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Congratulations, human beings! It only took us 10,000 years, but there is now no place on the face of the Earth that has not been changed by us! From garbage left on the highest summits of our mightiest mountains to now the deepest depths of the ocean, no place can escape our incredible reach. And we learned the latter because we’ve colonized the Mariana Trench with polychlorinated biphenyls.
Scientists discovered the PCBs in amphipods — shrimplike crustaceans — brought back to the surface. Not only did we find our chemicals inside of them (free of charge), but at higher levels than in similar crustaceans found in polluted Chinese waters. So, we’re crushing it even harder as a species than we knew was even possible.
What’s even more exciting is that we didn’t even discover PCBs until 1865 or start using them until 1881. So, did we say 10,000 years? Because we meant 136, bee-yotch! The Industrial Revolution is still winning the War on Animals!
Now we just need to find life on another planet and beat that time!
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“Critics counter that, absent clear proof, schools are being motivated by a blind faith in technology and an overemphasis on digital skills – like using PowerPoint and multimedia tools – at the expense of math, reading and writing fundamentals. They say the technology advocates have it backward when they press to upgrade first and ask questions later.” (from a recent piece in the New York Times)
The recent piece in the New York Times entitled “In Classroom of Future, Stagnant Scores” presents a picture of classrooms in the Kyrene School District in Chandler, Arizona, a district that has spent $33 million dollars to outfit its classrooms with laptops, wireless internet, smart boards, and instructional software. And the article does not present a rosy picture of how technology has played out in Kyrene:
“There are times in Kyrene when the technology seems to allow students to disengage from learning: They are left at computers to perform a task but wind up playing around, suggesting, as some researchers have found, that computers can distract and not instruct.”
But I find this article horribly troubling. The above, for example, argues that students might get distracted at a computer sitting before them. This is not the fault of the technology. Do you think that students working on paper don’t doodle sometimes in the margins? Don’t daydream? Student distraction is part of the classroom. It’s exactly why I try to put some compelling thoughts on my classroom walls so that as students’ minds are wandering, their eyes might find something thought-provoking to ponder. And it’s also why I work to present my students with maximally engaging and relevant tasks, to minimize their distraction as much as possible.
Let’s be clear: computers DO NOT instruct. They are tools. TEACHERS instruct. And if teachers do not present students with engaging activities, students will not be engaged, no matter the medium/tool.
But the crux of the opposition to technology presented in the article seems to center on one main issue:
“Other parents feel conflicted. Eduarda Schroder, 48, whose daughter Julia was in Ms. Furman’s English class, worked on the political action committee last November to push through an extension of the technology tax. Computers, she says, can make learning more appealing. But she’s also concerned that test scores haven’t gone up.
She says she is starting to ask a basic question. ‘Do we really need technology to learn?’ she said. ‘It’s a very valid time to ask the question, right before this goes on the ballot.’”
So the conundrum is this: all the money already spent on technology in this school district isn’t bringing test scores up, so should the district continue to spend the money?
Test scores? Why is the final measure ALWAYS “academic achievement”? The tests that have plagued us for the last several years have not yet gotten it right, and more testing is coming. Our state (Colorado) is ramping up the testing requirements, and Colorado is not alone in this. Being added to the reasons to test students now (in our state with Senate Bill 191 and nationally with Obama’s recent pronouncements on NCLB) is to evaluate “teacher effectiveness,” yet another difficult-to-quantify and elusive entity. And now the jobs of hard-working professionals will hinge on it.
The mere practicalities of testing so many students (and scoring these tests quickly) make for tests that cannot even begin to capture the kinds of skills our students need to succeed in the future or capture the “effect” a single teacher has on student achievement. Our society is so bent on numbers, on quantifying everything. If the numbers don’t support it, it must not be real, right?
If this isn’t an indication that something is wrong with our current push toward raising test scores, then I must be crazy.
Okay, so the article included quotes from a lot of people who are wondering about whether it’s worth it to spend the money on technology if there isn’t a clear correlation to test scores. I’ve made my argument above about why I think this line of thinking is problematic, but what is missing from this article is far more problematic.
What I don’t see in this article is a discussion of the world our students need to be ready to enter. Preparing students for this world–NOT whether or not test scores improve–should be THE reason for technology in the classroom. Part of the problem is that we cannot see this future world clearly yet, so an accurate description of it is not totally possible. But we do know this: internet and communication technologies are connecting us globally in unprecedented ways. It will not be uncommon for our students in their future careers to be expected to work effectively with colleagues on the other side of the globe. As we connect more with each other across physical space that previously separated us, our world becomes increasingly complex. And our students’ future world will be complex in ways we cannot imagine now. Despite our inability to see that future clearly, our students deserve our very best efforts to challenge them to develop the skills they will need anyhow: collaboration, innovation, critical thinking, research, reading complexity, data management, writing to communicate for all kinds of purposes, and facility with emerging internet and communication technologies (just to name a few). Sure, many of these things can be taught without technology, but these skills can be taught far more effectively with it.
And essentially, the issue here is literacy. As Ernest Morrell reminded me in a key note address at the Colorado Language Arts Society conference this past weekend, literacies have always evolved along with changes in communication technologies. The skills needed to be literate in our world now are far far beyond mere reading and writing. Students must be able to manage the deluge of information that our world throws at them from everywhere. They need to know not only how to wade through it but determine which information is most credible. When dealing with text on the internet, this requires not just reading the text itself, but reading the URL to understand where the article is being posted, and reading to find out who the author is to determine the person’s credibility, and reading the whole website to understand the ultimate purpose for the website’s existence to begin with. Basic literacy now includes looking for bias and determining credibility of each of the individual web sources that make up the tsunami of information confronting us in our world. Yes students can (and should) do this with sources on actual paper, but more and more of that paper is moving to the web anyhow. If we don’t teach our students how to do all this well, we fail them. We send them out into a future world that we cannot yet see clearly, totally unprepared. My students can use Facebook to make plans for Friday night, but can they use a wiki or other web 2.0 space to complete a shared project with colleagues on the other side of the globe? That’s the kind of technology literacy I’m interested in teaching.
I’m not talking about all kinds of technology here. Though I’m certain there are some excellent examples of instructional software out there, that is not what I’m talking about, and that kind of software is expensive. I can get all the software I need for free from Google, and this free software enables me to do some pretty awesome things with my students. Technology does not instruct. The teacher does. Technology is the tool now, my paper and pencil (which is not to say that my students are not still using paper and pencil–they are, every single day). The technology is not the end goal but the tool to get the students to an important end goal not possible without it.
I have never been a proponent of technology for technology’s sake. Some argue that technology is important because it grabs students’ attention. Though that may be true, it is a weak argument for the necessity of technology in the classroom. Technology is only necessary when it allows us to achieve something critical that we cannot achieve without it.
I’ll say that again: technology is only necessary when it allows us to achieve something critical that we cannot achieve without it.
And what we cannot achieve without technology right now is preparing our students for a future world, complex in ways we cannot yet imagine.
This preparation is not something we can accurately measure with test scores, so let’s stop talking about test scores as the ultimate measure of the importance of anything in education.
That which we cannot quantify is far more important.
(now I need to get some grading done)
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A Clarkson University professor developed the problem for attendees to solve at Moody's Mega Math Challenge (M3) in Philadelphia in March.
Associate professor of math and computer science Dr. Joseph Skufca challenged high school students to use math to create a school lunch menu that students will enjoy the taste of and is healthy at the same time.
"Last year, our small, local school system of about 1,400 students lost more than $60,000 during the first semester because students were purchasing fewer meals under the new (federal) school lunch program," Skufca said. "As a father, I also noticed that the taste of the new menu items was an issue for my children. As a mathematician, I saw that this was a situation where mathematics ought to be able to find a better solution. And who better to solve it than the true experts on this subject: kids?"
Childhood nutrition and obesity have been in the spotlight since First Lady Michelle Obama announced her health and wellness platform for children and spearheaded passage of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010, which mandates healthy choices in school lunches. Just last month, the first lady joined U.S. Department of Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack to announce guidelines for school wellness policies. As with any new program, school districts have concerns, such as budgetary limitations and declining revenue from food services due to lack of food appeal.
"Math models can certainly improve the economics of the school lunch program, but if the goal is to build life-long healthy eating habits, then we need to understand what makes the lunch experience enjoyable," Skufca said. "When we develop mathematical models of real world situations, we often face the challenge of needing to quantify and measure intangibles, such as ‘appeal' or ‘satisfaction'. Learning to overcome these creative challenges allows for significantly broader opportunities to apply mathematics to improve our world."The M3 event was attended by over 5,000 high school students. Six finalist teams, which will be announced April 7, will present their solutions to a panel of judges in New York City on April 28. Winning teams will be awarded shares of $125,000 by The Moody's Foundation.
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The United States Congress designated the Superstition Wilderness (map
) in 1964 and it now has a total of 160,236 acres
All of this wilderness is located in Arizona
and is managed by the Forest Service.
Although there is no guarantee that you'll find buried treasure, you are sure to discover miles and miles of desolate and barren mountains, seemingly endless and haunting canyons, raging summer temperatures that can surpass 115 degrees Fahrenheit, and a general dearth of water. Even the area's earliest known inhabitants, the hardy Hohokam and Salados peoples, established only very small villages and cliff dwellings in this harsh and fabulous country between 800 and 1400 a.d. The Wilderness value of the Superstitions has long been recognized. Established as a Primitive Area in 1939, it was named a pre-Wilderness Act "wilderness" in 1940, and became an official Wilderness in 1964. Elevations range from approximately 2,000 feet on the western boundary to 6,265 feet on Mound Mountain. In the western portion rolling land is surrounded by steep, even vertical terrain. Weaver's Needle, a dramatic volcanic plug, rises to 4,553 feet. The central and eastern portions are less topographically severe. Vegetation is primarily that of the Sonoran Desert, with semidesert grassland and chaparral higher up. Dense brushland covers hundreds of acres. A few isolated pockets of ponderosa pine may be found at the highest elevations. Despite the harsh setting, much of Superstition Wilderness, especially the Peralta and First Water Trails, is overused by humans. These two trailheads receive about 80 percent of the annual human traffic, and the U.S. Forest Service calls the 6.3-mile Peralta one of the most heavily used trails in Arizona. Other trails within the Wilderness are virtually untrodden. There are about 180 miles of trails, ranging from excellent to poor, as well as other unmaintained tracks. Group size is limited to 15 people and 15 head of livestock. Length of stay is limited to 14 days.
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| 4
|
Methods & Applications of Enzyme & Whole Cell Immobilization
(Advantages and Disadvantages of Enzyme Immobilization; Matrix/Supports Used in Enzyme Immobilization)
What is enzyme immobilization?
Immobilization is defined as the imprisonment of cell or enzyme in a distinct support or matrix. The support or matrix on which the enzymes are immobilized allows the exchange of medium containing substrate or effector or inhibitor molecules. The practice of immobilization of cells is very old and the first immobilized enzyme was amino acylase of Aspergillus oryzae for the production of L-amino acids in Japan.
Advantages of immobilized enzymes:
(1). Increased functional efficiency of enzyme
(2). Enhanced reproducibility of the process they are undertaking
(3). Reuse of enzyme
(4). Continuous use of enzyme
(5). Less labour input in the processes
(6). Saving in capital cost and investment of the process
(7). Minimum reaction time
(8). Less chance of contamination in products
(9). More stability of products
(10). Stable supply of products in the market
(11). Improved process control
(12). High enzyme substrate ratio
Disadvantages of enzyme immobilization:
(1). Even though there are many advantages of immobilized enzymes, there are some disadvantages also.
(2). High cost for the isolation, purification and recovery of active enzyme (most important disadvantage)
(3). Industrial applications are limited and only very few industries are using immobilized enzymes or immobilized whole cells.
(4). Catalytic properties of some enzymes are reduced or completely lost after their immobilization on support or carrier.
(5). Some enzymes become unstable after immobilization.
(6). Enzymes are inactivated by the heat generated in the system
Applications of enzyme immobilization:
(1). Industrial production: Industrial production of antibiotics, beverages, amino acids etc. uses immobilized enzymes or whole cells.
(2). Biomedical applications: Immobilized enzymes are widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. Immobilized enzymes can be used to overcome inborn metabolic disorders by the supply of immobilized enzymes. Immobilization techniques are effectively used in drug delivery systems especially to oncogenic sites.
(3). Food industry: Enzymes like pectinases and cellulases immobilized on suitable carriers are successfully used in the production of jams, jellies and syrups from fruits and vegetables.
(4). Research: A Research activity extensively uses many enzymes. The use of immobilized enzyme allow researcher to increase the efficiency of different enzymes such as Horse Radish Peroxidase (HRP) in blotting experiments and different Proteases for cell or organelle lysis.
(5). Production of bio-diesel from vegetable oils.
(6). Waste water management: treatment of sewage and industrial effluents.
(7). Textile industry: scouring, bio-polishing and desizing of fabrics.
(8). Detergent industry: immobilization of lipase enzyme for effective dirt removal from cloths.
Supports or Matrix used in immobilization technology:
The matrix or support immobilizes the enzyme by holding it permanently or temporarily for a brief period of time. There are a wide variety of matrixes or carriers or supports available for immobilization. The matrix used should be cheap and easily available. Their reaction with the components of the medium or with the enzyme should be minimum as possible. The matrixes or supports for immobilization of enzymes or whole cells are grouped into three major categories
(1). Natural polymers
(2). Synthetic polymers
(3). Inorganic materials
(1). Natural polymers:
(a). Alginate: A natural polymer derived from the cell wall of some algae. Calcium or magnesium alginate is the most commonly used matrix. They are inert and have good water holding capacity.
(b). Chitosan and chitin: They are structural polysaccharides occurring naturally in the cell wall of fungi and the exoskeleton of Arthropods. The various functional groups in enzymes can bind to the – OH group of chitin and can form covalent bonds.
(c). Collagen: It is the protenaceous support with good porosity and water holding capacity. The side chains of the amino acids in the collagen and that of enzyme can form covalent bonds to permanently hold the enzyme to the support.
(d). Carrageenan: It is a sulfated polysaccharide obtained from some red algae. Their good gelling properties together with its high protein holding capacity makes it good support for immobilizing enzymes.
(e). Gelatin: Gelatin is the partially hydrolyzed collagen with good water holding capacity.
(f). Cellulose: Most abundant polymer of nature and it is the cheapest support available as carrier of enzymes. The hydroxyl group of the monomer units (glucose) can form covalent bonds with that of the amino acids of enzyme.
(g). Starch: A natural polymer of amylose and amylo-pectin. It has good water holding capacity.
(h). Pectin: It is a structural polysaccharide of plants found in their primary cell wall and they also acts as the inter-cellular cementing material in plant tissues. Pectin is a gelling agent with good water holding capacity.
(2). Synthetic polymers:
They are ion exchange resins or polymers and are insoluble supports with porous surface. Their porous surface can trap and hold the enzymes or whole cells. Example: Diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE cellulose), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), UV activated Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
(3). Inorganic materials:
(a). Zeolites: They are microporous, aluminosilicate minerals with good adsorbing properties and extensively used for immobilizing enzymes and whole cells.
(b). Ceramics: They are nonmetallic solids consisting of metal and nonmetal atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds. The composition and bonding pattern varies with different types.
(c). Diatomaceous earth: They are silicious sedimentary rocks formed by fossilized accumulations of the cell wall of diatoms. Celite is the trade name of diatomaceous earth. It is a good adsorbent and are resistant to high pH and temperature.
(f). Activated carbon
Methods of Immobilization:
Based on support or matrix and the type of bonds involved, there are five different methods of immobilization of enzyme or whole cells.
(2). Covalent bonding
Adsorption is the oldest and simplest method of enzyme immobilization. Nelson & Griffin used charcoal to adsorb invertase for the first time in 1916. In this method enzyme is adsorbed to external surface of the support. The support or carrier used may be of different types such as:
(1). Mineral support (Eg. aluminum oxide, clay)
(2). Organic support (Eg. starch)
(3). Modified sepharose and ion exchange resins
There is no permanent bond formation between carrier and the enzyme in adsorption method. Only weak bonds stabilize the enzymes to the support or carrier. The weak bonds (low energy bonds) involved are mainly:
(a). Ionic interaction
(b). Hydrogen bonds
(c). Van der Waal forces
For significant surface bonding the carrier particle size must be small (500 Å to 1 mm diameter). The greatest advantage of adsorption method is that there will not be “pore diffusion limitations” since enzymes are immobilized externally on the support or the carrier.
Methods of adsorption:
(1). Static process: Immobilization to carrier by allowing the solution containing enzyme to contact the carrier without stirring.
(2). Dynamic batch process: Carrier is placed in the enzyme solution and mixed by stirring or agitation.
(3). Reactor loading process: Carrier is placed in the reactor, and then the enzyme solution is transferred to the reactor with continuous agitation.
(4). Electrode position process: Carrier is placed near to an electrode in an enzyme bath and then the current is put on, under the electric field the enzyme migrates to the carrier and deposited on its surface.
Advantages of adsorption method:
(a). No pore diffusion limitation
(b). Easy to carry out
(c). No reagents are required
(d). Minimum activation steps involved
(e). Comparatively cheap method of immobilization
(f). Less disruptive to enzyme than chemical methods
Disadvantages of adsorption method:
(a). Desorption of enzymes from the carrier
(b). Efficiency is less
(2). Covalent bonding:
This method involves the formation of covalent bonds between the chemical groups in enzyme and to the chemical groups on the support or carrier. It is one of the widely used methods of enzyme immobilization. Hydroxyl groups and amino groups of support or enzyme form covalent bonds more easily. Chemical groups in the support or carrier that can form covalent bonds with support are amino groups, imino groups, hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, thiol groups, methylthiol groups, guanidyl groups, imidazole groups and phenol ring.
Important functional groups of the enzyme that provide chemical groups to form covalent bonds with support or carrier are:
1. Alpha carboxyl group at ‘C’ terminal of enzyme
2. Alpha amino group at ‘N’ terminal of enzyme
3. Epsilon amino groups of Lysine and Arginine in the enzyme
4. β and γ carboxyl groups of Aspartate and Glutamate
5. Phenol ring of Tyrosine
6. Thiol group of Cysteine
7. Hydroxyl groups of Serine and Threonine
8. Imidazole group of Histidine
9. Indole ring of Tryptophan
Carriers or supports commonly used for covalent bonding are:
(a). Carbohydrates: Eg. Cellulose, DEAE cellulose, Agarose
(b). Synthetic agents: Eg. Polyacrylamide
(c). Protein carriers: Collagen, Gelatin
(d). Amino group bearing carriers: Eg. amino benzyl cellulose
(e). Inorganic carriers: Porous glass, silica
(f). Cyanogen bromide (CNBr)-agarose and CNBr Sepharose
Methods of covalent bonding
(1). Diazoation: Bonding between amino group of support and tyrosil or histidyl group of enzyme.
(2). Peptide bond: Bonding between amino or carboxyl groups of the support and that of the enzyme.
(3). Poly functional reagents: Use of a bi-functional or multifunctional reagent (glutaraldehyde) which forms covalent bonds between the amino group of the support and amino group of the enzyme.
Advantages of covalent bonding:
(a). Strong linkage of enzyme to the support
(b). No leakage or desorption problem
(c). Comparatively simple method
(d). A variety of support with different functional groups available
(e). Wide applicability
Disadvantages of covalent bonding (major problem with covalent bonding):
(a). Chemical modification of enzyme leading to the loss of functional conformation of enzyme.
(b). Enzyme inactivation by changes in the conformation when undergoes reactions at the active site. This can be overcome through immobilization in the presence of enzyme’s substrate or a competitive inhibitor.
In this method enzymes are physically entrapped inside a porous matrix. Bonds involved in stabilizing the enzyme to the matrix may be covalent or non-covalent. The matrix used will be a water soluble polymer. The form and nature of matrix varies with different enzymes. Pore size of matrix is adjusted to prevent the loss of enzyme. Pore size of the matrix can be adjusted with the concentration of the polymer used. Agar-agar and carrageenan have comparatively large pore sizes. The greatest disadvantage of this method is that there is a possibility of leakage of low molecular weight enzymes from the matrix.
Examples of commonly used matrixes for entrapment are:
(1). Polyacrylamide gels
(2). Cellulose triacetate
Methods of entrapment:
(a). Inclusion in the gels: enzymes trapped inside the gels.
(b). Inclusion in fibers: enzymes supported on fibers made of matrix material.
(c). Inclusion in microcapsules: Enzymes entrapped in microcapsules formed by monomer mixtures such as polyamine and calcium alginate.
Advantages of entrapment:
(a). Fast method of immobilization
(b). Cheap (low cost matrixes available)
(c). Easy to practice at small scale
(d). Mild conditions are required
(e). Less chance of conformational changes in enzyme
(f). Can be used for sensing application
Disadvantages of entrapment:
(a). Leakage of enzyme
(b). Pore diffusion limitation
(c). Chance of microbial contamination
(d). Not much success in industrial process
(4). Cross linking (copolymerization):
This method is also called as copolymerization. In this method of immobilization enzymes are directly linked by covalent bonds between various groups of enzymes via polyfunctional reagents. Unlike other methods, there is no matrix or support involved in this method. Commonly used polyfunctional reagents are glutaraldehyde and diazonium salt. This technique is cheap and simple but not often used with pure enzymes. This method is widely used in commercial preparations and industrial applications. The greatest disadvantage or demerit of this method is that the polyfunctional reagents used for cross linking the enzyme may denature or structurally modify the enzyme leading to the loss of catalytic properties.
This type of immobilization is done by enclosing the enzymes in a membrane capsule. The capsule will be made up of semi permeable membrane like nitro cellulose or nylon. In this method the effectiveness depends upon the stability of enzymes inside the capsule.
Advantages of encapsulation:
(a). Cheap and simple method
(b). Large quantity of enzymes can be immobilized by encapsulation
Disadvantages of encapsulation:
(a). Pore size limitation
(c). Only small substrate molecule is able to cross the membrane
Immobilization of whole cells:
Immobilization of whole cells is an alternative to enzyme immobilization and it is a well-developed method for the utilization of enzymes from microbes. Immobilization of whole cells become particularly effective when the individual enzymes become inactive during direct immobilization, or the isolation and purification of enzyme is not cost effective. The greatest advantage of whole cell immobilization is that here the enzymes will be active and stable for long period of time since they are in their natural environment. Use of immobilized cells for fermentation is a very old practice. Bacteria or yeast cells are immobilized by adsorbing it on woodchips. This is practiced in many parts for different types of fermentations.
Advantages of whole cell immobilization:
(a). Multiple enzymes can be introduced to a single step
(b). Extraction and purification of enzymes are not required
(c). Enzymes are stable for long time
(d). Native conformation of enzyme is best maintained
(e). Cell organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts can be immobilized
(f). Cost effective method
Disadvantages of whole cell immobilization:
(a). Concentration of enzymes will be less
(b). Production of unwanted enzymes and unwanted products
(c). Modification of end products by other enzymes produced by immobilized cells
Methods of immobilization of whole cells:
Methods of immobilization of whole cells are same as that described for enzyme immobilization and they include:
2. Covalent bonding
3. Cell to cell cross linking
Immobilization of cells: Methods, Support materials, Cells and Reaction:
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The state's smallest animal is a red-tailed gerbil, with a mean weight of 2.5 grams and a standard deviation of 0.25 grams. Assuming that the weights are normally distributed, find the probability of randomly selecting a gerbil that weighs
a. between 1.0 and 2.0 grams
b. between 1.6 and 2.2 grams
c. more than 2.2 grams
The solution shows how to use z-score to find the probability of the weight range of gerbil, which is normally distributed.
|
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Hindi translation of 'utterance'
utterance /ˈʌtərəns ˈअटरअन्स्/
Word forms: utterances
Someone's utterances are the things that they say.[formal]
...the Queen's public utterances.
Copyright © 2014 by HarperCollins Publishers. All rights reserved.
Example Sentences Including 'utterance'
Wrinkles at the corner of his eyes gave him a humorous appearance, belied by a mournful utterance.Somewhere East of Life
Only the students closest to Zelim heard him speak, and even they, when debating the subject later, did not agree on the utterance.GALILEE (2001)
It was on time, driven by a warped old geezer called Mac whose one utterance was, `Aye," in various tones of disbelief.The Tartan Ringers
Trends of 'utterance'
View usage over:
'utterance' in Other Languages
Translation of utterance from the Collins English to Hindi Dictionary
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-hindi/utterance
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en
| 0.898291
| 232
| 2.671875
| 3
|
3x + 3y
Work Step by Step
3(x + y) We use the Distributive Property to distribute the 3 to all the variables in the parenthesis 3x + 3y The answer cannot be simplified any further, so we leave it as 3x + 3y
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NASA's Interstellar Boundary Explorer, or IBEX, has spent the last four years exploring the very edge of our solar system, where giant magnetic bubbles repel incoming charged particles while neutral ones stream in on their way to the Sun.
NASA has now released this awesome video explaining just what IBEX has seen in its four years of observation. In a NASA statement, mission scientist Eric Christian explains that what we've found out there is nothing like what we're used to here in the inner solar system:
"We've directly measured four separate types of atoms from interstellar space and the composition just doesn't match up with what we see in the solar system. IBEX's observations shed a whole new light on the mysterious zone where the solar system ends and interstellar space begins."
One key difference is that there's a much greater concentration of oxygen inside our solar system than outside. That's good news for us, of course - we wouldn't be here without oxygen - but it does complicate the picture for how the solar system originally formed. David McComas, the principal investigator for IBEX at the Southwest Research Institute, says there are two main possibilities to explain this:
"Either the solar system evolved in a separate, more oxygen-rich part of the galaxy than where we currently reside or a great deal of critical, life-giving oxygen lies trapped in interstellar dust grains or ices, unable to move freely throughout space."
For more details on the IBEX mission, check out NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
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Here are some words and concepts that will be covered in Lesson Five of the downloadable Lesson Guide (446K PDF file).
Open (verb): to move into a state of being open
Drop: to let fall; to fall; a drop of something is a small amount
- You can open different kinds of things such as doors, jars, books, umbrellas, your hands, and your mouth.
- The opposite of "open" is "close."
- A related phrase is "Open Sesame!"
Sing: to make music with your voice
- "Drop" can mean the same as "fall."
- Related words and phrases are raindrop, teardrop, drop of water, gumdrop, and cough drop.
- Some figurative uses are "drop by for a visit," "drop off a book," and "my mouth dropped open."
- What you sing is a song.
- A person who sings is a singer.
- Other forms of this verb are sang and sung.
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Edinburgh Yes to Fairer Votes has been campaigning since May 2010. In that time we’ve spoken to hundreds of people and the question most asked is “What’s this about a referendum?”
Talking with people it sounds like many voters aren’t aware there is a referendum and most people aren’t sure exactly what it is about.
This is a quick guide to what’s going on.
What and When?
A UK wide referendum on changing the voting system used to elect Members of Parliament to Westminster is planned for 5th May.
This is the same day a elections for the Scottish Parliament, Welsh and Northern Ireland Assemblies and some local elections in England and Wales.
The Referendum will ask voters a simple Yes or No question.
The wording proposed by the Electoral Commission is
“At present, the UK uses the ’first past the post’ system to elect MPs to the House of Commons. Should the ’alternative vote’ system be used instead?”
The legislation required to hold the referendum is currently before Parliament. If it is passed before 14th February then the referendum can be held on the 5th May as planned. If the legislation is not passed by 14th February then the referendum will be delayed.
Who Can Vote?
Anyone who is eligible to vote in a UK Westminster General Election will be eligible to vote in this referendum. Eligible votes must be on the electoral register in order to vote in the referendum
If you think you are eligible to vote but not sure if you are on the electoral register please register to vote here.
What Are the Two System?
First Past the Post is the system that has been used in the UK for electing Members of Parliament since time immemorial.
Voters mark an X next to one candidate. The candidate with the highest number of votes after one round of voting is elected.
First Past the Post has one round of voting and one round of counting.
The winning candidate need not have 50% of the total vote. The largest number of votes wins.
The aim is to find the candidate with the largest body of support.
First Past the Post is not preferential nor proportional.
The Alternative Vote is the system that has been used in Australian elections since 1918.
Voters rank candidates in order of preference. Their first choice is marked 1. Their second choice is marked 2, third 3 and so on until they run out of candidates or until they have no preference between candidates.
It is not compulsory in the UK to give a preference for all candidates. You can still vote with an X if you want to.
There is one round of voting, but there can be more than one round of counting.
Once the votes are cast they are counted. If one candidate has 50% or more of the 1st preferences they are elected. If no candidate has a majority then the candidate with the smallest number of 1st preferences is eliminated and their votes are redistributed according to their 2nd preferences. Everyone else’s votes remain cast for their 1st preference and the ballots are re-counted in a second round of counting. This process continue until one candidate has 50% or more of the ballots cast.
A worked example can be found here
You can have a go at using the system here
The aim is to find the candidate who is most acceptable to the electorate as a whole.
The Alternative Vote is preferential but it is not proportional
Has Any Thing Like This Happened Before?
Referenda are not common in the UK. The only referendum voted on by the whole of the UK was the 1975 referendum on membership of the European Community. Referenda on Devolution for Scotland were held in 1979 and 1999.
The UK has never used any other voting system but First Past the Post for Westminster elections but we do use other voting systems for other elections. Elections for the European Parliament, Scottish Parliament and Welsh and Northern Ireland Assemblies use form of Proportional Representation based on party lists. Local council elections use a form of Proportional Representation called Single Transferrable Vote. Mayoral election in London and some other English cities use a form of the Alternative Vote called the Supplementary Vote.
Voting reform for Westminster elections has been proposed in Parliament many times in the past, starting in the 1890’s.
In the UK different voting systems are not uncommon and we have been talking about electoral reform for more than a century.
Who is Campaigning on Each Side?
The Yes Campaign
Fairer Votes Edinburgh is part of the wider Yes to Fairer Votes campaign.
Yes to Fairer Votes is made up of organisations and individuals who have been campaigning for electoral reform.
The No Campaign
No to AV is the campaign group set up to campaign against a Yes vote in the 5th May referendum.
Both organisations are cross-party, non-partisan, single issue campaign groups.
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posted by James .
A solid ball and a hollow ball, each with a mass of 2 kg and radius of 0.1 m, start from rest and roll down a ramp of length 2 m at an incline of 34°. An ice cube of the same mass slides without friction down the same ramp.
What is the speed of the solid ball at the bottom of the incline?
The answer is 3.96 m/s. How do I get this answer? At first I thought I could use E=1/2mv^2; however, I do not have the total amount of energy, so I cannot use this equation. Any help is greatly appreciated.
For each object
PE → KE
h =s•sinα = 2•sin34º =1.12 m
Solid ball I = 2•m•R²/5, ω=v/R
PE =KE = KE (translational) + KE (rotational)
m•g•h = m•v²/2 + I•ω²/2 = m•v²/2 + 2•m•R²•v²/2•5R² =
= m•v²/2 + m• v²/ 5 =0.7•m• v².
v = sqrt(g•h/0.7) =sqrt(9.8•1.12/0.7) =3.96 m/s.
Hollow ball I = 2•m•R²/3 , ω=v/R
m•g•h = m•v²/2 + I•ω²/2 = m•v²/2 + 2•m•R²•v²/2•3R² =
= m•v²/2 + m• v²/ 3 =5•m• v²/6.
m•g•h = m•v²/2
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It has been a long and tumultuous road to legalization of marijuana in California. Through the years, there have been a number of significant developments in the legislative, legal, and cultural fronts with regard to marijuana possession, use, and cultivation.
The Medical Marijuana Program
California was the first state to implement a medical marijuana program. This program was the result of two legislative measures: Proposition 215 and Senate Bill 420, which were passed in 1996 and 2003 respectively. Proposition 215 or the Compassionate Use Act, was passed on the strength of a 55% majority vote. This measure essentially gave certain individuals the legal right to cultivate or purchase marijuana for medical reasons upon the recommendation of a physician. The law is intended to benefit patients with cancer, AIDS and other chronic health conditions. Senate Bill 420 (also known as the Medical Marijuana Protection Act) for its part was implemented impermeable to institute a medical marijuana ID card system. This measure was passed by Governor Gray Davis.
Decriminalization of the Possession of Marijuana
A significant step forward toward the legalization of marijuana occurred in July 1975, when the possession of small amounts of marijuana was decriminalized with the passing of Senate Bill 95. This bill essentially rendered the possession of 28.5 grams of marijuana or less a civil offense rather than a criminal one. The offense merits only a $100 fine, although the fine assessments added in the state of California places the total closer to $480. Offenses involving possession of larger amounts, possession on school property or for purposes of cultivation merit higher penalties. To this day, the possession of small amounts of marijuana is still decriminalized in California.
The Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act (Proposition 36)
Another significant development in the history of marijuana legalization in California was the passage of Proposition 36 of 2000. Known as the Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act, this law essentially gave first – and second – offense violators the opportunity to seek drug treatment instead of being subjected to a trial and a possible prison term.
The Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act
In 2009, the Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act was introduced by Tom Ammiano. This law essentially lifted state penalties for marijuana possession, use, and cultivation for individuals over 21 years of age. With the approval of the bill by the Assembly Public Safety Committee in January 2010, the United States finally had a bill that effectively legalized marijuana pass through a legislative body. The bill was passed on the strength of a 4 to 3 vote. However, the Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act was not approved in the Assembly. Ammiano intended to reintroduce the bill if Proposition 19 (the Regulate, Control and Tax Cannabis Act) was passed later in 2010. With the defeat of Proposition 19 in November 2010 however, the Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act was not pursued.
Senate Bill 1449
September 2010 saw the passing of Senate Bill 1449 into law. Signed into law by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, the bill essentially reduced the possession of an ounce of marijuana to an infraction from its previous misdemeanor status. This offense does not warrant a criminal record, nor does it require a court appearance, involving only a $100 fine. Senate Bill 1449 took effect on January 1, 2011.
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10 Facts about Army
Facts about Army tell you about the fighting force which focuses on the battle on land. A nation or state in the world must have a land service branch or even land based military branch. The word army has various kinds of definition depending on the way the state or nation defines it. It can mean field army or even national military force. Get more facts about army in the following post below:
Facts about Army 1: the land army
There are several countries which define the army as specifically land army. It is used to make a clear distinction between the air army and air force with the land army.
Facts about Army 2: the largest army in the world
Let’s find out the largest army in the world seen from the number of the active troops. The record is held by People’s Liberation Army of China. It has 2,250,000 active troops. The reserve personnel are 800,000 people. The Indian army takes the second place. The active troops are 1,129,000. The reserve personnel are 2,142,900 people. Get facts about American veterans here.
Facts about Army 3: the history of army in India
One of the earliest army in the world was in India. At first, the country only had a short guard force in the Indus Valley civilization. Then the city states and kingdoms in India began to form their army to protect the city after the Aryan invasion.
Facts about Army 4: Battle of the Ten Kings
One of the famous battles in India was Battle of the Ten Kings. This battle was very dramatic since an alliance of ten kings was defeated by a Hindu king.
Facts about Army 5: China
The culture of china is one of the oldest in the world. The army in China has been raised for more than 1000 years.
Facts about Army 6: Sparta
One of the oldest known professional army was the Spartan army. At the age of seven, the boys will be sent to the barracks to become a soldier. They could have a family and raise a kid after they were 30 years old. Then they will serve Sparta in the war until they were 60 years old.
Facts about Army 7: a Lieutenant General
A Lieutenant General will be the commander of the corps. One corp. can be divided into two or several divisions.
Facts about Army 8: Major General
Major General is the leader in each division. It usually consists of three brigades which include the communication, engineers, and artillery and infantry units.
Facts about Army 9: a Brigadier General
A Brigadier General will be in charge for the Brigade. Get facts about Albert Jacka here.
Facts about Army 10: Battalion
There are around 500 to 750 soldiers in each battalion. The leader is a colonel or lieutenant colonel.
Do you want to give opinion on facts about army?
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Country of Origin
The Cardigan Welsh Corgi (also known as the ‘Cardigan’, ‘CWC’, or ‘Cardi’) is one of the oldest herding breeds, thought to have originated in Wales over 3,000 years ago. ‘Cor gi’ translates to ‘dwarf dog’ or ‘gathering dog’ in Welsh; the rest of the Cardigan Welsh Corgi’s name comes from its birthplace of Cardiganshire, Wales. Prior to the twentieth century, it was known as the ‘Yardlong Dog’ as it ideally measured an English yard from the tail tip to the nose. The Cardigan Welsh Corgi is believed to have descended from the Teckel family of dogs; it was later crossed with the Collie for additional colors. Originally used as a hunter and guard dog, the Cardigan Welsh Corgi was trained to drive cattle by nipping at its heels and ducking its kicks—at the time a farmer was allowed to own more land if his cattle were widely spread. When these laws were changed, the Cardigan Welsh Corgi dipped in popularity and went nearly extinct; those who remained were crossed with brindle herding breeds. The Cardigan Welsh Corgi was recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1935 and is today a modestly popular herding dog and pet, but remains outnumbered by its popular cousin the Pembroke Welsh Corgi.
The Cardigan Welsh Corgi has a shoulder height of 30 cm (12 in) and weighs 11-14 kg (25-30 lbs). It is nearly twice as long as it is tall. Cardigan Welsh Corgis have long, rounded, upright ears and a slightly flat skull. They have a flat back, low set and low carried tail which is not docked, and large, round feet. The Cardigan Welsh Corgi is similar in appearance to a fox or a short-legged German Shepherd. It is distinguished from the Pembroke Welsh Corgi by its larger ears, undocked tail, and heavier set.
The Cardigan Welsh Corgi has a short-haired, weather-resistant outer coat and soft undercoat. Cardigan Welsh Corgis may be various shades of red, sable, brindle, black with possible tan brindle, or blue merle with possible tan brindle. All may have white markings on the chest, legs, muzzle, tail tip, or blaze (vertical line between the eyes). White areas should not exceed 30 percent of the coat. Other common markings include ‘ticking’, ‘smutty’ muzzle, and ‘monk’s hood’. The Cardigan Welsh Corgi sheds its coat twice a year.
The Cardigan Welsh Corgi is smart, brave, and calm. It is intelligent and affectionate, forming a close bond with its family, but tends to bond most closely with one person. The Cardigan Welsh Corgi is a bit more aggressive and energetic than the Pembroke Welsh Corgi. It will stand up to bigger dogs to protect its owner, even at the cost of its life.
The Cardigan Welsh Corgi is known to be somewhat reckless with other dogs. Early socialization is necessary for the Cardigan Welsh Corgi to get along with cats and other household pets. It gets along fine with children. The Cardigan Welsh Corgi is wary of strangers and does not easily allow new people into its circle of friends.
The Cardigan Welsh Corgi should be brushed occasionally to remove dead hairs and bathed only as necessary. It has a life expectancy of 12-15 years. It is susceptible to eye problems such as PRA and glaucoma. Obesity in the Cardigan Welsh Corgi can lead to serious health conditions, so proper nutrition and exercise are important. Another potential health issue is Canine Degenerative Myelopathy, which may be present if the dog stands with its feet abnormally close together. The Cardigan Welsh Corgi can live outdoors but prefers to split its time between life indoors with the family and playtime in the yard.
Cardigan Welsh Corgis are eager learners and quickly understand what is expected of them. The Cardigan Welsh Corgi excels at dog sports such as sheepdog and agility trials.
The Cardigan Welsh Corgi requires more exercise than its size indicates. This breed greatly enjoys the outdoors. The Cardigan Welsh Corgi enjoys long walks and sports such as Frisbee catch. Herding is the Cardigan Welsh Corgi’s favorite activity. The Cardigan Welsh Corgi should not be made to jump from significant heights (even a few feet) or run for great distances because of its long back and short legs. It doesn’t mind apartment life as long as it is sufficiently exercised.
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Course OutlineIn an age where emergency preparedness is increasingly under public scrutiny, the necessity for standby power has become paramount in the mission critical industry. Planning, emergency procedures and nonlinear load problems are important to the overall implementation and maintenance of an effective standby power system. This course addresses several types of standby generator systems and their respective applications.
- Differentiate between the types of electrical loads affected by a loss of power
- Indicate the requirements that constitute the type of generator system that must be installed
- Recognize the items that a manager must consider when operating and maintaining a generator system, including relevant documentation and emergency procedures
- Identify and compare the maintenance procedures for each generator component
- Recognize common issues and the solutions associated with a system that incorporates a standby generator system and UPS
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Trump and the Truth About Bullying
Donald Trump is revealing inconvenient truths about bullying and American culture.
Adult bullies shape bullying by kids. Political leaders and major national institutions encourage bullying values. Despite the anti-bullying programs in schools, and the controversy about his own bullying, Trump’s success shows how deeply bullying influences kids and resonates among major sectors of the general adult public.
According to a major 2016 survey by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), teachers across the U.S. are reporting an alarming rise in bullying by school children against Latinos, Blacks, Muslims and other groups targeted by Donald Trump. Teachers say the bullies “seem emboldened” by Trump to taunt and insult while the bullied kids are terrified that they will be walled off, deported, or even killed.
The SPLC study did interviews with 2000 teachers. They received 1000 comments reporting heightened incidents of bullying explicitly in response to Trump’s rhetoric.
In New Hampshire, one high school teacher wrote that “A lot of students think we should kill any and all people we do not agree with. They also think that all Muslims … want to kill us.”
