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[ View the story "Beyond a Black History Month" on Storify] Beyond a Black History Month In the US, African-American history comes but once a year.
The Stream· Mon, Feb 04 2013 11:08:39
Black History Month is a time of the year that focuses on the achievements of African Americans and their role in the making of American history.
Notable figures like Martin Luther King Jr. are recognized every year for their contributions to the civil rights movement.
MLK "I Have a Dream": High School Studentscollegegirlfiles
Rosa Parks, a civil rights activist who was arrested after refusing to give up her seat for a white man, is also one of the month's most celebrated figures.
Tribute to Rosa Parks for Black History Monththecausecc
But not everyone in the black community agrees with the idea of having one month devoted to the celebration of African American heritage.
In a famous interview with 60 Minutes, actor Morgan Freeman tells CBS' Mike Wallace that he objects to the idea of Black History Month.
Freeman On Black HistoryCBS News
In the video below, American blogger Akilah Hughes shares her personal thoughts and experiences with Black History Month.
Why I Hate Black History Monthsmoothiefreak
Despite achievements in civil rights and racial equality, some African Americans still express pessimism over the future of race relations, as a recent poll by
demonstrates. In 2011, the percentage of people of all races who believed race relations will continue to be a problem in the US was 46%.
Title- Will Race Relations Always be a Problem?AJstream
The same Gallup poll found that African-Americans were more pessimistic than white people on the future of race relations as is shown by the two graphs below.
Will Race Relations be always a problem? (Blacks) GallupAJstream
Will Race Relations between whites and blacks always a problem? GallupAJstream
Many African-Americans still face many disadvantages such as poverty, unemployment, and racial profiling.
The chart below from the
Pew Charitable Trusts
shows that African Americans are more likely to start at the bottom of economic distributions:
lack of social mobility. Pew CenterAJstream
from the US Census Bureau 2011 show that African American families have a higher percentage of poverty.
Black Poverty RatesAJstream
from ThinkProgress shows, unemployment rates have always been higher for African-Americans than the rates for whites.
African American Unemployment- Think ProgressAJstream
Racism Still Exists
, a citizen-lead, anonymous project devoted to "illuminating some of the ways in which racism operates in this country", provides info-graphics about ongoing racism towards ethnic minorities in the US.
RISE- Stop Being BlackAJstream
The info-graphic below shows that African-American students have higher suspension rates at schools.
RISE- Not Separate but UnequalAJstream
Netizens are sharing their views on the Black History Month, using the hashtag #myblackhistory:
We should embrace & celebrate other ppl's #Greatness 365 days of the year, not only during the month of Feb. #MyBlackHistory is everyday.RICHchicks
My dad went to segregated schools, started shining shoes at 10. Died as a VP at major corp & saw all his kids had a good ed. #myblackhistoryKimberly Adams
Happy Black History Month! (AKA the time when white people think they are really clever for asking why there is no White History Month).Nader
You'd think white people would be happy that there isn't a month to remind people of their history of colonialism, slavery and genocide.Nader
to be honest, I find black history month insulting .Spidey .
Happy Black History Month, maybe we can all accept that lightskin & darkskin is the same race? Just for the month, please? Lolthe goddaughter.
Black History Month, the only time some black people care about our illustrious history.Rudy Jenkins-Jones
This black history month, learn about the people you don't know a lot about. Go deeper than 'I have a dream.''NELL❤.
Happy Black History month to all my black followers. For all the stuff you're ancestors experienced in this country, you deserve recognitionJack DeVault
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Mondays – Fridays 7am – 5pm
During the formative age children embrace foundation skills, quest knowledge and build on their interest.
We offer a mixed group learning experience and caters to children
Ages 3months – 5 years
Infants3months – 23 months
Young Tots- 2 years old
Our young tots all have different personalities. Some are bashful, soft spoken, attached, tearful , mostly clothed in diapers (some are potty trained), they display little or no attention span, are often messy eaters, they will want to do things by themselves, yes they are curious and can easily get frustrated due to their inability to speak audible and effectively state their desires. Oh, they have an enormous desire to learn and discover their surroundings.
Luckily our program allows them to discovery, observe and engage in cooperative and parallel play with their peers. While we closely monitor children in our care to provide support and exploration, we also allow them to engage in unstructured play. This method gives them room to engage in activities that interest and stimulate them while learning at their own pace. Children participate in hands on activities allowing them to discover the cultural world around them through exploration.
Early Learners – 3 years old
Here comes autonomy. These little ones have drama and sound effects all over them. They will not stop until they get your attention. They are very quizzical, less reserved and will venture out to investigate and gain knowledge on their own. They are loving, empathetic, competitive -everything is ‘mine’ often when another peer attempts to play with a toy that was just idly sitting. These children will engage in friendship rivalry – sometimes to the point of not keeping their hands to themselves. Hmm, sharing with friends may be a stretch so lets say, they still do not like to share but, are learning the meaning of taking turns. Many at this age are already potty trained and wearing underwear, for those that aren’t then you will find them in Pull Ups.
Luckily our group allows these children to explore their own interest. We encourage children to take risks and try new activities however, offering nearby support. Children in this session learn to build self confidence, develop body awareness and learn skills that prepare them for more adventures. Our activities incorporate social, emotional and physical skills. We help children explore basic mathematics, number sense, earth science, visual arts, dramatic play and early literacy skills .
Pre-Kindergarten – 4 years – 5 years old
These children do not tire, they have an on going reservoir of energy that allows them to engage in dramatic plays, trips around the world, exploration and inventions. They usually love to be engaged all day – they do not like to take afternoon naps. To help their busy minds we allow them to read or manipulate puzzles during the scheduled daily naps. Most of these children are budding artists making beautiful representation drawings..yes stick people should be carefully interpreted. They love to engage in science projects, bake in the kitchen, help with younger children and most of all they love to be themselves. They use good manners especially table manners. Don’t be surprised if they ask for privacy while using the potty – yes they are fully potty trained.
Luckily our program help these children prepare for Kindergarten. We engage in building foundation skills like using the interactively fun Jolly Phonics early literacy program. We work one on one with children to help them communicate effectively, explore mathematics in shape, space and time. We help children learn to classify, compare and contrast. Our adventures have us exploring life science, earth science, creative arts, dramatic play, and music.
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- Full text PDF available (8)
On global and regional scales, earth observation (EO)-based estimates of leaf area index (LAI) provide valuable input to climate and hydrologic modelling, while fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) is a key variable in the assessment of vegetation productivity and yield estimates. Validation of moderate resolution imaging… (More)
A simple interpretation of the surface A simple interpretation of the surface temperature/vegetation index space for temperature/vegetation index space for assessment of surface moisture status assessment of surface moisture status
to build the look-up tables accompanying the algorithm. This strategy of validation efforts guiding algorithm refinements has led to progressively more accurate LAI products from the MODIS sensors aboard NASA's Terra and Aqua platforms.
Terre (SPOT) satellite. The aim of this paper is to evaluate two different vegetation indices of these new sensors; the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI). This is done by radiometric in situ measurements covering natural grass savanna in Senegal. Variations in the dynamic range of in situ NDVI was found… (More)
The Dahra field site in Senegal, West Africa, was established in 2002 to monitor ecosystem properties of semiarid savanna grassland and their responses to climatic and environmental change. This article describes the environment and the ecosystem properties of the site using a unique set of in situ data. The studied variables include hydroclimatic… (More)
—A modified version of the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) algorithm is presented for use in the angular normalization of surface reflectance data gathered by the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) aboard the geostationary Meteosat Second Generation (MSG)… (More)
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https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Inge-Sandholt/3204060
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An important element to the success of children in immersion programs is a positive parent attitude toward Spanish and the program.
Is immersion the right choice?
In answering this question, it is important to weigh the opportunities that you are offering your child through exposure to the Spanish language and its culture. Taking part in the Spanish immersion program is a unique learning experience. We encourage all interested parents to talk with Adams parents and teachers to determine if Adams is right for your child. It is important for parents to enter initial enrollment with the understanding that they are enrolling in a kindergarten-through-sixth grade program. It is not in the best interest of the child or the program for students to be enrolled for a one or two year “interesting experience”. The success of immersion education is best validated by sustained continuity and intensive experience in the immersion language.
Will the immersion students follow the same curriculum as the students in a regular English program?
The curriculum in immersion programs is the same as the curriculum in English only programs. Students receive the same instruction in the basic subjects: mathematics, reading, language arts, science, social studies, computer literacy etc. Adams uses a thematic approach to education, in which in any given year, one theme unites instruction in all subject areas.
What about reading in English?
Your child will be taught to read first in Spanish. You should not expect your child to read in English until instruction in reading and writing is provided in English, in the second grade. We ask that parents not attempt to formally teach their children to read in English. As children become ready to read in English on their own, parents should encourage this at home and deal with it in a relaxed and enjoyable manner.
What eventual effect does an immersion program have on children’s verbal and math skills in English?
Although there are certain lags in English language arts for the first few years of the program, children tend to make up these lags after formal English instruction is introduced. In addition, the research on this question is both voluminous and unequivocal: studies have consistently shown that by the end of the elementary grades, immersion students generally perform as well as and may even surpass comparable non-immersion students on measures in English of verbal and mathematical skills.
What about the first days in an immersion program?
For students beginning school in early immersion programs the only difference between the immersion class and the English-only class is that the teacher is using the second language. The children are made to feel secure through skillful instruction. After a few days they do not focus on the fact that the teacher is not speaking English.
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The Caravel was arguably the first efficient, truly oceanic ship in history; there have been some remarkable voyages don in other types of vessels through history before the advent of the caravel, like the viking voyages to Greenland and North America, and the trip around Africa made by some Phoenicians on the service of an Egyptian Pharaoh, but the caravel had, nevertheless a more significant impact because it was the ship that enabled Europeans to expand their empires overseas, changing the world's geopolitical and cultural map.
The caravel probably evolved from the dhouws and fishing boats
used during the middle ages; it was a Portuguese invention made in
Sagres under the auspices of Henry the Navigator.
From the dhow, the caravel inherited its triangular sails. These were
essential for allowing the ship without the need for rowing. Other ships
of the time, which used only one or two square sails, often required
rowing from their sailors in order to maneuver.
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Mrs. Mack: More Practice with Theme
Lesson 10 of 16
Objective: SWBAT read a book and identify the theme along with corresponding text evidence.
Going Over the Homework
When the students come to class today, we immediately go over the homework from yesterday. And the conversation comes up, as I hoped it would, that some of the themes from the homework didn't match what we did in class yesterday. I explain to the students that the list I gave them is not exhaustive, it's just a start of themes they will find in children's literature and that they should feel free to add other themes they come across to their notebook page.
Reading Mrs. Mack
Today we're going to read another Patricia Polacco book- Mrs. Mack and analyze the theme of it. This book is a bit different than the other books we've read in this unit. It is longer and has chapters of sorts, so it takes us a while to read and discuss it. I love this book so much though and the themes are plentiful!! I don't particularly care which theme the kiddos choose to apply to this book just so that the theme is correct and supported by text evidence.
After we read the book, it is time to hand out the graphic organizer. At this point, we're not necessarily writing about theme, just identifying it and supporting it with text evidence. After explaining the graphic organizer, it's time for students to choose a partner and go to work.
I pull a small group to work with my struggling readers in processing the information and completing the graphic organizer.
Which Theme Did You Choose?
After the working session, it is time to share the themes we came up with. Most pairs said that perseverance was the theme, but some said that friendship was the theme. There were some other answers that were less focused on the whole book, but rather focused on small parts of the book, so that was a good conversation to have.
Overall, in looking at the graphic organizers under the ELMO, the students did a good job of finding the theme and providing text evidence. I hope that in when they are assessed individually they do just as well!!
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- Robert Preidt
- Posted February 17, 2017
Vitamin D Pumps Up Muscles
THURSDAY, Feb. 16, 2017 (HealthDay News) -- High blood levels of "active" vitamin D may boost muscle strength, a new study suggests.
British investigators measured both inactive and active vitamin D levels, fat levels and muscle mass in 116 healthy adult volunteers, aged 20 to 74.
People with higher levels of active vitamin D in the blood had more lean muscle mass and bulk, the investigators found.
"By looking at multiple forms [of vitamin D] in the same study, we can say that it is a more complex relationship than previously thought," said study author Zaki Hassan-Smith, from the University of Birmingham.
"It may be that body fat is linked to increased levels of inactive vitamin D, but lean mass is the key for elevated levels of active vitamin D," Hassan-Smith said in a university news release.
"It is vital to understand the complete picture, and the causal mechanisms at work, so we can learn how to supplement vitamin D intake to enhance muscle strength," he said.
Previous research has linked inactive vitamin D with lack of muscle, the researchers noted.
"We have a good understanding of how vitamin D helps bone strength, but we still need to learn more about how it works for muscles," Hassan Smith said.
"When you look at significant challenges facing health care providers across the world, such as obesity and an aging population, you can see how optimizing muscle function is of great interest," he added.
Vitamin D is called the sunshine vitamin because the body produces it through exposure to the sun. The vitamin is also obtained from foods such as fatty fish, egg yolks, and fortified milk and cereals, as well as nutritional supplements.
The study findings were published online Feb. 15 in the journal PLOS One.
The Harvard School of Public Health has more on vitamin D.
SOURCE: University of Birmingham, news release, Feb. 15, 2017
Health News is provided as a service to Hudacko's Pharmacy site users by HealthDay. Hudacko's Pharmacy nor its employees, agents, or contractors, review, control, or take responsibility for the content of these articles. Please seek medical advice directly from your pharmacist or physician.
Copyright © 2017 HealthDay All Rights Reserved.
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A study done over the summer by Harvard and UC Berkley shows a map of upward mobility statistics in the United States. A story that was popular in the New York Times highlighted the fact that the Southeastern United States has a significantly lower rate of people who can rise out of poverty over their lifetime. Mississippi, Georgia and South Carolina in particular show that most counties have a less than 4% chance for children in the bottom fifth of income earners to rise to the top fifth.
The highest rates of upward mobility appear in areas of North Dakota, Utah, Wyoming and Nebraska. Most major metropolitan areas: New York, San Fransisco, etc. range from 9-11%, with the exception of Chicago at 6% and Atlanta at 4%. Rather than criticize the South and its sordid history, however, this study should be looked at as a tool for creating philanthropic opportunity.
As the benchmarks for the bottom and top fifths were set at national levels, it is easy to look at the map and say that jobs paying $70,000 or more to people under thirty are lower occurring in the South. The disparity, however, is difficult to argue with. Unemployment, for example, is thought to be about twice the rate for African Americans, the majority population in Georgia and Mississippi, as it is for white Americans. It is clear that the southern states need a restoration of education, industry and entrepreneurship.
Many advocates are using this data illustrate that the civil rights movement is still not finished. Minorities still have much lower access to higher education opportunities. Nonprofits should focus on mentorship, tutoring and youth action programs to help level the playing field.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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A network is a group of people and or organizations who gather intentionally around an idea, or set of ideas concerning things they are passionate about – to imaginatively and artfully liaise about, discuss, critique and brainstorm about those in order to find out how their pooled resources can be utilised in joint ways to innovatively implement those previously imagined ideas into practical action(s).
A network occurs when individual people come to accept that they need a community (and preferably “communitas”) and cooperation, and partnership with the others in order to mature their commonly reached proposals, visions and goals into the actualization of jointly preferred or envisaged actions and outcomes through (hopefully) healthy partnerships.
The Bible says, “Without a vision the people perish”. And converse logic would suggest that without passionate people who care, the vision perishes. A network needs more than just one person to be a network, but probably (preferably?) involves many joint stakeholders from both similar and dissimilar backgrounds. It accepts that in certain and perhaps many things in life, we just cannot do it all ourselves and need a community of others to assist us in achieving our end goals.
Networks can often be at their most creative best when they act counter-culturally to the dominant status quo cultures of impassibility and ambivalence.
Good networks are:
- hives of artistic and innovative imagination and ideas,
- commitment to sharing of combined/pooled resources among the participants in order to reach common goals and outcomes.
Grace and peace
Andrew Park ICDF Network Coordinator “Creative Arts & Social Concern”
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Unfortunately oil and gas do not exist is liquid pools underneath the earth’s surface. In fact, you could hold a rock containing oil in your hand and would not be able to see the oil.
Also Read:How oil and gas are formed
Important Properties of Rocks
Rock Formation Showing Strata For rocks to contain oil and gas they must have two very important properties. The rock must have a place for the oil and gas to be stored. These storage areas are called pores. These pores are not visible to the naked eye and must be viewed using a microscope. The number of pores that a rock contains indicates how much oil or gas can be stored. The more pores the more oil or gas that can be contained in the rock.
Scientists measure the amount of pore space by determining the rock’s porosity. Porosity is expressed as the volume percent of the rock that contains open space and can range from 5 to 30%.
Drawing Illustrating Porosity and Permeability
The greater the porosity, the more oil and gas can be stored in the rock. Porosity does not mean that there is oil or gas in the the rocks. In fact the pores could be filled with water.
Not only must the rocks have pores, the pores must be connected so that the oil and gas can move through the rock. Scientists measure the ability of oil and gas to move through rock by determining its permeablity.
Oil and gas in low permeability rock have difficulty moving out of the rock and into a well. Permeability is measured in thousandths of a darcy or millidarcys. Sandstone and carbonate rocks are generally the most porous and permeable rocks and are therefore where scientists usually find oil and gas.
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The United States is the world’s leading exporter of agricultural products, important to the U.S. economy, according to a report issued this week by the Joint Economic Committee of Congress and a news release by the U.S. Meat Export Federation.
The report, “The Economic Contribution of America’s Farmers and the Importance of Agricultural Exports,” notes that the United States exported a record $141.3 billion of agricultural products in 2012 and boasted a $38.5 billion trade surplus for the year for the agriculture sector.
While those totals are impressive, the report also notes that although agriculture has accounted for less than 5% of the United States’ gross domestic product (GDP) from 2007 through 2011, agricultural products as a share of total exports hovered around 10%.
“Exports are critical to the success of U.S. agriculture, and population and income growth in developing countries ensures that this will continue to be the case in the decades to come,” the report states. “Taking action to facilitate exports would help to strengthen the agricultural sector and promote overall economic growth.”
The report goes on to say that agricultural exporters often encounter trade barriers.
“Despite some progress, average agricultural tariffs remain substantially higher than those imposed on other products,” the report noted. “Moreover, unpredictable and unscientific applications of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures can create a significant burden for exporters, in particular for producers and processors of meat products.”
According to the report, pressing for lower tariffs on agricultural products – as well as ensuring that SPS measures are not used inappropriately to keep U.S. goods out of overseas markets – would help exporters.
The report recommends actions that Congress can take to facilitate export opportunities for America’s farmers, ranchers and agricultural producers, including:
- Enacting a long-term farm bill to provide a certainty for U.S. agriculture
- Pushing for provisions that reduce barriers to agricultural exports
- Promoting export opportunities for small and beginning farmers, ranchers and processors
The report cites the changing landscape for American agricultural exports over the past 20 years. Two decades ago, just 1% of U.S. agricultural export sales went to China. This total increased to 4% by 2002, but by 2012 China was the top destination for U.S. agricultural products, purchasing more than $25 billion in products that accounted for more than 18% of total sales.
In 2012, the China/Hong Kong region was the No. 3 market for U.S. pork exports, purchasing 431,145 metric tons (950 million pounds) valued at $886.2 million. China also has rapidly grown into one of the leading global markets for beef, but the country has remained closed to U.S. beef exports since 2003.
“This report reinforces the importance of exports for the American agricultural sector,” says Philip Seng, president and CEO of the U.S. Meat Export Federation. “It also documents two areas that are critical for the success of agricultural exports: the enactment of a long-term farm bill to provide support for agricultural exports and provisions that reduce barriers to those exports. Both are equally important for an area of the economy that produces a much-needed budget surplus and supports an estimated one million jobs across the country.”
In 2012, U.S. beef, pork and lamb exports amounted to more than 7.5 billion pounds of product valued at more than $11.8 billion. The export value per head processed amounted to $55.87 for pork and $216.73 for beef.
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| 2.625
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|
Temperature sensor: A device gathers data concerning the temperature from a source and converts it to a form that can be understood by an observer. Temperature sensors come in many different forms and are used for a wide variety of purposes, from simple home use to extremely accurate and precise scientific use
Tempered glass: Is a type of glass that has been treated with heat in the manufacturing. This creates a product that is much stronger and can withstand abnormal force or pressure. The result of this treated glass is that when it does break, will not be into sharp pieces. Tempered glass is found in doors and in windows that are located near doors.
Theft protection: A way to protect against or reduce the likelihood of having personal property taken without authorization. An insurance policy which provides financial coverage and reimbursement in the event personal property is stolen.
Two-way keypad: A device that will let a person arm and disarm an alarm systems from inside or outside a residence. It also activates an audio connection to a monitoring center in the event an alarm is triggered.
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Respiratory infection during pregnancy and peripartum period is a complex condition with specialized concerns in terms of risks, diagnosis, and management. Although the pathogens are often similar to those seen in the general population, pregnant patients compose a unique group because of altered physiology and differences in immunologic response, leading to singular risk profile. The chances of associated morbidity and mortality, not only for the patient but also the fetus, are increased and require clinicians to adjust their management as needed. In fact, pneumonia is an independent risk factor for preterm labor and delivery, cesarean delivery, smaller size for gestational age, lower birth weights, lower Apgar scores, and preeclampsia/eclampsia.1,2,3,4
This chapter introduces normal maternal pulmonary physiology, diagnosis and management of respiratory infections, and special therapeutic considerations in the pregnant patient. Although obstetric patients may have significant respiratory and systemic symptoms related to upper respiratory tract infections, such as bronchitis and sinusitis, we focus on pneumonia and tuberculosis (TB).
NORMAL MATERNAL PULMONARY PHYSIOLOGY
In general, pregnant patients are deemed to be an at-risk population, primarily because of fetal considerations. However, pregnancy-induced adaptations to the immune system may also confer some degree of vulnerability to certain pathogens, although pregnancy is not traditionally considered a profound immunosuppressed state. Physiologically, maternal cellular immunity adapts to tolerate the presence of the fetus, with changes including decreased lymphocyte proliferative response, smaller number of helper T cells, decreased natural killer cell activity, reduced lymphocyte cytotoxic activity, as well as hormonally triggered inhibition of cell-mediated immunity.5,6 Humoral immunity is not compromised. In particular, pregnant patients seem to have an increased susceptibility to viral infections, which may be related to changes in innate interferon (IFN) responses during pregnancy.7,8
In addition to changes in immunity, there are significant adaptations of maternal pulmonary and systemic physiology. Table 9-1 describes the relevant anatomical and physiological changes seen in pregnant patients.9 Fetal metabolic demands on material circulation result in an increase in oxygen consumption by almost 20% during pregnancy. Increases in thoracic diameter and diaphragmatic excursion, despite restriction caused from the growing gravid uterus, allow pregnant patients to increase tidal volumes to meet the oxygen needs. Consequently, minute ventilation increases by almost 50%, without significant changes in respiratory rate. Pulmonary function tests show decreased functional residual capacity (decreased expiratory reserve volume and residual volume) but no impairment of inspiratory function.
TABLE 9-1Anatomical and Physiologic Changes of Respiratory System in Pregnancya |Favorite Table|Download (.pdf) TABLE 9-1 Anatomical and Physiologic Changes of Respiratory System in Pregnancya
|Type of Change ||Description ||Cause ||Impact on Risk or Management of Respiratory Failure |
|Anatomical ||Increase in subcostal angle from 60 to 130 degrees || ||Decreased chest compliance may affect mechanical ventilation |
| ||Rise in diaphragm ||To accommodate enlarging uterus || |
| ||Rise in intra-abdominal ...|
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Northern Paiute is member of the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. It is spoken in parts of Nevada, California, Oregon and Idaho in the USA by about 700 people. It is closely related to Mono, and is also known as Numu or Paviosto.
Since 2005 Northern Paiute has been taught in schools on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in Oregon as a result of a partnership with the Northwest Indian Language Institute of the University of Oregon. The language has also been taught at high school in Nevada since 2013.
A written form of Northern Paiute was developed by Ralph Burns from the Pyramid Lake Paiute Reservation in Nevada and Cathrine Fowler, a linguist at the University of Nevada, Reno. They also produced learning materials for Northern Paiute.
Information about Northern Paiute pronunciation complied by Wolfram Siegel
Yabano numme suugganna a nakabodo manaykase. Sooome suuggabodonna yise opeddoonna. Yise tamme opewunuputoohoo. Saa'a oka mamaggwuhoose yise mumme opomadabboo'e.
In the autumn, we gather willows, after they're done losing their leaves. And then, we go around collecting willows, and then clean the bark off them. Then, we make willow string. Later, after we finish that, we make round baskets.
Information about the Northern Paiute language
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The ‘Companions’ of early Macedonian kings. Personal status at the Macedonian court was principally defined by relationship to the king; hetairoi were at first an élite because they were the king's friends, his retinue, who functioned equally as senior officers of state and militarily as the king's own cavalry, among them his Bodyguards. As the state grew and its royal structures became firmer, so the number of hetairoi also grew. Under Philip II, after the major expansion and consolidation phase (c.340 bc), acc. to Theopompus there were 800 of them, some from Macedonia, some from Thessaly, some from further south in Greece, who participated in Philip's distribution of newly conquered lands. These men were, even now, personally selected by the king, but within them different circles of status developed—not all could be daily advisers, and those who were, the esp. close personal companions, formed an informal council of state. From Philip's time, adolescent sons of hetairoi were recruited to be royal pages.
Militarily hetairoi were cavalry—perhaps at first the only cavalry. As numbers of cavalry available grew, the hetairoi became an élite unit serving closely with the king, until Alexander (2) the Great called all Macedonian cavalry ‘Companion Cavalry’. The same development occurred with the heavy infantry, whom Alexander named Pezetairoi (‘Infantry Companions’).
Subjects: Classical Studies.
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USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service is gearing up for 2017 Census of Agriculture, which will be mailed to all known farmers and ranchers in the nation at the end of this year.
The census is conducted every five years by and is a complete count of all U.S. farms, ranches and those who operate them. “The Census of Agriculture remains the only source of uniform, comprehensive and impartial agriculture data for every county in the nation,” said NASS Administrator Hubert Hamer. “As such, census results are relied upon heavily by those who serve farmers and rural communities, including federal, state and local governments, agribusinesses, trade associations, extension educators, researchers, and farmers and ranchers themselves.”
Producers who are new to farming or did not receive a Census of Agriculture in 2012 can sign up to receive the 2017 Census of Agriculture report form by visiting www.agcensus.usda.gov and clicking on the ‘Make Sure You Are Counted’ button through June. NASS defines a farm as any place from which $1,000 or more of agricultural products were produced and sold, or normally would have been sold, during the census year (2017).
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Category: ANMN, ANFOG, Q-IMOS, Home Slider
Experimental drifting wave buoy observations of Severe Tropical Cyclone Debbie
Tropical Cyclone Debbie left a well documented trail of destruction in north Queensland. IMOS observations have enhanced our understanding of its impact on the marine environment.
On the morning of 25 March 2017 a tropical low pressure system developed in the Coral Sea that formed into a low level category 1 Tropical Cyclone named Debbie. Two days earlier the forecast track for Debbie was to make landfall between Innisfail and Lucinda as a Category 1 cyclone.
Despite the obvious pending destruction of Debbie, this was not seen as all bad news at the time. The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) had been experiencing a prolonged bleaching event in the north and central GBR for the second successive year. With almost 90 percent of Queensland being officially declared in drought, the potential benefits were that the cyclone would take up the ocean heat energy, winds would mix and cool the reef waters with a rain depression over land filling the dams.
From an ocean observing point of view, this provided the possibility to observe cyclone generated waves in the GBR lagoon and also a glimpse of how the shelf stratification would break down through mixing.
An IMOS Slocum glider was deployed a few weeks earlier and was profiling along the Palm Passage where IMOS have two delayed mode Moorings. Glider Unit 209 was positioned in 150–200 m of water at the top of Palm and Magnetic Passage. It performed well through cyclone Debbie, and with a measure of glider wrangling collected some storm data. Notable changes in density and currents were recorded even though Cyclone Debbie passed considerably to the south of the glider.
The Coastal Impacts Unit (CIU) of the Queensland Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation (DSITI) operates a storm tide and wave monitoring network along the Queensland coast. In recent years they have acquired a number of drifting buoys fondly referred to as a “BOB” (Baby Ocean Buoy), a smaller 40 cm diameter version of the Datawell Waverider buoy. These are stationed in regional coastal centres and are available for deployment in extreme events. For example in 2015, Tropical Cyclone Nathan crossed over Lizard Island in the north, well away from any coastal measurement infrastructure. The CIU deployed a BOB off Cooktown by helicopter and it was drawn toward the cyclone and yielded a maximum wave measurement in the GBR lagoon of over 9m within the 40 km radius of maximum winds.
The Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) also acquired a new drifting buoy, capable of measuring waves, after discussions with Luca Centurioni from Scripps Institution of Oceanography in the USA. This buoy is smaller than the BOB, being only 35 cm in diameter. We chose to name our buoy “Tim”. On Thursday 23 March with the predicted track of TC Debbie being to the north of Townsville, AIMS experimental scientist Matthew Beck successively deployed BOB#3 and Tim with the assistance of the Palm Island barge company MV Lady Fraser on Friday 23 March.
A third buoy, BOB#5, was deployed by Grant Millar of the CIU the next morning from the end of the 6 km long Lucinda Jetty where the IMOS ocean colour infrastructure is located. Deployment was successful as they drifted with the wind and currents northwards up the lagoon toward Cairns. However, TC Debbie continued to move slowly to the south and delayed her turn to the southwest so that the drifters were well north of the cyclone path in quite a benign weather and wind environment rather than the planned for area to the southwest of Debbie where the strongest winds and waves occur.
The track of Tim shows it negotiating the coastal islands and reefs up the GBR lagoon moving northwards and finally reversing direction once TC Debbie crossed the coast. Initial data reveals that the maximum significant wave height (Hsig) was only 1.5 m for the deployment. In contrast the maximum wave height recorded by the Hay Point Waverider buoy was over 6 m, with a Hsig of ~3.9 m. Note that these are preliminary data subject to verification. The relatively calm conditions to the north has meant that the cooling of the GBR waters was confined to the south of Townsville and offshore in the Coral Sea as seen in the NOAA Coral Reef Watch SST anomaly product (Figure 4).
Nevertheless these experimental deployments are important as in situ wave measurements in extreme events are seldom made and can be used to inform operational agencies of the conditions at sea and also to help improve and validate models of these extreme events. This activity is one of a number that DSITI, Scripps and AIMS are planning over the next year as a budding collaboration to evaluate and inter-compare existing and emerging wave measuring technologies and platforms.
AIMS has partnered with Boeing and DSITI to trial a Wave glider. The Wave Glider is a new autonomous device that utilises wave and solar energy for self propulsion; so its movement can be remotely controlled and not completely at the whim of the currents and weather. The drifters can also be anchored to provide fixed point observations. We are also planning to inter-compare the Scripps Wave buoy with existing DSITI coastal Wave buoys and a bottom mounted ADCP off the Gold Coast and Cape Cleveland near Townsville.
With each drifting buoy deployment it is incumbent on us to make reasonable efforts to recover the units. A request was made and the MV Hero recovered BOB#3 and Tim, with BOB#5 recovered in the early hours of April 1 by the MV Kalinda whilst on a charter with AIMS assessing coral bleaching near Rib Reef in the early hours of 1 April. This exercise also shows the enthusiasm of industry and tourism operators to engage and assist with the logistics of ocean observations and so we thank them for their assistance.
More detailed analyses of TC Debbie are being made by the Remote Sensors and Oceanographers that will also access the IMOS glider and moorings data, the latter being recovered in early June.
This article was written by Craig Steinberg, AIMS Oceanography and Shelf Processes Research Team Leader and IMOS Australian National Mooring Network Facility Leader.
Further information is also available on Tropical cyclone Nathan.
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1895 Free Printables
Added on January 1, 2014
Cut out the eyes, nose, and mouth and paste them on the pumpkin. Then color it to make a jack-o’-lantern. Older kids can do the cutting on their own. Younger children may need help with the cutting, or the teacher can cut out the face pieces ahead of the lesson.
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OGER, PIERRE, named Dom Marie-Antoine, Cistercian and first abbot of the Trappist monastery in Oka, Que.; b. 17 June 1852 in La Jumellière, France, son of Pierre Oger, a farmer, and Modeste Davy; d. 1 Aug. 1913 in Oka.
Pierre Oger was born in the devoutly Roman Catholic region of Anjou, one of a family of five children. He studied first at the Petit Séminaire de Mongazon and later at the Grand Séminaire, both in Angers, in the days of the fiery Bishop Charles-Émile Freppel, who ordained him to the priesthood on 22 Dec. 1877. Appointed prefect of discipline and professor of science at the Collège Saint-Louis in Saumur, he held these two positions until he joined the Trappists, who were part of the Cistercian order. He entered Notre-Dame de Bellefontaine abbey on 14 Sept. 1881, less than a year after the famous expulsion of the monks by the army and at the very time that Bellefontaine was founding Notre-Dame monastery on Lac des Deux Montagnes at Oka, in the diocese of Montreal. In religious life Oger took the name Antoine, preceded, as was customary in his community, by Marie.
