classroom environment that is favorable to learning.
- While Boston charters have higher out-of-school-suspension rates than BPS schools (12.6% vs. 4.8%), Boston charter attrition rates are much lower than BPS (9.3% vs. 14.2%), according to 2014/15 DESE data. Boston charters’ stability rate, which measures students who stay with the same school all year, is higher in Boston charters than BPS (92.2% vs. 86.5%), countering claims that children leave in droves prior to testing season, according to 2014/15 DESE data.
- Boston charter high schools have lower dropout rates than BPS high schools (4.1% vs. 11.9%), according to 2014/15 DESE data.
For more information, contact: Massachusetts Charter Public School Association, 617-523-0881
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Join our Law Notes WhatsApp Group and stay updated with Legal and Judicial Updates
Code of Evidence Act, 2006
- 1 CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS
- 2 CHAPTER II DEFINITIONS
- 3 CHAPTER III PROVISIONS PERTAINING TO FACTS
- 4 CHAPTER IV PROVISIONS REGARDING ADMISSIONS, CONFESSIONS AND OTHER TYPES OF EVIDENCE
- 5 CHAPTER V
- 5.1 PROVISIONS REGARDING PROOF
- 5.2 Facts Requiring No Proof.
- 5.3 Oral Evidence
- 5.4 Documentary Evidence.
- 5.5 Public Documents.
- 5.6 Presumptions as to Documents.
- 5.7 Exclusion of Oral Evidence by Documentary Evidence.
- 5.8 CHAPTER VI
- 5.9 PROVISIONS REGARDING BURDEN OF PROOF AND EFFECT OF EVIDENCE
- 5.10 Burden of Proof.
- 5.11 Estoppel.
- 6 SCHEDULE
- 7 See Also
CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS
- 1. Title and Commencement.
- 2. Repeal and Saving.
- 3. Authority and Application.
CHAPTER II DEFINITIONS
- 4. Definitions.
CHAPTER III PROVISIONS PERTAINING TO FACTS
- 5. Proving and Disproving a Fact.
- 6. Presumption of Fact.
- 7. General Restriction on Admissibility of Evidence.
- 8. Facts Forming Part of the same Event or Transaction.
- 9. Facts Causing or Caused by other Facts.
- 10. Facts Relating to Motive, Preparation and Conduct.
- 11. Explanatory and Introductory Facts.
- 12. Statements and Actions Referring to Common Intention.
- 13. Facts Inconsistent with or Affecting Probability of other Facts.
- 14. Facts Affecting Amount of Damages.
- 15. Facts Affecting Existence of Right or Custom.
- 16. Facts Showing State of Mind.
- 17. Facts Showing System.
- 18. Facts Showing Course of Business.
CHAPTER IV PROVISIONS REGARDING ADMISSIONS, CONFESSIONS AND OTHER TYPES OF EVIDENCE
- 19. Admissions Defined Generally.
- 20. Statements by Party to a Suit, Agent or Interested Person.
- 21. Statements by Persons whose Position or Liability must be Proved as against a Party to a Suit.
- 22. Statements by Persons Expressly Referred to by Party to a Suit.
- 23. Proof of Admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf.
- 24. Oral Admissions as to Contents of Documents.
- 25. Admissions made without Prejudice in Civil Suits.
- 26. Effect of Admissions.
- 27. Confessions Defined.
- 28. Confessions and Admissions Caused by Inducement, Threat or Promise.
- 29. Confessions made after Removal of Impression Caused by Inducement, Threat or Promise.
- 30. Confession of Accused while in Custody of Police Officer.
- 31. Confessions to Police Officers.
- 32. Confession otherwise Admissible not made Inadmissible due to Promise of Secrecy.
- 33. Information from accused Leading to Discovery of Facts.
- 34. Confession Implicating Co-accused.
Statements by Persons who Cannot be Called as Witnesses
35. Statement by Deceased Person. 36. Admissibility of Evidence given in Previous Proceedings.
Statements in Documents Produced in Civil Proceedings
=37. Admissibility of Documentary Evidence as to Facts in Issue. =38. Weight to be Attached to Statement Admissible under Section 37.
Statements under Special Circumstances
- 39. Entries in Books of Account and Business Records.
- 40. Entries in Public Records.
- 41. Statements etc., in Maps, Charts and Plans.
- 42. Statement of Fact Contained in Laws and Official Gazettes.
- 43. Statements as to Law Contained in Books.
Extent to Which Statement is Admissible
- 44. Extent of Admissibility.
- 45. Judgments Addressing Jurisdiction.
- 46. Judgments Concerning Property.
- 47. Other Judgments.
- 48. Inadmissible Judgments.
- 49. Proof that the Court was Incompetent or Judgment was Obtained by Fraud or Collusion.
- 50. Proof of Guilt.
- 51. Opinions of Experts.
- 52. Facts Bearing upon Opinions of Experts.
- 53. Opinion as to Handwriting.
- 54. Opinion Relating to Customs and Rights.
- 55. Opinions of Persons with Special Knowledge.
- 56. Opinion on Relationship.
- 57. Grounds of Opinion.
- Section 58. Character in Civil Suits.
- Section 59. Good Character in Criminal Cases.
- Section 60. Bad Character in Criminal Cases.
- Section 61. Definition of “Character”.
PROVISIONS REGARDING PROOF
Facts Requiring No Proof.
- Section 62. Facts Judicially Noticed.
- Section 63. Facts of which Court shall take Judicial Notice.
- Section 64. Facts Admitted in Civil Proceedings.
- Section 65. Oral Evidence.
- Section 66. Oral Evidence must be Direct.
- Section 67. Proof of Contents of Documents.
- Section 68. Primary Evidence.
- Section 69. Secondary Evidence.
- Section 70. Proof of Documents by Primary Evidence.
- Section 71. Proof of Documents by Secondary Evidence.
- Section 72. Notice to Produce a Document.
- Section 73. Proof of Allegation That a Person Signed or Wrote a Document.
- Section 74. Proof of Execution of Document Required by Law to be Attested.
- Section 75. Proof Where no Attesting Witness Found.
- Section 76. Admission of Execution of Attested Document.
- Section 77. Proof Where Attesting Witness Denies Execution.
- Section 78. Proof of Document not Required to be Attested.
- Section 79. Comparison of Signatures, Writings and Seals.
- Section 80. Reports by Government Analysts and Geologists.
- Section 81. Photographic Evidence Certificate.
82. Distinction between Public and Private Documents. 83. Certified Copies of Public Documents. 84. Proof by Certified Copies. 85. Proof of Certain Public Documents.
Presumptions as to Documents.
86. Certified Documents. 88. Written Laws, Gazettes and Notices to be Prima Facie Evidence. 89. Gazettes, Newspapers, and Documents produced from Proper Custody. 90. Publications Generally. 91. Maps or Plans. 92. Laws and Judicial Reports. 93. Power of Attorney. 94. Certified Copies of Foreign Judicial Records. 95. Books, Maps and Charts. 96. Telegraphic, Electronic Mail and Fax Messages. 97. Presumption as to Due Execution. 98. Documents Twenty Years Old.
Exclusion of Oral Evidence by Documentary Evidence.
99. Written Contracts, Grants and Property Distributions. 100. Evidence of Oral Agreement. 101. Evidence to Explain a Patent Ambiguity. 102. Evidence to Show Inapplicability. 103. Evidence to Explain a Latent Ambiguity. 104. Evidence of Application to One of Several Subjects. 105. Evidence of Application to one of Several Sets of Facts. 106. Evidence to Explain Special Words. 107. Evidence of Variation given by Third Parties. 108. Wills.
PROVISIONS REGARDING BURDEN OF PROOF AND EFFECT OF EVIDENCE
Burden of Proof.
- Section 109. Burden of Proof.
- Section 110. Incidence of Burden.
- Section 111. Proof of Particular Fact.
- Section 112. Proof of Admissibility.
- Section 113. Burden on Accused in Certain Cases.
- Section 114. Proof of Special Knowledge in Civil Proceedings.
- Section 115. Disproving Apparent Special Relationship.
- Section 116. Disproving Ownership.
- Section 117. Proof of Good Faith.
- Section 118. Conclusive Proof of Legitimacy.
- Section 119. Presumption of Death.
- Section 120. Presumption of Likely Facts.
121. General Estoppel. 122. Estoppel of Tenant or Licensee. 123. Estoppel of Acceptor of an Act of Exchange. 124. Estoppel of Bailee, Licensee or Agent. CHAPTER VII PROVISIONS REGARDING WITNESSES Competency and Witnesses. 125. Competence of Witnesses. 126. Evidence of Children and Corroboration Required in Criminal Cases. 127. Mute Witnesses. 128. Competence of Parties and Spouses. Compellability. 129. Compellability of a Witness. Privilege of the Court and Witnesses. 130. Privilege of Court. 131. Communications during Marriage. 132. Privilege Relating to Official Records. 133. Privilege of Official Communications. 134. Privilege Relating to Information of Commission of Offences. 135. Advocate and Client Privilege. 136. Waiving of Privilege of Advocates. 137. Communications with an Advocate. 6 Act 2 Code of Evidence Act 2006 138. Privilege of Physician and Patient. 139. Title Deeds and Incriminating Documents in the Hands of a Third Party. 140. Privileged Document in Possession of Another. 141. Business Records. 142. Accomplices. 143. Privileges to Exclude Oral Evidence of Documents. 144. Number of Witnesses. Examination of Witnesses 145. Court to decide as to the Admissibility of Evidence. 146. Types of Examination of Witnesses. 147. Order and Direction of Examinations. 148. Person Called to Produce a Document. 149. Witness to Character. 150. Meaning of Leading Question. 151. Leading Questions in Examination-in-chief and Re-examination. 152. Leading Questions in Cross-examination. 153. Examination as to whether certain formal matters are contained in a written document. 154. Cross-examination as to Previous Written Statements. 155. Cross-examination as to Credibility. 156. Compulsion to Answer Questions as to Credibility. 157. Cross-examination of Accused Person. 158. Discretion of Court to Compel Witness to Answer Questions as to Credibility. 159. Necessity for Grounds before Attacking Character. 160. Indecent or Scandalous Questions. 161. Insulting or Annoying Questions. 162. Discretion to Allow Cross-examination of one’s own Witness. 163. Exclusion of Evidence which Contradicts a Witness. 164. Evidence to Impeach the Credibility of a Witness. 165. Circumstantial Questions to Confirm Evidence. 166. Proof of Consistency by Former Statements. 167. Evidence to Test Statement of Person not Available as Witness. 7 Act 2 Code of Evidence Act 2006 Refreshment of Memory 168. Refreshing Memory by Reference to Contemporaneous Writing. 169. Reference to Accurate Contemporaneous Record though facts themselves not Specifically Recalled. 170. Rights of Adverse Party as to Contemporaneous Writing. Production of Documents 171. Production of Documents of Doubtful Admissibility. 172. Document Produced in Answer to Notice to be given as Evidence if Required. 173. Consequence of Refusal to Produce Document in an Answer to a Notice. 174. Extended Powers of Court for Purpose of Obtaining Proper Evidence. Examination by Experts 175. Examination by Assessors. Improper Admission and Rejection of Evidence 176. Effect of Improper Admission or Rejection. CHAPTER VIII PROVISIONS RELATING TO BUSINESS RECORDS 177. Mode of Proof of Entries in Business Records 178. Proof and Verification of Copy. 179. Restriction on Compelling Production of Business Records. 180. Inspection of Business Records. 181. Warrant to Investigate. 182. Costs of Applications.