A Wisconsin middle school teacher wrote that “At the all-white school where I teach, ‘dirty Mexican’ has become a common insult … Before election season it was never heard.”
A Michigan junior high teacher reported at a school assembly on bullying: “I had students tell me it [insults, name-calling, trash talk] isn’t bullying, they’re just ‘telling it like it is.’”
The SPLC reports that Trump’s rhetoric and policy are threatening to undermine the effort by psychologists, social workers and teachers to create an anti-bullying culture in schools. This partly reflects truths about bullying that psychological analysis has obscured.
Psychologists see bullying as a part of childhood development and a mental health problem. Trumpism is revealing the limitations of this view. Much bullying by kids is copied from an adult world plagued by adult and institutional bullying. Trump shows that when powerful adults bully, kids follow their lead.
It is not just kids who follow. Think of Trump supporters at rallies and even his opponents who sucker-punch or threaten partisans on the other side. Some send death threats to local party leaders or convention delegates. These are not kids but adults who feel empowered by leaders to carry out bullying in the streets and party caucuses.
Many politicians bully, but Trump is super-charging certain dangerous norms of politics as an institution, normalizing severe bullying by political leaders and parties, with bullying ramifications in the economy and foreign policy.
But why is there a public resonance to bullying that helped Trump rise in the first place? Part of the answer is that many people learned long before Trump’s political ascendancy to accept the bullying values and behavior helping shape our national culture.
Trump exposes the reality that institutions and entire nations bully.
Studies of workplace bullying show the ways in which corporations bully rivals, workers, consumers and community. Corporations threaten uppity workers with layoffs and pay cuts. Corporate bullying has always existed but globalization, neoliberal trade deals and technology have ratcheted up its scale. U.S. bullied workers are finally reacting strongly, voting against corporate trade deals denounced by both Bernie Sanders and Donald Trump. British workers, bullied by austerity policies of the ruling Tories, voted for Brexit, or leaving Europe.
But workers in both the U.S. and UK are also reacting by bullying immigrants and other racial or ethnic scapegoats. This protects the big corporations and banks – and their political handmaidens – who are their true bullies and have orchestrated the scapegoating.
Powerful nations have always bullied weaker ones. The Roman and British Empires were paradigms of military bullying. Much like these earlier imperial powers, the U.S. as global superpower has policed and bullied its client states and its enemies. It harshly bullies recruits, starting in boot camp, and spreads bullying values in military sponsored-programs in schools, sports, and communities.
Institutionalized racism and sexism, historically embedded in major U.S. institutions, and now especially rampant in prisons and the police as well as in many financial and mortgage companies on Wall Street, also sustains bullying values and behavior.
Trump is thus both promoting and reinforcing bullying in a “bully nation.”
Trump did not create our bully nation. He is the product of it, and especially, of the corporate and militarized political culture, and the dog-whistle racism, that the Republican establishment has intensified since the Reagan revolution.
The GOP establishment is struggling to undo Trump because he exposes so nakedly their own biases. Hillary Clinton may stop Trump but it will take strong grassroots movements seeking to transform militarized capitalism to move beyond our bullying culture.
The astonishing appeal of Bernie Sanders as a self-identified democratic socialist suggests this is not a pipe dream. The Sanders’ millennial legions could mark a generational turning point ending the primacy of bullying values, moving us toward a new politics of equality, non-violence, and healing of ourselves and the earth.
Derber is co-author, with Yale Magrass, of the new book, Bully Nation: How the American Establishment Is Creating A Bully Society. Photo credit: Gage Skidmore.
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SEVEN months after its scientists made a landmark discovery that may explain the mysteries of mass, Europe's top physics lab will take a break from smashing invisible particles to recharge for the next leap into the unknown.
From Thursday, the cutting-edge facilities at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) will begin winding down, then go offline on Saturday for an 18-month upgrade.
A vast underground lab straddling the border between France and Switzerland, CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was the scene of an extraordinary discovery announced in July 2012.
Its scientists said they were 99.9 per cent certain they had found the elusive Higgs boson, an invisible particle without which, theorists say, humans and all the other joined-up atoms in the Universe would not exist.
The upgrade will boost the LHC's energy capacity, essential for CERN to confirm definitively that its boson is the Higgs, and allow it to probe new dimensions such as supersymmetry and dark matter.
"The aim is to open the discovery domain," said Frederick Bordry, head of CERN's technology department.
"We have what we think is the Higgs, and now we have all the theories about supersymmetry and so on. We need to increase the energy to look at more physics. It's about going into terra incognita (unknown territory)," he told AFP.
Theorised back in 1964, the boson also known as the God Particle carries the name of a British physicist, Peter Higgs.
He calculated that a field of bosons could explain a nagging anomaly: Why do some particles have mass while others, such as light, have none?
That question was a gaping hole in the Standard Model of particle physics, a conceptual framework for understanding the nuts-and-bolts of the cosmos.
One idea is that the Higgs was born when the new Universe cooled after the Big Bang some 14 billion years ago.
It is believed to act like a fork dipped in honey and held up in dusty air.
Most of the dust particles interact with the honey, acquiring some of its mass to varying degrees, but a few slip through and do not acquire any. With mass comes gravity - and its pulling power brings particles together.
Supersymmetry, meanwhile, is the notion that there are novel particles which are the opposite number of each of the known particle actors in the Standard Model.
This may, in turn, explain the existence of dark matter - a hypothetical construct that can only be perceived indirectly via its gravitational pull, yet is thought to make up around 25 per cent of the Universe.
At a cost of 6.03 billion Swiss francs ($A6.33 billion), the LHC was constructed in a 26.6-kilometre circular tunnel originally occupied by its predecessor, the Large Electron Positron (LEP).
That had run in cycles of about seven months followed by a five-month shutdown, but the LHC, opened in 2008, has been pushed well beyond.
"We've had full operations for three years, 2010, 2011 and 2012," said Bordry.
"Initially we thought we'd have the long shutdown in 2012, but in 2011, with some good results and with the perspective of discovering the boson, we pushed the long shutdown back by a year. But we said that in 2013 we must do it."
Unlike the LEP, which was used to accelerate electrons or positrons, the LHC crashes together protons, which are part of the hadron family.
"The game is about smashing the particles together to transform this energy into mass. With high energy, they are transformed into new particles and we observe these new particles and try to understand things," Bordry explained.
"It's about recreating the first microsecond of the universe, the Big Bang. We are reproducing in a lab the conditions we had at the start of the Big Bang."
Over the past three years, CERN has slammed protons together more than six million billion times.
Five billion collisions yielded results deemed worthy of further research and data from only 400 threw up data that paved the road to the Higgs Boson.
Despite the shutdown, CERN's researchers won't be taking a breather, as they must trawl through a vast mound of data.
"I think a year from now, we'll have more information on the data accumulated over the past three years," said Bordry. "Maybe the conclusion will be that we need more data!"
Last year, the LHC achieved a collision energy level of eight teraelectron volts, an energy measure used in particle physics - up from seven in 2011.
After it comes back online in 2015, the goal is to take that level to 13 or even 14, with the LHC expected to run for three or four years before another shutdown.
The net cost of the upgrade is expected to be up to 50 million Swiss francs.
CERN's member states are European, but the prestigious organisation has global reach. India, Japan, Russia and the United States participate as observers.
Originally published as Scientists prepare for quantum leap
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An antibody titer is a measurement of how much antibody an organism has produced that recognizes a particular epitope, expressed as the greatest dilution ratio (or its reciprocal) that still gives a positive result. ELISA is a common means of determining antibody titers.
For example, the indirect Coombs test detects the presence of anti-Rh antibodies in a pregnant woman's blood serum. A patient might be reported to have an "indirect Coombs titer" of 1:16. This means that the patient's serum gives a positive indirect Coombs test at any dilution down to 1:16 (1 part serum to 15 parts solvent). At greater dilutions the indirect Coombs test is negative. If a few weeks later the same patient had an indirect Coombs titer of 1:32, this would mean that she was making more anti-Rh antibody, since it took a greater dilution to abolish the positive test.
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To explicitly (as in communism and Islam), or implicitly (as in our own democratic system and Christianity) claim that man’s morality is a function of obeying the Law (which necessarily demands of man his property and time, to be taken not asked for, as we can clearly see ) is to claim that man’s natural state is Evil. For it says that man’s sole moral purpose is to subordinate the very thing that separate’s him from the beasts, and makes him man: his conscious will.
Further, if the Law is what makes man good, then of what use is the Law to man or man to the Law? For the implicit or explicit claim is that man, himself, alone, is utterly evil; and therefore how can what is good, the Law, make man good if man is utterly evil?
It can’t. Because absolute evil is by definition exclusive of what is good. It cannot be made good without contradicting itself.
Therefore, if man can be made good by the Law–his obedience thereto–then man is, himself, NOT actually evil. It is impossible that he should be in any way labeled an immoral creature at the natural level without ALSO nullifying the Law as a rational moral standard. And if man is not an immoral creature at the natural level then his morality is not a function of the Law, but a function of his nature–of himself. And this too nullifies the Law as any rational moral standard.
Any attempt then to create a moral society by obligating man to the Law will fail. Because an idea which contradicts itself (e.g. that morality = Law) cannot exist.
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The privately owned Vinalhaven Light and Power Company started operating in 1915, selling electricity to Vinalhaven subscribers. Its coal-fired electric generation plant stood on the western shore of Carver's Harbor at the site of the Fishermen's parking lot. The plant cost $80,000 to construct. It had dock space for 300 tons of coal, a power-line grid of about 5.5 miles, and two 212 h.p. steam engines that turned two electric generators for a total output of 400 Kilo-Watts. The subscribers to the new Vinalhaven electric service were the town for street lights and offices, an assortment of businesses, and 171 residences. The oil lamps that had lit the island's homes and businesses were replaced by Thomas Edison's "Mazda" incandescent electric light bulbs. For many years there was no need to run the generators all night, so to save the cost of burning fuel, the plant was shut down in the middle of the night and restarted in the early morning. In 1919 the Vinalhaven electric grid was expanded across the Fox Islands Thorofare to North Haven island using a submarine cable .
In the mid-1920's, the plant was converted from coal to diesel-powered generators. Older folks can still remember the loud noise the diesel engines made powering the electric generators. The noise reverberated all over the town of Vinalhaven. In the 1960's the old plant and grid no longer had the capacity to meet the needs of the growing island communities demand for elctricity. A time-share arrangement was implemented whereby half the customers got electricity while the other half of the subscribers had no electricity. Several times during the day electricity was switched back and forth between two different sections of the islands.
In 1975, the antiquated private electric company went out of business. The communities of Vinalhaven and North Haven joined together and created the Fox Islands Electric Cooperative (FIEC). In 1976, the Coop retired the Vinalhaven power plant and laid a submarine cable across the bottom of Penobscot Bay from the mainland to the islands. Since this original submarine cable wasn't buried in the bay, it was prone to outages caused by abrasions due to tidal currents and to boats catching the cable with their anchors.In 2005, the 29-year-old original submarine cable was retired and a new cable installed. The new submarine cable is 9.9 mile long (16 Km) and unlike the first cable is buried six feet deep in the mud of Penobscot Bay. On the mainland the cable begins at a connection point to the Maine Central Power grid, then leaves the mainland at Clam Cove, Rockport and runs out under the bay to North Haven Island. The new cable has 3 copper 1/2 inch diameter conduits and 24 optical fibers. The cable is rated for a maximum capacity of 372 amperes at 59,000 volts.
In 2009, the Coop installed a small, renewable green-energy Wind Farm consisting of three 1.5 Mega-Watt wind generators on Vinalhaven island. The Wind Farm was sized to produce at least as many Mega-Watt-Hours (MWHs) as annually used by the two island communities, approximately 10,000 MWHs. The cost of energy on islands is considerablely greater than on the mainland. The Wind Farm project was the result of our island communties' self determination to control the cost of our electrictity. In the Fall, Winter, and Spring the Wind Farm produces more KWHs than the islands need. We sell the excess KWHs to the mainland over our submarine cable. In the summer the Wind Farm produces fewer KWHs than the islands need. To make up the difference the Coop has to buy KWHs from the mainland. As a result, the island communities annually use 60% of the Wind Farm's KWHs. The Coop sells the remaining 40% to the mainland. The Wind Farm has helped stabilize and reduce the communities' KWHs electricity cost.
Sources of electricity generation in New England in comparison to the Fox Islands Electrical Cooperative.
Return to: Fox Islands Electric Coop's Home Page
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In the workshop in Chiangmai, we focused on the legal and political struggles around the concept and practice of the right to religious freedom in post-colonial societies of the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia. Part of the aim of our project is to track the contested and multivalent meanings and histories of the right to religious liberty in non-western societies, with special attention to how the development of this concept in Europe, the United States, and international law continues to shape debates in non-western parts of the world. The workshop papers addressed the following issues:
- legal contestation surrounding religious freedom in the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia;
- the role of global norms of religious freedom in regional debates;
- the social, political and historical contexts of conflicts related to these issues (such as the Ayodhya or Ahmadiyya controversy);
- legal and political contestation surrounding the rights of religious minorities; and
- family and personal status law in relation to debates over religious freedom.
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Dr. John Radcliffe, known by contemporaries as 'the Aesculapius of his age', had a great reputation as a physician in the late Seventeenth century, and has proved to be one of Oxford University's leading benefactors. His memory is perpetuated in an observatory, two libraries, a college quadrangle, a square, a road, travelling fellowships for medical students and two hospitals. The son of an attorney, he was born in Wakefield, Yorkshire in 1650. He matriculated at University College, Oxford when he was thirteen and was elected to a fellowship at Lincoln College in 1669 aged only eighteen. He became a lecturer in Logic in 1671 and in Philosophy in 1672. When living in Lincoln, Dr. Bathurst (the President of Trinity College, Oxford) called upon him and was surprised to see so few books in his room. Radcliffe is said to have pointed to a skeleton and a couple of vials declaring 'This is Radcliffe's library!' He was obliged to resign from his job at Lincoln in 1677, when under the statutes of the College he was called to take holy orders. Embittered, he bequeathed nothing to Lincoln in his will; however, he did show some affection for the college in 1684 when the Senior Common Room was being furnished with 'a fine dark chestnut wainscoting'. He gave £10, a contribution more than double that of any other donor.
He took a subsequent degree in Medicine, graduating in 1675, and established himself as a physician. He gained a reputation as an excellent diagnostician, apparently more on the basis of instinct than on technique! He did have much success with smallpox, as he believed that fresh air was a preferable cure to blood letting. It has been said that he secured his fame through his bluntness. His recipe for success was to “use mankind ill".
Radcliffe practised first in Oxford, but in 1684 he moved to London, where he started work earning twenty guineas a day. In 1690 Radcliffe was elected Member of Parliament for Branber, and for Buckinghamshire in 1713. Despite being a Jacobite, he became physician to William III and Mary, and attended the king frequently until 1699 when, examining his skinny frame and swollen ankles, he offended the monarch by remarking, 'I would not have your Majesty's two legs for your three kingdoms.' Despite this, by 1707 he was worth £80,000.
On 1st November 1714 he died of apoplexy at his house in Carshalton. William Macmichael asserts that the dread he had of the populace, and the want of company in the country village where he had retired to and which he did not dare leave, shortened his life. He is buried at The University Church of St Mary, Oxford.
In his will, he left property to University College to found two medical travelling fellowships. A further £5,000 bequest to this college enabled it to build a new quadrangle. Radcliffe did stipulate that the architecture must be 'answerable to the [seventeenth century] front already built'. In 1770 his trustees allocated £4,000 to establish the Radcliffe Infirmary, where building began in 1758. The original Radcliffe Infirmary in Woodstock Road opened on St Luke's Day 1770. Now it has been largely superseded by the John Radcliffe Hospital, a modern building of concrete and glass on Headington Hill. Until 1885, the Radcliffe Infirmary was a University institution, governed by University officers and often staffed by Fellows of the colleges. There is a plaque in the old infirmary commemorating the first use of penicillin on a patient in the Briscoe ward on 12th February 1941. This represented the culmination of two years research at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology under the leadership of Professor Florey (also an old Lincolnite) to isolate and purify the exudeate from the mould Penicillium notatum, the bacteriocidal effects of which had first been noted by Sir Alexander Fleming.
Money was also bequeathed for enlarging St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London, and another grant was made to build Oxford's Radcliffe Observatory, which, designed by James Wyatt, was erected eighty years after its donor's death. It is an unusual building modelled on the ancient Tower of the Winds in Athens (100 B.C.E), and became an astronomical observatory and lecture room for the University. When Green College, housed in the Radcliffe Observatory, was founded in 1977, it was originally going to be named after John Radcliffe, but instead reflects the generosity of its founder Cecil Green.
Radcliffe also left £40,000 in his will towards the building and endowment of a new library. When one academic heard this, he remarked rather cuttingly that this was 'like a eunuch founding a seraglio!' The library was to stand on the site of a conglomeration of modest houses occupying the space bounded by St. Mary's church, Brasenose and All Souls colleges and the schools. Nicholas Hawksmoor's original plan was that the square would be devoid of buildings save a central statue. Radcliffe's bequest altered this and the square is now home to one of Oxford's most distinctive buildings, the Radcliffe Camera, which Sir Nikolaus Pevsner called 'England's most accomplished domed building.' The idea of the rotunda originated with Hawksmoor, but he died in 1736, so the final designs belonged to James Gibbs, even though he was a Catholic and a Scot! Gibbs wanted the library to be 'a public building seen by all sorts of people who come to Oxford from different parts of the world.' In 1927 the Camera was taken over by the University and became part of the Bodleian Library, a copyright library and the main University library. It now houses the reading rooms for English Literature and Language, History and Theology. In 1901, the Radcliffe Science Library, in the University Parks, was opened and now has an extensive collection of medical literature on its shelves.
Radcliffe claimed relationship with the Earl of Derwentwater and assumed the Derwentwater coat of arms. After he died, the College of Heralds refused to accept this, forbidding the Derwentwater arms being displayed on any buildings erected from his estate. Oxford University ignored this point blank, and the arms appear in University College's Radcliffe Quadrangle, the Radcliffe Science Library and on the ceiling of the Lower Reading Room in the Radcliffe Camera.
The Life of Dr. John Radcliffe, Campbell R. Hone, Faber and Faber Ltd, 1950
The Gold Headed Cane, William Macmichael, Thomas Davidson - Whitefriars, 1828
Oxford, Jan Morris, Oxford University Press, 2001
Oxford, a Cultural and Literary Companion, David Horan, Signal Books, 1999
Odette Orlans, 14th October 2004
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About 1.2 billion of the world’s people don’t have access to electricity, while 2.8 billion rely on wood or other solid fuels to cook and heat their homes. This results in indoor air pollution that killed over 3.5 million people in 2010.
About 1.8 billion people gained electricity connections between 1990 and 2010. But this was only slightly ahead of global population growth of 1.6 billion. The pace of electricity expansion needs to double to reach everyone by 2030. An even faster rate of expansion in safe cooking solutions is needed to cut to zero those households using solid fuels from the current 41% level. The carbon cost of such expansion is low; universal electricity access would increase global carbon dioxide emissions by less than one percent.
Sustainable Energy for All, a global coalition of governments, private sector, civil society and international organizations, aims to deliver universal access to electricity and safe cooking solutions, while also doubling the amount of renewable energy in the global energy mix from its current share of 18% to 36%. The initiative also seeks to double the rate of improvement in energy efficiency, reducing the compound annual growth rate of energy intensity to –2.6%. It seeks to reach these targets by 2030.
This initiative was launched in 2011 by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, who now chairs its Advisory Board with World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim. Its Advisory Board comprises distinguished leaders and experts from around the world who have pledged to act on this vision of a sustainable energy future. The initiative is supported in its work by a global facilitation team led by Kandeh Yumkella, the UN Secretary General’s Special Representative for Sustainable Energy.
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This year's commemoration focused on the fate of gay people under the Nazi rule. Already in the 2nd Reich and the Weimar Republic homosexuality had been punishable as an "unnatural vice" according to §175 of the criminal code. Nevertheless same-gender contacts were tolerated as long as they did not offend public decency. An active gay scene had developed in Berlin and elsewhere during the Roaring Twenties.
|Kaisersaal: Projected Röhm, taken from my seat|
With the prominent homosexual liquidated a storm broke lose. On October 20, 1934, the police cracked down on the gay scene all over the Reich. Even uninvolved men who happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time were arrested. The following court actions applied the heightened provisions of §175a the Nazis had added. Most of those having served their prison sentences were not liberated but directly sent to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps wearing the pink triangle. As inferior human beings some men served for medical experiments, others were castrated, many were just beaten to death.
Never again ...
|©Christopher Furlong/Getty Images|
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By Maria Depenweiller, P.H.Ec.
Here is something to ponder the next time you are sorting out your laundry, one of probably the most unappreciated household chores.
Ancient Roman Laundry
As we know, almost everything new is well forgotten old. This is particularly true in the case of ancient Roman laundry. With their well developed urban systems Romans were the first to offer public laundry services. Fullones, the clothes washers, were in charge of washing and cleaning the garments of the Roman citizens.
As the Romans generally wore clothes made out of wool (there was no cotton in ancient Rome) they needed frequent washing in the hot climate of Italy. The way in which this was done has been described by Pliny and other writers, but is most clearly explained by some paintings which have been found on the walls of a fullonica (laundry service) at Pompeii.
In ancient Rome laundry was a man’s job. The clothes were first washed, which was done in tubs or vats, where they were trodden upon and stamped by the feet of the fullones. After the clothes had been washed, they were hung out to dry, and were allowed to be placed in the street before the doors of the fullonica. When dry, the wool was brushed and carded to raise the nap, sometimes with the skin of a hedgehog, and sometimes with some plants of the thistle kind. The clothes were then hung on a special basket - viminea cavea, under which sulphur was placed in order to whiten the cloth (just imagine the odour!). A fine white earth, called cimolian by Pliny, was often rubbed into the cloth to increase its whiteness.
Ancient Europe Laundry
Unlike the ancient Rome, medieval Europeans tended to rely on their own forces rather than public services when it came to laundry. Most often this was done on river banks, even if the rivers were frozen. Special tools were used for this purpose – washing bats and scrubbing boards. They were used to agitate the clothing in running water to force the dirt out and to smooth the fabric during drying. No ironing was done at that time. After thorough wash the garments were laid out flat on the ground to allow the sun do the bleaching and drying. Clearly such an exercise was not a weekly routine and was only done once in a while, whenever a large enough amount of dirty clothes accumulated. Finer parts such as lace collars, trimmings and fine under shirts were laundered separately and more often with less aggressive methods.
Soap, mainly soft soap made from ash lye and animal fat, was used by washerwoman who were paid for their work. Soap was rarely used by the poorest people in medieval times but by the 18th century soap was fairly widespread: sometimes kept for finer clothing and for tackling stains, not used for the whole wash. Starch and bluing were also available for better quality linen and clothing.
The First Washing Machines
Hand (or feet) laundry washing reigned for centuries until the first washing machine was designed by H. Sidgier of Great Britain in 1782. It consisted of a cage with wooden rods and a handle for turning
From this design in the late 1800's different companies started producing hand operated machines that used paddles or dollies. Then came the revolving drum from James King in 1851. This was shortly followed by a revolving drum with reversing action, from Hamilton Smith in 1858.
The earliest manual washing machines imitated the motion of the human hand on the washboard, by using a lever to move one curved surface over another and rubbing clothes between two ribbed surfaces. This type of washer was first patented in the United States in 1846 and survived as late as 1927 in the Montgomery Ward catalogue. The first electric clothes washers, in which a motor rotated the tub, were introduced into America about 1900. The motor was not protected beneath the machine and water often dripped into it causing short-circuits and jolting shocks. By 1911, it was possible to buy oscillating, cylinder, domestic washing machines with sheet metal tubs mounted on angle-iron frames with perforated metal or wooden slat cylinders inside.
Beatty Brothers of Fergus, Ontario was the first company to produce an agitator washing machine. The early Beatty machines had ribbed copper tubs which were nickel or nickel-chromium plated. In the US, the first firm to adopt agitator technology was Maytag. The vertical orientation of these machines became the industry standard replacing the horizontal rotating axis of earlier machines.
Starting in the 1920s, white enamelled sheet metal replaced the copper tub and angle-iron legs. By the early 1940s, enamelled steel was used and sold as being more sanitary, easier to clean and longer lasting than the other finishes. The sheet-metal skirt was also designed to extend below the level of the motor mount.
In the early 1920s, a number of Canadian machines were offered with built-in gas or electric water heaters. By the 1930s, domestic water heaters were in many homes and the washing machine heater was of little use. The addition of a motor-driven drain pump at this time moved the machine one step closer to complete automaticity.
The next development of the washing machine was the fitting of a clock timing device which allowed the machine to be set to operate for a pre-determined length of wash cycle. Now, the operator no longer needed to constantly monitor its action.
By the early 1950s, many American manufacturers were supplying machines with a spin-dry feature to replace the wringer which removed buttons, and caused accidents involving hair and hands. In 1957, GE introduced a washing machine equipped with 5 push buttons to control wash temperature, rinse temperature, agitation speed and spin speed.
Not bad progress for a household chore, don’t you think?
Maria Depenweiller is the owner of The Wooden Spoon, a consulting service, that provides services such as cooking classes, educational seminars and workshops, recipe development and testing as well as food writing. Maria is the author of several books in Russian language on food history and low protein cooking. For further details please www.thewoodenspoon.ca
Maria is a Toronto-based Professional Home Economist and an active member of the Ontario Home Economics Association (OHEA), Ontario Home Economists in Business (OHEIB), and a newsletter editor for the Toronto Home Economist Association (THEA).
Ontario Home Economics Association © 2013
The Ontario Home Economics Association, a self-regulating body of professional Home Economists, promotes high professional standards among its members so that they may assist families and individuals to achieve and maintain a desirable quality of life.
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In Black culture, more often than not, men are not encouraged nor given a chance to be open with how they feel and be in touch with their feelings. The cultural pressure to be a ‘strong Black man’ can be psychologically and physically taxing. Men may feel that seeking treatment for mental health issues may somehow validate the negative stereotypical ideas which people hold about the Black community.
So what does it mean to be a ‘strong Black man’? The answer depends on who you ask. In my experience, I’ve learned that it’s someone who is proud of their heritage and your identity. Regardless of how you define it, it’s important to know that depression is not something that can defeat or cripple a strong Black man.
“A culture of hyper-masculinity, particularly among Black men, can create false beliefs that depression is something that doesn’t impact them–and even if it does, conquering it starts with the help of others,” says Isaiah Pickens, Ph.D., licensed clinical psychologist.
The statistics tell us a disturbing story, where at least 70% of Black men will experience severe depression in their lifetime. The suicide rate among Black men is twice as high as those of Black women, as provided by Terrie M. Williams, therapist and the author of Black Pain: It Only Looks Like We’re Not Hurting. Also, a 2007 study from the American Medical Association showed that Major Depressive Disorder was most chronic for African Americans (56.5%) and Caribbean Americans (56%).
It’s important not to underestimate the damage which undiagnosed or untreated depression can cause to a person and the people around them. Depression is one of the many mood disorders that can affect your ability to connect with other people, inhibit performance at work, negatively affect your functions day-to-day, and impact on your ability to sleep, eat and relax. Only 45% of African Americans and 24% of Caribbean Americans in the 2007 study from the American Medical Association sought any treatment for it. If the black community as a whole does not usually seek treatment, then it ‘s hard to help people who are struggling.
As children, many boys are taught to “man up,” when faced with challenging and painful circumstances. On the one hand, this builds resilience and trains them to draw upon their inner strength to combat some of the difficulties in life. At the same time, it’s important for all of us to learn to keep the communication lines open to express your thoughts and feelings regarding stress, sadness or grief. Many Black men feel that masking their emotions and stress may make others feel that they are “strong” and masculine, but they are putting themselves at a significantly higher risk for depression by continuously doing so.
How do you know if you are simply having a bad day, or whether you need to seek help for depression? Here are some of the common symptoms you should look out for, according to Mental Health America:
- A persistent sad, anxious or “empty” mood, or excessive crying.
- Reduced appetite and weight loss or increased appetite and weight gain.
- Persistent physical symptoms that do not respond to treatment, such as headaches, digestive disorders and chronic pain.
- Irritability and restlessness.
- Decreased energy, fatigue, feeling “slowed down.”
- Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, helplessness, hopelessness, pessimism.
- Sleeping too much or too little, early-morning waking.
- Loss of interest or pleasure in activities, including sex.
- Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions.
- Thoughts of death or suicide, or suicide attempts.
A Practical Cultural Solution
Isaiah Pickens says, “Part of the solution involves expanding our definition of masculinity to include men having the freedom to express physical and emotional pain without fearing that their masculinity will be compromised.”
The first step is encouraging Black men to get into the habit of opening up to others about their everyday struggles, fears, and feelings. It’s important also to discuss feelings about racism and discrimination. Ultimately this will lessen their chances of suffering from depression.
It’s important for the Black community to embrace the idea that experiencing mental health issues does not mean that you are lazy, weak or that you have major character flaws. In fact, you can learn to manage your feelings in a healthy way by adopting a few approaches.
“There needs to be a shift from discussing mental illness to mental health prevention,” says Monnica Williams, Ph.D., a licensed clinical psychologist. “With the current cultural landscape filled with seemingly endless instances of community-level trauma, it is necessary to start having serious discussions about the role of trauma and stress in the lives of Black men and how these things affect our individual and collective ability to move and function in the world.”
Tips for Becoming a Stronger Black Man
- Keep your communication lines open. Be prepared to stay in touch with the people whom you know they care about you. They can be your close friends, your family, the wider community or even religious or spiritual organizations who will not form a judgment on you.
- If you have an existing health issue or experiencing a new one, seek help from the relevant professionals promptly.
- Manage your priorities in work and your personal life. Work on the ones who demand your attention immediately, and be ready to say no if you feel overwhelmed or stressed.
- Take on a positive outlook life. Congratulate yourself when you do something well.
- Let your issues go and avoid mulling over problems. Look to qualified health professionals who can provide you some guidance and mentorship.
- Be active by exercising for approximately 30 minutes a day. Exercise can be any activity such as walking, jogging or running, etc. Exercising releases serotonins which are a good mood booster and helps reduces your stress levels.
- Be sensitive to your body’s needs, such as addressing any issues which arise due to your body’s response to stress. These can be insomnia, the need for more alcohol or substance reliance, feeling easily irritated, angered or depressed, and experiencing low levels of energy or a lack of focus.
- Consider taking up alternative methods such as meditation, yoga, tai chi, pilates, or retreats.
If you think you are suffering from depression or know someone who you think is, contact a mental health professional today. Seeking treatment earlier is always better than waiting. Getting help as soon as possible can also significantly reduce the length of your treatment if required. You will feel better much sooner, and be on the faster pathway to recovery.
In the meantime, you can help combat depression by spending more time with people. Isolation is your enemy, and you need to remember that it is acceptable to allow others to help you.
Do not try to be an overachiever by cramming too many tasks and pushing to complete them together. You need to be kinder to yourself by taking one task at a time, and understand that this is not a form of weakness.
Stay away from making important decisions as you are recovering from depression. You may not have the best clarity, so it is advisable to focus on what you want in life and engage with trustworthy family members and friends to help you make better decisions during this time.
Continue to be active by engaging in some form of exercise. Keep your serotonin levels up, even if you are only doing mild activities such as walking.
Be positive. Always look for positive reinforcements in all aspects of your life, and enjoy what you have rather than looking for things which you may not have.
Yes, depression is isolating and fighting it feels tiring and fruitless. But do not let it swallow you up alive. Address your depression by reflecting on this short poem from Pride News Canada:
Sitting on the couch and through tears I cry
But today is different hope comes with a sigh
Relief in knowing that I am loved up high
It’s never my call to tell the earth goodbye
I will not listen to depression the one who lies
Recovery is possible so I will wipe my eyes
Never giving up always being the one who tries
Depression I will defeat you and take off the guise
Remember that you are never alone. It feels like a lonely experience, but people from every culture in this world suffer from depression. Things will get better, but you are ultimately responsible for your recovery by taking those small and vital steps towards getting treatment and becoming better.
If you continue to wear a mask, recovery will become impossible, and you have allowed culture to fool you into believing that you are weak. Even with the pain that depression brings, your life is worth living.
You are worth it.
You are strong!
Black men rarely come for treatment, but those who do are very motivated to get better.
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Even though having good eyesight is important in a child’s everyday life, it is especially crucial that children and adolescents are able to see properly during school. Vision problems in school can lead to missed assignments, lower reading comprehension, slower note-taking, and an overall increase in difficulty in basic tasks.
Because of these consequences, parents need to be aware of several common signs that may indicate a child is suffering from poor vision. By recognizing these signs early, a child’s vision can be corrected as soon as the problems start, which will help him get back on track in school. The American Optometric Association suggests parents be on alert for the following signs:
- Frequent eye rubbing or blinking
- Short attention span
- Avoiding reading or doing other close-proximity activities
- Frequent headaches
- Covering one eye
- Tilting his head to one side
- Holding reading materials close to his face (or far away from his face)
- One eye turning in or out
- Seeing double
- Losing his place while reading
- Forgetting what he just read
Other things to look out for include comments that may pop up in normal conversation. If your child mentions that he couldn’t see the board very well, or didn’t see that there was an assignment to be copied down the day before, that could be an indication that he needs to see an eye doctor.
Many children do not expressly realize they need glasses because they think everyone has the same problems they do, or think it’s normal to not be able to see at a distance (or up close, depending on the type of vision problem he or she has
). Talk to your child’s teacher and ask if she has noticed any vision difficulties during the school day.
If several of these signs seem to apply to your child, schedule an appointment with an eye doctor included in your True Dental Discounts vision care plan
. He or she will be able to assess the child’s vision and, if necessary, suggest an appropriate plan for correction. Your child (and his grades
) will surely thank you for taking these precautions and ensuring he has the visual tools to be successful in school.
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Wild Barramundi inhabit a number of habitats throughout the globe such as rivers, creeks, mangrove estuaries and turbid water. The Wild Barramundi are however most common in creeks and rivers which have large catchments and slow but continuous flowing waters with temperatures above 20 degrees Celsius. They also show a preference for rock ledges, submerged logs among other water structures. The Wild Barramundi are part of the Catadromous species of fish. This means that they grow to maturity only in freshwater streams and rivers. When the fish reaches adult maturity, it then moves downstream, especially when there are floods, to settle in coastal waters or estuaries for spawning.
The Wild Barramundi is known all over the world to be among the finest fish for eating. Here in Australia, the fish is highly regarded and very popular. Some retaurants in Australia have trialled swapping out this fish with a cheaper replacement, but have faced a lot criticism. This criticism was received as Barramundi really is a delicious eating fish, with firm, fine grained white meat. The taste however can vary depending on where the fish spends time before it is caught. For instance, if the fish has spent a considerable number of years in the turbid and muddy water it can greatly affect its taste.
The Wild Barramundi, apart from just being an edible fish, also produces products of uniqueness. The skin of the fish can be used to make products such as wallets. The scales of the Barramundi are usually clearly visible, helping to distinguish the product from plain leather. The fish’s skin also has a unique imprint and the barramundi leather is very durable and at the same time offers you a beautiful, stylish, practical and fun product. Wild Barramundi products are generally made from skins that have been gotten from small families operating Barramundi fishing business in Australia. It is important to note that the fishers practice sustainable and environmental friendly fishing practices.
Wild Barramundi usually start their life as males. They take approximately 3 to 4 years to mature and come of age. Once they have completed this process, hey later change and become females at the age of 5. The small Barramundi fish are exclusively male. However with time the percentage of females increases and surpasses that of males.
The female reproduce in large numbers of small pelagic eggs that are non-adhesive and ranging between 0.6 and 0.9 mm in diameter. Adult females can weigh up to 22 Kilograms and are capable of laying over 15 million eggs. The eggs are pinkish in colour when they stay in water for a while. The eggs usually hatch within a day and at that time the larvae measures around 1.5 mm.
At 2.5 mm the yolk sac is greatly reduced and pectoral fins are beginning to form. When the larva is above 2.5mm in size, it begins to exhibit coloration of the species. It develops brown mottled markings that are matched with white stripes that run lengthwise. At this stage, the fins and the teeth begin to appear. By day five, the fins of the barramundi are already fully developed. The growth rate of the fish can however vary depending on a lot of factors, such as weather or the waters it lives in.
The Wild Barramundi is carnivorous in nature. It feeds on crustaceans as well as smaller fish that are present in its habitat. Aquatic insects also make up a large part of their diet.
The Barramundi are a popular and exciting target for anglers is northern Australia. This is because the Wild Barramundi responds well the lures that are either rolled or cast. Minnow pattern lures can be used when fishing around mangrove rocky outcrops, snags and submerged cover. Other popular lures include bright metallic in bronze or gold. The fish are easily attracted to such lures and are known for their spectacular leaps, especially during fights. They are not the easiest fish to catch for this reason. The Wild Barramundi are popular on heavier gear and they can be easily caught by using live bait such as prawns, mullet and macro brachium which is a freshwater shrimp. It is usually recommended that live bait be used when fishing for Barramundi.
Preparing and Cooking Wild Barramundi
The Wild Barramundi can be prepared in a number of ways, depending on personal preferences. There are a number of recipes out there that provide an exciting range of barramundi meals that can be served for lunch, dinner or even breakfast. The fish can be cooked whole or as fillet. For whole and fillet recipes, frying is often the most preferred method of cooking. The fish can however be baked, steamed or stewed. Barramundi can also be served raw as sushi.
You can therefore prepare Wild barramundi in any preferred way. The most suitable and easy way of preparing the fish is cooking the fish as fish fillets. Like any other fish fillet recipe, you can use lemon juice and dry white wine for garnishing in preferred quantities. A little olive oil is also necessary and some pepper and salt. Well-cooked barramundi fillet goes well with sauces such as garlic butter.
When cooking half a kilogram of Barramundi fillets, half a cup of salted butter and two cloves of garlic will be adequate. One of the tastiest ways of preparing the Barramundi fillet is by first marinating the fillet in a mixture of lemon juice, olive oil, white wine and pepper together for a few minutes. This way the fillet will be full of flavour when fried. It will only take a few minutes to cook on each side, so make sure you are ready to serve it straight away.
It is also important to note that the Wild Barramundi fillet can be thicker than other varieties of fish, so the cooking process can take a bit longer than you are used. However, it really is worth the extra time as the fillets are delicious and among the best fish to serve to fish lovers.
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The 6th grade science curriculum spirals an introduction to the nature of science throughout the year as students zero in on six different key content areas.
The specific units that will be taught include:
- Earth’s structure and natural processes
- Ecosystemsand energy flow
- Phases of matter
- The water cycle and natural resources
- Atoms and molecules
The focus of science in the 7th grade is to provide students with inquiry based experiences that allow students to develop their mastery of key common core content standards while they expand their scientific process and analysis skills throughout academic term. Direct Instruction and guided inquiry will be used as students study scientific concepts in the following curriculum:
- Cells, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration
- Human anatomy
- Plate tectonics and geological processes
- Geologic time and the fossil record
- Evolution and adaptations
- Characteristic properties of matter
Our middle school science curriculum emphasizes the skills of scientific inquiry, scientific literacy and the use of 21st century skills in these explorations.
Concepts 8th graders will explore are
- Chemical and physical changes
- Energy and waves
- Genetics, weather
- Human impact on the environment
- The solar system
- The nature of science
8th grade science students will develop critical thinking skills and techniques to conduct independent scientific investigations and analyze data.
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It was this time of year (and this approximate date) that Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway.
Not this one, obviously. There aren’t any verified pictures of Shakespeare’s Anne…
Like everything else connected to Shakespeare, the documentary records are incomplete and a somewhat hazy, and a number of myths and legends have built up around the known events. It’s almost as good as a play!
What is certain is that Anne Hathaway was around 8 years older than Shakespeare, and that he was aged only 18 at the time. Which means he would have needed his father’s permission to marry. And since their first child, Susanna, was born only six months after the wedding their reason for marriage was, shall we say, pressing. However this wasn’t terribly uncommon in England at the time – betrothals and handfasting were regarded as binding as the church service, and Shakespeare even uses this as crucial plot point himself in Measure for Measure.
Since the situation was urgent, and since Canon Law prevent marriages during advent*, Shakespeare and Hathaway were married by license, instead of having the banns read on three consecutive Sundays (the standard practice, and still the basis for the public display of intention to marry which is a legal requirement in the UK). At this point a twist in the tale occurs, since the marriage license issues by the consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester on 27 November 1582 records the brides name as Anne Whately. Most likely this was slip of the clerks pen (since the name Whately occurs elsewhere in the register for that day), but the more fanciful Shakespeare fanatics believe that Whately was Shakespeare’s real love, who he was cruelly thwarted from marrying by his pregnant bit on the side. Since this story cast Shakespeare in a pretty poor light, it makes you wonder exactly why they are so keen to pin it on their hero.
The next day, 28th November, two of Hathaway’s neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage, and we can assume the ceremony took place shortly after, although no church records remain for the actual date. According to her father’s will, Anne was left the sum of £6 13s 4d to be paid “at the day of her marriage” – a tidy sum, which fits with the fact the “cottage” she lived in was a substantial twelve-room farmhouse.
* Actual proper reference here http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0813/_P3J.HTM but it is in Latin.
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Place Value Math Journal Pages aligned to 3rd Grade VA SOLs.