Even before he had made his solemn vows, Oger was sent to Oka as superior by his abbot, Dom Jean-Marie Chouteau. He arrived on 2 Sept. 1886 and was elected titular prior (superior of the house) on 10 May of the following year. In the fall of 1889 he began construction of a new stone monastery, which Archbishop Édouard-Charles Fabre* of Montreal came out to dedicate in 1891. The priory was elevated to an abbey on 16 Aug. 1891 and on the following 26 March Dom Antoine was elected its perpetual abbot by a majority of the 14 voters. At that time there were 61 people in the abbey, 30 of whom had taken vows (13 choir monks and 17 lay brothers). When on 29 June 1892 Archbishop Fabre solemnly consecrated him in Montreal’s Notre-Dame church, Dom Antoine became the first mitred abbot in the province of Quebec.
The year 1892 proved memorable for the Trappists in more than one respect. At the instigation of Pope Leo XIII three of the Cistercians’ four branches were united under the name of Reformed Cistercians. Dorn Sébastien Wyart was elected abbot general and in 1898 he would return to the ancient abbey of Cîteaux, where the annual general chapter, the order’s highest governing body, met each September. Dom Antoine would go to France every year to attend this meeting. It was also in 1892 that a new Trappist daughter house was founded at Mistassini in the Lac Saint-Jean district, after strong pressure had been brought to bear by Monsignor Calixte Marquis*, a promoter of colonization, by Premier Honoré Mercier* and Archbishop Louis-Nazaire Bégin* of Quebec, who had both visited Bellefontaine in 1891, and later by the newly appointed bishop of Chicoutimi, Michel-Thomas Labrecque. Oka was the mother house of this monastery. Dom Antoine, its father immediate, went there several times a year. The financial survival of Oka would be ensured in large part by the activities of Brother Alphonse Juin, who came from France in 1893 to make the cheese factory a profitable operation. Oka cheese, which would soon be famous, was to become the abbey’s distinctive commercial product.
Dom Antoine and the abbey at Oka played a decisive role in agricultural education in the province. The 1882 statute of incorporation stipulated that the Trappists had founded an establishment “for the purpose of engaging in agriculture and of teaching it by theory and practice.” At his consecration as abbot, Dom Antoine had chosen as his own coat of arms a sheaf of wheat surmounted by a cross, an eloquent symbol of the monastery’s agricultural mission. The school of agriculture was opened at Oka in 1893, housed in the old wooden buildings of the monastery. Dom Antoine recruited lay teachers in France. Its 30 students came from all over Quebec, being subsidized by government bursaries. The Trappists maintained absolute control of instruction and administration. In 1908 the school would become the Institut Agricole d’Oka, affiliated with the Université Laval in Montreal. It offered a three-year university course designed to train agronomists, and at that time had 10 professors and 100 students.
Dom Antoine’s priority, however, was the spiritual and temporal administration of his abbey. Well known for their austere life, the Trappists laid special emphasis on silence, prayer, work, and penitence. The records say little about Dom Antoine’s spirituality, but a number of his contemporaries attest to his authoritarianism. “The reverend father is intelligent; he lacks level-headedness [and] pays little attention to the advice of others, having too much confidence in himself,” noted a visitor of the order in 1897. In temporal matters he was accused of piling up debts, a charge which earned him the condemnation of the 1896 general chapter meeting, but he was exonerated two years later. Indeed, the abbot of Oka was on very bad terms with his father immediate, the abbot of Bellefontaine. His relations with Oka’s daughter houses were not much better. The 1898 general chapter meeting appointed him father immediate of Petit Clairvaux [see Jacques Merle*], which he transferred in 1900 from Tracadie, N.S., to Lonsdale, R.I., under the leadership of Jean-Marie Murphy, the first Trappist at Oka to have made his vows. With Dom Pacôme Gaboury, whom he was forced to allow to go to Mistassini as superior in 1901, his relations were especially bad; on 8 December he reached the point of offering his resignation in no uncertain terms to the abbot general, who did not accept it. Dom Antoine’s troubles were not over. On 23 July 1902 his monastery burned down. The $86,000 received from the insurance company paid off existing obligations, but he managed to go into debt again in the course of reconstruction. On 21 Aug. 1906 Archbishop Paul Bruchési* consecrated the new abbey church, erected on the same site. A juniorate would operate from 1904 in the temporary monastery built after the fire until 1913, when it would be transferred to Mistassini.
Dom Antoine was well known for his great generosity. When in the period 1901–3 the monks in France were threatened with expulsion, he did everything possible to support them. He helped the Trappists from Bonnecombe move to Rogersville, N.B. (Notre-Dame du Calvaire), where they were soon joined by the Trappist nuns from Vaise (Notre-Dame de l’Assomption). He assisted the prioress of Bonneval in founding the abbey of Notre-Dame du Bon Conseil in Saint-Romuald, south of Quebec City. His appointment by Archbishop Bégin as its father immediate created new financial difficulties for him. Dom Antoine did all he could to help a congregation from his native Anjou, the Filles de la Charité du Sacré-Cœur de Jésus, to settle at Newport, Vt, in 1905 and at Magog in the diocese of Sherbrooke in 1907.
The last years of Dom Antoine’s life seem to have been more peaceful. Charles Magnan, who had entered the Institut Agricole d’Oka in 1909 as a student, in 1966 remembered him as officiating majestically, his face serene and framed by a huge beard. “He spoke in measured and reasonable tones, but one could sense, in the rhythm of his sentences, a passionate man, whose restrained and disciplined speech showed great control over an inner nature that, in his youth, must have been exuberant and impetuous.” Dom Antoine attended the first plenary council of Canadian bishops at Quebec in 1909, the International Eucharistic Congress at Montreal in 1910, and the first congress on the French language at Quebec in June 1912 [see Stanislas-Alfred Lortie]. At the general chapter meeting in September, he showed signs of the illness that would prove fatal. After trying to find a cure in Spain, he returned to Oka, where he died on 1 Aug. 1913.
Dom Antoine made his greatest contribution in setting up the monastery of Notre-Dame on Lac des Deux Montagnes, of which he can be considered the founding abbot. In 1913 the Trappist monastery at Oka, as it is commonly called, had 97 people, 79 professed (41 choir monks and 38 lay brothers). At the time of his death, one of his compatriots observed: “Dom Antoine was the model of a Cistercian abbot. In his monastery he was the most correct of monks and in the outside world, to which duties often called him, the most charming of men, capable of combining to perfection monastic austerity and the utmost urbanity. And he was a good counsellor. How many lives he saved from ruin! In his great heart he always found the word of encouragement.” In short, this son of St Bernard established the first major centre of Cistercian life in Quebec and was at the same time a pioneer in agricultural education. He fully lived out his motto: In sudore et patientia (“In sweat and patience”).
[The main primary sources for Dom Antoine consulted by the author are in the Arch. de l’Abbaye Cistercienne (Oka, Qué.), E 2000. These documents, which survived fires in 1902 and 1916, are primarily of an administrative nature. Curiously, hardly any letters written by Dom Antoine after 1904 have been located, a fact confirmed at the Arch. de la Chancellerie de l’Archevêché de Montréal, in file 470.125.
The most useful study available is C.-A. Doucet, La trappe d’Oka: son histoire depuis sa fondation en 1881, jusqu’à nos jours (s.l., [1979?]). Other sources include Bénédiction solennelle du T.R.P dom M. Antoine, abbé de N.D. du lac des Deux Montagnes d’Oka: à l’église de Notre-Dame de Montréal, le 29 juin 1892 (Montréal, 1892); L’abbaye de Notre-Dame du lac des Deux Montagnes et l’Ordre de Cîteaux au Canada et dans les États-Unis (Montréal, 1906); Père Louis-Marie, L’institut d’Oka: cinquantenaire, 1893–1943; école agricole, institut agronomique, école de médecine vétérinaire ([Oka, 1944]); André Côté, “L’Ordre de Cîteaux et son établissement dans la province de Québec, depuis la Révolution française jusqu’à 1935” (thèse de
For general background information on the Trappists during this period, the following studies are particularly helpful: [L.-A.] Fichaux, Dom Sébastien Wyart, abbé général de l’ordre cistercien réformé, auparavant capitaine adjudant-major aux zouaves pontificaux (Lille, France, 1910), and L. J. Lekai, The Cistercians: ideals and reality ([Kent, Ohio, 1977]). g.l.]
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A heat engine is a device that repeatedly converts thermal energy into kinetic energy. It needs the difference of temperature and a working substance with high rate of expansion to do a useful work for us. It can be done in two ways: by means of the change of volume of the working substance that hot and cold reservoirs make alternately expand or compress, and by means of convection that the change of density resulting from the change of volume causes. A heat engine is not confined to an artificial one. The Earth also does a useful work for living systems as a heat engine. The heat engine whose hot reservoir is solar radiation heat maintains the circulation of air and water, while the heat engine whose hot reservoir is geothermal heat maintains the circulation of mantle and mineral nutrition.
1 : The history of heat engines and theories of their principles
In thermodynamics, a heat engine is a system that does a certain amount of net positive work repeatedly by means of the conversion of thermal energy to kinetic energy.A heat engine was first devised by an engineer in Ancient Greek, Heron of Alexandria (Ήρων ο Αλεξανδρεύς), but this section takes up the Modern history of the practical application of heat engines and the theoretical reflection upon their principles.
1.1 : The improvement of steam engines
In 1712 Thomas Newcomen (1664 – 1729) first succeeded in commercializing a heat engine. The animation (Fig.NE) below shows how the Newcomen engine works. When the valve is opened, steam is let out of the boiler to fill the space in the cylinder and lift the piston upward. The valve is then closed and another valve sends a spray of cold water into the cylinder, creating a partial vacuum under the piston. Pressure difference drives the piston down, raising the pump gear.
More than 100 Newcomen steam engines had been employed principally to pump water out of mines until 1733 when his patent for it expired. In spite of this practical success people at that time including Newcomen himself did not understand the cause of the work rightly. The pump equipment was heavier than the steam piston and they wondered what drove the piston down or raised the pump gear.Most of them believed the vacuum in the cylinder rather than atmospheric pressure did the work, much less did they realize the difference of temperature was essential to heat engines.
Then James Watt (1736 – 1819) improved the Newcomen steam engine and devised a double-acting engine, utilizing steam pressure alternately above and below the piston. His engine converted the vertical movement of the piston into circular motion, for which there were more industrial applications. Thus he became a leading figure in the British Industrial Revolution. The following illustration (Fig.WE) was drawn in 19 century. Let me explain its mechanism using this illustration.
The pipe (v) injects steam into the upper part of the cylinder (J), propelling the piston downward and evacuating the steam from under the cylinder to a separate condensation chamber (H) immersed in a cold water tank (R). Thus the condensation makes the pressure of the lower part of the cylinder low. When the piston reaches the bottom, steam is injected into the lower part of the cylinder and the steam in the upper part of the cylinder is evacuated to the condensation chamber. The low pressure of the upper part of the cylinder and the weight of the pump raise the piston. This cycle is repeated automatically.
Watt’s steam engine was different from Newcomen’s in thata steam condenser was separated from the cylinder and steam pressure instead of atmospheric pressure pushed the piston down to increase the efficiency of the engine. Watt also noticed thatinjection of steam to the end of the stroke is unnecessary and adoption of adiabatic expansion or compression can increase the efficiency of the engine.
Watt was not a mere engineer. He had an insight into the essential principle of a heat engine. But, generally speaking, because of their empiricist tradition the British engineers made technological improvements on heat engines by trial and error without theoretical reflection. In contrast to Britain, the Continent had the rationalistic tradition and produced a theoretical genius, Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1796 – 1832). He publishedReflections on the Motive Power of Fire and on Machines Fitted to Develop that Power in 1824 and established the general principles of a heat engine.
1.2 : Carnot’s theory of heat engines in general
At the beginning of theReflections, he wrote what motivated him to write this treatise,
Notwithstanding the work of all kinds done by steam-engines, notwithstanding the satisfactory condition to which they have been brought to-day, their theory is very little understood, and the attempts to improve them are still directed almost by chance. Although he analyzed steam-engines in those days, his theory can be applied to heat engines in general.
According to Carnot, there are two conditions for a heat engine to produce motive power. The first one is the difference of temperature.
The production of motive power in steam-engines is then due not to an actual consumption of caloric, but to its transportation from a warm body to a cold body, that is, to its re-establishment of equilibrium, an equilibrium considered as destroyed by any cause whatever, by chemical action such as combustion, or by any other. We shall see shortly that this principle is applicable to any machine set in motion by heat. According to this principle, the production of heat alone is not sufficient to give birth to the impelling power: it is necessary that there should also be cold; without it, the heat would be useless.
Watt must also have noticed that not only hot reservoir but also cold reservoir is necessary for a heat engine, because he separated the cold condenser from the hot cylinder. Carnot compared the motive power of a heat engine to that of a water wheel.
The motive power of a waterfall depends on its height and on the quantity of the liquid; the motive power of heat depends also on the quantity of caloric used, and on what may be termed, on what in fact we will call, the height of its fall, that is to say, the difference of temperature of the bodies between which the exchange of caloric is made.
the quantity of caloric absorbed or relinquished is always the same just as the quantity of water flowed from and into a water wheel is always the same, while both of them are producing power. As the term “caloric (calorique)” he used suggests, he believed in caloric theory that was in fashion at that time and assumed conservation of heat. After he wrote theReflections, however, he, inspired bythe paper by Count Rumford (Sir Benjamin Thompson; 1753 – 1814) in 1798 that reported the frictional heat generated by boring cannon at the arsenal was seemingly inexhaustible,abandoned the law of heat conservation and admitted that part of heat could be converted into work. That is to say,he stated what is today called the first law of thermodynamics.
The first law of thermodynamics is the topic I will bring back at the next subsection and let us proceed to the second condition for a heat engine to produce motive power. Carnot thought the difference of temperature was not sufficient. In fact the mere flow of heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir does not result in the motive power that we expect a heat engine to produce [Note]. A heat engine needs working substances susceptible of changes in volume through the alternation of heat and cold, since
Heat can evidently be a cause of motion only by virtue of the changes of volume or of form which it produces in bodies.
[Note] Because the direct contact of a hot reservoir with a cold reservoir contracts the hot reservoir and expands the cold reservoir, however little the change might be, heat can do work without the third working substance. Of course it is not the work that we expect a heat engine to produce. Anyway we can say that the second condition is not essential to a heat engine.
The second condition indicates that in order to increase the efficiency of a heat engine we should avoid the heat transfer that does not contribute to changes in volume.
Since every re-establishment of equilibrium in the caloric may be the cause of the production of motive power, every re-establishment of equilibrium which shall be accomplished without production of this power should be considered as an actual loss. Now, very little reflection would show that all change of temperature which is not due to a change of volume of the bodies can be only a useless reestablishment of equilibrium in the caloric. The necessary condition of the maximum is, then, that in the bodies employed to realize the motive power of heat there should not occur any change of temperature which may not be due to a change of volume. Reciprocally, every time that this condition is fulfilled the maximum will be attained.
The heat engine that fulfills the maximum is called an ideal engine. It is different from a real heat engine that does not necessarily convert all of the change of temperature into a change of volume, but still the ideal engine is scientifically significant just as the ideal gas is, though it is different from a real gas. The ideal gas expands the gas in a cylinder slowly and gradually, namely through quasi-static process, so that a sequence of states are infinitesimally close to equilibrium. A real engine operates its piston faster and it does not maintain the equilibrium so that convection or vortex motion occurs in the gas of the cylinder. Because a real engine does this excessive work, its heat efficiency is lower than that of the ideal engine.
While the dynamic process of a real engine is irreversible, the quasi-static process of an ideal engine is reversible, that is to say, you can transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot one using the work produced by the heat flow from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir. Carnot proved by reductio ad absurdum that a heat engine cannot do more work than an ideal engine.If it could, it could produce work without changing the original difference of temperature, but it is absurd. To use the current terms, such a heat engine is a perpetual motion machine of the first kind which violates the first law of thermodynamics, the law of conservation of energy.
The bottom line is that a heat engine needs two conditions, difference of temperature and a working substance (especially fluid with high expansion rate). Carnot, however, regarded the former as more important. Though all the heat engines at that time were steam engines, Carnot realized that the working substances for a heat engine did not need to be steam. His abstraction was free from historical constraints at this point. The following is the bold hypothesis that is today called Carnot’s theorem.
The motive power of heat is independent of the agents employed to realize it; its quantity is fixed solely by the temperatures of the bodies between which is effected, finally, the transfer of the caloric.
This theorem holds true even today. The efficiency of a heat engine is the function of only temperatures.
1.3 : Development of thermodynamics after Carnot
On account of rather than despite the revolutionary theory ofReflections it was not estimated at all. Some assume it was because his explanation was not mathematical, but thepaper by Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron (1799 – 1864) in 1834, 2 years later after Carnot’s death, which mathematically formulated Carnot’s theorem, elicited no responses from the academic establishment except William Thomson (Lord Kelvin ; 1824 – 1907) who read the paper during his study in France and developed the theory of Carnot.
Another scientist who was unknown until Thomson discovered was James Prescott Joule (1818 – 1889). He showed the mechanical work can be converted into heat by the well-known experiment, where the mechanical work of spinning a paddle-wheel in an insulated barrel of water increased the temperature. He then jumped to the reverse proposition that heat can be converted into the mechanical work.
You see, therefore, that living force [energy] may be converted into heat, and that heat may be converted into living force, or its equivalent attraction through space. All three, therefore – namely, heat, living force, and attraction through space (to which I might also add light, were it consistent with the scope of the present lecture) – are mutually convertible into one another. In these conversions nothing is ever lost. The same quantity of heat will always be converted into the same quantity of living force. We can therefore express the equivalency in definite language applicable at all times and under all circumstances.
This idea of Joule is incompatible with the law of heat conservation Carnot presumed.Joule tried to convince Thomson out of Carnot’s theory, but he hesitated to decide which is right. It was Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius (1822 – 1888) who solved this problem.
Clausius concluded thatthe partial consumption of heat to generate the work of piston is compatible with the heat flow from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir. This was also the conclusion that Carnot reached in the manuscript published posthumously. All of the work can be converted into heat but not all of the heat can be converted into work. This is the current view and Joule’s hypothesis turned out to be false. The irreversibility led Clausius and Thompson to discover the second law of thermodynamics.
Clapeyron, Thompson and Clausius contributed to establishing Carnot’s theory as classic thermodynamics but in the end it was a theory of an ideal engine which neglects convection and vortex motion as valueless turbulence. They were the subjects of fluid mechanics and heat transfer physics. In 1858 Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821–1894)established three laws of vortex motion and early in the 20th century in the beginning Baron Rayleigh (John William Strutt; 1842 – 1919) and Henri Claude Bénard (1874–1939) studied the typical natural convection (Rayleigh-Bénard convection). This article pays attention to the similarity between two sorts of work produced by an ideal heat engine and convection that have been studied separately.
2 : The structure and operation of Carnot heat engine
First we analyze the Carnot heat engine as an ideal heat engine. In this section we will survey four steps of the Carnot cycle, work produced by Carnot heat engine and its efficiency and recognize how the current standard explanation of thermodynamics reflects the theory of Carnot.
2.1 : Four steps of the Carnot Cycle
Carnot drew the following piston-and-cylinder diagram (0 of Fig.PM) to explain the operation of an ideal heat engine inReflections. As this diagram is overcrowded, I analyze it into four steps (1-4).
The cycle of an ideal heat engine consists of the following four steps:
- Isothermal Expansion: The gas in the cylinder absorbs heat from the high temperature reservoir, which increases the entropy of the gas, but, as the gas expands to push the piston, the temperature of the gas remains constant.
- Adiabatic Expansion: The cylinder is thermally insulated from the high temperature reservoir, so that entropy remains constant. The gas continues to expand, which causes the gas to cool.
- Isothermal Compression: The heat flows from the gas in the cylinder into the low temperature reservoir, which decreases entropy of the gas, but, as the piston compresses the gas, the temperature of the gas remains constant.
- Adiabatic Compression: The cylinder is again thermally insulated from the low temperature reservoir, so that entropy remains constant. The piston continues to compresses the gas, which causes the gas to warm.
At the last step, the gas comes back to the same state as the start of the first step, thus forming a cycle, called “Carnot cycle”.
2.2 : The Work produced by the Carnot heat engine
The figure below (Fig.PV) is Carnot cycle plotted on a pressure-volume graph. Two isothermal stages follow the isotherm lines and two adiabatic stages move between isotherms.
V [m3] of the horizontal line multiplied by P [Pa=N/m2] of the vertical line is work W [J=Nm=m3×N/m2]. So, the yellow area bounded by the cycle path represents the total work that can be done during one cycle. The total area is the integral of VA-VB-B-A plus VB-VC-C-B minus VA-VD-D-A minus VD-VC-C-D.
The equation to integrate is the first law of thermodynamics. Heat energy Q [J] put into a gas system in the cylinder increases the temperature of the gas system, namely the internal energy (U), or does work (W), pushing the piston to the outside. Meanwhile the total amount of energy is preserved.
As it is reversible quasi-static process, the following differential equation can be applied to the infinitesimal change of internal energy.
where n is the amount of a substance, Cv is specific heat at constant volume per mole, T is the absolute temperature, P is the pressure and V is the volume of the gas system. To use the ideal gas law PV=nRT, we get an equation:
Let us calculate the areas of the 4 steps of Carnot cycle using this equation.
1. Isothermal Expansion (A→B)
As this step is isothermal, dT=0. Its work is equivalent to Q2 or the positive work done by the expansion.
2. Adiabatic Expansion (B→C)
As this step has no heat transfer, d’Q=0.
If we use this equation and replace the increase in volume with the increase in internal energy, we will get its positive work.
3. Isothermal Compression (C→D)
As this step is isothermal, dT=0. Its work is equivalent to Q1 or the negative work done by the compression.
4. Adiabatic Compression (D→A)
As this step has no heat transfer, d’Q=0.
The total net work is the aggregate of these.
Because TVγ-1 is constant (γ=Cp/Cv) in the quasi-static adiabatic process, we can formulate the equation
as to adiabatic expansion and
as to adiabatic compression. The equation (10) divided by the equation (11) is
that is to say,
From the equation (09) and (13), we get
Now we can recognize two conditions for a heat engine to do work in this equation (14). The first condition was the difference of temperature between two heat reservoirs. If T2-T1=0, W=0. No work can be done. The other condition was an expandable and compressible substance. If there is no substance, that is to say, n=0 or no change of volume, that is to say, VA=VB, W=0. It follows that we must increase the difference of temperature between two heat reservoirs and the amount of substance that has high rate of expansion in order to increase the work of a heat engine.
2.3 : The thermal efficiency of the Carnot heat engine
Even if the work by a heat engine gets big, it would not be desirable if the efficiency is low. Let’s consider what we should do to improve the thermal efficiency, defining the thermal efficiency as the rate of work to the heat from the hot reservoir,
From the equations (04), (07) and (13),
So, from the equations (15) and (16) we get
It tells us that the thermal efficiency is entirely determined by the ratio of the low temperature to the high temperature. We can recognize that Carnot was right in that he considered the difference of temperature to be decisive. The formula also tells us that we must keep quasi-static process and use the cold reservoir at absolute zero (T1=0) in order to make the thermal efficiency 1. As it is impossible to make the absolute temperature zero, we cannot make the efficiency 1.
Carnot knew thatthe efficiency of real steam-engines is far less than the theoretical maximum. The real heat engine whose thermal efficiency is the closest to that of the Carnot engine is Stirling engine invented by Robert Stirling (1790 – 1878）in 1816. Many types of Stirling engines have been conceived and the following (Fig.SE) is one of those.
In spite of the high thermal efficiency Stirling engines are employed only for some limited purposes, because their equipment is large and heavy and their capital cost per unit power is high. The heat engine that is most widely used is the internal combustion engine, typically the Otto engine. The animation below (Fig.OE) shows its four stroke cycle: air and vaporized fuel are drawn in at the 1st stroke, fuel vapor and air are compressed and ignited at the 2nd stroke, fuel combusts and piston is pushed downwards at the 3rd stroke and exhaust is driven out at the 4th stroke.
Compared to a Stirling engine of the same power rating, an internal combustion engine currently has lower thermal efficiency but lower capital cost and is usually smaller and lighter. So, it is used for transportation and many other purposes. Thermal efficiency is not the only criteria to choose a heat engine.
Carnot did not know an internal combustion engine, but his principle can be applied to it. It is applicable also to what traditional thermodynamics does not treat as a heat engine. The next section focuses on more complex but more beneficial heat engines than the artificial heat engines.
3 : The structure and operation of global heat engines
Not only humans but also all living things have used two natural heat engines far before artificial heat engines were invented. One is a heat engine whose hot reservoir is the thermal energy caused by solar radiation, whose cold reservoir is outer space, and whose working substance is atmosphere. The other is a heat engine whose hot reservoir is the geothermal energy, whose cold reservoir is the crust of the Earth and outer space in the end, and whose working substance is mantle.
The former causes the convection of atmosphere and the latter causes that of mantle. All of the work of convection is converted into heat in the end and emitted into the outer space. So the amount of heat that two global heat engines receive (Qin) is equal to the amount of heat that two global heat engines emit (Qout). Seen from the outside, the thermal efficiency of the Earth as a heat engine is zero.
Yet the work two global heat engines do is so important as to decide our existence on the surface of the Earth. This section elucidates this mechanism.
3.1 : The atmospheric convection and the circulation of water
As for the artificial heat engines that we have developed since the 18th century, expansion and compression of gas produce useful work, while convection or vortex motion of gas is regarded as a waste. As for the heat engines of atmosphere, on the other hand, the useful work is done not by expansion and compression of atmosphere but by convection.
There are two kinds of convection: natural convection, where density differences in the fluid generates the fluid motion, or forced convection, where an external source generates the fluid motion. The atmospheric circulation is natural convection. The vertical temperature gradient of the troposphere is -6.5K/km. It means the higher the cooler. When the bottom of the fluid is heated and the surface is cooler than the bottom, the form of natural convection is decided by Rayleigh number (Ra).
where L=scale of convection, g=acceleration due to gravity, T2=surface temperature, T1=fluid temperature far from the surface, ν=kinematic viscosity, α=thermal diffusivity, β=thermal expansion coefficient, k=thermal conductivity, ρ=density, Cp=specific heat capacity.
When the Rayleigh number is below 1700, heat transfer is primarily in the form of conduction and when it exceeds 1700, heat transfer is primarily in the form of convection (Fig.RB).
When the Rayleigh number exceeds 5×104, the regular pattern of convection cells fluctuates and when it exceeds 106, turbulence occurs.
The factors gρβ(T2-T1) in the Rayleigh number represent buoyancy exerted by a fluid whose volume is L3. The difference of temperature plays no less important role here than in the equation (14) that defines the work by Carnot engine. On the other hand there are some differences. While the Carnot engine does work just by expanding and compressing the working fluid, in natural convection fluid arising from resistance to gravity does work. This is why the equation of the Rayleigh number depends on properties of working fluid unlike the equation (14).
With all these differences, the atmospheric circulation by natural convection has a cycle with four steps similar to that of the Carnot cycle (Fig.AC).
The atmospheric circulation consists of the following four steps:
- Isothermal Expansion: Solar radiation heats the air on the Earth’s surface. The air expands, becomes less dense and ascends, with the temperature of the air constant.
- Adiabatic Expansion: The air, thermally insulated from the surroundings, continues to expand, which causes the air to cool.
- Isothermal Compression: When the air is lifted aloft to the tropopause, the air radiates heat to stratosphere. Then the air is compressed, becomes denser and descends, with the temperature of the air constant.
- Adiabatic Compression: The air, again thermally insulated from the surroundings, continues to be compresses, which causes the air to warm.
At the last step, the air comes back to the same state as the start of the first step, thus forming a cycle.
The troposphere has not only the vertical temperature gradient but also the horizontal temperature gradient. Owing to the difference of incidence angles of solar radiation, low latitudes are hot and high latitudes are cold. Another difference comes from that of specific heat between sea and land. Thanks to many factors the actual atmosphere makes complicated motion, but roughly speaking, it consists of three representative cells: the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell, and the Polar cell.
The waste living systems discharge can be converted to heat and, so long as the waste heat is carried through the atmospheric circulation to the outer space, we do not have to worry about the environmental problems. The atmospheric circulation is also important to life in minimizing the difference of temperature of the Earth’s surface. Humans have utilized this heat engine by means of windmills, windjammers and so on before we began wind power generation. What is more important is that the circulation of air causes the circulation of water.
Although there is much water on the surface of the Earth, about 97% of it is mixed with salt. Desalination is difficult, but solar radiation vaporizes and desalts seawater. As moist air rises, the adiabatic expansion cools air and water vapor begins to condense, forming clouds and then precipitation, so that fresh water returns to the earth surface. It not only desalts seawater, but also distributes fresh water widely. The atmospheric circulation, therefore, redresses an imbalance in water as well as an imbalance in temperature.
The ocean circulation is another important circulation of water. Beside the wind-driven horizontal circulation of surface water, there is a density-driven vertical circulation of the ocean water, called thermohaline circulation. It circulates this way. The wind-driven surface currents in the Atlantic Ocean head poleward, get cold, salty and dense, then flow downhill into the deep water basins at high latitudes, resurface in the Pacific Ocean and come back to the Atlantic Ocean. The thermohaline circulation results from the gap of temperature widened by solar radiation but results in narrowing it.
The wind-driven circulation and the thermohaline circulation are classified as forced convection. The troposphere has natural convection because its bottom is hot and its surface is cold. The ocean has no natural convection because its surface is hot and its bottom is cold, unless a submarine volcano erupts. It is still possible to make a heat engine utilizing the vertical temperature gradient of the ocean.
The ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is such a heat engine. The closed-cycle OTEC adopts ammonia or R-134a as working fluids. As they have low boiling points, warm surface seawater can vaporize the fluid and the expanding vapor turns the turbo-generator. Cold water from deep-ocean water condenses the vapor into a liquid, which is then recycled through the closed-cycle system. The open-cycle OTEC directly vaporizes the warm surface seawater at a low pressure. OTEC is one of the candidates for renewable energy, but it does not reach the stage of practical application because of low energy efficiency.
The energy efficiency of OTEC is low because we must make the artificial circulation of working fluids. Why then don’t we generate electricity using the existing natural circulation of water? Yes, it has already been put to practical use. The hydroelectric power generation is it. It generates electricity consuming the potential energy of water, which the heat engine of solar radiation brings about through the circulation of water.
3.2 : The mantle convection and the circulation of mineral nutrition
Another hot reservoir of the Earth as a heat engine is geothermal energy under the crust of the Earth. Its energy has two origins: heat from the decay of radiogenic isotopes, in particular uranium, thorium and potassium, and heat from the original formation of the planet, especially the giant impact, the collision between the young smaller Earth and a Mars-sized body about 4.5 billion years ago.
According to the measurements of the geoneutrino flux from the Kamioka Liquid-Scintillator Antineutrino Detector, Japan, and from the Borexino detector, Italy,heat from the decay of uranium-238 and thorium-232 amounts to 21TW (plus 4 TW from the decay of potassium-40), about half of the current total heat flux, 44TW, while the other half is assumed to be the Earth’s primordial heat supply.
Heat of this sort from the interior of the Earth is the hot reservoir and the Earth’s crust and its outside is the cold reservoir of the heat engine under the ground. The figure below (Fig.MC) depicts the natural heat convection of the mantle.
The Earth’s tectonic plates moving due to the mantle convection trigger volcanism and earthquake. While the useful work the troposphere does for us is not the expansion and compression of the total atmosphere but its internal convection, the useful work the mantle does for us is not its internal convection but the expansion and compression of the mantle, the crustal upheaval and depression.
You might think that the work of the mantle is rather harmful, because they account for volcanism and earthquake, but in fact the geothermal energy brings us more benefit than damage – more than the benefit of hot springs and geothermal power generation. Were it not for the mantle convection, it would be difficult for living systems to get most of essential elements, above all, phosphorus and they would be far poorer than they actually are.
The bacterial isolate GFAJ-1 was once thought to incorporate arsenic into their basic biological structures in place of phosphorus, but later it was found thatGFAJ-1 lacks the ability to grow in phosphorus-depleted, arsenate-containing medium, that is to say, GFAJ-1 is an arsenate-resistant, but still a phosphate-dependent, bacterium. Hence, we can say no living systems can lack phospurus. Of course there are other elements essential to life, nitrogen, potassium and so on. So, I will use a comprehensive term, mineral nutrition.
As their ions are soluble in water, their solution easily flows from land to sea according to gravity and stays at the bottom of the sea. The Earth’s crust, however, repeats the upheaval and depression, mineral nutrition at the bottom of the sea can be raised above sea level or barren land can be depressed to the bottom of the sea. In this way the mantle convection has circulated mineral nutrition and prevented land from drying it up all through geological time.
Even if mantle convection should stop, the circulation of air and water would continue to erode the land and fill up the submarine trench until it would make the Earth’s surface smooth. Suppose the Earth had stopped diastrophism long years ago. In this case the entire surface would have sunk under the sea and no terrestrial living things could have evolved. Could we expect instead a rich evolution of aquatic life? The answer is no.
