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SeaWorld and the other groups took up to 50 orcas from the southern resident population of around 120, Rose said. The females in the group began to breed as quickly as possible to replace the numbers, but the group faced a second population drop years later when the stolen babies would have come to sexual maturity. Even now, Rose explained, the population is still one third smaller than it used to be because the group is facing a number of other threats including contaminants and food shortages. So, that wild population that SeaWorld boasts so proudly of outdoing? It's actually a crippled, endangered population that's struggling to find food and has been fighting for decades to bounce back from the damage inflicted by SeaWorld.	<urn:uuid:fb64eccf-ac57-4814-be77-7e4f4eb1e495>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://www.thedodo.com/seaworld-study-wrong-numbers-1268976965.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321938.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627221726-20170628001726-00369.warc.gz	en	0.968659	144	2.765625	3
Laws to protect breastfeeding inadequate in most countries A new report by WHO, UNICEF, and the International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN) reveals the status of national laws to protect and promote breastfeeding. 9 May 2016 \| GENEVA/NEW YORK - A new report by WHO, UNICEF, and the International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN) reveals the status of national laws to protect and promote breastfeeding. Of the 194 countries analysed in the report, 135 have in place some form of legal measure related to the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes and subsequent resolutions adopted by the World Health Assembly (the Code). This is up from 103 countries in 2011, when the last WHO analysis was done. Only 39 countries have laws that enact all provisions of the Code, however, a slight increase from 37 in 2011. WHO and UNICEF recommend that babies are fed nothing but breast milk for their first 6 months, after which they should continue breastfeeding – as well as eating other safe and nutritionally adequate foods – until 2 years of age or beyond. In that context, WHO Member States have committed to increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life to at least 50% by 2025 as one of a set of global nutrition targets The Code calls on countries to protect breastfeeding by stopping the inappropriate marketing of breast-milk substitutes (including infant formula), feeding bottles and teats. It also aims to and ensure breast-milk substitutes are used safely when they are necessary. It bans all forms of promotion of substitutes, including advertising, gifts to health workers and distribution of free samples. In addition, labels cannot make nutritional and health claims or include images that idealize infant formula. They must include clear instructions on how to use the product and carry messages about the superiority of breastfeeding over formula and the risks of not breastfeeding. “It is encouraging to see more countries pass laws to protect and promote breastfeeding, but there are still far too many places where mothers are inundated with incorrect and biased information through advertising and unsubstantiated health claims. This can distort parents’ perceptions and undermine their confidence in breastfeeding, with the result that far too many children miss out on its many benefits,” says Dr Francesco Branca, Director of WHO’s Department of Nutrition for Health and Development. The breast-milk substitute business is a big one, with annual sales amounting to almost US$ 45 billion worldwide. This is projected to rise by over 55% to US$ 70 billion by 2019. “The breast-milk substitutes industry is strong and growing, and so the battle to increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding around the world is an uphill one – but it is one that is worth the effort,” says UNICEF Chief of Nutrition Werner Schultink. “Mothers deserve a chance to get the correct information: that they have readily available the means to protect the health and well-being of their children. Clever marketing should not be allowed to fudge the truth that there is no equal substitute for a mother’s own milk.” Overall, richer countries lag behind poorer ones. The proportion of countries with comprehensive legislation in line with the Code is highest in the WHO South-East Asia Region (36%, or 4 out of 11 countries), followed by the WHO African Region (30%, or 14 out of 47 countries) and the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (29%, or 6 out of 21 countries). The WHO Region of the Americas (23%, or 8 out of 35 countries); Western Pacific Region (15%, or 4 out of 27 countries); and European Region (6%, or 3 out of 53 countries) have lower proportions of countries with comprehensive legislation. Among the countries that have any laws on marketing of breast-milk substitutes, globally: - Just over half sufficiently prohibit advertising and promotion. - Fewer than half prohibit the provision to health facilities of free or low-cost supplies of breast-milk substitutes. - Just over half prohibit gifts to health workers or members of their families. - The scope of products to which legislation applies remains limited. Many countries’ laws cover infant formula and ‘follow-up formula’, but only one third explicitly cover products intended for children aged 1 year and up. - Fewer than half of countries ban nutrition and health claims on designated products. IBFAN, with its International Code Documentation Centre (ICDC) taking the lead, has closely cooperated with WHO and UNICEF to prepare this report. The results