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Fillmore's "Rolling Thunder" performed by the Ceremonial Brass of the United States Air Force.
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Circus music (also known as carnival music) is any sort of music that is played to accompany a circus, and also music written that emulates its general style. Popular music would also often get arranged for the circus band, as well as waltzes, foxtrots and other dances.
Although circuses have been in existence since the time of the ancient Romans, circus music first started as a performance by a fiddler or a flutist. It was not until the twentieth century that circus music was performed by big bands. The first modern circus director and performer was Philip Astley (1742-1814), a veteran of the Seven Years' War and a skilled equestrian. With his horsemanship skills and the addition of jugglers, acrobats, and clowns, Astley opened Paris' first circus in 1782. The first known composer of circus music was Charles Dibdin (1745 - 1814). He was partners with Mr. Astley and was also the one who financed the theatre used for the royal circus. Dibdin was a very well known composer in his time and had written hundreds of works before he decided to join Astley to work for the circus. He wrote all of the pieces used in the circus which were mostly intermezzos or comedy pieces. An ensemble of approximately sixty children was used as singers and dancers to perform the many pieces that he wrote for the circus, such as “The Graces,” and “Clump and Cudden,” and “Pandora,” which was arguably the most famous piece that was used in the circus because it was originally used in a popular puppet show that mocked contemporary figures of the time.
Composition and usage
The most common type of circus music is the circus march, or screamer. It is characterized by a rapid-fire tempo - usually around 200 beats per minute - and melodies that contain showy features such as leaps, runs, and fanfares. It is difficult for "windjammers" (circus musicians) to play because of its fast tempo.
Marches served many purposes throughout the course of a circus. They were often used for grand entrances and exits, overtures and finales, acts featuring wild animals, or other daredevil-type acts. Circus marches are divided into "strains":
- Exposition - first section containing two strains, often with a preceding introduction
- Trio - second section; it can be composed of two different melodies that repeat, or one long melody that repeats itself
- Break strain, or "dogfight" - often follow the trio and bring back some of the exposition melody.
The galop is another popular form of circus music. Like the march, it is played at a fast, lively tempo and is primarily used for daredevil acts, such as trick-riding or other wild animal performances. Any performance or act that consisted of fast-paced tricks or stunts would probably have performed to a galop. The galop is typically written in 2/4 time and has a short length, but would only end when the ringmaster signaled the end of an act. If the act went longer, the galop could be extended by playing da capo. One of the best-known examples is Gustav Peter's widely popular Memory of Circus Renz, which was published in 1894 with the title Souvenir de Cirque Renz. The piece was originally written for the xylophone.
Circus music catered to the needs of the different acts. For example, a high-flying, nimble trapeze act could be characterized by a dizzying galop or a graceful waltz. An act containing ferocious wild animals, such as lions, would probably use a march.
One of the most recognized pieces of circus music is Entrance of the Gladiators by Julius Fučík (1872 - 1916). Fučík wrote almost 300 marches and dances, and for that reason he is often referred to as “Bohemian Sousa.” Although his most well known piece is now famous in circus music, he did not compose with the intent of having his pieces played in a circus. Another very famous piece of circus music that is very recognizable is "Barnum and Bailey's Favorite" by Karl King (1892 - 1971). Unlike Fučík, King grew up performing circus music joining Robinson's Famous Circus at the age of 19 as a baritone player. During that time circus music needed its own style because modern music did not fit with most of the acts that the circus performed. This led to his quick rise in popularity as a circus music composer for circuses everywhere. Also, "Sobre las Olas", or "Over the Waves", is a popular waltz used during trapeze shows. Mistakenly thought to be a waltz by Strauss, it was written by Mexican composer Juventino Rosas. Many other composers were well known for writing screamers, among them Fred Jewell and Henry Fillmore. One piece, however, that was never normally played was John Philip Sousa's "Stars and Stripes Forever". Instead, it was used in emergencies, such as animals getting loose, to help signify to workers that something was wrong.
Music that imitates or evokes the sound of the circus has also been written, often showing up in film scores, some dedicated to the subject and some not. Jerry Goldsmith famously wrote a theme for the movie Gremlins in such a style, which influenced the film makers to an extent.
Other bands and musicians who employ circus music in their work include Danny Elfman, Tom Waits, Mr. Bungle, the Dickies, Legendary Shack Shakers and Kaizers Orchestra. The music genre Dark Cabaret is heavily based on elements from circus music and from burlesque and vaudeville influences . Popular artists within the genre include The Tiger Lillies and Circus Contraption. Punk Cabaret is also influenced from circus music. Artists include The Dresden Dolls, Amanda Palmer, Emilie Autumn. The popular dance track "Disco Circus" is named for it's resemblance to circus music.
As the styles of circus music have changed, so has the instrumentation. With the nineteenth century came the introduction of brass bands. String instruments were no longer used in these "traditional" circus bands to make "traditional" circus music, which is defined by Merle Evans as music that is brighter in tone than other music.
Sounds of cornets, trumpets, trombones, French horns, baritones, and tubas were able to reach far and wide, signaling to entire towns that the circus was around. Drums were also added to the circus bands and although saxophones have been arguable, they were frequently used as well. The calliope, built by Joshua C. Stoddard in 1856, was also used by the circus. Not a part of the circus band, it is a sometimes called a “circus piano” and is played like a piano, but powered by a steam boiler. Its sound can carry as far as nine miles.
Present-day circus music varies widely in instrumentation, style and form. It often incorporates the use of electric instruments and synthesizers alongside the more traditional instruments.
- "What Defines Circus Music? | Center Ring Circus Band News". circusmusic.us. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- "History of the Circus | In The Ring | Circus | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- "Charles Dibdin | biography - British composer, author, actor and manager". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- "SHORT HISTORY OF THE CIRCUS - Circopedia". www.circopedia.org. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- "The Contemplator's Biography Charles Dibdin". www.contemplator.com. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- "The Circus March | Center Ring Circus Band News". circusmusic.us. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- "The musical "Galop" used in Circus Performances | Center Ring Circus Band News". circusmusic.us. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- "Julius Fucik | Biography & History | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- "Karl L. King - Our Composers - C. L. Barnhouse Company". www.barnhouse.com. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- "Karl King Biography". www.karlking.us. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- Under the Big Top
- DVD commentary; Steven Spielberg presents Gremlins. Special edition. Warner Home Video, 2002.
- "The Circus in America". Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- "Mechanical Music Digest - Calliope". www.mmdigest.com. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
1A military or political group that rules a country after taking power by force.‘the country's ruling military junta’
faction, group, cabal, clique, party, set, ring, gang, league, confederacyView synonyms
- ‘A military junta plans to rule the Islamic nation for up to two years.’
- ‘As government forces suffered defeat after defeat, the military junta needed a scapegoat.’
- ‘A brutal military junta rules Burma, while repressive Communist regimes control Laos and Vietnam.’
- ‘Yet it was Allende's government that betrayed the Chilean working class and delivered it into the hands of the military junta.’
- ‘Yesterday's election for the presidency and 36 state governorships was a litmus test for democracy in a country which has spent most of its 43 years since independence governed by military juntas.’
- ‘A military junta seized power and established Iraq as a republic.’
- ‘Both Argentina and Chile, for example, granted general amnesties to the military juntas that ruled them throughout the 1970s and 1980s.’
- ‘As prime minister he handed over power to a military junta in 1971.’
- ‘Menem completed the free-market ‘revolution’ that the military junta had begun.’
- ‘Left unanswered by the high court ruling is whether new charges can be brought against the surviving members of the former military juntas.’
- ‘Though the play takes a dig at skewed US values, it is set in a fictional Latin American nation ruled by a military junta.’
- ‘Unfortunately, the real issue, the behavior of the military junta that rules the state, continues to frustrate the world.’
- ‘In 1967 a military junta overthrew the government in Greece and established a brutal regime of oppression.’
- ‘It is parties, military juntas, organised groups that are the actors on the political stage, that ‘take power‘; it is states and parties that then exercise power.’’
- ‘Over 30,000 people were killed as a military junta which seized power in 1976 unleashed terror against all opposition.’
- ‘In November 1963 a military junta staged a coup d'état and killed President Diem.’
- ‘And he supported at the beginning a criminal military junta, the junta which was presided over by Ongania.’
- ‘An embargo against the military junta of the day meant they couldn't sell the coffee right away, but they still needed firewood to cook.’
- ‘In 1968 a left-wing military junta seized power, seeking to nationalize US-controlled industries.’
- ‘In the 1960s the Ecuadorian Communist Party hailed the military junta that came to power with the backing of the CIA.’
2historical A deliberative or administrative council in Spain or Portugal.
- ‘It is said that the Central Junta of the Carlist organization is to meet today to discuss means to procure funds to support an insurrection in Catalonia.’