The amount of water on the Earth is 1.4×109 km3. Dividing it by the area of the Earth’s surface, 5.1×108 km2, we get the average depth of water 2.7km. If the Earth’s surface were to become smooth, the entire surface would be below the compensation depth (200m) of photosynthesis. Today about 90% of all marine life lives in the photic zone above the depth of 200m. Aquatic life in the euphotic zone can prosper if sufficient mineral nutrition is available there.
Without the coastal upwelling or the eruption of submarine volcano, however, the euphotic zone would be lacking it. As a result the ocean would have two zones, both undesirable for life: the surface zone with sufficient sunlight and insufficient mineral nutrition and the deep zone with sufficient mineral nutrition and insufficient sunlight. Thus the number and the variety of life would be far poorer than they are today.
3.3 : Two global heat engines that enable living systems
Let me summarize my conclusion. Difference of temperature and a working substance are conditions for a heat engine to do work. The work useful for us can be done in two ways. One is the change of volume of the working substance that hot and cold reservoirs make alternately expand or compress. The other is convection that the change of density resulting from the change of volume causes. The circulation of mineral nutrition is the result from the former work and the circulation of water is the result from the latter work.
The mantle convection and the circulation of mineral nutrition brings us more benefit than damage, even if the convection causes the disaster such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, just as the atmospheric convection and the circulation of water brings us more benefit than damage, even if the convection causes the disaster such as hurricanes and torrential rains. Heat inside the earth and heat by solar radiation are two important hot reservoirs of the earth as a heat engine that enables the survival of living systems.
Mars has not evolved as rich life as the Earth has and one of the reasons is that Mars is a poorer heat engine than the Earth. Mars is a tenth as heavy as the Earth and because of the weak gravity the atmosphere of Mars is very thin. It has convection but its scope and effects are limited. Although Mars has mantle, no plate movements due to the mantle convection can be recognized. It used to have volcanic eruptions, but the small planet has gotten cold faster than the Earth. A planet that does not sufficiently function as a heat engine is a dead planet.
4 : References
- Herons von Alexandria Druckwerke und Automatentheater, Pneumatika, Book ΙI, Chapter XI (author) Hero of Alexandria (translator) Wilhelm Schmidt
- 熱学思想の史的展開―熱とエントロピー (page) 262 (author) 山本義隆
- Letter from Boulton to Erasmus Darwin, 4 Jan. 1790 (media)The Selected Papers of Boulton and Watt, Vol. 1: The Engine Partnership, 1775-1825 (page) 72 (editor) Jennifer Tann
- 1782 Specification of Patent (media)James Watt and the steam revolution (page) 96ff (editor) Eric Robinson
- Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu (page) 6 (author) Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
- Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu (page) 10-11 (author) Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
- Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu (page) 28 (author) Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
- Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu (page) 42 (author) Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
- An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction (author) Benjamin Thompson (media)The Collected Works of Count Rumford, Volume I: The Nature of Heat (page) 22 (editor) Sanborn C. Brown
- Extrait de notes inédites de Sadi Carnot (media)Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les machines propres à développer cette puissance (page) 92 (author) Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
- Extrait de notes inédites de Sadi Carnot (media)Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les machines propres à développer cette puissance (page) 93 (author) Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
- Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu (page) 14 (author) Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
- Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu (page) 23-24 (author) Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
- Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu (page) 20-22 (author) Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
- Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu (page) 38 (author) Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
- Mémoire sur la puissance motrice de la chaleur (author) Émile Clapeyron
- On Matter, Living Force, and Heat (author) James Prescott Joule (media)The Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule, Volume 1 (editor) William Scoresby, Baron William Thomson Kelvin, Baron Lyon Playfair Playfair
- An Account of Carnot’s Theory of the Motive Power of Heat – with Numerical Results Deduced from Regnault’s Experiments on Steam (media)Mathematical and Physical Papers, Volume 1 (page) 119 (author) William Thomson Baron Kelvin
- Über die Anwendung der mechanischen Wärmetheorie auf die Dampfmaschine (page) 7 (author) Rudolf Clausius
- Über Integrale der hydrodynamischen Gleichungen, welche den Wirbelbewegungen entsprechen (media) Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, Zeitschriftenband 1858 (page) 25-55 (author) Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz
- Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu (page) 117 (author) Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
- Partial radiogenic heat model for Earth revealed by geoneutrino measurements (media) Nature Geoscience (author) The KamLAND Collaboration
- Searching for Alien Life, on Earth (media) Astrobiology Magazine, NASA
- GFAJ-1 Is an Arsenate-Resistant, Phosphate-Dependent Organism (author) TJ Erb, P Kiefer, B Hattendorf, D Günther, JA Vorholt
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|The Xi'an Bell Tower is located at the center of the city about a third of a mile from the Drum Tower. It is 118 feet tall (36 m) and has a square base. Built in 1384, it stood in the middle section of what is now West Boulevard, and was moved to its present site in 1582. The city was expanded in 1582 and it was considered desirable that the Bell Tower remain in the center.
According to myth, the Bell Tower has a very important function. It sits on a rather unruly dragon and keeps the city safe from earthquakes. Dragons in China have power over water. They can bring rain, floods, and can cause earthquakes. Usually they are pretty cool and use their power to help the people. But from time to time you meet a bad one and have to protect yourself. As the story goes, there was a bad earthquake in the Xi'an region and the emperor was told that a dragon had caused it. To prevent the dragon from escaping the river again, the emperor had a thousand feet of chain cast into the river and moved the Bell Tower to sit on the dragon and keep it down. There hasn't been a major earthquake in Xi'an since. So, it must work.
Last update: March 2010
© Marilyn Shea, 2010
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Plate Tectonics Multiple Choice Questions Test 16 Tests pdf Download
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MCQ. Unlike convergent and divergent plate boundaries, there is no construction or destruction in
- constructive plate boundary
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Selective deficiency of IgA is the most common immune deficiency disorder. People with this disorder have a low or absent level of a blood protein called immunoglobulin A.
IgA deficiency is usually inherited, which means it is passed down through families. However, cases of drug-induced IgA deficiency have been reported.
Many people with selective IgA deficiency have no symptoms.
If a person does have symptoms, they may include frequent episodes of:
- Bronchitis (airway infection)
- Chronic diarrhea
- Conjunctivitis (eye infection)
- Gastrointestinal inflammation, including (ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, and a sprue-like illness
- Mouth infection
- Otitis media (middle ear infection)
- Pneumonia (lung infection)
- Sinusitis (sinus infection)
- Skin infections
- Upper respiratory tract infections
Other symptoms include:
No specific treatment is available. Some people gradually develop normal levels of IgA without treatment.
Treatment involves taking steps to reduce the number and severity of infections. Antibiotics are often needed to treat bacterial infections.
Immunoglobulins are given through a vein or by injection to boost the immune system.
Autoimmune disease treatment is based on the specific problem.
Note: People with complete IgA deficiency may develop anti-IgA antibodies if given blood products and immunoglobulins. This may lead to allergies or life-threatening anaphylactic shock. However, they can safely be given IgA-depleted immunoglobulins.
Selective IgA deficiency is less harmful than many other immunodeficiency diseases.
Some people with IgA deficiency will recover on their own and produce IgA in larger quantities over a period of years.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
If you have an IgA deficiency, be sure to mention it to your health care provider if immunoglobulin or other blood-component transfusions are suggested as a treatment for any condition.
Genetic counseling may be of value to prospective parents with a family history of selective IgA deficiency.
IgA deficiency; Immunodepressed - IgA deficiency; Immunosuppressed - IgA deficiency; Hypogammaglobulinemia - IgA deficiency; Agammaglobulinemia - IgA deficiency
Buckley RH. Primary defects of antibody production. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, Schor NF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 124.
Cunningham-Rundles C. Primary immunodeficiency diseases. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 250.
Review Date 3/20/2016
Updated by: Stuart I. Henochowicz, MD, FACP, Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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This is where the “Dade” in Miami-Dade comes from: A pretty, peaceful plot in Bushnell, four hours north of Miami, shaded by the arched limbs of ancient live oaks draped in Spanish moss.
Some of these trees were here when Major Francis L. Dade and all but three of his 106 men were killed in an ambush by Seminole Indians in 1835.
He was Florida’s first hero, so when a name was needed the following year for a new county, honoring Major Dade was natural.
But if you’re expecting this state park to tell a simple story of heroism, you’d be wrong. As they say, it’s complicated, and that’s one reason this is a fascinating visit.
Dade Battlefield Historic State Park is located three minutes off I-75 an hour north of Tampa. It makes a terrific stop for a picnic or a leg-stretcher on a road trip. It is also located in one of Florida’s most beautiful rural areas near the excellent paved Withlacoochee bike trail and Withlacoochee River paddling trail.
The 80-acre park preserves the land to look the way it did when the battle occurred. There’s a lovely half-mile trail through pine flatwoods, where you have a good chance of spotting gopher tortoises, woodpeckers, songbirds and hawks. The park has a playground plus a picnic area with covered shelters.
Don’t miss the small museum and short video, which tells the story of the battle, the trigger for what became the costliest Indian war in U.S. history.
In the Second Seminole War, native Americans were resisting U.S. government attempts to move them to Oklahoma. A big source of conflict was that Seminoles welcomed former slaves as brothers, much to the chagrin of Southern slaveholders.
The park’s video and exhibits tell a nuanced story of the people and that war. We are left to think about which side was right and which was wrong as we walk past the historic monument that says: “Here fell Major Dade.”
Visitors are often surprised that the park doesn’t tell the story only from the soldier’s point of view. said Park Manager Bill Gruber. “Most people don’t know anything about this war, which at the time was called the Florida War,” he said. After the news hit, the “Dade Massacre” was “on the lips of every American… It was huge national news and sent shockwaves through the country.”
The fact that U.S. Army soldiers led by West Point officers could be wiped out by “what people thought was a ragtag band” stunned people, Gruber said.
Today, the battle is still taught at West Point and the Joint Forces Staff College, which prepares top officers destined to become generals and admirals, brings new students to the park four times a year to study the battle.
If you visit, Gruber urges you to talk to rangers in the museum, who can share stories of the battle – how Major Dade was singularly brave, for example, and about the life of the soldiers, many of whom were foreign-born and had “no axe to grind” with the Seminoles.
Dade Battlefield Historic Park, 7200 CountyRoad 603, Bushnell; 352-793-4781; floridastateparks.org/park/Dade-Battlefield. Visitor Center: open 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily.Admission: $3 per car.
Tip: The Dade Battlefield Society sponsors an annual reenactment of the battle. The event is Jan 2-3 in 2016. It includes period soldier, Seminole and civilian camps; a Sutler Trade Fair; historic arts and crafts demonstrations; full-scale cannon firing; musket shooting; tomahawk throwing and primitive archery. www.dadebattlefield.com.
Bonnie Gross gives tips on visiting the natural and authentic Florida at FloridaRambler.com.
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The popes who, when installed in Avignon in the fourteenth century, revealed the terroir of Châteauneuf-du-Pape. Under the reign of John XXII, the village becomes the summer residence of the papacy. As for the precious nectar produced in this area, he granted the wine to the rank of "Vin du Pape", opening the doors of the great European courts.
Already in Gallo-Roman times, vines covered quite likely the territory of Châteauneuf-du-Pape. However, the first written evidence of its existence dates from 1157. In keeping with local tradition, and planting himself, Geoffroy, bishop of Avignon, had a vineyard within the territory of Châteauneuf-du-Pape. But the popes from of the fourteenth century were the real promoters of the winegrowing business of the place.
In 1314, Clement V, the first Avignon Pope discovers the special soil of Châteauneuf-du-Pape. His successor, John XXII supports him and it was during his reign that the vineyard really takes off and spreads fame beyond the borders of “The Comtat”.
The former bishop of Avignon, Jacques Duèse was elected as Pope John XII and succeeded Clement V in 1316. He regularly drank the wines from the vineyards ‘in the north’ and did much to improve viticulture practices there.
The pope sought a place sufficiently far from the city to discourage courtiers, sycophants, and scroungers, yet close enough so that a courier could go there and back to Avignon on the same day. The ideal spot was found on a hillock overlooking the Rhône Valley about halfway between Avignon and Orange – Châteauneuf – and this area was
placed directly under his authority.
He oversaw the total construction of the castle, which began in 1317, and was completed in 1333. Grapevines and olive trees were planted in the area. According to the archives of the Apostolic Chamber, the total number of grapevines at Châteauneuf was estimated to be more than three million in 1334. This represents 600 to 800 ha of vineyards. Under John XXII, the wines of this area Orders renewed each year until reaching over three thousand liters per year. During the festivities the wine was served to ambassadors and other representatives of foreign courts and soon afterwards even shipped in barrels to Italy, Germany and Britain.
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Composition and surface pressure
Carbon dioxide constitutes 95.3 percent of the atmosphere by weight, nine times the quantity now in Earth’s much more massive atmosphere. Much of Earth’s carbon dioxide, however, is chemically locked in sedimentary rocks; the amount in the Martian atmosphere is less than a thousandth of the terrestrial total. The balance of the Martian atmosphere consists of molecular nitrogen, water vapour, and noble gases (argon, neon, krypton, and xenon). There are also trace amounts of gases that have been produced from the primary constituents by photochemical reactions, generally high in the atmosphere; these include molecular oxygen, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and small amounts of ozone.
Composition of the Martian atmosphere
|carbon dioxide (CO2) ||95.32 |
|molecular nitrogen (N2) ||2.7 |
|argon (Ar) ||1.6 |
|molecular oxygen (O2) ||0.13 |
|carbon monoxide (CO) ||0.07 |
|water vapour (H2O) ||0.03 |
|neon (Ne) ||0.00025 |
|krypton (Kr) ||0.00003 |
|xenon (Xe) ||0.000008 |
The lower atmosphere supplies gas to the planet’s ionosphere, where densities are low, temperatures are high, and components separate by diffusion according to their masses. Various constituents in the top of the atmosphere are lost to space, which affects the isotopic composition of the remaining gases. For example, because hydrogen is lost preferentially over its heavier isotope deuterium, Mars’s atmosphere contains five times more deuterium than Earth’s.
Although water is only a minor constituent of the Martian atmosphere (a few molecules per 10,000 at most), primarily because of low atmospheric and surface temperatures, it plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry and meteorology. The Martian atmosphere is effectively saturated with water vapour, yet there is no liquid water present on the surface. The temperature and pressure of the planet are so low that water molecules can exist only as ice or as vapour. Little water is exchanged daily with the surface despite the very cold nighttime surface temperatures.
Water vapour is mixed uniformly up to altitudes of 10–15 km (6–9 miles) and shows strong latitudinal gradients that depend on the season. The largest changes occur in the northern hemisphere. During summer in the north, the complete disappearance of the carbon dioxide cap leaves behind a water-ice cap. Sublimation of water from the residual cap results in a strong north-to-south concentration gradient of water vapour in the atmosphere. In the south, where a small carbon dioxide cap remains in summer and only a small amount of water ice has been detected, a strong water vapour gradient does not normally develop in the atmosphere.
The atmospheric water vapour is believed to be in contact with a much larger reservoir in the Martian soil. Subsurface layers of ice seem to be ubiquitous on Mars at latitudes poleward of 40°; the very low subsurface temperatures would prevent the ice from subliming. The 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft confirmed that ice is present within a metre of the surface at latitudes higher than 60°, and the Phoenix lander found ice below the surface at 68° N, but it is not known how deep the ice layer extends. Images taken by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter showed new impact craters at latitudes between 40° N and 60° N that had exposed the subsurface water ice up to a depth of 74 cm (29 inches). In contrast, at low latitudes ice is unstable, and any ice present in the ground would tend to sublime into the atmosphere.
Isotopic measurements suggest that larger amounts of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and argon were present in the atmosphere in the past and that Mars may have lost much of its inventory of volatile substances early in its history, either to space or to the ground (i.e., locked up chemically in rocks). Mars may once have had a much thicker atmosphere that was lost to the surface through chemical reactions, which formed carbonates, and to space through large asteroid impacts, which blew off atmospheric gases.
Test Your Knowledge
Methane is also present in Mars’s atmosphere. Since methane is destroyed by sunlight, it must be continuously replenished to account for the amounts present. Volcanoes and meteorites have been ruled out as origins for the methane, which leaves chemical reactions between rock and water or metabolism by possible Martian microorganisms as possible sources.
The vertical structure of the Martian atmosphere—that is, the relation of temperature and pressure to altitude—is determined partly by a complicated balance of several energy-transport mechanisms and partly by the way energy from the Sun is introduced into the atmosphere and lost by radiation to space.
Two factors control the vertical structure of the lower atmosphere—its composition of almost pure carbon dioxide and its content of large quantities of suspended dust. Because carbon dioxide radiates energy efficiently at Martian temperatures, the atmosphere can respond rapidly to changes in the amount of solar radiation received. The suspended dust absorbs large quantities of heat directly from sunlight and provides a distributed source of energy throughout the lower atmosphere.
Surface temperatures depend on latitude and fluctuate over a wide range from day to night. At the Viking 1 and Pathfinder landing sites (both about 20° N latitude), the temperatures at roughly human height above the surface regularly varied from a low near 189 K (−119 °F, −84 °C) just before sunrise to a high of 240 K (−28 °F, −33 °C) in the early afternoon. This temperature swing is much larger than that which occurs in desert regions on Earth. The variation is greatest very close to the ground and occurs because the thin, dry atmosphere allows the surface to radiate its heat quickly during the night. During dust storms this ability is impaired, and the temperature swing is reduced. Above altitudes of a few kilometres, the daily variation is damped out, but other oscillations appear throughout the atmosphere as a result of the direct input of solar energy. These temperature and pressure oscillations, sometimes called tides because they are regular, periodic, and synchronized with the position of the Sun, give the Martian atmosphere a very complex vertical structure.
The cooling of the atmosphere with altitude at a rate of 1.5 K per km continues upward to about 40 km (25 miles), at which level (called the tropopause) the temperature becomes a roughly constant 140 K (−210 °F, −130 °C). This rate, measured by the Viking (and later Pathfinder) spacecraft as they descended through the atmosphere, was unexpectedly low; scientists had anticipated it to be near 5 K per km. This rate is significantly lower than that expected for clear air because of the large amount of suspended dust.
Above 100 km (60 miles), the structure of the atmosphere is determined by the tendency of the heavier molecules to concentrate below the lighter ones. This diffusive separation process overcomes the tendency of turbulence to mix all the constituents together. At these high altitudes, absorption of ultraviolet light from the Sun dissociates and ionizes the gases and leads to complex sequences of chemical reactions. The top of the atmosphere has an average temperature of about 300 K (80 °F, 27 °C).
Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics
The global pattern of atmospheric circulation on Mars shows many superficial similarities to that of Earth, but the root causes are very different. Among these differences are the atmosphere’s ability to adjust rapidly to local conditions of solar heat input; the lack of oceans, which on Earth have a large resistance to temperature changes; the great range in altitude of the surface (see below Character of the surface); the strong internal heating of the atmosphere because of suspended dust; and the seasonal deposition and release of a large part of the Martian atmosphere at the poles.
Near-surface winds at the Viking and Pathfinder landing sites were usually regular in behaviour and generally light. Average speeds were typically less than 2 metres per second (4.5 miles per hour), although gusts up to 40 metres per second (90 miles per hour) were recorded. Other observations, including streaks of windblown dust and patterns in dune fields and in the many varieties of clouds, have provided additional clues about surface winds.
Global circulation models, which incorporate all the factors understood to influence the behaviour of the atmosphere, predict a strong dependence of winds on the Martian seasons because of the large horizontal temperature gradients associated with the edge of the polar caps in the fall and winter. Strong jet streams with eastward velocities above 100 metres per second (225 miles per hour) form at high latitudes in winter. Circulation is less dramatic in spring and fall, when light winds predominate everywhere. On Mars, unlike on Earth, there is also a relatively strong north-south circulation that transports the atmosphere to and from the winter and summer poles. The general circulation pattern is occasionally unstable and exhibits large-scale wave motions and instabilities: a regular series of rotating high- and low-pressure systems was clearly seen in the pressure and wind records at the Viking lander sites.
Smaller-scale motions and oscillations, driven both by the Sun and by surface topography, are ubiquitous. For example, at the Viking and Pathfinder landing sites, the winds change in direction and speed throughout the day in response to the position of the Sun and the local slope of the land.
Turbulence is an important factor in raising and maintaining the large quantity of dust found in the Martian atmosphere. Dust storms tend to begin at preferred locations in the southern hemisphere during the southern spring and summer. Activity is at first local and vigorous (for reasons yet to be understood), and large amounts of dust are thrown high into the atmosphere. If the amount of dust reaches a critical quantity, the storm rapidly intensifies, and dust is carried by high winds to all parts of the planet. In a few days the storm has obscured the entire surface, and visibility has been reduced to less than 5 percent of normal. The intensification process is evidently short-lived, as atmospheric clarity begins to return almost immediately, becoming normal typically in a few weeks.
Character of the surface
The character of the Martian terrain has been well established from spacecraft photography and altimetry. Almost the entire planet has been photographed from orbit at a resolution of 20 metres (66 feet) and selected areas at resolutions as high as 20 cm (8 inches). In addition, the laser altimeter on Mars Global Surveyor measured surface elevations for the entire planet, averaged over a circle 300 metres (1,000 feet) across to a vertical accuracy of 1 metre (3.3 feet).
Many maps have been made to illustrate topography, geology, temperature, mineral distributions, and a variety of other data. After Mariner 9 the prime meridian on Mars—the equivalent of the Greenwich meridian on Earth—was defined as passing through a small crater named Airy-0 within the larger crater Airy. Longitude was measured in degrees that increase to the west of this meridian completely around the planet. Later some scientists expressed a preference for a coordinate system with longitude that increases to the east of the prime meridian. Consequently, maps of Mars were published with either or both of these systems.
Despite its small size, Mars has significantly more relief than Earth. The lowest point on the planet, within the Hellas impact basin, is 8 km (5 miles) below the reference level. The highest point, at the summit of the volcano Olympus Mons, is 21 km (13 miles) above the reference level. The elevation range is thus 29 km (18 miles), compared with about 20 km (12.4 miles) on Earth—i.e., from the bottom of the Mariana Trench to the top of Mount Everest. Because Mars has no oceans, a reference level for elevations had to be defined in terms other than sea level. In the early 1970s the elevation at which the atmospheric pressure is 6.l millibars (about 0.006 of the sea-level pressure on Earth) was set as the reference. When Mars Global Surveyor acquired more-accurate elevation data, a better reference was needed, and the planet’s mean radius of 3,389.51 km (2,106.14 miles) was chosen.
One of the most striking aspects of the Martian surface is the contrast between the southern and northern hemispheres. Most of the southern hemisphere is high-standing and heavily cratered, resembling the battered highlands of the Moon. Most of the northern hemisphere is low-lying and sparsely cratered. The difference in mean elevation between the two hemispheres is roughly 6 km (3.7 miles). The topographic boundary between the hemispheres is not parallel to the equator but roughly follows a great circle inclined to it by about 30°. In some places the boundary is broad and irregular; in other places there are steep cliffs. Some of the most intensely eroded areas on Mars occur along the boundary. Landforms there include outflow channels, areas of collapse called chaotic terrain, and an enigmatic mix of valleys and ridges known as fretted terrain. Straddling the boundary in the western hemisphere is the Tharsis rise, a vast volcanic pile 4,000 km (2,500 miles) across and 8 km (5 miles) above the reference level at its centre. It stands 12 km (7.5 miles) above the northern plains and more than 2 km (1.2 miles) above the surrounding cratered southern highlands. On or near the Tharsis rise are the planet’s largest volcanoes (see below Tharsis and Elysium). Conspicuously absent in either hemisphere are the types of landforms that on Earth result from plate tectonics—for example, long linear mountain chains similar to the Andes, oceanic trenches, or a global system of interconnected ridges.
The hemispheric dichotomy most likely formed when a large asteroid collided with Mars very early in its history. The resulting northern hemisphere impact crater measures roughly 8,500 by 10,700 km (5,300 by 6,600 miles) across; the object that crashed into Mars would have been more than 2,000 km (1,200 miles) across. Gravity data acquired by Mars Global Surveyor suggest that the Martian crust is much thicker under the southern highlands than under the northern plains (see below The interior).
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Get rid of the problem today Call 1300 577 777
Of the three main causes of damp within the home, all of which can be prevented and remedied through careful planning, the most common cause is condensation dampness.
Excess moisture building up on walls and ceilings in your home can lead to the growth of moulds, fungi and bacteria, exposure to which can be clinically associated with respiratory symptoms, allergies and asthma.
Condensation damp can, however, be easy to resolve and eliminate once Homevent has identified the problem areas within the home.
Damp can affect any home no matter how large or small. If left untreated it can be a very real threat to health. It could lead to the appearance of mould and structural damage (depending on the type of damp)
However, prompt action will save you time, money and safeguard your health.
There are three main types of damp:
Rising damp only happens at ground floor levels as the moisture drawn up the wall comes from the soil in the ground. Decaying skirting boards, crumbling plaster and tide marks on walls all identify a possible problem with rising damp.
Penetrating damp is caused by water entering through walls, floors and ceilings, causing external construction damage to guttering, rendering and wall joints. It could be the result of a burst pipe or a problem with plumbing. Damage to plastering, decaying timber and watermarks on masonry all indicate a potential problem with penetrating damp.
The signs of condensation in your home include streaming windows and walls, the discolouration of window panes and eventually the growth of black mould.
As in so many other cases, prevention is better than cure. In order to prevent damp it pays to maintain your home, by quickly responding to any damage such as leaks, issues with guttering or external pipes.
If you neglect to repair something small you can prevent having to incur huge expenses in repairing large problems.
Rising damp can be difficult to prevent. Although it is normally found in older properties, as homes built from 1875 onwards have been built with Damp Proofing Course. it can however occur in modern homes.
The following will help prevent rising damp:
Check the moisture levels in the walls every six months using an electronic moisture meter that can be obtained from most DIY shops. Dig away any soil that is resting directly against the property to leave a gap and prevent moisture build-up.
Rising damp is easy to spot but it is often confused with condensation damp. Condensation damp is easier to remedy and not as expensive to fix.
Poor or inadequate ventilation is the main cause of condensation damp. Prolonged condensation damp can lead to the unsightly appearance of black mould on walls, doors, ceilings and around window frames.
Preventing condensation dampness
To prevent condensation damp you can ensure that your home is correctly ventilated. If the ventilation inside the property is prohibited or restricted, your home could become vulnerable to condensation and mould. Check all of your extractor fans to see that they are in working order and not clogged up and are working efficiently.
Another way to prevent condensation damp is to have a condensation control unit fitted. These units deliver fresh, filtered air into the home from a central position and have also been specially designed for apartments.
If your home suffers from a Damp problem, give Homevent a call to assess your problem and find a solution for it.
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The latest news from academia, regulators
research labs and other things of interest
Posted: February 23, 2009
Nanoparticles detect dying cancer cells
(Nanowerk News) Two years ago, researchers at the University of South Australia discovered a new molecular marker specific for chemotherapy-induced cancer cell death. Now, those same investigators have used this marker to develop an imaging agent that can pinpoint tumor cell death using magnetic resonance imaging.
Reporting its work in the journal Advanced Materials (Immunotargeting of Functional Nanoparticles for MRI detection of Apoptotic Tumor Cells), a team of investigators led by Benjamin Thiery, Ph.D., first described a new synthetic method that produces monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles with a dense, uniform coating of the biocompatible polymer poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The resulting nanoparticle adsorbed much lower levels of blood proteins than do iron oxide nanoparticles coated using conventional methods, which had the effect of increasing the particles’ half-life in blood.
Next, the investigators attached a specific monoclonal antibody to the PEG coating. This antibody binds to the La ribonucleoprotein, a molecule that is highly overexpressed by tumor cells. When tumor cells die by a process known as apoptosis, La ribonucleoprotein migrates to the cell membrane, where it is then accessible to the monoclonal antibody. Using multiple experimental models, the investigators showed that this antibody-nanoparticle construct bound with very high specificity to apoptotic cancer cells. The investigators are now conducting in vivo experiments to determine whether the nanoparticles can reveal the presence of apoptotic cancer cells in animals with human tumors.
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Newswise — Sniffing, a common behavior in dogs, cats and other animals, has been observed to also serve as a method for rats to communicate—a fundamental discovery that may help scientists identify brain regions critical for interpreting communications cues and what brain malfunctions may cause some complex social disorders.
Researchers have long observed how animals vigorously sniff when they interact, a habit usually passed off as simply smelling each other. But Daniel W. Wesson, PhD, of Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, whose research is published today in Current Biology, found that rats sniff each other to signal a social hierarchy and prevent aggressive behavior.
Wesson, who drew upon previous work showing that, similar to humans, rodents naturally form complex social hierarchies, used wireless methods to record and observe rats as they interacted. He found that, when two rats approach each other, one communicates dominance by sniffing more frequently, while the subordinate signals its role by sniffing less. Wesson found that if the subordinate didn’t do so, the dominant rat was more likely to become aggressive to the other.
Wesson theorized the dominant rat was displaying a “conflict avoidance signal,” similar to a large monkey walking into a room and banging its chest. In response, the subordinate animal might cower and look away, or in the case of the rats, decrease its sniffing.
“These novel and exciting findings show that how one animal sniffs another greatly matters within their social network,” said Wesson, an associate professor of neurosciences. “This sniffing behavior might reflect a common mechanism of communication behavior across many types of animals and in a variety of social contexts. It is highly likely that our pets use similar communication strategies in front of our eyes each day, but because we do not use this ourselves, it isn’t recognizable as ‘communication’.”
Wesson’s findings represent the first new form of communication behavior in rats since it was discovered in the 1970s that they communicate through vocal ultrasonic frequencies. The research provides a basis for understanding how neurological disorders might impact the brain’s ability to conduct normal, appropriate social behaviors.
Wesson’s laboratory will use these findings to better understand how certain behaviors go awry. Ultimately, the hope is to learn whether this new form of communication can help explain how the brain controls complex social behaviors and how these neural centers might inappropriately deal with social cues.
Wesson’s research is supported by grants from the National Science Foundation, #IOS-1121471, the Mount Sinai Health Care Foundation and the University Hospitals Case Medical Center Spitz Brain Health Fund.
About Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Founded in 1843, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine is the largest medical research institution in Ohio and is among the nation’s top medical schools for research funding from the National Institutes of Health. The School of Medicine is recognized throughout the international medical community for outstanding achievements in teaching. The School’s innovative and pioneering Western Reserve2 curriculum interweaves four themes--research and scholarship, clinical mastery, leadership, and civic professionalism--to prepare students for the practice of evidence-based medicine in the rapidly changing health care environment of the 21st century. Nine Nobel Laureates have been affiliated with the School of Medicine.
Annually, the School of Medicine trains more than 800 MD and MD/PhD students and ranks in the top 25 among U.S. research-oriented medical schools as designated by U.S. News & World Report’s “Guide to Graduate Education.”
The School of Medicine’s primary affiliate is University Hospitals Case Medical Center and is additionally affiliated with MetroHealth Medical Center, the Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the Cleveland Clinic, with which it established the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University in 2002. http://casemed.case.edu
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.newswise.com/articles/new-form-of-animal-communication-discovered
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Definition - What does Pro Per mean?
Literally translated, pro per means for one's self. The term is often seen in the courts when a defendant chooses to represent themselves. The United States allows for any defendant to be able to choose to deny legal counsel and hear the facts of the case as the defense and the defendant.
Justipedia explains Pro Per
A judge can rule against this right in a criminal case where the judge feels the person needs to be examined as competent. Being competent to represent yourself is the only precondition. This does not mean you need any legal experience. It only certifies that you are mentally competent. Pro per can exist in any type of law: criminal, civil, tort, etc.
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The Pacific bathes Chiloé Island, where Ancud is influenced by its channels and islets, dwelled by sea birds and wildlife.
Ever since the time of the first settlements, Ancud has taken advantage of its privileged location. It used to be a Spanish fort and port. The consolidation of trade with the rest of Chile turned it into the best-known naval link between the island and the continent. The timber business had its boom in the late nineteenth century, which lured European colonists.
Those who wish to learn about the history of the city will quench their thirst during a visit to Ancud's Regional Museum, which displays a heritage that speaks about the identity of the Chiloé Archipelago.
Other attractions include Lacuy Peninsula, with Corona Lighthouse, picturesque Doña Sebastiana Islet and the low shore of Carelmapu. In the background, the Calbuco and Osorno Volcanoes provide majesty to this scene.
Ancud, along with Chiloé Island, is a sea paradise.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://www.welcomechile.com/ancud/index_i.html
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The Protectorate of the Marches was a peculiar state in early modern Europe, which existed twice, in 1472-1522 and 1565-1631.
Originally just a part of the Papal States, after the infamous Sacco di Roma in 1466 by the Rum-Seljuks, who occupied all of Latium, the Marches came under the protection of Castille-Portugal. Theoretically still under the Pope, de facto the country was governed by the Duke of Alba (from Castille). Although no one said it loud, the Pope and the other church leaders were quite content in Avignon and didn't care that much about Rome any more.