are in line with the findings reported in ICDC’s own "State of the Code 2016". “IBFAN hopes that the report will lead more countries to improve and enforce existing legislation so that breastfeeding will have a better chance and save more lives,” says Annelies Allain, Director of IBFAN’s ICDC. “Legislation needs to keep pace with new marketing strategies and this report will help policy makers to do so.” The report, "Marketing of breast-milk substitutes: National implementation of the International Code – Status report 2016", includes tables showing, country by country, which Code measures have and have not been enacted into law. It also includes case studies on countries that have strengthened their laws or monitoring systems for the Code in recent years. These include Armenia, Botswana, India and Viet Nam. Monitoring is essential to enforcement Monitoring is essential to detect violations and report them to the appropriate authorities so they can intervene and stop such activities. Yet, only 32 countries report having a monitoring mechanism in place, and of those, few are fully functional. Among the countries with a formal monitoring mechanism, fewer than half publish the results, and just 6 countries have dedicated budgets or funding for monitoring and enforcement. WHO and UNICEF have recently established a Global Network for Monitoring and Support for Implementation of the Code (NetCode) to help strengthen countries’ and civil society capacity to monitor and effectively enforce Code laws. Key nongovernmental organizations, including IBFAN, Helen Keller International, and Save the Children, along with academic centres and selected countries have joined this network. Globally, nearly 2 out of 3 infants are not exclusively breastfed for the recommended 6 months—a rate that has not improved in 2 decades. Breast milk is the ideal food for infants. It is safe, clean and contains antibodies which help protect against many common childhood illnesses. Breastfed children perform better on intelligence tests, are less likely to be overweight or obese and less prone to diabetes later in life. Women who breastfeed also have a reduced risk of breast and ovarian cancers. Inappropriate marketing of breast-milk substitutes continues to undermine efforts to improve breastfeeding rates and duration worldwide. New analyses have revealed that increasing breastfeeding to near-universal levels could save the lives of more than 820 000 children aged under 5 years and 20 000 women each year. It could also add an estimated US$ 300 billion into the global economy annually, based on improvements in cognitive ability if every infant was breastfed until at least 6 months of age and their expected increased earnings later in life. Boosting breastfeeding rates would significantly reduce costs to families and governments for treatment of childhood illnesses such as pneumonia, diarrhoea and asthma. For more information please contact Telephone:+41 22 791 1209 Mobile:+41 79 475 5545 Rita Ann Wallace Telephone: +1 212 326 75 86 Mobile: +1 917 213 40 34 Mobile: +1 617 331 43 05 Mobile: +44 79 86 736 179	<urn:uuid:b3d29797-42f3-4844-9763-00c980a38d01>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2016/breastfeeding/en/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323721.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628171342-20170628191342-00449.warc.gz	en	0.93921	1,571	3.265625	3
Family policies in developed countries: contrasting models Most developed countries are introducing a system of support for families or expanding their existing one. Investment by OECD countries in family support rose from 1.6% of GDP on average in 1980 to 2.4% in 2003. One of the aims of family policies is to increase fertility while raising wom-en's workforce participation. The amount invested and the forms of family support vary considerably between countries. The main differences concern parental leave and childcare services for working parents of children aged under three. The northern European countries are the most generous, both in terms of childcare support and total investment. The Anglo-Saxon countries tend to tar-get their investment on preschool-age children (3-6 years) and low-income families. France stands out with relatively high and diversified forms of support for families, but which offer contrasting incentives in terms of the work-family balance: French policies tend to encourage women to remain in full-time work when they have one child, but to leave the workforce or reduce their working hours when their family size increases. \|Date of creation:\|\|Sep 2008\| \|Contact details of provider:\|\| Postal: 133 boulevard Davout, 75980 PARIS CEDEX 20\| Phone: 33 1 56 06 20 00 Fax: 33 1 56062229 Web page: http://www.ined.fr/en/resources_documentation/publications/pop_soc/ More information through EDIRC When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:idg:posoce:448. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc. For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Ined) If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.	<urn:uuid:c39040ea-ec72-45e3-8b82-4387e7e2cf2a>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://ideas.repec.org/p/idg/posoce/448.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323970.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629121355-20170629141355-00529.warc.gz	en	0.904869	389	2.546875	3