Includes 37 pages for students to use for practice on these topics. Please note that not all 37 pages are for students to 'work on'. Some might be reference pages for students to glue into their notebooks. I use these math journal pages as one of my daily math centers. Students have 10 minutes to work on these journal pages. It is a quick check of their understanding. The perfect amount of problems/items on a page to see if your students are understanding the topic!
Includes The Following Topics:
•Read and write six digit numbers & identify place value for each digit.
•Rounding with #s 9,999 or less to the nearest tens, hundreds, and thousands
•Compare numbers between 0 and 9,999 with greater than, less than, or equal to.
●3.1 The student will
●A)Read and write six-digit numerals and identify the place value of each digit.
●B) Round whole numbers, 9,999 or less to the nearest ten,
hundred, and thousand.
●C) Compare two whole numbers between 0 and 9,999 using
symbols (>, <, and =) and words greater than, less than, and equal to.
★★★You Might Also Like:★★★
●Guided Math Journals
●Guided Math Units
✿✿✿Please Rate And Leave Feedback! Thank You!✿✿✿
✎Talkin Pinata Teaching Blog
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Greater prairie chicken
|Greater prairie chicken|
|Male displaying in Illinois, USA|
|Distribution map of the Greater Prairie-Chicken.
Pale and dark green: pre-settlement
Dark green: current year-round
The greater prairie chicken or pinnated grouse (Tympanuchus cupido), sometimes called a boomer, is a large bird in the grouse family. This North American species was once abundant, but has become extremely rare and extirpated over much of its range due to habitat loss. Conservation measures are underway to ensure the sustainability of existing small populations. One of the most famous aspects of these creatures is the mating ritual called booming.
Adults of both sexes are medium to large chicken-like bird, stocky, with round-wings. They have short tails which are typically rounded and blue in color. Adult males have orange comb-like feathers over their eyes and dark, elongated head feathers that can be raised or lain along neck. They also possess a circular, un-feathered neck patch which can be inflated while displaying; this, like their comb feathers, is also orange. As with many other bird species, the adult females have shorter head feathers and also lack the male's yellow comb and orange neck patch.
There are three subspecies;
- The heath hen, Tympanuchus cupido cupido, which was historically found along the Atlantic coast, is extinct. It was possibly a distinct species; in this case the two other forms would be T. pinnatus pinnatus and T. p. attwateri.
- Attwater's prairie chicken, T. c. attwateri is endangered and restricted to coastal Texas.
- The greater prairie chicken, T. c. pinnatus, is now restricted to a small section of its former range.
Population and habitat
Greater prairie chickens prefer undisturbed prairie and were originally found in tall grass prairies. They can tolerate agricultural land mixed with prairie, but fewer prairie chickens are found in areas that are more agricultural. Their diet consists primarily of seeds and fruit, but during the summer they also eat insects and green plants. These birds were once widespread all across the oak savanna and tall grass prairie ecosystem.
The greater prairie chicken was almost extinct in the 1930s due to hunting pressure and habitat loss. They now only live on small parcels of managed prairie land. It is thought that their current population is approximately 459,000 individuals. In May 2000, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the greater prairie chicken as extirpated in its Canadian range (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario). It was again confirmed by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada in November 2009. Nonetheless, sightings and encounters continue to occur in the south-central regions of Alberta and Saskatchewan, along with southern Ontario where sightings are extremely rare.
In states such as Iowa and Missouri that once had thriving prairie chicken populations (estimated to be hundreds of thousands), total numbers have dropped to about 500. However, the Missouri Department of Conservation has started a program to import prairie chickens from Kansas and Nebraska in the hopes that they will be able to repopulate the state and increase that number to 3,000.
Central Wisconsin is home to approximately 600 individuals, down from 55,000 when hunting was prohibited in 1954. Though this area was predominately spruce and tamarack marsh before European settlement, early pioneers drained the marshes and attempted to farm the poor soil. As the prairies to the south and west were lost to agriculture and development, and the southern half of Wisconsin was logged, the prairies spread northward into the abandoned farmland. Today, over 30,000 acres are managed by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources as greater prairie chicken habitat. Birdwatchers travel from around the world to visit Wisconsin in April for the Central Wisconsin Prairie Chicken Festival, started in 2006 by Golden Sands Resource Conservation & Development Council, Inc.
Greater prairie chickens are not threatened by severe winter weather. When the snow is thick they "dive" into the snow to keep warm. A greater threat to the prairie chickens comes in the form of spring rains. These sometimes drenching rains can wreak havoc on their chicks. Another major natural threat is drought. A drought can destroy food and make it difficult for the chicks.
Human interactions are by far the greatest threat. The conversion of native prairie to cropland is very detrimental to these birds. It was found in a radio telemetry study conducted by Kansas State University that "most prairie chicken hens avoided nesting or rearing their broods within a quarter-mile of power lines and within a third-mile of improved roads." (Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks) It was also found that the prairie-chickens avoided communication towers and rural farms.
Greater prairie chickens do not migrate. They are territorial birds and often defend their booming grounds. These booming grounds are the area in which they perform their displays in hopes of attracting females. Their displays consist of inflating air sacs located on the side of their neck and snapping their tails. These booming grounds usually have very short or no vegetation. The male prairie-chickens stay on this ground displaying for almost two months. The breeding season usually begins in the United States starting in Late March throughout April. During this time the males establish booming sites where they display for the females. The one or two most dominant males will do about 90% of the mating. Due to their now small populations and habitat fragmentation the greater prairie chickens often undergo inbreeding causing observable inbreeding depression: with fewer offspring and a decreased survival rate within these limited offspring further aiding their population decrease.
After mating has taken place, the females will move about one mile from the booming grounds and begin to build their nests. Hens lay between 5 and 17 eggs per clutch and the eggs take between 23 and 24 days to hatch. There are between five and 10 young per brood. (INRIN, 2005). The young are raised by the female and fledge in one to four weeks, are completely independent by the tenth to twelfth week, and reach sexual maturity by age one (Ammann, 1957). A study of female greater prairie chickens in Kansas found that their survival rates were 1.6 to 2.0 times higher during the non-breeding season compared to the breeding season; this was due to heavy predation during nesting and brood-rearing. One problem facing prairie chickens is competition with the ring-necked pheasants. Pheasants will lay their eggs in prairie-chicken nests. The pheasant eggs hatch first; this causes the prairie chickens to leave the nest thinking that the young have hatched. In reality the eggs did not hatch and the young usually die because the mother is not there to incubate the eggs.
- BirdLife International (2012). "Tympanuchus cupido". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- Friederici, Peter (July 20, 1989). "The Last Prairie Chickens", Chicago Reader. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
- "Species - Greater Prairie Chicken trevis oakie is a beast". Species at Risk Public Registry. Environment Canada. November 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
- "Prairie-chicken wiped out in Canada". CBC News. December 3, 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
- Levitt, Aimee. "State conservationists scour the Kansas boondocks, aiming to repopulate Missouri with horny prairie chickens". The Riverfront Times. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
- Bellinger MR, Joohnson JA, Toepfer J & Dunn P (2003) Loss of Genetic Variation in Greater Prairie Chic kens Following a Population Bottleneck in Wisconsin, U.S.A. Conservation Biology 17:717–724 (abstract)
- Augustine JK, Sandercock BK (2011) Demography of female Greater Prairie-Chickens in unfragmented grasslands in Kansas. Avian Conservation and Ecology 6(1):2 ()
- ARKive - images and movies of the greater prairie chicken (Tympanuchus cupido)
- Gunderson, Dan. “Prairie chickens booming again.” Minnesota Public Radio (2006) http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2006/04/18/prairiechickencomeback/
- Ammann, G. A. 1957 The prairie grouse of Michigan. Michigan Dept. Consew. Tech. Bull.
- Illinois Natural Resource Information Network: Greater Prairie Chickens: Downloaded from http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/chf/pub/ifwis/birds/greater-prairie-chicken.html
- Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks: Greater and Lesser Prairie Chickens: Download from: http://www.kdwp.state.ks.us/news/hunting/upland_birds/greater_and_lesser_prairie_chicken
- State conservationists scour the Kansas boondocks, aiming to repopulate Missouri with horny prairie chickens: http://www.riverfronttimes.com/2011-04-21/news/prairie-chicken-recovery-project-missouri-department-of-conservation
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tympanuchus cupido.|
- Comparative Analysis between the Greater Prairie Chicken and the Extinct Heath Hen
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology - Greater Prairie Chicken
- USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter - Greater Prairie Chicken
- The Nature Conservancy's Grassland Birds: Greater Prairie Chicken
- gbwf.org - Greater Prairie Chicken
- eNature.com - Greater Prairie Chicken
- Stamps (for Canada)
- Greater Prairie Chicken photo gallery VIREO
- The Return of the Prairie Chicken Documentary produced by Iowa Public Television
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All it takes is one hungry, pregnant female hitching a ride on a sofa picked up at a thrift shop and boom! A high-rise is infested with tiny, blood-sucking bed bugs.
How can one tiny insect multiply into an army of hundreds, spreading from one apartment to dozens more? Rampant incest might have something to do with it, according to new research presented this morning at the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene’s annual meeting in Philadelphia.
“A single female or a single small group of bed bugs [that]are extremely closely related ... invade a place, through second-hand furniture or something,” explains Coby Schal, an entomologist at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, N.C. “Through the process of extensive inbreeding, they’re able to move through the building extremely fast and infest the whole building.”
While the insects don’t transmit disease, their bites can cause allergic reactions. Even worse for many are the psychological effects of an infestation: the anxiety and insomnia can last months, even after the last bed bug has been exterminated.
Many scientists have credited a developed resistance to popular pesticides with the unprecedented boom of bed bug infestations in North American cities in the last three years. Some also point to increased transience among humans (which is why hotels and apartments are often sites of infestations). Dr. Schal’s findings offer a new explanation.
In his study, which is currently under peer review, he and another entomologist from North Carolina State University looked at infestations of bed bugs in apartment complexes in North Carolina and New Jersey. Through genetic testing, they found that within each building, the bugs were very closely related.
What’s unusual is that bed bugs, like cockroaches, can survive many generations of inbreeding and still produce healthy offspring, Dr. Schal says.
“In many animals, including insects, this type of system would result in population collapse.”
In a related study, his team examined 21 infestations along the east coast of the U.S. and, through genetic tests, traced each one back to a single room in a dwelling.
Once considered a plague of low-income housing, bed bugs have turned up in a Saskatchewan hospital, a New York Nike store and a handful of B.C. libraries in the last year and a half. From May to the end of September this year, Toronto Public Health received 809 bed bug-related calls. Tracy Leach, a spokesperson for the department, said those numbers are in keeping with figures from the previous two years.
According to Dr. Schal’s research, it’s more likely a few bed bugs brought in by a single tenant are to blame for an building-wide infestation rather than multiple carriers. Treating the infestation at its initial site at its early stages can go a long way to prevent spread, he says.
But it’s easier said than done since the stigma associated with having bed bugs prevents many tenants from informing their landlords or condo boards.
“Bed bugs don’t discern between renters or owners,” Dan Morgan, president of Royal Forest Pest Services, a Toronto bed bug exterminator, says. In many cases, it’s harder to contain infestations in condos or houses divided into multiple units since owners are often more reluctant to alert their neighbours.
Taz Stuart, Winnipeg’s chief entomologist, says those who live in shared rental spaces should tell landlords as soon as possible – or at the very least protect their neighbours.
“If you’re going to move anything out of the apartment or house, make sure that it’s sealed up so you’re not dragging it down the hallway and releasing more bed bugs to other apartments.”Report Typo/Error
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From one of our foremost thinkers and public intellectuals, a radical new view of the nature of time and the cosmos What is time? This deceptively simple question is the single most important problem facing science as we probe more deeply into the fundamentals of the universe. All of the mysteries physicists and cosmologists face—from the Big Bang to the future of the universe, from the puzzles of quantum physics to the unification of forces and particles—come down to the nature of time. The fact that time is real may seem obvious. You experience it passing every day when you watch clocks tick, bread toast, and children grow. But most physicists, from Newton to Einstein to today’s quantum theorists, have seen things differently. The scientific case for time being an illusion is formidable. That is why the consequences of adopting the view that time is real are revolutionary. Lee Smolin, author of the controversial bestseller The Trouble with Physics, argues that a limited notion of time is holding physics back. It’s time for a major revolution in scientific thought. The reality of time could be the key to the next big breakthrough in theoretical physics. What if the laws of physics themselves were not timeless? What if they could evolve? Time Reborn offers a radical approach to cosmology that embraces the reality of time and opens up a whole new universe of possibilities. There are few ideas that, like our notion of time, shape our thinking about literally everything, with huge implications for physics and beyond—from climate change to the economic crisis. Smolin explains in lively and lucid prose how the true nature of time impacts our world.
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Welcome to the first in a series of hypothetical questions about the history of the PlayStation. This series explore how the video game industry could have turned out differently had a few key details about the development and life of the PlayStation franchise been different.
The first, and most important question has is related to the very invention of the PlayStation console. Sony had little to no video game experience before launching its console in 1994. What you may not know is that their console was a spin-off of a partnership with Nintendo to bring a disc reader to the Super Nintendo. Sony, along with Phillips, helped create the CD-ROM in 1986, allowing more efficient storage of data than traditional discs or cartridges. Two years later, Nintendo approached Sony about creating a Super Nintendo add-on, originally called the SNES-CD, to allow larger games for the system. Sony agreed, and began working on the new console.
In 1991, the “Play Station” was displayed at the Consumer Electronic’s Show. The system could play SNES games as well as new disc based games. However, due to disputes over licensing agreements, Nintendo pulled out of the deal and went into business with Phillips (Zelda fans know how that ended). But, as Sony had already put a lot of work into the system, and had a strong knowledge of the technology, they continued on with the project. By 1994, they were ready to compete with Nintendo and released the Sony PlayStation in Japan.
But… What if things had been different? I can imagine two distinct scenarios playing out.
A. Nintendo utilizes the technology to its fullest, decisively crushing Sega
Had the deal not fallen apart, the industry might be a lot different than it is today. Sega and Nintendo were in stiff competition for the home console market, and the new system would have been a counter to the Sega CD. While the system would have been limited by the power of the base SNES, the use of the system may have shown Nintendo the benefits of CD-based gaming, which might have influenced the design of the N64 away from cartridges. While it would be hard to argue that the N64 did not have great games, it was during this era that Nintendo began to lose its once strong third-party support, as cartridges were much more expensive to produce than discs, cutting into publisher’s profits.
While it is hard to say how competition between the Sega Saturn and a potential disc-based Nintendo console would have played out, smart use of the technology would have benefited Nintendo greatly. Sega had already been hurt by many marketing errors during the 32x period, and many gamers were reluctant to trust the publisher going forward. Yet, Nintendo already had a strong following, and had they kept the strong third-party support that made the SNES so successful, the console could have benefited from the advantages that the PlayStation enjoyed during that console generation, including the strong technology and cheap games.
As far as the games themselves are concerned, it is fair to assume that Nintendo’s games would have been much different, but harder to speculate about whether many PlayStation brands would have evolved. Without Sony’s need to find console-selling exclusives, would games like Crash and Spyro see the light of day? Or, would they have simply become new Nintendo franchises? Assuming they aggressively tried to stop Sega, it is fair to say they could have successfully sought out innovation and many of our favorite franchises would still exist today, albeit in a slightly different form.
B. Sega and Nintendo continue their tit-for-tat competition, without a clear winner
On the other hand, the new disc-based add-on could have just been used to counter the release of the Sega-CD, and only included gimmicky, shovelware. Instead of being a breakthrough, the Play Station would have just been a marketing tool, quickly forgotten by the heads of Nintendo. After all, they did decide to continue with cartridges, despite the proven success of disc-based gaming.
Had this happened, Sega would have undoubtedly benefited from the Sega Saturn’s disc drive. First, the Saturn would have been in development longer, since it wouldn’t have to try and race the PlayStation out of the gate. This would have helped the system be more powerful, but would have also given Sega time to improve the launch line-up and arrange third-party support. The focus on discs would have been an important leveraging tool as it increased publishers’ profits. It is easy to imagine that many franchises that developed for the PlayStation could have gone to Sony. Had this happened, the race certainly would have been close, as Nintendo had a strong following and more memorable franchises. This could have opened the way for a more successful showing for Sega in the next generation, or given Microsoft a clear advantage, had it still decided to develop the Xbox.
Whatever the result, it is fair to say that things would be a lot different than they are today (For instance, this site might not exist). Looking back at the introduction of a new player into home consoles really helps show the power of competition in terms of product innovation. Whatever may have happened, we the gamers have benefited from the new franchises and attempts to impress us.
How do you think things would have played out? Let us know in the comments.
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General Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders
There are many types of anxiety disorders that include panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobias, and generalized anxiety disorder.
Anxiety is a normal human emotion that everyone experiences at times. Many people feel anxious, or nervous, when faced with a problem at work, before taking a test, or making an important decision. Anxiety disorders, however, are different. They can cause such distress that it interferes with a person’s ability to lead a normal life.
An anxiety disorder is a serious mental illness. For people with anxiety disorders, worry and fear are constant and overwhelming, and can be crippling.
What Are the Types of Anxiety Disorders?
There are several recognized types of anxiety disorders, including:
Panic disorder: People with this condition have feelings of terror that strike suddenly and repeatedly with no warning. Other symptoms of a panic attack include sweating, chest pain, palpitations (irregular heartbeats), and a feeling of choking, which may make the person feel like he or she is having a heart attack or “going crazy.”
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) : People with OCD are plagued by constant thoughts or fears that cause them to perform certain rituals or routines. The disturbing thoughts are called obsessions, and the rituals are called compulsions. An example is a person with an unreasonable fear of germs who constantly washes his or her hands.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) : PTSD is a condition that can develop following a traumatic and/or terrifying event, such as a sexual or physical assault, the unexpected death of a loved one, or a natural disaster. People with PTSD often have lasting and frightening thoughts and memories of the event, and tend to be emotionally numb.
Social anxiety disorder : Also called social phobia, social anxiety disorder involves overwhelming worry and self-consciousness about everyday social situations. The worry often centers on a fear of being judged by others, or behaving in a way that might cause embarrassment or lead to ridicule.
Specific phobias : A specific phobia is an intense fear of a specific object or situation, such as snakes, heights, or flying. The level of fear usually is inappropriate to the situation and may cause the person to avoid common, everyday situations.
Generalized anxiety disorder : This disorder involves excessive, unrealistic worry and tension, even if there is little or nothing to provoke the anxiety.
What Are the Symptoms of an Anxiety Disorder?
- Symptoms vary depending on the type of anxiety disorder, but general symptoms include:
- Feelings of panic, fear, and uneasiness
- Uncontrollable, obsessive thoughts
- Repeated thoughts or flashbacks of traumatic experiences
- Ritualistic behaviors, such as repeated hand washing
- Problems sleeping
- Cold or sweaty hands and/or feet
- Shortness of breath
- An inability to be still and calm
- Dry mouth
- Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet
- Muscle tension
What Causes Anxiety Disorders?
The exact cause of anxiety disorders is unknown; but anxiety disorders — like other forms of mental illness — are not the result of personal weakness, a character flaw, or poor upbringing. As scientists continue their research on mental illness, it is becoming clear that many of these disorders are caused by a combination of factors, including changes in the brain and environmental stress.
Like certain illnesses, such as diabetes, anxiety disorders may be caused by chemical imbalances in the body. Studies have shown that severe or long-lasting stress can change the balance of chemicals in the brain that control mood. Other studies have shown that people with certain anxiety disorders have changes in certain brain structures that control memory or mood. In addition, studies have shown that anxiety disorders run in families, which means that they can be inherited from one or both parents, like hair or eye color. Moreover, certain environmental factors — such as a trauma or significant event — may trigger an anxiety disorder in people who have an inherited susceptibility to developing the disorder.
How Common Are Anxiety Disorders?
Anxiety disorders affect about 19 million adult Americans. Most anxiety disorders begin in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. They occur slightly more often in women than in men, and occur with equal frequency in whites, African-Americans, and Hispanics.
How Are Anxiety Disorders Diagnosed?
If symptoms of an anxiety disorder are present, the doctor will begin an evaluation by asking you questions about your medical history and performing a physical exam. Although there are no laboratory tests to specifically diagnose anxiety disorders, the doctor may use various tests to look for physical illness as the cause of the symptoms.
If no physical illness is found, you may be referred to a psychiatrist or psychologist, mental health professionals who are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. Psychiatrists and psychologists use specially designed interview and assessment tools to evaluate a person for an anxiety disorder.
The doctor bases his or her diagnosis on the patient’s report of the intensity and duration of symptoms — including any problems with daily functioning caused by the symptoms — and the doctor’s observation of the patient’s attitude and behavior. The doctor then determines if the patient’s symptoms and degree of dysfunction indicate a specific anxiety disorder.
How Are Anxiety Disorders Treated?
Fortunately, much progress has been made in the last two decades in the treatment of people with mental illnesses, including anxiety disorders. Although the exact treatment approach depends on the type of disorder, one or a combination of the following therapies may be used for most anxiety disorders:
Psychotherapy : Psychotherapy (a type of counseling) addresses the emotional response to mental illness. It is a process in which trained mental health professionals help people by talking through strategies for understanding and dealing with their disorder.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy: People suffering from anxiety disorders often participate in this type of psychotherapy in which the person learns to recognize and change thought patterns and behaviors that lead to troublesome feelings.
Dietary and lifestyle changes and Relaxation Therapy
Can Anxiety Disorders Be Prevented?
It is unclear whether or not anxiety disorders can be prevented; however, there are some things you can do to control or lessen symptoms:
Stop or reduce your consumption of products that contain caffeine, such as coffee, tea, cola, and chocolate.
Ask your doctor or pharmacist before taking any over-the-counter medicines or herbal remedies. Many contain chemicals that can increase anxiety symptoms.
Seek counseling and support after a traumatic or disturbing experience.
My office is centrally located in West Linn, just off of 205, and easily accessible to residents of Wilsonville, Canby, Oregon City, Tualatin, Lake Oswego, Lake Grove, Happy Valley, Gladstone. I belong to Family counselors of west linn or
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Established through a legislative act in 1971, the Maine Historic Preservation Commission is an independent agency within the Executive branch of state government that functions as the State Historic Preservation Office. The Commission is responsible for the identification, evaluation, and protection of Maine's significant cultural resources as directed by the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966.
Note: Many state documents are offered in PDF format. To view PDF documents, you will need the free Adobe Reader. If you need assistance, view our Maine government PDF Help page or contact the contributing Maine State agency via the link on the left sidebar under “Links”.
Submissions from 2015
Heritage for the Future 2016-2021 Edition, Maine Historic Preservation Commission and Maine State Historic Preservation Office
Submissions from 2013
Maine State Cultural Affairs Council 2012 Annual Report, Maine State Library, Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Maine State Museum, and Maine Arts Commission
Submissions from 2006
Above Ground Cultural Resource Survey Manual: Guidelines for Identification: Architecture and Cultural Landscapes, Maine Historic Preservation Commission
Submissions from 1997
The Kennebec Arsenal: An Historical and Architectural Survey, 1997, Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Kennebec Historical Society, Augusta Historic Preservation Commission, Marius B. Peladeau, and Roger G. Reed
Submissions from 1996
A Heritage for the Future: A Plan for Preserving Maine's Historic and Archaeological Resources, Maine Historic Preservation Commission
Submissions from 1979
Discovering Maine's archaeological heritage 1979, David Sanger, Robert L. Bradley, Robert G. McKay, and Bruce J. Bourque
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Mars Express – ESA sets ambitious goals for the first European mission to Mars
ESA INFO 11-2003. On 2 June 2003, the first European mission to Mars will be launched. It will also be the first fully European mission to any planet. Mars Express has been designed to perform the most thorough exploration ever of the Red Planet.
Mars Express has the ambitious aim of not only searching for water, but also understanding the 'behaviour' of the planet as a whole. But maybe the most ambitious aim of all - Mars Express is the only mission in more than 25 years that dares to search for life.
Mars has always fascinated human beings. No other planet has been visited so many times by spacecraft. It has not been easy to unveil its secrets. Martian mysteries seem to have increased in quantity and complexity with every mission. When the first spacecraft were sent - the Mariner series in 1960s - the public was expecting an Earth ‘twin’, a green, inhabited planet full of oceans. Mariner shattered this dream by showing a barren surface. This was followed by the Viking probes which searched for life unsuccessfully in 1976. Mars appeared dry, cold and uninhabited: the Earth’s opposite.
Now, two decades later, modern spacecraft have changed that view, but they have also returned more questions. Current data show that Mars was probably much warmer in the past. Scientists now think that Mars had oceans, so it could have been a suitable place for life in the past.
"We do not know what happened to the planet in the past. Which process turned Mars into the dry, cold world we see today?" says Agustin Chicarro, ESA's Mars Express project scientist. "With Mars Express, we will find out. Above all, we aim to obtain a complete global view of the planet - its history, its geology, how it has evolved. Real planetology!"
Mars Express will reach the Red Planet by the end of December 2003, after a trip of just over six months. Six days before injection into its final orbit, Mars Express will eject the lander, Beagle 2, named after the ship on which Charles Darwin found inspiration to formulate his theory of evolution. The Mars Express orbiter will observe the planet and its atmosphere from a near-polar orbit, and will remain in operation for at least a whole Martian year (687 Earth days). Beagle 2 will land in an equatorial region that was probably flooded in the past, and where traces of life may have been preserved.
The Mars Express orbiter carries seven advanced experiments, in addition to the Beagle 2 lander. The orbiter's instruments have been built by group of scientific institutes from all over Europe, plus Russia, the United States, Japan and China. These instruments are a subsurface sounding radar; a high-resolution camera, several surface and atmospheric spectrometers, a plasma analyzer and a radio science experiment.
The high-resolution camera will image the entire planet in full colour, in 3D, at a resolution of up to 2 metres in selected areas. One of the spectrometers will map the mineral composition of the surface with great accuracy.
The missing water
Data from some of the instruments will be key to finding out what happened with the water which was apparently so abundant in the past. For instance, the radar altimeter will search for subsurface water and ice, down to a depth of a few kilometres. Scientists expect to find a layer of ice or permafrost, and to measure its thickness.
Other observations with the spectrometers will determine the amount of water remaining in the atmosphere. They will also tell whether there is a still a full 'water cycle' on Mars, for example how water is deposited in the poles and how it evaporates, depending on the seasons.
"These data will determine how much water there is left. We have clear evidence for the presence of water in the past, we have seen dry river beds and sedimentary layers, and there is also evidence for water on present-day Mars. But we do not know how much water there is. Mars Express will tell us," says Chicarro.
The search for life
The instruments on board Beagle 2 will investigate the geology and the climate of the landing site. But, above all, it will look for signs of life.
Contrary to the Viking missions, Mars Express will search for evidence for both present and past life. Scientists are now more aware that a few biological experiments are not enough to search for life - they will combine many different types of tests to help discard contradictory results.
To 'sniff' out direct evidence of past or present biological activity, Beagle 2's 'nose' is a gas analysis package. This will determine whether carbonate minerals, if they exist on Mars, have been involved in biological processes. Beagle’s nose will also detect gases such as methane, which scientists believe can only be produced by living organisms.
Beagle 2 will also be able to collect samples from below the surface, whether under large boulders or within the interiors of rocks - places that the life-killing ultraviolet radiation from the Sun cannot reach. These samples will be collected with a probe called the 'mole', which is able to crawl short distances across the surface, at about 1 centimetre every six seconds, and to dig down to 2 metres deep.
Mars Express will add substantial information to the international effort to explore Mars. "Mars Express is crucial for providing the framework within which all further Mars observations will be understood," says Chicarro.
The Mars Express spacecraft is now in Baikonur, Kazakhstan, being prepared for its launch in early June 2003.
For further information please contact:
ESA – Communication Department
Media Relations Office
Rudolf Schmidt, ESA – Mars Express Project Manager
ESA/ESTEC – Noordwijk, The Netherlands
Tel: +31 71 565 3603
Agustin Chicarro, ESA – Mars Express Project Scientist
ESA/ESTEC – Noordwijk, The Netherlands
Tel: +31 71 565 3613
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(MPRN-Flint) The American Civil Liberties Union and some Flint residents are asking the federal government to step in to deal with the city’s water crisis.
A complaint filed with the Environmental Protection Agency seeks an order for the city and the state to stop drawing water from the Flint River and re-connect with the Detroit water system.
The switch was ordered by a state-appointed emergency manager to save money. But the Flint River’s water is highly corrosive, and caused lead to leach into the city’s drinking water.
“There is no level of lead in water that is safe and it’s having a devastating impact on the children in the city of Flint,”
said Michael Steinberg, an attorney with the ACLU.
“In an attempt to save money, the emergency manager in Flint, acting in collusion with the state, provided unsafe drinking water to the residents of Flint, and the results have been catastrophic.”
State and city officials are expected to outline the next plans to deal with the city’s water crisis as soon as tomorrow.
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Before we take a look at some effective guitar tuning tips, make sure
you've been through the main
guitar tuning page as there are lessons covering many
different methods of tuning up.
This lesson will offer you
some useful tips to help you fine-tune and make sure you're tuned
up accurately. Sometimes you can be very slightly
out of tune on just 1 string, but
as soon as you play a particular chord that emphasises that string it
also emphasises any inaccuracy.
There are some quick and
simple "checks" you can do...
Once you think you've
(using whichever method you've chosen), try playing chords right across
the neck to make sure the tuning is accurate. Some chord voicings can
highlight inaccuracies better than others.
You can also compare the
note on two or more strings to check that the guitar is at least tuned
itself and all the strings are working together in
You can use harmonics
to pick up on the vibrating effect that occurs when two strings aren't
tuned perfectly to their interval.
Let's expand on these tuning tips and put
them into practice...
Tuning Tip 1: Using chords to identify tuning
The truth is, some guitarists simply don't have an ear for tuning. Some
guitarists will be satisfied with a guitar that's "there and there
abouts" in tune. Don't let that be you, because although not everyone
who hears you play won't pick up on these minor inaccuracies, some will
(even if they don't know what's causing it to sound "off"), and it will
compromise your music. You can train
your ear to instantly pick up on any inaccuracies in your tuning.
Let's look at an example of
how you can use the notes in a chord to tune up accurately.
One variation of the open G
major chord includes a note twice.
Look at the diagram below (click
diagrams to hear). Once you've fretted the G major chord,
play the red strings - they should be the same note, and in tune with
The open A major chord also includes doubled up tones which you can
play to check they are tuned together...
So you can look for two occurrences of the same note within chord
shapes you're familiar with and listen closely to check they're both
tuned together (all barre chords contain two "root notes",
one an octave of the other (higher, but still the same note).
Tuning Tip 2: Use string relationships for fine tuning
Most guitarists are familiar with the 5th
fret method of tuning, but many
also find it can yield inaccurate results, depending on the setup of
This is because with the 5th
fret tuning method, while fine for just casual playing on your own,
involves tuning an open string to
a fretted string which can
cause natural inaccuracies (especially with cheaper guitars).
However, you can overcome this
by tuning fretted strings to other fretted strings all over the
For example - fretting the A
string and G string in the following positions...
Those two strings should be exactly the same note (with the G string
being the higher octave), and tuned together accurately.
Guitarists commonly tune up
and find that if you do the test above, the G string sounds too high or
low and it needs adjusting.
Tuning using harmonics is a more advanced method, but a very accurate
way to fine tune the guitar, more accurate than the 5th fret method.
It involves using your ear to pick out
imperfections in the intervals between the strings. To hear these
imperfections more clearly, we use harmonics to create a high pitched
frequency that oscillates when an imperfect interval between two notes
As you tune the string more perfectly to
its interval, this oscillation effect straightens out.
Very difficult to explain in plain
English, so see the lesson on tuning
harmonics for more on this method.
Hopefully now you have some
good guitar tuning tips to work with and make sure your music isn't
destroyed before it begins!
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|BGS image ID: P521013|
A fossil specimen of Cardioceras densiplicatum Boden. A fossil ammonite. (Mollusca, Cephalopoda, Ammonoidea.) 300 yards due south of Clyneleish House, Clyneleish, Brora, Sutherland, Scotland.
The genus Cardioceras belongs to the Subfamily Cardioceratinae. This specimen is from Brora, an important and well known Jurassic outcrop in East Sutherland. It is Callovian in age, which is the lowest division of the Upper Jurassic, a period marked by a marine transgression. British Geological Survey Biostratigraphy Collection number GSE 10338. Green Spot. Cardioceras is an ammonite with a moderately compressed shell, with a large outer whorl that becomes smooth. It has a strong keel and well differentiated ribs. The Cardioceratinae comprises four important genera, Quenstedtoceras, Goliathiceras, Cardioceras and Amoeboceras, they succeed each other stratigraphically with little overlap. Figd. W.J. Arkell, Mon. Pal. Soc. Vol. XCVI, 1943, pt VIII, pl LIII, fig 7; Figd. N.W. Hylland, Regional Handbook, pl XII, fig. 8.
The 'GB3D Type Fossils Online project' website has been launched today. Large numbers of fossil images are available including 3D images!
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The Old Mulberry Tree
This tree was a favorite site in McDonough for years. In 1902, J.T. Oglesby wrote about it. He spoke of
the Civil War times as the tree stood in the yard of Rev. Manson who preached John R. Selfridge’s
funeral at the Shingleroof Campground on Sept. 21, 1863. Lt. Selfridge’s body had been returned home
by his brother David from the war. Mr. Oglesby spoke of the Freedman’s Bureau in McDonough. The
blacks became insolent and unruly. A dozen or so Yankee troops were stationed here. The Bureau
Agent was himself repulsive to our people. Two men came from Newton County planning to kill the
agent. So they waited under the Mulberry tree on a stormy night to kill the Agent. The Agent scented
danger and had several soldiers go home with him. Those young men left broken hearted, but the
Bureau remained in McDonough until the end of Reconstruction.
During the summer of 1869, Mr. Oglesby rested under the Mulberry tree with another youth of
McDonough. The youth told him he would grow up and be an important lawyer and make lots of money.
The youth went on to the University of Georgia and by the age of 22 was a prominent lawyer in
McDonough. He married one of the most beautiful women of Atlanta and moved there later to become
one of the best lawyers of the area south of the Mason-Dixon Line. His name was John L. Tye the son of
Dr. Tye who kept the Yankees from burning McDonough in November 1864.
1. Story from Henry County Newspaper 1902.
2. Story told by Mr. Oglesby in 1902.
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Thursday, November 11, 2010
Remembrance Day is celebrated by the countries of The Commonwealth throughout the world. Here's an explanation from Wikipedia "The common British, Canadian, South African, and ANZAC tradition includes either one or two minutes of silence at the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month (11:00 am, 11 November), as that marks the time (in the United Kingdom) when armistice became effective.
The Service of Remembrance in many Commonwealth countries generally includes the sounding of the "Last Post", followed by the period of silence, followed by the sounding of "The Rouse" (often mistakenly referred to as "Reveille"), and finished by a recitation of the "Ode of Remembrance". The "Flowers of the Forest", "O Valiant Hearts", "I Vow to Thee, My Country" and "Jerusalem" are often played during the service. Services also include wreaths laid to honour the fallen, a blessing, and national anthems. Mozambique does not observe the Remembrance Day."
I felt it was only proper to salute our neighbors to the North as our friends and allies in the causes of freedom and liberty. May we always share this common bond that unites us. God bless Canada and those who, in her name, gave their lives in times of war, so that the many may live as free citizens.
The idea of Veterans Day came from an unlikely source - a shoe store owner in Emporia, Kansas. In 1953, shoe store owner Alfred King believed that November 11 should honor all veterans in the United States, not only those who served in World War I. Wikipedia picks up the story from there : "King had been actively involved with the American War Dads during World War II. He began a campaign to turn Armistice Day into "All" Veterans Day. The Emporia Chamber of Commerce took up the cause after determining that 90% of Emporia merchants as well as the Board of Education supported closing their doors on November 11 to honor veterans. With the help of then-U.S. Rep. Ed Rees, also from Emporia, a bill for the holiday was pushed through Congress. President Dwight Eisenhower signed it into law on May 26, 1954."
A lone voice in the Heartland of the United States was heard loud and clear in the Halls of Congress, and thanks to Alfred King, shoe store owner, we now celebrate the service to our country by roughly 25,000,000 veterans throughout the Fruited Plain each November 11.
God bless Alfred King, God bless our Veterans and God bless the United States of America.
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In a recent Open Book Blog entitled Compare and Contrast with the Common Core in Kindergarten, http://networkedblogs.com/TcvVz Jill Eisenberg compares the 8 page level A reader MEAT PIES by Celenia Chevere and Patricia M. Hubert (about a boy who makes Empanadas with his grandmother) with the 8 page level C reader TIME FOR TACOS by Carla Golembe (about a boy who makes tacos with his dad.) Eisenberg describes how to dissect these two stories in order to meet the common core curriculum of comparing and contrasting. Can I make another suggestion?
Story time is an excellent opportunity to compare and contrast text. There are tons of terrific picture books just begging to be used in a ‘compare and contrast’ manner!
Have you shared HOW COLD WAS IT? by Jan Barclay, yet? http://books.google.ca/books/about/How_Cold_Was_It.html?id=jy2XbiWp5cEC&redir_esc=y
Imagine the fun of comparing the scenes with such extreme weather contrast, when you then share her story, HOW HOT WAS IT? http://www.amazon.ca/How-Hot-Was-Jane-Barclay/dp/1894222709
I guarantee you’ll not only cover your common core literacy comparison and contrast, these two picture books will spark conversation, exploration and inquiry into temperature that will cover many math and science strands as well.
I love to compare and contrast different versions of folk and fairy tales. I’ve started with the classic Little Golden Book, LITTLE RED HEN by Diane Mudrow, http://www.amazon.com/The-Little-Red-Golden-Book/dp/0307960307
and then introduced another version of the story
I’ve invited children to look through their fairy tale collections at home and bring in a version if they have one. We’ve charted the differences in the versions told (ie, sometimes the little red hen has chicks, sometimes she doesn’t. Sometimes her friends are a dog, cat and rat, sometimes they are a duck, pig and dog etc.) And with all this talk about bread- we just had to bake bread one day! So not only are you covering your common core comparison and contrasting of the key ideas and details of each story, the structure, and the relationship between illustration and print in each story, you are adding the language, math and science exploration of reading the recipe and baking the bread.
We were going to town, comparing the ingredients of these two items. (and the pizzas we ended up making were delicious!)
Introduce some felt pieces to your felt board, some puppets to your theatre, and suddenly children are telling (and eventually writing) their own creative version of the Little Red Hen.
http://www.amazon.ca/I-Want-My-Hat-Back/dp/0763655988 which has the same visual dead-pan humor but is told through the eyes of the ‘victim’, as apposed to the ‘perpetrator’.
Part of our job, as educators, is to be greats story tellers. We need to guide children through stimulating conversation regarding the stories they hear. (Think of yourself as the leader of your very young book club.) When we invite children to make connections and identify comparisons in a picture book, we provide an opportunity for each child to make a deeper connection with the book. This does so much more than cover curriculum; this plants the seed for a lifelong love of reading.
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||貨幣・信用論をめぐる研究状況 : Economy & Society 誌における論争を手掛かりとして《論文》
Contemporary Debates on the Theory of Money and Credit in Economy & Society
泉, 正樹結城, 剛志
58 , 2016-3 , 埼玉大学経済学会
This study analyses the major approaches to frameworks for understanding money. These approaches include those taken by the Marxian, post-Keynesian, and neo-classical schools, and sociologists. The theory of money and credit involves deeply controversial issues. Since the 1970s, financial speculation has been spreading more deeply within global capitalism. The sub-prime mortgage loan problem in the United States was one consequence of this phenomenon. The situation demands an inquiry into the basic question, ‘What is money’ ? In the 2000s, the journal Economy & Society presented an interdisciplinary exchange of opinions and criticism with respect to the traditional understanding of money in mainstream economics, that is, money as the medium of exchange. From a sociological viewpoint, Zelizer（2000） emphasises that money has ‘special’ implications when viewed with regard to different situations, thus it cannot be encapsulated by any single concept. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of post-Keynesian economics, Ingham（2001, 2004） insists that money is the social relation between debts and credits as represented by the money of account. However, from a Marxist viewpoint, Lapavitsas（2005b） understands money as the ‘monopolization of the ability to buy’. Thus, the concept of money has been interpreted in various ways by researchers in different disciplines. Nevertheless, these researchers all conclude that ‘fiat money’ is one of the conditions of money. However, some Japanese Marxian political economists have developed an alternative view which states that pure ‘fiat money’ cannot be explained in principle and does not exist in practice. On the basis of these Japanese studies, we analyse the relationship among these views and attempt to unravel the basic question, ‘What is money’ ?
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Thursday, April 30, 2009
At the end of the war, in about March of 1954, the Korean government took a census of the 54,000 children in government supported orphanages and noted that about 200 were considered mixed blood. An American missionary working with orphanages suggested that perhaps as many as 1,000 could be mixed blood. That is still less than 2% of all orphans. The Koreans (nice ones, ones with their lineage papers intact) who abhor tainting 'pure' Korean blood with foreign blood and who judge everyone based on their lineage treated all orphans with contempt and even disgust because, as a vice-consul of Korea in Seattle told me when asked why this prejudice toward orphans "you don't know who their parents are!" Nice Koreans want the world to think that the 200,000 children that they have shipped out of their country since 1950 are all products of wanton GIs. Not so. This is merely a form of Korean 'ethnic cleansing', getting rid of children whose ancestry (albeit of two Korean parents) is suspect or unknown.