- ‘A Supreme Central Junta met in Aranjuez on 25 September 1808.’
Early 17th century (in junta (sense 2)): from Spanish and Portuguese, from Latin juncta, feminine past participle of jungere ‘to join’.
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.
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History of Lactose
Intolerance What are Lactose and Lactase
Intolerance Lactose Intolerance Facts
Gas, Flatulence, and Lactose
Digestion Pictures and Diagrams and Charts
Easy 15 step explanation of
1. Lactose is milk sugar contained in dairy products.
2. Lactose is an enzyme naturally produced by our bodies early in life when mammals are nursing.
3. We cannot digest lactose without lactase which facilitates the mild sugar digestion.
4. Enzymes make things happen in our bodies and speed up these reactions.
5. Lactase is and enzyme that is produced early in life in humans.
6. Many people stop producing Lactase early in life, and begin to have problems digesting milk products.
7. Previous to about 70 years ago, stopping production or Lactase was not a problem because our ancestors did
not continue to ingest dairy products after they stopped nursing.
8. About 70 years ago products from the dairy industry started to become widely available. Commercials ordered
parents to give their kids milk for calcium and to ensure the kids had sufficient amount of Vitamin D which was
added to the dairy product.
9. Lactase is produced in our Small Intestines which is where infants and most people digest dairy products. If
lactose digestion occurs in the Small Intestine the breakdown of the milk sugars is done by Aerobic Bacteria. These
bacteria utilize oxygen.
10. If there is no Lactase produced, the consumed dairy cannot be digested and moves into the Large
11. Anaerobic Bacteria in the Large Intestine are able to break down lactose.
12. This alternate pathway of digesting lactose produces gas, bloating, vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, and other
13. As with many digestive disorders, Lactose Intolerance can be confused with IBS, IBD, Celiac Disease, and
14. People may be able to consume some dairy products, such as aged cheeses and probiotic yoghurts without as
15. Some people such as Asians are more susceptible to lactose Intolerance than others.
Information on Lactose Intolerance
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Bleeding heart (Dicentra spectabilis)
Bleeding Heart (Dicentra spectabilis)
Type: Perennial Hardiness: Zone: 3 - 9 Bloom Time: mid to late spring. Exposure: Partial to full shade.
Height: 24-36 inches Spread: 18-30 inches.
Culture: Protect from hot afternoon sun. Flowering is best with morning sun and afternoon shade. After flowering, Bleeding Heart should be cut back to rejuvenate the foliage. Even so, these often go completely dormant by midsummer, to return again the following spring.
Fertilizer/Soil and pH/Watering: These plants are at their best in evenly moist, rich soil A two-inch layer of mulch will help buffer soil moisture and keep the ground cooler. A slightly acidic soil (pH 6.0 to 6.5) is ideal, but plants will tolerate a pH up to 7.5. Apply a light application of balanced or slow-release fertilizer or side-dress with compost and organic amendments when new growth appears. Water well if it is unseasonably dry, as plants prefer evenly moist soil. Water consistently - D. spectabilis will go dormant during dry conditions in summer. Remove dead foliage after a killing frost in autumn, or anytime it becomes unattractive. A light mulch after the ground freezes will protect from winter heaving.
Pests/Diseases: Dicentra is occasionally bothered by slugs and snails. Treat accordingly with baits or by handpicking. If grown in poorly drained, wet soil, the crowns of the plants may rot. Avoid these soils and allow good air circulation. Keep mulch several inches away from the base/crowns of the plants.
Reflowering: The smaller varieties of Dicentra will bloom right up until frost in temperate climates, especially if old flower stems are removed. In areas with very hot summers, flowering may stop but will resume with cooler weather. Regular removal of yellowing foliage will keep plants looking fresh.
Dividing/Transplanting: Divide or transplant if needed as soon as you see new growth. IPlants can be gingerly divided in early spring; gently separate the brittle roots, replanting vigorous pieces from the outer edge of the plant.
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Persephone, the maiden of Greek mythology, holds a dual role as both youthful progeny of Zeus and his sister Demeter and the cold and solemn wife of Hades. This exhibit focuses on the latter aspect of Persephone, the goddess who is inexorably entwined with the dark realm of death. Persephone draws influence from her position as a ruler of the dead, and her prominence in popular Greek mystery cult.
Persephone’s tale, as told by the Homeric hymn to Demeter, begins with her abduction from the surface world by her uncle Hades, at the direction of Zeus. She is swept away, carried down in to the underworld; forced to become the betrothed of the lord of the dead. However, Persephone was not destined to dwell forever inside the dark depths of the earth. Thanks to the efforts of her mother she was able to escape the blackness and return to the surface world for two-thirds of the year but resigned to dwell with Hades for the remaining portion. Thus Persephone is associated with death and rebirth, through her yearly cycle of somberly descending to the land of the dead and her joyous ascension to the world of the living. These attributes of Persephone can be explained more clearly than the simple juxtaposition of the two Gods with which she spends her time: Demeter, the goddess of bounty and fertility and Hades, sovereign of souls. The contrast between the two is clear and, while they may be polar opposites in nature Persephone retains aspects of both.
“[I] then say prayers to the gods, to the almighty god of death and dread Persephone.” The Odyssey – book 12, lines 51-52”
Though Persephone was queen of the dead and must have garnered some influence through her position, there is little physical evidence regarding her role as a monarch of the underworld. This is not to suggest that she had none; in Homer’s Odyssey when Odysseus travel to the underworld and encounters the souls of the dead he prays to both rulers of the netherworld, not just to lord Hades. Odysseus’s inclusion of “dread Persephone” in his prayers, indicates a reverence for Persephone and her station and also implies that Persephone may have held actual power in the affairs of the dead and her title was not in name only. Another interesting note is that Odysseus refers to Persephone by name while Hades, original ruler of the underworld, is not. The direct use of a name by Odysseus in his prayer can possibly interpreted as a direct appeal to the goddess, rather than her unnamed husband, and if so would reinforce Persephone’s importance in Greek theology.
If a functionalist mindset is applied to the idea that Odysseus’s prayer to Persephone in the Odyssey denotes her importance in the matters of the underworld then it is possible to argue that this Odysseus’s reverence towards Persephone may have been a reflection of Greek cultural attitudes towards her. Scholars believe that certain details and aspects of Homer’s works did manifest themselves in Greek life and that the traditional Greek gods were canonized with the writings of Homer and contemporary Hesiod, if these assumptions are applied to Greek culture then it is entirely possible that the attitudes concerning Persephone present in Homer may have presented themselves in the mindset of Greek culture.
This red figure mixing krater is of Athenian origin and now resides in the Metropolitan Museum of art. The image on the side presented depicts the return of Persephone from the underworld, reunited with her mother. There are four figures total, two being Persephone and Demeter, the remaining two are representations of Hermes and the goddess Hekate. In the scene Persephone is springing forward from an opening in the earth accompanied by Hermes who wears his traditional travelers garb and his signature wand. Hekate is the older female wielding dual torches and appears to be presenting Persephone to Demeter, who is holding an ivy tipped staff at the far side of the scene. (Richter, 246) All figures on the vase are labeled. The atmosphere of the image is solemn and captures the gravity of the important reunion and its symbolic implications. (Richter, 246) Richter also points out in a summary article about this piece the discrepancies between the traditional myth and the artistic representation of the myth. For example, Homer states that Persephone was returned by Hades in golden chariot, and Hekate was not actually present at the reunion; however, the chariot is not depicted and Hekate is clearly present. (Richter, 247) Variations in the depictions of myth were commonplace and scholars believe that differences may arise when artists follow different versions of myths unknown in modern times. (Richter, 247)
The significance of the image depicted on this vase is derived from the significance of the myth itself, for the plight of Persephone and Demeter is the corner stone for one of the most important religious experiences in ancient Greece, the Eleusinian mysteries. Therefore a representation of this myth would be reminiscent of this important mystery cult and the importance it played in the minds of those who revered the sacred knowledge gained through the mysteries.
“Happy is he among men upon earth who has seen these mysteries; but he who is uninitiate and who has no part in them, never has lot of like good things once he is dead, down in the darkness and gloom…” (lines 480-87, Evelyn-White 323)
The Eleusinian mysteries held the keys to success in the afterlife for any unpolluted, Greek speaking individual. As the above lines from the Homeric hymn to Demeter iterate, partaking in this event was essential for anyone to find peace after death. The promise of a “happier” afterlife through the participation in the mysteries is similar to the use of pyramid and funeral texts by ancient Egyptians. Both are considered to be exclusive phenomenons which bestow benefits in the afterlife to those fortunate enough to have the proper access. The “secrets” of the Eleusinian mysteries are lost due to the immense secrecy surrounding the event. What is known is that the festival was nine days long, the amount of time in which the grieving Demeter searched for her daughter. (Keller, 50) The mysteries begin in Athens and make their way over to the city of Eleusis, a short distance from Athens. A remarkable feature of the festival was its yearly influence over all of Greece. The Eleusinian mysteries were revered by all Greek society, enough so that “all warfare was to cease for two months, safe travel was to be assured, and no legal proceedings were to be conducted during the festival’s nine days.” (Keller, 50-51) This halting of Greek life (certain parts) more so than anything signifies the importance and precedence of Persephone’s festival. Furthermore, archaeological evidence has revealed the temple site had been rebuilt several times, indicating a continued interest and focus on the Eleusinian festival in spite of destruction by outside forces. (Keller, 50) The clear grip the mysteries had over pan-Hellenic society supports a functionalist viewpoint that the mysteries and therefore Persephone, maiden of honor in the mysteries, played a significant part in Greek thoughts regarding death. The reverence and respect for the Eleusinian mysteries by Greek people underscores their reverence of Persephone for role in the mysteries and as queen of the dead.
“Attributed to the Persephone Painter: Bell krater depicting the return of Persephone (28.57.23)”. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/28.57.23 (October 2006)
Evelyn-White, Hugh, translator’s “Introduction” to Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica, Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.
Keller, Mara Lynn. “The Eleusinian Mysteries of Demeter and Persephone: Fertility, Sexuality, and Rebirth.” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, vol. 4 Spring 1988: 27-54.