1516-18, the Seljuks invaded Florence. Although they stayed supreme in open battle, they didn't manage to take the new "Italian fortresses" (again). When the Janissaries became discontent because they couldn't plunder the cities, the Sultan had to cancel the attack, directed it into the Marches instead. The tiny republic of San Marino was overrun by them as well. During 1519-22, the alliance of the Quadruple Monarchy, Florence, Venice and some German princes fought the Seljuks to a stalemate along the Po river, which became the new northern border of the Seljuk empire. The northern parts of the former Papal States were annexed by Venice.
Under Seljuk rule
In 1542, a great uprising of the Carbonari happened in South Italy, which soon spread to Rome itself, and the Marches too. Florence used the opportunity and invaded Latium. Many Christian volunteers went to Italy to fight against the Seljuks; some pious nobles, mainly from Castille-Portugal, supported Florence with money. 1543, Florentine troops stood in the county of Naples and the Marches. Now however, the main army of the Seljuks arrived, and the Florentine army was defeated several times. In 1544, peace had to be made.
1556, the Triple Monarchy of England-Castille-Portugal declared war on the Seljuks, enraged over the fate of Rome. Savoy and Florence joined the war. In 1559, Rome was reconquered by the Christians; all the Muslims found there were massacred. The so-called second Occidental-Seljuk War ended in 1565 with the Peace of Ostia, the Seljuks gave up Latium (to Florence, which would "administer", de facto annex it) and the Marches, Algiers, Tunis and Sicily (which went to the Triple Monarchy). The Romans displaced ~20 years ago returned in triumph. The victorious Italians demanded that the Pope returns to Rome, which the French king denied. The Marches were returned to their protectorate status.
Despite being under Christian rule now, the Italians didn't like the new government very much, and some of them started to look over the border to Florence, which had survived two Seljuk occupations. At the beginning, the dukes and grand dukes of Florence didn't want trouble with the Quadruple and later Triple Monarchy; but after it fell apart, in 1631 the Florentines finally parted with them, and annexed the Marches. They made a compromise with France: While the former Papal States were still nominally under the Pope, Florence would "administer" them for him. This was also seen as a compensation for the Pope staying in Avignon, while many Italians still wished for his return to Rome. In addition, Florence had to allow France's ally Venice to annex the more valuable North: Bologna, Ferrara and Ravenna.
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http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/Marches_(Chaos)
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| 0.972133
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Perceptions of age may affect health
You really may be as young as you feel, according to researchers at Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who reviewed scientific literature for evidence that people's perception of their age might influence their health. In their article for Perspectives on Psychological Science, researchers included studies such as one in which women who thought their new hairdos made them look younger experienced a decline in blood pressure. Another report linked early hair loss in men with a higher incidence of heart disease, an association authors connected with negative feelings about aging. Other studies found that those who spend time with younger people — such as women who have children late in life, and people who marry younger partners — tend to live longer. Researchers speculated that cues associated with aging can "make one unconsciously or consciously aware of old age and set in motion a series of physiological processes that can have real effects on short-term and long-term health."
Fried fish suspect in strokes in South
A wide swath of the South has long been known as the "stroke belt" because it has higher rates of stroke and other cardiovascular illnesses than the rest of the country. Now researchers are suggesting one culprit: fried fish. Fish contains omega-3 fatty acids, which help reduce the risk for stroke, but deep-fat frying destroys these acids and replaces them with cooking oil. Scientists writing in Neurology analyzed diets of more than 21,000 people nationwide and found those in North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas and Louisiana ate a 3-ounce serving of fish an average of twice a week, roughly the same as people elsewhere. But they were 32 percent more likely to have that fish fried. The lead author of the study, Dr. Fadi Nahab of Emory University, said fried fish was only one potential contributor to differences in stroke rate, but it stood out. "When we look at dietary differences in and out of the stroke belt, it's hard to find any other than this one."
Distracted diners may eat more
If you watch TV or use a computer during meals, you may eat more than you think. Researchers had 22 volunteers eat a meal while playing computer solitaire and 22 others eat the same meal while undistracted. The report in American Journal of Clinical Nutrition showed distracted eaters were worse at remembering what they had eaten, and felt significantly less full just after lunch. "Memory plays an important role in the regulation of food intake," said Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, the senior author and a researcher in behavioral nutrition at the University of Bristol in England. "And distractions during eating disrupt that."
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<urn:uuid:ab397d7a-6300-4a6b-83bc-b83761c184cc>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.tampabay.com/news/health/research/briefs-perceptions-of-age-may-affect-health/1143721
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A perpetuity is an annuity that provides payments indefinitely. Since this type of annuity is unending, its sum or future value cannot be calculated.
Examples of perpetuity:
- Local governments set aside monies so that funds will be available on a regular basis for cultural activities.
- A children’s charity club set up a fund designed to provide a flow of regular payments indefinitely to needy children.
Therefore, what happens in a perpetuity is that once the initial fund has been established the payments will flow from the fund indefinitely which implies that these payments are nothing more than annual interest payments.
How to calculate a perpetuity?
With perpetuities it is necessary to find a present value based on a series of payments that go on forever.
The formula for calculating the present value of a perpetuity is:
A ∞ = —-
R = the interest payment each period
i= the interest rate per payment period
Alan wants to retire and receive $3,000 a month. He wants to pass this monthly payment to future generations after his death. He can earn an interest of 8% compounded annually. How much will he need to set aside to achieve his perpetuity goal?
Solution: R = $3,000
i = 0.08/12 or 0.00667
Substituting these values in the above formula, we get
A ∞ = ———
If he wanted the payments to start today, we must increase the size of the funds to handle the first payment. This is achieved by depositing $452,775 which provides the immediate payment of $3,000 and leaves $449,775 in the fund to provide the future $3,000 payments.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://content.moneyinstructor.com/988/perpetuities-definition-calculation.html
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"Network is busy"¿three dreaded words for cellular phone users. But they may appear less often in the near future, thanks to researchers at the University at Buffalo. Chunming Qiao and colleagues have devised a new technology for rerouting calls and thus alleviating traffic jams at wireless network relay towers. On these networks, as on roads and highways, the key problem is not necessarily too much "traffic" but unevenly distributed traffic. "The shortcoming of these systems is that even though a neighboring tower may have channels available for use, if you are physically in a busy cell, you cannot place or receive a call," Qiao explains.
The new technology, called iCAR (integrated Cellular Ad hoc Relay), builds on the existing relay tower technology but improves it with the help of Ad hoc Relay Station (ARS) devices. Unlike a relay tower, which has a range of several kilometers, an ARS can cover only a few hundred meters but is small and mobile, Qiao says. It receives the signal from a cell phone or other wireless device and transmits it to a nearby cell tower or another ARS, diverting traffic from busy cell towers. ICAR finds a route automatically, moving from ARS to ARS until it locates a free cell. "If a route is available, it shouldn't take more than a few tens of milliseconds [to find it]," Qiao estimates. The UB researchers ran computer simulations to test a potential iCAR system and concluded that it should fare well in the real world. "Either technology by itself, the cell tower or the relay station, will not scale up cost-effectively," Qiao says, "which is why integrating the two of them is such a good idea."
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<urn:uuid:544a3081-eec5-4fb6-b4da-82d82641c657>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-technology-may-allevi/
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(taken from: http://freenuts.com/images/corpus-byu-edu.jpg)
By Agung Kristianto, ELL Instructor at MCC
I attended a workshop facilitated by Dr. Randi Reppen at the MIDTESOL Conference. In this workshop, she focused on the use of corpus research (research on large collection of natural language) to inform language teaching decisions and resource in the language classroom. She also proposed the use of corpora as a resource for material development and student activities. She started the workshop with providing the rationale of using corpora for vocabulary and grammar instruction. She claims that using corpora can provide insights into language use where intuition fails. In addition, she believes that corpora can serve as teaching materials by providing examples of authentic language. Then, she continued to share some online corpus and corpus softwares. Some example of free online corpora are COCA (http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/) , Word and Phrase (focused on academic language, http://www.wordandphrase.info/), MICASE (http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/c/corpus/corpus?page=home;c=micase;cc=micase), and Wikipedia corpus (http://corpus.byu.edu/wikipedia.asp). Whereas, some example of corpus software are Monoconc, Ant Conc, and Word Smith.
Having shown some basic functions and features from some of the above corpora, she proposed that the use of corpora may also help English language learners’ vocabulary acquisition in the following areas: lexical verbs such as irregular verbs, affixes, multi word and single word verbs, and collocation. In addition, using corpora can provide a language teacher with example of patterns such as the use of preposition ‘in’ and ‘of’.
Additionally, in this workshop the facilitator showed how corpora can inform language teacher the most frequent verbs used in English that both are irregular verbs and have multiple meanings. Therefore, acquisition of these lexical verbs can be challenging for English learners. Thus, using corpora may inform teacher with some ideas and authentic language examples to deal with this particular challenge. Another example the facilitator mentioned was the use of corpora to provide advanced language learner in academic writing skills improvement. She gave an example of how corpora can serve English language learners to find better collocation. Finally, she encourages language teachers to explore and use corpora as one tool that can be useful in helping English language teachers and learners in the area of vocabulary and grammar acquisition.
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<urn:uuid:e3a915d4-0f8b-42ed-9f41-5a511a79bd3d>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://adulted-mcc.blogspot.com/2016/04/
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en
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Mammatus Clouds - "True to their ominous appearance, mammatus clouds are often harbingers of a coming storm or other extreme weather system. Typically composed primarily of ice, they can extend for hundreds of miles in each direction."
The Cordón Caulle volcano in central Chile is pictured in all it's glory by Chilean photographer Francisco Negroni. His stunning snaps show forks of volcanic lightning to create an incredible light show.
Weather pictures of the year 2011: lightning, auroras, snow and ice
Extreme weather events, such as these multiple tornadoes, are more likely as a result of climate change. See more: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130215-severe-storm-climate-change-weather-science/
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://za.pinterest.com/explore/extreme-weather/
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en
| 0.903304
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by CHARLIE BROWN
Director of Security
Rockford Public Schools
“Your son or daughter has been killed in a car accident.” These are words that will change your life forever (“The Problem”). If you want the cold hard truth, look no further. Did you know that about 3,500 teens die per year in car crashes and tons of thousands are injured? That’s the equivalent of an airplane full of teens crashing every other week. If you aren’t careful, you too could become a statistic. Learn more about the major dangers for teens:
• driving at night
• speeding and street racing
• not wearing a seatbelt
• driving under the influence
The single biggest risk factor is driving at night. In 2009, 61 percent of teen crash deaths occurred between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m. As reported by a 2010 study by Texas Transportation Institute, this is primarily due to a combination of the visibility challenges caused by dark conditions, slower response time brought about by fatigue, and a lack of experience driving under such conditions. It is largely for these reasons that most states include a nighttime driving restriction in Graduated Driver License (GDL) laws. In most states with a GDL law, the nighttime restriction and a limit on the number of passengers allowed are the most widely implemented features of that law.
The problem of visibility: The average person’s field of vision is smaller without the aid of light, and glare from oncoming headlights can further limit the ability to see clearly and avoid hazards. High Intensity lights are becoming more common. These lights are brighter than oncoming headlights and can further limit the ability to see. The National Safety Council says that dusk is the most dangerous time, since your eyes constantly have to adjust to more darkness. If an oncoming vehicle’s lights are too high, avoid glare by watching the right edge of the road and using it as a steering guide. During my career with the Kent County Sheriff’s Department, it seemed many drunk drivers failed to dim their lights—beware!
The problem of drowsy driving: Being awake for 20 hours has the same affect as being legally drunk! Research suggests that teens should have 9 to 10 hours of sleep each night, but teens, on average, get only 7.4 hours per night. Avoid driving at times when you would normally be asleep. Avoid alcohol and medications that might cause drowsiness.
After spending 15 years in a Kent County Sheriff’s e-unit, trust me when I tell you that speed kills.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://rockfordsquire.com/2012/05/31/school-beat-21/
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"The streets of our country are in turmoil. The universities are filled with students rebelling and rioting. Communists are seeking to destroy our country. Russia is threatening us with her might, and the Republic is in danger. Yes - danger from within and without. We need law and order! Without it our nation cannot survive." - Adolf Hitler, 1932
When a propagandist warns members of her audience that disaster will result if they do not follow a particular course of action, she is using the fear appeal. By playing on the audience's deep-seated fears, practitioners of this technique hope to redirect attention away from the merits of a particular proposal and toward steps that can be taken to reduce the fear.
This technique can be highly effective when wielded by a fascist demagogue, but it is typically used in less dramatic ways. Consider the following:
- A television commercial portrays a terrible automobile accident (the fear appeal), and reminds viewers to wear their seat-belts (the fear-reducing behavior).
- A pamphlet from an insurance company includes pictures of houses destroyed by floods (the fear appeal), and follows up with details about home-owners' insurance (the fear-reducing behavior).
- A letter from a pro-gun organization begins by describing a lawless America in which only criminals own guns (the fear appeal), and concludes by asking readers to oppose a ban on automatic weapons (the fear-reducing behavior).
Since the end of the second world war, social psychologists and communication scholars have been conducting empirical studies in order to learn more about the effectiveness of fear appeals. Some have criticized the conceptualization of the studies, and others have found fault with the experimental methods, but the general conclusions are worth considering, if not accepting.
- "All other things being equal, the more frightened a person is by a communication, the more likely her or she is to take positive preventive action."(Pratkanis and Aronson, 1991)
- Fear appeals will not succeed in altering behavior if the audience feels powerless to change the situation.
- Fear appeals are more likely to succeed in changing behavior if they contain specific recommendations for reducing the threat that the audience believes are both effective and doable.
In summary, there are four elements to a successful fear appeal: 1) a threat, 2) a specific recommendation about how the audience should behave, 3) audience perception that the recommendation will be effective in addressing the threat, and 4) audience perception that they are capable of performing the recommended behavior.
When fear appeals do not include all four elements, they are likely to fail. Pratkanis and Aronson provide the example of the anti-nuclear movement, which successfully aroused public fear of nuclear war, but offered few specific recommendations that people perceived as effective or doable. By contrast, fall-out shelters were enormously popular during the 1950s because people believed that shelters would protect them from nuclear war, and installing a shelter was something that they could do.
In a similar fashion, during the 1964 campaign, Lyndon Johnson was said to have swayed many voters with a well-known television commercial that portrayed a young girl being annihilated in a nuclear blast. This commercial linked nuclear war to Barry Goldwater (Johnson's opponent), and proposed a vote for Johnson as an effective, doable way of avoiding the threat.
In contemporary politics, the fear-appeal continues to be widespread. When a politician agitates the public's fear of immigration, or crime, and proposes that voting for her will reduce the threat, she is using this technique. When confronted with persuasive messages that capitalize on our fear, we should ask ourselves the following questions:
- Is the speaker exaggerating the fear or threat in order to obtain my support?
- How legitimate is the fear that the speaker is provoking?
- Will performing the recommended action actually reduce the supposed threat?
- When viewed dispassionately, what are the merits of the speaker's proposal?
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.propagandacritic.com/articles/ct.sa.fear.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321410.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627115753-20170627135753-00689.warc.gz
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en
| 0.955752
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| 3.078125
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Gaius Trebonius was a Roman politician and general. As a patrician, he showed conservative tendencies during his term as quaestor beginning in 60 B.C., but he later became a strong supporter of Julius Caesar and the populares.
As tribune, in 55 B.C. he sponsored the Lex Trebonia, by which Pompey and Crassus, that year's consuls, were assigned, respectively, the provinces of Spain and Syria and by which the assignment to Caesar of Gaul and Illyricum was extended. Although Cicero was persuaded to support the law favoring the dynasts, Cato regarded these extraordinary powers as foreshadowing the end of the republic.
During the second civil war beginning in 49 B.C. Trebonius commanded three legions under Caesar, whose protege he became and under whom he was appointed praetor in 48 B.C., and propraetor of Spain in 47 B.C.; although he was driven from Spain by the revolt of his troops, he became consul in 45 B.C. Despite promises of additional favors, Trebonius joined the conspiracy against his patron, delaying Mark Antony's entrance into the Senate while Caesar was murdered in 44 B.C.
In the following year Trebonius was made proconsul of Asia, a post which Caesar had promised him before his death. He was murdered, supposedly at Smyrna, by Publius Cornelius Dolabella, governor of Syria, after he had been in office only a short time in 43 B.C.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://acta-senatus.blogspot.com/2010/06/
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en
| 0.990449
| 323
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| 3
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Lentils and other legumes are very high in protein
One of the challenges of switching to a vegetarian diet involves replacing animal protein sources with vegetarian alternatives. However, it is difficult to obtain adequate amounts of protein on a vegetarian diet. Many non-animal foods contain high concentrations of protein, including grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, dairy products and eggs. By eating a variety of these foods, you can easily meet the recommended daily protein intake of 46 grams for women and 56 grams for men.
Wheat and Grains
Wheat and other grain products are surprisingly good sources of protein. For example, 2 slices of whole-wheat bread provide 5 grams of protein, 1 cup of cooked spaghetti noodles provides 8 grams, 1 cup of cooked brown rice provides 5 grams and 1 cup of cooked quinoa provides 9 grams. Seitan, or isolated wheat gluten, is much higher in protein, with 31 grams of protein in a 3-ounce serving. As a single serving of these foods can account for approximately 9 to 67 percent of your daily intake, wheat and grains are excellent vegetarian protein sources.
Legumes include some of the most common protein sources in the vegetarian diet, such as soy, lentils, black beans, chickpeas, peanuts and peanut butter. These foods are much higher in protein than most grains, with a single serving providing between approximately 14 and 89 percent of your daily intake. For example, 1 cup of cooked lentils contains 18 grams of protein, 1 cup of chickpeas contains 12 grams and 2 tablespoons of peanut butter provide 8 grams of protein. Soy products, which provide all essential amino acids, vary in their protein content. For example, 1 cup of cooked soybeans contains 29 grams, while 1 cup of tempeh contains 41 grams of protein.
Nuts and Seeds
The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans includes nuts and seeds among the recommended protein sources for vegetarians. Examples of nuts that are high in protein include almonds, with 8 grams in 1/4 cup, and cashews, with 5 grams of protein in 1/4 cup. Although they contain less protein than legumes, seeds contain similar amounts of protein as nuts. A 1-ounce serving of roasted pumpkin or squash seeds contains about 9 grams, 1 ounce of roasted sesame seeds contains 5 grams and 1 ounce of dried chia seeds contains 5 grams of protein. Using these values, a serving of nuts or seeds can provide approximately between 8 and 19 percent of your daily protein intake.
Dairy and Eggs
Unlike vegans, vegetarians typically include dairy products and eggs in their diets. These foods are naturally high in protein, with a single serving providing between approximately 6 and 26 percent of your daily intake. Examples of dairy products include 1 cup of 1 percent milk, with 8 grams, 1 ounce of whole milk mozzarella cheese, with 6 grams, and an 8-ounce container of plain, low-fat yogurt, with 12 grams of protein. Similar to this variation in dairy products, different bird's eggs contain different amounts of protein. For example, 1 large, white chicken egg contains 4 grams of protein, while 1 duck egg contains 9 grams of protein.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.nolvadexbestpharm.com/SourcesOfProtein/alternative-sources-of-protein
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Pandas are vegetarians, right? Well, new findings by Conservancy scientists suggest the issue isn’t as black and white (or, er, as green and blood red) as once thought.
Motion sensor cameras were set up this summer in the soon-to-be established Motianling County Land Trust Reserve in northern Sichuan by The Nature Conservancy, Peking University and local government partners. In November they captured images of a giant panda consuming the carcass of a takin, a Himalayan goat-antelope. These photos provide visual confirmation that pandas at least occasionally eat meat in addition to their customary staple of bamboo leaves. (See the amazing images captured by remote camera.)
While this isn’t news to scientists — evidence in feces has shown that pandas do sometimes eat meat — very few photos exist of a panda actually consuming it.
But the panda’s no killer; scientists confirmed that the takin had died of natural causes several days before it was discovered by the panda. “These images show that there is still so much we don’t know about their behavior,” says Zhao Peng, the Motianling project lead for the Conservancy. “They really are an incredible species.”
But the question remains: Is the panda portrayed in Kung Fu Panda closer to real life than the cuddly ball of fur we all love and adore? To get to the bottom of this question we reached out to Matt Durnin, the Conservancy’s Asia-Pacific Conservation Science Director. Matt has been studying pandas for more than a decade and conducted his Ph.D. research on the wild giant pandas of the Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan province.
Q: Where did the researchers find this panda, and what were they investigating with their camera traps?
Matt Durnin: The work is being conducted in the Motianling Land Trust Reserve a 110km2 area in Pingwu County, Sichuan Province. The reserve is a vital, healthy habitat for conservation target species including the endangered giant panda, and is adjacent to two existing giant panda reserves – Baishuijiang and Tangjiahe National Nature Reserves.
We use remote cameras as a “non-invasive” way to monitor species presence in the reserve. Remote cameras are a now widely used and well proven methodology to gather information not only on the presence of species but — as is evidenced in these photos — on behavior (e.g. feeding or scent marking).
In previous work done on giant pandas in the wild, I was able to capture photos of pandas at “scent trees,” sniffing the scent of other pandas as well as leaving their own scent on trees. Remote cameras have also been used to identify the presence of previously unknown species or species that have been considered extirpated from an area.
Q: Was this news a surprise to you?
Matt Durnin: This news is not so much a surprise because researchers have previously found the remains of animals in panda feces. But it is exciting and significant. I’ve only ever heard of one other incident of a panda being photographed on a carcass and those photos have never been published and were taken with a mobile phone.
What makes these photos significant is the number and quality of them, as well as the systematic way in which they were obtained. Researchers came across the carcass (so were able to estimate how long since its death) and placed the camera there to photograph any animals that might come along and feed on it. I don’t think anyone expected that it would be a panda but rather some other carnivore. This is a panda feeding on a carcass over a 6-hour period; it’s the most extensive photographic footage of a panda in the wild doing so.
Q: What can you learn from these photos? How common is meat-eating in pandas, and is something new happening here that might be increasing the behavior?
Matt Durnin: Pandas are technically carnivores. And we know from finding feces in the field that contained animal remains — as well as anecdotally from conversations with locals living and spending time in panda habitat — that they do eat meat from time to time. So this is not a “new” behavior — but it is, we believe, very uncommon. So documenting it with such a large number of high quality photos is an important result of this research.
From the photographs we have what appears to be a very healthy panda (it’s not possible to say if it’s a male or female) feeding for approximately 6 hours on the remains of a takin. There is plenty of its primary food, bamboo, in the area. So we can assume it was not starving from lack of access to bamboo but rather it was hungry, found a “fresh” carcass and so did what carnivores do and ate the meat.
However, there is only a small amount of data supporting that wild pandas do eat meat, so we still consider this a rare behavior. I’ve collected hundreds — perhaps thousands — of feces for DNA and bite-fragment analysis in my research over the years and have found only one feces with anything other than bamboo in it.
These 600 photos tell us that, despite decades of research on pandas in the wild, we’re still learning.
Q: When most people think of panda bears, they think of sweet, seemingly cuddly creatures. Is that popular image true to the facts, or do pandas have a not-so-cuddly side as well?
Matt Durnin: The famous field biologist George Schaller was once chased and climbed a tree to get away from a female panda that he was observing. Just like any large carnivore, they have very powerful jaws, sharp teeth and claws — if they were to get a hold of a person or other animal, they could do a lot of harm. Zookeepers and zoo guests (that have jumped into enclosures or stuck their arms through cage bars) have been injured and mauled to death by captive pandas. Whlie there’s no evidence that anyone has ever been killed by a panda in the wild, they are wild animals — they are extremely strong — and if threatened can be as lethal as any other large carnivore out there. They are also, despite most people’s image, very fast albeit in short bursts.
However, like most wild animals they do whatever they can to avoid humans and the chances of someone being mauled by a panda are infinitesimally small.
Another little known fact is that their fur is quite bristly and not at all soft as many imagine.
Q: This takin was already dead when the panda started eating it. Given the photos, do you think it’s possible a panda would kill an animal for meat if it were hungry enough?
Matt Durnin: I believe if a panda had to it could catch and kill prey, but it’s not designed for long-distance running. So pandas would need to do any “hunting” by waiting and ambushing a passing animal.
However, in the early 1980s, there was a huge bamboo die-off in a large area of Sichuan inhabited by pandas. If there was ever a time for pandas to resort to hunting prey, it would have been then. But as far as I know, there is no evidence any did so, even though in theory they are capable. So there’s no evidence that they hunt and kill their own prey.
The evidence we have shows that when they do eat meat, it’s carrion.
Q: This panda was photographed on a land trust reserve — the first organized form of private land conservation in China. The United States has certainly had a long history of private land conservation, but not so in China. What can these private initiatives add to China’s nature reserve system?
Matt Durnin: The nature reserve system in China, again as in many places around the world, is sorely underfunded. So tapping into the potential that “private initiatives” have is critical to successful conservation in China.
The overall goal of this project is to overcome existing barriers (lack of funding being one of the biggest barriers) to effective conservation in China by introducing the land trust model, which enables participation by all sectors of society (non-government as well as government) in protecting critical lands while also incorporating sustainable development opportunities for struggling local communities.
The land trust model is a “new” concept to not only China, but much of Asia. Research findings like this help us gain support for piloting this new model.
(Image: Panda eating meat captured by motion sensor cameras stationed on the Motianling County Land Trust Reserve in northern Sichuan. Image credit: TNC. View more photos from the remote camera here.)
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We talk a lot about businesses and organizations that are focused on doing well by doing good. These are social enterprises that have built their business models around social impact: doing good is part of their brand DNA.
Equally as important are the existing companies that may not have set out originally to contribute to social good, but have implemented programs and initiatives aimed at doing good as they’ve developed. Though social impact was not built into their business models, the work that some of these large-scale companies are doing is incredibly impactful as a result of their scale and global influence.
What’s more, employees are an important part of the equation. In a 2014 report, 55% of millennials surveyed said that a company’s involvement in cause-based work influences their decision to accept a job. So integrating social impact into a corporation’s strategy isn’t just good for the world, it’s actually becoming necessary for attracting and retaining talent.
Here are five of the many large corporations that are focusing on social impact, as well as how they’re doing it:
When you think of American Express, one of the world’s largest credit card companies, social impact may not be top of mind. But the company has actually developed a number of socially conscious programs in recent years. Their corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs include a Leadership Academy, a historic preservation initiative, and incentivized community service.
In 2010, American Express even launched Small Business Saturday, which falls the day after Black Friday, a day that is well known for catering to large corporations. In contrast to Black Friday, Small Business Saturday supports small, local businesses by helping them spread the word about their own products and services, and encouraging consumers to shop there instead of going big. And shopping small business is important: small businesses are better for the economy, human rights, and the environment. As a whole, American Express’s efforts to have a positive impact both internally and on a global level have been huge.
Cisco is a multinational technology company that designs, manufactures, and sells various types of networking equipment. Though its offering is not built around impact, its focus on social responsibility is one of its core values. As it states on its website, at Cisco, "any success that is not achieved ethically is no success at all."
Cisco’s CSR programs are numerous. The company leverages its tech focus to make an impact across the following areas: access to education, healthcare, economic empowerment, critical human needs and disaster relief, environmental sustainability, governance and ethics, and supply chain standards. Its Global Impact Map shows at-a-glance the incredible work that it’s doing globally, and its 2014 CSR Report details the impact that these programs are having. Cisco also has a strong focus on work-life balance internally, and works hard to foster a strong culture of empowerment, engagement and innovation among its employees. As with American Express, Cisco has used its tech assets and scale to do immeasurable good, though social impact was not a goal of the company at its outset.
Patagonia, a high-end outdoor apparel company, has been making headlines for its social impact efforts over the past several years, specifically around sustainability. Patagonia has worked to increase transparency around its supply chain, giving consumers a glimpse into the environmental and social impact of developing and distributing its clothing through The Footprint Chronicles. It’s made remarkable efforts to ensure that everything that goes into their products is traceable and responsibly sourced, as well as fair trade certified. Patagonia also gives 1% of sales to environmental organizations all over the world.
Beyond its efforts around sustainability, Patagonia has developed CSR initiatives to increase employee happiness and promote fair labor practices. As the company’s CEO Rose Marcario recently stated at the White House-hosted Working Families: Champions of Change event, Patagonia has seen a notable increase in employee retention as a result of its efforts to offer fair benefits and showing employees that the company cares about them. We’ve discussed the importance of fairness and compassion in business, and its results are made very apparent in this case.
Gap Inc. is a large-scale clothing retailer, with over 3,000 stores employing over 150,000 people globally. But producing and distributing clothing isn’t all the Gap is about. In fact, the company’s “Do More” programs are centered around its focus on positive social impact, including providing equal pay for employees of all genders, a focus on sustainability, and a commitment to maintaining safe and fair labor conditions in their 800+ global factories.
Gap Inc. also launched its P.A.C.E. program in 2007 to provide work and life advancement opportunities to the women who make their clothes. Using company resources and leveraging partnerships with local community organizations, the P.A.C.E. (Personal Advancement Career Enhancement) Program provides skills, education and technical training to the women who make up 70% of the company’s team of garment makers. To date, more than 30,000 women have participated in the program.
As most of us know, Microsoft is a multinational technology company that primarily develops and distributes computers and computer software. We may not be as familiar with the company’s noteworthy commitment to social responsibility. The company’s social impact efforts are both internally and externally-focused, ranging from developing a diverse, inclusive, and respectful work environment for employees to consistently working towards more sustainable operations.
Perhaps one of the most remarkable aspects of Microsoft’s social responsibility efforts is its expansion beyond Microsoft itself. Earlier this year, Microsoft issued a new mandate to its contractors: If they want to work with the leading tech provider, they’ll have to offer their own employees paid time off. This concept is somewhat revolutionary, and one that only a company with as much clout and power as Microsoft would be able to pull off without losing an egregious amount business. Right now, only 12% of private sector employees are given paid sick days, which is problematic in a myriad of ways. Efforts like this will go a long way to change that in the absence of federal policy change.
These are just a few of the increasing number of powerful large corporations that are working to build out their CSR efforts and have a positive impact on their employees and our world. Do you know of others? Tell us about them! We want to talk about them. Here’s how you can do it:
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On the move? Scientists discover geothermal activity outside Yellowstone zone
Sat, 17 Dec 2011 10:46 CST
The Landsat Program is jointly managed by NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey, beginning its services of remote sensing in 1972. It became part of the Yellowstone National Park's new monitoring plan in 2005. In addition to remote sensing, Landsat also uses airborne reconnaissance in order to "observe geothermal changes across all of Yellowstone in a systematic and scientific manner." (NASA)
Up until recently, the heat coming from Yellowstone's underground magma chamber has always been the fuel for over 10,000 of the volcano's features: Old faithful, hot springs, geysers, mud spots, terraces and mud pots. But NASA is reporting that the Landsat imagery has picked up some unexpected developments outside the park's borders, also picked up by energy companies beyond the park's borders.
"If that geothermal development outside of the park begins, we need to know whether that's going to cause Old Faithful to suddenly stop spewing," says Rick Lawrence of Montana State University.
The park had funded a study on the unexpected geothermal activity, looking for a new perspective on the developing event. The results will be presented in San Francisco, Calif., on Friday, Dec 9, 2011, at the American Geophysical Union conference. Visible light and heat-sensitive Landsat data channels were used in the study by Lawrence and his co-author, Shannon Savage.
To get a better view of what was going on in Yellowstone, the Landsat satellites imagery were used in the study because it was circling above the area at 438 miles, getting a much better view of the entire area. Additionally, the satellites had several decades of data they could use to observe the land's surface and its heat energy.
What makes Yellowstone unique is that the energy Landsat is able to pick up includes not only the heat that has been absorbed through the sun, but also the geothermal energy the earth produces by itself. The satellite's imagery found that one of the geothermal spots, Minerva Terraces, collapsed when the hot bubbling water beneath it stopped flowing. The images that were observed from 1998 to 1999 showed that correlation of the heat and energy in the area.
About the time this was going on, one individual happened to see a geothermal explosion occur, causing rocks to fly everywhere. But in areas where it was supposed to remain hot, the temperature actually went down temporarily before coming back up. (PhysOrg)
The Landsat satellite allows the scientists to recognize big changes occurring in the geothermal area, like Yellowstone. However, nobody knows what is happening or where due to the satellite's large pixel size in its imagery. But clues are being found regarding the interconnection of the underground geothermal events. The goal is to obtain higher resolution in future thermal data. NASA's next Landsat satellite, the Landsat Data Continuity Mission, will have a new thermal instrument on it for use in 2013 to add to Yellowstone's geothermal record.
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The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke has an excellent Fact Sheet about hydrocephalus that explains how excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a baby or child's brain causes an abnormal widening of spaces in the brain, creating potentially harmful pressure on the brain tissues. They offer information on different types of hydrocephalus, and an explanation of the most common form of treatment, shunt systems that regulate the balance of production and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid, diverting the extra CSF to an area where it can be absorbed. There are also links to national advocacy organizations and parent support resources.