On the other hand I agree that the GIs did father many Korean children but before looking to the GI as the culprit take a look at the Korean culture. The war produced hundreds of thousands of widows, women without a male support. Given the Korean culture such women were 'used goods' and had little chance of remarriage. Without a social support system they sought a way to live and took advantage of the testosterone loaded young GIs to earn a living. Those women had a right to survive and did what they had to to earn the money for their next meal. "Nice Koreans" probably think those women should have just starved to death to save the honor of Korean culture. I have had mixed blood Korean adoptees tell me that they were raised in a loving home with mother and grandmother but the neighbors forced the mother to give up the child for adoption. In the Korean orphanage they were taken to the staff and visitors would spit on them, pull their hair and treat them as scum of the earth. Such were (and still are) the social values of many traditional Koreans.
When GIs commit an 'inappropriate act' such will be reported world wide....such is the nature of "news." When they do good the reporters yawn and ask "What is the story line?" When GIs tragically killed two girls about six years ago in Korea almost 100,000 Koreans marched and yelled protests against American presence in Korea. Tell them we GIs saved the lives of over 10,000 children and the response is literally "so what, they were orphans."
I have many stories of the misdeeds of GIs but I leave it to the traditional press to pursue and publish those. The traditional press is not interested in the good our GIs do and fail to report it. Have you ever before heard the statistic that we who fought in Korea saved the lives of over 10,000 children? I am sure you have not since I am the person who did the research and can substantiate that statistic. My goal is to ensure that the GOOD that our GIs did in the Korean War is also made a part of the history of that war.
If you are a mixed blood Korean adoptee count your blessings that you have been adopted by a family outside of Korea as orphans in Korea are still treated with utmost contempt and considered an underclass. One woman who met me in Seoul said that I had saved her life as a little orphan. She wanted to thank me but begged me not to mention her name or show her picture on my web site as both of her sons had studied in the USA and were professionals. She told me that if anyone knew that their mother was a Korean War orphan their professional career would be seriously damaged.
Don't be too quick to judge but rather try to understand.
Regards, and a happy life to you,
George F. Drake
btstormb2006 has left a new comment on your post "Korean Orphans":
While I can appreciate that you documented that the American GIs saved over 10,000 Korean war orphans, I am curious to know if you included in your documentation how many of those Korean war orphans had American GIs for fathers and their GIs fathers knew of their existence, but abandoned them and the Korean women they impregnated. As a Korean adoptee myself, I find it somewhat repugnant to not mention within your blog the irresponsibility of these GIs, while taking credit for saving the lives of these war orphans.
I do not intend to sound disrespectful, but if you reread your piece and try to understand from a Korean adoptee's perspective how you come across, I would hope that you could empathize and consider editing your Korean Orphans section.
Thursday, December 18, 2008
Well, I did track them down and here is my report:
It seems that in that one photo I had three of the early founders of scouting in Nicaragua. I wonder if the Boy Scouts of Nicaragua have a photo of the three of these founders in one photo? I will send them a copy of this one. You will note that my International Letter of Introduction from the Boy Scouts of America was signed by don Porfirio Solorzano who is noted below as having gotten the Nicaraguan Boy Scout Association recognized by the World Scout Organization. Gus Wilson (Gustavo Wilson Batleman) joined the first troop founded in Nicaragua in Bluefield on the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua. When he moved to Managua where he became a professor in a small Moravian college (Colegio Bautista) he founded the third Boy Scout troop in Nicaragua. Julio Pinell founded Troop Four "Leon" in Managua.
In 1945 the scout movement in Nicaragua was restructured and Professor Wilson became the first Chief Scout Executive of Nicaragua. The note in this history of scouting in Nicaragua (appended below) ends with a comment that the first national scout camporee was held at the Hacienda Las Mercedes, near the International Airport. The head of that camporee was Pablo Steiner (known as 'the Raven') who is also in that photo with me. Pablo Steiner has quite a personal story. He barely escaped capture by the Germans as he fled his home in Hungary in 1939. As a Jew he would have been exterminated in the Holocaust. He opened a print shop and began publishing in Managua and married a woman who became one of the most famous authors in Latin America. He died in the 1980s.
En 1943, el sennor Julio Pinell fundó la Tropa Cuatro “León”, en la ciudad de Managua, el profesor Gustavo Wilson Batleman, la Tropa Tres en el Colegio Bautista. Originario de Bluefield había sido uno de los primeros jóvenes que se integraron a la Tropa fundada por Campbell y el reverendo Harrison. En 1945 don Gilberto A. Blanco se convirtió en Primer Jefe Scouts Nacional.
En 1945 el Movimiento Scout de Nicaragua inicia una nueva estructuración. El profesor Wilson se constituye en forma voluntaria en el Primer Director Ejecutivo, con el apoyo de don Adrian Espinosa Orochena y el joven Róger Mendoza Solís. El señor Espinosa Orochena debido al derrocamiento del presidente Leonardo Argüello tuvo que salir exiliado. Actualmente reside en Miami, con más de 60 años de ser Scout, uno de los más activos dirigentes de su época.
En 1946, don Porfirio Solórzano Marín, logró el reconocimiento oficial de la Organización Mundial del Movimiento Scout. En 1946 se celebró en la Hacienda Las Mercedes, cerca del actual Aeropuerto Internacional, el Primer Campamento Nacional de Patrullas. El Jefe de Campo fue don Pablo Steiner, también importante funcionario de Caritas de Nicaragua y esposo de la escritora María Teresa Sánchez.
Sunday, December 14, 2008
Here it is, almost the end of the year and time to give thought to writing that end-of-the-year letter that brings family and friends up-to-date on what the Drake family had been up to the previous twelve months. I thought that maybe I should get one off to my blog also but finally decided that I would merely submit the one I wrote fifty eight years ago in December of 1950.
I am attaching a photograph of me at the US Boy Scout Jamboree at Valley Forge with Colonel Gus Wilson, Chief Scout of the World Association of Scouting. A year earlier I was visiting the Boy Scouts of Nicaragua and there met the other Gus Wilson, a black scouter who told me that he was the photographic negative of the other Gus Wilson that I was to meet the following year. So you can see both Gus Wilsons. I am also posting a copy of a picture of me with three Nicaraguan scout leaders at the Managua airport in March of 1949.
From left to right is Pablo Steiner, myself, Julio Pinel (who worked at the airport) and Gus Wilson. One of these days I will spend some time on the world wide web to see if I can track them down.
In January of 1950 I did enlist in the army for three years. While at Fort Devans, Massachusetts in training to be a high speed Morse code intercept operator I worked on my scout badge collection in my free time.
Here is a picture of me working on the collection and a picture of one of the panels of scout pins from various countries.
May you all have a good holiday season. George
Tuesday, November 4, 2008
Placing the Korean War Children's Memorial sculpture, in Seoul or the Metropolitan City of Gwangju, South Korea?
I just got back from Korea where I spent 8 days looking for the appropriate place for the Korean War Children's Memorial sculpture that is being donated by my friend SEBASTIAN of Mexico. On its base it is a bit over 21 feet tall and, given his world-wide fame, has a market value of over $700,000. He is the creator of the large blue steel sculpture in Big Rock Garden Park in Bellingham near the US Korean War Children's Memorial Pavilion.
On 23 October I hosted a breakfast meeting with His Excellency Leandro Arellano, Ambassador of Mexico to Korea. The Cultural Affairs Officer of the Mexican Embassy also attended as well as three Korean associates of mine, one from Seoul and two from Gwangju who flew up to Seoul for the meeting. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss the donation of Sebastian's sculpture. Sebastian offered it to me to support my project of honoring American servicemen and women for their aid to the children of Korea during the Korean War. Ambassador Arellano said he would host a reception for SEBASTIAN and wife Gabriela when they arrive for the dedication and would also call SEBASTIAN to inquire if the embassy could sponsor a showing of macquettes of his larger works in an art gallery in Seoul at the time he and Gabriela are visiting Korea. He is of the opinion that the sculpture should be placed in Seoul rather than in Gwangju where I have promised it. He also agreed that the sculpture should be given by the artist to the government of Mexico and then sent to Korea in "diplomatic pouch" status to avoid any taxes. It would then be given as a gift of the artist and the government of Mexico to the entity that ultimately receives the sculpture. Ambassador Arellano was delighted that SEBASTIAN would have a sculpture placed in Korea and would cooperate with my project to ensure that it gets wide visibility in the Korean media. He agreed to attend the dedication ceremony if at all possible. As we have no date nor location yet all of this is just a commitment on his part to help with the project.
From the breakfast with the Mexican Ambassador I rushed with Hong SungChang, my Korean associate, friend and interpreter who has helped me since 2003 on this project, to the U.S. Embassy which was located only about 15 minutes away from the Lotte Hotel where we had breakfast. Her Excellency Ambassador Kathleen Stephens was generous and gave me about a half hour of her time. She is newly appointed to the post and, interestingly, served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Korea years ago and consequently speaks good Korean. Ambassador Stephens liked my Korean War Children's Memorial project and agreed to attend the dedication of the SEBASTIAN sculpture "Las Palomas" (The Doves) if at all possible. She had some advice for me about how the event is to be advertised and what to be sensitive about when soliciting letters from former Korean War orphans. Two of her staff were in the meeting with me and SungChang. They will work with me as the project progresses. I was very pleased to have the opportunity to meet our Ambassador to Korea and told her that every Korean I met since her appointment speaks well of her.
The next day I took a trip to Ilsan to meet with Molly Holt. She came to Korea in 1957 to help her mother and father with their project of sending Korean orphans to the USA and other countries for adoption and has lived in Korea ever since. She is now Chairman of the Holt Foundation in Korea which has over 300 employees in numerous institutions around the country. She came to Bellingham for the dedication of the Korean War Children's Memorial in Big Rock Garden Park in July of 2003. I brought her up-to-date on the progress of the KWCM project in the USA and in Korea. She agreed to help me with the Korean part of the project and would definitely plan to attend the dedication ceremony. She is probably one of the best known Americans in Korea today.
I took the fast train the next morning to the Metropolitan City of Gwangju arriving about 1:30 p.m. My host was the Rev. Haeryang Yoo Kim who is trying to get the old orphanage buildings on property she and her husband own in the center of Gwangju restored to their original condition. One of them is probably one of the oldest structures left in the center of the city. Their heavily wooded 2-1/2 acres is very similar to BRG Park in Bellingham except it is on a steep hillside. When I was in Gwangju in December, 2008, at a dinner following the ceremony when Mayor Park Gwang-tae made me "honorary citizen" he promised to fund the restoration of the old Korean War orphanage buildings so they could serve as a museum, archive and also as a hostel for returning Korean adoptees world-wide who want to visit Korea. It seems that bureaucratic squabbles and turf-wars in the City Hall has delayed any appropriation for almost two years. Rev. Yoo used my visit to try to get the money to start the restoration of the buildings. An article had already appeared in the local paper about my visit along with a photo of the Sebastian sculpture "Las Palomas."
The afternoon of my arrival to Gwangju a member of the Korean National Assembly who had previously served as Mayor of Gwangju came to the house and assured me that he would 'pressure' the current city administration to release the money for the restoration of the buildings. Several newspaper reporters visited for interviews and photos. Leadership in the local Korean War Veterans Association came and at the end of a delightful dinner presented me with a Korean War Veteran's 'Ambassador of Peace' medal. [Something else to hang on my 'ego wall' in my office.]
Sunday was spent visiting a famous Korean artist, the one who did the calligraphy on the wooden board hanging on the Korean War Children's Memorial Pavilion in Big Rock Garden Park.
On Monday we all had lunch with the Mayor of Nam-gu, the district of Gwangju in which the orphanage is located. He actually flew home from Japan one day early to have this meeting as I would be leaving for Seoul early on Tuesday and would not be able to meet him them. He agreed to a shift of a fire lane off the property so it would not cut the property in half. He also agreed to support the reconstruction of the buildings and the development of the museum, archive and hostel. Then, after a bit of a rest, we went to meet the Vice Mayor for Administration for Gwangju (a city of 1.4 million persons). There were some strong words exchanged between Rev. Yoo and one of the city staff persons who claimed that she was the one responsible for the delay in funding the project. After a lot of loud exchanges in Korean I spoke and informed the Vice Mayor that the Korean War Children's Memorial sculpture would NOT go to Gwangju if the money is not released by 1 January, 2009 and work begun by 1 February of 2009. I informed him that Samsung Corporation would like to have it in front of their children's museum in Seoul and that the City of Seoul itself would like to have it in a city park.
After further discussions in Korean the Vice Mayor assured me that the city would release $1,300,000 US dollars (equivalent in Korean funds) by 1 January 2009 and that the work would begin immediately following the release of the money. After discussing some more details of the sculpture and the dedication ceremony we left the office. Those in our group were delighted. I assured Rev. Kim that I was not kidding, that if the money does not come across by 1 January, for any reason at all, and if the work does not commence by 1 February I will not send the sculpture to Gwangju. It will go to Seoul. The story of my visit to Gwangju appeared in at lease six Korean newspapers. This puts a lot of pressure on the Mayor of Gwangju to put up the 1.3 million dollars as he promised. I give it a sixty percent chance of happening. Afterwards we all went out for a light Chinese meal. If work goes as hoped the dedication would probably be a year from now, i.e., late October or early November of 2009. Here is one of the newspaper articles showing a photo of the sculpture, over 21ft. high on its base.
The next day I took the fast train back to Seoul, met with friends, did some shopping and on Wednesday caught the 6 p.m. flight back to Seattle.
Now I am trying to catch up on all the tasks that I let slide while preparing for the time I spent in Japan and Korea. In addition to the 'office' tasks there is a mountain of leaves to rake, rearrange the furniture in the living room, paint one wall before putting things back together again, set up the new surround sound audio-TV system This troglodyte is having troubles getting the FM system working. I will have to post a note on the university "Help Wanted" board looking for someone who can help me. Probably just another button to push in a given order.
'nuf for now. gfd
Monday, November 3, 2008
Over a wonderful Korean dinner he informed me that he has been elected Vice President of the World Scout Committee that has its headquarters in Switzerland. We spent much of the dinner talking about scouting in various countries. When I told him of my activities with scout organizations in Central America almost sixty years ago he said "You must talk to His Excellency Fernando Borbon, Ambassador of Costa Rica to Korea. He was active in scouting in Costa Rica." At that he took out his cell phone, punched in a few numbers and said "Your Excellency, is it convenient to talk a few moments with you?" Getting an affirmative answer he passed the phone over to me and Ambassador Borbon and I chatted about scouting in Costa Rica and also Guatemala where he lived for a while as a youth. He knew the names of some of the scout leaders in those two countries that I mentioned but, given our age difference, he had not met them personally. After all, it was almost 60 years ago that I was traipsing around those countries visiting the scout organizations. He suggested we get together for breakfast or lunch and talk scouting. Unfortunately, given my tight schedule, I did not have the opportunity to do so. I very much enjoyed the interaction with Ambassador Borbon as it was conducted in Spanish and dealt with scouting in those countries which still has a lot of meaning for me.
Among other topics Simon Rhee and I discussed declining enrollment in Scouting in developed countries but an increasing enrollment in developing nations, especially in Africa.
Since I did not get to visit a Boy Scout troop meeting in Japan where I spent the prior week I gave Mr. Rhee the scout badges that were sent to me by Mr. David Crow of Monmouth Council, BSA and some that I purchased at the local scout office and asked that he give them to scouts when he attends gatherings of scouts from Korea and elsewhere. He informed me that in several weeks there will be a gathering in Seoul of scouts from all over the country with the specific purpose of exchanging badges. He will give the badges away at that gathering. I also gave Mr. Rhee a sizable collection of Boy Scout stamps from many countries that I spotted for sale on eBay and asked him to use them as gifts to scout leaders as he travels the world on his scouting duties. It is always useful to have small packages of gifts in one's pocket when traveling. Mr. Rhee's personal collections are limited to scout badges and scout stamps that have the number "75" on them. Accordingly, he especially appreciated the Monmouth Council's 75th anniversary badge. That one, he said, will go into his personal collection. Simon Rhee insisted on picking up the bill for the meal and had it paid before I could grab it. Definitely my turn the next time.
Yours in Scouting, George F. Drake
Monday, September 29, 2008
I'm a story teller. I don't miss a chance to tell a story. All I need is an audience. I don't even need a subject, just an audience.
Often times folks would say "You gotta write your stories down. You gotta write a book." "Can't," I respond, I'm too busy creating more stories."
And so it is right now. Too busy. I haven't written to my blog for two weeks. Sorry, didn't know any one was out there listening (reading).
So what have I been doing? Well, family stuff, medical stuff that comes with growing old, a cheap form of cancer cells cut off my right calf, no biggie, just 20 stitches to close the cut and then only to find out the ole doc didn't get it all. Oh, well, back for more choppin'. Limits riding for a while. I could use it as an excuse to quit till it was all healed but that would be cheating as the wound does not preclude riding.
Then, before I knew it I realized I gotta get ready for a trip to Japan with a city delegation to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Sister-City relationship of Bellingham with Tateyama, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. I was there for their 40th celebration ten years ago and recently was very much involved with the activities organized for the visit of the delegation that came to Bellingham from Tateyama in July of this year. So on the 13th of October I will fly to Narita airport north of Tokyo, spend the night in a hotel near the airport and then join the rest of the Bellingham delegation the next day. I am flying Asiana Air Lines which goes through Seoul, Korea while the rest of the group is going by Northwest on a direct flight from Seattle to Tokyo/Narita. Since I want to stop off in Korea for a week after I leave Japan I need to fly via Asiana. In Japan I will stay in a home of a Japanese host family, sleep on the floor on the tatami mat, eat with beautiful wooden chopsticks, etc, etc, I was going to take my cycling shoes, pedals and helmet and borrow a bicycle and go riding from 6:30 a.m. until 8 a.m. daily but realized that would be imposing on my hosts so I will go out for a walk each morning instead. On the 19th of October my hosts will dress me in a Samurai costume, complete with helmet and swords which I will have to wear in the Satomi Festival, one of the major festivals of this small Japanese city. Tens of thousands of Japanese come to watch the Samurai parade and engage in activities at the local temple. I will be the six-foot 'gaijen' (foreigner) who helps them in their battles. Sounds like fun but I just found out that once in that elaborate costume one can not "relieve" oneself for many hours as the costume is not to be taken off until the end of the day. That tells me that I will not be able to indulge in four cups of coffee earlier in the day nor have any Asahi beer during the afternoon. Nuts! That's no way to treat a guest!
The Japanese are 'gift givers' and there is no way one can 'out-gift' the Japanese, so don't even try. But you gotta take gifts, lots of gifts, a separate suit case just full of gifts, but not to worry, not only will it be full when you come back you will have to purchase a second suitcase for the other items you will get as gifts. And at the airport, just before you leave your hosts and head for your security check they give you a shopping bag with more items, large items, bulky items that you will never be able to crunch into your suitcase. So there goes your plan to purchase a bottle of cognac at the duty free store as you are lacking the six arms needed to carry everything. So, learn to smile broadly, say "Domo ari gato," bow low and make like you are absolutely delighted at the ceramic tea set that you just received (the fourth on this trip.) So I am trying to assemble at least 50 or 60 gift packages. By the time I am done I will have spent $300 to $500 on gifts. By the way, while in Tateyama I will be attending a meeting of a Japanese Boy Scout troop. Does any one have any extra scout badges that I could give to boys in the troop as a gift from scouts in the USA? If so send them to me at 'George Drake, 1421 Cornwall Ave. #B, Bellingham, WA 98225."
If I just went to Japan and came home I might be able to pull it off with relative ease but I also plan to spend a week in Korea, and they, too, are gift givers, not so avid as the Japanese, but still ya gotta take some small things for your hosts, dignitaries you will meet, etc. It will be a bit easier in Korea as I will give copies of my little book "GIs and the Kids - A Love Story: US Forces and the Children of Korea 1950-1954." I will autograph the book with a flourish for my lunch or dinner host and that is good for a $100 meal ticket. In Korea it is long metal chopsticks and at least 12 (or more) plates of various kinds of kimchi on the table around your main dinner plate. I love kimchi so I am in seventh heaven at a traditional Korean restaurant. I purchased a large collection of Boy Scout stamps on e-bay several months ago to use as a gift for one of the leaders of the Korean Scouts Association. He also happens to be the head of Samsung Construction that built the billion dollar Seoul/Inchon airport. I hope to have dinner with him when in Korea and solicit his help in my current Korean projects.
What is taking so much of my time now is the protocol and the letters, e-mails, FAXs, etc. arranging appointments with folks I want to meet, e.g., the US Ambassador to Korea, the Mexican Ambassador to Korea, the Commander US Forces-Korea, the Korean Minister of Patriotism and Veteran Affairs, staff of the President of Korea, President of the Korea Welfare Foundation and a few other such types. I drove to Seattle last week to meet with the Consul General of Korea. We had a good visit. He is a graduate of a US college and speaks excellent English. My Korean is limited to finding the bathroom and getting the price for a bottle of beer, and, of course the amenities of thank you, you are welcome, etc. What I wanted of Mr. Lee was his help to get an appointment with the Minister of Patriotism and Veterans Affairs. I want the Korean government to award (posthumously) their highest military honors to two fellows in the USAF, Colonel Blaisdell and M/Sgt Strang, who saved the lives of over 950 orphans in the 'Kiddy Car Airlift' that they pulled off on 20 December 1950. During their lifetime neither got even so much as a piece of paper from the government of Korea saying 'thank you." Chaplain Blaisdell got several awards from the USAF but Sgt. Strang got nothng until I was able to move the US military bureaucracy to grant him a posthumous bronze star and also grant him the "Four Chaplains Award", the highest award of the USAF Chaplain's Service, 53 years after the rescue. Now I am banging on he door of the Korean bureaucracy for similar awards for these two great unsung heroes of the Korean War. I want that award announced at the ceremony I am organizing in Gwangju, South Korea in May of next year.
I also want Consul General Lee to use his good office to get me an appointment with someone in the Blue House (Korean White House) so I can try to convince them that the President of Korea should attend the ceremony I am organizing in Gwangju. I also want them to get the President to agree to autograph 20 copies of a poster that I am having made to announce that ceremony which I will sell for $1,000 each. I'm shameless and, you know, I might actually even be able to pull it off! At least I'm gonna try.
I already have been able to get an appointment with the Mexican Ambassador to Korea. I will host him and the Agregado Cultural (Cultural Affairs Officer) at a breakfast meeting on the 23rd of October at one of the 5-star hotels in Seoul. There will be five of us at the table so there is another $300-400 dollars shot. But you gotta do wot ya gotta do to achieve your goal. I will be asking the Mexican Ambassador, His Excelency Arellano, to host a reception for my friend the great Mexican sculptor SEBASTIAN when he arrives in Korea next May for the dedication of the sculpture he is donating to Gwangju to serve as the Korean War Children's Memorial honoring the U.S. servicemen and women for their humanitarian aid to the children of Korea during that war. That sculpture is valued at $750,000 and will be the first by SEBASTIAN in Korea. I also want Ambassador Arellano to agree to attend the dedication ceremony in Gwangju in May. If he agrees to attend then I can use that to leverage the US Ambassador to Korea also to attend which will put pressure on the Commander of US Forces, Korea to attend and, if I work it right , the President of Korea will also be there. Now that takes a little bit of chutzpah ('cajones' en espanol) as I am doing all this with no money other than my social security check and retirement annuity from college teaching. I keep getting the sense that my wife is a bit annoyed with my ability to spend money we don't really have.
As if all this isn't enough I have to raise the money to bring the sculpture from Mexico City to Korea. That will be about $7,000 but I have a number of ideas of where I will be able to get that money. Then there is the book. Yup, I'm working on having a book published in time for the dedication of that sculpture. It will be a book of 'thank you' letters from Korean War orphans whose lives were saved by American servicemen and women in the Korean War. My plan is to inundate the Korean media with requests that they send out a call for such letters from the former 'war child' of Korea, their children and grandchildren, friends and just ordinary Koreans who want to show their appreciation for the acts of kindness shown by our 'Army of Compassion.' From my collection of over 2,000 photographs of the GIs and the children of Korea during the war years we will select pictures for the book. I already have about 20 letters we can use from the time of the war so the book is underway. The one I received from Eddie Cho is printed elsewhere on this blog. Now I want about 200 more such letters. The book will be published in Hangul (Korean) and English and will be available in Korea and the US. One letter will be selected as best of all those submitted and the author will be invited to read their letter at the ceremony in Gwangju in May. Hopefully the book will be out by then also...a mere six or seven months time frame for writing a book and getting it published, ouch!
Then we have to find the appropriate location for the placement of the Korean War Children's Memorial sculpture, discuss details of the bronze plaques to be affixed to the base, etc, etc, etc. Ah, yes, lots to accomplish in the 8 days I will be in Korea. At the same time I will be lugging around all those wonderful Japanese gifts! ;-) My energy will be sustained by Korean beer and kimchi. Aaaaah. Sounds good to me.
Today I sent off my critique of a manuscript of a book I have been reviewing on the life of an incredible Canadian sculptor, David Marshall, who was a good friend of mine. Here is one paragraph from that letter:
"Overall I think the book is GREAT! I loved David and he knew it. He knew how much I admired his incredible craftsmanship and his drive for perfection. He accepted my offers to help....to a degree. That conservative streak and distrust of galleries almost killed the one-man show I was preparing for him at Big Rock Garden Park. He was VERY difficult to work with when it came to selling or even showing his art. He was his own worst enemy in that regard but I felt that with knowing him I got to know one of the great artists of this century. No hype, no glitzy pamphlets, no jumping front stage, just long hours of hard work seeking to present his art to the world. He eschewed publicity. He was the most self-effacing person I have ever known. Yet he knew he was good, not in an egotistical sense but rather as a master craftsman and artist appraising his own work. I take real joy and pride in having been a part of his life. gfd
When I was owner (with my wife) of the "Gardens of Art - Gallery of Fine Art for the Garden" in the acreage next to our house here in Bellingham I was showing the owner of a major Japanese corporation around the gardens. He spotted one of Marshall's works and asked about it. I told him that David's work was not popular. He did not produce for the market. He produced art to meet his own sense of what a work of art was and that began with incredible craftsmanship which he used to effect the shapes he sought in the sculpture. Nonetheless, I told him, after one or two centuries this work will still stand as the finest presentation of this genre of art. "How much?" I was asked. "$12,000" I responded. He did not say anything until about 300 ft. further on he noted another large bronze work and asked "Is this also by Marshall?" "Yes." "How much?" "$19,000." "I'll take this one." and he moved on as though he had just purchased a bunch of radishes in a grocery store. David was flabbergasted! He had never sold anything for more than $2,000 before that sale. But then, he never really tried. He was not making art for sale. He was making art because he was driven to do so and selling it was inconsequential to his mission in life. Read the book "Shakespeare in Rehab" to know more of this type of person, an absolutely unique individual who, to me, epitomized what the creative process is all about."
So, forgive me, if in these last few weeks I have been living more stories rather than writing them. I may get a couple more posted before I head off to play Samurai warrior in Japan or hustle the 'honorables' and 'excellencies' in Korea. Life is a 'kick.' I'm enjoying it. Tomorrow bodes to be a beautiful sunny day and I think I will put all thoughts of wot's on my task list in the desk drawer and go to the mountains with Mary Ann. After all, it is a sin not to be outdoors on a day like that, and I am not a sinner.
Tuesday, September 16, 2008
When I visited Korea in 1998 the Public Affairs Officer of US Forces/Korea suggested that I read the book Battle Hymn as it was a wonderful story of how Colonel Dean E. Hess, USAF saved the lives of almost 1,000 orphans. On return home I got a copy of the book and I was truly impressed. But then I also began collecting everything I could find on the relationship of US servicemen and women and the children of Korea during the war years and, much to my consternation, I found that Hess is rarely mentioned in the early reports of that rescue pulled off on 20 December, 1950. A reporter from Airman Magazine, the publication of the U.S. Air Force, called me and asked what I knew of that rescue and I had to admit that I was suspicious of Hess’s claim of being responsible for the rescue. Then Tom Brokaw’s staff phoned me and I, by that time, was even more certain that Hess had nothing to do with the rescue. I was able to direct Brokaw’s staff to movie footage of the actual rescue that was in the US National Archives. Then I met Chaplain Russell L. Blaisdell, Colonel, USAF, Retired who was the one who actually rescued the children. He gave me a copy of his diary of that event which clearly indicated that Colonel Hess had nothing to do with the rescue.
Frankly, I was shocked! I now had the evidence that one of the great “heroes” of the Korean War was a FRAUD! And, frankly, I am now doubly shocked to find out that no one seemingly gives a damn. In fact I have been called by a General in the Air Force located in the Pentagon asking me to ‘lay off” and not push this any further. I provide herewith an early statement that I prepared spelling out my charges that Colonel Dean E. Hess is a FRAUD.
I will comment further on this story in a later posting. gfd
Hess: Fraudulent Hero
by George F. Drake, Ph.D.
[The author presents evidence that Col. Dean E. Hess, supposed hero of the Kiddy Car Airlift, did not plan it, did not direct it, did not witness it, did not participate in it and even tried to delay it. His only role in the airlift was to prepare the housing for the children when they arrived at Cheju-do and yet he shamelessly, over the years, accepted credit and the highest awards of the Government of Korea for this rescue. His written account of the rescue presented in the book Battle Hymn suggested by innuendo that he was responsible for the rescue but the movie, supposedly a "true story," took the falsehood even further. Here is the story of how Dean E. Hess stole credit for the Kiddy Car Airlift.]
When the Chinese forces were approaching the northern edge of Seoul in December of 1950 Air Force Chaplain Russell L. Blaisdell and his Chaplain’s Assistant S/Sgt Merle Y. Strang, arranged for trucks to take 950 children and 80 orphanage staff of the Seoul Receiving Center and another smaller orphanage out of Seoul to Inchon to board an LST for escape to Pusan at the southern tip of the Korean peninsula. Chaplain Blaisdell was responsible for the rescue of many of these children from the streets of the devastated city in the months prior to their evacuation for Inchon. It was Blaisdell and Strang who stayed by the orphans and staff in a 35 ft. by 70 ft school building for four and a half days waiting for the ship that never arrived.
It was Chaplain Blaisdell who, on a desperate trip back to Seoul, with Sgt. Strang as driver of his jeep, made arrangements for the flight of sixteen C-54s to fly the children and staff from Kimpo airport the next morning to Cheju-do Island located to the south of the Korean Peninsula. It was Blaisdell and Strang who commandeered the trucks (Blaisdell “pulled rank” to take the trucks away from another unit loading cement on a boat in Inchon harbor) necessary to transport the children, staff and 15 tons of food and belongings to Kimpo Airport on the morning of the 20th of December. Hess had nothing to do with any of this and was totally unaware of the exigencies faced by Blaisdell at every step of the way in effecting this rescue.
On the 19th of December as soon as Blaisdell had arranged with Colonel T.C. Rogers, Assistant Director of Operations for the Fifth Air Force, for the flight of C-54s to arrive at Kimpo the next morning he wired Hess that he would arrive on Cheju-do Island on the 20th with the children. Hess wired back that the situation on Cheju-do was not ready for them and asked Blaisdell to delay the operation. Blaisdell responded that there was no way he would postpone the rescue flights. Other than this exchange of messages initiated by Colonel Blaisdell there was no other contact between Hess and Blaisdell regarding the rescue of the children between their last meeting in Taegu a week earlier and their meeting on Cheju-do after the rescue.
Hess states in his book Battle Hymn that he desperately was trying to make arrangements for the flight of C-54s from the Combat Cargo Command. No one doubts that he was working on that task but nowhere does he clearly state that he actually made contact with anyone who made a commitment to send the planes to rescue the children. If, in fact, he did make that contact and obtained a commitment for the flight of C-54s Hess gives no indication of how he got that information to Chaplain Blaisdell so Blaisdell could get the children to the airport to meet the rescue aircraft on time. Hess is portrayed in the book Battle Hymn, the movie and in later newspaper articles as desperately calling every one he could to get a flight of planes to rescue the children. We can agree that Colonel Hess was concerned about the children but the facts show that it was Blaisdell and not Hess who was successful in making contact with the Combat Cargo Command to bring in the flight of C-54s to rescue the children.
In other words Colonel Hess actually had nothing to do with the successful rescue of the children in the famous Kiddy Car Airlift. Accordingly it is incomprehensible how Hess could successfully claim over the years to be the one who rescued the children.
Once the children were located at Cheju-do Colonel Hess was in regular contact with the orphanage and provided extensive assistance. Besides the involvement of Hess and his crew many tons of material aid and tens of thousands of dollars were coming from persons in the U.S. and from military units in Korea and Japan to help the orphans. Most of this was as a result of Hal Boyle’s Associated Press article on the rescue that appeared in newspapers throughout the United States. Colonel Blaisdell went to Cheju-do with an air shipment of aid packages on several occasions but Colonel Hess was there on a regular basis doing all he could for the welfare of the children.
Hess’s first inference that he was the one responsible for the rescue of the children in the Kiddy Car Airlift appeared in his autobiography Battle Hymn which was first published in 1956 almost six years after the actual air lift. On the book jacket one reads “But Colonel Hess will perhaps be best remembered for his heroic efforts in Seoul, Korea, in 1951 [sic.] on behalf of thousands of defenseless Korean orphans about to be engulfed by the Chinese Communist armies sweeping down from the north. Tormented by the sight of these homeless doomed children in the streets of Seoul, he shepherded them to the Seoul airport where he sent out a distress call to his commander. At the last minute, a Fifth Air Force airlift, later to become famous as “Operation Kiddy Car” picked up the orphans and flew them to safety on Cheju Island off the southern coast of Korea.” This statement is total fiction and part of a publisher's campaign to sell the book as a true story.
This blatant misrepresentation of the facts of the case was but the beginning of a steady flow of falsehoods. The book Battle Hymn as a grossly self serving distortion of the facts of the Kiddy Car Airlift and a poorly researched document. Had Hess actually read any of the media coverage given the Kiddy Car Airlift, which he refers to in the book, he would have been able to write a much better and more accurate account of what actually happened with regard to the airlift. The lack of accurate information in the book regarding the airlift is inexcusable since Hess, after leaving Korea, was appointed Director of Air Force Information Services and had access to everything published in the Pacific Stars & Stripes newspaper on the rescue.
The errors of the book were magnified in the movie. In the movie, which was presented as a true story, Hess is shown walking with the children from Inchon to Kimpo Airport. None of them walked. The movie doesn’t even mention Blaisdell and leaves the viewer believing that it was Hess who organized the rescue and was with the children during their time of trial.
In the first several years after the rescue the media recognized Colonel Blaisdell as the person who successfully rescued the children and orphanage staff in the Kiddy Car Airlift but after the release of the book and movie in 1956 and 1957 no one went back to the earlier records to ascertain the truth. The accepted story from then on was that it was Colonel Hess who rescued the children. And, it seemed that Hess began to believe the distortions as truth and accepted credit for a rescue he did not organize, did not manage, tried to delay and was not even witness to.
This is unconscionable as Hess had dinner one night in Los Angeles during the filming of the movie Battle Hymn with Mike Strang who had assisted Chaplain Blaisdell in the rescue. Hess asked Strang about the rescue but once knowing the truth from one of the actual heroes of that airlift he refused to help Strang get a role in the movie. Even if Hess had never read any of the articles printed in the Pacific Stars & Stripes, Colliers Magazine, Time Magazine and other publications about the rescue back in 1950, 1951, 1952 or 1953 he now had information on what really happened directly from Sgt. Strang.
It seems that Colonel Hess was now a captive of his own inaccurate portrayal of the rescue as presented in his book. The media now had him as the hero, the person who walked with the children from Seoul to Inchon and back to Kimpo for the rescue. Now that the rights to the book were in the hands of movie producers Hess had lost control of the story. And the story really got out of control when the movie was promoted throughout Korea and the U.S. as a true portrayal of the Kiddy Car Airlift.
The articles published in newspaper accounts about the book and film were outrageous in the amount of incorrect information that was printed. From various issues of the Pacific Stars and Stripes we quote, “Using AF C-119 aircraft, Hess gathered some 800 orphans from different sections of the country and flew them to safety”. (27 Sept. 1956) “Hess organized “Operation Kiddy Car” (12 Jan. 1957). “Battle Hymn Has Seoul Premiere…Korean waifs and ROK Air force bands teamed up to provide fanfare marking the premiere of “Battle Hymn” describing Col. Dean Hess’s heroic actions in saving trapped Korean orphans from the Chinese communists in the winter of 1950-1951.” (30 June 1957). “Air Force Col. Dean Hess, famed for his life-saving rescue flights of Korean orphans during the 1950 fighting…” (21 July 1959).
On 18 December 1960 we read “Hess to get ROK (Republic of Korea) Honor. U.S. Air Force Col. Dean Hess, whose Korean War exploits were depicted in the movie “Battle Hymn,” will receive the Republic of Korea Order of Cultural Merit Tuesday in Seoul ceremonies. ROK President Posun Yun is scheduled to present the award at a banquet in Hess’ honor. During the Korean War Hess was instrumental in saving the lives of some 800 orphans. He airlifted the waifs from battle-torn areas to Cheju Island, some 70 miles off the southeast coast of Korea.”
And on 21 December we read, “Republic of Korea President Posun Yun Tuesday presented the Order of Cultural Merit to U.S. Air Force Col. Dean E. Hess, the “flying parson” of Korean War fame. Hess, first American military man ever presented the Korean medal, received it for his humanitarian assistance to Korean children. … The presentation was made 10 years to the day after his Operation Kiddy Car airlifted 1,000 Korean orphans from the communist-menaced Seoul to the safety of Cheju-do. … His famous airlift was carried out virtually under the nose of the communist armies streaming toward the Korean capital. He managed to round up 16 planes to fly the children south away from the battle.”
Newspapers on 18 January 1962 reported “Col. Hess To Receive Sopa Award. SEOUL, The annual Sopa Memorial Award will be presented to U.S. Air Force Col. Dean E. Hess during ceremonies here at 2:30 p.m. Saturday at the Korea House. Hess, public information officer of the Fifth Air Force, is being cited for his extraordinary service in saving some 900 homeless war children during the Korean War.”
The above are cited as examples of the recognition Col. Hess received for an airlift he did not organize, a rescue he did not manage and even tried to delay, and, from all evidence in his own report of the incident, he wasn’t even an eye witness to! It is obvious that the reporters following Hess’s every move in Korea used his book and the movie as their source of information on his role in the airlift. Nowhere does Hess explain that he had no contact with Colonel Blaisdell after their meeting a week prior to the evacuation of the children from Seoul, knew nothing of their wait in Inchon or return to Kimpo Airport, that he had no contact with Chaplain Blaisdell regarding their rescue other than to attempt to delay the rescue one day until he could complete arrangements in Cheju-do to receive the children. Never does Hess give credit to Blaisdell and Strang for their role in the operation.
But then Hess also fails to give credit to any one else who was helping the children once they were located on Cheju-do. To read his book one would think it was his unit that was providing the bulk of the material and financial support for the orphanage. In reality the material aid coming to the Orphans' Home of Korea as a result of Hal Boyle's article far exceeded anything Hess and his unit raised from family and contacts in the states. Nowhere does Hess mention the tens of thousands of dollars coming to the Orphans' Home of Korea from military units other than his own. Hess does not like to share credit with anyone. This additional distortion of the facts led to the false conclusion that Hess was the hero not only of the Kiddy Car Airlift but also in helping the children survive their first years on Cheju-do.
Once the movie was released it seemed impossible for Hess to say “This is not a true portrayal of what happened.” Hess had become a captive of his own earlier mis-statement of the facts of the rescue. Recently Hess has privately, but not publicly, stated that he was upset with the way the movie distorted the story of the rescue but the truth of the matter is that his concern for that distortion of the facts did not prevent him from accepting the honors due someone else. Nowhere does Hess state “Wait a minute. This has gone too far. I want to acknowledge the role of Chaplain Blaisdell and S/Sgt Strang in the rescue of these children.” All of this is very sad in that Colonel Hess was truly concerned with the plight of the orphans and he did provide extensive aid to Whang On Soon and the Orphans Home of Korea. He did not need to steal credit for the airlift to be honored for his work on behalf of the war orphans of Korea. Hess’ role as a fighter pilot and as “Father of the Korean Air Force” truly justifies his status as a Korean War Hero. His work on behalf of the children in the Orphans Home of Korea and with other Korean War orphans justifies him being honored for his work with children but only as one of hundreds, if not thousands, of other servicemen doing the same in othe rparts of Korea. But by also taking credit for what did not belong to him, i.e., credit for the Kiddy Car Airlift, he seriously damages his own credibility.
Hess, who is also characterized as "Preacher" and the "flying Parson" is an ordained minister who gave up his pulpit for the cockpit. His theft of credit for the Kiddy Car Airlift leaves one to wonder about his sense of commitment to his religious credentials.