Richter, Gisela. “An Athenian Vase with the return of Persephone.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, vol 26 Oct. 1931: 245-248.
The Ecole Initiative. U. of Evansville. 1 May 2007 <http://www.uwec.edu/philrel/faculty/beach/publications/eleusis.html>
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Department: Guest Editorial
When the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (P.L. 111–148) is fully implemented, the need for free healthcare clinics should diminish greatly; however, I am skeptical about whether this will actually happen. This new law mandates that most U.S. citizens and legal residents have health insurance. Medicaid coverage will be expanded to include those 133% above the Federal Poverty Level. People who do not qualify for Medicaid or Medicare and do not have health insurance through their employers will be required to purchase health insurance, but there will be tax incentives to help alleviate the cost. Those who do not purchase health insurance will be required to pay a tax penalty starting in 2014. However, there are several exemptions to this health insurance mandate, including financial hardship. A summary of the new healthcare reform law can be found at http://www.kff.org/healthreform/8061.cfm.1
In 2007, 45 million Americans had no health insurance and 89% of the uninsured lived in families headed by workers.2 Most of those without health insurance are the working poor. They make too much money to qualify for Medicaid and do not receive health insurance through their employers. They often have difficulty meeting their monthly expenses and are unable to afford health insurance. Although the new healthcare reform law includes tax benefits to offset the cost of purchasing health insurance, monthly payments will most likely be necessary. When a choice must be made between paying the monthly health insurance bill or buying groceries, basic human needs will take precedence. It appears that once again, this vulnerable group may have difficulty securing affordable health insurance. Hopefully, the provisions within the new law will help most of the working poor to purchase affordable coverage.
It has been my experience that many patients who use free healthcare clinics have recently lost their jobs and health insurance. These patients may eventually qualify for Medicaid; until then free healthcare clinics provide a way to receive primary healthcare services. Applying for Medicaid is difficult for those with transportation issues and physical and/or cognitive limitations. I foresee that implementing the new healthcare law may be burdensome and time-consuming to new enrollees. Free and accessible healthcare will still be needed when life situations such as unemployment occur.
Although I have expressed some pessimism toward the new healthcare reform law, it is a step in the right direction. Clearly, other options besides employment-based health insurance must be made available. Those of us caring for patients in free healthcare clinics see the struggles they face every day. Because the need for free healthcare exists and will for the foreseeable future, I encourage all NPs and other providers to locate the free clinics in their area and volunteer their services. These clinics cannot exist without the support of healthcare providers such as NPs. Helping those in need is extremely gratifying. Not only do individual patients benefit from services provided, but also the community as a whole becomes a healthier place to live.
My hope is that in the near future, all Americans will have access to affordable, quality healthcare and the need for free clinics will cease. Until that time, NPs need to assume leadership roles in our evolving healthcare system. NPs have the knowledge and skills to effect change in healthcare policy, and now is the time to formulate a plan with other policy makers to meet the needs of the most vulnerable members of society.
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Ch is always to be sounded as in church, g is always hard; y always represents a consonant; whilst kh and gh stand for gutturals.
If ai, bx, cx be different forms we obtain, after development of the squared determinant and conversion to the real form (employing single and double dashes to distinguish the real coefficients of bx and cz), a(b'c"+b"c'-2 f'f") +b(c'a"+c"a'-2g'g") +c(a' +a"b'-2h'h")+2f(g'h"+g"h'-a' + 2g (h ' f"+h"f'-b'g"-b"g')+2h(f'g"+f"g'-c'h"-c"h'); a simultaneous invariant of the three forms, and now suppressing the dashes we obtain 6 (abc+2fgh -af t - bg 2 -ch2), the expression in brackets being the S well-known invariant of az, the vanishing of which expresses the condition that the form may break up into two linear factors, or, geometrically, that the conic may represent two right lines.
-gh(uo+3ui+3u2+ 2 143+3 14 4+...
Assoc. Report, 1845), tho gh 781.5 was obtained by subsequent repetitions of the experiment.
Quinctilius), indicate clearly certain peculiarities in Sabine phonology: namely, (I) the representation of the Indo-European palatal aspirate gh by f instead of Lat.
The wires are so ad justed by bending that B, at the moment when it is opposite A, com municates with the ball D, and A communicates with C through GH; and half a revolution later C, when B comes opposite to it, communicates with the ball D through the contact of K with F.
It was not till sixteen years later, on the collapse of the united kingdom of urnes re' A ?eltre' G'`h e n.
The aspirated mediae bh, dh, gh, gh were treated as unaspirated b, d, g, g; probably also the rare aspirated tenues fell together with the unaspirated.
Change of the original aspirates gh, dh, bh (=x, 9, ~) into th corresponding medials Sanskrit.
GAtu gs.s gh cathware (four) -.
Gh and Fg, Gastral filaments (phacellae).
Gh by f (foied, contrast Latin hodie) 3.
On the appearance of serious leakage the overflow level of the water originally at of was lowered for safety to gh; and for many years the reservoir was worked with its general level much below gh.
C Ha 1 K y OC o ° gh GreatC ?
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Long Term Planning and Curriculum Coverage
We use a rolling program where year groups 1&2, 3&4 and 5&6 plan together over year A and year B so that children will never repeat a topic when they progress to the next year group. However, there are some topics which are only suitable for each specific year group so we plan R.E, P.E, French, Music and Computing separately. Where children share topic planning for foundation subjects, the lesson outcomes aim to reflect year group expectations for topic skills and recording.
Find out more about our curriculum by visiting our class pages
To view each year group's long term plan for year A or year B, please click the relevant link below.
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The stick will appear to be 0.5 meters long.
Work Step by Step
It has momentum equal to 2 mv. Its speed must be 0.866c, so that $\gamma = 2$. This means that its length is contracted along its direction of motion by a factor of two.
You can help us out by revising, improving and updating this answer.Update this answer
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How and Why You Should be Making Ghee
This post may contain Affiliate Links. Thank you for your support!
What is this mysterious ghee or clarified butter?
First, Ghee is the Sanskrit name for clarified butter. It is simply butter that has had all of the milk solids removed. It is simmered until all that remains after straining is a pure combination of fats.
Benefits of Eating Ghee
1. Ghee is great for those with a dairy intolerance or allergy.
A number of people who cannot have dairy can have ghee because, as mentioned above, all of the milk proteins have been removed. I have a niece who cannot have dairy or she will become asthmatic. I never realized how much we eat dairy until we were around them for the holidays! No cheese on pizza, no butter in the mashed potatoes, no mac-n-cheese. At least with ghee the family can easily cook with “butter” and she can have toast etc. with ghee. Not everyone does perfectly well with ghee (possibly because not all milk proteins were removed?) so I can’t wait to see how it goes!
2. It is a Nutrient Rich Food
Yes, I called this awesome fat, “food”. When you buy fresh, non-pasteurized (not heated to a high temp.), and non-homogenized (not zapped so that the fat stays mixed and doesn’t rise to the top) milk, all the nutrients are still intact. It’s great for drinking. Then, you can use a turkey baster and suck up that cream from the top and use it to make butter!! THEN you can use some of that awesome fresh butter to make ghee!! How great is that!
- “Omega-3s (monounsaturated fats) are healthy forms of fat that can be found in ghee, in addition to other fatty acids like conjugated linoleic acid and butyric acid, both of which have positive health benefits in the body.”1
- It also is high in Vitamins A and D and E.
3. Ghee May lower Bad Cholesterol
Ghee may decrease bad cholesterol when taken at a rate of 2 or less Tbsp a day; LDL and very-low-density lipoprotein, as well as triglycerides. Ghee seems to affect the metabolism of cholesterol.2
4. Ghee protects the Heart
A study done in 2003 showed that ghee helped arteries from hardening by lowering bad cholesterol and raising good cholesterol.3
5. It doesn’t have to be refrigerated
Yes, just like coconut oil, it can be kept in your cupboard or on your counter for months. This is because there is no protein remaining, only a pure combination of fats.
6. Ghee has a high smoking point
Many oils will begin to break down at medium to high temperatures, releasing free radicals. For example, olive oil should not be used for frying, grilling, or other high temperature cooking due to this very reason. On the other hand, ghee (and coconut oil) have high smoking points, meaning that they can reach very high temperatures before beginning to smoke or break down. This makes ghee (and coconut oil) great for cooking.
How to Make Ghee
Ghee is very simple to make.
1. Place your butter (from grass fed cows for better nutrition) in a sauce pan over low heat.
2. Melt butter.
3. Skim any “foam” (milk protein) off of the top using a slotted spoon. Get as much as you can.
4. Continue to cook for 20 minutes on low heat.
5. The rest of the milk proteins will sink to the bottom and begin to brown.
6. Once the mixture is clear with solids on the bottom, pour through a cheese cloth into a jar (or coffee filter, or old t-shirt…).
7. Keep on the counter or in a cupboard until needed. It will keep for many months at room temperature.
- Organic Butter
- Place your butter (from grass fed cows for better nutrition) in a sauce pan over low heat.
- Melt butter.
- Skim any "foam" (milk protein) off of the top using a slotted spoon. Get as much as you can.
- Continue to cook for 20 minutes on low heat.
- The rest of the milk proteins will sink to the bottom and begin to brown.
- Once the mixture is clear with solids on the bottom, pour through a cheese cloth into a jar (or coffee filter or old t-shirt).
- Keep on the counter or in a cupboard until needed. It will keep for many months at room temperature.
You can save the toasted milk solids for stir fries and other dishes that you want to add a slight nutty flavor to.