Hydrocephalus can be diagnosed prenatally through ultrasound, and there have been some clinical trials of fetal shunting that treats hydrocephalus before birth. Some medical professionals consider early delivery and early shunting after a prenatal diagnosis with complicating factors. The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia gives extensive information on treatment options with a prenatal diagnosis, including statistics on factors like a higher rate of shunt infections can complications more common in premature births. According to their website, hydrocephalus is a condition that is said to affect up to 2.5 per 1,000 live births, making it one of the most common birth anomalies involving the nervous system
Babies with hydrocephalus are not always diagnosed early even though they may show symptoms that cause families to consult their pediatricians. I recently met a family whose baby recently had brain surgery following a delayed diagnosis due to the symptoms of pediatric hydrocephalus being mistaken for other conditions.
Although her child is still so young, the experience had caused one more mother to be dedicated to raising awareness, advocating for research into additional treatment options, and seeking of support for individuals with pediatric hydrocephalus and their families.
Browse at your public library, local bookstore, or online retailer for books for children, like All About Me (and my shunt) or My Brain Won't Float Away/ Mi cerebro no va a salir flotando and books for adults like 100 Questions & Answers About Hydrocephalus.
Hydrocephalus Fact Sheet
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment
Overview of Hydrocephalus
Newborns Sleeping Through the Night: A DANGEROUS Myth
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There is a Species of Jellyfish That can Age Backwards
Today I found out there is a species of jellyfish that can age both forwards and backwards, making them theoretically immortal.
Most jellyfish have a lifespan of between a few hours to a few months, though a few varieties can live for several years. The king of them all in terms of biological lifespan is the Turritopsis Nutricula which can potentially live forever. They can grow old like every other living thing, but then have the unique ability to reverse this process and grow young again. Of course, their bid for immortality is hindered by the fact that they only grow to a maximum of around 1/5 of an inch in diameter on their bell, so they are easy prey for many animals. However, in theory, they can live forever; the only known living thing to be able to achieve this.
The Turritopsis Nutricula begins life much like most jellyfish. The male jelly will release its sperm into the water and it may unite with the egg of a female jelly. Eventually this will produce planulae (free swimming larva) that leaves the body of the female jelly and float around until finally settling on the sea floor and attaching to something sturdy like a rock. It then forms into a stationary polyp that will eventually look like a plant. This polyp feeds on various things like plankton and over time a colony of polyps will form from the single polyp, all connected via feeding tubes. At a certain point, sometimes even years later, the colony of polyps will begin producing free swimming jellyfish.
Also like most jellyfish, the Turritopsis Nutricula, once they’re formed into jellyfish, float away with the currents, gathering food as they encounter it. The real miracle of the Turritopsis Nutricula, though, is what happens when food is scarce or they are injured or various other environmental queues occur. These events will trigger a unique mechanism within the Turritopsis Nutricula that causes it to begin to grow younger via transdifferentiation, where their cells are able to change themselves into a new cell. They continue to grow young all the way to the point where they once again become a single polyp, starting the process all over again. They will then remain a polyp for a time, even able to grow a new colony. Once again, at a certain point, free floating jellyfish form and are released from the polyp colony, each with the same genetic code as the original jellyfish that formed the polyp. It is thought that this process can go on without end, assuming the resultant jellyfish don’t die of some disease or aren’t killed by some predator. This effectively makes this tiny jellyfish biologically immortal.
If you liked this article, you might also enjoy subscribing to our new Daily Knowledge YouTube channel, as well as:
- How Porcupines Mate
- How Honeybees Keep Their Hives Warm Even Though They are Cold Blooded
- Clownfish are All Born Male
- Why Cats Like Catnip
- The Difference Between a Donkey and a Mule
- It isn’t just fully grown Turritopsis Nutricula that can revert back to the polyp stage. At any point from the time they emerge from a polyp to being fully mature, their bodies can revert back to the polyp stage if environmental factors warrant it.
- Jellyfish sting you through nematocysts. Nematocysts are tiny spine covered tubules. The spines anchor themselves in your skin and when the nematocysts fire, various chemicals are injected into you. In some cases, you may have literally thousands of these nematocysts attached to your skin after being stung by the jellyfish.
- Even after the jellyfish is dead, they can discharge nematocysts, sometimes even days after the death of the jelly, which is why you should be careful playing with a dead jellyfish on a beach.
- If you’re stung by a jellyfish, a good remedy for this is to pour vinegar on the area stung, which will neutralize the nematocysts. The exceptions to this are if you got stung on your eye (you shouldn’t put vinegar in your eye) or you were stung by a Man o’ War (vinegar will make their stings worse).
- You should never wash the sting with fresh water as it can change the tonicity, causing the nematocysts to fire, injecting more chemicals into you, which obviously makes the problem much worse. For the same reason, you should NOT apply ice or urine to the affected area. Rather, if no vinegar is available, you should rinse it with salt water, then use a knife, razor, credit card, etc. to very gently scrape (don’t use very much pressure or it will cause the nematocysts to fire) the area stung to get rid of any remaining nematocysts before they fire and make the problem worse. Finally, dry the area off as best you can without using too much pressure. Taking an antihistamine, such as Benadryl, will also help.
- Jellyfish can be found in every ocean and there are even certain kinds of freshwater jellyfish, though these don’t sting. It is thought jellyfish first came into being around 500-700 million years ago, making them the oldest of all multi-organ living things on Earth.
- Because jellyfish are not actual fish, many institutions, such as public aquariums have settled on referring to them non-scientifically as “jellies”, rather than jellyfish.
- A group of jellies is called a bloom or a smack. Blooms as large as around 100,000 jellies have been observed.
- The majority of jellies do not have what we would consider a brain. Rather, they simply have a network of nerves which allow them to respond to various things in their environment. However, it should be noted some not only possess a brain, but actually have multiple brains. For instance, the Box jelly has four brains that act in parallel with one another. They also have 24 eyes, including two eyes that have a cornea and a retina and which are able to see colors.
- What type of jellyfish is the largest in the world depends on one’s definition of “largest”. That being said, two of the main candidates are the Lion’s Mane jellyfish, which can grow tentacles up to 120 feet long, and the Giant Nomura Jellyfish, whose bell can grow as big as 7 feet in diameter (about twice as big as a Lion’s Mane Jelly) and can weigh as much as 440 pounds.
|Share the Knowledge!|
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Shark Populations Dwindle as Top Catchers Delay on Conservation Actions
After Ten Years, International Plan to Save Sharks Still Not Implemented
A decade after members of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UN FAO) approved an international plan to conserve sharks, a new analysis finds that it has yet to be fully implemented. With 30 percent of all shark species now threatened or near threatened with extinction, there is little evidence that the plan has contributed significantly to improved conservation and management of these animals.
The analysis, The Future of Sharks: A Review of Action and Inaction, uses fisheries information provided to the UN FAO to identify the top 20 shark-catching countries and other entities, and then assesses whether they have taken the management and conservation measures they agreed to in 2001. According to the review, only 13 of the top 20 have developed national plans of action to protect sharks—one of the primary recommendations from 2001—and it remains unclear how those plans have been implemented or if they have been effective.
The top 20 shark catchers account for more than 640,000 tonnes annually, nearly 80 percent of the total shark catch reported globally. The top 10, in order, are: Indonesia, India, Spain, Taiwan, Argentina, Mexico, Pakistan, United States, Japan, and Malaysia. Indonesia, India, Spain and Taiwan account for more than 35 percent of all sharks taken annually, based on their own reported data.
Worldwide, shark populations are in decline due to unregulated fishing, much of it to meet the high demand for fins. Up to 73 million are killed annually primarily for their fins, which are used as an ingredient in shark fin soup, a popular dish in many East Asian countries.
The analysis, produced by TRAFFIC, a joint programme of IUCN and WWF that works to ensure that trade in wild plants and animals is not a threat to the conservation of nature, and the Pew Environment Group, was released ahead of a crucial meeting of the UN FAO's Committee on Fisheries (COFI), taking place 31 January through 4 February in Rome, Italy. The two organizations recommend that COFI perform “a comprehensive review into the actions being undertaken to manage fisheries in which sharks are taken.”
“The fate of the world's sharks is in the hands of the Top 20 shark catchers, most of which have failed to demonstrate what, if anything, they are doing to save these imperiled species. They need to take action to stop the decline in shark populations and help ensure that the list of species threatened by overfishing does not continue to grow,” said Glenn Sant, TRAFFIC's Global Marine Programme Leader.
Sharks play a critical role in the ocean environment. Where shark populations are healthy, marine life thrives; but where they have been overfished, ecosystems fall out of balance.Jill Hepp, Global Shark Conservation manager for the Pew Environment Group.
"Shark-catching countries and entities must stand by their commitments and act now to conserve and protect these animals,” Hepp said.
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|The Survivor Tree, Summer 2016|
The March 2010 nor'easter impacted the Northeastern part of United States resulting in at least nine deaths. Winds of up to 70 miles per hour snapped power lines and trees . Among these trees was the Callery pear tree form 9-11 site. The tree was uprooted in powerful storm. Again, the tree survived, and caretakers righted the tree, examined roots, pruned branches and secured it with cables. December 2010 it was restored to Ground Zero.
“The presence of the Survivor Tree on the Memorial Plaza will symbolize New York City’s and this nation’s resilience after the attacks,” said Mayor Bloomberg. “Like the thousands of courageous stories of survival that arose from the ashes of the World Trade Center, the story of this tree also will live on and inspire many.”
In late August 2011 hurricane Irene hit New York. Throughout its path, Irene caused widespread destruction and at least 56 deaths.
“The Memorial has weathered tropical storm Irene, and it remains as strong as the hundreds of men and women dedicated to building it,” 9/11 Memorial President Joe Daniels said in a statement. “And true to its name, the Survivor Tree is standing tall at the Memorial.”
The National September 11 Memorial and Museum was among the many New York cultural institutions that suffered severe damage from Hurricane Sandy. River surges caused serious flooding at the foundation level of the World Trade Center. Inside the visitor center and a private entrance room for victims' families, about 4 feet of water ruined the lower sections of the sheet-rock walls , In the unfinished museum, the water rose as high as 8 feet. It had taken about a week to drain the floodwaters — as high as 10 feet in some places — from the 16-acre site.
And the “Survivor Tree” continues to live up to its name and stands tall among the oak trees at the Memorial .
Aside from the Callery pear Survivor Tree, there are six other survivor of the 9/11 attack, all of which are now planted near New York City Hall and the Brooklyn Bridge.
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If all of the elements of this lesson plan are employed, students will develop the following powers, skills, and understanding:
To identify and discuss the many possible themes of the text, and recognize differing interpretations of these themes.
To understand the text's language and style.
To place the poem within a historical context and literary tradition.
To identify the poem's many symbols and consider differing interpretations thereof.
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First graders show they know computer code
It started with a tweet, and it continued Friday with Commissioner of Education Deborah A. Gist tweeting her followers about what’s happening at Warwick Neck Elementary School.
First-grade teacher Tracy Mollock started the exchange on Twitter about a month ago. She was following Gist’s tweets on Computer Science Education Week, which is being celebrated this week across the country. An estimated 10 million students from grade 1 through high school are expected to focus on computer science and the Hour of Code, including those at 52 Rhode Island schools.
Mollock wanted to see what her first-graders might do to join the celebration, and to get kids not only learning on computers but also programming computers to do what they want. She wanted to have elementary school students writing computer code.
The goal was endorsed by Warwick Neck Principal Patricia Cousineau and embraced by the faculty. Warwick Neck joined Code.org, a nonprofit that offers an online tutorial in writing computer code. And on Friday in a sea of red T-shirts bearing the Code.org logo, the school came together to hold an Hour of Code kickoff assembly.
“You don’t know a world without computers,” Cousineau told students and guests gathered in the school’s all-purpose room. She highlighted some of the uses of computers in the classroom and in communicating with parents, and she had students cite devices from telephones to televisions and automobiles that rely on computers to operate. She also spoke about the evolution of computers. Using a projector, she showed a picture of an abacus, which was quickly identified when she asked the assembly what it is. Additional images were of a room-sized computer built in 1941, the first computer, and the bulky computer she used in college. She then held up her cell phone to illustrate how compact and versatile computers have become.
It all fit with the kickoff invitation she and Mollock sent to parents and, of course, Gist.
In it, they speak about the use of critical thinking and problem solving, which will allow students to design technical solutions to problems in science, math, social studies, the arts and literacy.
“We firmly believe that our students should not just know how to use apps and play video games, but they should know how to create them,” reads the invitation.
To make that leap, Mollock turned to available teaching programs and to those who play computer games, including the very familiar “Angry Birds.” With different keystrokes, the bird is programmed to turn different directions. “It will only do what you tell it to do,” Cousineau said in describing the lesson. Mollock’s first-graders also use another computer science instructional program, Lightbot.
“And they have just taken off with it,” she told Gist, who visited the class following the assembly. The students spend from 20 to 30 minutes a day working on computers and practicing on writing code. Some of the computers being used were acquired through a Rhode Island Teachers for Technology grant, which has ceased, and others, such as tablets, have been provided through the online Donors Choose program. The school is looking for an additional six more tablets through Donors Choose.
Gist used her own iPad throughout the assembly, tweeting colleagues as first-grader Seth McGrew stood in front of the assembly to show what he had learned. She also used the iPad to snap pictures of the kids as they stood to read quotes from the founders and computer science engineers at Microsoft, Google, Pay Pal, Hewlett Packard, Facebook and others.
But it was the classroom where Gist really went to work. She talked with Cousineau, Mollock and others involved in staging the assembly. She watched students work at computers and talked to them about what they were doing.
Mollock promised not to deluge her with tweets. Gist said she wanted the feedback and the questions, urging to keep the communication going.
But it’s not all taking place on Twitter.
It’s happening in the classroom.
Wearing a smile as wide as the Cheshire Cat, first grader John Ricci held up a Post It Note. It contained a series of five or six squiggly lines no longer than a half-inch each.
Was this a doodle?
What did it mean?
“This means, it turns that way,” he said pointing to the first of the lines.
He knows his computer code.
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If you're having trouble viewing this email, you may see it online.
|Wetting Properties of Human Skin|
|Consider this scenario: a family
sits down for dinner. Mom asks Johnny if he washed his hands.
Naturally, Johnny says "yes". What do you expect him to say? Kids lie,
especially when they're hungry. And technically he's not lying since
he probably washed his hands yesterday. Dad says, "Let's test it."
Johnny sticks his index finger into a small box that resides on the
dining room table. A few seconds later a red light illuminates on
the top of the small box. Busted. Johnny is sent back to the
bathroom to wash his hands. How did this amazing invention work? By
taking a quick water contact angle reading on Johnny's skin.
Skin that is freshly cleaned with soap and water is rather hydrophobic producing water contact angles over 100°. A dirty hand that is either soiled with contaminants or natural skin oils will produce a much lower contact angle - between 55 and 65°. Thus, while cleanliness may not always be readily visible to the eye, it can be detected by contact angle.
One of the earliest works that addresses contact angle on human skin was done by Armour & Company 50 years ago with the help of a ramé-hart contact angle goniometer Model A100.1 The researchers at Armour determined that cleaned human skin behaves a lot like polyethylene. However, residue from hand lotion and other pretreatments can greatly increase wetting properties. Interestingly, there were no significant differences in wetting behavior of skin from one person to the next - and of either gender.
Developers of pressure-sensitive tapes and adhesives used in bandage and medical applications are keenly interested in adhesion-to-skin behavior and the surface energy of human skin.
So, too, makers of skin care products such as lotions and creams are interested in how their products, which are made from complex arrays of ingredients, interact with and affect the wetting properties of skin. These ingredients include pigments, water, surface active agents, humectants, emollients, solvents, and more. In addition to the physical and chemical properties of the materials, environmental conditions can also affect the skin's surface energy.
Dozens of approved and investigational skin and soft tissue substitutes are or will become available for reconstructive surgery, and the treatment of ulcers, burns, and diseases (such as dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa). Researchers of these bioengineered skin substitutes are motivated to offer products that emulate human skin and act as a temporary or permanent replacement.
Despite myriad applications that could benefit from a more comprehensive explanation of the wetting behavior on human skin, there is a dearth of research on the topic. Partly, this may be due to the variability of human skin and the complexity of its structure. The outermost layer that affects wetting behavior, the nonviable epidermis, can have a water content between 25% and 75%. The topography (i.e., roughness) and environmental conditions can further complicate wetting behavior. In fact, so irregular and unrepeatable is human skin that some researchers have developed synthetic model skin, made from protein, water, and a synthetic lipid-like material, which may be more suitable and less costly for testing adhesives and products that interact with or are designed to emulate human skin.2 And the synthetic skin certainly doesn't move around as much on the specimen stage as in vivo samples do.
Whether you're interested in the wetting behavior or human skin under specific conditions, or if you develop products that interface with skin, we have a tool for you. We've been measuring skin contact angle for over 50 years - as well as the contact angle of 1000s of other surfaces.
1 M. E. Ginn, C. M.
Noyes, and E. Jungermann, The contact angle of water on viable human
skin, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 26, 146-151 (1968).
|Product of The Month: Model 250|
|This month our featured product is
one of our best selling models, our Standard Goniometer Tensiometer
This powerful and versatile tool will measure contact angle of skin
and just about any other material you can put on it's 3" x 2"
Surface tension can also be measured with the
DROPimage Advanced software which includes a methods-based
experiment design tool.
Model 250 is one of the most modular and upgradeable instruments available. Add the Automated Dispensing System to form more precise sessile and pendant drops and improve repeatability. It can also be used for dynamic and constant volume time-dependant studies. Add the Automated Tilting Base for determining advancing and receding contact angle as well as roll-off angle. Add the Environmental Fixture for interfacial tension and captive bubble studies. Several elevated-temperature options are also available for Model 250: the Hot Plate, Peltier Environmental Chamber, and Heated Environmental Cell.
The 750 FPS SuperSpeed U2 Series Camera Upgrade Kit is recommended for high-speed applications. Add the Overhead Optical Imaging Kit to capture extremely low contact angles. Add the Oscillator to capture surface dilatational elasticity and viscosity.
contact us today if you're interested in a quotation for Model
250 or any other model.
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Gray Wolf's Range In The Northern Rockies
The gray wolf was once a dominant fixture on the American landscape. Although the animals were all but eliminated by the early 20th century, packs have started to reassert themselves in the Northern Rockies. Today, wolf packs roam across thousands of acres.
Prior to colonial expansion, the gray wolf roamed most of the American West including prairies, forests, mountains and wetlands.
Note: Gray wolf ranges shown are approximate.
Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks; California Department of Fish and Game
There weren't any wolves in Wyoming until the federal government reintroduced them in the 1990s. Now there are at least 329 in the state. But the state is eager to shrink the population because wolves kill livestock and game.
"My personal opinion is they need to be hunted wherever and whenever they occur, because wolves are extremely secretive creatures; they're extremely intelligent," says Joe Tilden, a county commissioner in Wyoming and the founder of a hunting advocacy group.
Under the new deal, wolves in the northwestern part of Wyoming could be managed as trophy animals unless they're in Yellowstone and Grand Teton national parks.
But conservationists worry hunting will be allowed on a stretch of national parkland that connects Yellowstone to Grand Teton. It's called the John D. Rockefeller Parkway.
"Wolves use that area extensively traveling through the two parks, and it's a very wild area," says Sharon Mader, who represents the National Parks Conservation Association. She says this corridor is essential for maintaining viable populations. "Unique and iconic wildlife, such as wolves, that are just coming off the endangered species list deserve the ultimate protection that national parks offer."
She says it's especially important for the parks to provide this sanctuary for wolves in Wyoming because they will be hunted on other federal lands there. If they wander out of the state's northwest corner, they will be considered predators and could be shot on sight.
The National Park Service is against hunting wolves on the Rockefeller Parkway, too.
"Visitors come to Yellowstone, they come to Tetons, they come to the parkway just to see wolves, so we want to manage the park so that people can enjoy wildlife viewing," says Herbert Frost, an associate director of the Park Service. He says his agency has the authority to ban wolf hunts on parkland, but he's not picking that fight with the state ... yet.
Gray Wolf RecoveryThe number of gray wolves in the Northern Rockies has rebounded after near extinction in the 1930s. The wolves were protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, and a concerted recovery program began in 1990.
Most national parks forbid hunting, but the legislation creating the Rockefeller Parkway allows for some hunting. Scott Talbott, who heads the Wyoming Game & Fish Department, says his agency manages hunts of other animals in the parkway, and it wants to keep its options open to hold wolf hunts there, too.
"As we move forward, it may be fairly important for the department to move forward with wolf hunting in the JDR [Parkway]," Talbott says.
For instance, if the population gets out of hand, hunters like Tilden may be needed.
"When you're hunting a predator, you're not only out to enjoy the sport, but you're out to control the number of predators," he says.
The wolf in Wyoming is expected to come off the endangered species list by early autumn. Conservationists hope there's a hunting ban in the Rockefeller Parkway by then.
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What’s in the news about food choices
- Walmart keeps talking about produce – local, fresh
- A growing number of consumers want to know if food is gluten-free or non-GMO
- Traceability for meat and poultry is becoming more visible – food safety, humane, sustainable
- Allergens were the primary source of food safety reports in 2012
- Are saturated fats so terrible? It may be time to re-evaluate recommendations
Here are links and summaries for recent news and opinion about food choices.
Produce – retail and rooftop
KU expands rooftop garden May-20-13 Food Management
Kansas University Dining Services expects to get about twice as much fresh produce this year as before from its rooftop garden thanks to a major expansion of the available space.
Walmart to purchase produce directly from local growers Jun-3-13 HuffPost Food
Wal-Mart Stores Inc. announced (again) that it will deliver produce from farms to store shelves more quickly by purchasing fruits and vegetables directly from local growers.
Produce consumption varies within the USA; low Jun-4-13 PMA From Field to Fork
Overall in the United States, 37.7 percent of adults report consuming fruit less than one time a day and 22.6 percent eat vegetables less than one time a day. For adults, the median intake of fruits and vegetables is 1.1 times per day for fruit and 1.6 times per day for vegetables. For adolescents, it’s worse. Some 36 percent of adolescents report eating fruits less than once a day, and 37.7 percent say they eat vegetables less than once a day.
Walmart offering money-back guarantees on fresh produce Jun-2013 Facts, Figures & The Future
Phil Lempert: The nation’s largest grocer, Walmart, achieves so much with one bold move to offer money-back guarantees on fresh produce, that it earns our kudos. It shreds consumers’ single biggest reason for not buying more fruits and vegetables. No longer do people have to fear their produce might spoil before they get to eat all of it.
Unnatural foods – obesogens, GMO
Is lettuce making Americans fat? May-21-13 New Hope 360 / Natural Vitality Living
Environmental chemicals known as obesogens are found in many places, including pesticides used on conventional produce. They program our bodies to store fat and develop disease and do so to such an extent that, in theory, a head of conventional romaine could actually cause more weight gain than a grass-fed burger.
Seeking food ingredients that aren’t gene-altered May-26-13 New York Times
A growing number of consumers are demanding increased information about what is in their food, whether it is gluten or genetically engineered ingredients. Pressure is growing to label products made from genetically modified organisms, or “G.M.O.”
Ben & Jerry’s to cut all GMO ingredients from products Jun-4-13 Food Product Design
Ben & Jerry’s recently set a goal to cut all GMO ingredients from its ice cream products by the end of 2013, while also supporting mandatory GMO labeling legislation. Although the company hopes to make the transition to non-GMO ingredients in 2013, the conversion will likely continue into 2014. Ben & Jerry’s also wants all of its flavors Fairtrade certified and sourced.
Traceability – meat, chicken
Improving meat traceability in the U.S. May-20-13 Food Safety News
Food marketing has become more and more about the story of the product and how it got to the shelf at the grocery store or onto the plate at a restaurant. The ability to follow meat to its source is important not only from an integrity standpoint but from a safety standpoint. In the case of a foodborne illness outbreak, tracing contaminated meat back to its source quickly is key.
New site brings transparency to buying poultry May-23-13 Food + Tech Connect
Buying Poultry hopes to take the guess-work out of choosing the most humane and sustainable poultry products and plant-based alternatives. Online buying guide featuring animal, farm worker and environmental ratings for every poultry producer in the country.
Other – allergens and food safety, saturated fat recommendations, food waste, and more
Allergens are primary source of food safety reports in 2012 May-10-13 Food Business News
Undeclared allergens, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) were the top three food safety incidences reported to the Food and Drug Administration during 2012, with allergens making up 37.9% of reports in 2012, Salmonella 28.1% and Lm 21.4%. The next closest reported food safety incidence was associated with un-eviscerated fish at 2.7%.
Whole grains, protein highlight first quarter menu trends May-17-13 Food Business News
A lot of concepts now are focusing on what’s been removed in certain healthy menu items … but a lot of the focus may be turning to what healthy elements the food actually contains … which many consumers are now viewing as just as important as what the food lacks.
Lashback against petition for artificially-sweetened milk May-21-13 NPR: The Salt
A controversial petition by the dairy industry to allow milk sweetened with aspartame or other alternative sweeteners to be labeled on the front of the carton simply as MILK is drawing criticism from the nation’s leading group of nutritionists.
Time to re-evaluate saturated fat recommendations May-22-13 Food Product Design
Saturated fats per se may not be responsible for many of the adverse health effects with which they have been associated, and it is time to re-evaluate the dietary recommendations that focus on lowering serum cholesterol and to use a more holistic approach to dietary policy, according to a review published in the journal Advances in Nutrition.
Tropical Smoothie Café debuts chicken-free strips May-24-13 FastCasual
The Chicken-Free Strips are a blend of soy and pea protein and mirror the taste of real chicken. “Beyond Meat’s research shows that nearly 50 percent of the U.S. population is at least open to the idea of eating less or no meat in their diet, and this aligns well with our healthier customer base.”
World Environment Day aims to curb food waste Jun-5-13 Food Product Design
June 5 was World Environment Day (WED). Food waste currently exceeds 1.3 billion tons each year.
Crash diet tied to increased gallstone risk Jun-7-13 Reuters
People who go on an extremely low calorie diet are more likely to develop gallstones than people on a moderately low calorie diet, according to a new study. Gallstones affect as many as 20 million people in the U.S.
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Be sure that you have an application to open
this file type before downloading and/or purchasing.
1 MB|6 pages
¡Feliz Día de San Valentín! Students draw what they see in the little square onto a grid to create a funny picture of a pig as a cupid! This is a fun activity with great practice for Spanish numbers 1-30.
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The following links and information support the importance of organic and Biodynamic® agriculture.
Sustainable Farming Practices: In the simplest terms, sustainable agriculture is the production of food, fiber, or other plant or animal products using farming techniques that protect the environment, public health, human communities and animal welfare.
Environmental Working Group: The work of the Environmental Working Group (EWG) is smart, current and applicable to all of us as we work toward lowering our individual risk to cancer. Please check our their site at ewg.org. We especially like the guides on the Dirty Dozen and how to avoid the most pesticide laden foods and make healthy choices.
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http://puremendocino.org/education/
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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
A plant whose growth dies down annually but whose roots or other underground parts survive.
- ‘Eggplants are attractive, tender herbaceous perennials normally grown as annuals.’
- ‘All of these plants thrive as shrubs in my zone 7 Georgia garden; in colder climates, they survive as herbaceous perennials, dying back to the ground in winter.’
- ‘Mint and lemon balm, for example, are herbaceous perennials that die back every winter and expand their growth footprint every warm season.’
- ‘A herbaceous perennial, this plant dies back at the end of summer and remains dormant until late winter when leaves gradually begin to break through the surface of the soil and unfurl.’
- ‘Shaped boxes, standard bays, grasses, herbaceous perennials and ground-cover shrubs can be used in traditional or contemporary settings.’
Top tips for CV writingRead more
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.
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Meaning of dispensation
Pronunciation: (dis"pun-sā'shun, -pen-), [key]
- an act or instance of dispensing; distribution.
- something that is distributed or given out.
- a certain order, system, or arrangement; administration or management.
- the old Mosaic, or Jewish, dispensation; the new gospel, or Christian, dispensation.
- the divine ordering of the affairs of the world.
- an appointment, arrangement, or favor, as by God.
- a divinely appointed order or age:the old Mosaic, or Jewish, dispensation; the new gospel, or Christian, dispensation.
- a dispensing with, doing away with, or doing without something.
- a dispensation regarding the Lenten fast.
- a relaxation of law in a particular case granted by a competent superior or the superior's delegate in laws that the superior has the power to make and enforce:a dispensation regarding the Lenten fast.
- an official document authorizing such a relaxation of law.
- dispensation (Thesaurus)
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Irene Morgan Kirkaldy died on August 10, 2007. You don't know her name, but you should. She did the same thing Rosa Parks did. Only a decade earlier.
In 1944 it was the practice and law at the time for the seating available to whites on buses to be enlarged as needed and those provided for blacks to be compressed without regard to the personal comfort of African Americans. Irene refused to move and told a black woman holding a baby in the seat next to her not to move also. Click the pic to read the NY Times article to find out what happened next.
Like most of the hero's of the Civil Rights Movement, Irene Morgan Kirkaldy was a woman of faith, active in her church and believing that it was God's will, based on Bible principles, to stand up for social justice. She was a member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and in a letter read at her funeral, the president of the Adventist church, Dr. Jan Paulsen, stated, "We as a church are appreciative of her remarkable strength in those defining moments in the history of the United States and the world."
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Graham Dixon, communication Ph.D. student at Cornell University who studies science communication – specifically how news reporting of controversial science and health issues influence people’s beliefs and behavior – says the new University of Chicago study showing nearly half of Americans believe in medical conspiracy theories is alarming and suggests for developing tools to help people better evaluate conflicting health information.
“While it is problematic that 20 percent of Americans believe vaccines cause autism, it is equally alarming that 36 percent are uncertain one way or the other.
“Inaccurate information, such as the claim that vaccines cause autism, is often found side-by-side with scientifically accurate information in online searches. This conflicting information can then heighten people’s uncertainty surrounding established scientific issues. The real challenge is developing tools to help people better evaluate the credibility and accuracy of conflicting online health information.”
Cornell University has television, ISDN and dedicated Skype/Google+ Hangout studios available for media interviews.
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well it's been a while and I have come to trivial but usefull conclusions lately.
Once I thought functional programming was fundamentaly diffrent then
oo style programming, but I actually realized how well many aspects
of fp match to elements of oop;
Functions are simply Objects,
Closures are anonymous class,
certain design patterns ressemble
monads(decorator, chain of reponsibility,...)
oo style programming can be seen as a restricted variation of functional programming.
That matters because the key aspects of oop is encapsulation and
information hiding. This can easyly be achieved in fp through the
use of closures and the fact that functions can be treated like
any other data.
In oop very explicit notations usually exists, wich couple
certain functions to certain data through the notion of objects. Both, to increase readability of complex programms, and to lighten the restrictions that come with encapsulation, an explicit notion of inheritance is used.
While all this seems pretty obvious to most, frankly, I did not
The code was using a many closures like this, which I removed
by placing the variables that the closures contained in
properties of objects, that also contained the functions
corresponding to the closures' code.
When I was finished I had not only increased speed by 40-60%
but was also surprised by the fact that my code looked a lot
like good oo-style code.
So in my opinion every programmer should learn to think functional
in order to get a hold of what the importance of encapsulation and code reuse.
It is rumored that modern lisp systems and erlang(using HiPE) interpreters/compilers are very close to compiled "C" code performance:
See i.e. http://www.sics.se/~joe/apachevsyaws.html
But to emphasis my point of oop vs fp regard this page:
That's it for today.
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http://sheyll.blogspot.com/2007/07/functional-vs-oo.html
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Dill is a plant native to the mediterranean and black sea regions. It is now cultivated all over the world and its name comes from the Saxon word meaning “to lull”. It has a calming effect on the digestive system and provides the active ingredient in gripe water. It is the seeds that are mainly used in herbal remedies.
What it does
The herb contains a variety of compounds including coumarins, volatile oil, flavanoids and zanthone derivatives. The oils is 30 – 60% carvone. The herb is carminative (wind relieving), anti-spasmodic and a stomach tonic.
|Indigestion||Improve the flow of breast milk|
Dill seeds can be infused to make a cup of tea. Gripe water is available for babies suffering from colic. the herb is often added to fish dishes and salads to add flavour aid digestion.
Generally, there are no side effects or contra-indications from using dill.
At the time of writing there were no well known negative drug interactions with dill.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.healthandwellbeingnews.com/dill-anethum-graveolens/
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en
| 0.934748
| 226
| 2.625
| 3
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|Welcome to Turizm.net!|
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Ottoman history from 1566 -1792 has been described as The Decline of Faith and State. To Ottomans, " decline meant dislocation of the traditional order; hence, reforms " to check or reverse " decline " meant restoring the old order which had produced the Golden Age of Suleyman the Magnificent. At times decline was checked but only temporarily. Decline was not only slow, gradual, interrupted, lasting rnore than three centuries, but also it was relative only to its own Golden Age and to the remarkable progress of its Christian European neighbors.
It is easier to describe decline than to explain it. Some developments which the Ottoman Empire did not take part in gave Europe its relative superiority.
[ 1 ] Its 16th-10th c. commercial expansion overseas enriched Western Europe to the detriment of the Ottomans.
[ 2 ] The West improved agricultural methods while technology and industry advanced rapidly, all tied to the new scientific experimentation and rationalist attitudes stemming from the Renaissance and Reformation and culminating in the Enlightenment; only weak echoes of these events reached the East before 1800.