Drake recently asked Blaisdell how come he and Strang allowed Hess to take the credit for the airlift and accept all those honors and say nothing for all these years? “Well,” Blaisdell responded, “Mike wrote me a letter about this in 1957, right after the film “Battle Hymn” came out. He was angry.” In his letter Mike Strang bitterly complained about Hess taking credit for the rescue and wanted to ‘blow the whistle’ on him. But Blaisdell responded to Strang’s letter writing
“The goal of our efforts, in regard to the orphans … was the saving of lives, which would otherwise have been lost. That was accomplished. In a sense, Mike, well-doing has its own reward, which is not measured in dollars, prestige, or good will, provided the avowed principle is fulfilled in the publication of the book and the preparation of the movie, which is to turn all proceeds over to the orphans. I rest content and would not becloud the issue at this time with an attempt to criticize or correct the portions which we know to be false. In the event that the proceeds did not go to the orphans in Korea I may be inclined to change my attitude."
To Strang's credit he took Blaisdell's advise and said nothing. We have accounts of individuals receiving a Presidential Citation for saving the lives of four Korean war orphans and yet here we have a former Air Force Sgt. and his commanding officer, willing to keep quiet about their role in the rescue of over 950 orphans just to insure that Hess could maximize the income from his book and the movie about that air lift.
So far as is known Hess did turn over to the orphanage all the proceeds from the book and the movie. For that he deserves credit. But Hess, by distorting his role in the airlift, denied both Colonel Russell L. Blaisdell and Sgt. Merle (Mike) Strang the credit due them for one of the most dramatic rescue operations of the Korean War. More than 50 years after the fact Blaisdell was finally honored in Korea for the rescue of the children in the Kiddy Car Airlift. Recently, at the dedication of the Korean War Children’s Memorial in Bellingham, Washington, Blaisdell received the “Four Chaplain’s Award” of the Office of the Chief of Chaplains of the U.S. Air Force for the rescue of the children in the Kiddy Car Airlift.
Unfortunately, Mike Strang was not at that gathering along with Chaplain Blaisdell. He died in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1998 without recognition of any sort during his lifetime for his role in that rescue.
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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
(of a muscle) move (a limb or other part of the body) towards the midline of the body or towards another part.‘the main function of pectorals is to adduct the arms’The opposite of abduct
- ‘Then, isometrically contract the pectoral muscle, attempting to adduct the arm.’
- ‘Two possible effective responses would have been to flex the knee on the side of the higher foot, or to have adducted one leg and abducted the other.’
- ‘The affected arm is flexed at the elbow and adducted against the side of the body.’
- ‘Is it the oblique eye muscles or the superior or inferior recti that adduct the eye?’
- ‘A recent consensus document suggests that the arm should not be extended behind the back or adducted in an extreme position for a substantial amount of time.’
Mid 19th century: back-formation from late Middle English adduction, from late Latin adductio(n-) ‘bringing forward’, from the verb adducere ‘bring in’ (see adduce).
The product of an addition reaction between two compounds.‘a stable, covalent adduct of enzyme and substrate DNA results’
- ‘Rodents eating unfried pancakes had only one-tenth that concentration of acrylamide adducts.’
- ‘It has been known for some time that smoking can give rise to acrylamide in human red cells that forms adducts with haemoglobin.’
- ‘Under these irradiation conditions, another major class of oxidative damage occurs, namely the formation of covalent protein-DNA adducts.’
- ‘Moreover, some photoactivable compounds can also produce bulky adducts.’
- ‘In rat liver, it has been shown that tamoxifen forms covalent DNA adducts, implying a genotoxic mechanism for its carcinogenicity in this tissue.’
1940s: from German Addukt (blend of Addition and Produkt).
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.
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https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/adduct
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This master of General Peron, given to the National Parliament on 1 May 1974, shortly after taking the third time the Presidency of the Nation, is, along with “The Organized Community”, the conceptual and doctrinal in which Seats National Movement PJ. PART ONE.BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES OF THE ARGENTINE MODEL HISTORICAL-POLITICAL BACKGROUND LEADING TO ARGENTINE MODEL 1. The World History Teaching Process 2. The State Historical Argentina PART TWO. ARGENTINE MODEL 1. “COMMUNITY ORGANIZER” 2. THE MAN, THE FAMILY, SOCIETY AND CULTURE 3. POLITICAL LIFE 4. THE ECONOMIC FIELD 5. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6. The ecological environment 7. INSTITUTIONAL ORGANIZATION 8. THE ROLE OF THE MAJOR SECTORS OF NATIONAL LIFE PART TERCERA.CONCLUSIONES AND OPENINGS Peron, Juan, “Argentine model for the National Project“, Ediciones de la Bandera, Rosario, Argentina, 1983. PART ONE BACKGROUND ARGENTINE MODEL CONCEPT When I think of the crucial events of the country’s history, I find in them the deep scars of a truly national consciousness. This process has been marked by a fierce struggle between the growing awareness and the forces that have relentlessly tried to prevent free expression. Argentine Model is intended to be, precisely, the interpretation of the national consciousness in an attempt to find their final channel. 1. “Ideology and National Doctrine Our country urgently needs a creative ideology clearly mark the way forward and a doctrine that systematize the fundamental principles of that ideology. To do this we must consider that the ideological composition of a country comes from the adoption of a foreign ideology or his own creation.With respect to the importation of ideologies, directly or adequately fed a vice of origin and is insufficient to meet the spiritual needs of our people and country legally constituted as a unit. The world has given us two possibilities: capitalism and communism. I interpret that both lack of substantial values that allow only think of them as historical-political alternatives. In parallel, the Christian has another possibility, imbued with a deep spiritual richness but without a political version, enough for the effective exercise of the government. Argentines have long experience in importing this ideology, either in whole or in part. It is against this attitude that continually has had to face our conscience. The fertile basis for the design of a national ideology consistent with our Argentine spirit, have emerged from the bosom of our country. El Pueblo, a permanent source of creation and self-improvement, thirty years ago was prepared to form a national ideology, social and Christian. However, we were not included when responding to this particular historical demand, social justice advocate as immanent to be national, although that social justice is at the core of Christian doctrine that emerged in the world 2,000 years ago. In the heat of political and economic interests originated many mistakes, such as the identification of democracy with liberalism – promoting ideological confusion which, in turn, shaped the framework for the maintenance of imperialist interests. But this ideology inherently Argentina, and the consequent doctrine grew in the consciousness of the People.
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In this Phil Borges keynote, the world traveler and photographer talks about the rapid decline of indigenous cultures and languages.
There are over 6,000 languages in the world and roughly 3,000 of those languages are not spoken by the children of those cultures. This means that roughly every two weeks when an elder dies, they are taking with them the last spoken words of their people. The driving philosophies, world views and beliefs are extinguished as generations aren't able to effectively pass down their heritage.
Phil Borges started a group that aims to teach and provide the tools necessary for indigenous youth to be able to tell their stories through digital media. Children in remote areas of the world are being given workshops on how to use pictures, videos and slides in order to connect and thereby preserve their beautiful stories and cultures with a wider audience.
ACT NOW: Save Up to 70% on Future Festival
Creating Customer Relationships Digitally
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Struggle for Social Change
Cultivating Cultural Identities
Phil Borges Keynotes
The Phil Borges keynotes promote the importance of remembering past stories and languages of...
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Medial Epicondylitis – “Golfer’s Elbow”
Medial Epicondylitis, commonly known as Golfer’s Elbow, is a common injury that occurs to the inside (medial) aspect of the elbow. As a result of overuse or improper lifting of objects, microscopic tears can occur in the tendon where the forearm flexor muscles attached to the bone (medial epicondyle). These tears can bleed and scarring can develop, causing the elbow to become inflamed and creating a source of significant pain.
The pain associated with Medial Epicondylitis is often described as an intense burning sensation over the bony prominence of the inside elbow. This pain may or may not radiate down into the forearm and hand. This pain is generally worse with activity, especially during activities when lifting and carrying objects with the elbow extended and palm up. Resistive gripping and pinching activities can also increase the pain. If left untreated, the pain from Golfer’s Elbow can become extremely debilitating.
Although resting the elbow may enable the condition to improve in milder cases, medical treatment is usually required in more serious cases. Your physician may prescribe anti-inflammatory medications or a cortisone injection to relieve the pain. However, a comprehensive rehabilitation program that includes focused stretching, strengthening, and conditioning is usually prescribed to treat the root causes of Tennis Elbow.
Therapy can be used to provide pain relief and restore range of motion, strength, and function to the elbow region. A variety of modalities can be utilized to minimize pain and increase blood flow to the inflamed area, which promotes the growth of healthy muscle tissue. A comprehensive program should provide pain relief and enable the individual to return to normal activities.
Medical Illustration Copyright © 2008 Nucleus Medical Art, All rights reserved
MEDICAL DISCLAIMER: The information contained in this website is intended for informational and educational purposes only. You should always with your physician for the diagnosis and treatment of any injury or condition. The content on this web site is general in nature and not complete, and it should never be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes.
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Methods of Feeding Energy to an Antenna
4-81. Voltage and current distribution for the half-wave antenna (shown in
figure 4-17) is the same as that for the antenna discussed earlier in this
chapter. A point closely related to the voltage and current distribution on an
simplest method of feeding energy to the half-wave antenna is to connect one
end through a capacitor to the final output stage of the transmitter. This
method is often called the end-feed or voltage-feed method. In this method
the antenna is fed at a point of high voltage (the end).
Figure 4-17. Standing Waves of Current and Voltage
4-82. Energy may also be fed to the half-wave antenna by dividing the
antenna at its center and connecting the transmission line from the final
transmitter output stage to the two center ends of the halved antenna.
Because the antenna is now being fed at the center (a point of low voltage
and high current), this type of feed is known as the center-feed or current-
feed method. The point of feed is important in determining the type of
transmission line to be used.
4-83. As you have studied in the previous sections, a one-half wavelength
antenna is the shortest antenna that can be used in free space. If we cut a
half-wave antenna in half and then ground one end, we will have a grounded
quarter-wave or Marconi antenna. This antenna will resonate at the same
widely used in the military. Most mobile transmitting and receiving antennas
(illustrated in figure 4-18) are quarter-wave antennas.
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What is Menopause and at what time it occurs?
Menopause in women is that period of time when permanent cessation of menstruation occurs following the loss of ovarian activity. The average age of menopasue is 50 years, ranging from 45-55 years. Early menopause (<45 years) occurs in smokers, at high altitudes, in women with genetic predisposition i.e. mothers and daughters experience menopause at same age.
What are post menopausal problems?
Women may experience problems after menopause due to reduction in the level of sex hormones. The main problems are:
- Hot flushes and night sweats.
- Psychological symptoms - anxiety, tension, mood changes and irritability.
- Sleep disturbances and early morning waking.
- Atrophic changes in skin, reproductive organs.
- Other prolonged health problems like osteoporsis / weakness of bones and fracture and heart problems (hypertension, heart attacks and stroke).
- Joint & bone pains.
What are hot flushes and why do they occur?
Hot flushes occur due to vasomotor instability. There is sudden onset of reddening of the skin over head and neck preceeded by an aura and there is feeling of pressure before flushes. They occur for short duration and there’s a sensation of heat for 3-5 minutes followed sometimes by profuse perspiration. It normally lasts for 1 year in 80%of women but may continue forever in 10% women. They are more at night and during stress.
What happens due to atrophic changes in the body?
Atrophic changes in reproductive tract lead to dyspareunia (pain/burning during coitus), pruritus (Itching / irritation / soreness of vulva and vagina).
Changes in the urinary tract include urgency and frequency of urine, painful urination and infections.
Changes in the skin include dry and loose skin and increased feeling of cold due to decrease in subcutaneous fat.
What can be done to cure these post menopausal problems?
HRT (Hormone replacement therapy) can be given for the relief of menopausal symptoms by replacing the hormone (estrogen), which decreases at onset of menopause and leads to various symptoms.
Do all women have to take HRT?
No, all women need not take HRT as many women are asymptomatic, this may be due to production of some hormones but for long terms problems like osteoporosis and heart problems, HRT can be started as a precautionary measure in asymptomatic women.
Does exercise and nutrition have a role in modifying post menopausal problems?
Yes, maintaining good level of activity and taking a balanced diet is very important. Dietary supplements like Calcium are very important in preventing osteoporosis. Similarly, doing regular exercises helps in preventing bone loss, and special exercises like pelvic floor exercises help in modifying problems like urinary incontinence.
Revision date: July 9, 2011
Last revised: by Dave R. Roger, M.D.
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According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, a person who is standing near but not taking part in what is happening is a bystander. The topic that we are going to discuss today is about being a bystander when you see bullying. Is this ok to do?
If you are not the person that is bullying I know it seems like you are not a part of a situation like this but, if everyone thought that it is their duty to stand up to the person who is bullying then, the bullying would stop. People have strength in numbers. If everyone steps up to a bully, the problem can be handled from the beginning.
This does not mean you have to pick a fight with the person. What it does mean is you should take action in some way. Be an active bystander. If someone is being hurt, it is normal to want to help that person. But look at the situation carefully before you act.
It’s important to keep yourself safe.
- Tell a teacher
- Tell an adult
- Help the other child up if needed
- Be the persons friend who is being bullied
- Talk to other students that these actions are not right
- Stay away from the bully
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By "cognitive methodology", I refer to cognitive operations that may be carried out, constructively and reflexively, that is , with full control and awareness, by the observer. These might for example, be metacognitive operations that guide learning a new skill. Harri-Augstein and Thomas (1995) give many examples of the "learning conversations", conversations with oneself, that accompany self-organised learning. As early as the 1970's, Pask and Scott (1972) reported how learning with CASTE (a prototypical intelligent tutoring system) could lead learners to adopt effective strategies for self-teaching. In a recent account of that work, I report how the development of conversation theory was experienced by the research team members as a reflexive, bootstrapping activity (Scott, 1993).
Understandings are personal knowings. An observer is free to intend matters as well as to describe and explain. Cyberneticians, like other people, "manipulate metaphors" (Scott 1974) but they know that that is what they are doing. Strategies for effective learning may be characterised but learning to learn is an open-ended activity. Cybernetics supports learning and learning to learn. Von Foerster puts it "We are free to act towards the future we desire". If the world is "real" and time has a direction, as some physicists and thermodynamicists tell us, then, in our "circularly caused" worlds of experience, second-order cybernetics tells us we our free to close time's loop, that is, by volitional acts of cognition , to know "heaven on earth" and to share that experience with our friends and neighbours.
One of the referees for an earlier, terser version of this paper said it was "rambling and ...naive". As noted earlier, I have "rambled" a little about my early experiences of encountering cybernetics because I thought such anecdotes might be of interest to some readers. There are those who appear to think that cybernetics is old-hat, that it has been overtaken, in some sense, by a newer "cognitive science" that embraces neuroscience, artificial intelligence and phenomenology. I do not share this view. Rather, as I have argued in a recent paper (Scott, 1996), I think there has been a "forgetting", a series of distortions, which has led to the loss of the original vision of cybernetics as a transdiscipline. I think there are also those who have played safe by returning to the bland conservative mainstream or by embracing other trends that happen to be fashionable in the part of the world in which they happen to find themselves. As an educationalist, I believe there is a valuable place for cybernetics in our curricula and I believe that Heinz von Foerster would agree. In many presentations, he has taken the insights of cybernetics and shown their value to practitioners of many other disciplines and professions: psychologists, biologists, librarians, managers, psychiatrists.
With regard to the charge of my being naive, I suspect this was provoked by my talk of "heaven on earth". I realised at the time of writing the section containing those words that I was being very terse and that I might be misunderstood by some readers. However, I assumed that those contributing to the festschrift and familiar with von Foerster's work would not only understand me but find my words poetically enlightening or inspiring. It seems I was wrong and it is necessary for me to elaborate on my thesis a little more.
I am saying several things, which, taken together, have implications concerning the choices we make in the narratives and models we construct concerning who and what we are (cf. Kerby, 1991). Insofar as the goal of second-order cybernetics is to explain the observer to himself, then it is an open-ended creative affair. Importantly, what we believe about ourselves and our worlds affects how we are and the kind of worlds we find ourselves in. Many classic spiritual teachings have the aim of providing ways of knowing and being that promote love, peace and harmony, rather than their opposites. Examples are Buddhist deconstructions of the concept of self and causality and St. Paul's exhortation to make "every thought captive to Christ". My critical concern is with our conceptions and experiences of time and eternity.
As conversation theory developed, I was attracted to writings in the phenomenological tradition, because of the evident parallels with our own work on cognitive methodology. I shall not attempt a detailed "compare and contrast" type of overview. That is well beyond the scope of this paper. It is worth noting that criticising the work of predecessors is the major way in which the phenomenological tradition has developed, for example the "line of descent" from Nietzsche to Husserl, to Heidegger, to Derrida (Blackham, 1961, Norris, 1982, Wood, 1989). The tradition is of "philosophers" who, amongst other things, debate the nature and purpose of philosophy. Our work and that of Laurie Thomas on cognitive methodologies developed within a natural science tradition, with a much stronger emphasis on empirical demonstration and utility.
The key notion in Husserl is that an observer may "bracket" the world of experience and give an account of the form or structure of that experience in a content-independent manner. The claim that this is possible and that the resulting description of forms is universal for all observers has provoked much controversy and debate, ever since it was first proposed. Rereadings of Nietzsche, lead some to propose a radical "existentialism", with no a prioris. Others continued to explore and describe, building on Husserl's work, notably Heidegger, who moving from a discussion by Husserl of the phenomenology of time-consciousness, went on to give an account of the experience of the monistic pure Being of the world, that embraces and transcends distinctions of space and time, self and other. Merleau-Ponty has gone further, with his account of "wild-being", experiencing that which is beyond reason. In Castaneda (1988), the Yaqui sorcerer Don Juan talks of "reason somersaulting into the inconceivable".
"A somersault of thought into the inconceivable is the descent of the spirit; the act of breaking our perceptual barriers."
"We must think aletheia, unconcealment, as the opening which first grants Being and thinking and their presencing for each other....Aletheia is nothing mortal, just as little as death itself." Hiedegger (1978).
In the essay from which the above quote is taken, Heidegger, discusses cybernetics:
"No prophecy is necessary to recognise that the sciences now establishing themselves will soon be steered by the new fundamental science of cybernetics.
This science corresponds to the determination of man as an acting social being. For it is the theory of the steering of the possible planning and arrangement of human labour."
Heidegger is discussing the "technologising" of modern life. He goes on, "Philosophy is ending in the present age. It has found itself in the scientific attitude of socially active humanity. But the fundamental characteristic of this scientific attitude is its cybernetic, that is, technological character."
And later: "Perhaps there is a thinking which is more sober minded than the incessant frenzy of rationalisation and the intoxicating quality of cybernetics....a thinking outside of the rational and the irrational... The task of thinking would then be the surrender of previous thinking to the determination of the matter for thinking."
As I read these concerns, I see them as precisely those of second-order cybernetics. In questioning cybernetics, Heidegger is doing cybernetics of cybernetics. "Determination of the matter for thinking", as in von Foerster's analysis, implies freedom and responsibility.
My second-order cybernetic reading is that the narratives and experiences of phenomenologists are constructions; they are exercising a technology of knowing and being, with outcomes (experience of "objects") contingent on the choices made with respect to certain "in principle undecideable questions". However, their experiences and descriptions of those experiences are constructed within the limits of what is possible. Insofar as they can be constructed and reconstructed as experiences, there is a "truth" to them. Running through each of them is a thread of narrative that "does its job", including the job of calling a halt to its own telling in order to allow the world to freely be what it is.
Paul Ricouer, as a member of the phenomenological tradition, has explored what he calls the "aporias" (necessary doubts) of time and narrative: the problem of reconciling accounts of cosmological time with accounts of phenomenological time and the problem of reconciling any notion of the "eternal" with the "temporal" (Ricouer, 1988, Wood, 1989). My reference, above, to "heaven on earth" was made in full awareness of these aporias. To be is "to be in time" but, as Merleau-Ponty puts it, "Time is someone. ". In "my time", I may know and experience a novel "object": "time eternal".
My concept of second-order cybernetics as the study and deployment of cognitive methodologies was inspired particularly by the writings of Gotthard Gunther, von Foerster's friend and colleague, who was steeped in the traditions of phenomenology and related philosophies. My reading of Gunther is that he offers a synthesis: he retains a sense of structure as found in Husserlian descriptive approaches but is also true to the open-ended, creative, constructive spirit of Nietzsche and the existentialists. He uses the analogy of Elgar's Enigma Variations to develop the theme that our metaphors and models, however beautiful in their coherence and pragmatically "true" in their application, are always variations on a "hidden theme".
"Cybernetics .. will only attain its true stature if it recognises itself as the science that reaches out for that which is hidden." Gotthard Gunther (1972).
Note the affirmative, not sceptical, nature of Gunther's thesis. As noted earlier, it has become a common place to "deconstruct" second-order theories, to show that any account of the observer and the observed is in someway contradictory, ambiguous or incomplete. Second-order cybernetics acknowledges such limitations and works with them.
Joseph Margolis notes (1989): "There is no first-order science that does not implicate its own second-order legitimation; there is no legitimation that is not fitted to the practices of an actual science or inquiry; and the difference between first and second order matters is itself a second-order distinction. The "facts" count as facts .... only on the sufferance of second-order conceptions."
Von Foerster (1972) refers to "I" as, at least, a third order relator: that which relates first and second order.
"I" is a relator (and representor) of infinite order. "I" is "timeless".
As noted in Scott (1976), "Second-order theories are always personalised: the theory is some one's theory...Within a second-order theory, there is a resonance; it is both true and false, accepted and denied. The resolution takes place on the occasion of a particular learning or remembering of the theory ...(and) is a function both of "fact" and of the alternative theories available. The latter is a matter of agreement between participants. The former become so when they are put into question."
Here is what I like to refer to as Gunther's First Law:
There is an exchange relation between cognition and volition.
I like to rephrase this as:
There is an exchange relation between knowing and being.
What we "know" as cognition, as theory, as narrative, affects what we are, what we feel, what we "know" by experiencing. And vice versa. Von Foerster puts this more tersely, "To know is to be".
Wittgenstein (1922), in a typically terse, epigrammatic statement captures the same insight, "The world of the sad man is not the world of a happy man".
So when I refer to the possibility of experiencing heaven on earth, I am not being "naive" (or if I am, I am being deliberately so, which is hardly a naive way of being), I am being creative, I am experiencing something real, I am being a poet, a child of the Kingdom of God.
The idea of "heaven on earth" is common to many cultures not just to the Christian claim that, "The Kingdom of God is at hand", with its accompanying experience of "baptism in the holy spirit". It is also part of the experience in intense romantic love (Smith 1985). In developing his thesis of eternal recurrence, Nietzsche (1961) claims there are moments when, from the perspective -and experience-of being superman (one who has "overcome" or gone beyond "man"), we knowingly will all to happen again. In Confucian China, the most important ceremonies were those where the ancestors were invited to be present. This was referred to as "the meeting of heaven and earth". Commentary in the I Ching reads, "He who understands the meaning of this rules the world as if it were in the palm of his hand" (Wilhelm, 1951).
Here is William James (1961) espousing his pragmatic view of religion: "The world interpreted religiously is not the materialistic world over again with an altered expression; it must have, over and above the altered expression, a natural constitution different at some point from that which a materialistic world would have. It must be such that different events can be expected in it, different conduct must be required."
Finally, here is Spencer-Brown's invitation: "It seems hard to find an answer to the question of how or why the world conceives a desire, and discovers an ability to see itself, and appears to suffer the process. That it does so is sometimes called the original mystery. Perhaps in view of the form in which we presently take ourselves to exist, the mystery arises from our insistence on framing a question where there is , in reality, nothing to question."
So, who is "steering the steersman", who is the "captain of the ship"? St. James' terse advice is: "Let him who is double-minded look to his heart" and as Castaneda's Don Juan says: "A path with heart brings great joy".
I hope now it is clear why I found the quotation from Seamus Heaney to be so apt a preface for this paper The following is from John Buchan's novel, Castle Gay. The narrator captures the poetic imagination at work in one of his characters, as he makes his choice about what kind of world it is that he inhabits (the poet referred to is Coleridge).
"This simple tale... is to have at least one hour of the idyllic. But an idyll demands a discerning mind, a mind which can savour that quality which we call idyllic, which can realise that Heaven has for a moment brought spirit and matter into exquisite unison. 'We receive but what we give', says the poet, 'and in our life alone doth Nature live'. Such a mind was Mr McCunn's...He alone... perceived the romance into which he had stumbled, and by perceiving created it. Cogitavit, ergo fuit. " (Buchan, 1930).
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By Teachers, For Teachers
Back in the old days, more or less a few years ago, I would collect shared resources by printing them and filing them into folders for various purposes. Fast forward a year, and I found myself labeling emails into categories, compiling resource lists into wikis, and organizing my favorite sites by Delicious and my notes by Evernote.
Despite the clear leaps and bounds I’ve taken, no Social Media in the Classroom idea has topped Pinterest for organizing all facets of my life, from classroom ideas to vegetarian recipes. Beyond the curation of content, however, there are a few ways schools and teachers can tap into the power of pinning.
Ditch the textbooks for the resource board. Despite popular belief, classes can operate without a hard-cover bound book with chapters. Building up boards with often-free online resources may create wiggle room in the budget for more exciting and interactive tools, like say ... iPads?
Break down the walls of the faculty lounge. Creating boards where teams can meet and collaborate to build up learning experiences and resources removes, or at least reduces, the frustrating obstacle of shared planning time. A nice example of this practice is W. T. White High School.
Market, and dare I suggest it ... brand your school. I know that branding is a dirty word in education, but within every school are teachers and administrators who know that something special is going on in there which everyone else should know about.
Creating boards which showcase the components of your school’s mission not only helps teachers operationalize the mission but provides parents and prospective families insight to who you are and what your pedagogical philosophy is. One great example of a school doing this is the Cincinnati Waldorf School.
Partner with parents and other stakeholders. Parents who want to be involved should have several outlets for participating towards the positive growth of the school. Some parents have time to spend at events, but other parents can offer off-site help by contributing resources and ideas to a planning board.
Catch people in the act of being brilliant. The simple act of capturing pictures which showcase the positive aspects of a school’s culture is an easy way to validate both teacher and student effort.
It can be an effective way of motivating everyone to give their best as the recognition is authentic and is repinned by others who learn from the examples beyond the school walls.
The strongest argument for engaging in social media interaction among educators is the augmenting of our own skill and perspective by connecting with others.
Some educators feel intimidated by Twitter, LinkedIn, or other networking sites, but Pinterest seems to appeal to a whole new set of teachers. There is no one-size-fits-all tool for networking or collaboration; the more tools we have to differentiate the approach to connectivity for teachers...the better!
Don’t know where to start? Search a topic relevant to your practice.
I have boards for Differentiated Instruction, Ed Tech Tools, Digital Citizenship, Favorite Blogs and I follow many others for tips on technology integration and classroom fun. The absolute best thing about Pinterest is how easy and fulfilling it is to pin, connect, collect, and repin. “Happy Pinning!”
Share your tips for teachers on pinterest in the comments section!
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The latest data is available at Earth in the Night from Space: Nighttime Lights Time Series by DMSP Satellites (1992-2012 : Google Maps Version).
"The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) has a unique low-light imaging capability, developed for the detection of clouds using moonlight. In addition to moonlit clouds, the OLS also detects lights from human settlements, fires, gas flares, heavily lit fishing boats, lightning and the aurora. By analyzing the location, frequency, and appearance of lights observed in an image times series, it is possible to distinguish four primary types of lights present at the earth's surface: human settlements, fires, gas flares, and fishing boats. We have produced a map of the four types of light sources as observed during a 6-month period in 1994 - 1995." (From the General Overview in the document included in the World Stable Lights dataset).
This dataset is available at Data Download page. The largest data is in 1km resolution, in which city lights and flares are combined. Other datasets such as datasets for each type of light are also provided for downloading.
Several images in the following illustrate several regions in Japan generated from the World Stable Lights dataset. The brighter the area is, the brighter the yellow color is, and the background of those images are generated from the Blue Marble dataset.
A defense satellite for monitoring the meteorological, oceanographic, and solar-terrestrial physics environments.
This image, created from the observation of DMSP satellite data, suggests many problems of the earth such as population distribution and energy consumption.
More detailed introduction of Earth's City Lights. High resolution data is also provided.
NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day. An introduction of the night view of the earth from the space.
North Korea's darkness is visible on the DMSP satellite images.
Satellite images taken before and after of the historic blackout of the Northeastern United States in August 2003.
Collection of temporal loops of nighttime lights observed by DMSP satellites.
Change of lights during 2011 Tohoku Earthquake from Marh 9 to March 31.
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By Gretchen Reynolds |, New York Times
Exercise may aid in weight control and help to fend off diabetes by improving the ability of fat cells to burn calories, a new study reports. It may do this in part by boosting levels of a hormone called irisin, which is produced during exercise and which may help to turn ordinary white fat into much more metabolically active brown fat, the findings suggest.
Irisin (named for the Greek goddess Iris) entered the scientific literature in 2012 after researchers from Harvard and other universities published a study in Nature that showed the previously unknown hormone was created in working muscles in mice. From there, it would enter the bloodstream and migrate to other tissues, particularly to fat, where it would jump-start a series of biochemical processes that caused some of the fat cells, normally white, to turn brown.
Brown fat, which is actually brown in color, burns calories. It also is known to contribute to improved insulin and blood sugar control, lessening the risk for Type 2 diabetes. Most babies, including human infants, are plump with brown fat, but we humans lose most of our brown fat as we grow up. By the time we are adults, we usually retain very little brown fat.
In the 2012 study, the researchers reported that if they injected irisin into living mice, it not only turned some white fat into brown fat, it apparently also prevented the rodents from becoming obese, even on a high-fat, high-calorie diet.
To read this article in one of Houston's most-spoken languages, click on the button below.
But in the years since, some scientists have questioned whether irisin affects fat cells in people to the same extent as it seems to in mice - and even whether the hormone exists in people at all.
A study published last year in Cell Metabolism by the same group of researchers who conducted the first irisin study, however, seems to have established that irisin is produced in humans. It found some irisin in sedentary people, but the levels were much higher in those who exercise often.
But whether irisin acted beneficially in human fat cells the same way as it did in the bodies and cells of mice was still an open and disputed question.
So for the new study, which was published in August in the American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism, researchers at the University of Florida turned to white fat tissue from women who had undergone breast reduction surgery at the university hospital and also to a very small amount of brown fat from people who had had surgery to treat kidney cancer. (Patients provided permission.) Most of our meager stores of brown fat cluster around our kidneys.
The researchers, who had previously studied irisin's effects in mice, had a form of the human hormone available and now set out to marinate the fat cells with it, using three different dosages.
Some of the white fat cells that they treated were mature, while others were baby cells, essentially stem cells that could grow into fat or other types of tissue. They also bathed the brown fat with irisin.
All of the cells were soaked with the hormone for four days.
Throughout, the scientists checked the levels of a protein called UCP1 that is known to contribute to the browning of white fat, as well as for other biochemical markers that would indicate that the white cells were browning.
They found such markers, particularly in the cells that were exposed to moderate or high doses of irisin. Those cells soon began to produce significantly more UCP1 than other cells and also were more metabolically active, meaning that, in the body, they would burn calories.
At the same time, many of the stem cells in the fat tissue exposed to irisin ceased being fat cells and instead became a type of cell that matures into bone. The tissue treated with irisin, in fact, wound up with about 40 percent fewer mature fat cells than tissue untouched by the hormone.
Irisin had no effects on brown fat.
The results strongly indicate that irisin nudges human white fat to become brown and also suppresses the formation of new white fat, said Li-Jun Yang, a professor of hematopathology at the University of Florida and senior author of the study (which was funded by the scientists themselves). It also seems to promote the formation of bone.
"I think this study helps us to understand how, at a cellular level, exercise makes us healthier," Yang said.
But these were living cells, not living bodies, and the effects of irisin in actual people still need to be established, she says, especially since many studies have shown that exercise rarely results in significant weight loss. Scientists also do not know what types of exercise lead to the greatest production of irisin or what amount of irisin might be ideal for health purposes.
Yang hopes to conduct studies of the hormone in people.
But even now, the science related to irisin is compelling enough, she said. "My advice is, exercise as much as you can. We know it's healthy, and now we're beginning to understand better why."
© 2017 Hearst Newspapers, LLC.
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Alexis de Tocqueville noted, in his Democracy in America (1835), that: “Scarcely any political question arises in the United States that is not resolved, sooner or later, into a judicial question.” So, we have been consistent in our national character for nearly two centuries when we consider the eligibility of Senator Ted Cruz for the office of President under Constitutional principles, regarding this political question as one properly left for the judiciary. What follows is an attempt at an even-handed consideration.
Starting with the Constitution.
This is what our Constitution says:
“No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.”
It is widely understood that the above language pertaining to “at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution” was to address Alexander Hamilton’s problem: he was born in the West Indies – hence, not “natural born” – but was a Citizen at the time of the Adoption.
Our analysis turns on this language alone: “No Person except a natural born Citizen … shall be eligible to the Office of President.” None of the other requirements, such as age or years resident in the United States are relevant.
The Constitution does not define “natural born Citizen.”
Subsequent Statutory Enactments.
The Naturalization Act of 1790 held: “the children of citizens of the United States, that may be born beyond sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered as natural-born citizens.” This does not end the inquiry, however, since a statute saying that children of citizens will be considered as “natural-born” suggests that, absent the statute, they would not be so considered. Certainly, a statute calling children of citizens “natural born” cannot retroactively alter the meaning of earlier Constitutional usage. It is reminiscent of a riddle attributed to Abraham Lincoln:
“How many legs does a dog have if you call the tail a leg?
Four. Calling a tail a leg doesn’t make it a leg.”
One could argue that calling the children of citizens “natural-born” does not make them so, it just means that they will, under the 1790 Act, be treated as though they were so. Of course, no statute can amend the Constitution and tell us what the Drafters were thinking two years before during the debate – which is silent on the meaning of “natural born.”
The authority of the 1790 Act is certainly not enhanced by its later handling.
The original United States Naturalization Law of March 26, 1790 (1 Stat. 103) limited naturalization to immigrants who were free white persons of good character. It excluded, among others, American Indians, Asians, indentured servants, slaves, and free blacks. It provided for citizenship for children of U.S. citizens born abroad, specifying that this right of citizenship did not “descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States.” The 1790 law says that children of American citizens born abroad “shall be considered as natural born citizens,” the only such U.S. statute to use this language. The 1790 Law was superseded by the Naturalization Act of 1795, extended by the Naturalization Act of 1798, and ultimately repealed by the Naturalization Law of 1802. Using the “Hitler loved dogs” argument as an argument against dogs, I suppose you could say that if you like the language in the 1790 Law, you are choosing language you like from a fundamentally racist document, subsequently repealed for unknown reasons. This is hard to make into compelling authority in 2016 as to what the Constitution was intended to mean. And, again, on an elementary level, its mandate to consider children born abroad to American citizens as natural-born may simply show that without such a law, such children would not be considered natural-born. Put another way, this is a naturalization statute, making citizens out of those not natural-born.
The Common Law as Known to our Founders: Blackstone’s Commentaries.
In the tradition of the Common Law, absent positive statutory enactments, the “law” is derived from the slow accretion of judicial decisions and precedent over the centuries. To this day, we hold that statutes in derogation of the Common Law are to be narrowly construed. The Constitution specifically incorporates the Common Law adverting to it in the Seventh Amendment right to jury trial:
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
So, then, since the Constitution adopts the Common Law, what does the Common Law tradition say about “natural born” citizens?
A summary of early English common law is provided by Sir William Blackstone, whose Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765-1769) were certainly known to our Founders. In David Barton’s Original Intent: The Courts, Constitution & Religion (2011), he notes that Blackstone’s influence in America was so great that Edmund Burke noted it popularity in his famous 1775 speech in Parliament on conciliation with the colonies, and he cited the colonists’ study of law as a source of the conflict with Britain:
“In no country perhaps in the world is the law so general a study… The greater number of the deputies sent to the Congress were lawyers. But all who read (and most do read) endeavor to obtain some smattering in that science. I have been told by an eminent bookseller that in no branch of his business, after tracts of popular devotion, were so many books as those on the law exported to the plantations. The colonists have now fallen into the way of printing them for their own use. I hear that they have sold nearly as many of Blackstone’s Commentaries in America as in England… This study renders men acute, inquisitive, dexterous, prompt in attack, ready in defense, full of resources. In other countries, the people, more simple, and of a less mercurial cast, judge of an ill principle in government only by an actual grievance; here they anticipate the evil, and judge of the pressure of the grievance by the badness of the principle. They augur misgovernment at a distance; and snuff the approach of tyranny in every tainted breeze.” [Emphasis added.]
John Adams and Thomas Jefferson each owned multiple editions of Blackstone: Adams’ annotated copies of the 1771 Bell edition and a 1768 Oxford edition are at the Boston Public Library. Jefferson’s signed, incomplete copy of the 1771 Bell edition is at the University of Virginia; the Library of Congress has two other Jefferson copies, a later American edition and an earlier Oxford edition. In his correspondence, Jefferson frequently recommended the work, calling it “the most elegant & best digested of our law catalogue.”
James Madison mentioned in a 1773 letter that he was reading the work and commented: “I am most pleased with & find but little of that disagreeable dryness I was taught to expect.” Madison included Blackstone in his 1783 list of “books proper for the use of Congress.” When he hear about young Abraham Lincoln studying the law, it was Blackstone’s Commentaries that he was reading. John J. Duff, A. Lincoln: Prairie Lawyer 243 (1960).
So, I am going to conclude that the popular, best-selling Blackstone’s summary of the Common Law will figure very, very prominently in any determination of “original intent” by our Constitution’s Authors. Put another way, the Common Law as described by Blackstone in his Commentaries is likely to be the Common Law understanding of our Founders. What did Blackstone say about “natural born?”
Blackstone on “natural-born subjects.”
In his Commentaries on the Laws of England, Book the First Chapter the Tenth: Of People, Whether Aliens, Denizens or Natives, Blackstone summarizes the Common Law:
THE firft and moft obvious divifion of the people is into aliens and natural-born fubjects. Natural-born fubjects are fuch as are born within the dominions of the crown of England, that is, within the ligeance, or as it is generally called, the allegiance of the king; and aliens, fuch as are born out of it.
This is the principle of jus soli or ‘right of the soil’: the right of anyone born in the territory of a state to nationality or citizenship and their allegiance to the king. Blackstone then goes on to describes how various statutes, positive enactments by Parliament, extended the rights of the children of subjects born abroad. These are the statutory changes to the Common Law which, like our own American statutes, sought to alter the operation of the Common Law. Reading Blackstone’s Commentaries, it is clear what the Common Law principles are and how Parliament from time to time altered them:
For it is a principle of univerfal law, that the natural-born fubject of one prince cannot by any act of his own, no, not by fwearing allegiance to another, put off or difcharge his natural allegiance to the former: for this natural allegiance was intrinfic, and primitive, and antecedent to the other; and cannot be devefted without the concurrent act of that prince to whom it was firft due.
But by feveral more modern ftatutes thefe reftrictions are ftill farther taken off: fo that all children, born out of the king’s ligeance, whofe fathers were natural-born fubjects, are now natural-born fubjects themfelves, to all intents and purpofes, without any exception; unlefs their faid fathers were attainted, or banifhed beyond fea, for high treafon; or were then in the fervice of a prince at enmity with Great Britain.
THE children of aliens, born here in England, are, generally fpeaking, natural-born fubjects, and entitled to all the privileges….
THESE are the principal diftinctions between aliens, denizens, and natives: diftinctions, which endeavors have been frequently unfed fince the commencement of this century to lay almoft totally afide, by one general naturalization-act for all foreign proteftants. An attempt which was once carried into execution by the ftatute 7 Ann. c. 5. but this, after three years experience of it, was repealed by the ftatute 10 Ann. c. 5. except one claufe, which was juft now mentioned, for naturalizing the children of Englifh parents born abroad. However, every foreign feaman who in time of war ferves two years on board an Englifh fhip is ipfo facto naturalized; and all foreign proteftants, and Jews, upon their refiding feven years in any of the American colonies, without being abfent above two months at a time, are upon taking the oaths naturalized to all intents and purpofes, as if they had been born in this kingdom; and therefore are admiffible to all fuch privileges, and no other, as proteftants or Jews born in this kingdom are entitled to.
The Common Law governing who is a “natural-born” citizen, then, arises from medieval principles of jus soli, citizenship arising from being born on the soil of the King’s domain and an indissoluable allegiance arising themfrom. The very word allegiance and liege refer to feudal duties of vassal and lord, the vassal receiving land and protection in exchange for service due to his lord. It has everything to do with the notion of being bound to the land, just as serfs were agricultural workers bound to the soil. Statutes, preserving inheritance rights in children born overseas to natural-born citizens, permitted children born on foreign soil to be “naturalized” to avoid legal disputes over titles. These statutes, however, are creatures of Parliament, not judge-made Common Law.
It is almost certain that the newly independent United States which expressly adverted to and adopted the Common Law, did not intend to also adopt the positive statutory enactments of the very Parliament from whose governance it had just removed itself by revolutionary means. The young America was not loath to go its own way. In the matter of entails, governing inheritance of property over a number of generations, for instance, the traditional rules that made fixtures attach to the land for inheritance were relaxed, allowing property (such as slaves) to be separated and sold separately from the land. This had the harsh consequence of worsening the conditions of African slaves in post-Revolution America, since families were now broken up whereas before the slaves and their descendants had been fixtures attached to the land and were sold together. The “liberalizing” of the law of entails had odious implications for slaves.