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After Jesus died and was ressurected, the disciples of Jesus didn’t know what to do or how to spread the good news of Jesus. Peter then finally decided that, like Jesus, they can’t stay quiet and must be willing to endure suffering in the name of teaching about Jesus. So Peter started teaching and baptising people. Eventually the High Priests began to take notice. Reuben, who was a leading priest but not the highest, decided to destroy what he considered to be a someone preaching to destroy the law, namely Jesus and his followers. He felt he needed to do so to preserve Moses’ law and to pacify the Romans who feared insurrection. Reuben convinced Saul, the captain of the temple guard, to join his cause and to kill if necessary all of the Jesus followers. Saul was a Philistine, whereas Reuben was an Israelite. Saul was extremely effective in persecuting the followers of Jesus, and became their most feared adversary. When Saul went to Damascus to capture a key disciple, Jesus blinded him and asked him why he was persecuting him. Jesus then told Saul that in a few days somebody would come heal him. After Saul was healed, he generated great faith in Jesus and Jesus said to him that he had been chosen to bring Jesus’ message to the gentiles (non-Jews) and was to be called Paul. When Reuben eventually learned of this, he wanted Saul/Paul killed. Paul then escaped Damascus and went to Jerusalem. He convinced Peter and the other disciples that he had made a genuine conversion to Jesus and asked for Peter’s blessings to go teach about Jesus to the gentiles. Peter agreed and Paul went out. Paul came to understand that this meant him eventually going to Rome itself to teach about Jesus. He first went to modern day Turkey, then back to Jerusalem, then to Greece and back to Jerusalem. Each time he went back he explained to Peter and the other disciples what was happening in the world of the gentiles, how they considered Jesus to be Christ, etc. Just as Jesus taught the Jews that one should not be attached to the letter of the law, but rather to follow its spirit, so too Paul explained to Peter and the other disciples t not be attached to keeping Jesus’ teachings for the Jews but they could be understood by the world of the gentiles. When Paul declared this in the temple in Jerusalem, the Priests wanted him killed, they sent him to the Roman Governor. Paul explained that he was a Roman citizen and wanted to make his appeal before the Emperor. So the governor sent him to Rome, which was Paul’s goal all along. From there, Paul set in motion what became the eventual conversion of the Roman Empire to Christianity.
As a Kadampa, what does this story teach me?
- We should rely upon the meaning of the teachings, not become attached to the letter. The letter of any teaching has to be understood in the context of the society/culture that it was given. But when society and cultures change, it is incumbent upon the practitioners to reexpress the same meaning in the new cultural context. Whenever this is done, it will provoke resistance by those who are attached to the letter of the earlier teachings. Venerable Geshe-la explains in Clear Light of Bliss that this is a principal root of sectarianism and is to be abandoned. Jesus did this for the Jews, and Paul did it for the Jewish followers of Jesus. In the same way, Venerable Geshe-la is taking the meaning of the Kadam Dharma as originally taught by the Indian Master Atisha but then later taught by the Tibetan Master Je Tsongkhapa and representing it in a Modern context. This provokes resistance from the established order who view such repackaging of the teachings as a threat.
- One of the main messages of Paul was the need to put aside the prejudice the Jews had against gentiles. The pure teachings of holy beings are for all beings, not just chosen people. These teachings will need to be adapted to transmit the same meaning into a different cultural context, but they are for everyone. Those whose primary concern is the pure spiritual practice of practitioners, they will see this logic, those who fear losing their power will not.
- Peter, Paul and the other disciples had to follow in the footsteps of Jesus and endure terrible sufferings, including torture and death, in the name of spreading teachings about Jesus. But they were to meet this suffering as Jesus did, by loving those who persecute him. In the beginning of Christian history, Christians were persecuted terribly, but they responded with faith, hope and love, but the greatest of these being love, and this won over those watching their persecution. Eventually, it also won over those who were doing the persecution, including the Romans themselves. Persecution still occurs, but in much milder forms, because those who were persecuted before us purified the collective karma of all those who follow after.
- Because Paul went to Rome, Rome eventually became Christian, and through this all of Europe did. When Europe then proceeded to conquer the world, they brought Christianity to four different continents. In this way, we can say that the actions of Paul, more than any other person since, established the Judeo-Christian world. This is amazing skillful means of Jesus.
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Last year, a group of amateur stargazers noticed something a little strange about a distant star, and before long, a full study was launched, with multiple telescopes, including the European Southern Observatory's (ESO) Very Large Telescope (VLT) peering at AR Scorpii. What they found was a fascinating binary system, exhibiting never-before-seen behavior.
New observations of the star system have revealed it to be far more dramatic than was thought when the object was first studied more than 40 years ago. Rather than a single star, the researchers found that the system, which is located 380 light-years from Earth, is actually binary, playing host to a pair of stars orbiting one another.
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The two stars are vastly different, with one being a red dwarf just one third the mass of the Sun, and the other a white dwarf roughly the size of Earth, but containing some 200,000 times more mass.
The observations also revealed that AR Scorpii is no ordinary binary system, but one that's exhibiting some fascinating and quite brutal behavior. The white dwarf is thought to be spinning at an extremely high speed, a process that's accelerating electrons close to the speed of light.
The researchers describe the release of radiation from the accelerated high-energy particles as being akin to a cosmic lighthouse, with the beam lashing across the surface of the companion red dwarf. Those intense pulses, which include radiation at radio frequencies – something that's never been observed with a white dwarf – cause a dramatic brightening and fading of the system every 1.97 minutes.
While the rapid spinning of the object explains the broad range of radiation frequencies – its exactly what you'd expect to see with electrons being accelerated in magnetic fields – the actual source of the electrons is something of a mystery. As of yet, astronomers haven't been able to work out whether the electrons are originating in the white dwarf, or the much cooler red dwarf companion star.
AR Scorpii was first studied in the early 1970s. At that stage, astronomers looked up at the distant body, and watching its fluctuations in brightness, concluded that it must be a single star with internal properties that cause it to brighten and dim regularly.
In May 2015, a group of amateur astronomers from the UK, Germany and Belgium took another look at the system, and noticed its unusual behavior. Follow-up studies by researchers at the University of Warwick in the UK then characterized the distant star system, making use of multiple telescopes, including the VLT, and NASA's Swift and Hubble Space Telescope installations.
Full details of the international study that lead to the characterization of AR Scorpii are due to be published on July 28 in the journal Nature.
"It's very exciting that we have discovered such a system, and it has been a fantastic example of amateur astronomers and academics working together" said study co-authoer Boris Gänsicke.
Source: ESOView gallery - 2 images
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http://newatlas.com/ar-scorpii-exotic-binary-star/44598/
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The last increase in the federal minimum wage was passed into law four years ago today, but the current minimum wage falls far short of meeting the needs of the average worker. To match the buying power of the 1968 minimum wage, for instance, today's would need to be increased to $10.55 an hour.
And yet, more than a quarter of America's private sector workers make less than $10 an hour, according to a report released this month by the National Employment Law Project:
In 2011, more than one in four private sector jobs (26 percent) were low‐wage positions paying less than $10 per hour. These jobs, moreover, were concentrated in industries where low‐wage workers make up a substantial share – in some cases more than half – of the entire workforce.
Worse yet, the share of low-wage jobs is increasing, as five industries that are comprised primarily of low-wage workers have grown faster than total employment since the end of the Great Recession, as this NELP chart shows:
While the share of low-wage jobs continues to rise, so to do the profits of the corporations that utilize low-wage workers. Two-thirds of America's low-wage workers are employed by corporations with more than 100 employees, and the nation's biggest low-wage employers are faring well since the end of the recession. 92 percent were profitable last year, and 63 percent are more profitable than they were before the recession, according to the report.
And even as they employ low-wage workers, chief executives continue to rake in massive salaries, as AlterNet's Sarah Jaffe notes. At the 50 companies that employ the largest number of low-wage workers, CEOs made an average of $9.4 million — roughly 450 times more than the gross income of a full-time worker who makes $10 an hour.
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<urn:uuid:5a8d2bee-82b7-44c9-b0a8-2ea18a6f9765>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=10515&Itemid=228
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Simulink Support Package for Arduino Hardware enables you to use the I2C interface to communicate with I2C based devices.
In this example, you will learn how to communicate to the Sparkfun digital temperature sensor TMP102. This sensor is interfaced with the Arduino board using the I2C bus. By default, it will send a 12-bit temperature value with a resolution of 0.0625 degree Celsius. You can configure this sensor to an Extended mode that provides 13-bit temperature measurements. For more details about the device, refer to the TMP102 datasheet.
Fonte e mais detalhes aqui
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<urn:uuid:6f7032bf-2122-4e0c-a2a6-f8bd7265a7ae>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://mundodarobotica.wordpress.com/2016/12/13/read-temperature-from-an-i2c-based-sensor-using-arduino-hardware/
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The Sunspider or Wind scorpion which is another name for it, ranges in size from nearly half an inch up to almost two inches.
In comparison to their bodies they have gigantic pincers which are hinged to let them move up and down.
They have a three segmented body, with very distinct sections.
Their arms are sticky, which are used to hold their prey items while they eat them. Only the last pair of legs is used for walking.
The abdomen is rounded and the tail has no stinger of any kind, which makes it different from others of its species.
Females lay eggs in a burrow they dig in the sand.
They will lay about fifty eggs at a time and guard them with veracity until they hatch. The small sun spiders are active only at night, while the adults are more active at night but will also hunt and move around in daylight hours.
Windscorpions, or sun spiders are predators, but they have no poison to help them catch their prey.
They are very aggressive hunters, stalking and capturing prey in their arms rather than with poison. They eat insects, and some smaller animals such as lizards who are many times larger than the predator.
Sun spiders live independently of each other, and only the females with young will live in a group. They are very often regarded as beneficial because they feed on insects and can keep homes insect free.
Their harmless nature to man further discourages any control.
“Upon seeing these arachnids, a person’s first impression is often, “Anything this ugly MUST be poisonous.” This is the unfortunate reputation that follows the sun spider. The truth is quite different. The sun spider’s appearance is quite fierce, yet they are perfectly harmless to man. Many superstitions are told about these creatures.
In Mexico and the Southwest it is one of two different creatures referred to as nina de la tierra or child-of-the earth. Solpugids live where arid and semi-arid conditions occur. In the United States, they are found from Arizona to West Texas and as far north as North Dakota and adjacent areas of Canada."
(Quote from nsdu) – Where you can also find out a great deal more about sun spiders.
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<urn:uuid:2a0385ec-7f87-438c-9efc-c3b3116943b6>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://www.itsnature.org/ground/creepy-crawlies-land/sunspiderwind-scorpion/
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There are two basic categories of pipe systems: one-pipe and two-pipe systems. The type of system installed will have an influence on dimensioning radiators and piping. A general characteristic of a two-pipe system is that the radiators are dimensioned for the same flow temperature and the same temperature difference.