[ 3 ] Strong, centralized, national monarchies or bureaucratic empires appeared not only in Western Europe but also along the Ottoman frontiers in Central and Eastern Europe just when centrifugal forces were weakening the previously centralized Ottoman bureaucratic empire.
[ 4 ] A prosperous,enterprising bourgeoisie on the Western model failed to appear in the Ottoman Empire to back up the ruler; the wealthy bourgeoisie which did exist was small and composed largely of either non-Muslim merchants and bankers, who were not acceptable as the sultans allies, or bureaucrats, who were a part of the "establishment anxious to protect their own interests and often resisting change.
The Ottomans were more conscious of the dislocations in their own traditional system:
[ 1 ] Leadership : 17 sultans after Suleyman ( from1566 to 1789) were, with few exceptions, men of little ability, training, or experience, and some were incompetent, even mentally defective; their average rule of 13 years was less than half that of the first 10 sultans. This was no accident! Mehmed III died in 1605 leaving two minor sons as the only direct male survivors. The elder, Ahmet I, spared the life of his brother, Mustafa, but kept him secluded in a special apartment in the harem of Topkapi Palace. The Sitva Torok treaty with Austria (1606) should have been a wake-up call for the Ottomans. It was a negotiated compromise rather than a grant of peace dictated by the sultan; in it, the Hapsburg monarch finally was recognized as the sultans peer, as " Emperor (Padishah rather than simply King of Vienna. Mustafa Is accession in 1617 marked the end of succession by military contest and the practice of royal fratricide, replaced by confinement of princes in the palace and succession by the eldest male of the imperial family. Not only were most inexperienced and incompetent, many were minors under the influence of the Queen Mother (Valide Sultan) and harem favorites, giving rise to palace cliques and intrigue. For several decades in the first half of the17.th century, women of the palace exercised such influence that the period is called " The Sultanate of the Women "
[ 2 ] Bribery, purchase of office, favoritism, nepotism : Promotion by merit, long the hallmark of Ottoman administration, became less common. Corruption spread to the provinces where an official would buy his office, then squeeze more taxes from the populace to reimburse himself. There were frequent shifts in judicial as well as civil officials, with justice also sometimes for sale. In the mid-to-late 17th c., the great Koprulu family of viziers attempted to root out corruption and improve administrative and military efficiency. They were temporarily successful in arresting " decline " through traditional reforms, and in 1663 Ottoman forces besieged Vienna for the second time. But in the 17th c., the Ottomans were confronted by an extended arc of opponents, Venice, Austria, Poland, Russia, and Iran, often obliged to confront several at once. In 1699, after defeat by a coalition of all Central and East European powers, the Ottomans accepted mediation, negotiated peace, and, by the Treaty of Karlowitz, for the first time gave up territories in the Balkans. The shrinking of Ottoman frontiers had begun.
[ 3 ] Military : The devshirme was abandoned ( just when is uncertain ); sons of janissaries were admitted to the corps, then other Muslims; and imperial slavery became a legal fiction. Provincial janissaries sometimes acted as semi-autonomous local rulers, while in Istanbul they become a disruptive force, often in collaboration with artisans / craftsmen and students. The provincial cavalry army was made obsolete by musket-armed European troops, requiring the Ottomans to increase their standing infantry and equip them with firearms. This required money. The military fief system was all but abandoned and replaced by tax-farming. The heavy tax burden was responsible in part for revolts in Anatolia, abandonment of farm lands, and depopulation of villages; thus the empire experienced a decline in tax revenues despite higher taxes.
[ 4 ] Economics : The Ottoman Empire suffered from severe inflation, as did all of Europe, as New World silver flooded in. This, together with debased coinage, fueled corruption. By the 17th c., Europeans and consolidated their control of new sea trade routes, by-passing the Middle East and diminishing the transit trade through Ottoman lands. Asian spices were shipped directly to Europe, and wars with Iran interrupted the silk trade. European manufactured goods flowed in, undercutting local handicraft products and enriching Levantine merchants. The Ottoman Empires unfavorable trade balance resulted in an outflow of gold, while European states demanded more favorable trade treaties ( Capitulations" ) and were guilty of blatantly abusing them.
[ 5 ] Intellectual decline--Selim and Suleymans 16th c. victory over Safavid Shiism so consolidated Sunni orthodoxy that Muslims in the Empire were not forced to engage in intellectually challenging and stimulating conflict as Catholics and Protestants were in Europe. Muslim scholars became intellectually conservative and resistant to new ideas; convinced of the superiority of Muslim / Ottoman civilization, they were seemingly oblivious to the advances being made in the infidel West. Meanwhile, the Ottoman religious establishment gradually became infiltrated by the Sufi orders, producing a new sort of symbiosis which gave greater strength to conservative religious elements.
In the18th c. more wars and losses resulted in another attempt at reforms. The Tulip Period ( 1718-30 ) marks the first conscious borrowing of European culture and art. During the mid-century interlude of peace on the European frontiers, Ottoman political authority was further diffused. Provincial notables and governors barely heeded orders from Istanbul. Levantines and Phanariot Greeks enjoyed enormous prosperity and influence. The Muslim religious elite reached the apex of their power. In the last quarter of the century, Catherine the Great resumed Russian expansion southward; her Greek Scheme " aimed to put her grandson, Constantine, on the throne of a neo-Byzantine Empire with its capital at Constantinople. Her first war ended in the Treaty of Kuchuk Kaynarca (1774) by which the Ottomans gave up the Crimea, the first time they had lost territory inhabited primarily by Muslims. In 1789, during the second war with Catherine, Selim lll became sultan and initiated a reform program called the New Order, (Nizam-i Cedid) with emphasis on military and fiscal reform. But Selims failure to prevent Napoleons invasion of the rich Ottoman province of Egypt in 1798 revealed to Europeans as never before that the balance of power had now shifted decidedly in their favor.
The Imperial reforms begun by Selim III were taken up again in the early decades of the 19th.c. by Sultan Mahmud II. They aimed at curbing provincial autonomy and achieving political centralization and modernization through Western-style military, administrative, and fiscal reforms. But European intervention in the Greek struggle for independence signaled the beginning of the modern " Eastern Question (Simply put : Who would divide the spoils when the Ottoman Empire collapsed ? ). To counter this, the Tanzimat period (1839-76) saw reforms center around a new concept of justice (adalet): equality before the law for all Ottoman subjects, Muslim and non- Muslim alike. This concept was fundamental to the prevalent ideology of the Tanzimat, Ottomanism ( patriotism but not yet nationalism). In the 1850s-60s, intellectuals known as the New Ottomans engaged in a liberal critique of Tanzimat policies with emphasis on fatherland (vatan), freedom (hurriget), and constitutionalism. The Tanzimat reforms culminated in the constitution and parliament of 1876, but the 1877-78 war with Russia and the Treaty of Berlin, by which most of the Ottoman lands in Europe were lost and the European powers laid claim to spheres of influence in the Middle East, allowed Sultan Abdulhamid II to bring an end to " liberalism and proceed with reforms under an autocratic- regime. By the 1880s Germany under Kaiser Wilhelrn had replaced France and Great Britain as friend and military advisor of the Ottoman Empire, and new ideologies were challenging Ottomanism. Abdulhamid embraced Pan-Islamism; his opponents, known collectively as Young Turks, were drawn to a secular Ottoman pseudo-nationalism and some to Pan-Turkism.
The Hamidian despotism was ended by the Young Turk Revolution(1908-09) and replaced by constitutional, parliamentary government under the Young Turk Committee of Union and Progress. Their policies reflected a growing sense of Turkish nationalism. But in the five years preceding World War I, two Balkan wars and a war with Italy, which had invaded Libya, brought the military element of the Young Turk movement to the fore and resulted in the domination of the Istanbul political scene by the Young Turk Triumverate ( Enver, Talat, and Jemal Pashas) . Under their leadership, the Ottomans entered World War I on the side of Germany. The victors dictated the peace to end all peace at Paris in 1919. With even the heartlands of the Empire partitioned and Istanbul occupied by the victorious allies, the Turks of Anatolia under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) rejected the terms of the dictated Treaty of Sevres. Again they took up arms, fought successfully for their independence, and --- bringing to an end the 600 + year-old Ottoman Empire - negotiated the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 which granted international recognition to the boundaries of the new Republic of Turkey
Richard L. Chambers,
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<urn:uuid:fd1f52b3-826c-44db-a93e-f69fab18e0f0>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.turizm.net/turkey/history/ottoman3.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321497.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627170831-20170627190831-00529.warc.gz
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en
| 0.960821
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| 3.328125
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Harness the power of OpenCV 3 to build practical computer vision projects
Are you looking forward to developing interesting computer vision applications? If yes, then this Learning Path is for you.
Packt’s Video Learning Paths are a series of individual video products put together in a logical and stepwise manner such that each video builds on the skills learned in the video before it.
Computer vision and machine learning concepts are frequently used together in practical projects based on computer vision. Whether you are completely new to the concept of computer vision or have a basic understanding of it, this Learning Path will be your guide to understanding the basic OpenCV concepts and algorithms through amazing real-world examples and projects.
OpenCV is a cross-platform, open source library that is used for face recognition, object tracking, and image and video processing. By learning the basic concepts of computer vision algorithms, models, and OpenCV’s API, you will be able to develop different types of real-world applications.
Starting from the installation of OpenCV on your system and understanding the basics of image processing, we swiftly move on to creating optical flow video analysis and text recognition in complex scenes. You’ll explore the commonly used computer vision techniques to build your own OpenCV projects from scratch. Next, we’ll teach you how to work with the various OpenCV modules for statistical modeling and machine learning. You’ll start by preparing your data for analysis, learn about supervised and unsupervised learning, and see how to use them. Finally, you’ll learn to implement efficient models using the popular machine learning techniques such as classification, regression, decision trees, K-nearest neighbors, boosting, and neural networks with the aid of C++ and OpenCV.
By the end of this Learning Path, you will be familiar with the basics of OpenCV such as matrix operations, filters, and histograms, as well as more advanced concepts such as segmentation, machine learning, complex video analysis, and text recognition.
Meet Your Experts:
We have combined the best works of the following esteemed authors to ensure that your learning journey is smooth:
David Millán Escrivá was eight years old when he wrote his first program on an 8086 PC with Basic language, which enabled the 2D plotting of basic equations. In 2005, he finished his studies in IT through the Universitat Politécnica de Valencia with honors in human-computer interaction supported by computer vision with OpenCV (v0.96).
Prateek Joshi is an artificial intelligence researcher, published author of five books, and TEDx speaker. He is the founder of Pluto AI, a venture-funded Silicon Valley startup building an analytics platform for smart water management powered by deep learning.
Joe Minichino is a computer vision engineer for Hoolux Medical by day and a developer of the NoSQL database LokiJS by night. At Hoolux, he leads the development of an Android computer vision-based advertising platform for the medical industry.
- This Learning Path is for developers who have a basic understanding of computer vision and image processing and want to develop interesting computer vision applications with OpenCV.
Full Details : [ Take Course Now ]
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<urn:uuid:004ea52e-a6c5-4130-a05b-e851124ab3be>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://coursesquality.com/learning-path-opencv-real-time-computer-vision-with-opencv/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321497.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627170831-20170627190831-00529.warc.gz
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en
| 0.927441
| 657
| 3.03125
| 3
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The smtplib module
This module provides a Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) client implementation. This protocol is used to send mail through Unix mailservers.
# File: smtplib-example-1.py import smtplib import string, sys HOST = "localhost" FROM = "firstname.lastname@example.org" TO = "email@example.com" SUBJECT = "for your information!" BODY = "next week: how to fling an otter" body = string.join(( "From: %s" % FROM, "To: %s" % TO, "Subject: %s" % SUBJECT, "", BODY), "\r\n") print body server = smtplib.SMTP(HOST) server.sendmail(FROM, [TO], body) server.quit()
From: firstname.lastname@example.org To: email@example.com Subject: for your information! next week: how to fling an otter
Note that the From and To headers in the message body are ignored by the SMTP layer; they’re (usually) displayed by the receiver’s mail client, but the SMTP layer uses the arguments passed to sendmail to control message routing. Also note that the second argument must be a list or other sequence; you can pass in multiple addresses to send the same message to more than one receiver.
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<urn:uuid:3c1775f2-120a-4c44-8ef0-de333d40f18e>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://effbot.org/librarybook/smtplib.htm
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323680.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628120308-20170628140308-00609.warc.gz
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en
| 0.694244
| 307
| 2.71875
| 3
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The perspectives represent the values and the focus of The Appreciators. They have the power to deepen, spread, and create appreciation.
Have fun trying them out!
For example: You can focus on one perspective each day or each week, and experiment with it during the day.
For instance, you could ask yourself:
What does this perspective open up? What might change in your attitudes and interactions, and what effect would that have?
The 7 Appreciators’ Perspectives.
Preliminary note: It is good to know that there are several perspectives for one thing, each fully valid.
They don’t have to be brought into line with each other. Appreciation includes contrasting “truths.”
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<urn:uuid:79fbc148-da4a-4862-aec1-f34f928e9103>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.theappreciators.com/appreciators-perspectives
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323680.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628120308-20170628140308-00609.warc.gz
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en
| 0.961729
| 153
| 2.546875
| 3
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The mobile phone is changing the way we think. This is not conjecture, this is fact. The truth of the impact of mobile is backed up by some of the most eminent neurologists and professors the world over. Michael Merzenich, Professor emeritus and neuroscientist at the University of California, says that our brains change as a function of what we do, what we are good at and what we master. We are spending more time on our mobile devices than we ever have done, 4.5 hours a day in fact (source: eMarketer 4/15). We are mastering (or trying to master) flappy birds and Clash of Clans, and as a consequence changing the way we assimilate information and act on decision making cues.
What is the impact of mobile?
Some of the impact of mobile – or rather increased mobile usage – is good. And some of it clearly is not.
Mobile is an interruption system. The vast amount of information at our fingertips feeding into our brain is giving it a real processing problem. Because of the vast information bank available to us all, and the fact that we are spending more and more time on our mobiles, accessing and being stimulated by them, our working memory gets overloaded. This results in a struggle to convert short-term memories into long-term ones. The consequence of this means we are processing the information we get far more shallowly.
There are also up-sides, however, to the over-active use of our mobile phones. Studies into gaming have clearly found that gamers are boosting their decision-making reflexes and skills based on visual cues. So not all of the impact of mobile is detrimental. Gaming is also raising the brain’s “cognitive flexibility”, increasing the ability for us to multitask – an ability that the male half of the population have been renowned for lacking.
These are only a couple of snapshots into the impact that mobile is having on our little grey cells. There are many more, both positive and negative, affecting the way we process information and act on it. The consequences of these effects, however, are huge for marketers who are using mobile channels to communicate and “sell” a service to their target customers. It’s essential to be aware of this and plan your marketing and engagement accordingly.
Traditional messaging strategies and ads are less well-remembered and, as a consequence, less influential in prompting a desired action.
There is a very simple mantra that we’ve found works really well in this brave new frontier of mobile marketing and the evolving consumer. It goes like this:
Give, State and Integrate
To cut through the massive noise of desired and undesired information, today’s marketer needs to give the mobile user an incredibly compelling reason to consider their marketing message. This is the “Giving” bit. It has to be something that the individual feels is worthwhile; a moment of excitement such as a timely piece of news or something valuable such as an offer or free content.
Creativity and the messaging strategy has never been as important. You have to be able to stand out from the crowd via the quality of your visual representation, your headline and the best use of the medium. It is key to getting noticed and create a reaction. Too many people dismiss the need for smart creative thinking in mobile and suffer as a consequence.
Integrating ads and messages into the mobilista’s mobile lifestyle is the final piece in this puzzle. This can be manifest in the age-old mantra of having the right message in the right environment at the right time for the particular person you are trying to engage with. The mobile ecosystem affords us the tools to be able to deliver our messages and content at a relevant time and location to an audience that wants to be engaged with relevant communication. There is no better way of doing this than in a native format that is fully embedded into a mobile users’ information feed or game.
So, we are finding it harder now to concentrate, but a positive impact of mobile is that we are getting smarter about how we make decisions. Being aware of this and being relevant with any mobile marketing activity is the first step to ensuring success in the mobile space for any marketer.
Want to find out more about optimising your app and keeping up with the latest OS capabilities? Get in touch by visiting the Contact Us page. Follow us on LinkedIn, chat with us on Twitter @yodelmobile, and join our #mobilemarketingUK LinkedIn group.
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<urn:uuid:90b82b85-1794-464b-a220-8f6759c953a5>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://yodelmobile.com/the-impact-that-mobile-is-having/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323680.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628120308-20170628140308-00609.warc.gz
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en
| 0.942617
| 930
| 2.53125
| 3
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It's often difficult for novice parents to accurately judge whether their newborn baby's behavior falls within the range of normal. Even perfectly normal newborn movements, sounds and behavior can seem odd to nervous first-time mothers and fathers. Abnormal behavior in a newborn can indicate neurological damage, illness, genetic diseases or disorders such as cerebral palsy. Ask your baby's doctor to assess any behaviors in your newborn that don't seem normal to you.
To a new parent, even normal newborn crying can sound abnormal. Newborns often have a loud, piercing wail that goes through a new parent like a knife. But normal crying is designed to get your attention, and it does. A shrill, high-pitched cry, on the other hand, can sometimes indicate a neurological problem, such as increased pressure on the brain from disorders such as hydrocephalus or infections like meningitis. Severe jaundice can also cause a shrill cry. A weak cry, or a cry that sounds like a kitten, can indicate a genetic problem called cri du chat syndrome. It's normally not hard to make a newborn cry; have your pediatrician evaluate your baby if you think his crying sounds abnormal.
Low Muscle Tone
Newborns normally have a certain amount of muscle tone. Unless they're premature, their arms and legs don't just flop out to the side; the baby holds them close to the body. Both low muscle tone -- unusual floppiness, a weak suck or hand held open rather than fisted -- and overly tight muscle tone can indicate problems in a newborn. Genetic disorders such as Down Syndrome, muscle diseases and brain damage can cause low muscle tone. Cerebral palsy often causes hypertonia, or increased muscle tone. Infection in a newborn can cause increased floppiness; let your pediatrician know immediately if you notice a change in your newborn's muscle tone, Seattle Children's Hospital advises.
Full-term newborns are born with reflexes that allow them to breathe, suck and swallow in a coordinated fashion. A baby who can't do this won't be able to take in enough nutrition to grow properly. A normal newborn has a rooting reflex, so that he turns his head and mouth towards whatever touches his cheek. This allows him to find the breast and latch on. Your newborn should awaken every two to three hours for feeding without being woken up and should be able to suck for 20 minutes or more without tiring. He should also eat without gagging or choking. If your baby doesn't appear to be eating normally, let your pediatrician know.
The way your newborn breathes can sometimes seem alarming. A newborn breathes irregularly at times. He might also breathe faster than adults, around 40 breaths per minute and up to 60 breaths per minute when he fusses, according to Lucile Packard Children's Hospital. Newborns also might seem to stop breathing for short periods of time, up to 10 seconds, which is a condition known as apnea. An occasional grunt, squeak or periods of noisy breathing are also common in newborns.
However, if your baby turns blue during apneic periods or the periods last longer than a few seconds, seek medical attention. Coughing frequently or grunting with each breath, especially if accompanied by nasal flaring or a sucking in of the chest or area around the collarbones, is abnormal and needs immediate medical evaluation, suggests Lucile Packard Children's Hospital. Sneezing and hiccups, on the other hand, are common and generally harmless.
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<urn:uuid:095cbc4a-a48a-4938-acbb-62f10f46f663>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.livestrong.com/article/559949-abnormal-behavior-in-newborns/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323889.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629070237-20170629090237-00689.warc.gz
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en
| 0.956893
| 725
| 3.671875
| 4
|
Your body gets cholesterol from two sources: your liver and foods that you eat. Therefore, when you check your cholesterol and you find that it is beyond the normal level of 5 millimoles per liter, you will immediately blame your bad eating behavior. But what if after you have changed your diet, your cholesterol is still persistently at high level? You will certainly want to blame another source of your cholesterol, right? Well, it is okay if you want to blame your liver for producing too much cholesterol. In fact, genetic factor, which anomalously causes your liver to produce too much cholesterol, is one of the most prevalent reasons why your effort to cut down your cholesterol ends up in failure. However, you need to know that this is not necessarily the cause of your failure. There are several other factors that may contribute to your failure. Understand them if you want to find the best solution for your cholesterol problem.
Your Liver Might Anomalously Produce Too Much Cholesterol
Let’s start with blaming your liver. Some people have a genetic trait that makes their liver produce more cholesterol than normal. If one or some of your relatives have ever struggled with cholesterol or heart problem, it is very likely that you also have cholesterol problem called hypercholesterolemia. This problem occurs when HMG-CoA reductase enzyme in your body is uninhibited, resulting in high level of cholesterol production in your liver. If you have this genetic trait, you can do nothing to reduce your cholesterol. Even after you change your diet and perform regular exercise, your cholesterol level will not drop if you genetically have hypercholesterolemia.
You can, however, take a drug called statin to inhibit the enzyme. At molecular level, statin is similar to HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. Therefore, it can replace the enzyme and prevent cholesterol from being formed. Statin is available at the market with many brand names, including Lescol, Lipitor, Altocor, Mevacor, Pravachol, Livalo, Zocor, and Crestor. Be sure to consult your doctor before taking any of those drugs because only your doctor can confirm that the cause of your hypercholesterolemia is genetic and because you don’t know the side effects that this drug may cause.
Should You Cease Your Diet Program and Exercise after Taking Statin?
Although your exercise and diet program may be unable to lower your cholesterol level, they still contribute to the improvement of your health, especially the health of your heart. Besides, they also help you keep your body slim and vigorous. Therefore, keep performing aerobics, strength training and flexibility exercises while controlling your diet to make sure that your body is always healthy. Let statin do its job, but don’t abandon your already proper lifestyle because it is also important.
Other Possible Factors of Your Hypercholesterolemia
As said earlier, there are other possible factors that may cause your hypercholesterolemia. If you have avoided cholesterol-rich foods but you still consume those containing trans fat and saturated fat, your diet program may fail to cut down your cholesterol level. If you have taken statin but you still indulge, the drug may still fail to do its job. Many people often overlook those factors when they try to lower their cholesterol. Try not to overlook them if you want to keep a check on your cholesterol level.
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<urn:uuid:1062ce20-fb3c-4d61-9e6f-e9ea182db640>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://cholesterolguardian.com/cholesterol-high-even-eat-healthy-food
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319943.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623012730-20170623032730-00328.warc.gz
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en
| 0.947891
| 700
| 2.515625
| 3
|
Calculations in the table
To add the formula to the Word table, do the following:
1. Click the table cell to which you want to insert a formula. Word will show you the Table Tools ribbons:
2. Under Table Tools, on the Layout tab, in the Data group, click the Formula button:
- If the cell that you have selected is at the bottom of a column of numbers, Microsoft Word will propose the formula = SUM(ABOVE):
- If the cell that you have selected is at the right end of a row of numbers, Word will propose the formula = SUM(LEFT).
3. In the Formula dialog box:
- In the Paste function listbox, choose a function that you want to add.
- To reference the contents of a table cell, type the cell references in the formula.
The first column in a table is column A, the second column is column B, and so on. The first row is row 1, the second row is row 2, and so on. Thus, the cell in the second column and third row is cell B3.
For example, to add the numbers in cells B1 and C3, the formula would read = SUM(b1,c3).
- In the Number format listbox, choose a format for the numbers.
4. Click OK.
Note: Word inserts the result of the calculation as a field in the cell that you have selected. If you change the values of the referenced cells, you can update the calculation by selecting the field and then pressing F9:
If you need complex calculations in a table, you can create the table in Excel and then link or embed the table in your Word document so that you can update it using Excel.
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<urn:uuid:6ccb2a92-887c-4e29-b4e8-6d4a916ae022>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.officetooltips.com/word_2007/tips/calculations_in_the_table.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319943.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623012730-20170623032730-00328.warc.gz
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en
| 0.83754
| 367
| 3.375
| 3
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The reconstruction of the vegetation and climate history of the Marmara region in northwestern Turkey is of particular interest due to its key role for migration routes of modern men and its location between different vegetation zones. Geochemical and mineralogical investigations of the largest lake in the region, Lake Iznik, already registered striking changes during lake’s history (Roeser et al. 2012). However, a palynological investigation encompassing the late Pleistocene to Holocene transition was still missing. Here, the first pollen record of the last 31 ka cal BP from Lake Iznik sediments as an independent proxy for paleoecological reconstructions is presented.
Sediment samples were taken in a resolution of 50 cm along 13 m of the composite profile. The sampling resolution was increased along the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary. For the preparation of the pollen samples, a standard protocol described in Faegri and Iversen (1989) was followed. A biome reconstruction following the method described in Prentice et al. (1996) was performed.
Lake Iznik’s catchment area is located in a climatic transition area between the Mediterranean and Pontic climate zones. Today, the region is highly influenced by (sub-) Euxinian temperate deciduous and mixed forests dominated by deciduous oak (Quercus) and beech (Fagus). Coastal areas of the southeastern Marmara Sea and the Aegean Sea are dominated by (sub-) Mediterranean woods and shrubs with sclerophyllous and evergreen elements. Towards the southeast, the annual precipitation decreases and steppe-forests followed by dwarf-shrub steppe form the vegetation (Zohary, 1973).
The pollen record of Lake Iznik reflects typical pattern in vegetational and climatic changes of the Eastern Mediterranean with some regional variations. It illustrates the shift from steppe forest during the end of Marine Isotope Stage 3 and steppe vegetation during the Last Glacial Maximum towards an oak dominated mixed forest with Mediterranean elements. The steppe is dominated by grasses, Chenopodiaceae, Artemisia, and other Asteraceae indicating cool and/or dry conditions. A change in steppe components and a higher vegetation density suggest milder climate conditions since ca. 18 ka cal BP. This goes along with an increase of summer insolation (Berger, 1978; Berger et al., 2007). Deciduous oaks increase remarkably since the Late Glacial Interstadial indicating warmer temperatures. A short period of dryer and/or cooler climate (Younger Dryas) is marked by an increase of Artemisia and a decrease of several trees. Deciduous oaks predominate the vegetation since the early Holocene, and they are accompanied by other temperate trees like hazel (Corylus) and elm (Ulmus). The pollen record shows a typical pattern known from the Eastern Mediterranean: the Sarcopoterium spinosum pollen type and Pistacia occur constantly for the first time at the early Holocene. The increase of Fagus and Abies suggests moister conditions since the early Holocene. During an early settlement phase near Lake Iznik beginning ca. 8 ka cal BP (Roodenberg, 2012), only minor changes in the pollen assemblage are registered. Still, the occurrence of anthropogenic indicator species and the ongoing degradation of oak forests indicate human activity around 4 ka cal BP.
Local pollen assemblage zones are in accordance with previously defined sedimentary units (Roeser et al., 2012; P. A. Roeser, unpublished data). In addition, several prominent changes in pollen and non-pollen palynomorph ratios coincide with changes in the aragonite precipitation of Lake Iznik (P. A. Roeser, unpublished data).
Lake Iznik sediments have the potential for further detailed palynological investigations to improve the vegetation and climate reconstruction for the Marmara region. A higher resolution and extension of the present pollen record could reflect the implication of rapid climate changes and human influences on the local and regional environment more precisely.
Miebach, A. (2013): Vegetation and climate history of the Marmara region during the last ca. 30,000 years based on lacustrine sediments from Lake Iznik (NW Turkey).
|Title||Vegetation and climate history of the Marmara region during the last ca. 30,000 years based on lacustrine sediments from Lake Iznik (NW Turkey)|
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Mohs surgery is a precise surgical technique used to treat skin cancer. During Mohs surgery, thin layers of cancer-containing skin are progressively removed and examined until only cancer-free tissue remains. Mohs surgery is also known as Mohs micrographic surgery.
The goal of Mohs surgery is to remove as much of the skin cancer as possible, while doing minimal damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Mohs surgery is usually done on an outpatient basis using a local anesthetic.
Mohs surgery is an improvement to standard surgery (local excision), which involves removing the visible cancer and a small margin of surrounding healthy tissue all at once. Mohs surgery allows surgeons to verify that all cancer cells have been removed at the time of surgery. This increases the chance of a cure and reduces the need for additional treatments or additional surgery.
Sept. 17, 2015
- Robinson JK, et al. Mohs micrographic surgery and cutaneous oncology. In: Surgery of the Skin: Procedural Dermatology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Mosby Elsevier; 2010.
- AskMayoExpert. Mohs micrographic surgery. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2015.
- Nehal K, et al. Mohs surgery. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Aug. 24, 2015.
- Mohs micrographic surgery in the treatment of skin cancer. American Society for Mohs Surgery. http://www.mohssurgery.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3329. Accessed Aug. 24, 2015.
- Squamous cell skin cancer. Fort Washington, Pa.: National Comprehensive Cancer Network. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp. Accessed Aug. 24, 2015.
- Basal cell skin cancer. Fort Washington, Pa.: National Comprehensive Cancer Network. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp. Accessed Aug. 24, 2015.
- Cook AJ. Decision Support System. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. March 17, 2015.
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After examining the evidence, cosmologists and physicists have largely embraced the fact we live in a universe that began to exist at a point in the distant past. At this point of “cosmic singularity” all space, time and matter came into existence abruptly, beginning in an extremely hot and dense state and expanding rapidly. Everything came from nothing. This view of the universe’s origin is called the Standard Cosmological model, and it best explains the evidence we presently observe. Astrophysicist Andrew Liddle and astronomer Jon Loveday affirm this: “The standard cosmological model is a striking success, as a phenomenological description of the cosmological data… The model’s success in explaining high precision observations has led a clear majority of the cosmological community to accept it as a good account of how the universe works” (Oxford Companion to Cosmology, page 8). Is God real? The cosmological evidence certainly supports this reasonable inference.
If the universe began to exist, it’s reasonable to look for a cause sufficient to begin its existence. This cause, by definition, would have to be something non-spatial, a-temporal and immaterial (something other than the universe itself). In addition, the foundational cause of the universe must be uncaused, or it simply isn’t foundational. All of us, regardless of worldview, are looking for the first, uncaused, sufficiently powerful, non-spatial, a-temporal, immaterial cause of the universe. From this description you can see how dangerously close this cause sounds to a theistic description of God. Perhaps this is why many researchers and cosmologists seek to find a cosmological model avoiding a cosmological singularity (a model denying the beginning of space, time and matter). A number of models have been offered, but none have the explanatory ability to supplant the Standard Cosmological Model:
The Steady State Model
This theory was developed in 1949 by Sir Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold and others, although a number of variations of this idea have been proposed over the years. Steady State (also known as “eternal inflation”) theories acknowledge the expansion of the universe, but explain this as the result of new matter being formed over time. As galaxies move away from one another, new matter appears in the voids created by the expansion. The universe is continually expanding not from a point of beginning but as a continuous process of stretching and “infilling”. The theory removed the need for the universe to have a beginning, but it had several flaws causing scientists to abandon it. The theory violates the laws regulating the conservation of mass, has never been confirmed by a single observation. Most scientists abandoned the theory in the late 1960’s when observations affirmed the universe was in fact changing over time: quasars and radio galaxies were observed at large distances (meaning they existed in the past), but not in closer, newer galaxies. In addition to this, the theory fails to explain cosmic background radiation (the Steady State Theory tried to explain this radiation as the result of light from ancient stars scattered by galactic dust, but this is inconsistent with the “smooth” nature of the radiation). Worse yet, there has never been any experimental or evidential verification of the idea, and no one’s been able to offer a reasonable mechanism explaining the appearance of new galaxies.
The Oscillating Universe Model
This model describes the universe as continually expanding and contracting from eternity past. While we may observe the universe to be expanding at this moment, oscillating (also known as “cyclical”) models claim the universe will eventually slow under the gravitational attraction of its own mass, causing it to coalesce, more or less, to a much smaller region of contraction. While the model certainly describes an infinite universe with no beginning, it does not explain the creation of the first matter at all. The theory also suffers from other observational and theoretical problems. Every attempt to demonstrate the existence of enough mass in the universe to cause this kind of gravitational attraction has failed. The mass of the universe is simply insufficient to halt the expansion we observe or reverse it toward contraction. In fact, red shift measurements of distant supernovae reveal the universe is expanding faster now than it was when it was much younger. In addition, the Second Law of Thermodynamics must be considered in these cyclical models. In each successive cycle of expansion and contraction, the useful energy in the universe would decrease, making the cycles larger and longer moving forward in time. As we go back in time, these cycles would be smaller and smaller until, once again, we come to a point of cosmic singularity. Cyclical models fail to provide us with a viable alternative eliminating a beginning of the universe.
Quantum Gravity Models
Discoveries related to sub-atomic “virtual particles” opened up yet another alternative explanation for researchers rejecting a cosmic beginning. Scientists believe “virtual particles” arise due to fluctuations in the energy contained in a vacuum at the quantum level. Cosmologists, working with this information, have proposed Quantum Gravity (also known as “emergent”) models describing a primordial, stationary vacuum pre-existing our universe. Energy fluctuations in this eternal vacuum caused tiny universes to be born the same way virtual particles pop into existence. Under this theory, our universe is just one of an infinite number of universes, all of which came into existence in the primordial environment. Skeptics of these theories have noted the difficulty of such explanations. If the primordial vacuum is eternal (infinitely old), we would expect an infinite number of universes to have popped into existence in an infinite number of locations across the vacuum. We would expect these universes to interact with one another, and given the infinitude in which they have existed, we should see some evidence of these intersections. This is not the case, however. One possible solution to this dilemma is to describe the primordial vacuum as ever-expanding to accommodate the appearance of these universes without interaction, putting each of them out of reach from one another. But this expansion (when rewinding the timeline) would once again infer a point of singularity in the past, this time for the primordial vacuum.