This leaves us with a Common Law, stripped from the enactments of Parliament, strongly suggesting that “natural-born” refers to the jus soli principles of citizenship arising from birth on the soil of the country. All adjustments to that principle would be various species of “naturalized” citizenry – the children of natural-born citizens treated as though they were natural-born, but not actually natural-born.
Previous Encounters with this Question Leave it Unresolved.
One of the ironies of our analysis so far is that we have adopted the analytic framework that Senator Cruz has, himself, championed: that of “originalism” or “original intent.” This irony has been noted by Harvard Law School Professor of Constitutional Law, Laurence Tribe, currently the leading scholar who has raised questions concerning the Senator’s eligibility. Professor Tribe was a popular and respected professor when I was at Harvard in the late seventies and was, himself, in years past, placed on the short-list for appointment to the Supreme Court – although the vagaries of politics and the predeliction for ever younger justices allowed this superb scholar to be passed by. He is one of the best-qualified “liberal” appointments never made and that, in my view, was a loss to the Court. Despite the fact that Senator Cruz was his former student and is unlikely to have the endorsement of Professor Tribe, I have no reason to question Professor Tribes assessment that this is an “unsettled” area of law or that the “original intent” analysis would not likely support the Senator’s eligibility of the Office of President.
I have suggested that the Founders would likely have intended to use “natural-born” citizen in its Common Law usage and, further, that we are quite certain what texts they possessed and esteemed and to which they would have turned to clarify this meaning had the question been asked: Sir William Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England, published the decade before the Revolution. Professor Mary Brigid McManamon of the University of Delaware very recently published a column in the Washington Post suggesting that the Founders would have referred to the Common Law, not “three radical 18th-century British statutes” noting that “[t]he then-new statutes were a revolutionary departure from that [common] law.”
Professor McManamon makes the clear distinction, as I have here, between the Common Law (judge-made law), to which our Founders would have referred, and Parliamentary enactments, which, independence being what it is, they likely would have rejected. Not all “old” law is alike. Reference to statutes can simply reinforce the understanding that the legislative body in question was seeking to change the Common Law. Our Constitution specifically authorizes Congress in Art. I, Sec. 8 “To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization,” but these subsequent statutes, albeit American, would also have been in derogation of the Common Law. So, we are left with Blackstone and his Commentaries linking natural-born citizenship to birth on the soil of the nation.
I conclude that Senator Cruz has a “principle”-problem. If you subscribe to Constitutonal construction using principles of “original intent,” then our Founders in 1788 probably meant “natural-born” subject or citizen to mean born on the land controlled by the United States. Efforts to suggest that we have dealt with this issue before are largely efforts at misdirection, in the spirit of: “If you have the law, pound on the law; if you have the facts, pound on the facts; if you have neither, pound on the table.”
Republican nominee in 1964, Senator Barry Goldwater, was born in Arizona when it was a U.S. territory, still land controlled by the United States. Likewise, 2008 Republican nominee, Senator John McCain, was born in the Panama Canal Zone, a U.S. territory. 2012 Republican nominee, Governor Mitt Romney, was born in Michigan; President Barack Obama, was born in Hawaii in 1961, two years after its admission to statehood. None of these examples are apposite to Senator Cruz’s situation.
There is one example, however, which is on all fours: Mitt Romney’s father, Governor George Romney, was born in Mexico, and, by the time he dropped out of the 1968 race, serious questions about his eligibility had been raised in the press. The candidate was questioned about this on the program “Face the Nation” in 1966 when he was considering a run. At that time, Governor George Romney said: “I was born an American citizen because both my parents were American citizens.” In 1967, House Judiciary Committee Chairman Rep. Emanuel Celler said he had “serious doubts” about whether Romney was eligible for the Presidency. Romney didn’t get far enough in the race for the legality to be tested.
At that time, some legal scholars argued, as some will today, that he was eligible under the Nationalization Act of 1790. But such a statute, in derogation of Common Law, later repealed, cannot govern the original intent of the Founders when they were writing the Constitution two years before. Such original intent, I have concluded, would likely have been governed by the Common Law as embodied in Blackstone’s Commentaries defining natural born as born on land controlled by the United States.
Those impatient for resolution of this issue may need to reconcile themselves with the prospect of a court challenge with ultimate resolution of the issue by the United States Supreme Court. At that time, strict constructionists will be put to the test of principle versus political expediency, as the most “conservative” justices may be most troubled by the “original intent” of the Founders. In the meantime, we may see some spirited law school moot court debates on the subject – with the outcome being uncertain.
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The Cause of Crohn's Disease|
Since the 1930's, when Crohn's Disease was separated and disregarded as an infectious bacterial disease, research efforts have largely been directed at superficial disease issues. That is not to say that a great deal of valuable information has not been derived from these studies, but only that the patients themselves have generally not benefited from those efforts.
Once Crohn's Disease became an idiopathic (meaning "we do not know") disease, there was an effort to identify the cause or, at least, associate the disease with a cause. In the 1950's, it was assumed that Crohn's Disease was "all in your mind", a psycho-somatic disorder and the recommended treatment was a psychiatrist. This erroneous diagnosis lasted for years: the medical community has historically been slow to change. When the age of immunology arose in the 1960's, everything was considered to have an immunologic cause, including Crohn's Disease. Because the symptoms of Crohn's Disease tended to subside with the administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents and the "in thing" at the time was auto-immunity, the logical conclusion was that Crohn's Disease was also an autoimmune disease. But the only evidence for this was the symptomatic response to these immunosuppressive drugs - there was no other evidence and Crohn's Disease does not even have the characteristics or fit the criteria to be classified as an autoimmune disease. Nonetheless, many physicians, and thus their patients, continue to believe that Crohn's Disease is an autoimmune disease like Rheumatoid arthritis. Unfortunately, although the autoimmune theory has been unequivocally dismissed for over 20 years, many physicians and gastroenterologists cling to this theory - the medical community has historically been slow to change
Our Research Efforts|
We are focusing our efforts on seeking an infectious agent as the "trigger" for Crohn's disease by the following approaches:
- Determining the bacteria present within the inflamed diseased submucosal tissues.
By determining total bacterial counts (how many bacteria are within the diseased tissues) and the types of bacteria present, we may be able to identify unique microbes within the tissue that may be serving as the "trigger" as well as identify the microbes present within the inflammed tissue that create a cesspool of bacteria and augment the inflammation ...
- Determining the presence of invasion and other disease-associated bacterial genes.
There are known bacterial genes that allow microbes to invade intestinal tissues and cause disease, but it is unknown how many related genes exist in unknown bacteria. By seeking to define the presence of these types of genes, we may be able to identify suspect organisms that are below normal detection methods or identify unknown organisms containing these or related genes. Identifying these genes ...
- Evaluating new treatment protocols based on bacterial agents as causative agents, "triggers", and augmenting factors (cesspool).
There is now overwhelming evidence, and it is generally accepted, that bacteria play a major role in Crohn's disease as secondary factors and maybe even specific microbes as the causative agent. Rather than treat just the symptoms, we are focusing our efforts on treating the underlying bacterial cause(s) as well as exploring means of boosting the immune system ...
How Can I Help?|
To accomplish our goals will require a great deal of effort and money, but doing nothing and allowing the issue to continue to linger will cost even more. To succeed, we are going to need your help and support. Learn why you should support our efforts and how you can help us solve this problem and question once and for all.
For a small membership fee, you can join The Crohn's Disease Initiative and have access to certain parts of the site which are not available to the general public, including the ability to interact and ask questions (including private) of the investigators on the project or you can simply make a donation. We have established a variety of donation and sponsorship classes to suit your individual interests.
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It appears that most of Europe is yet to clock on to what ‘Great Britain’ means or what the ‘UK’ is. If you speak English, people in Europe presume you come from England. If you tell people you’re from Scotland, they ask you what London is like in the springtime…
I blame you, continental geography teachers.
Enough is enough. Read on for a (much needed), very, very simplified explanation of the UK.
The United Kingdom refers to the union of four DIFFERENT COUNTRIES: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
Scotland and England were separate kingdoms with separate heirs to their thrones until 1603.
The next in line of succession to the English throne was James VI, King of Scots, who became known as James I in England. You are welcome England.
Wales and England had an Act of Union in 1536 and in 1707 an Act of Union passed by the Scottish parliament and the Westminster government in England united these countries so that the United Kingdom of Great Britain was formed.
Ireland joined the union in 1801 and and the then United Kingdom of Great Britain became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
In 1922, the southern counties of Ireland, Eire, became an independent self – governing Dominion . The UK then became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. (In 1948 Eire became the Republic of Ireland.)
Life lessons you should have learnt: Even people in the UK (myself included) get confused about the details, but the most important thing is not to confuse a Scotsman with an Englishman- in Glasgow you’ll receive a Glasgow kiss and that’s not as pleasant as it sounds.
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The purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate air resistance on different types of objects. A feather and a ping pong ball respond to air resistance differently.
I tested the air resistance of ping pong balls and feathers by dropping them from a height of 5 feet 10 times each. As I tested the feathers I noticed that some feathers dropped faster than others because they were skinny and needed to be fanned out, and I noticed that some feathers others were already fat and fanned out. Of the feathers that I tested, most of them took about five seconds to drop. As for the ping pong ball, all the ones that I tested hit the floor at the exact same time of just under a second, and were shaped the same so that they would have the same amount of air resistance as each other.
A feather has more air resistance than a ping pong ball for the following reasons first, a feather is flat, its mass is spread out through the body of it which makes the air push it up more but the feather still falls slowly. A ping pong ball is round with its center of gravity in one place, and it has a very smooth and small surface, there for, when it is dropped the air will slide right off of the ball and not slow the ball down as much.
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What is an implantable cardioverter defibrillator?
An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is a surgically implanted electronic device that detects and treats rapid heart rhythms coming from the ventricles (bottom chamber of the heart). These heart rhythm problems are called ventricular arrhythmias. They cause the pumping function of your heart to stop and you experience sudden cardiac arrest or death. (An ICD does not treat all heart rhythm abnormalities. In particular, it will not treat rapid heart rhythms from the top chamber of the heart, such as atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Treatments for these heart rhythm problems require different types of therapies.)
When your heart does not beat effectively, your brain does not get enough oxygen and serious, irreversible brain injury or death may occur. An ICD provides the best therapy by shocking your heart to eliminate these dangerous rhythms. The shock stops the rhythms, restores blood flow and delivery of oxygen to your brain and other organs and increases your chances of surviving.
There are three different types of ICDs but all have the same basic functions: continuous monitoring and prompt delivery of shock therapy. All ICDs also provide therapy to treat slow heart rhythms by pacing the heart. The monitoring function detects dangerous rhythm abnormalities from the bottom chambers of your heart and provides a prompt, electrical shock to restore normal rhythm. The pacing therapy is designed to treat excessively slow heart rhythms.
The three main types of ICDs are:
- Ventricular chamber
- Dual chamber: 2-lead (wire) system – one wire for the top chamber of your heart (atria) and one wire for the bottom chamber (right ventricle)
- Biventricular pacemaker/defibrillator for cardiac resynchronization therapy: 3-lead system, for the atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle.
The best type of ICD for you will be determined by your physician.
Individuals who experience cardiac arrest rarely have symptoms beforehand. Your physician will evaluate you and determine your risk of developing these dangerous, rapid heart rhythms. If you are at high risk, your physician will recommend proceeding with the implantation of an ICD.
Factors that put you at high risk include already having experienced cardiac arrest, a low ejection fraction (weak pumping function of your heart called cardiomyopathy, an abnormal electrophysiology study or a unique heart condition, such as long QT syndrome or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Why choose Ohio State for implantable cardioverter defibrillator?
Ohio State’s Ross Heart Hospital has a dedicated staff of heart rhythm experts (called electrophysiologists), nursing staff, a device management team, research scientists and pharmacists that provides a complimentary team approach to evaluating patients who have experienced, or who are at risk to have, sudden cardiac death. We are the largest electrophysiology group in central Ohio and have one of the highest patient implantation experiences with devices in the United States.
What to expect during your implantable cardioverter defibrillator procedure
Preparing for your procedure
The day before and morning of your procedure, you will need to use a special soap called CHG. It is sold by the brand name of Hex-A-Clens or Hibiclens and is available at most pharmacies. Please scrub from the neck down, avoiding your eyes and ears.
You will be asked to not eat or drink anything after midnight the evening before your procedure. Your physician will give you specific instructions on which medicines, if any, you should stop taking before the test. If you are not given specific instructions, please take your medicines as you normally would with a small amount of water. Please tell your doctor if you are diabetic and on medication.
Do not smoke or use tobacco products for 24 hours before your procedure.
During your procedure
The basic parts of an ICD are the ICD generator (battery pack) and lead (wire). The site of your ICD generator implantation will be just below your collar bone, typically on the left side of your chest. Your doctor will make an incision through your skin but not typically through the chest wall muscle. An ICD pocket is made underneath your skin and the ICD is placed inside.
- Prior to the procedure, you are given an antibiotic through the IV (intravenous line)
- The skin at the site where the device will be placed is shaved on the left or right side of the upper chest, and cleansed with a special soap
- Your waist and arms are secured with a soft strap to prevent your hands from touching the sterile area
- You are given a local anesthetic to numb the incision area as well as medication to help you relax and sleep
- An incision is made in the chest where the leads and device are inserted. The leads (wires that deliver the electrical impulse to your heart) are inserted through the incision and into a vein and then guided to the heart with the aid of X-ray
- The lead tips are in contact with the heart muscle, while the other ends of the leads are attached to the defibrillator
- The defibrillator is placed under the skin in the upper chest
After your procedure
After your ICD implantation, you will return to your hospital room and be monitored overnight. Patients usually only spend one night in the hospital. The day after your procedure, an X-ray of the device is completed and the device is tested by the Device Clinic staff. You will need to arrange to have an adult drive you home the day you are discharged.
The success rate for implanting an ICD is quite high (greater than 99 percent). However, when implanting a 3-lead ICD system, placement of the third lead may not be successful in about 2-4 percent of patients. This third lead is only required for pacing. The delivery of ICD shocks is still available.
The risk of complications with an ICD implantation is low (approximately 1-1.5 percent). Possible complications include injury to blood vessels, the heart wall or lung tissues, stroke, breathing complications, an infection that would require device removal and death. There is also the chance that your ICD device could have a random component failure. If this happens, the ICD or lead may need to be replaced.
Monitoring your defibrillator
Your ICD will need to be periodically evaluated. At these evaluations, the health of your ICD will be checked including the leads and the battery function. ICDs can also store information about your heart rhythm. This information will be reviewed as well.
Some ICDs can be evaluated with a home monitoring system. This system uses a unique monitor that sends the ICD information over the Internet. This information can then be reviewed by our staff at the Device Clinic. All information sent over the Internet is only reviewed during normal business hours.
If your ICD is capable of being monitored from home, the OSU Device Nurse will enroll you in the program. Home monitoring can not change or reprogram the ICD parameters but more information about the leads and heart rhythm can be obtained from the system. Home monitoring does not treat any medical condition.
Frequently Asked Questions
What items can interact with my defibrillator?
There is no interaction between a microwave and an ICD. The likelihood of adverse interactions when using your cell phone is quite low. However, we do recommend talking on the opposite side from your defibrillator when using your cell phone.
When going through airport security, it is important to notify the security personnel that you have an ICD. They may ask you to show them the defibrillator card and we recommend that you ask to be hand-searched.
An ICD may be sensitive to anti-theft systems often found in stores and public libraries. These systems will not adversely affect the ICD if you walk through them in a normal manner without lingering.
Arc welding or other devices that can emit electronic magnetic signals can interfere with defibrillators. If you have hobbies or your work involves interaction with devices that can emit large magnetic fields or electromagnetic interference, it is best that you discuss this with your physician before returning to work.
What should I do if I notice any drainage, redness or swelling from the ICD site?
If you notice any of these changes, do not probe the incision with a cotton swab or apply any lotion or topical antibiotic. Please contact The Ohio State University Device Clinic staff at 614-293-8916. These changes may indicate that there is an infection.
What if I hear a beeping sound from my ICD?
Many ICDs have safety features to detect device problems. If a problem is detected, the ICD will periodically emit a beeping sound. If you hear this beeping, contact The Ohio State University Device Clinic, Monday through Friday from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. at 614-293-8916.
When can I return to work?
The decision of when to return to work is based on several factors and should be discussed with your physician before you are discharged from the hospital. If you need return-to-work slips or paperwork completed, please do not hesitate to ask us.
Will I feel the shock from the ICD?
Your ICD is designed to detect and treat rapid heart rhythms from the bottom chamber of your heart. It takes approximately 15 seconds for the defibrillator to detect, charge up and deliver a shock. Your rapid heart rhythm may result in a very rapid drop in the blood pressure causing you to pass out. In this scenario, it is unlikely that you would feel a shock from your ICD. However, you may sustain an injury due to your loss of consciousness.
If your blood pressure does not drop rapidly and you remain conscious, you may feel the shock when it is delivered from the ICD. This may cause you to feel uncomfortable. However, all of your discomfort is temporary, typically lasting only a few minutes.
Can an ICD prevent a heart attack?
No, an ICD cannot prevent a heart attack. A heart attack is due to a blockage in the blood flow to the heart.
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The mechanism by which monetary policy is transmitted to the real economy remains a central topic in macroeconomics. The bank lending channel represents the credit view of this mechanism. According to this view, monetary policy works by affecting bank assets (loans) as well as banks’ liabilities (deposits). The key point is that monetary policy besides shifting the supply of deposits also shifts the supply of bank loans. For instance, an expansionary monetary policy that increases bank reserves and bank deposits increase the quantity of bank loans available. Where many borrowers are dependent on bank loans to finance their activities, this increase in bank loans will cause a rise in investment (and also consumer) spending, leading ultimately to an increase in aggregate output, (Y). The schematic presentation of the resulting monetary policy effects is given by the following:
M ↑ → Bank deposits ↑ → Bank loans ↑ →I ↑ → Y ↑
(Note: M= indicates an expansionary monetary policy leading to an increase in bank deposits and bank loans, thereby raising the level of aggregate investment spending, I, and aggregate demand and output, Y, ).
In this context, the crucial response of banks to monetary policy is their lending response and not their role as deposit creators. The two key conditions necessary for a lending channel to operate are: (a) banks cannot shield their loan portfolios from changes in monetary policy; and (b) borrowers cannot fully insulate their real spending from changes in the availability of bank credit.
The importance of the credit channel depends on the extent to which banks rely on deposit financing and adjust their loan supply schedules following changes in bank reserves; and also the relative importance of bank loans to borrowers. Consequently, monetary policy will have a greater effect on expenditure by smaller firms that are more dependent on bank loans, than on large firms that can access the credit market directly through stock and bond markets (and not necessarily through the banks).
Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Education
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HIGH HOLY DAYS - As fall approaches, Jews throughout the world begin to prepare for a unique 10 day period of prayer, self-examination, fasting, and repentance. It is time for the "Days of Awe", the High Holy Days of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.
(literally, "Head of the Year") refers to the Jewish New Year celebration initiating the High Holy Days. We observe Rosh HaShanah
on the 1st day of the Hebrew month of Tishrei. Our community joins for services on the eve of the holiday. After services, we enjoy a special "Rosh HaShanah Oneg" (reception) which is sponsored by the Women of Congregation B'nai Israel. At services the next morning
, we look forward to the blowing of the Shofar, which heralds in the New Year.
, the "Day of Atonement," is considered by most Jews to be the holiest day in the Jewish calendar. We begin our services in the evening with the chanting of the Kol Nidre
, the "annulment of vows." The next 24 hours is a time for prayer, fasting and repentance. In the afternoon, Rabbi Goldson conducts a study session on the theme of the holiday, there is a musical performance, and there is a Yizkor Memorial Service
. At the end of the day, after Shofar is sounded, we join together to break the fast.
- 5 days after Yom Kippur, on the 15th day of the Hebrew month of Tishrei, we celebrate Sukkot, "the feast of booths." This holiday which is an expression of thanks to God for our blessings is celebrated by spending time and eating outdoors in the Sukkah. Every year, we hold our Religious School Sukkot Picnic
on the Sunday in Sukkot.
- This is the Hebrew for "Rejoicing in the Law." Simchat Torah
is the celebration when Jews read the concluding section of the Book of Deuteronomy (the 5th book of the Torah) and start with Genesis once again. We take the Torahs out of the ark and dance joyously prior to the reading. During this service, we also celebrate "Consecration" by blessing our youngest children who are beginning their study of Torah in our Religious School.
- The Hebrew word Chanukah means "dedication" and refers to the joyous eight-day celebration through which Jews commemorate the victory of the Macabees over the armies of Syria in 165 B.C.E. and the subsequent liberation and "rededication" of the Temple in Jerusalem. We light candles at home each night during the holiday, play games such as "dreidel," and eat foods fried in oil such as potatoe latkes and sufganyot (doughnuts). At CBI, we have Chanukah parties for our children in the Religious School
as well as for the adults
- The Talmud teaches: "When Adar arrives, our joy increases." And rightfully so. For the 14th day of the Hebrew month of Adar marks the holiday of Purim
, the paradigm of Jewish deliverance from cruel tyranny. We read the story of Purim in the Book of Esther, also referred to as "the Megillah." At CBI, we have a special service at which we read the Megillah and sound our graggars (noise makers) in an effort to blot out the name of Haman. Come make a "L'chayim" and enjoy our Purim Spiel, while you nosh on some delicious 'Hamentaschen.'
- This is major spring festival that Jews all over the world celebrate: the Feast of Unleavened Bread. Congregation B'nai Israel holds a Community Passover Seder
each year on the second night of Passover. The seder is open to non-Temple members. Reservations are required.
- This is the Jewish festival marking the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai. In addition to studying Torah on Shavot (we read the Ten Commandments in the synagogue), it is customary to eat dairy dishes such as cheesecake and blintzes. These foods symbolize the sweetness of Torah. At services on Shavuot, we celebrate the Confirmation
of our tenth graders who after many years of study in our Religious School are ready to confirm their membership in the Jewish people.
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Welcome to an analysis of dream interpretations. This section will cover the time period between the very first dream interpretations to the time before the influence of Sigmund Freud.
Since this is a very expansive time period this section will be looking at several key theories and ideas. Starting off with, some overlap from The First Interpretations section, covering key Greek philosophers such as: Plato, Aristotle, Artemidorus, and Lucretius. The next section will look at Christianity’s view on dream interpretation and how dreams are formed, which the text on the Christian author Gregory of Nssay explains; as well as how in different ways dreams buy essay online are seen to be divine. Mainly focusing on an analysis that looks at the time period when Anglo-Saxon’s were converting to Christianity. Furthermore, this section looks at how dreams play a pivotal role in understanding both internal and external changes in relation to spirituality throughout the human life cycle.
By: David Minnick
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Friday, December 2, 2011
Lesson 106: Merry Christmas
I turned my calendar page to December, and now I can light up my tree without the fear of an elf drowning some innocent baby reindeer on the North Pole. The December calendar page is preprinted with several holiday celebrations bringing with it the great debate of over holiday greetings. How should Christians greet people during the month of December: with the traditional well wishing of "Merry Christmas" or the more politically correct version of "Happy Holidays"?
Eloise has been following the facebook and internet chatter surrounding this issue for a week or so now. As with any topic, we seem to be split right down the middle with the favor leaning toward whomever is reporting the generalization. It seems everyone from young to old and from all walks of life have thoughts on this issue. Intelligent responses to this dilemma are found on either side of the argument. I have read some excellent commentary and am somewhat amused as to how much thought and time are put into something as a simple Christmastime greeting. But what we give our time and thoughts is an illustration of what we hold dear. I am glad that our faith and how it is expressed is still so important to us. It the issue seems to boil down to the acts of either stepping out into a greeting of firm faith or wrapping ourselves in the blanket of respect for others and religious tolerance.
Eloise leans to the right on this one, the more traditional, conservative "Merry Christmas". The most obvious argument is that I am a Christian and its my holiday after all. Also, when else during the calendar year can you use the term "Merry?" "Merry Birthday!" Nope. "Merry Fourth of July!" Don't think so. "Merry Halloween!" God no. Merry just goes with Christmas. Speaking the word itself makes you feel the jingling of bells rolling off of your tongue. Merry goes with Christmas like peanut butter goes with jelly. They blend together to make a wonderful taste that cannot be replicated. We can celebrate other holidays, but Christmas has that special flavor of its own.
But with my encouragement of the use of Merry Christmas, I also ask you to use caution. Read the room, folks. Exercise some social awareness and use a little good judgment. I try to teach my students this all of the time. It begins with, " Read the room. When the teacher is talking, do not get up and sharpen your pencil. That is rude." There is a time and place for everything. Don't plant yourself outside a Mosque and greet all passersby with a hearty Merry Christmas! and get pissed off when they don't smile back. Remember what Eloise says, there is a time and place for everything. I do believe Ecclesiastes reads that, too.
Always keep in mind that the Pilgrims who crossed the sea to get here did so to seek religious freedoms. Yes, they were Christians. But the "freedom of religion" part applies to all and that is what makes our country so great. We must never tamper with our freedom to choose.
During her private life outside of school, Eloise pretty much keeps to herself. I make my living talking, teaching, telling stories, and writing. In my moments alone when I am shopping at a store for example, I am reluctant to strike up a conversation with a stranger standing next to me in line. It's not because I am grumpy or tired or antisocial---I'm just plain old tired of talking.
But December is different. There is a buzz in the air, especially in retail and grocery stores as Christians are bustling about making their holiday preparations. It's when we come in contact with people--waiting in line with shopping carts full of toys and food. Christians can usually spot one another. The heaping carts are a dead giveaway. Also the telltale dark circles under a woman's eyes are another clue that she may be preparing for Christmas. I'm easy to spot. When I shop, I shop big and my cart is over flowing. I usually dress in festive red and I always am wearing a cross around my neck. I am of German decent and man do my people love to party at Christmastime. I'm all for a party, so I always have a smile despite the long lines, the melted debit card, and the lack of sleep. It's safe to greet me with a "Merry Christmas" as I will surely shoot one back at ya'.
So I am urging you, like my students, to read the room. If someone is wearing clothing or jewelry in an obvious display of a different faith, hold back from a greeting and just a smile to your human brother will be enough. Once in recent history I missed. I shot a "Merry Christmas" to the gentleman behind me in line at K-Mart who also had a cartload of toys. His surly response to me was, "I'm an atheist." I was quite taken aback and the cashier and I glanced at one another in a moment of uncomfortable silence.
Eloise is quick witted, but fortunately I have a pretty tight screen between what I think and what I say. I thank God for that balance He gave me or else I wouldn't have a friend left in the world. My first thought was, "Wow--even atheists aren't afraid to take advantage of a good December toy sale." Instead I said nothing. As I pushed my shopping cart through the rutted December slush in the parking lot, I thought of numerous responses I could have said. Do you ever do that? Think of great things you should have said after the fact. I had ideas running the gamut from "You poor, lost soul" to a vision of me putting up my dukes and taking a swing at this very rude man. But in time, I let it go but I still think of it as a lost opportunity to capture another potential Christian by telling him what he's missing out on. People tell me I am a great storyteller, and I am sure by the end of a five minute conversation with the man he would have been a convert.
So this year you will be receiving a big fat Merry Christmas from me as shown on my video greeting card. It is a collection of the well wishers I poke the most fun at on this blog--my family, my sister, and my parents. I made the video with Ellen's flip camera and I do believe this contraption will revolutionize the way cards are sent. Plus it is so easy a baboon could do it. For those close family and friends who receive my annual card, I must issue this warning. I'm making my own list this year. It is a list of all of you card-receiving people's names---and believe me it's a long one. Here it is:
And if you're asking yourself, "What's with the fish?" let's just say it is one of those things that makes a house a home. Ellen caught a palomino trout and begged to have it mounted. It didn't seem like a bad idea at the time, until I got the bill for a fossilized fish and later realized I had to find somewhere to put it. Now it greets visitors in my entryway.
As a lover of words, books, and paper, I cannot imagine NOT sending holiday cards. They are as much as a trademark for me as is my tresses. Once, in a futile effort to try to look thinner, I chopped all of my hair off. I looked just like George Washington on the dollar bill. After I came to terms with what I had done over the weekend, I went to school on a Monday and was greeted by a First Grader. She stopped looked at me, and stuck out her bottom lip. I paused and bent down to eye level and asked her what the problem was. She reached out and touched my ear length hair and said, "I was remembering when you used to be pretty." Leave it to a kid to give you a reality check. I guess the sporty new cut didn't do a thing for me. One year when my father in law was sick I did not send out cards. So many people came to me and said, "I missed your card this year. I always look forward to yours arriving in the mail." Would ceasing of my holiday tradition make Eloise a little less "pretty" this holiday?
In time my hair grew back, and over time my Christmas card list has been growing and growing and GROWING! Apparently the people I meet every year always outweigh the ones who die or cut me out of their lives for some reason. The process is time consuming, but I have always enjoyed it. Yet, even though I send out more and more cards every year, I seem to receive less in return. Some have commented to me, "I just don't send cards anymore. It's not worth the time." Think about that. Taking some time to greet your family member, friend, and neighbor with a written version of Merry Christmas IS WORTH IT. The time it took that person to remember you, look up your address, and send it off with the jolly postman shows that YOU MATTER. I MATTER. So send me a card, and I won't be mad at you if it says Happy Holidays. To each, his own. It is a free country.
And to the grumpy, mustached atheist who was standing behind me in line, I hope this blog finds its way to your inbox. Remember me? I'm that dingy looking blond with the big smile that you deflated for a moment in time. God has a way of making things like this find you. Perhaps you've converted to Christianity and you'll end up sitting beside me at Church on Christmas Eve. I can't wait, because I want to have the chance to tell you something I should have a few years ago---"Merry Christmas, Mister." It's never too late to send that message.
Merry Christmas, Readers. Enjoy all the joys that December brings.
Posted by eloise hawking at 4:23 PM
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Columbia Copyright Advisory Office: Under the purview of Dr. Kenneth Crews, this copyright website at Columbia University includes another example of a fair use checklist to help you determine whether or not you need permission to use a copyrighted work, and a permissions guide to help you secure permission when you need it.
Copyright Crash Course: Maintained by Georgia Harper at the University of Texas, Austin, this site is an excellent source of copyright information for educational environments.
Educational Streaming Video -- A Short Primer written by Arnold Lutzker.
Fair Use -- Center for Social Media: Good source of "best practices" for fair use practices when using copyrighted media.
A Fair(y) Use Tale: An entertaining video that uses Disney cartoon characters to demonstrate Fair Use.
North Carolina State University TEACH Act Toolkit: This website provides a detailed introduction to the TEACH Act, which is the legislation that governs copyright rules for distance education, including online education.
Stanford Copyright and Fair Use Center: The Stanford University Libraries offer a comprehensive site that includes links to the U.S. Constitution and copyright legislation, a detailed overview of fair use, and articles from prominent copyright scholars.
Stanford Copyright Renewal Database: This database searches Library of Congress copyright renewal records for books published from 1923 to 1963. If their copyrights were not renewed, many books published in that time period have since entered the public domain.
Teaching Copypright: This resource provides lessons and ideas for opening classrooms up to discussion, letting students express their ideas and concerns, and then guiding students toward an understanding of the boundaries of copyright law. Developed by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, with a target audience of K-12 teachers, this resource useful tools for any instructor working with students and copyright.
United States Copyright Office: This is the site where you can register your copyrights, renew copyrights, search copyright records, and learn more about copyright law.
University of California Office of Scholarly Communication: The UC system's Office of Scholarly Communication offers extensive information on issues affecting academic authors. It includes an overview of the current trends in scholarly communication, a section on negotiating publishing agreements, an interesting database tracking the vital statistics of over 3,000 major journals.
WorldCat Copyright Evidence Registry: The intent of this new (September 2008) resource is to develop a union catalog of copyright evidence based on WorldCat. In addition to the WorldCat data, the Copyright Evidence Registry will use other data contributed by libraries and other organizations.
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ANSI Common Lisp 4 Types and Classes 4.4 Dictionary of Types and Classes
- Compound Type Specifier Kind:
- Compound Type Specifier Syntax:
- Compound Type Specifier Arguments:
object - an object.
- Compound Type Specifier Description:
This denotes the set containing the named objects. An
object is of this type if and only if it is eql
to one of the specified objects.
The type specifiers (member) and nil are equivalent.
* can be among the objects,
but if so it denotes itself (the symbol *)
and does not represent an unspecified value.
The symbol member is not valid as a type specifier;
and, specifically, it is not an abbreviation for either (member) or (member *).
- See Also:
the type eql
- Allegro CL Implementation Details:
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Network.Transport is a Network Abstraction Layer which provides
the following high-level concepts:
EndPoints. These are heavyweight stateful objects.
EndPointto another using the
EndPointAddressof the remote end.
EndPointAddresscan be serialised and sent over the network, where as
EndPoints and connections cannot.
EndPoints are unidirectional and lightweight.
Connectionobject that represents the sending end of the connection.
EndPointare collected via a shared receive queue.
EndPoints are notified of other
Events such as new connections or broken connections.
This design was heavily influenced by the design of the Common Communication Interface/CCI. Important design goals are:
It is intended that
Network.Transport can be instantiated to use
many different protocols for message passing: TCP/IP, UDP, MPI, CCI,
ZeroMQ, ssh, MVars, Unix pipes and more. Currently, we offer a TCP/IP
transport and (mostly for demonstration purposes) an in-memory
The TCP/IP implementation of Network.Transport should be usable, if not completely stable yet. The design of the transport layer may also still change. Feedback and suggestions are most welcome. Email Duncan or Edsko at Well-Typed, find us at #haskell-distributed on Freenode, or post on the Parallel Haskell mailing list.
You may also submit issues on github.
For a flavour of what programming with
Network.Transport looks like, here is a tiny self-contained example.
We create a “server” and a “client” (each represented by an
The server waits for
Events and whenever it receives a message it just prints
it to the console; it ignores all other messages. The client sets up a connection
to the server, sends a single message, and then signals to the main process
that it is done.
Network.Transportfrom an application developer’s point of view.
Network.Transportfor other messaging protocols, and describes the TCP transport in some detail as a guiding example.
If you want to help with the development of
Network.Transport, you can help in one of two ways:
Network.Transportis missing anything.
Note however that the goal of
Network.Transport is not to provide a general purpose network abstraction layer, but rather it is designed to support certain kinds of applications. New backend and transport design contains some notes about this, although it is sadly out of date and describes an older version of the API.
If you are interested in helping out, please add a brief paragraph to Applications and Other Protocols so that we can coordinate the efforts.
When a TCP transport is created a new server is started which listens on a
given port number on the local host. In order to support multiple connections
the transport maintains a set of channels, one per connection, represented as a
pair of a
MVar [ByteString] and a list of pairs
(ThreadId, Socket) of
threads that are listening on this channel. A source end then corresponds to a
hostname (the hostname used by clients to identity the local host), port
number, and channel ID; a receive end simply corresponds to a channel ID.
mkTransport creates a new transport it spawns a thread that listens for
incoming connections, running
procConnections (see below). The set of
channels (connections) associated with the transport is initialized to be
newConnectionWith creates a new channel and add its to the transport channel
map (with an empty list of associated threads).
To serialize the source end we encode the triple of the local host name, port number, and channel ID, and to deserialize we just decode the same triple (deserialize does not need any other properties of the TCP transport).
To connect to the source end we create a new socket, connect to the server at
the IP address specified in the TCPConfig, and send the channel number over the
connection. Then to
closeSourceEnd we simply close the socket, and to send a
bunch of byte strings we output them on the socket.
To receive from the target end we just read from the channel associated with
the target end. To
closeTargetEnd we find kill all threads associated with
the channel and close their sockets.
When somebody connects to server (running
procConnections), he first sends a
procConnections then spawns a new thread running
procMessages which listens for bytestrings on the socket and output them on
the specified channel. The ID of this new thread (and the socket it uses) are
added to the channel map of the transport.
closeTransport kills the server thread and all threads that were listening on
the channels associated with the transport, and closes all associated sockets.
A series of benchmarks has shown that
The use of
-threaded triples the latency.
Prepending a header to messages has a negligible effect on latency, even when
sending very small packets. However, the way that we turn the length from an
Int32 to a
ByteString does have a significant impact; in particular,
Data.Serialize is very slow (and using Blaze.ByteString not much
better). This is fast:
We do not need to use
blaze-builder or related;
Network.Socket.Bytestring.sendMany uses vectored I/O. On the client side
doing a single
recv to try and read the message header and message, rather
one to read the header and one to read the payload improves latency, but only
by a tiny amount.
Indirection through an
MVar or a
Chan does not have an observable effect
When two nodes A and B communicate, latency is worse when they
communicate over two pairs of sockets (used unidirectionally) rather than one
pair (used bidirectionally) by about 20%. This is not improved by using
TCP_NODELAY, and might be because acknowledgements cannot piggyback with
payload this way. It might thus be worthwhile to try and reuse TCP
connections (or use UDP).
Here we describe various design options for adding support for multicast to the Transport API.
We can either have this as part of the transport
or as part of an endpoint:
It should probably be part of the
Transport, as there is no real connection
between an endpoint and the creation of the multigroup (however, see section
“Sending messages to a multicast group”).
This should be part of an endpoint; subscribing basically means that the endpoint wants to receive events when multicast messages are sent.
We could reify a subscription:
but this suggests that one might have multiple subscriptions to the same group which can be distinguished, which is misleading. Probably better to have:
An important feature of the Transport API is that we are clear about which operations are lightweight and which are not. For instance, creating new endpoints is not lightweight, but opening new connections to endpoints is (as light-weight as possible).
Clearly the creation of a new multicast group is a heavyweight operation. It is less evident however if we can support multiple lightweight “connections” to the same multicast group, and if so, whether it is useful.
If we decide that multiple lightweight connections to the multigroup is useful, one option might be
The advantage of this approach is it’s consistency with the rest of the interface. The problem is that with multicast we cannot reliably send any control messages, so we cannot make sure that the subscribers of the multicast group will receive ConnectionOpened events when an endpoint creates a new connection. Since we don’t support these “connectionless connections” anywhere else in the API this seems inconsistent with the rest of the design (this implies that an “unreliable” Transport over UDP still needs to have reliable control messages). (On the other hand, if we were going to support reliable multicast protocols, then that would fit this design).
If we don’t want to support multiple lightweight connections to a multicast group then a better design would be
If we do this however we need to make sure that newGroup is part an
send will not know the source of the message.
The version with
resolveMulticastGroup has the additional benefit that in
“real” implementations we will probably need to allocate some resources before
we can send to the multicast group, and need to deallocate these resources at
some point too.
The above considerations lead to the following tentative proposal:
multicastClose indicates to the runtime that this endpoint no longer
wishes to send to this multicast group, and we can therefore deallocate the
resources we needed to send to the group (these resources can be allocated on
resolveMulticastGroup or on the first
multicastSend; the advantage of the
latter is that is somebody resolves a group only to subscribe to it, not to
send to it, we don’t allocate any unneeded resources).
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Mathematical symbol for Therefore (or connect the dots for the Trinity?)
The eighth chapter of Romans begins with a capital T “therefore” that should be underlined, highlighted and printed in bold. Therefore there is no condemnation… which leads Paul to declare by the end of the chapter that he is convinced nothing can separate us from the love of God in Christ Jesus. In between the beginning and the end Paul exhorts the Romans to live fully into this new reality. One of the ways we weaken this capital T “therefore” is to think of it only in terms of what we get or maybe what we get away with. “All we like sheep have gone astray” but it’s okay because Jesus paid the price for our wandering ways (what we get away with) so that one day we will go to heaven. (what we get) That way of way of thinking (even if it is biblical) makes the capital T “therefore” all about me, or in your case, you. But God’s plans are for us, and by that God always means more than just you and me as in “God so loved the world…” Secondly by focusing the life of the Spirit on “I am but a stranger here, heaven is my home” (as comforting as that may be) we neglect the greater gift. Namely, the life of the Spirit in “there is therefore no condemnation” is for the here and now. God saves us for today so living as those loved by God we set our minds on the Spirit and the gifts the Spirit gives, namely; joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, gentleness and yes, self control. Therefore in the time between your beginning and your end live the underlined, highlighted, printed in bold life of love confident that nothing, not even our own weak willed ways, can separate us from the love of God in Christ Jesus our Lord.
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- Pennsylvania Teacher Posts Comments about Her Students on Her Blog
- Massachusetts Administrator Quits after Posting Comments on Facebook
- Facebook Photos Gets Assistant Principal in Hot Water
- 7 Students Suspended for Posting Derogatory Remarks about Administrator
And so the many stories go. With all this negative publicity, it’s easy to see why administrators run in the other direction when someone tries to convince them to engage in social media.
But the reality is that so much good can come from engaging in using social media on a professional level. What have I learned from using it? Here’s the truth about what I’ve learned so far by engaging in its use.
1. It has allowed me to network not only locally, but nationally and internationally. I have engaged in sharing information with other educators and administrators across the United States and Canada. I’ve been able to exchange ideas with an administrator in Saudi Arabia, a teacher in India, and a technologist in Australia. Social media is a tool that fosters the ability to build and maintain global network connections.
2. It provides me with a perpetual flow of educational resources and information. Social media tools keep me connected to the latest ideas regarding education reform and policy. It provides me with a steady stream of technology resources to share with my staff and with others. It is a daily dose of professional development. Social media is a tool that connects me with cutting edge information in the field of education and beyond.