Two-pipe system with direct return
In a two-pipe direct return system, the total pipe length from the pump to and from each radiator is shorter for the radiators closer to the pump and longer for the more distant radiators. For this reason the differential pressure can be significantly higher at the closest radiator than at the most distant radiator. This must be taken into consideration when designing the system. The advantage of the direct return system is that pipe routing is more straightforward compared to the reverse return system.
Two-pipe system with reverse return (Tichelmann system)
In a two-pipe reverse return system the total pipe length from the pump to and from each radiator is the same for all radiators on the same storey. This gives a favourable water distribution.
Two–pipe system with overhead piping
The distribution pipe is located in the suspended ceiling, and air vents are installed in central positions.
This type of system is common in larger buildings as it is relatively easy to balance and regulate the system. It is also easy to extend the system.
Two-pipe system with underfloor piping
The system is very common in houses and in buildings where the piping cannot be fitted in the available ceiling space. The distribution pipes are placed under the floor.
In multi-storey buildings air vent screws are needed on the radiators.
Two-pipe system with overhead piping
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://ph.grundfos.com/service-support/encyclopedia-search/two-pipe-system.html
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Why should Black / African-Americans that are descendants from slaves repatriate names from their original lands, AFRICA?
During slavery thousands of our fore-fathers and mothers were offer the opportunity to enter payment agreements for their freedom from slave master’s who own them like “property.” Not to have adopted or take back our Black / African names after being Emancipated from slavery is a gross oversight of our fore-fathers and mothers. Reclaiming their stolen and lost identities evidently did not enter their minds. Doing so would have cognitively DECLARED TRUE INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM FROM AMERICAN SLAVERY.
Presently, now 150 years have passed from the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 and the 1865 enactment of the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that abolished slavery in the US. State and County Governments persist today in charging the descendants of x slaves court and legal fees to legally change adopted White / European names. IT’S AS…
View original post 401 more words
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<urn:uuid:fc5cb038-501e-4ced-90bd-9324d90ca24d>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://twmusanbrc.com/2014/04/14/what-is-the-true-value-in-a-repatriated-names/
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Adjustable Dumbbells: The Flexible Workout Equipment
The world of fitness is known for its plethora of different devices, equipment, supplements and regiments. One of the major staples of fitness and exercise is dumbbells, which have been in existence for hundreds of years.
They are arguably one of the best pieces of equipment to have for fitness. The design of these weights allows for a more fluid movements that mimic natural motions of the body. Recent advancements to their shape and design have allowed them to be adjustable and customizable to anyone’s needs.
History of Dumbbells: From the Beginning
The history of the dumbbell can be traced all the way back to ancient Greece and Rome. They were known as “Halteres”. These Halteres were primitive hand weights that were used by the Greeks and Romans as training devices.
These Halters were used in a variety of different competitions and sports such as the long jump. This variation of the long jump was a bit harder because of the extra weight of the halteres during the jump. There were three jumps included in the long jump; the first two were done with the halters and the last jump without it.
Scientists have proven that these weights were used for assistance during their long jumps. The athlete we start off at a full sprint while swinging the halteres back and forth. Upon their initial jump they would swing the weight forward, helping them jump a further distance.
Upon landing they would begin the process of swinging the halteres again. These Halteres were typically made from heavy metals or stone. The Halteres would weight about 20 to 70 pounds (depending on their use). Though these halters were not designed like the hand weights of today, they were held in a similar fashion.
Dumbbell: Origin of the word
After the ancient Greek and Roman empires began to die out, other cultures developed similar weights to the halteres. “Meels” and “Nals” were used by the people of Egypt, the Middle East and also Persia. These weights were used by wrestlers as preparation for strengthening the muscles before a match.
The origin of the word “dumbbell” came from Stuart period of England. During this period, this word was used to refer to the equipment was mimicking the bell rope movement. These pieces of equipment were referred to as dumb(no sound) bells(referencing the motion of pulling on a bell to ring it).
Once strength trainers began to make their own equipment they decided to keep the name dumbbells.
Adjustable Weight Dumbbells: The Different Types
The invention of dumbbells has lead to many variations of this particular weight lifting equipment. A standard design is simply a handle with two weights attached to both ends of it. These two weights will be equally weighted and are used in strength training exercise as well as cardiovascular ones. These dumbbells are also known as fixed weight dumbbells and are made from: cast iron, plastic and on some occasions rubber.
Adjustable weight dumbbells and Selection dumbbells are very similar with only minor differences.
An Adjustable set offers the user an opportunity to select the weight that they want to lift. This can be accomplished by removing the pin that the weight is attached to and adding or taking off the weights.
With new advancements in technology, a user can simply adjust a dial and choose heavier or lighter weights. These selection weights are typically fixed to a station that acts as a storage for the weights.
Selection weights are designed with a crosshatch pattern that allows a user to improve their grip. This type is made to be used with clips and collars to keep the weight stationary.
These allow users to easily remove the weight plates from the hand unit and replace them with heavier or lighter ones. Many of the newer selection types are designed with easier to remove weights for quick weight selection.
The major difference between selection and adjustable, is that the selection weights have no stationary port for storage. This means that a rack must be purchased to store the weights safely.
Which is Best: Adjustable or Barbell?
Dumbbells are typically compared to barbells in terms of which provides users a better workout and a better workout. Both of these pieces of equipment offer a wide range of benefits to users. Also both of these pieces of equipment can be used in nearly every single type of exercise possible.
Adjustable dumb-bells are a typically more convenient as changing the weights is simple. Scientist have found that people are typically able to bench press more weight through the use of barbells.
However, barbells can cause the muscles of the body to develop an imbalance. Dumbbells on the other hand offer you equal weight in both hands, allowing you to exercise both arms or your chest more evenly.
Best Adjustable Dumbbell Brands
With the popularity of flexible weights increasing, many companies have begun to produce them. There are a number of companies that you can buy inexpensive weight sets from. The benefit of buying these is you can exercise at home, which will save you time and money.
Gold’s Gym offers some of the best, top quality steel plated dumb-bells. These will last you years without rusting or breaking down. Performance Fitness has created Vinyl set with changeable weights. Simply slide the pin over to select your wanted weight. These typically come with a one to two year warranty on all parts and pieces.
Adjustable Dumbbells: A Look Back
The history of the dumbbell extends back a few centuries to ancient Greece. During this time primitive dumbbells were used for weight training as well as in certain sports events. Over time the weights would travel all across the globe, under different names. During the late Stuart period in England, they finally received the name “dumbbells”.
These hand-weights also received a make over that closely resembles those in use today, which has made using them incredibly convenient. With the large amount of adaptable weights, a person can have an all in one gym in their home.
The brand new Bowflex SelectTech 552 stands as a testament to the ingenuity and advancements made in sports technology. Bowflex has developed quite a reputation for itself and its products. Bowflex products are typically held in high esteem and these dumbbells represent that tradition proudly.
Compared to other hand weights, these are quite inexpensive. This Bowflex flexible hand weights work incredibly well with an adjustable weight bench, to target different areas of your muscles.
This set are similar to having 15 sets of weights all in one compact piece of equipment. You can easily adjust the weight from 5-52 pounds with just a turn of the handle. This is the perfect piece of home workout equipment as it takes up very little space and can be stored in a closet.
There is a two-year warranty on all parts and weights. The Bowflex dumbbells can be found at almost any large retail store including: Walmart, Kmart and Target. This item is also available through ebay and amazon.
- Dumbbells can be adjust incredibly quickly with just a turn of the knob.
- Takes up very little space and can be stored under a bed or in the closet.
- Has a two year warranty on all parts and pieces.
- Takes the place to buying up to 15 different sets of weights.
- Easily go from 5 pounds to 52 pounds with the turn of the knob.
- Available at most big retail stores(walmart, kmart) and online at(amazon and ebay).
- Exercise DVD included which offers you a variety of different exercises to do.
- Dumbbells can only go up to 52 pounds.
- Parts can not be replaced after two years.
- Workout bench and weight stands are sold separately.
- No nutritional guide/ meal plan included
The Universal Power Pak is an awesome weight set for those that are just beginning to get into bodybuilding, weight training or a weight loss program. These flexi-weights offer you a six in one set that will save you tons of space. Easily stored on its weight stand, this set offers you dumbbell selections from 4-45 pounds. The adjustments comes in 5 pound increments and offer you an unbelievable price.
Compared to many other changeable dumbbell sets, this set is incredible value. They are ergonomically designed to save you space and can be stored neatly in a closet or underneath your bed.
The are also made from a highly damage resistant rubber with an extremely comfortable non slip grip. This amazing set comes with an workout instructional guide that will take you through various workout programs and sets. The rack itself, is set at an ideal height making it very each to get to the weights and turn the dials.
- The Power Pak offers you 9 sets of dumbbells in one convenient set.
- Adaptable dial allows for easy access to heavier or lighter weights.
- Dial is in increments of 5 pounds.
- Exercises with weights between 4-50 pounds easily.
- Convenient space rack which stores the Power Pack easily
- Design of power racks is incredibly helpful for reaching the dials and the weights themselves
- Exercise guides that offer you over 30 different exercises and routines.
- Awesome for those who are just beginning to learn the basic of fitness.
- Comes with a two year warranty on all parts.
- The Power Pak does not go past 50 pounds in weight.
- The Power Pak and stand only has a one year warranty
- Five position weight bench must be bought separately
- Does not come with an eating guide or nutritional instruction.
- Not a great option for intermediate or advanced trainers.
The Weider 90 lb Speed Weight Dumbbell set is an another great option for brand new trainers looking to make a change to their physiques. The Weight 90-lbs Speed Weight offers you an incredible option in adjustable weights set.
These weight sets can be easily adjusted by a simple twist of a knob. These adjustments are made in 5 lb adjustments that go all the way up to 45 lbs. There are 8 weight settings that you can adjust it to offering you effortless adjustments in weight.
These dumbbells are made from cast iron that will endure nearly any damage. The hand grips are ergonomic offering a more comfortable grip during a workout. The ergonomic design also helps it non slip, so you do not have to worry about it falling out of your hand.