Scientists who postulate the sudden appearance of virtual particles (or universes) from a primordial vacuum still have to account for the primordial vacuum. Theoretical physicists have redefined the notion of nothing by describing a vacuum containing much of what we commonly consider to be something. According to Stanford University theoretical physicist, Leonard Susskind, “The vacuum represents potential for all things that can happen in that background. It means a list of all the elementary particles as well as the constants of nature that would be revealed by experiments in that vacuum. In short, it means an environment in which the Laws of Physics take a particular form.” According to this definition, the primordial vacuum is spatial, filled with particles, charged with energy, and able to change over time. Even Lawrence Krauss, theoretical physicist and author of A Universe from Nothing: Why There is Something Rather than Nothing admits the vacuum is really something, rather than nothing: “…it would be disingenuous to suggest that empty space endowed with energy, which drives inflation, is really nothing. In this picture one must assume that space exists and can store energy, and one uses the laws of physics like general relativity to calculate the consequences. So if we stopped here, one might be justified in claiming that modern science is a long way from really addressing how to get something from nothing” (Kindle location 2029). Theories such as these fail to account for the origin of the environment in which universes such as ours could emerge.
Alexander Vilenkin, theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and professor of Physics and Director of the Institute of Cosmology at Tufts University is not a theist, but he rejects eternal inflation, cyclical, and emergent models. In 2012 he authored a scientific paper with Audrey Mithani entitled, “Did the Universe Have a Beginning?” He examined “…three candidate scenarios which seem to allow the possibility that the universe could have existed forever with no initial singularity: eternal inflation, cyclic evolution, and the emergent universe.” Here’s what he concluded: “The first two of these scenarios are geodesically incomplete to the past, and thus cannot describe a universe without a beginning. The third, although it is stable with respect to classical perturbations, can collapse quantum mechanically, and therefore cannot have an eternal past.” Not only does Vilenkin’s work address (and eliminate) all the eternal inflation, cyclical and emergent models, it also excludes any future proposals in which the expansion of the universe is acknowledged. The most reasonable inference from the evidence and the alternatives is simply this: The universe began to exist. It’s reasonable to look now for a first, uncaused, sufficiently powerful, non-spatial, a-temporal, immaterial cause of the universe. Is God Real? Theism offers a sufficient cause for the universe, and God remains the most reasonable explanation.
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A Train and Clock Problem
Date: 04/29/2000 at 07:33:32 From: Stan Subject: VERY Confusing Word Problem Here's my problem: A train leaves the station at the top of the minute. If it averages 66 miles per hour for the first 10 miles it will pass milepost 10 exactly at the moment that the minute hand of the clock is directly over the hour hand. At what time does the train leave the station? How in the world am I supposed to understand and solve this? What steps do I take to get to the answer? PLEASE HELP me do this and get to the right answer; I'm really desperate to solve this. Thanks a lot for previous help, Dr. Math! Stan
Date: 05/02/2000 at 10:16:57 From: Doctor Rick Subject: Re: VERY Confusing Word Problem Hi, Stan. This is certainly a tough problem. It calls for attacks from several directions. First, you can find the time that elapses between the two events: when the train leaves (on an exact minute), and when it reaches the milepost (when the minute hand coincides with the hour hand). Then you need to find two events of the specified types that are separated by exactly this time. There are lots of exact minutes in a day, but there are only 11 times in 12 hours when the minute hand and the hour hand coincide. Try to find these times. This is a good problem in itself! Once you have found the 11 possible times for the train to reach the milepost, subtract the elapsed time to find when the train would have left the station in each case. Which of these times is an exact minute? There is an outline of your plan of attack. There is still plenty of work to do. - Doctor Rick, The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
Date: 05/02/2000 at 17:22:35 From: Stan Subject: Re: VERY Confusing Word Problem Okay, I partially get this, but how can you get an exact minute when you subtract, for example, 9.09 minutes. Are you saying that there is a time like 1:06:09? Please help.
Date: 05/03/2000 at 08:43:04 From: Doctor Rick Subject: Re: VERY Confusing Word Problem Hi again, Stan. Yes, time is continuous. We're assuming that the minute hand turns smoothly. There are dial clocks that are run digitally with stepper motors, so the hand will jump from minute to minute. This problem would have no solution with that sort of clock. The time you have written, though, is 1 hour, 6 minutes, and 9 seconds (or 9/60 minute). It's easier to use decimal minutes, like 1:06.09. Better yet, though, is to stick with exact times like 9 1/11 minutes, rather than 9.09, which is only an approximation to 2 decimal places. You did step 1 successfully. Now on to step 2: finding all the times when the minute hand and the hour hand coincide. This will take some algebra - as I said, it's a good tough problem in itself. I'll get you started. One obvious time when the two hands are together is 12:00, when both hands are straight up. The other times are not going to be even minutes. The next one is sometime after 1:05, as I suspect you already see. At 1:00 the hour hand is at the 5-minute mark, but by the time the minute hand gets there, the hour hand will have moved on a bit. You could follow this back-and-forth, advancing the minute hand to where the hour hand is now, then advancing the hour hand again, but this will go on forever. Algebra is better. Let's say that the hands are together at n minutes past 1:00. The minute hand is at the n-minute mark (remember, it won't be an exact minute, so there won't really be a mark there). Where is the hour hand, in terms of minutes? When n = 0, the hour hand is at the 5-minute mark, as I said above. When n = 60, it's 2:00, so the hour hand is at the 10-minute mark. Can you write an expression that says where the hour hand is for values of n between 0 and 60? When you have this expression, you can quickly write an equation that says that the two hands point to the same minute. Solve this equation. Then go on to the time between 2:10 and 2:15 when the hands are together again, and so on. - Doctor Rick, The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
Date: 05/03/2000 at 16:52:35 From: Stan Subject: Re: VERY Confusing Word Problem Hi: Boy am I confused! I understand what you said, but... I tried to write an expression in all different kinds of ways, but couldn't get one that worked. (I thought of proportions, but that didn't make sense.) I know when one minute passes, the hour hand moves 1/60 of its way between the 5-minute mark and 10-minute mark (I think.) Please help me write or fix or the equation; I'm trying! Thank you, Dr. Rick, for coping with me :) Stan
Date: 05/04/2000 at 08:22:11 From: Doctor Rick Subject: Re: VERY Confusing Word Problem Hi again, Stan. You're right, the hour hand moves 1/60 of the distance between 1:00 and 2:00 each minute. In terms of minutes on the dial, that's 1/60 of 5 minutes, since 1:00 is at the 5-minute mark and 2:00 is at the 10-minute mark. So in one minute, the hour hand advances 5/60 minute on the dial. That fraction reduces to 1/12 minute. Now we're ready to write an equation. The hour hand starts at 5 minutes when n = 0 (at 1:00). It advances 1/12 minute when n increases by 1. Can you write a linear equation expressing the hour-hand position h in terms of the minute n? When you have this equation, you can easily change it into an equation that states that the hour-hand position is the same as the minute-hand position. Then you're on your way! - Doctor Rick, The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
Date: 05/04/2000 at 17:30:03 From: Stan Subject: Re: VERY Confusing Word Problem I tried. Is h + n = 5 + (1/12n) correct? It may not be. Thanks, Dr. Rick! Stan
Date: 05/05/2000 at 15:29:35 From: Doctor Peterson Subject: Re: VERY Confusing Word Problem Hi, Stan. I'm going to take over from my brother Dr. Rick for now, because he's not available to answer you today. It sounds like it's time for a change of direction anyway. I'd like to go back to the original question: A train leaves the station at the top of the minute. If it averages 66 miles per hour for the first 10 miles it will pass milepost 10 exactly at the moment that the minute hand of the clock is directly over the hour hand. At what time does the train leave the station? Let's try to work through the whole problem; I won't give you all the details you have to fill in, but will try to guide you through the process. I'm not taking the time to go through all your interactions with Dr. Rick, but will try to focus on what has to be done, even if it repeats some of what he has said, and I will ignore any specific problems you have dealt with. You need a fresh start. What do we know? The train started at some time that is an exact number of minutes, then went 66 miles per hour for 10 miles, at which time the hour and minute hand were together. We can first look at the rate aspect of the problem. If he went 66 miles per hour for 10 miles, you need to determine how long this took; I'd recommend finding it in minutes, and writing it as an exact fraction. This gives you the elapsed time of the trip. We'll be looking for two times that are exactly that far apart, the first being an exact minute, the second being one where the hour and minute hand are in the same position. That's the second part of the problem, for which we have to think about how a clock works. The minute hand moves 360 degrees in 60 minutes, or 6 degrees per minute. The hour hand moves 360/12 = 30 degrees in 60 minutes, or 1/2 degree per minute, 1/12 as fast as the minute hand. The position of the minute hand at M minutes after any hour is 6M degrees; the position of the hour hand at M minutes after hour H is (60H+M)/2 degrees. (Notice that I'm assuming that H is a whole number, but M doesn't have to be.) The hands will be together when these two angles are equal, or 6M = (60H+M)/2 You should solve this to find M in terms of H; H could be any integer from 0 to 11, so this will give you 12 (actually, it will turn out, 11) different values of M. From this you can find all the times at which the hour and minute hand are in the same position. Work them out, again, exactly, giving a fractional number of minutes where necessary. Now, does the fractional part of any of these values coincide with that of the number of minutes you calculated for the elapsed time? That's what you are looking for, since you know that the starting time was an exact number of minutes. Once you find the time that fits, you will know the ending time, and can subtract the elapsed time to find when the train started. Of course, this problem is terribly unrealistic; we're depending on the knowledge that the minute and hour hands are together exactly, down to a fraction of a minute (and no mention has been made of the second hand!); any slight error could make a huge difference in the answer. But it does bring in some interesting math. - Doctor Peterson, The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
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High-work, moderate-duration workouts are effective for burning those extra calories. These workouts tend to last between 45 to 90 minutes. The emphasis is a set of intervals in which the work intervals are finished at anaerobic intensity and the rest intervals are done at an easy intensity. Below is a general structure for interval training sessions.
The purpose of the warm-up is to prepare the body for the higher-intensity work completed in the real workout. The activity starts at a low intensity and increases progressively to allow physiological groundwork for the workout. Increased blood flow to the working muscles will happen as the heart rate increases. The increased blood flow will permit the muscle temperature to increase, which sequentially will improve the metabolic utility of the muscle.
Sprint Set (Optional)
Sprint sets are characteristically used to improve neuromuscular function, and largely consist of very short intervals done at a tremendously high intensity
Main Sets (Endurance)Usually speaking, for running and cycling, the main sets should entail 20 to 40 minutes of work intervals completed at anaerobic intensity and parted by rest intervals. For swimming, 914 to 1829 metres is a respectable distance for the main sets. While cycling to a hill, for instance, the individual builds in intensity from laid-back to aerobic as a warm-up (roughly 15 minutes). At the hill, the individual executes a set of 10 x 3 minutes, biking at anaerobic intensity up the hill, using a pace of 55 to 70 rpm. The rest interval is the ride down the hill. After concluding the workout, the individual cools down by biking home, decreasing in intensity from aerobic to laid-back (roughly 15 minutes).
The purpose of a cool-down is the opposite of a warm-up. A cool-down strives to cut blood flow to the working muscles, slow metabolic developments, and permit the body to steadily return to a resting state. Low-intensity activity is generally used to assist with the reorganisation of blood and the confiscation of metabolites from the muscles. This activity lets the individual recuperate from the training session.
- Kilgore, Lon, and Michael Hartman. Fit. Iowa Park, Tex.: Killustrated Books, 2011.
- Reuter, Ben. Developing endurance. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2012.
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https://fitnesshealth.co/blogs/fitness/14763181-basic-fitness-plan-targeting-fat-reduction
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700 Journals and 15,000,000 Readers Each Journal is getting 25,000+ ReadersThis Readership is 10 times more when compared to other Subscription Journals (Source: Google Analytics)
Mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year and the development of resistance to chemical insecticides resulting in rebounding vectorial capacity. Plants may be alternative sources of mosquito control agents. The present study assessed the role of larvicidal efficacy of different solvent flower extract of Cassia fistula (C. fistula) against Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Cx. tritaeniorhynchus) Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus) and Anopheles subpictus (An. subpictus). Twenty five early third instar larvae of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Ae. albopictus and An. subpictus were exposed to various concentrations and were assayed in the laboratory. The larval mortality was observed after 24 h of treatment. Among three solvent extracts tested the maximum efficacy was observed in the methanol extract and the LC50 and LC90values of C. fistula flower against early third instar of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Ae. albopictus and An. subpictus were 136.59, 118.64, 96.51 ppm and 243.67, 231.79, 174.39 ppm, respectively. No mortality was observed in controls. The chi-square values were significant at p < 0.05 level. From the results it can be concluded the crude extract of C. fistula flower was an excellent potential for controlling Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Ae. albopictus and An. subpictus mosquito larvae.
To read the full article Peer-reviewed Article PDF
Author(s): M GOVINDARAJAN
Larvicidal activity, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles subpictus, Cassia fistula flower., Animal Physiology, Cell and molecular biology, Genetics, Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Bioinformatics, Microbiology, Immunology
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https://www.omicsonline.org/scholarly-articles/abstracts/larvicidal-activity-of-cassia-fistula-flower-againstculex-tritaeniorhynchus-giles-aedes-albopictus-skuseand-anopheles-subpictus-gr-3849.html
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Plant Family: Capparaceae
A scrambling shrub with sharp spiky leaves. These spikes become less the bigger the bush gets.
Flowers from December through to January, with single or paired, large, white, slightly scented flowers.
Habitat: Rainforest. From the Hunter River up to tropical Queensland.
Host plant for Chalky Purl White, Southern Pearl-White, Northern Pearl-White, Yellow Albatross, Caper Gull and the Caper White butterflies.
Other common names include: Bumble tree.
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http://www.butterflyhostplants.com.au/gallery/Shrub/wild-orange/387891
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Neutral Player in Possession Drill
Field size: 40 yards by 30 yards
Number of players: full team; 8 versus 8 or 6 versus 6
Age range: 14-16
Description: Possession game with a neutral player - rotate players in and out of this position whether they're a defender, a midfielder or forward - get players comfortable with taking on the role of the play maker and asking for the ball and offering support.
Split the players into two groups, six versus six or eight versus eight with one free player. Keepers can train on their own or take part in the drill. Change the tempo by saying a team wins a point after they connect ten passes. This will immediately increase the intensity of the drill.
Try using a coach or an older guest player as the neutral player, since they can help push the game to a higher standard of play and keep the game simple by giving and get the ball.
Many times, with young players, they want to make the game more complicated than it is. They don't make those simple passes but instead try to dribble or making the amazing pass. Pass and move is what it’s all about.
Equipment needed: Cones and practice vests.
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Hugh Pickens writes "Dolphins have long been recognized as among the most intelligent of animals, but now the Times reports that a series of behavioral studies suggest that dolphins, especially species such as the bottlenose, have distinct personalities, a strong sense of self, can think about the future and are so bright that they should be treated as 'non-human persons.' 'Many dolphin brains are larger than our own and second in mass only to the human brain when corrected for body size,' says Lori Marino, a zoologist at Emory University. 'The neuroanatomy suggests psychological continuity between humans and dolphins and has profound implications for the ethics of human-dolphin interactions.' For example, one study found that dolphins can recognize their image in a mirror as a reflection of themselves — a finding that indicates self-awareness similar to that seen in higher primates and elephants. Other studies have found that dolphins are capable of advanced cognitive abilities such as problem-solving, artificial language comprehension, and complex social behavior, indicating that dolphins are far more intellectually and emotionally sophisticated than previously thought. Thomas White, professor of ethics at Loyola Marymount University, has written a series of academic studies suggesting dolphins should have rights, claiming that the current relationship between humans and dolphins is, in effect, equivalent to the relationship between whites and black slaves two centuries ago."
DEAL: For $25 - Add A Second Phone Number To Your Smartphone for life! Use promo code SLASHDOT25. Also, Slashdot's now on IFTTT. Check it out! Check out the new SourceForge HTML5 Internet speed test! ×
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https://science.slashdot.org/story/11/01/07/2138225/Should-Dolphins-Be-Treated-As-Non-Human-Persons
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Mac users can often be heard to say “I don’t need antivirus software, I have an Apple”. Unfortunately, this is a misguided conclusion. Whilst the dangers are certainly much less than with Windows computers, they do exist nonetheless. If nothing else, the recent spread of Mac Trojans proves this. Mac users who think they do not need to concern themselves have created an illusion. The claim that Apple users are less threatened than Windows users is currently still correct, but could change rapidly. It was the low market share of Macs that limited the attentions of online criminals; now that Macs are becoming more popular, this state of affairs is changing. Something that many people forget is that phishing works equally well on any device with an integrated browser, regardless of whether this is Windows, Mac, Apple TV, Android, Symbian or Internet TV; phishing affects everyone equally.
The largest single case was the Flashback-Botnet, which affected over half a million Macs at the beginning of 2012. This may not sound like much, and indeed is not very much compared to the world of Windows computers, but only shows the tip of the iceberg. Macs are being attacked more and more by cybercriminals, who take advantage of the complacency towards malware threats amongst Mac users. Unlike Windows users, most Mac users do not have any additional protection against viruses on their computers.
As in the world of Windows, effective free antivirus programs are available for the Mac.
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https://www.av-comparatives.org/mac-security-reviews/
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Mathematics is the very first type of education in the world. It all started when God said to His people to go forth and multiply. Of course, He meant go and learn the multiplication tables because they will serve you well in life. But the Catholics took Him too literally and had plenty of children.
Oh ... Oh ... I foresee a reprimand from my priest. He reads this Blog, you know; and often tells me off at Confession.
Anyway ... God told all creation to go forth and multiply. A year later He came back to check, and sure enough, every one had had a good time and there were plenty of baby everything everywhere. Baby people, baby animals, baby fish, birds and so on. And God was pleased.
However, He noticed that there were only two snakes. So He asked them: "Did you not have a good time? Why did you not multiply as I said?"
They replied: "We are adders. We need logs to multiply!"
Get it ... ??? No???
It's a mathematical joke. Logs means logarithms. And you need logarithms to multiply ... Forget it. It comes to something when I have to explain my own jokes. It made me laugh anyway.
Let's go on. Pay attention now.
Mathematics is all about numbers and the relationships of numbers to one another. For example, do you know that there are more stars and planets in the universe than all the grains of sands in all the beaches and deserts in the world?
Without telling you the number of stars the mere image I have depicted has conjured in your mind how many stars exist.
There are indeed many grains of sands in the desert. I should know.
I was once a member of a research team in the desert and my task was to count the number of grains of sands. I counted up to 23 and got tired. So I can categorically claim that there are more than 23 grains of sand in the world and more stars than that in the universe. Just look up to the sky at night to prove it.
The Ancient Greeks were great mathematicians. Pythagoras for instance used mathematics to work out the measurements of shapes, especially triangles. He found out that the square on a hippopotamus is bigger than two other squares in the bush. He also had great respect for flava beans as he thought they were the source of life itself. One day he was chased by his enemies and he came across a field of beans. He stopped and refused to go through it and was killed by his enemies. It's true, I tell you. Check it out for yourself.
Archimedes was another mathematician of sorts. He was having a bath one day and the water in his bath overflowed. He ran in the street naked shouting “Eureka” and was arrested for indecent exposure. That's true too. Who are you going to believe? Me or what you have been taught at school?
One day I was traveling on a train with my college professor of mathematics. The train was going fast and we passed a field full of sheep. He remarked: “Look over there, 134 sheep!”
I was impressed and asked him how he counted them so quick with the train traveling so fast. He replied: “Easy … I counted their legs and divided by four!”
A bit later we passed another field full of sheep and I tried the same trick. I counted the legs and divided by four; but I had a remainder of three. Which means there was either one sheep with three legs, or three sheep with one leg each!
The Ancient Romans, unlike the Greeks, used letters instead of numbers. The letter I meant one, II meant two, III meant three … they then got tired and tried something different. IV was four, V was five, X was ten … and they also had L, C and M as numbers.
All this suddenly stopped when the Emperor Claudius received a text saying – I LV CLAVDIVS – and he didn’t know whether it was an amorous message from his girl-friend or his wife’s new telephone number.
Einstein too was a great mathematician who devised Einstein’s Theory of Relativity without the use of a calculator. According to him, the richer you are the more relatives will attend your funeral.
Also, according to Einstein, if a tree falls in the forest and there is no one there to see it then it will remain upright.
He was once asked, is it true that sound does not travel in a vacuum, and if a man shouts in a vacuum then his screams will not be heard?
He replied: “It depends whether the vacuum is switched on at the time and how much dust is in the dust bag.”
Which all reminds me of the skunk running through the forest as the wind suddenly turns direction. He stops and says: “AAHH … it all comes back to me now!”
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Medical Causes of Bed-WettingSkip to the navigation
Medical conditions may cause a child to begin wetting the bed after a period of time in which he or she has had bladder control (secondary nocturnal enuresis).
Some medical conditions that may cause bed-wetting include:
- Diabetes, especially if the child is urinating more often than normal and/or is more thirsty than normal.
- Bladder or kidney infections (urinary tract infections), especially if the child is urinating more often than normal and/or complains of pain when urinating. The child may also have accidental wettings or may leak urine (have damp underpants) during the day.
- Constipation, especially if the child complains of abdominal (belly) pain and has large, hard stools or watery stool leaking from the bowel. Children who have stool less frequently than every 2 days may need to be checked for constipation.
- Bladder stones (calculi), especially if the child has a weak urine stream and complains of pain.
activity of the bladder muscle, especially if the child:
- Urinates more often than normal (frequency).
- Cannot hold urine when the urge to urinate occurs (urgency).
- Has leakage of urine.
- Has pain while urinating.
- Allergy to bubble bath or soap, especially in young girls. The symptoms may include belly pain, vaginal burning, and redness of the genital area.
- Infection of the vagina, especially if the girl has discharge from the vagina.
- Side effect of medicine.
Health Tools help you make wise health decisions or take action to improve your health.
Primary Medical Reviewer Susan C. Kim, MD - Pediatrics
Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine
Specialist Medical Reviewer Martin J. Gabica, MD - Family Medicine
Current as ofJuly 26, 2016
To learn more about Healthwise, visit Healthwise.org.
© 1995-2017 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
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innitus is frequently called a "ringing in the ears".
One of the common symptoms of hearing problems is hearing a sound that isn't really there. You hear it alright, but it's not really there.
People describe tinnitus in many different ways. Some are just wording differences, but some give you a clue that tinnitus comes in many different forms.
The most common descriptions include words like: "sizzling", "ringing", "tinkling", "roaring", and "whooshing".
The sound may be constant or may vary depending on circumstances.
Some people find that a hearing aid can lessen the impact of tinnitus.
Other treatments include "maskers", which are hearing aid-like devices which generate more sound to hide the tinnitus, and
"trainers", which are hearing aid-like devices that train your brain to ingore the tinnitus.
Some drugs may cause temporary or even permanent tinnitus.
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Humans arrived in the world a millenia ago. They have since become the dominant race in the world. Human cities and countries dominate the landscape and the human population comprises the majority of people of the Freshwater Sea and Areddian.
Humans are industrious and adaptive. With relatively short lifespans, fast breeding rates, and inherent curiosity, they have rapidly overtaken the native elves and dwarves.
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The Big Idea
Warren Hastings left this provincial corner of England to seek his fortune with the East India Company, at a time when colonial reverses in the New World were about to be compensated by success in the Old.
The two main European rivals, France and Britain, had met in inevitable conflict. With the help of skilful local diplomacy (huge bribes and dreadful threats), and the military skills (and luck) of Robert Clive, the British triumphed, and stood poised to cash in.
Warren came from a once-wealthy family, fallen on hard times. It was to restore the family fortunes that he went to India, at the age of sixteen.
He rose through the ranks of the East India Company to the position of Governor-General of Bengal (1774) - not so much through his military skills, but through a certain talent for bureaucracy.
Hastings was quite different from the usual English adventurer. He fell in love with India, admired its culture and respected its laws and traditions. He wore Indian garb, he ate Indian food, he admired Indian art. His understanding of the mediaeval relationships of the princes of India was a valuable asset in the British cause.
This period also saw the beginning of Britain's long (and occasionally patronising) love of India. Women of fashion were wearing Indian silks and muslins, and architecture picked up Moghul themes and practicalities (the first purpose-built bathrooms in Britain appeared in the mansions of returning India-men - the "nabobs").
However, Warren didn't admire the corruption, greed and immorality of most of the East India Company traders. He strongly felt that these traders should be subject to Indian law, rather than impose English law on India ("they have no need of wisdom from afar") - a fact which led, later, to his downfall.
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The Most Important
Feature of Probiotics
What is meant by
According to (WHO) World Health Organization and Food and
Agriculture Organization, Probiotics are living microorganisms like bacteria and other good organisms such as
yeast found in the human gut and in skin. It is also called good bacteria in some foods and dietary supplements
consumed by the body. They also called as CAM or complementary and alternative medicine for several diseases as
well as helping to boost the body’s health and the person’s general wellness.
These good or friendly bacteria play an important part in
the proper development of the immune system and to protect against harmful microorganisms that can cause
illnesses like diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, urinary tract infection, vaginal infection and effective
treatment for certain intestinal infections.
similar to pre bio tics?
Probiotics are not similar to pre bio tics but they go
side by side. Probiotics are indigestible foods that serve as the food or stimulate the growth of those good
bacteria or Probiotics which already exist in the body. Probiotics are available in foods and dietary
supplements in the form of capsules, tablets, powders or in some foods like yogurt, miso, some juices, fermented
and non-fermented milk as well as in soy drinks. Probiotics are found in banana, whole grains, onions,
artichokes, garlic and other foods.
When Probiotics and pre bio tics are combined, they form
symbiotic or mutually beneficial agents. One of the examples of symbiosis is the yogurt and kefir or fermented
dairy products where bacteria get its food needed to live. In addition, Probiotics and pre bio tics are one of
the ingredients added to some foods which are available in dietary supplements.
Most of the Probiotics are the same with those naturally
found in humans guts particularly breastfeeding infants who are protected naturally with these good bacteria
against many kinds of diseases.
comes from two groups of bacteria:
1. Lactobacillus or Lactobacillus acidophilus—the
acid-friendly milk bacterium type of Lactobacillus. This is a
Homo fermentative type which functions to ferment sugar to form lactic acid in the body. It is normally found in the human
and animal digestive tract, vagina and mouth.
2. Bifidobacterium or Bifidobacterium bifidus—other good
bacteria like lactobacillus which is a major genus of bacteria that
make up the colon or gastrointestinal tract which also function as Probiotics.
Health benefits of
pro biotic s-there are lots of medical researches that show amazing benefits of
Can treat severe diarrhea with or without follow up treatment of
A quick treatment for intestinal infections. A recent study shows that
Probiotics may possibly treat any of the various forms of gastroenteritis.
Prevent and gradually cure colds and flu.
Prevent and reduces risk of bladder problems like
Prevent occurrence and cure urogenital problems like vaginal infections
as well as urinary tract infections which can create risks during pregnancy.
There are strain-specific health benefits in taking some
dietary supplements. Not all strains or type of Probiotics are effective for you condition. This is because some
of the dietary supplements found in the market that failed the testing and approval process of drugs still
claims to be effective. So, if you want a healthy diet, consult a medical practitioner familiar with the
Probiotics to get optimum benefits. Don’t forget to let your health care provider know about your diet plans to
know if those are beneficial or not for your health and well-being.
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Flexibility is the ability to change or be changed easily to suit a different situation (Longman English dictionary).When applied in education; it refers to the freedom of choices that the learner is allowed to make in different aspects of the learning experiences (Collis,&Moonen 2001). This is a major shift from the traditional approach where the instructor and the institution dominated the decisions regarding the learning process. In addition, It is worth noting that flexibility is more than just distance learning but cuts across a variety of aspects in the learning process. For example, flexibility in content, technology, time, instructional materials, pedagogy, entry requirements, location just to mention a few. A brief description of five kinds of flexibility and a web based technology that can be used to support them are outlined in the table below.
Supporting Web technology
This involves being flexible on the study location where the learner will carry out the learning activities. It can be outside the campus. For instance, the learning takes place from a student room, workstation or home.
-Video conferencing whereby the participants in different sites sit in a virtual conference room and communicate as if they are sitting next to each other. They use internet connected computer networks to transmit audio and video data
-Emails can also be used to send and receive messages from the participants in the course.(Yahoo.com)
-Skyping that allows two participant to receive audio and images of each other on network computers.
-Others are the use of Yahoo Messenger and MSN.
This is about allowing the learner or both the learner and the instructor make a consensus on the choice of the topics to cover, their sequencing, the learning materials and assessment standards
-Wikis where participants freely create and edit a web page content using any browser. This allows a collaborative contribution from all participants.
-Web logs can also be instrumental in sharing information on a given topic content.(blogger.com)
-Online libraries and e-books where students read materials online
This is about freedom to access various learning materials of preferable choice on a given topic in addition to those given by the instructor or institution.
-Provision of links with some materials like pdf files
-Use of You-tube sites like
-Websites whereby the learner uses the internet browsers to find information on a given content.(www.utwente.nl)
-Online libraries are also valuable
-Use of online recorded video
This is flexibility on when the course starts and ends, deadlines to submit assignments, the speed at which the course progresses and the when to assess.
Learning management systems such as
-Blackboard for online announcements ,submission and feedback is used
-Emails can also be used to send and receive information in time
Its flexibility related to the mode of content delivery/teaching approaches For instance, the use of lecture, group work or discussion individualized instruction
-Wikis where participants freely create and edit a webpage content using any browser. This allows a collaborative contribution from all participants.
-For collaborative learning,video conferencing may be used.
-Face book and blogs can help facilitate discussions
-e-portfolios can provide reflection approach where the teacher can easily make a follow up on student progress.
-elgg can also be used as an opportunity to provide feedback
In conclusion,there are many flexibility kinds in the learning process and for each kind of flexibility there, exists a matching web based technology that can be used to successfully implement it. However, it is crystal clear that identifying that correct technology to apply in a given case is quite a challenging task.(Anil ,2000).Th.is implies that one must do a deeper evaluation from a wide range of existing technologies so as to determine which of them will meet the goals of a given flexibility. Finally ,may i point out that the use of web based technology can greatly develop the mind of inquiry in the student and enhance feedback as well.
1. Collis, B., & Moonen, J. (2001, second printing 2002). Flexible learning in a digital world: Experiences and expectations. London: Kogan Page.
2.Anil Aggarwal (2000):Web-based learning and teaching technologies; opportunities and challenges.Idea group publishing, USA.
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| 882
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|
* Ford is the only automaker active in developing advanced gasoline hybrid-electric vehicles, hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles, clean diesel, ethanol and hydrogen fuel cell-powered vehicles.
"This engine represents a significant milestone in Ford's research efforts in hydrogen technology," said Dr. Gerhard Schmidt, vice president, Research & Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company. "We have learned a great deal about hydrogen powered internal combustion engines during the development phase of this engine."
The supercharged 6.8-liter V-10 engine will power Ford's E-450 hydrogen fueled shuttle buses. The buses are scheduled to be delivered to fleet customers later this year, first in Florida and then in other locations across North America. Hydrogen internal combustion engine technology represents an important step toward enabling hydrogen to become a viable motor fuel.
Hydrogen fueled internal combustion engines have many advantages including high efficiency, all-weather capability, and near zero emissions of regulated pollutants and greenhouse gases (CO2). They can also be easily hybridized for further gains in fuel efficiency.
While the hydrogen internal combustion engine shuttle buses will provide valuable real-world experience, Ford is also conducting research into next generation hydrogen internal combustion engines, including features such as direct injection to enhance power and fuel economy. "We have only scratched the surface in terms of what can be achieved with hydrogen internal combustion engine technology and are serious about maintaining our edge in this field," said Vance Zanardelli, chief engineer, Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines, Ford Motor Company.
Hydrogen Part of a Broader Effort
Ford's strategy for alternative fuels is built around multiple technologies, including hydrogen internal combustion engines. This flexible approach allows the company to meet goals for customer needs, environmental impact and shareholder interests. The strategy does not focus on one catch- all solution, but offers a flexible array of options, including hybrids, clean diesels, bio-diesels, advanced engine and transmission technologies and E85 ethanol.
Ford's first hydrogen internal combustion engine demonstration vehicle, released in 2001, was based on a lightweight aluminum sedan body, which also was used in the development of hydrogen fuel cell technology. Subsequent projects included the Model U concept, first showcased at the 2003 North American International Auto Show, several Focus based demonstration vehicles, a V-6 powered tractor in use at Orlando International Airport as well as two hybridized transit buses. At the 2006 North American International Auto Show, Ford displayed the Super Chief Concept, which demonstrated Tri-Flex technology, which allows a vehicle to run on hydrogen, E85 ethanol or gasoline.