3. It helps me develop a 21st century understanding of social media’s place in our global society. As a consumer of social media professionally, I know blocking access to it will not make it go away. It has an established place in our information society, and treating it like some dirty magazine sitting behind a counter in the convenience store is not helping me be a 21st century educator, and it is depriving students of access to an important part of our culture. Using social media helps me to understand that its value far outweighs the horror stories in the media.
4. It allows me to engage in a global conversation about education with educators and others around the world. There is an international debate occurring about education reform, the proper place of technology, and many other education topics. That conversation is happening through social media tools, and the administrator who wants to take part in that discussion, needs to engage in the use of those tools. Using social media gives me a means and a voice in what is happening in education today.
How do we get more administrators engaged in the use of social media and engage in developing professional learning networks? It’s an uphill battle to get them to look past those horror stories, but perhaps we can get them to look beyond those. Those who continue to try to wall out that which they fear, will find the world has passed them by.
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For the last several years a “miracle” vaccine has been promoted and mandated for young girls based on the idea that it protects against cervical cancer. In 2007, Texas Governor Rick Perry received public backlash after mandating this vaccine (Gardasil) by executive order. He later rescinded his mandate; meanwhile, California passed a law in 2012 which allows 12 year olds to receive the vaccine without their parent’s knowledge or consent.
The US Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Gardasil’s manufacturer Merck all claim the vaccine for HPV- human papilloma (PAP-uh-LO-muh) virus- is safe for children as young as nine, but is it really?
These claims are at significant variance with the available evidence, as the vaccine has been associated with some serious adverse reactions. Gardasil was fast-tracked, approved and rushed to market with questionable safety testing and no studies have been done to see if the vaccine itself causes cancer.
What is HPV?
HPV stands for human papillomavirus and is a common virus that most women are exposed to at some point in their lives. According to the American Cancer Society, the virus types that cause infection to the cervix are found on the body’s mucous membranes and are a result of sexual intercourse. There are over thirty strains of HPV that can cause genital infections and the vaccine purports to protect against four strains; only two of which are cancer-causing.
Problems from the virus are rare. In fact, Dr. Diane Harper, who was involved in phases II and III of the manufacture’s testing of the vaccine, reports there are normally no symptoms and 90% of infections are resolved by the body in as little as two years. Only half of the remaining infections have a rare chance of developing precancerous cells that could lead to cervical cancer.
Dr. Sherri Tenpenny, a physician and advocate for vaccine safety states there are other risk factors associated with these rare unresolved HPV infections such as genetic susceptibility, smoking, parity, number of sexual partners, co-infections and long-term contraceptive use that play a role in whether or not a person gets cervical cancer.
Facts About Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is relatively rare; most women with HPV will not develop it. There are approximately 4,000 deaths per year from the disease. To put that in perspective, over 71,000 women die of lung cancer and 41,000 die of breast cancer annually. Since cervical cancer is slow growing, we won’t know for up to thirty years whether mass vaccination reduces death rates. Millions of children are being injected with a vaccine associated with major side effects to maybe prevent 4,000 deaths twenty or thirty years from now; with no evidence that it does.
Even the FDA acknowledges the long-term benefits of vaccinations rest on assumptions and not solid research data. The death rate from cervical cancer in the U.S. according to World Health Organization (WHO) is (1.7 per 100,000), which is considerably lower than the rate of serious adverse reactions from the Gardasil vaccine.
Laden With Side-Effects
According to the Vaccine Adverse Reporting System (VAERS), as of March 2012, there were 25,548 adverse events and over 100 deaths reported due to the HPV vaccine. How many more have there been in the last 3 years and how many more will there be in the future?
In the chart below, notice the increase in abnormal pap smears, cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer AFTER injection with the Gardasil vaccine.
Increased Cancer Risk
What’s even more concerning is that girls who have already been exposed to HPV, have a 44.6% increased risk for precancerous lesions developing post Gardasil. Still, medical professionals have no plans to screen anyone prior to vaccination.
A normal phenomenon in virology, called “replacement,” is when virus strains which have been removed are replaced by new ones. Dr. Charlotte Haug, an immunologist and chief editor of The Journal of Norwegian Medicine writes about concerns of increased cancer post vaccine:
Results from clinical trials are not encouraging. Vaccinated women show an increased number of precancerous lesions caused by strains of HPV other than HPV-16 and HPV-18. The results are not statistically significant, but if the trend is real –and further clinical trials should tell us in a few years – there is reason for serious concern.
It has recently been discovered that genetically modified HPV DNA, which was firmly attached to the aluminum adjuvant, was found in a thirteen year old girl who developed acute juvenile rheumatoid arthritis following her third Gardasil injection. The consequences of the presence of recombinant HPV DNA (a biohazard) could prove to be catastrophic.
Is the HPV Cervical Cancer Vaccine Worth the Risk?
According to FDA’s guidelines, the tolerance for serious adverse reactions should be narrow when injecting a healthy person with a vaccine with uncertain benefits. And yet, Gardasil is marketed widely to 9-12 year old girls. With such a low death rate from cervical cancer the risk to those vaccinated should be minimal.
- Gardasil purports to protect against 4 strains of the virus; only 2 of those can cause cervical cancer.
- If a person has already been exposed to HPV, there is absolutely no benefit from vaccination.
- Most commonly, women do not develop cervical cancer until 35-45 years of age. By this time, most women are receiving annual pap tests which identify early stages of cancer.
- The package insert states the vaccine has not been tested to see if it can cause cancer.
As the testing period for the vaccine was too short to evaluate any long-term benefits, manufactures of HPV vaccines have still failed to present significant data that their product can prevent cervical cancer. Invasive cervical cancer takes 20-40 years to develop from the time of HPV infection, so is it really worth all the young lives lost?
In this case it appears the public has been duped. The health of our youth has been sacrificed for profits while thousands of girls (and their parents) were lured into getting a vaccine they didn’t need, for a disease they were probably never going to get- paid a price.
Visit the website “The Truth About Gardasil” for more stories from young women who had their lives ripped from them for nothing more than a hoax. If you’re concerned about cervical cancer or HPV, eat a well-balanced organic diet and get regular pap tests.
Remember, problems from HPV are rare and even more rarely lead to cancer. Know the facts. So far, the HPV vaccine has been nothing more than a lottery where the only winners have been the pharmaceutical companies.
So, is the HPV vaccine cervical cancer prevention or have we all been duped?
Until next time,
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|Cemetery notes and/or description:|
Sleepy Hollow Cemetery is the largest cemetery in Concord. It has an estimated 10,000 gravesites, many of local, national, and international interest. It was one of the first cemeteries in the United States to be designed to have a sylvan character and has also been listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
In 1823 it had become clear that Concord needed a third burying ground. A hilly plot was purchased not far from the Old Hill, and was named the "New Hill Cemetery". The first burial was that of Anna Robbins in 1823. It was not until 1855 that the town consecrated it as Sleepy Hollow Cemetery. It now spans about 119 acres that were laid out in several phases from 1823 to 1998. The section developed in 1855 is an excellent example of the "rural" or "garden" cemetery that was designed in harmony with the natural features of the land.
Two highly visited areas are Authors Ridge, a measure of Concordís dominance of 19th century American literature, and the Melvin Memorial, "Mourning Victory". Authors Ridge gathers together, among others, the graves of Henry Thoreau (1862), Nathaniel Hawthorne (1864), Ralph Waldo Emerson (1882), Louisa May Alcott (1888) and her father, Bronson Alcott (1888).
The Massachusetts Historical Commission refers to this cemetery in MACRIS as CON.802 Sleepy Hollow Cemetery.
This cemetery is referred to as GR3 in the "Vital Records of Concord Massachusetts to the end of the year 1850."
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According to a new study flame retardants are very pervasive at preschools and day care centers nowadays, possibly divulging children to chemicals that are known to be hazardous to their health.
The study led by UC Berkeley researchers was published online Thursday, May 15, in the journal Chemosphere. The researcher was funded by the California Air Resources Board.
This study represents the first methodical review of flame retardants in early child care settings.
For the purpose air and floor dust samples were collected from 40 child care centers serving more than 1,760 children in Monterey and Alameda counties. The researchers tested the samples for potentially dangerous flame retardant chemicals.
The facilities were located in a mix of urban, rural and agricultural areas. The test was made for 14 different PBDEs, or polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and four non-PBDE flame retardants, including tris phosphate compounds in 100 percent of the dust samples collected.
Median levels of PBDEs were slightly lower than those found in homes in other studies, but median levels of chlorinated tris were analogous to or higher than household levels found in preceding studies.
“These findings underscore how widespread these materials are in indoor environments,” said study lead author Asa Bradman, associate director of the Center for Children’s Environmental Health Research at UC Berkeley. “A growing body of research has found links between flame retardants and a range of human health effects, including neurodevelopmental delays in children. Children are more vulnerable to the health effects of environmental contaminants, so we should be particularly careful to reduce their exposure to harmful chemicals.”
Out of the total facilities surveyed, 29 had upholstered furniture and 17 had napping equipment that enclosed foam. Facilities with foam products had considerably higher concentrations of flame retardant chemicals than the centers deprived of such equipment.
Bradman said the higher tris levels were mainly associated to the mats children nap on as well as furniture.
Ellen Dektar, senior management analyst with Alameda County’s Early Care and Education Planning Council, said a small but growing number of child care facilities are becoming more selective in the products they use and are encouraging “green” and “eco-healthy” certification and standards.
“Child care professionals are really idealistic and would do anything for the children they’re taking care of,” she said.
At Montessori School at Five Canyons in Castro Valley, director Meher Van Groenou said she has been promoting healthful and environmentally friendly practices since she founded the school in 2002. “We really would like to completely give up those foam things but haven’t found the best product yet,” Van Groenou said. The Montessori school was not part of the study, she said.
To reduce flame retardant exposure, UC Berkeley’s Asa Bradman provided the people with the following guidelines:
- Vacuum daily with a HEPA filter and use a wet mop to minimize dust.
- Wash hands frequently.
- Buy wooden furniture or cushions filled with polyester, down, wool or cotton.
- Look for the TB117-2013 tag on new furniture, and verify that the product is flame retardant-free.
- Consider the Green Science Policy Institute’s Safer Sofa Foam Exchange program, which can connect those in the San Francisco Bay Area with a supplier of foam that is free of flame retardants.
Other co-authors of the study include researchers from the Battelle Memorial Institute in Ohio, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the California Air Resources Board.
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This transit innovation could very well change our lives, so we're crossing our fingers that it becomes a reality soon.
Last Thursday, California tech company Hyperloop One announced during an event at the Newseum in Washington, D.C., that it plans to connect 80% of the United States through electromagnetic tubes that will facilitate high-speed travel, reports NBC 4 New York.
A high-speed tube could transport passengers from New York City to Washington, D.C., for example, in just 20 minutes. We are seriously impressed: This is less time than it takes most of us to get to work — thanks, delayed subway lines. Currently, it takes just over three hours on Amtrak's Acela Express to travel from NYC's Penn Station to D.C.'s Union Station, and longer if you take the bus — about five hours if you don't run into major traffic. Around 83 million people would benefit from this East Coast route.
The concept was originally proposed in 2013 by Tesla and SpaceX founder Elon Musk. The goal is to start moving cargo by 2020 and passengers by 2021.
The really cool part is that this wouldn't even be a train in the vein of boring old Amtrak. Instead, passengers would travel on magnetically levitating pods moved by electric propulsion. With pods moving at over 700 mph, any cross-country trip would be possible within a five-hour timeframe. The longest proposed route is from Wyoming to Texas, spanning four states.
"Connecting the entire nation within five hours of each other, cities become metro stops," Hyperloop One cofounder Shervin Pishevar said at the unveiling.
Former U.S. Transportation Secretary Anthony Foxx said the idea is more possible than it may seem. "The airplane was pie in the sky and the car was pie in the sky," Foxx said, according to NBC 4.
This may be true, but we'd still love to hear about the transport mode's safety features and price. After all, we've never traveled in a magnetically levitating pod. Plus, everyone should have access to convenient transportation, so we hope a ticket onboard this tube doesn't cost an entire month's food budget.
Hyperloop One is currently testing a 1,640-foot-long tube in the desert, outside of Las Vegas.
The future is here, guys.
Like what you see? How about some more R29 goodness, right here?
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By Sabrina Katz, Staff Writer
If you’re looking for an eggs-ellent way to stay healthy, look no further: eggs are a wonderful source of protein and healthy fats that should be incorporated into everyone’s diet! Eggs are versatile too, and can be eaten in tons of ways so that you never get bored of eating them.
So why are eggs so good for you? These babies are high in antioxidants that help prevent your eyes from degenerating. They contain choline as well, which has been linked to a reduced risk of cancer. Lastly, eggs contain amino acids, which eases the digestion of its protein.
Protein is the main reasons eggs are one of my favorite foods: one large egg contains 6 grams and a large egg white contains about 3.5 grams. The low calorie content (70 for a whole egg, 20 for just the whites) also makes it ideal.
There are tons of articles out there that state that egg yolks are too high in cholesterol and should not be eaten. However, research has shown that the form of cholesterol present in yolks is different from that found in a cheeseburger, meaning it won’t harm your health that way.
Plus, yolks have a dose of healthy fats in them, so don’t be scared. I’m not telling you to go ahead and eat a dozen egg yolks, but when eating omelets, use the 2:1 ratio, which states that for every two egg whites, add a whole egg.
Here’s a recipe I use whenever I’m craving some eggy goodness in the dining hall.
4 egg whites
2 tablespoons of guacamole
Salt and pepper, to taste
2 slices of whole wheat bread
Take the egg whites and whisk them up in a bowl, then add the guac and mix together. Add some salt and pepper if you’d like. Then, toast the two slices of bread. Last, add the “egg salad” onto each slice of toast and you’ve got yourself an egg-tastic sandwich! Yum yum.
By Danielle Cantey
We’ve all experienced the anxiety of entering a crowded lunch room alone on the first day of middle or high school. In those awkward grade school years, finding someone to sit with could be a daunting task. Sitting alone generally indicated you were some sort of social pariah. But once college begins, those anxieties and stereotypes about dining hall sociability disappear…or do they? Eating alone shouldn’t be an indication of loneliness or social status, but sometimes it is.
According to an article in The Dartmouth, Christopher McMillian, a senior at Dartmouth College, has implemented the Dartmouth Social Cup Program. The program is designed to combat the awkwardness of eating alone with special red cups. When the red cups are used in lieu of Dartmouth’s regular clear cups, they indicate that the student using it wouldn’t mind company. While there are students who have made fun of the program and others who complain about the cups’ ineffectiveness, the idea behind them is brilliant. As McMillian says in the article, “Students often feel uncomfortable or awkward when they are eating alone.”
The social cups are aimed at ameliorating some of the awkwardness associated with meeting new people. The cups may be ineffective when most people have established solid friend groups, but the program has great potential for freshman entering in the fall. What better way to improve freshman year than with a red cup that encourages people to come up and talk to you.
College Confidential features the perilous task of eating alone as a hot topic. Go to any dining hall on BU’s campus, and you’ll see a variety of diners: people eating alone, two people eating together, and people eating with groups of friends. In college and in life, eating alone is often a result of busy schedules and convenience. Luckily for those who feel too uncomfortable to embrace the solidarity of solo eating at Dartmouth, these red cups may just be the solution.
By Katie Doyle, Food Editor
If you’ve been in one of the dining halls lately, you may have seen, or been asked to sign, the Boston University Vegetarian Society’s petition to start up “Meatless Mondays” here at BU.
A member may have explained to you that on those days, there would be a 75 percent reduction in meat options. They may have explained that BU would be following in the footsteps of institutions like Columbia University, John Hopkins University, Yale University, New York University and University of Virginia that have already joined the movement.
There’s a reason that top-tier colleges and universities are getting on board with this initiative, and a reason Boston University should be, too, as there’s clear, tangible evidence that a vegetarian diet is beneficial for our bodies and for our planet. Just look at the legitimate, peer-reviewed studies that have shown that across the board that vegetarians live longer and healthier lives, with a much lower risk for cancer, Type 2 diabetes, heart disease and obesity.
While it can be easy to shrug off health factors, it should be harder to brush off the fate of the planet we call home. Our nation’s meat production is the number one cause of harmful greenhouse gases, contributing to pollution more so than all of the cars, trucks, planes, trains and buses in the world combined. It’s true that our environment is already in deep trouble, and although plant-based diets won’t necessarily be the saving grace of climate change, we’ve got to start somewhere. Meatless Mondays is one way to reduce our collective carbon footprint.
At a university where approximately 7 percent of students here identify as vegetarians, and 3 percent as vegans, according to Dining Services’ annual survey, one might hope that the petition for Meatless Mondays would be reasonably well received, especially when the benefits of are so clear.
Fortunately, the Vegetarian Society is making progress with the initiative, and a survey will be released within the coming weeks to gauge the students’ perspectives on it. Hopefully, the reaction will be a good one.
It seems as if any backlash against the Meatless Monday movement, or vegetarianism in general, has nothing to do with the actual pros and cons of an herbivore diet. It’s more of a rejection on principle, like when someone is served a dessert they really like, until they find out it’s vegan.
It’s similar to when the National Rifle Association accused President Obama of “taking away their guns,” when, in reality, he received an “F” on the Brady Campaign’s scorecard of politicians who have spoken out against gun violence.
While I know that’s a bold comparison to make, it sheds some light on the issue of Meatless Mondays. No one would be taking away meat options in the dining hall. Rather, there would simply be less meat options and more vegetarian meals, which can be surprisingly delicious if only given the chance. What the objection boils down to, I think, is the issue of getting wrapped up in rhetoric, rather than looking at the facts. You know what I mean: “This is America, and you can’t take away my (insert noun here).”
Here’s the thing, though: they’re right, this is America, which means we at BU are lucky enough to have access to quality meat, cage-free eggs and delicious vegetarian options. It’s a privilege to have both meat and meatless food at our disposal. Instead of resenting the effort to bring in a wider range of vegetarian options one day a week, we should embrace and welcome the opportunity to make a difference in our world, no matter how small (or big) it might be.
If you haven’t yet signed the Meatless Monday petition, you can do so now by emailing firstname.lastname@example.org. But, as a reminder, really any day can be a Meatless Monday, if you so choose. Simply challenge yourself to check out the dining hall’s vegetarian station and try something new, while also doing your body, your planet and even your taste buds a favor.
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History | Culture | Ancestry
Scottish emigres have always figured prominently as military leaders on the European stage, particularly from the 17th to 19th centuries.
At the height of the golden age of Sweden, when the Swedish Empire under Gustavus Adolphus was the preeminent military power in Europe, almost 40,000 Scots were serving in the Swedish Army. Scottish soldiers served faithfully, and the Swedish King could count on the support of no less than 4 Field-Marshals, 4 Generals, 3 Brigadiers, 27 Colonels, 51 Lt-Colonels and 12 Regiments from Scotland. Field Marshal Alexander Leslie and his brother General David Leslie would play important roles in the Thirty Years War for Sweden and they later became leading figures in the Scottish Covenanting Army that defeated the English Royal Army of Charles I during the Bishops Wars.
There are numerous other examples of prominent exiles, including another pair of brothers, George Keith and James Francis Keith from Inverugie in Aberdeenshire. The Keiths were Jacobite exiles and central figures at the Prussian Court of Frederick the Great. They were held in high personal esteem by Frederick the Great, who promoted them accordingly. George Keith, a patron and close friend of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, was Frederick’s ambassador to Spain, while his brother James Francis Keith was a Prussian Field Marshal and the Governor of Berlin.
Like the Keith bothers, many Jacobite emigres distinguished themselves throughout Europe. The failure of the 1745 uprising in Scotland and the brutal recriminations that followed forced many Jacobites to flee overseas, often into the service of various continental monarchs who were willing to accept the services of exiled Jacobites. So while Scots had always emigrated to other European countries, often in large numbers, Jacobite exiles became particularly distinguished as they were inserted into the schemes of the various royal courts of Europe.
One such exiled Jacobite was Neil MacEachen, a relation of Flora MacDonald and native of Howbeg on South Uist. Neil studied in France at the Scots College at Douai and was fluent in Gaelic, Greek, Latin, English, and French before he returned to South Uist. He was loyal to the Stuart cause during the 1745 uprising and together with Flora MacDonald he was Charles Edward Stuart’s personal guide on South Uist and Skye while the Prince was a fugitive. The Scottish folk song, the ‘Skye Boat Song’ was inspired by Neil’s ferrying of the Prince from South Uist to Trotternish on Skye. Like Prince Charles, Neil MacEachen left Scotland as an exile and arrived in France, where he was given a French commission in the Ogilvy Regiment under the name Neil MacDonald. Although no one is quite sure why he changed his name, it is possible that this change was the result of the French finding it too difficult to pronounce MacEachen.
Neil settled in Sedan, where his son Étienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre MacDonald was born in 1765. Following the disbandment of the French Jacobite Regiments, Neil moved to Sancerre to live amongst a Scottish Jacobite community that was established there. In 1784 the British Parliament passed the Act of Amnesty which pardoned all Jacobites, but despite this Neil never returned to Scotland on account of his poor health and he died in poverty 4 years later.
When Neil died in 1788, his son Jacques MacDonald had already begun a promising military career in the French army, but he had little indication that MacDonald would later be central to the cataclysmic events of the French Revolution, Napoleonic Wars and Restoration of the Bourbon Monarchy in France.
Jacques MacDonald began his French military career in 1784 by joining the ‘Dillon Regiment’, which was primarily composed of Scottish and Irish Jacobite exiles. The regiment remained loyal to Louis XVI at the outbreak of the revolution in 1789, which led not only to its disbandment in 1791, but the execution of its Colonel, Arthur Dillon, by guillotine in 1794. MacDonald on the other hand was personally loyal to the revolution, marrying a Mademoiselle Jacob, whose father was an enthusiastic supporter of the changes that were taking place in French society.
At the outbreak of war in 1792 MacDonald continued to serve in the new army and was offered a prestigious position as aide-de-camp to General Dumouriez. He distinguished himself at the Battle of Jemappes,and he was also present alongside Dumouriez at the Battle of Valmy. The victory of the French volunteer army at Valmy was a significant turning point in the Revolutionary Wars and it compelled France to formally abolish the monarchy shortly afterwards. By 1793 MacDonald had risen to the rank of Colonel and then refused to desert the Revolutionary Army when Dumouriez defected to the enemy. As a reward for this loyalty he was given the command of a Brigade.
By 1797 he had become a General of a Division and joined the French Army in Italy. He occupied Rome, became the governor of the city, defeated the Austrian Army of General Mack before reorganising the Kingdom of Naples into the Parthenopaean Republic. In 1801 he became the French ambassador to Denmark but did not enjoy the politics of diplomacy and he later asked to be recalled.
After returning to France, it was clear the French Republic was in crisis. Its armies were being outfought by a coalition of empires determined to destroy revolutionary ideas. Internally, France had become politically unstable and a coup d’etat was planned to overthrow the government. It was decided that a general should be part of the coup to ensure the support of the army. The conspirators first choice, General Joubert, was killed in Italy before he could be asked. General Moreau was then asked, but he refused to be a figurehead of the coup. The decision then came to MacDonald himself, and like Moreau before him, he also refused. The next choice for the conspirators was Napoleon Bonaparte, who accepted the offer and took power backed by the army and MacDonald.
Following these events, MacDonald took command of the French Army of Switzerland, an important position that linked the French armies fighting in Germany with those in Northern Italy. He fell out of favour with Napoleon after associating with his rival, General Moreau. This led to Napoleon overlooking MacDonald in his first allocation of Marshals of France around 1805.
The Napoleonic Wars continued from 1805 but MacDonald still remained without a position in the French Army. It wasn’t until 1809 that Napoleon finally allocated command of a Corp to MacDonald, also giving him the responsibility of being a military adviser to Napoleon’s adopted son, Prince Eugene de Beauharnais, the Viceroy of Italy.
The highlight of MacDonald’s career soon followed at the Battle of Wagram in 1809. MacDonald was in command of the reserve corp, and at the height of the battle he was ordered to attack the Austrian centre to relieve pressure on the other parts of the French line. Forming his 8,000 soldiers into an unusual column formation that resembled a large hollow rectangle, MacDonald advanced and successfully held off three Austrian cavalry charges. Under concentrated Austrian cannon and musket fire his Corp suffered 50% casualties and could not advance any further. MacDonald recognised that the Austrians were now disorganised because of his attack, and he ordered the French Guard Cavalry to attack and seize the opportunity to destroy the Austrian centre. General Walther, commander of the Guard Cavalry, refused to take an order from anyone other than Napoleon himself and his cavalry remained stationary. This crucial delay resulted in a lost opportunity to capitalise on the gains that MacDonald had made. Both MacDonald and Napoleon were later furious with General Walther for this decision, Napoleon even being moved to say that it was the first time his cavalry had ever let him down.
Despite the failure of the Guard Cavalry, MacDonald’s attack had sufficiently occupied the attention of the Austrians to allow the French to successfully conduct a general attack on other parts of the line. The French had won the battle and Napoleon rode directly to MacDonald and upon embracing him said,
“General MacDonald, Let us be friends henceforth. You have behaved valiantly and have rendered me the greatest services throughout the entire campaign. On the battlefield of your glory, where I owe you so large a part of yesterday’s success, I make you a Marshal of France. You have long deserved it.”
MacDonald was the first French Marshal to be created on the field of battle and he graciously asked Napoleon to let the rewards be distributed equally among the men of his corp. Napoleon said that he could not refuse him and in further recognition of his services he soon afterwards awarded MacDonald the Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honor, the title of Duke of Taranto and 60,000 francs.
Following the Battle of Wagram, MacDonald was made the Governor of Gratz, a role which he undertook with such distinction that the city wanted to pay him 200,000 Francs when he left, an offer which he refused. MacDonald was then made the Commander of the French army in Catalonia, and also the Governor-General of the principality. MacDonald had serious objections to the manner in which the French were fighting the war in Spain, which had degenerated into a brutal war between French regulars and Spanish guerrilla fighters. Putting aside his objections, he took up the role and met with mixed success. He was defeated at the Battle of Pla in 1811, but later took Figueras after a 4 month siege. Both of these battles were typical of the Spanish War in which large numbers of French troops and resources were tied down by relatively small numbers of elusive Spanish troops. Following the siege of Figueras, MacDonald experienced a sever case of gout, followed by fever. He asked to be transferred and returned to Paris, unable to walk without the assistance of crutches.
MacDonald recovered in time to be present at the French invasion of Russia in 1812, in which he commanded the X Corp and the left wing of the Grand Army. This Corp was a multinational formation, comprising Poles, Bavarians, Westphalians and Prussians. Initially the invasion met with little resistance and MacDonald was able to defend the flank of Napoleon’s invasion by routing a Russian Army near Riga in present day Latvia. Despite his Prussian infantry playing a major part in the victory, MacDonald started to become suspicious of them after they less than enthusiastically undertook his order to pursue and capture the defeated Russians.
After a series of battles Napoleon went on to capture Moscow, which had been completely abandoned by the Russians. After Moscow had been under occupation for three days, the city was set alight by a handful of Russians who had stayed behind to prepare the trap. The resulting fire destroyed 80% of the mostly wooden city and came as a terrible shock to the morale of the French army. Tsar Alexander continued to ignore all calls for surrender from Napoleon and with the French army now camped in a ruined city Napoleon had no choice but to retreat, which the Grand Army began in October 1812.
In November 1812 Napoleon learned that there had been a coup against his rule in Paris. Leaving Marshal Murat in command he left the army had hurried back to Paris to deal with the political problems that had arisen. Marshal Murat also later abandoned the army to save his Kingdom of Naples, leaving Napoleon’s adopted son the Viceroy of Italy, Prince Eugène de Beauharnais in command. MacDonald had previously been a close colleague and military mentor to de Beauharnais and they had worked closely together to secure the French victory at Wagram two years previously.
The French Army had initially invaded Russia with an Army of 450,000 men, but now the remaining 150,000 had the unenviable task of retreating from Moscow through a vicious Russian winter and temperatures of -40c. As the pursuing Russians picked away at the remnants of what was once the largest army in European history, MacDonald was trying to deal with problems within his own Corp. During the retreat he was shocked to discover that General Yorck and the Prussians under his command had defected from MacDonald’s Corp en masse, secretly leaving the army during the night. MacDonald wrote contemptuously of these Prussian’s in his memoirs but he spoke highly of the Polish, Bavarian and Westphalian soldiers of his Corp, who he described as serving faithfully, courageously and with distinction.
During the final stages of the retreat, Marshal Murat requested the advice of MacDonald on how the French Army should proceed. MacDonald recommended abandoning all territory east of the Oder River, holding the line along the river and waiting for the fresh troops being assembled in France. His advice was ignored and the retreat would continue. The total losses during the whole campaign amounted to 380,000 men, with just 35,000 Frenchmen making it home from the initial force.
MacDonald eventually did make it back to France, despite having his travelling expenses of 12,000 francs stolen from him on his way through Prussia. He received a frosty reception from Napoleon when he eventually returned to Paris. The Emperor had been led to believe that the Prussians had deserted the army because MacDonald had treated them badly. In his memoirs MacDonald also suggests that this less than cordial meeting was because Napoleon felt resentment towards his plan of abandoning all territory East of the Oder River. MacDonald left the meeting bemused and with understandable disdain that his services and devotion were met with such a lack of appreciation. However some days later, news had reached Napoleon that the Prussian Government had fully accepted the actions of their soldiers, implying that the desertions had nothing to do with the way MacDonald treated them and everything to do with an imminent Prussian declaration of war against France. He was subsequently summoned by Napoleon, who admitted that he had been misled regarding MacDonald’s actions in Russia, and that he did in fact act wisely in his dealings with the Prussian soldiers of his command.
By 1813 MacDonald was back in the field, joining the 200,000 largely inexperienced soldiers that were sent to link up with the remnants of the French Army in central Europe. A new coalition of powers, including Prussia, had rallied together to defeat Napoleon following his disastrous invasion attempt of Russia.
In a twist of fate, MacDonald found himself opposing the Prussian General Yorck, who had defected from MacDonald’s Corp during the retreat from Moscow. MacDonald defeated Yorck at the Battle of Merseberg, before also playing a prominent role in the victories at Lutzen and Bautzen. Despite these victories, Napoleon could no longer replicate the vast numbers of men and resources increasingly accumulated against him, particularly in light of the enormous losses the French had suffered in Russia. So while France continued to win battles, it was losing irreplaceable troops and supplies in order to achieve those victories. This steady grinding down of the French Army ultimately led to a decisive allied victory at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813. MacDonald commanded the South-Eastern portion of the French line at Leipzig, which was to be the largest battle in Europe until 1914.
In the aftermath of the Battle of Leipzig, MacDonald and Prince Poniatowski of Poland were given command of a desperate rear guard action. Hopelessly outnumbered, MacDonald and Poniatowski made a fighting withdrawal through Leipzig towards a bridge across the river Elster. Learning that the bridge had in fact been destroyed by the French in the confusion of the retreat, Poniatowski attempted to swim across the river on horse back. He made it across, but the bank was steep and his horse fell with exhaustion, drowning Poniatowski in the river. As the front disintegrated MacDonald found himself being followed by a crowd of his men desperate to escape the approaching enemy. Seized by his aide-de-camp, MacDonald found a makeshift bridge of wooden logs that had been hastily constructed by a resourceful French engineer. MacDonald dismounted and began walking across the flimsy construction, but as his men began to follow him the bridge began to shake, causing MacDonald to fall into the river. Luckily he fell close enough to the shore that his feet could reach the bottom of the river but he struggled to get out because of the loose soil and steep embankment. Enemy skirmishers fired on him at point blank range before they were scared off by French musket fire on the opposing river bank.
MacDonald barely escaped with his life and upon reaching the top of the riverbank he turned to see whole companies of his men falling into the river, crying out “Marshal! Save your men, save your children!” as they were swept away to their deaths. Overcome with rage and frustration at being unable to save his men, he sat on the riverbank and wept. MacDonald recalls in his memoirs that this scene traumitised him for years after the event and that he could often hear the voices of the screaming men ringing in his ear.
MacDonald was furious with Napoleon for allowing the whole disaster to happen and he initially refused to even meet with the Emperor. Rumors subsequently spread through the army that MacDonald had been killed while crossing the river, but he survived and eventually made his way to Cologne to rebuild his shattered Corp. He remained one of the central commanders of the now hopeless French efforts to keep the allied powers from entering France. Ultimately Paris was captured by the allies in 1814. As Napoleon raced to Fontainebleau it was clear the soldiers were no longer willing to follow Napoleon on what was obviously a lost cause. MacDonald was encouraged to approach Napoleon on behalf of the army, making him aware that the soldiers wanted peace. MacDonald made these points to Napoleon at Fontainebleau, expecting the Emperor to fly into a violent rage, but was surprised when Napoleon reacted quite calmly to the fall of Paris and the reality that the starving and worn out remnants of the army could no longer go on fighting. Napoleon hailed MacDonald as a “good and honorable man” for his frankness and openness. He then turned to all those in the room and announced that he would abdicate the throne in favour of his son. Napoleon sat and wrote out his abdication, rewriting the draft two or three times. Then as Napoleon dismissed them for the evening, he threw himself on the sofa, slapped his leg with his hand and proclaimed, “Nonsense, gentlemen! Let us leave all that alone and march tomorrow, we shall beat them!” No doubt bemused by this departure from reality, MacDonald reiterated everything he had already said about the perilous state of the army. The Marshals, led by Marshal Ney then decided to mutiny against Napoleon to prevent further pointless bloodshed. Napoleon eventually yielded to the inevitable and MacDonald, along with Caulaincourt and Ney, left to personally negotiate the terms of surrender with Tsar Alexander of Russia on behalf of Napoleon.
MacDonald was to write that Tsar Alexander was gracious in victory and spoke respectfully of the French. MacDonald notes in his memoirs that aside from Marshal Ney, who was unstable and aggressive, Tsar Alexander’s conciliatory tone was reciprocated by the French Marshals. The Prussians were far less accommodating and were quick to remind the French that they were the scourge of Europe, immediately demanding compensation and providing none of the compliments that the Tsar had generously offered the French army. The other main member of the allied coalition was Austria, who was willing to allow Napoleon’s wife and son to keep their titles, but on the condition that they were prohibited from ever attaining power in France. Britain refused to negotiate at all, claiming that they did not recognise Napoleon as a legitimate authority, which was probably just as well for Napoleon who half heartedly said that you could “never trust a MacDonald within sound of bagpipes.”
Throughout this time, MacDonald worked closely with Tsar Alexander, who asked MacDonald to personally draw the map of demarcation for the armistice. A brief period of negotiation resulted in the Treaty of Fontainbleu, a document that formally ended Napoleon’s rule as Emperor. MacDonald was one of only 6 signatories to the document, which also included Napoleon’s faithful aide Armand de Caulaincourt, Marshal Ney, Prince Von Metternich, Baron Hardenberg of Prussia and the Russian Diplomat Karl Nesselrode. During the exchange of ratifications, MacDonald was selected to personally present and deliver the French side of the treaty.
Following the exchange, the allied powers were keen to ensure that the Marshals submitted to the new order. This would guarantee that the French Army would also obediently submit to the provisional government. Marshal Ney immediately submitted, but MacDonald and Caulaincourt remained loyal to Napoleon until the formal ratification of the treaty, after which time MacDonald wrote a simple statement to the provisional government saying that “being released from my allegiance by the abdication of the Emperor Napoleon, I declare that I conform to the Acts of the Senate and the Provisional Government.” This act of dignified defiance infuriated the ever scheming French statesmen de Talleyrand, whose face was said to turn pale before almost bursting with rage when MacDonald politely refused to submit until the formal ratification of the treaty.
MacDonald returned to Fontainbleu to call upon Napoleon. On the morning of the 13th of March 1814, MacDonald entered to find a despondent Napoleon wearing his dressing gown and slippers, with his head buried in his hands and his elbows on his knees. He did not stir when MacDonald entered the room, but on prompting from Caulaincourt he appeared to wake from a dream and MacDonald found him to have a sickly yellow-green complexion. Napoleon apologised and said that he had been sick all night, later evidence suggests that it was likely Napoleon had taken an overdose of opium in an attempt to try and sleep after the emotionally exhaustive events of recent months.
Again, Napoleon sat in the room, remained silent for a period of time before turning to MacDonald and saying,
“Duke of Tarentum, I cannot tell you how touched and grateful I am for your conduct and devotion. I did not know you well; I was prejudiced against you. I have done so much for, and loaded with favours, so many others, who have abandoned and neglected me; and you, who owed me nothing, have remained faithful to me I appreciate your loyalty all too late, and I sincerely regret that I am no longer in a position to express my gratitude to you except by words.”
Napoleon noted that MacDonald had always had a generous manner, never accepting large amounts of money while being an impartial ruler who brought justice wherever he commanded. Napoleon then implored MacDonald to accept the sword of the former leader of the Mamelukes, Murad Bey, which had been captured in Egypt in 1798 and worn by Napoleon at the Battle of Mount Tabor in 1799. MacDonald accepted the gift as a sign of Napoleon’s friendship and the two commanders emotionally embraced each other. It was the last time that MacDonald and Napoleon would ever meet.
Part Two – click here!
Some of the monuments throughout Europe dedicated to MacDonald. Click here.
The Recollections of Marshal MacDonald, Duke of Tarentum. Click here.
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Batteries have two electrodes, called an anode and a cathode. The anodes in most of today’s lithium-ion batteries are made of graphite. Lithium ions are contained in a liquid called an electrolyte, and these ions are stored in the anode during recharging. Now, researchers at Purdue University have shown how to manufacture carbon-nanoparticle and microsheet anodes from polystyrene and starch-based packing peanuts, respectively.
“We were getting a lot of packing peanuts while setting up our new lab,” recalled postdoctoral research associate Vinodkumar Etacheri. “Professor Vilas Pol suggested a pathway to do something useful with these peanuts.”
This simple suggestion led to a potential new eco-friendly application for the packaging waste. Research findings indicate that the new anodes can charge faster and deliver higher “specific capacity” compared to commercially available graphite anodes, Pol said.
The new findings are being presented during the 249th American Chemical Society National Meeting & Exposition in Denver on March 22-26. The work was performed by Etacheri, Pol and undergraduate chemical engineering student Chulgi Nathan Hong.
“Although packing peanuts are used worldwide as a perfect solution for shipping, they are notoriously difficult to break down, and only about 10 percent are recycled,” Pol said. “Due to their low density, huge containers are required for transportation and shipment to a recycler, which is expensive and does not provide much profit on investment.”
Consequently, packing peanuts often end up in landfills, where they remain intact for decades. Although the starch-based versions are more environmentally friendly than the polystyrene peanuts, they do contain chemicals and detergents that can contaminate soil and aquatic ecosystems, posing a threat to marine animals, he said.
The new method “is a very simple, straightforward approach,” Pol said. “Typically, the peanuts are heated between 500 and 900 degrees Celsius in a furnace under inert atmosphere in the presence or absence of a transition metal salt catalyst.”
The resulting material is then processed into the anodes.
“The process is inexpensive, environmentally benign and potentially practical for large-scale manufacturing,” Etacheri said. “Microscopic and spectroscopic analyses proved the microstructures and morphologies responsible for superior electrochemical performances are preserved after many charge-discharge cycles.”
Commercial anode particles are about 10 times thicker than the new anodes and have higher electrical resistance, which increase charging time.
“In our case, if we are lithiating this material during the charging of a battery it has to travel only 1 micrometer distance, so you can charge and discharge a battery faster than your commercially available material,” Pol said.
Because the sheets are thin and porous, they allow better contact with the liquid electrolyte in batteries.
“These electrodes exhibited notably higher lithium-ion storage performance compared to the commercially available graphite anodes,” he said.
Packing-peanut-derived carbon anodes demonstrated a maximum specific capacity of 420 mAh/g (milliamp hours per gram), which is higher than the theoretical capacity of graphite (372 mAh/g), Etacheri said.
“Long-term electrochemical performances of these carbon electrodes are very stable,” he said. “We cycled it 300 times without significant capacity loss. These carbonaceous electrodes are also promising for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. Future work will include steps to potentially improve performance by further activation to increase the surface area and pore size to improve the electrochemical performance.”
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On September 1st 1939 Germany launched an attack against Poland.
In accordance with a secret agreement with the Germans the Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland on September 17th.
After defeating Polish forces at the Battle of Bzura the Poles retired to a fixed line of defences near the Romanian border and waited for the Western Allies to intervene.
The Western allies, Britain and France duly declared war in support of Poland but were in not position to provide direct support. By October 6th Poland, after the Polish defeat at the Battle of Bock, was controlled jointly by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. On October 8th Germany formally annexed western Poland. Russia follwed by annexing eastern Poland.
The key to the swiftness of the German campaign was in the aggressive use of mechanised forces to punch holes through the enemy defences. Weak spots would be ‘softened up’ using artillery and bombers. Fast armoured vehicles would attack these ‘soft’ points and then move around the enemy rear cutting off communications and supplies, forcing the opposition to either withdraw or surrender. This type of fast offensive action would eventually become referred to as Blitzkrieg, the German for 'Lightning War'.
Radio communications had been established throughout the German command structure and was used to co-ordinate the efforts of all arms against the enemy strong points.
Dive bombers were available on demand to support ground attacks through the precision bombing of enemy troops and installations.