There is also a stand that comes with it. This stand allows for easier storage of the weights, so they won't lay on the floor.
- Weider 90 lb offers 8 unique settings/weights for you use.
- The dumbbell sets comes with hand grips that are ergonomically made so they wont slip.
- 5 lb adjustments that go all the way up to 45 lbs.
- Dumbbells are made from cast iron weight plates that will not rust or wear down over time.
- The dumbbell sets comes with an stand that is perfect for storage.
- The stands come with two trays that are designed to hold both dumbbells.
- Great for those beginners that are looking to finally get a good workout in.
- Dumbbells do not offer you any weights heavier than 45 lbs.
- The dumbbells are not designed for experienced lifters with more than two years.
- These dumbbells do not come with an instruction guide for different workouts.
- Comes with no fitness trainers DVD’s.
- These system does not come with a nutritional guide.
- The workout bench comes separately.
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https://www.fitnessfixation.com/best-adjustable-dumbbells/
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Physicists at Australian National University have taken a bold step toward “Star Trek” tech with their latest invention — a water-based tractor beam that could eventually be used to clean up oil spills and control floating objects.
“We have figured out a way of creating waves that can force a floating object to move against the direction of the wave,” project leader Dr. Horst Punzmann from the Research School of Physics and Engineering said in a phys.org report.
“No one could have guessed this result.”
Using wave generators, a wave tank and a ping pong ball, the team was able to figure out the size and rate of waves necessary to shift the ball’s movement in any given direction — including against the movement of the waves themselves.
“We found that above a certain height, these complex three-dimensional waves generate flow patterns on the surface of the water,” Professor Michael Shats said. “The tractor beam is just one of the patterns, they can be inward flows, outward flows or vortices.”
The team reportedly used “advanced particle tracking tools” to discover the surface currents generated by the waves, but no current mathematical theory is able to fully explain the successful experiments, according to Punzmann.
“It’s one of the great unresolved problems, yet anyone in the bathtub can reproduce it,” Punzmann said. “We were very surprised no one had described it before.”
The team’s findings could significantly impact in the way oil spills are cleaned up, for example, and eventually lead to technologies capable of manipulating the movement of objects on water.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://dailycaller.com/2014/08/11/scientists-create-water-based-tractor-beam-that-can-control-floating-objects/
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This is a declaration for mankind, a guidance and instruction to those who fear God.
(Al Qur'an, Al-Imran 3:138)
Islam gave to mankind an ideal code of human rights fourteen centuries ago. These rights aim at conferring honour and dignity on mankind and eliminating exploitation, oppression and injustice.
Human rights in Islam are firmly rooted in the belief that God, and God alone, is the Law Giver and the Source of all human rights. Due to their Divine origin, no ruler, government, assembly or authority can curtail or violate in any way the human rights conferred by God, nor can they be surrendered.
Human rights in Islam are an integral part of the overall Islamic order and it is obligatory on all Muslim governments and organs of society to implement them in letter and in spirit within the framework of that order.
It is unfortunate that human rights are being trampled upon with impunity in many countries of the world, including some Muslim countries. Such violations are a matter of serious concern and are arousing the conscience of more and more people throughout the world.
I sincerely hope that this Declaration of Human Rights will give a powerful impetus to the Muslim peoples to stand firm and defend resolutely and courageously the rights conferred on them by God.
This Declaration of Human Rights is the second fundamental document proclaimed by the Islamic Council to mark the beginning of the 15th Century of the Islamic era, the first being the Universal Islamic Declarationannounced at the International Conference on The Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) and his Message, held in London from 12 to 15 April 1980.
The Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights is based on the Qur'an and the Sunnah and has been compiled by eminent Muslim scholars, jurists and representatives of Islamic movements and thought. May God reward them all for their efforts and guide us along the right path.
Paris 21 Dhul Qaidah 1401 Salem Azzam
19th September 1981 Secretary General
O men! Behold, We have created you all out of a male and a female, and have made you into nations and tribes, so that you might come to know one another. Verily, the noblest of you in the sight of God is the one who is most deeply conscious of Him. Behold, God is all-knowing, all aware.
(Al Qur'an, Al-Hujurat 49:13)
WHEREAS the age-old human aspiration for a just world order wherein people could live, develop and prosper in an environment free from fear, oppression, exploitation and deprivation, remains largely unfulfilled;
WHEREAS the Divine Mercy unto mankind reflected in its having been endowed with super-abundant economic sustenance is being wasted, or unfairly or unjustly withheld from the inhabitants of the earth;
WHEREAS Allah (God) has given mankind through His revelations in the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah of His Blessed Prophet Muhammad an abiding legal and moral framework within which to establish and regulate human institutions and relationships;
WHEREAS the human rights decreed by the Divine Law aim at conferring dignity and honour on mankind and are designed to eliminate oppression and injustice;
WHEREAS by virtue of their Divine source and sanction these rights can neither be curtailed, abrogated or disregarded by authorities, assemblies or other institutions, nor can they be surrendered or alienated;
Therefore we, as Muslims, who believe
a) in God, the Beneficent and Merciful, the Creator, the Sustainer, the Sovereign, the sole Guide of mankind and the Source of all Law;
b) in the Vicegerency (Khilafah) of man who has been created to fulfill the Will of God on earth;
c) in the wisdom of Divine guidance brought by the Prophets, whose mission found its culmination in the final Divine message that was conveyed by the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) to all mankind;
d) that rationality by itself without the light of revelation from God can neither be a sure guide in the affairs of mankind nor provide spiritual nourishment to the human soul, and, knowing that the teachings of Islam represent the quintessence of Divine guidance in its final and perfect form, feel duty-bound to remind man of the high status and dignity bestowed on him by God;
e) in inviting all mankind to the message of Islam;
f) that by the terms of our primeval covenant with God our duties and obligations have priority over our rights, and that each one of us is under a bounden duty to spread the teachings of Islam by word, deed, and indeed in all gentle ways, and to make them effective not only in our individual lives but also in the society around us;
g) in our obligation to establish an Islamic order:
i) wherein all human beings shall be equal and none shall enjoy a privilege or suffer a disadvantage or discrimination by reason of race, colour, sex, origin or language;
ii) wherein all human beings are born free;
iii) wherein slavery and forced labour are abhorred;
iv) wherein conditions shall be established such that the institution of family shall be preserved, protected and honoured as the basis of all social life;
v) wherein the rulers and the ruled alike are subject to, and equal before, the Law;
vi) wherein obedience shall be rendered only to those commands that are in consonance with the Law;
vii) wherein all worldly power shall be considered as a sacred trust, to be exercised within the limits prescribed by the Law and in a manner approved by it, and with due regard for the priorities fixed by it;
viii) wherein all economic resources shall be treated as Divine blessings bestowed upon mankind, to be enjoyed by all in accordance with the rules and the values set out in the Qur’an and the Sunnah;
ix) wherein all public affairs shall be determined and conducted, and the authority to administer them shall be exercised after mutual consultation (Shura) between the believers qualified to contribute to a decision which would accord well with the Law and the public good;
x) wherein everyone shall undertake obligations proportionate to his capacity and shall be held responsible pro rata for his deeds;
xi) wherein everyone shall, in case of an infringement of his rights, be assured of appropriate remedial measures in accordance with the Law;
xii) wherein no one shall be deprived of the rights assured to him by the Law except by its authority and to the extent permitted by it;
xiii) wherein every individual shall have the right to bring legal action against anyone who commits a crime against society as a whole or against any of its members;
xiv) wherein every effort shall be made to
(a) secure unto mankind deliverance from every type of exploitation, injustice and oppression,
(b) ensure to everyone security, dignity and liberty in terms set out and by methods approved and within the limits set by the Law;
Do hereby, as servants of Allah and as members of the Universal Brotherhood of Islam, at the beginning of the Fifteenth Century of the Islamic Era, affirm our commitment to uphold the following inviolable and inalienable human rights that we consider are enjoined by Islam.
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First Nations people from Grassy Narrows, Ont., continue to suffer the effects of mercury poisoning more than 40 years after commercial fishing was closed, a new report shows.
The report, released in English today in Toronto, outlines the long-term effects on people who lived along the Wabigoon-English River system in northwestern Ontario."Mercury Pollution in First Nations Groups in Ontario, Canada: 35 years of Canadian Minamata Disease" was published in Japanese in the Journal of Minamata Studies in 2011.
Two years ago, Japanese scientists who have been studying the effects of mercury poisoning for over 50 years, returned to Ontario. Their first research visit to the northwest region of the province had been in 1975.
The lead author of the report, Masazumi Harada, began researching the effects of mercury poisoning in Minamata, Japan, in 1961. That was also the year that methyl mercury in fish caught in Minamata Bay was identified as the cause of over 100 deaths and many more cases of brain damage in people who ate the fish. The effects of the poisoning became known as Minamata disease.
Mercury poisoning in Japan repeated in Canada
After the Japanese scientists learned of reports of similar symptoms in Canada, their research brought them to the Grassy Narrows and White Dog First Nations in northwestern Ontario.
The mercury originated in the 1960s from a chemical and pulp mill in Dryden, Ont., owned by Reed Paper Co. From there it got into the English-Wabigoon River System and then into the fish.
For the two First Nations, the fish were the main food source and the commercial fishery and related tourism businesses were their main livelihood.Grassy Narrows, Ont.
Shoon Keewatin, 57, a resident of Grassy Narrows north of Kenora, recalls a happy youth in the area.
"I remember when my dad and my sister were fishing, and I'd go and help them," he told CBC's Jody Porter. "Those were times I really enjoy. I think of them a lot, and they took that away."
The mercury problem was identified in 1969, and in 1970 the government order Reed Paper to stop releasing mercury into the water system and closed the local fishery.
Since then, people have received mixed messages about whether the fish is safe to eat, but many still do.
Mercury's damage continues today
Four decades later, the effects of that mercury – an estimated 9,000 kg – are still present. (The airborne release of mercury by the mill continued until 1975.)
Although lower, the mercury levels in fish continue to be above safe levels and people downstream from Dryden continue to have the symptoms of Minamata disease — even people born long after the mercury dumping had ended.