Ford partner Mazda recently delivered its RX-8 Hydrogen RE to its first two corporate customers. These vehicles, equipped with a rotary engine, feature a dual-fuel system that allows the driver to select either hydrogen or gasoline with the flick of a switch.
Additionally, the company also has a fleet of 30 hydrogen powered Focus fuel cell vehicles on the road as part of a worldwide, seven-city program to conduct real world testing of fuel cell technology. The 30-car fleet has accumulated more than 240,000 miles since its inception.
Ford also offers gasoline-electric hybrids including the Escape Hybrid and Mercury Mariner Hybrid. The company will also offer hybrid versions of the Ford Fusion and Mercury Milan in 2008.
Web site: http://www.ford.com/
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20th Congress of the CPSU
The 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was held during February 14 to February 26, 1956. It is known especially for Nikita Khrushchev's "On the Personality Cult and its Consequences", which denounced the personality cult regime and dictatorship of Joseph Stalin.
Delegates at this Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union were given no advance warning of what to expect. Indeed, proceedings were opened by Khruschev's call for all to stand in memory of the Communist leaders who had died since the previous Congress, with Stalin being mentioned in the same breath as Klement Gottwald. Hints of a new direction only came out gradually over the next ten days, which had the effect of leaving those present highly perplexed. The Polish communist leader Bolesław Bierut died in Moscow shortly after attending the 20th Congress.
The speech shocked delegates to the Congress, as it flew in the face of years of Soviet propaganda, which had claimed that Stalin was a "wise, peaceful, and fair leader." After long deliberations, in a month the speech was reported to the general public, but the full text was published only in 1989. Not everyone was ready to accept Khrushchev new line. Albanian Communist leader Enver Hoxha, for instance, strongly condemned Khrushchev as "Marxist revisionist."
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Detroit will finally have to face her problems that have been endemic to the city for the past century. if Detroit continues to deny, or worse to defiantly continue her stalemate of opposing political philosophies, the city will finally pay for its stubbornness by imploding into a smaller footprint. The remaining lands will either return to their historical township designation or they will be absorbed in part by surrounding cities. The absence of a viable solution will create a dramatic end to this once vibrant city’s history. The vultures will descend on Detroit’s assets in the aftermath to divvy up what could otherwise have been the basis of Detroit prospering once again.
Why is it that Detroit’s problems have grown for the past 60 years without correction? Many talented people have strategized and struggled to reverse the city’s declining trend. Yet, the city is finally in severe crisis, and is on the verge of bankruptcy.
It turns out that some of Detroit’s largest problems, which absolutely must be solved to save the city, are actually symptoms of other “root” problems, which have gone unchecked for 60 years. Until we expose these root causes, we cannot hope to find viable solutions that will turn around Detroit’s plight. And once exposed, Detroit’s political, business and civic leadership must finally commit to implementing system-wide solutions that up to now they have ignored.
We know the problems that Detroit is experiencing. Yet leaders have fruitlessly spent billions of dollars on solutions that have not reversed them. If money and effort are spent on solutions that do not address the problems that are the root of all remaining problems, then their efforts are in vain, for the root will then continue to nourish its branches of destruction, and Detroit will persist in continuing its decline.
What are the root causes of Detroit’s problems? Let’s list symptomatic problems first and then peel the onion deeper and deeper until we reach some root causes:
A. Detroit Citizens are leaving the city in epidemic proportions, creating a hollowed out city.
Lack of city services
Lack of livability qualities
B. Detroit Government cannot afford to provide the City Services that a city government is required to provide and will not be able to sustain itself without drastic changes.
Smaller population to tax
Fewer businesses to tax
Decreased property values
Poor collection of taxes that are owed
C. The citizens that remain in Detroit are forced to live in what Forbes magazine calls the “most miserable city in America”
Terrorized by crime
Live in blighted neighborhoods
Have low paying jobs or no jobs
Send children to schools that don’t educate them
Are denied basic city services
Wait too long for emergency services
Lack decent transportation to city amenities
Live in obsolete housing
Now, each of these symptomatic causes only scratches the surface of describing the cause of Detroit’s problems, and each symptomatic cause has more deeply rooted causes. For instance, one symptomatic reason people are moving out of Detroit is because there are no jobs. Certainly the trend started with the loss of auto and armament jobs but many more jobs have left since. Why?
• Some jobs leave Detroit to follow people that are leaving
• Some jobs are eliminated as businesses such as national grocery store chains refuse to
cater to the distillation of remaining citizens.
• Some business decry the lack of City services
• Others leave because of high taxes
• Some leave to find educated potential employees
• Other businesses are uprooted because their owners are unhappy with Detroit’s
Yet even these more deeply rooted causes are symptomatic of even deeper causes:
• Grocery stores claim that a lack of population density, higher crime rates, and a lack of
qualified employees make them unprofitable.
• The City claims that higher taxes on businesses are necessary to offset others that have
left and that city services have been cut because of falling city revenues.
• Detroit businesses have found that the existing potential employee base has a low
degree of education, that 47% are functionally illiterate, and that most have worked in
jobs that did not provide high skill level training.
And yet, even these more deeply rooted causes have deeper causes. Those that point to the city’s high crime rate, for instance, state several reasons for the higher rate:
• Black subculture of violence
• Street gangs
• Drug trafficking
• Poor policing
Yet these are all symptomatic of even more deep root causes. For instance, the black subculture of violence goes back to:
• Colonial times of slavery
• Post civil war terror and oppression
• Treatment of blacks in Detroit during the transition into the industrial era
• The failure of schools to educate
• For the failure of businesses to provide a living wage
• For intergenerational, institutional racism that has denied blacks equal opportunity for
jobs and housing, for neighborhoods, decent healthcare, and equal protection under the
So Institutional racism drops out as one of the root causes of the downfall of Detroit. Once this analysis of root causes is complete, then a set of solutions can be generated to combat these root causes. However, as in all systemwide solutions, any set of proposed solutions must create a desired outcome that is best for all citizens of Detroit to be optimal.
A cursory root cause analysis suggests a few patterns of future success for the city of Detroit, without creating the plan for how to achieve these patterns. Some might even suggest that these patterns are unachievable. Yet, remarkable solution sets can be created once the objectives are outlined.
In isolation, my initial assessment suggests the following. I will next compare this solution set to recent historical patterns of solutions and contemporary solutions being proposed.
Based on the constraints of what I expect to be true, to solve the immediate issues of turn around, Detroit will have to:
• Restructure existing debt
• Soften expectations of entrenched unions
• Reduce unsustainable city pensions
• Enforce collection of current taxes
• Resize from the now unsustainable level of city services
• Create fair alternative to foreclosures
To stop stampeding exodus, the city will have to:
• Dramatically and quickly reduce high crime levels
• Limit the impact of the illegal drug market
• Lower city tax rates to compete for business and new homeowners
• Provide alternative to failing schools
To quickly reduce high crime levels will require:
• A dramatic early increase in law enforcement in transition to sustainable levels of crime
• That the city provide freedom for potential emigrants to seek viable alternatives to public
education while Detroit public schools are dramatically overhauled so that all kids have
an incredibly higher probability of academic success
• That the city immediately begin to provide highly probable access to higher education or
to higher paying income jobs to transitioning upperclassmen and to graduating high
To rebuild, Detroit will have to begin to:
• Initially repopulate the city with jobs appropriate to the educational and job skill level of
its population, which will begin with a high number of illiterate, uneducated, unskilled
persons in the workforce
• Transition from failing schools that will start with very poor results even if they transition
• Provide highly probable, well paying jobs to students who graduate from college and
from high school
• Create a plan for compact city service zones and reduced services in outlying areas that
can transition with increasing population.
• Exercise a city land use plan that incorporates a citywide pattern for a livable city in all
neighborhoods as the city repopulates.
• Immediately dialogue with surrounding cities to formulate an understanding of what
benefits (and potential threats) are availed through cooperation, collaboration, and
synergies with surrounding governments.
• Reform government services to eradicate institutional racism and multigenerational
• Assess all Brownfield properties for assets that may have intrinsic value for any potential
reuse as part of a citywide plan to use assets, including land as draws for new
businesses and workers.
• Rid city of blight through integrated coordination of credit, loans, and jobs, tied to blight
enforcement and city confiscation for redistribution.
• Create a viable foreclosure alternative tied to credit, loans, and jobs.
• Create citywide access to credit for city’s public and private growth.
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Greed in any culture will cause oppression, manipulation, and the collapse of that society. God has designed a plan for our finances that will allow us to overcome greed and be free to be generous. In this sermon from Nehemiah 5, you will be encouraged to stop the cycle of debt and live free.
1. Admit the _____burden__________ of ______debt______ that greed has caused | Nehemiah 5:1-5
The people CRIED out to Nehemiah because of
- 5:2 | Their big families
- 5:3 | the mortgaging of their property
- 5:4 | loans to pay taxes
- 5:4 | they were powerless to help it
Greed is _____unbelief__________ that Brings _____debt________
Debt is _____slavery_______ that is _______powerless__________ to pursue God.
Proverbs 22:7 | “The rich rules over the poor,
and the borrower is the slave of the lender.”
2. Develop a ___plan_____ to overcome _____greed________ | Nehemiah 5:6-10
- 5:6 | Direct your Anger at a Righteous Solution
- 5:7a | Counsel with myself
- 5:7b | Charges against nobles and officials, Great Assembly
- 5:8 | We have become FREE, and now you have made us SLAVES again!
- 5:9 | Not Good
- We should Fear of God
- Invites our Enemy to taunt us
3. _____Execute__________ the plan to become _____debt________ free | Nehemiah 5:11-13
- Being GENEROUS is an intentional CHOICE to overcome GREED through GIVING.
4. Live __free______ to be _____generous______ | Nehemiah 5:14-19
He paid a debt He did not owe
I owed a debt I could not pay
I needed someone to wash my sins away
And now I sing a brand new song
Christ Jesus paid a debt that I could never pay
Nehemiah 2:20 | The God of heaven will make us prosper, and we his servants will arise and build, but you [GREED] have no portion or right or claim in Jerusalem.
This Week’s Bible Reading
| Nehemiah 4-6 | Matthew 18:21-35 | Luke 7:36-50 | Proverbs 5-9 |
Coming Up: reBUILD in the Face of:
Accusation (1/31) | Devastation (2/7) | Discouragement (2/14) |
Intimidation (2/21) | Greed (2/28) | Distraction (3/6) | Fear (3/13) |
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Thrust faults occur when a section of land slips over another at a low angle. A reverse fault forms when two landmasses are being compressed together. The hanging wall on one side of the fault moves upward.
Diagram showing how one section of land slips
over another along a fault line. Myrna Martin
Coast ranges in subduction zones
Subduction zones often have multiple faults where land on the ocean floor is scraped off the oceanic plate.The faults pile up on the continent. The coast range Oregon, Washington and parts of California formed in this manner.
Formation thrust fault
Thrust faults form when the angle is less than 45 degrees. The angle allows one section of the land to go over the top of the other block of land.
This type of fault movement thickens and shortens the crust. A normal fault develops where land is pulling apart and one block of land drops down. Blocks of land that move up or down in normal and reverse faults have steeply inclined planes.
A blind fault occurs in areas a shallow-dipping reverse fault terminates before it reaches the Earth's surface. Tension in the crust will cause the rocks to fracture but the fractures does not have any surface features. Many unknown thrust faults are suspected in California. Some faults are not discovered until a major earthquake occurs.
1994 Northridge earthquake
The 1994 Northridge earthquake was caused by a blind fault that scientists did not know about until it occurred. The earthquake killed 61 people and approximately $40 billion in damage. The fault line is between 12 miles at its southern edge and 3 miles below the Earth's surface at its northern edge. About 10 to 12 miles of land broke along the fault plane during the earthquake.
Break along fault line
The actual break only took about 8 seconds but the shaking in the area due to sediments lasted between 20 and 30 seconds. The movement along the fault was approximately 13 feet.
Everyone in the region included seismologists were taken by surprise. There were no foreshocks and no strain was seen in the rocks at any time before the earthquake occurred.
Divergent Boundary These boundaries form the global mid-ocean ridge system which is the largest mountain chain on Earth.
Crustal Plates There are large and small plates that cover the Earth. Subduction zones form where these plates are recycled.
Mid Ocean Ridge The global mid-ocean-ridge system is the longest chain of mountains on Earth and was not discovered until the 20th Century.
Earthquake Epicenter The epicenter of an earthquake is a point on the Earth's surface, not where the earthquake originates.
Caribbean Plate This plate is small but very complex. It has a subduction zone, transform fault, and triple junction.
Thrust Faults These faults occur where large blocks of land can be forced over the top of another block of land at a low angle.
Plate Tectonics Find out lots of fascinating facts and interesting trivia on plate tectonics.
Kids Fun Science The links on our home page include information about volcanoes, science activities, plate tectonics, the rock cycle and much more.
Check out Myrna Martin's award winning textbooks, e-books, videos and rock sets. The Ring of Fire Science Bookstore covers a wide range of earth science topics. Click here to browse.
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With the smartphone mounted on the windshield, the app uses the forward-facing camera to make sure the car stays between the lines on the road and maintains a safe distance from the car ahead. Meanwhile, the screen-side camera monitors the driver, tracking head position, gaze direction and blink rate. A drowsy or distracted driver triggers the phone to beep and flash a cup of coffee on the screen.
Don’t look for CarSafe on Google Play just yet though, as the developers caution that the app is not quite up to speed, so to speak. It’s billed as “the first dual-camera application for smartphones,” and there may be a good reason for that: current phones can’t access both cameras at the same time. So the developers had to make the app constantly switch back and forth between the cameras, and as a result it can only analyze scenes at eight frames per second, well below the frame rate necessary to be useful at highway speeds when the features are most needed.
Lead researcher Andrew Campbell told New Scientist that advances in smartphone technology will soon overcome this technical snag:
“But the next generation of phones will allow software to access both cameras simultaneously, removing that bottle neck,” predicts Campbell. “And with advent of quad core and 16 core phones in the future I would expect 20 to 30 fps [frames per second] on each camera.”
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Friday, March 6, 2009
Elecrical Load Demand, World’s dams and Worldwide Earthquakes
R. Ashok Kumar,B.E.,M.E(Power), Negentropist, Bombay Sarvodaya Mandal,299,Tardeo Road, Nana Chowk, Mumbai-400007.
© Copyright 2013 Ramaswami Ashok Kumar
3 March 2009
Together with the evidence presented in http://earthquakescausedbydams.blogspot.com/
the evidence shown here constitutes unequivocal proof that the dams of the world are causing earthquakes worldwide. See Figure DEC65 below:
The deterministic correlations of Electrical Load with Annual added Dam Capacity and Mean Daily Seismic Moment show that electrical load is the persistent cause of worldwide earthquakes apart from rainfall and agricultural drawdown in due seasons as shown conclusively in http://earthquakescausedbydams.blogspot.com/
It is well known that the electric grid depends heavily upon hydro power for meeting sudden load changes. And earthquakes follow deterministically worldwide. These are due to surge waves of bending moments and forces applied at faults consequent to pressure head changes of 100 km/sec or more at the centres of gravity of water masses behind dams in the various regions of the world with heavy dam capacities.
The above Figure DEC65 has been derived from data from the following sources:
1.USGS earthquake search for significant earthquakes -2150 to 2007
2. Data on Dams of the World, Capacity MM3 and year of commissioning from
Impact of Artificial Reservoir Water Impoundment on Global Sea Level
B. F. Chao,* Y. H. Wu, Y. S. Li
Published 13 March 2008 on Science Express
3. Data on typical electrical load demand from
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The scholar Dovid Katz (“Words on Fire: The Unfinished Story of Yiddish) argues that cross-language word play has been a part of our culture as long as Yiddish has been spoken in the Diaspora. Sometimes it is self-consciously clever, as when we identify the German heiraten (to marry) with the start of the Hebrew wedding vows harei-at. Or when we use the Hebrew poh-lan (here-sojourn) to describe the land where we found refuge for most of a thousand years after the Crusades. And sometimes the word-play is so intricate that the whimisical meaning becomes inextricable from the literal meaning.
There is a Yiddish expression to describe a type renegade who does not observe proper boundaries: poretz geder, from the Hebrew, meaning literally violator of boundaries. Both these words have near (or exact homonyms); there is another poretz (also from the Hebrew) which means lord, or squire; and so the local Polish landowner was known in Yiddish as the poretz. (The plural form poREYtzim is an odd hybrid with its German vowel shift and Hebrew suffix. But I digress.)
The other near-homonym is the German Gedärm , meaning “intestines”. The German word is a singular form, but interestingly in Yiddish it is stretched into three syllables and interpreted as a plural with the Hebrew ending –im : ge-DEH-rim. If you are counting intestines in Yiddish, you re-singularize it by dropping the ending and losing the umlaut: GEH-dar. As in “one intestine, two intestines, etc….”
Here’s where it gets interesting. The original meaning of the poretz geder, “violator of boundaries”, at some point became confounded with the alternate reading: “Polish squire’s intestine”. Well, the squire was certainly a wealthy man, or a nogid; and an intestine is by the Ukrainians a kishkah, as in “who stole the kishkah”. So the poretz geder became a nogidische kishkah…someone with a rich man’s taste, someone who scorns hamburger in favor of filet mignon. Or fine wine to domestic beer. You get the idea.
That’s my theory, anyhow. Unless you have a better explanation as to why, in the world of Yiddish, we can count among our stereotypical personality types both the poretz geder and the nogidische kishkah.
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Artificial Kidney is on cards and may hit the market by the end of the decade. Many people with chronic kidney disease are sustaining by dialysis. The artificial kidney would be a huge relief for thousands of patients suffering from it.
As the stats, nearly 2.5 lakh persons in India die due to kidney problem and cost of treating them through dialysis or kidney transplant is very high in India.
The device being engineered in the US will go through a series of safety and efficacy trials on hundreds of patients in that country before it is approved by the FDA, University of California San Francisco researcher Dr Shuvo Roy, co-inventor of the device, said at the Tanker annual charity and awards night on Wednesday.
Giving the details of the device- he added, “It can be implanted in the abdomen powered by the heart, is designed for filtration of blood and to function like other kidney.”
ICMR director general Dr Soumya Swaminathan said the Union health ministry has been working with engineers at various IITs to develop solutions for various health problems in India. Tanker Foundation honoured young scientists and doctors with awards for their contribution in the field of nephrology.
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About 12,840 children in the United States under the age of 15 will be diagnosed with cancer in 2015.
Childhood cancer rates have been rising slightly for the past few decades.
Because of major treatment advances in recent decades, more than 80% of children with cancer now survive 5 years or more.
Overall, this is a huge increase since the mid-1970s, when the 5-year survival rate was less than 60%.
Still, survival rates vary depending on the type of cancer and other factors. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in children (after accidents). About 1,310 children younger than 15 years old are expected to die from cancer in 2015.
A Mother’s Kiss was formed in 1994 by Eileen and Guy Eger of Long Island, NY.
That same year, their son Kevin Eger succumbed to cancer following a long and courageous battle with neuroblastoma.
Eileen and Guy realized that through the treatment process (and in many cases, afterwards) the families of childhood cancer patients must endure financial and emotional hardships which are not recognized by the general public, employers, and insurance companies.
Family and friends, whose support would otherwise be an important part of the healing process, are often not sure how to approach their fallen family members or friends. It is difficult when a child so close to them has suddenly become very sick.
By eliminating some of the stress in the lives of these emotionally and financially challenged families, we allow them to concentrate on what is really important – making sure that their beloved child gets better.
A Loving Vision …
It was the Egers’ vision that no family should have to endure these hardships alone.
It is for that reason that A Mother’s Kiss was formed. Since that time, A Mother’s Kiss has evolved into the most dedicated Board Members, Officers, and Volunteers available. We continue to carry out the Eger’s philosophy that no child should fight cancer alone.
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An Overview of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
-by Al Bredenberg
These days, you can fly across the United States in six hours. Even if you have to take a car, you can do it in six days.
But imagine what it would have been like two hundred years ago, when Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, and the other members of the Corps of Discovery traveled 3,700 miles from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean in non-motorized boats, on horseback, and on foot. Not only did they have no cars or airplanes to travel in, they also had to do it with no reliable map -- and they had to make their way through territory inhabited by Indian nations who couldn't necessarily be expected to smile upon a band of armed explorers.
Planning the Expedition
In 1803, when was President of the United States, the U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France. This was a huge tract of over 800,000 square miles, taking in nearly the entire mid-section of North America from present-day Texas and Louisiana up to Montana and North Dakota. This almost doubled the size of the new country.
Much of the new territory was unexplored. Jefferson decided to send an expedition up the Missouri River to its source in the western mountains and beyond to the Pacific Ocean. Jefferson hoped that the expedition would be able to find the elusive Northwest Passage, a water route across the country, which would be a great boon to commerce.
So in that same year, Jefferson commissioned the Corps of Discovery under the command of his trusted private secretary, Meriwether Lewis. Besides seeking the Northwest Passage, Lewis was to map the new territory, assess its natural resources, and make contact with its inhabitants, befriending them if possible. Lewis recruited his friend William Clark to share equally in the command of the expedition, as well as a force of over 40 men. The members of the Corps of Discovery were soldiers, but their purpose was peaceful -- exploration, diplomacy, and science. Lewis was commissioned as a Captain of the Army of the United States, Clark as a Lieutenant (although this inferior rank was kept secret from the men, and Clark was always called "Captain").
Lewis purchased a large stock of supplies, including guns and ammunition, food, clothing, navigational instruments, and large numbers of goods to be used as gifts and barter for Indians. To carry the Corps and its cargo on the first leg of their journey, Lewis had a keelboat built, a 55-foot shallow-draft vessel capable of carrying about 12 tons of cargo. The boat had a sail, but was mostly propelled with oars and poles. The journey on the Missouri River would be over 2,000 miles -- upstream all the way.
Up the Missouri
The expedition started from St. Louis, where the Missouri empties into the Mississippi, on May 14, 1804. Along the way, Clark oversaw the men and carefully mapped the route. Lewis made scientific observations and collected specimens of animals and plants. The trip was arduous -- the men lived outdoors, hunted for food, and rowed the keelboat (along with two smaller boats) up the river, often towing the boat from the shore when the current got too heavy or the river became difficult to navigate. They fended off huge clouds of mosquitoes that swarmed around them. The party made only 12 or 14 miles on a good day.
Along the way, the group made contact with Indian inhabitants of the land. During the first season of travel, they contacted the Missouris, the Omahas, the Yankton Sioux, the Teton Sioux (Lakota), and the Arikaras. The captains would offer gifts, meet with the chiefs, and make speeches encouraging the Indian nations to make peace with one another and with their new "great father," President Jefferson. All were friendly except the Lakota, with whom the expedition had a confrontation that nearly became violent.
By October, the Corps of Discovery had reached what is now North Dakota, but they were obviously nowhere near the Missouri's headwaters and winter was at hand. Since little was known about the route beyond the Mandan villages, Lewis and Clark decided to build a fort and winter with the Mandans and their Hidatsa neighbors. These tribes, with a population of about 4,500 people, occupied five permanent villages along the Missouri River and were known for their friendliness and generosity.
During the winter, Lewis and Clark hired Toussaint Charbonneau, a French fur trader, and his wife, a Shoshone woman named Sacagawea, realizing that this woman could help them by acting as interpreter with her people, who lived near the Missouri's headwaters.
In the spring, the captains sent the keelboat back down the river with a few men and many items for Jefferson, including an interim report of the expedition, samples of soil, minerals, and plants, Indian items, and even some live birds and a prairie dog, which had never been heard of in the East. Most of the expedition continued up the river in canoes, taking along Sacagawea, her husband, and their newborn baby, Jean-Baptiste.
The group spent the next months making their way west up the river into territory unknown to white men. They encountered a great profusion of wildlife, including buffalo, wolves, bighorn sheep, and ferocious grizzly bears. They made their way into present-day Montana, and found the river becoming increasingly impassable, with fierce rapids and waterfalls.
When they finally reached the area of the Missouri's headwaters, they sought out the Shoshones. As it turned out, Sacagawea's brother was chief of the village they first contacted. With her help, the party obtained the horses they would need to get across the mountains ahead.
Across to the Western Ocean
As the party began crossing the mountains on horseback, it soon became obvious that the hope of finding a northwest water route was a false one. Jefferson had believed that the explorers, after leaving the Missouri, would find only a small mountain range with a river to the Pacific just a short distance on the other side.
In fact, the expedition had to make its way on the Lolo Trail across the vast Bitterroot Mountains, already covered with snow in September. The crossing took 11 days, during which the men nearly starved. They were almost helpless when they reached the Nez Percé Indians on the other side. Fortunately for Lewis and Clark and their group, the Nez Percé welcomed and fed them, helped them make canoes, and agreed to take care of their horses until their return on the way back east.
With the water finally running west, the explorers quickly traveled down the Clearwater, Snake, and Columbia Rivers, reaching the Pacific coastal area in early November, a year and a half after leaving St. Louis. They built Fort Clatsop, named after the neighboring Indian nation, on the south side of the mouth of the Columbia, near what is now Astoria, Oregon, and spent the winter in cold, wet, miserable weather, preparing for the trip back home.
On March 23, 1806, the Corps of Discovery started on the long journey back the way they had come. They had some conflicts with some of the Indians on the lower Columbia, whom they accused of charging high prices for food, trying to steal from the travelers, and interfering with their progress. But when they reached the friendly Nez Percés, they found their horses alive and cared-for, though scattered on open range.
The group was back across the mountains by June and decided to split up into smaller parties for a while so as to explore some of the territory more thoroughly. Lewis took a more northerly route, and it was during this trip that the explorers had their first and only violent conflict with Indians. A group of Blackfeet apparently tried to captured horses and guns, and Lewis's party killed two of them.
At about that same time, Clark, on a southerly route, discovered an unusual, large stone formation on the Yellowstone River. He named it "Pompy's Tower," after the nickname of Sacagawea's son, now in his second year (certainly one of the most remarkable childhoods in American history). There on that formation, Clark left an inscription, "Wm. Clark July 25th 1806," which can still be seen today.
The separate parties rejoined in August back on the Missouri River, at the mouth of the Yellowstone. They continued on down the river, dropping off Charbonneau, Sacagawea, and little Jean-Baptiste at the Mandan villages. Traveling quickly, they reached St. Louis on September 23, 1806.
The men of the expedition were welcomed as heroes. They had been gone so long that the nation feared they were dead. Remarkably, only one member of the group died. This was Sergeant Charles Floyd, who probably died of a ruptured appendix as the Corps of Discovery traveled up the Missouri River on its way to the Mandan villages.
Lewis and Clark and the Mapping of the Continent
The Corps of Discovery returned with a great deal of knowledge about the new United States territory west of the Mississippi -- the people, the land, the rivers, the mountains, the plants and animals. The expedition made important contributions to the mapping of the North American continent.
Copyright 2000 Smithsonian Institution and EdGate.com, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Do plants think? Can a fungus ‘know’? And is it just or right to uproot an ivy that has ‘chosen’ to entwine itself around a tree trunk?
One might expect a group of academics and the people who work with them to engage in a little ‘shop talk’, even on a nature walk, but it was the enthusiasm and passion with which Marshal Giovanni Susini communicated his knowledge about the botanical inhabitants of the natural forest reserve Vallombrosa that sparked appreciation for the above inquiries and prompted some playful debate on neurobiology and human-plant ethics.
Marshall Susini, who has worked at Vallombrosa with the Carabinieri Forestale for twenty-two years, explained that when he started as a young officer, he mainly focused on being able to identify the plants and animals of the area. ‘Now,’ he says, ‘when I go into the forest I’m always wondering about how they get along, how they behave, how they interact with each other.’
The guided visit at Vallombrosa started with a tour of the historic monastery on the site, founded by Benedictine monks in 1036. Don Marco, a member of the monastic community there, took the group through the structure, explaining the art and furnishings of the abbey’s church, cloister, refectory, and original kitchen. He also described the daily routine of members of the order, which is organized around the activities of work, prayer and study.
The choice to situate the abbey high in the woods of Pratomagno not only permitted the type of simple, meditative life espoused by the order, but it also gave them an activity: cultivating and working the abies alba, or European white fir. This tree not only yields a valued wood, but its seed is an essential ingredient in the fir brandy produced and sold by the monks.
The day of nature, art and history was organized for the group of 50 EUI members by the office of Secretary General Vincenzo Grassi. ‘This initiative,’ Grassi explained, ‘was originally designed by Ambassador Schioppa Narrante, but unfortunately he did not have the chance to realize it.’ The Secretary General, who participated in the trip along with President Renaud Dehousse and a mix of researchers, fellows, professors and staff members, found the day rewarding for a number of reasons. ‘It raises the sense of community,’ he said. ‘It was an opportunity for a diverse group of EUI members to spend the day together.’ In remarks that were echoed by the other participants, he also underscored the importance of appreciating the natural beauty of the region. ‘Immersed in their work, EUI members often confine themselves to the Florence area, which is full of its own beauty and treasures. This was a chance for them to get out and see the beautiful landscape away from the city.’
The visit, which was possible thanks to the kind collaboration of the Comando Regione Carabinieri Forestale, our close neighbours at the ‘Poggiolo’, also pleased the Secretary General because it brought the Institute’s international community in touch with the Italian authorities in a positive way. ‘The welcome we received today from Colonel Carlo Chiavacci and Marshall Susini overcomes stereotypes one might hear about Italians. Their knowledge about and dedication to the forest and monastery were clear and appreciated by everyone.’
Xiaohang Chen, a first-year researcher in LAW, shared the Secretary General’s enthusiasm. ‘I came along because I wanted to meet a mix of people from the Institute, and I also wanted to come close to nature.’ Now in Italy after six years of study in Beijing, a walk in the fresh air and high altitude of Vallombrosa was a welcome change from his daily routine of reading and study in the EUI Library.
Jose Juan Perez Melendez, Max Weber Fellow, and Anna Coda, the Departmental Coordinator of the History Department, both found their walk through the Arboretum to be most enjoyable. ‘The corporal’s passion for the topic was so obvious,’ Coda remarked. ‘I think the trip was a fantastic idea!’
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Do you know where the coldest temperature was recorded in Japan?
The place was not on the top of Mt. Fuji. On January 25th, 1902, the coldest temperature of minus forty one degree in Celsius was recorded in Asahikawa City.
I think some of you may wonder if it has been possible to produce Japanese sake since such long time ago because Japanese sake is made from rice and Hokkaido was said not to be appropriate place to grow rice crop.
Sake brewing in Asahikawa City at the northern end of Japan started at that time.
It's said that the total amount of Japanese sake produced in Asahikawa City accounts for nearly 30 percent of the total production in whole Hokkaido in 1924. The following
factors are sited as the reasons why Japanese sake brewery prospered in Asahikawa City.
Reason 2 The cold climate of Asahikawa City was suitable for
production of sake in winter.
Reason 3 The population of Asahikawa City increased rapidly from around 1900.
Brewing sake has been started in coldest Asahikawa City, when I visited. The work starts from around November and continues until around March.
It was the midst of sake brewing work in the Otokoyamasyuzou I visited. The
old tools for sake brewing was exhibited in the museum of Otokoyama-shuzou.
When I look at the items displayed in the museum, I could so easily imagine the tough situation to have started to make Japanese sake in the harsh climate of the northern island as it was made in the main island of Japan that it was so impressive.
The present sake brewing is performed in the squeaky clean factory in which the temperature is strictly controlled. But sake made in Hokkaido doesn't get high evaluation from a
consumers even now. A breweries in Hokkaido sometimes are criticized that the material rice is not produced in Hokkaido.
I think there will be a lot of trouble before sake made in Hokkaido will get
high evaluation from now on.
But I felt "Originality was required to the goods for taste. So the new original and most appropriate way to make sake in the northern cold circumstances should be researched and the material rice and the way to grow them should be improved as well. I want the sake breweries in Hokkaido to continue such effort.
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Washington, Nov 12 (ANI): Penn State University researchers have finally found the answer to a 40-year-long puzzle about a mysterious process by which a critical enzyme metabolizes drugs and chemicals in food.
Michael Green and colleagues have been able to "freeze in time" the workings of this family of enzymes produced by the liver that break down common drugs such as Tylenol, caffeine, and opiates, as well as nutrients in many foods.
The find may help development of a wide range of more efficient and less-expensive drugs, household products, and other chemicals.
Enzymes in the family named P450 pass through a critical chemical phase-change called "Compound I," whereby an oxygen molecule is temporarily added.
"This phase change happens quickly, and P450 just as quickly changes back to its original state," Green explained.
Green and his colleagues grew one of the P450 enzymes in E.coli -bacteria found in the human gut. They then developed a method to cool the enzyme at just the right rate-one one-thousandth of a second -- to "freeze in time" the formation process of Compound I.
Green also explained that different populations of humans vary in which version of the gene they carry, and thus, which version of P450 they produce.
"With a drug such as caffeine, for example, one population of people might be fast metabolizers, while another might metabolize the drug more slowly," Green explained.
"The answer to why some people have bad interactions could be understood at the level of the P450 enzymes and their state changes. Now that we can see those state changes on a molecular level, a deeper investigation is finally possible."
The scientists' findings will be published in the journal Science on 12 November 2010. (ANI)
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