Reconnaissance was essential to find out where the enemy line was weakest. Armoured cars were ideal for this task.
The French and British possessed some mechanised units but they were subordinate to the slow moving infantry, lacked effective communications and were wasted in poorly co-ordinated counter attacks.
Vehicles capable of carrying supplies and weapons were an important part of any mechanised army. Trucks and tracked vehicles were used to provide supplies to the front line troops.
On September 3rd 1939 both Britain and France declared war on Germany after their demands for the withdrawal of German troops from Poland had not been met.
There followed a brief period whilst Germany concentrated her armed forces on the borders with France and the Low Countries and decided how to continue.
The German armoured divisions were finally unleashed on May 10th 1940, making a diversionary attack through Holland to draw the Allies north.
This was followed with an attack by mechanised troops from Belgium, through the Ardenne Froest, towards the English Channel, cutting off the British and French troops in Belgium.
Medium tanks, armed with large calibre howitzers, were used to support the infantry. Lighter, faster main battle tanks armed with smeller high velocity weapons were intended to exploit any breach in the enemy defensive line and drive at the enemy rear to keep them off balance.
Tanks were not expected to engage in battles with other tanks. Tanks were supposed to be dealt with by specialised troops using high velocity anti-tank guns with special ammunition developed specifically to deal with armour. German tactical doctrine was defensive, they would attack, form a defensive perimeter and then wait for the expected counter-attack, which would typically be met with machine gun fire, artillery and anti-tank weapons.
Paratroops were dropped behind enemy lines to secure strategic objectives like bridges and fortresses. The Belgian fort of Eben Emael, located near the Albert Canal on the Belgian-Dutch border was effectively taken by German airborne troops delivered to the target by glider.
Many Allied frontline airfields were overrun with the loss of vital spares and support equipment.
Swift agressive action by the Luftwaffe caught many Allied aircraft on the ground in surprise attacks, preventing the Allies from challenging German air superiority.
Fighters were used to secure air superiority and defend bombers from other fighters. Bombers were used tactically to attack ground targets in support of the army.
After the French surrendered on June 22nd 1940 a lot of the captured equipment was pressed into service with the German forces. At the time much of this captured equipment would have been superior to German equipment.
The British Expeditionary Force left most of its heavy equipment behind on the beaches during the evacuation from Dunkirk.
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<urn:uuid:d74e21b3-4c10-4612-b285-1816df04cdd0>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://3dhistory.co.uk/article/world-war-two/war-machines-blitkrieg
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323870.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629051817-20170629071817-00402.warc.gz
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en
| 0.983944
| 848
| 3.6875
| 4
|
How it works
Recirculation cooker hoods draw in cooking vapours, filtering the air through a charcoal filter and then re-circulating the cleaned air back into the kitchen, leaving it free from cooking odours.
Keep your kitchen fresh
The carbon filtration process ensures air purification and a pleasant cooking environment. This active carbon filter absorbs grease and moisture while cooking, preventing unpleasant odours in the kitchen.
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<urn:uuid:23065322-8128-43b8-8d63-215f829762b8>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.electrolux.com.my/home-appliances/accessories-and-services/accessories-and-consumables/cooker-hood-filter/e3cfl20/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323870.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629051817-20170629071817-00402.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.845039
| 86
| 2.578125
| 3
|
Sam has been teaching Jon the Game of Stones to sharpen his mind and help him devise a strategy to fight the white walkers. The rules of this game are quite simple:
Now Jon believes that he is ready for battle, but Sam does not think so. To prove his argument, Sam suggested that they play a modified version of the game.
In this modified version, no move can be made more than once on a pile. For example, if 4 stones are removed from a pile, 4 stones cannot be removed from that pile again.
Sam sets up the game and makes the first move. Jon believes that Sam is just trying to prevent him from going to battle. Jon wants to know if he can win if both play optimally.
First line consists of a single integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 106) — the number of piles.
Each of next n lines contains an integer si (1 ≤ si ≤ 60) — the number of stones in i-th pile.
Print a single line containing "YES" (without quotes) if Jon wins, otherwise print "NO" (without quotes)
In the first case, Sam removes all the stones and Jon loses.
In second case, the following moves are possible by Sam:
In each of these cases, last move can be made by Jon to win the game as follows:
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<urn:uuid:6128f4b4-eca7-487a-9841-f9a48cc4b83e>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/768/E
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319933.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622234435-20170623014435-00041.warc.gz
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en
| 0.957921
| 277
| 3.75
| 4
|
Here it is. Suppose she looked at my list and saw that apples are in season now. She decides to get some apples and bake an apple pie. She goes to the grocery store and buys some apples, some agave nectar, some cinnamon and a pie crust and goes home and makes a delicious pie. She invites some friends over, serves the pie and proudly tells them that they are eating a pie made with seasonal fruit. Well what she didn't know was that the apples she used were much more likely to have been grown in Washington, or New York or New Zealand than Georgia. Some stores are now labeling their produce with the location in which it was grown but you still have to make the connection between local and seasonal.
I think that most people use "seasonal" as a synonym for "local" but as we saw in the example above that may not be the case. I think that the term "seasonal" has become part of the lexicon mainly through "foodie culture" (i hate that word by the way). It sounds cooler to say "seasonal" and is used as a marketing tool by chefs and restaurants. Any vegetable or fruit that is available is in season wherever it was grown. The issue is the amount of energy required to transport the food over long distances. On average food travels 1500 miles from the place it is grown to the place where it is consumed. So, i have concluded that the term seasonal is irrelevant and muddies the water for those who are not immersed in food culture. We need to be sure our words clearly convey the meaning we intend them to.
Local = seasonal but seasonal does not always equal local.
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<urn:uuid:74d06690-7db4-44cf-9a91-b46b700b612d>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://happyfood-funnyfarm.blogspot.com/2009/01/local-seasonal.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319933.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622234435-20170623014435-00041.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.989686
| 340
| 2.515625
| 3
|
Mocking is a process used in unit testing when the unit being tested has external dependencies. The purpose of mocking is to focus on the code being tested and not on the behavior or state of external dependencies. In mocking, the dependencies are replaced by closely controlled replacements objects that simulate the behavior of the real ones. There are three main types of replacement objects - stubs, fakes and mocks.
Fakes: Fakes replace the actual code by implementing the same interface but without interacting with other objects. The problem Fakes introduce is they are hard coded to return fixed results and in order to test for different use cases a lot of Fakes must be introduced. Tests become hard to understand and maintain since the tests require a lot of Fakes as well as “else” statements to cover all possible statements.
Stubs: Stubs are similar to Fakes because they return prerecorded answers to calls. However, the difference is that by using a mocking framework you can create the Stub in the test with a minimal amount of code. Thus, it becomes clear how the dependency will respond and how the tested system should behave.
Mocks: Mocks have all the advantages of Stubs but also provide the option to specify behavior by setting an expectation on how many times a method must be executed. While Stubs are simple substitutes, Mocks are substitutes that can verify usage.
For more information on the differences between stubs, fakes and mocks read the Fakes, Stubs and Mocks blog post.
More practical examples on how to get started mocking can be found in the Doing Your First Mock blog post
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<urn:uuid:f8c507a6-0d1d-45aa-9c9d-5b3a08a5a370>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.telerik.com/products/mocking/unit-testing.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319933.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622234435-20170623014435-00041.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947981
| 330
| 3.828125
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|
Difference between accept and except
accept vs except:
The words accept and except can be quite confusing in terms of pronunciation as there is a fairly large chance of the two words being misheard and mispronounced because of the similarity of the phonology of the two words. Therefore, the distinguishing of the difference between the two words is of great importance.
What is accept?
The word came in to use in the English language through Middle English from the Latin word acceptare, which is considered as a form of the verb accipere (ad + capere), which denotes the meaning “to receive.” The word accept has several meanings. It can mean holding something as true or to validate something. It is the opposite of ‘reject’ and can be used both as a transitive verb and an intransitive verb. For example one can say
I accept that you are tired, but I do not accept laxity.
The honorable judge accepted the defence lawyer’s argument as true.
It can also denote receiving something willingly. For example,
Sarah accepted the offer with great joy
My parents accepted her as their daughter in law quite happily.
Accept can also denote answering in the affirmative to a certain invitation or a gesture. For example,
The principal accepted our invitation graciously.
What is except?
The word except too came in to being through Middle English from the Latin word exceptus, which is a form of the verb excipere (ex + capere), which denotes “to exclude.” The word except is commonly used as a preposition while it also can be used as a transitive and intransitive verb as well as a conjunction. While the transitive meaning of except is stated as to exclude, the intransitive meaning of the word is stated as to object which is not so much in use.
Except generally means to exclude. For example,
My father brought gifts for everybody except for my sister who has been very naughty.
It can also denote the meaning “other than”. For example
Except the fact that I am tired, I am quite happy.
Except can also be used as a verb in the sense of “to leave out or to exclude”. For example,
Children are excepted from this rule.
What is the difference between except and accept?
The words accept and except are not hard to differentiate in terms of meaning if not for their similar sounding pronunciation due to which it is prone to be misheard and therefore misunderstood. While the word accept bears the meaning of ‘to receive willingly’, the word except has the meaning ‘to exclude’
Both can be used as transitive and intransitive verbs and both words are derived from Latin words. And yet, they bear very different meanings. For example one can say,
I accept the fact that I was angry, but I am willing to go ahead with the plans except the one that you introduced right now.
Excepting the previous accusations that my honorable colleague has presented to this court, I accept that the defendant is guilty of stealing from the lady.
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<urn:uuid:1d55c21e-3f7a-44bb-b321-9b458c2056ba>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.wikidifference.com/difference-between-accept-and-except/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319933.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622234435-20170623014435-00041.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.97552
| 649
| 3.453125
| 3
|
Creation and the Revelation of God
By Ellen G. White
In the garden of Eden the existence of God was demonstrated in the objects of nature that surrounded them. Every tree of the garden spoke to them. The invisible things of God were clearly seen, being understood by the things which were made, even His eternal power and Godhead. . . .
The things of nature upon which we look today give us but a faint conception of Eden's beauty and glory; yet the natural world, with unmistakable voice, proclaims the glory of God. In the things of nature, marred as they are by the blight of sin, much that is beautiful remains. One omnipotent in power, great in goodness, in mercy, and love, has created the earth, and even in its blighted state it inculcates truths in regard to the skilful Master Artist.
In this book of nature opened to us—in the beautiful, scented flowers, with their varied and delicate coloring—God gives to us an unmistakable expression of His love. After the transgression of Adam, God might have destroyed every opening bud and blooming flower, or He might have taken away their fragrance, so grateful to the senses. In the earth, seared and marred by the curse, in the briers, the thistles, the thorns, the tares, we may read the law of condemnation; but in the delicate color and perfume of the flowers, we may learn that God still loves us, that His mercy is not wholly withdrawn from the earth.
Nature is filled with spiritual lessons for mankind. The flowers die only to spring forth into new life; and in this we are taught the lesson of the resurrection. All who love God will bloom again in the Eden above. But nature can not teach the lesson of the great and marvelous love of God. Therefore, after the fall, nature was not the only teacher of man. In order that the world might not remain in darkness, in eternal spiritual night, the God of nature met us in Jesus Christ. The Son of God came to the world as the revelation of the Father. He was that "true Light, which lighteth every man that cometh into the world." We are to behold "the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ." . . .
The psalmist says: "The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament showeth his handiwork. Day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto night showeth knowledge. There is no speech nor language, where their voice is not heard." Some may suppose that these grand things in the natural world are God. They are not God. All these wonders in the heavens are only doing the work appointed them. They are the Lord's agencies. God is the superintendent, as well as the Creator, of all things. The divine Being is engaged in upholding the things that He has created. The same hand that holds the mountains and balances them in position, guides the worlds in their mysterious march around the sun. . . .
Those who think they can obtain a knowledge of God aside from His Representative, whom the Word declares is "the express image of his person," will need to become fools in their own estimation before they can be wise. It is impossible to gain a perfect knowledge of God from nature alone; for nature itself is imperfect. In its imperfection it can not represent God, it can not reveal the character of God in its moral perfection. But Christ came as a personal Saviour to the world. He represented a personal God. As a personal Saviour, He ascended on high; and He will come again as He ascended to heaven—a personal Saviour. He is the express image of the Father's person. "In him dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead bodily."
Originally published in Review and Herald, Nov. 8, 1898.
Visit CreationSabbath.net for resources related to “Creation Sabbath,” Oct. 24, 2009.
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<urn:uuid:b700d11d-1456-4220-8684-4f0817c0cdb6>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://whiteestate.org/message/message.asp
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320130.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623184505-20170623204505-00122.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964059
| 834
| 2.53125
| 3
|
Warmer And Warmer
14 September, 2010
Are the heat waves really getting more extreme? This question popped up after the summer of 2003 in Europe, and yet again after this hot Russian summer. The European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), which normally doesn’t make much noise about climate issues, has since made a statement about July global mean temperature being record warm:
Consistent with widespread media reports of extreme heat and adverse impacts in various places, the latest results from ERA-Interim indicate that the average temperature over land areas of the extratropical northern hemisphere reached a new high in July 2010. May and June 2010 were also unusually warm.
Here, the ERA-Interim, also referred to as ‘ERAINT’, is the ECMWF’s state-of-the-art reanalysis. But the ERAINT describes the atmospheric state only since 1989, and in isolation, it is not the ideal data set for making inferences about long-term climate change because it doesn’t go all that far back in time. However, the statement also draws on the longer reanalysis known as the ERA40 re-analysis, spanning the time interval 1957-2002. Thus, taken into context of ERA40, the ECMWF has some legitimacy behind their statement.
The ERAINT reanalysis is a product of all suitable measurements fed into a model of the atmosphere, describing all the known relevant physical laws and processes. Basically, reanalyses represent the most complete and accurate picture that we can give for the day-to-day atmosphere, incorporating all useful information we have (satellites, ground observations, ships, buoys, aircrafts, radiosondes, rawinsondes). They can also be used to reconstruct things at finer spatial and temporal scales than is possible using met station data, based on physical rules provided by weather models.
The reanalyses are closely tied to the measurements at most locations where observations – such as 2-meter temperature, T(2m), or surface pressure – are provided and used in the data assimilation. Data assimilation is a way of making the model follow the observations as closely as possible at the locations where they are provided, hence constraining the atmospheric model. The constraining of the atmospheric model affect the predictions where there are no observations because most of the weather elements – except for precipitation – do not change abruptly over short distance (mathematically, we say that they are described by ’spatially smooth and slowly changing functions’).
There are also locations – notably the in the Polar regions and over Africa – where ground-based measurements are sparse, and where much is left for the weather models to predict without observational constraints. In such regions, the description may be biased by model shortcomings, and different reanalysis may provide a different regional picture of the surface conditions. Surface variables such as T(2m) are strongly affected by their environment, which may be represented differently in different weather models (e.g. different spatial resolution implies different altitudes) and therefore is a reason for differences between reanalyses.
Furthermore, soil moisture may affect T(2m), linking temperature to precipitation. The energy flow (heat fluxes) between the ground/lakes/sea and the atmosphere may also affect surface temperatures. However, both precipitation and heat fluxes are computed by the reanalysis atmosphere model without direct constraints, and are therefore only loosely tied to the observations fed into the models. Furthermore, both heat fluxes and precipitation can vary substantially over short distances, and are often not smooth spatial functions.
While the evidence suggesting more extremely high temperatures are mounting over time, the number of resources offering data is also growing. Some of these involve satellite borne remote sensing instruments, but many data sets do not incorporate such data.
In the book “A Vast Machine“, Paul N. Edwards discusses various types of data and how all data involve some type of modelling, even barometers and thermometers. It also provides an account on the observational network, models, and the knowledge we have derived from these. Myles Allen has written a review of this book in Nature, and I have reviewed it for Physics World (subscription required for both).
All data need to be screened though a quality control, to eliminate misreadings, instrument failure, or other types of errors. A typical screening criterion is to check whether e.g. the temperature estimated by satellite remote sensing is unrealistically high, but sometimes such screening may also throw out valid data, such as was the case of the Antarctic ozone hole. Such post-processing is done differently in analyses, satellite measurements, and reanalyses.
The global mean temperature estimated from the ERAINT, however, is not very different from other analyses or reanalyses (see figure below) for the time they overlap. We also see a good agreement between the ERA40 reanalysis, the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, and the traditional datasets – analyses – of gridded temperature (GISTEMP, HadCRUT3v, NCDC).
Do the ERAINT and ERA40 provide a sufficient basis for making meaningful inferences about extreme temperatures and unprecedented heat waves? An important point with reanalyses, is that the model used doesn’t change over the time spanned by the analysis, but reanalyses are generally used with caution for climate change studies because the number and type of observations being fed into the computer model changes over time. Changes in the number of observations and instruments is also an issue affecting the more traditional analyses.
Since the ERAINT only goes as far back as 1989, it involves many modern satellite-borne remote sensing measurements, and it is believed that there are less problems with observational network discontinuity after this date than in the earlier days. It may be more problematic studying trends in the ERA40 data, due to huge improvements in the observational platforms between 1958 and now. Hence, it is important also to look at individual long-term series of high quality. These series have to be ‘homogeneous’, meaning that they need to reflect the local climate variable consistently through its span, not being affected by changes in the local environment, instrumentation, and measurement practices.
An analysis I published in 2004, looking at how often record-high monthly temperatures recur, indicated that record-breaking monthly mean temperature have been more frequent that they would have been if the climate were not getting hotter. This analysis supports the ECMWF statement, and was based on a few high-quality temperature series scattered across our planet, chosen to be sufficiently far from each other to minimize mutual dependencies that can bias the analysis.
The ECMWF provides data for some climate indices, such as the global mean temperature, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has a web site for extreme temperatures and precipitation around the world with an interactive map, showing the warmest and coldest sites on the continents. Another useful tool is the KNMI ClimateExplorer, where people can both access data and carry out different analyses on line. It is also possible to get climate data on your iPhone/iPod Touch throug Apps like Climate Mobile.
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<urn:uuid:161fcc8a-bd31-449e-89e9-b0b187b614b8>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.countercurrents.org/rc140910.htm
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320130.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623184505-20170623204505-00122.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946662
| 1,478
| 3.1875
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|
The current world population of over seven billion has necessitated discussion to find ways to be smarter about producing, eating, sharing and preserving food. At the recent “Eating Planet” symposium in New York, the World Watch Institute and the Barilla Center for Food and Nutrition assembled a panel of farming and food policy experts to share their findings and statistics on this subject. Research indicates that there are more than one billion obese and overfed people on the planet. Many of these people are impacted by the adverse health issues associated with obesity, such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, just to name a few. On the other hand, there are more than one billion people on this planet who are underfed and must struggle with poverty and hunger on a regular basis. Amazingly, agriculture is the solution to both of these problems.
Growing indigenous crops empowers any group of people to be independent. Also, the most sustainable foods on the planet yield the lowest carbon footprint. A plant-based diet consisting of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, beans, nuts and seeds are vital to our health. Conversely, a diet rich in meat relies on the use of the life-sustaining grains that are so beneficial to people, and in turn, its consumption adversely affects our health. The transportation costs required to get meat to communities, along with the fuel expenses, preservation costs, etc., also negatively impact the environment.
We would be doing ourselves and the planet a big favor by reducing our meat consumption and increasing our consumption of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, etc. Making contributions to funds that educate underfed populations to grow indigenous crops also is something to consider. Face it, our population is growing, but our planet is not getting bigger. Let’s work together to make a difference. Live green, be green.
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<urn:uuid:aca3bf3e-7527-4d50-a9a2-715bfc887160>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.livegreenbegreen.com/2012/07/09/green-nutrition-nourishes-the-planet/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320130.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623184505-20170623204505-00122.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948775
| 370
| 3.28125
| 3
|
Click on the audio player above to hear this interview.
Last year, the Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights found that black students are, on average, three times more likely to be suspended or expelled compared to their white peers.
A number of school districts have tried to cut down on their suspension rate, particularly schools in Mississippi—the Southern state with the largest black-to-white student suspension ratio. Eli Hager, reporter for The Marshall Project, explains that teachers in under-funded Mississippi schools often resort to corporal punishment or "alternative" schools to cope with students who act out.
While some schools are focusing on criminal justice, a handful of schools around the country are turning to a different form of justice to solve their suspension problems: Restorative justice.
Leaders High School in Brooklyn, New York, looked at the data showing which students were being suspended. Rather than sticking police officers in classrooms, the school decided to empower teachers and students to solve disputes through mediation sessions and developing a strong sense of community.
While their restorative justice programs have been developing and evolving over the past three years, they've already seen a nearly 70 percent decrease in disputes and incidents, and zero suspensions so far this year.
David O'Hara is a principal at Leaders High School, which is a New York City Outward Bound School. After years of administering detentions and suspensions as both a teacher and principal, he helped develop the school's restorative justice programs. Felicia Harper, the school's counselor, also joins The Takeaway to discuss the programs.
What you'll learn from this segment:
- How criminal justice tactics are used inside the classroom.
- Why restorative justice practices like mediation have successfully reduced suspension rates.
- How teachers and students view each approach.
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<urn:uuid:5b6975f7-8bab-47d0-8279-b41265f5ecdc>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.wnyc.org/story/school-discipline-corporal-punishment-mediation/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320130.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623184505-20170623204505-00122.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960138
| 367
| 3.265625
| 3
|
Although the recipe was known before the 1800's, rose petal beads became popular during the Victorian's memento mori phase. Made from flower petals that have been repeatedly cooked down and blended, the paste is then rolled into beads to dry. It is a labor-intensive process that produces little output for the amount of plant material required. However, this semester, I had an assistant to help. The resulting beads will be used as components in a jewelry line available spring 2017.
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<urn:uuid:be126baa-1351-4fb4-b929-36573553e28c>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.ooleyart.com/ooley-news/2016/11/15/rose-petal-beads-1
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320263.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624133941-20170624153941-00202.warc.gz
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en
| 0.97964
| 98
| 2.828125
| 3
|
Polytheism - General Overview
Polytheism is the belief in and worship of many gods. Typically, these gods are distinguished by particular functions, and often take on human characteristics. This was particularly true in ancient Greece and Rome. In other polytheistic cultures such as ancient Egypt, gods take on the form and characteristics of objects found in nature, including trees, sacred herbs, cattle, animals and animal--human hybrids.
The belief in multiple gods is probably the result of an earlier belief in vaguely defined spirits, demons and other supernatural forces. These belief systems are similar to animism, ancestor worship and totemism. However, in polytheism, these supernatural forces are personified and organized into a cosmic family. This "family" becomes the nucleus of a particular culture's belief system. The family of gods was used to explain natural phenomena and to establish a culture's role in the universe. Typically, the number of gods would expand as the culture's belief system developed, eventually resulting in a hierarchical system of deities. Over time, the lesser gods would diminish in stature or vanish altogether.
Polytheism - Ancient World
Polytheism was wide spread in the ancient world. The Egyptians had a highly developed belief system that was based on multiple gods. These gods were the cornerstone of Egyptian culture and still fascinate us today. The ancient Greeks also had an intricate system of myths based on multiple deities. The Greek gods often took on human forms and personalities, and in many cases, directly interfered with human activities. When the Roman Empire conquered the Greeks, the Romans assimilated much of the Greek polytheistic culture. Over time, as Rome's influence spread, it absorbed other gods from the other cultures that it conquered. In addition to Egypt, Greece and Rome, polytheism was widespread in ancient Asian, African, European and Native American cultures.
Polytheism - Modern World
Polytheism still represents much of the world today. Except for the monotheistic (belief in one God) religions of Christianity, Judaism and Islam, most of the world's religions are overwhelmingly polytheistic. Polytheism characterizes the beliefs of Hinduism, Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism and Shintoism in the East, and also contemporary tribal religions in Africa and the Americas. These religions are widely practiced throughout the world and remain very popular in their ancestral areas.
Some polytheistic beliefs are also popular in today's Western Civilization. This appears to be a result of increased immigration of Eastern cultures and the mainstream popularity of New Age pluralism. Unlike Christian, Jewish and Islamic doctrine, there is rarely an absolute truth associated with polytheistic thinking. Ideas of morality (notions of right and wrong) are relative to the individual or culture. Each believer is free to worship the god of his or her choice in the manner of his or her liking. As a result, each person is free to behave as he or she sees fit. Although polytheistic systems provide flexibility and a relativistic lack of accountability, they often leave followers with no sense of ultimate purpose and no prospect for eternal hope. Monotheistic faiths such as Christianity teach that absolute truth is reality, mankind is on earth for a purpose, and eternal salvation is possible for those seeking a reconciled relationship with the one true God.
What is your response?
Yes, today I am deciding to follow Jesus
Yes, I am already a follower of Jesus
I still have questions
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<urn:uuid:bfa9d845-73e6-46d4-9f88-9576aa69760d>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.allabouthistory.org/polytheism.htm
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Mubarak Al-Sabah : The Foundation of Kuwait
Üye Girişi yapın, temin süresi ve fiyatını size bildirelim.
Üye Girişi yapın, sizi bu ürün stoklarımıza girdiğinde bilgilendirelim.
Temin süremiz 28 - 42 iş günü
Yayıncı I.B. Tauris ( 04 / 2014 ) ISBN 9781780764542 | Ciltli | 16x24x3,4 cm. | İngilizce | 304 Sayfa | Türler Politika - Dünya
Amidst political upheaval and the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the State of Kuwait emerged as an independent country under British protection in 1899, with Sheikh Mubarak Al Sabah widely accredited as the instrument of its foundation. But the path to power for Mubarak was not a simple or smooth one. The author here presents an original perspective on the difficulties and controversies surrounding Mubarak's ascension. With unparalleled insights and access to original sources she reveals the life, personality and politics of a man who, determined to secure a distinctive Kuwaiti state, helped to shape the modern Middle East. This biography provides a comprehensive overview of a time of significant political and social change in the Gulf when development, diplomacy, economics, finance and trade were both routes to political independence
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According to the French poet and novelist Arséne Houssaye, he said that if one could tell him his lover then he would be able to tell the type of person you are. The quote by Arséne Houssaye sounds like a cliché but the object of desire of an individual tells more about the individual rather than the object of desire. In the research conducted using the book The Epic of Gilgamesh and Anowa by Ama Ata Aidoo the statement will be analyzed to show how the individual’s object of desire can tell more about them.
According to the book, The Epic of Gilgamesh the king of Uruk, Gilgamesh a combination of both gods and mortals. The king is a zealous builder who builds a wall around the city of Uruk (Nancy pg10) and erects the temple towers known as ziggurats. The king suffers from immoderation. Unable to moderate in his activities this makes him a fiercest warrior and the most ambitious of builders.
Gilgamesh has no compassion for the people of the kingdom of Uruk. The desire to kill the sons of the people of Uruk and the raping of their daughters clearly show the lack of compassion in the individual. His lack of compassion for the people of Uruk is so great it forces the gods to create Enkidu his equal half man and half god “let them contend together and leave Uruk in quite” (Nancy pg 62)
According to the book Anowa by Ama Ata Aidoo Anowa shows compassion for her husband Kofi Ako. When her parents do not agree with the choice of a spouse Anowa gets frustrated and leaves with her husband Kofi Ako. Fear of death is exhibited in both books as we see Gilgamesh on the death of Enkidu Gilgamesh is horrified and weeps deeply as he thinks about the prospects of his death in the near future. Gilgamesh leads out to the end of the world in search of the answers about eternal life. When he learns about his mortality the king of Uruk heads back to the land of Uruk where he becomes a better king after coming to peace with his pending death.
In the book Anowa by Ama Ata Aidoo we see Anowa afraid of her death and talks about it frequently as she says she does not see herself in the future. The women tell her it is due to lack of children since women with children can see themselves in the future. This causes Anowa to ask her husband Kofi to marry a second wife so that he can sire a child with her. This shows that everyone is afraid of something. Despite Gilgamesh being a great warrior who has fought many battles still the thought of death scares him to a point of going to search for the answers of eternal life. Anowa is scared of death to a point where despite eloping wit her husband she is willing to have him marry a second wife. This shows despite being rich and having slaves she fares her own death (Aidoo pg 55).
Slavery or servant ship is rampant in both texts and shows that individuals love to be in power. Gilgamesh builds a wall and temple towers in the city of Uruk. He does so by the use of forced labor and the help of slaves. When Enkidu first come he served more as a servant to Gilgamesh rather than an equal. Anowa being born and breed as an African woman she was accustomed to hard labor and endless chores. But with her rise in wealth and social status she decides to buy slaves to do her work. This shows that the Anowa loves to be in power hence the desire for slaves (Aidoo pg 40).
Enkidu is a hard worker and a lucky man. He was fashioned entirely from clay just like the other human beings. Enkidu was raised by animals hence he was crude. From a humble man he works his way up to the top of the social ladder. The help of the favor from the gods to make him an equal of Gilgamesh shows the aspect of lack in him. In the book Anowa by Ama Ata Aidoo we see that Anowa and Kofi are both hard workers. With their desire of a better life and children the two are seen to do whatever it takes to succeed in life and to attain their set goals (Aidoo pg67). This is seen as the start of the book Anowa searches for her own husband. They begin the life together as they struggle and eventually become wealthy and own slaves.
In both texts the people believe in a supernatural being. This shows the people have faith in them. According to the book The Epic of Gilgamesh we see the people of Uruk believing in gods which are supernatural beings. Gilgamesh who is more of a god than he is a man shows the people have faith. With the desire to be god like or the respect for gods shows the faith in the people. In the book Anowa by Ama Ata Aidoo when Anowa lacks a child, she blames it on supernatural factors (Aidoo pg 60). She points out that her problem has being caused by forces not of this earth and that the only way she can be able to get a child is by through a supernatural phenomenon
The books depict people as traitors of there people. The book Anowa by Ama Ata Aidoo Kofi is a traitor of his people as he engages in slave trade with the white people. He sells his kind to the white, as he is a traitor and a materialistic person who does not value his people. In the book, The Epic of Gilgamesh the king of Uruk is a traitor to his people. With the desire to have whatever he wants the Gilgamesh ends up raping the daughters of the people of Uruk at there wedding eves and raping the wives of fellow soldiers (Nancy pg45). Gilgamesh ends up using forced labor on the people of Uruk to have the temple towers and the wall build around the city of Uruk. The war that occur from time to time due to the kings violent nature end up killing the fathers of children of Uruk. This shows that the desire to have what one wants leads them to be traitors to there people. The materialism of Kofi and the immoderation of Gilgamesh turn them to traitors.
Both books show the characters ability to love. Gilgamesh in the book The Epic of Gilgamesh cries when Enkidu dies (Nancy pg 50). This is a sing of love as he grieves his loss of a friend and partner. In the book Anowa by Ama Ata Aidoo we see Anowa portray love for her husband and even is willing to leave her family just to be with him. The desire to be with someone in the both books show the ability to love by both individuals
From the analysis above we are able to see that a man can be defined by the object of his desire more than he can give about the object. The desire of objects and people in the two books give out the individuals characteristics.
Aidoo, Ama Ata. Anowa. Vol. 19. Longman Publishing Group, 1980.
Sandars, Nancy, ed. The epic of Gilgamesh. Penguin UK, 1972.
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Based upon the historical bandit Song Jiang and his companions, this Chinese equivalent of the English classic Robin Hood and His Merry Men is an epic tale of rebellion against tyranny and has been thrilling and inspiring readers for hundreds of years.
This edition of the classic J. H. Jackson translation features a new preface and introduction by Edwin Lowe, which gives the history of the book and puts the story into perspective for modern readers. First translated into English by Pearl S. Buck in 1933 as All Men Are Brothers, the original edition of the J.H. Jackson translation appeared under the title The Water Margin in 1937. In this updated edition, Edwin Lowe addresses many of the shortcomings found in the original J.H. Jackson translation, and replaces the original grit and flavor of Shuihui Zhuan found in Chinese versions, including the sexual seduction, explicit descriptions of brutality and barbarity, and the profane voices of the thieving, scheming, drinking, fighting, pimping lower classes of Song Dynasty China. Similarly, the Chinese deities, Bodhisattvas, gods and demons have reclaimed their true names, as has the lecherous, over-sexed and ill-fated Ximen Qing. All of which was sanitized out when first published in 1937. While Chinese in origin, the themes of The Water Margin are universal enough that it has served as a source of inspiration for numerous movies, television shows and video games up to the present day.
[AMAZONPRODUCTS asin="0804840954"]Enter your email address to subscribe to China-underground and receive notifications of new posts by email.
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The longest river on the planet, the Nile flows from the heart of a continent uniting mountain, jungle, marsh and desert. But for such a huge and powerful river, the Nile has been reluctant to give up its secrets. Throughout history, mankind has struggled to understand it. The Ancient Egyptians thought it was magical - a gift of the gods, whilst obsessive Victorian explorers endured unimaginable hardships in their search for its source. Nile reveals the true nature of the river and the reasons behind its magic - a magnificent and diverse mosaic of strange places and fascinating animals, stretching far back into some of the remotest corners of Africa.
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Nanotechnology is concerned with materials at the nanometre (o.000 000 001m) scale, and is expected to be the basis of many of the key innovations of the 21st century. It bridges all aspects of science, touching medicine, physics, engineering and chemistry, and promises the development of new processes and materials with unique properties. IOM is at the centre of the European research initiative to ensure that new nanomaterials are safe.
Our researchers work closely with the SAFENANO team in providing services to industry and others.
Exposure to engineered nanomaterials
IOM has expertise in measuring and estimating the airborne concentration of nanoparticles using mathematical models. We have state-of-the-art portable instrumentation and laboratory space for conducting controlled experiments on nanomaterials often related to consumer products.
Potential hazards from nanomaterials
We have a team of particle and fibre toxicologists and other scientists working on improving our understanding of the hazard from nanomaterials. Our research ranges from particle characterisation, through modelling of the dose at critical target organs, to the interpretation of the results of toxicology tests using sophisticated statistical analysis. Our data scientists have helped build databanks containing extensive research outputs.
Through our research (see www.enpra.eu) we have been developing a novel integrated approach for risk assessment of nanomaterials. We have adapted the traditional chemical risk assessment approach to be relevant to nanoparticles. This approach relies upon hazard Identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment along with risk characterisation and risk management.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a method for estimating and assessing the resource usage and environmental and health impacts attributable to the entire life cycle of a product - from raw material extraction, through material production and manufacturing, to use and to end-of-life treatment and final disposal. Use of a "life cycle approach" in relation to nanotechnology can help identify where the maximum health impact could occur, providing the opportunity for process or design modifications to minimise these impacts.
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Easy to prepare Mexican Recipes
adapted for child-friendly preparations
Below is one of many easy to prepare Mexican Recipes. This is simplified for the little hands. Minimal adult assistance is required for preparations and supervision. Helping in the kitchen and preparing a meal is an opportunity for preschool learning. See how you can have your child learn math, language, as he builds his self-confidence and enhances his motor skills.
Learn more about it in : Cooking for kids
The easiest of Mexican Recipes would be making these Tortilla Flowers. This is one of the many preschool activities that you can apply to your preschool curriculum. It is easy, fun and captivating.
TOSTITOS TORTILLA FLOWERS
- 1 pkg Baked Tostitos Scoops
- 1 bottle Tostitos Mild Salsa
- Coriander / Cilantro Leaves (for garnishing)
- Count the number of tostitos shells / scoops required
- Place them in a tray in rows or groups
- Spend some time talking about groupings - (math concept)
- Scoop a tablespoon of salsa into each shell slowly avoiding spills
- Break the Coriander /cilantro leaves off the stalk - giving opportunity for counting exercise
- Put a little coriander / cilantro to make the center of the flower. (may use green peas, radish, mini tomatoes...etc
- Carry the tray and serve everyone without the contents sliding off.
Substitutes for Tostitos Scoops:
you may use slices of bread, butter bottom side - stuff them into a muffin tray and bake it for 10 mins or till brown. It forms lovely flower shape scoops just the same. If bread is old, wet it a little with water. Fresh bread is ideal.
Substitutes for Tostitos Salsa Sauce:
you may use any left over spagetti minced meat, add a little more ketchup to it. If you are using bread as the base, you can use tuna, ham, cheese....actually, most leftovers do well....etc
With these substitutes, your meal would have been transformed from Mexican Recipes to "Food Recycled Recipes"
Serving Tostitos is a great motor skill test / exercise as it requires the children to carry the tray upright. Tostitos slide off easily from the tray and it is a great self check / control. Kids will naturally be more cautious. Even with a spill, it does not take much effort to clean up, and it is absolutely safe.
QUICK & EASY QUESADILLAS
- 1/2 cup salsa
- 2 TBsp Sour Cream
- 8 (6 inch) tortillas
- 3/4 lb cooked sliced chicken
- 1 cup shredded cheese
Additional tips for preschoolers
- Mix salsa and sour cream in a bowl
- Spread the mixture onto a tortilla with a butter knife
- Fold the tortilla into half and open it again to form a creased line
- Place some chicken slices onto one half of the tortilla
- Top with shredded cheese
- Fold the tortilla
- Place in a microwave and cook for 30 seconds or till cheese melt.Alternatively, use a toaster oven or grill.
- Optional- cut each quesadilla into quarters or thirds
Allow the kids to use a small shredder to shred the cheese. If your kids have not used a shredder before, explain that it can cut like a knife. Teach them to hold the block of cheese at the top and constantly turn the block to check the position of the thumb to ensure that it is not too close to the blades.
For very young preschoolers, use a bar of soap to practice. They love the fragrance as the soap is being grated. You can also add water to the grated soap and use it for cleaning.
How cooking can help your preschool child in Math & Language
Crafts with Pasta
More Preschool Activities
Play dough Recipes
Sign up here for free Preschool Resource Newsletter
Go to top of page - Mexican Recipes
Return to Homepage
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In this article we will learn about the parallel operation of transformer, we will learn how to connect two transformers in parallel. Will also learn condition of parallel operation of transformer.
Parallel operation of transformer
Parallel operation, it means simply that two or more transformers are connected to the same supply bus bars on the primary side and to a common or same bus bar or load on the secondary side.
Such requirement is frequently encountered in practice. The reasons that necessitate parallel operation are as follows.
Reason of parallel operation of transformer
These are some reason of parallel operation of transformer. Form this we can understand that why we need parallel operation transformer.
1. Non-availability of a single large transformer to meet the total load requirement.
2. The power demand might have increased over a time necessitating augmentation of the capacity.
More transformers connected in parallel will then be pressed into service.
3. To ensure improve reliability. Even if one of the transformers gets into a fault or is taken out for maintenance or repair, the load can continued to be serviced.
4. To reduce the spare capacity. if many smaller size transformers are used, one transformer can be used as spare. If only one large transformer is feeding the load, a spare of similar rating has to be available. The problem of spares becomes more acute to transport smaller ones to site and work them in parallel.
5. When transportation problems limit installation of large transformers at site, it may be easier to transport smaller ones to site and work them in parallel.
According to figure the physical arrangement of two single phase transformer s working in parallel on the primary side. Transformer A and transformer B are connected to input voltage bus bars .ascertaining the polarities they are connected to output of load bus bars. Certain conditions have to be met before two or more transformers are connected in parallel and share a common load satisfactorily.
these are also some essential condition of parallel operation of transformer
1. Both transformer voltage ratio is same
2. The per unit impedance of each transformer is also must be same
3. Both transformer polarity also must be same , so that there is no circulating current between the transformers.
4. Both transformer phase sequence must be same and no phase difference must exit between the voltages of the transformers.
These condition is mostly required for parallel operation of transformer(single phase).
Condition of parallel operation of transformer
1. Same voltage ratio
Generally the voltage ratio and turns ratio are taken to be the same or similar. If the ratio is large, there can be considerable error in the voltages even if the turn’s ratios are the similar. When the primaries are connected to similar bus bars, if the secondary do not show the similar voltage, paralleling them would result in a circulating current between the secondary’s. Reflected circulating current will be there on the primary side also. So it is required for parallel operation of transformer.
2. Per unit impedance
Transformers of different ratings may be required to operate in parallel. If they have to share the total load in proportion to their ratings the larger transformer has to draw more current. The voltage drop across each transformer has to be the same by virtue of their connection at the input and the output ends. Thus the larger transformers have smaller impedance and smaller transformer s have larger ohmic impedance. Thus the impedance's must be in the inverse ratios off the ratings. As the voltage drops must be the same, the per unit impedance of each transformer on its own base, must equal. In addition, if active and reactive power is required to be shared in proportion to the ratings, the impedance and per unit reluctance of both the transformers must be the same for proper load sharing.
3. Polarity of connection
The polarity of connection in the case of single phase transformer can be either same or opposite. Inside the loop formed by the two voltages get added and short circuit results. In the case of polyphone banks, it is possible to have permanent phase error between the phases with substantial turns ratios in such groups can be adjusted to give very close voltage ratios but phase errors cannot be compensated. Phase error of .6 degree gives rise to one percent difference in voltage. Hence, poly phase transformers polarity connection must proper. It is most required for parallel operation of transformer.
4. Phase sequence
The phase sequence of operationbecomes relevant only in the case of poly systems. The poly phase banks belonging to same vector group can be connected in parallel. A transformer with +30 degree phase angle however can be paralleled with the one with -30 degree phase angle, the phase sequence is reversed for one of them both at primary and secondary terminals..
hence these are some condition of parallel operation of transformer if you will fined any incorrect above please comment below.
For knowing more about the parallel operation of transformer please sea this video.
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