In 2010 the Harada team examined 160 adults from Grassy Narrows and Wabaseemoong, as White Dog is now named. They found that "33.7 per cent [54 people] of the target group would be diagnosed as Minamata Disease patients " and that "a total of 58.7 per cent [94 people] was affected by mercury."
Symptoms observed in at least one third of the people in the target group include: sensory disturbances on the limbs, difficulty walking a straight line, difficulty seeing, visual disturbances, hearing impairment, headaches, insomnia, exhaustion, fatigue and numbness in the limbs.
Keewatin doesn't have to be told. He is losing his sense of balance, his ankles are numb, and he suffers dizzy spells.
"I used to be able to stalk moose. Now I can't, because every time I go in the bush, I have to grab a stick for balance, and I make lots of noise."
Compensation for victims 'inadequate'
Keewatin says he'll be doing his part to seek out help for people who are suffering, and he hopes the new research shows the government compensation package from the 1980s is inadequate.
To him, restoring people's connection to the land is what matters most.
Steve Fobister, the former chief of Grassy Narrows, has severe disabilities from mercury poisoning. He told Porter, "we hope the future generations can make a change and find different opportunities. We have to maintain what we are."
Fobister, now 60 years old, receives $250 dollars per month as compensation.
The compensation results from an agreement the bands reached with the federal and Ontario governments, which had long been in denial about the effects of the dumped mercury on human health. The agreement was reached in 1985 and it provided for a Mercury Disability Board to dispense payments from a fund to which the governments, as well as Reed Paper and Great Lakes Forest Products Ltd., which took over the mill from Reed, made a one-time only contribution.
The compensation is based on a point system for the severity of symptoms. However, the three-decade-old agreement has no provision to adjust the payments for inflation.
"Our citizens have not been compensated adequately," Simon Fobister, the current Grassy Narrows chief told CBC news. Simon and Steve Fobister are cousins.
The Harada report found that for Grassy Narrows and Wabaseemoong combined, only one quarter "of those whom we diagnosed or deemed suspicious of Minamata Disease were officially approved" for compensation.
Masanori Hanada, the director of the Centre for Minamata Studies in Japan, and one of the keys authors of the report, spoke to Porter with the aid of a translator. He explained that the mercury poisoning victims in Japan received $800,000 US as compensation in 1973 and continue to receive $2,000 to $8,000 per month, also based on the severity of symptoms. In Canada, the board designates payments from $250 to $800 per month.
Hanada also said there needs to be ongoing research into the cumulative effect on people who have continued to eat the fish from the waters near Grassy Narrows. Without that research, he said it is impossible to say what the present and future effect will be. He did note that for outsiders, eating one or two fish from the lake isn’t harmful now.
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The changes of prices of stock are determined by many factors and many of them cannot be anticipated. The estimation of the changes of prices of stock on the basis of economic factors is the basis of fundamental analysis.
The estimation of the changes of stock on the basis of other factors is the subject of technical analysis, which is based only on the records of the results of previous operations in stock.
The analysis is based on the hypothesis that the prices of stock reflect all the factors including psychological factors, which in short-term investments are more important than the factors included into fundamental analysis.
Theories of expectation are the most discussed theories on the temporal structure of interest rates. They consist of several similar theories. What all the theories of expectation have in common is that the investors do not differ in the possession of debentures with various due dates.
The expected yield of debentures of all due dates during the following period is equal to the risk-free interest rate, i.e. to the yield of debentures with the shortest due date.
According to the theory of monetary substitute, very short-term debentures represent close substitutes of cash. With regard to the risk, many investors limit themselves to purchases of short-term instruments of the money market.
Therefore the prices of the instruments of the money market increase and the corresponding interest rates decrease in comparison with longer due dates.
The theory assumes a large number of investors investing into short-term debentures. Thus as against the issuers, the buyers strongly prefer short-term due dates. This fact increases the prices of debentures and decreases the corresponding interest rates.
According to the theory of preferential behaviour, investors prefer the purchase of debentures of certain due dates, but not only short-term debentures, and when purchasing other debentures they require higher yields.
This theory is practically a combination of the segmentation and of the theory of increasing premium for liquidity. Instead of the permanently preferred short-term due dates, with the theory of increasing premium for liquidity the investors may prefer other due dates depending on their individual investment goals.
The dependence of interest rates (of the yield until the due date) on the due date of zero coupon bonds in the milieu of perfect financial markets is called a yield curve or temporal structure of interest rates.
A yield curve can be upward-sloping, flat, downward-sloping. Most often it is upward-sloping. It means that the longer the due date, the higher the expected yield, and also the higher the "volatility", of the price of the debenture.
Transaction limits define the maximum weekly amount to be spent by the card. Limits are set for 7 days, from Monday to Sunday. The limit is defined in the payment card agreement, separately for ATM cash withdrawals and for point of sale payments. Weekly limits can be changed at any time in MojeBanka, on the Express line, in a KB branch or upon request of the client in accordance with bank requirements.
A supplementary service offered to selected payment cards. Travel insurance provides protection during travels, including for example cover of medical expenses, damage liability insurance and other unpredictable situations. For more information see the product sheet of your payment card or travel insurance conditions.
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The recent decision of the National Institutes of Health to require the inclusion of both sexes in animal research is encouraging. Nevertheless, in spite of constant urging from those of us interested in gender-specific medicine, it is disappointing that we had to wait for it almost three decades after the NIH recommended the inclusion of women in clinical trials in 1986. That first mandate clearly was the result of an imperative from the public, and not from the scientific community: the great wars of the first half of the 20th century had provided women with access to positions and opportunities never before available to them. The feminist movement was an inevitable consequence of those experiences. By the end of the century, women had prevailed on the Public Health Service to issue a report on what medical practitioners and biomedical investigators actually knew about women. The answer was astonishing and incontrovertible: we knew nothing about their unique physiology except for breast and reproductive physiology-a bikini view of women that has taken decades to overcome.
The 1985 Public Health Service Report began a crescendo of attention to women’s unique physiology and the experience of disease that has produced an amazing harvest of data about the scope and significance of the differences between the sexes. Our expanding understanding of those differences is completely changing the way we prevent, diagnose and treat illness in men and women. What began as an interest in women’s health almost immediately expanded into new questions: What’s different beside reproductive biology between the sexes? How do those differences affect normal function and how illness impairs health? We know now that thousands of identical genes make slightly different proteins in brain, heart, muscle and adipose tissue depending on the sex of the animal. The very stuff of which our organs are made varies as a function of biological sex. Whether an organism has the XX chromosomal pair of the female or the XY of the male turns out to be colossally important. They have important roles in impacting the structure of the proteins our genes produce in a sex-specific way.
The unexpected cornucopia of data about gender differences in human beings seems finally to have captured the public imagination: television specials, the internet and printed articles are all discussing the apparently revolutionary idea that there are actual, profoundly important, unexpectedly abundant differences between the sexes. Actually, we’ve known about many of them for over two decades, but in spite of our best efforts, the first findings created very little excitement. Virtually everyone agrees that men and women are different. Just how different is astonishing. The concept of gender-specific medicine, which takes those differences into account in the prevention, detection and treatment of disease, was one of the most important medical developments of the 20th century.
The present century began with another profoundly important achievement. The White House announced in June of 2000 that a world-wide consortium of scientists, collaborating in what is called The Human Genome Project, had spelled out the sequence of chemicals on our DNA that make us what we are. The accomplishment generated an explosive exploration of the structure and function of the 46 chromosomes that make up our genome. We are learning to modify or eliminate selected genes on those chromosomes entirely and insert others, prolonging and improving the quality of human life. But the most important consequence of the Human Genome Project’s achievement was what one of its leaders, Dr. Craig Venter, founder of Celera Genomics, famously said: once we could describe a naturally occurring chromosome, we could create one-a chromosome of which the parent was not a living organism, but the computer. Scientists have done just that: designed completely novel chromosomes which, when injected into host cells, successfully seize the machinery of the cell and makes it function to order. We are squarely in the new era of what is called synthetic biology. The age of Darwin, where randomly occurring changes in genes produce new varieties of species, is over: for the first time in the history of the planet, we are able to manipulate the genome deliberately to produce completely new forms of life.
These apparently different phenomena: our growing awareness of the impact of the sex chromosomes on the function of others in the genome and the new discipline of synthetic biology are in fact fundamentally related and pose one of the most underappreciated issues in contemporary biology. We are now at the beginning of a different era of evolution, in which man plays an unprecented and powerful role. The achievements of synthetic biologists are astonishing: Dr. Denis Malyshev’s group at the Scripps Research Institute recently reported that they have created a new functioning chromosome that includes two new structural elements in addition to the four that form the backbone of naturally occurring DNA. It’s dismaying that Malyshev’s group called the new components X and Y; that unfortunate choice of nomenclature may well cause a great deal of confusion as we go forward.
Those of us who have grown up with gender-specific medicine wonder if in fact future, computer generated genomes will include the sex chromosomes and if so, if the sex chromosomes themselves can/will be altered in some fundamental way to modify how the genome works. Certainly there is no reference to that idea in the new literature of synthetic biology. In fact, as yet there is no assurance that biologists have an accurate and reasonably complete understanding of the importance of the XX and XY chromosomes in modifying genomic function.
It has taken a very long time to focus the attention of the public and of the biomedical community on the absolutely essential role of the sex chromosomes in function on all levels of organisms from cells in culture to humans. We should capitalize on this interest and urge that as we go forward to create new forms of life that we consider how the XX and XY chromosomes will modify a finished, artificially produced genomic product. Ultimately and inevitably, we will have to consider what might be the consequences of modifying the sex chromosomes themselves and/or of eliminating them altogether as this new era of biological research expands. It’s essential to use the public interest to create a research agenda that will include looking at these fundamentally important questions as the power of synthetic biology expands. Hopefully it won’t take another 30 years to focus on this aspect of what it means to be male or female.
Marianne J. Legato, M.D.,F.A.C.P.
Emerita Professor of Clinical Medicine, Columbia University
Founder and Director, Foundation for Gender-Specific Medicine, Inc.
Author/editor, Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine
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