Many people believe in ghosts despite the fact that scientific proof of their existence is tenuous at best. After all, science hasn't exactly disproven the existence of ghosts yet either, has it? Well, perhaps it has. According to renowned theoretical physicist Brian Cox, science has essentially already built the ultimate ghost detector — the Large Hadron Collider — and it has failed to detect anything that could explain ghosts. As he points out on The Infinite Monkey Cage on BBC radio, there's simply no more room left for ghosts in the Standard Model of Particle Physics. "If we want some sort of pattern that carries information about our living cells to persist, then we must specify precisely what medium carries that pattern, and how it interacts with the matter particles out of which our bodies are made," Cox pointed out. "We must, in other words, invent an extension to the Standard Model of Particle Physics that has escaped detection at the Large Hadron Collider. That's almost inconceivable at the energy scales typical of the particle interactions in our bodies." The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the most complex experimental facility ever built; the largest single machine in the world. It's a particle collider that smashes particles together at incredible speeds to reveal any tinier particles that might emerge from the collisions. While the LHC can't be said to be definitively powerful enough to have detected every particle in the universe, it's certainly powerful enough to have penetrated to the fundamental levels that pertain to how our cells use energy. "I would say if there's some kind of substance that's driving our bodies, making my arms move and legs move, then it must interact with the particles out of which our bodies are made," continued Cox. "And seeing as we've made high-precision measurements of the ways that particles interact, then my assertion is that there can be no such thing as an energy source that's driving our bodies." In other words, there's simply nothing that's been identified by the LHC that could possibly carry on after our bodies die, not within the Standard Model. But what about outside the Standard Model? After all, the Standard Model has been shown to contain some glaring holes, and many physicists today acknowledge that it's an incomplete theory as currently constructed. Cox anticipates this rebuttal. He admits that there are plenty of problems with the Standard Model, but firmly contends that ghosts don't fall within the "known unknowns" of the theory. In other words, the Standard Model explains enough of the universe to rule out an afterlife. Cox's argument, if considered valid, might not be enough to convince those who believe in supernatural forces beyond what can be observed by science, but it at least backs such believers into their very own corner. And perhaps there's still room for ghosts in the minds of the rest of us too. After all, just because ghosts aren't the stuff of physics doesn't mean they can't still haunt us.	<urn:uuid:08823dd7-1e1c-4e99-9156-a5ba571a1e03>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://www.mnn.com/green-tech/research-innovations/stories/large-hadron-collider-disproves-existence-ghosts	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323970.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629121355-20170629141355-00529.warc.gz	en	0.963481	608	2.828125	3
- Don’t change point of view in the middle of a scene - Show the speaker before the reader finds out what they have to say - Use simple, clear language. It’s good to break rules sometimes. But we should always know which rule we’re breaking and why. - A talented writer can shift point of view in a scene. Let’s say we are in the head of character A. Character A interacts with character B. The writer goes on and on about character B and slowly, imperceptivity shifts the point of view to Character B - War and Peace begins with dialogue and it’s 91 words before we find out who’s talking. If I’m not mistaken, the original Russian text began with these 91 words in French. - Use simple, clear language, yes, but American President Lincoln began his famous Gettysburg address with, “Four score and seven years ago our forefathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation…” He could have said, “87 years ago our ancestors started a new country…” Don’t be afraid to break the rules. Images courtesy of:	<urn:uuid:87d71736-18f4-40de-a2be-ec40da9b8774>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://writerswritedaily.wordpress.com/2011/12/27/breaking-the-rules/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320023.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623063716-20170623083716-00168.warc.gz	en	0.918018	249	4	4
The United Kingdom will tomorrow vote either to leave or remain in the European Union. This is the most important European event of this century since it will likely have important domino effects for the rest of Europe. A recent poll showed that if the UK could keep free trade with EU nations, the British people would vote overwhelmingly to leave the EU. To drum up support for staying in the EU, the UK government and quasi-government agencies, like the IMF and OECD, have issued continuous warnings about the costs of such a divorce. The IMF recently reiterated its forecasts that Brexit would have a significant negative effect on the UK economy with a drop in GDP anywhere between 1% and 9% over the long term. The reality is that Brexit would probably only have a minor initial impact on trade or GDP and, on the contrary, would open up vast possibilities for the UK to exploit trade relations with other faster growing regions of the world without having to reach complex trade agreements that satisfy the vested interests of the other 28 members of the EU. The impact of Brexit on trade has been grossly exaggerated. In today's world, a product has parts coming from all over the world. A BMW is only called German because of historical association. In reality, the steel in a BMW may come from Brazil or China, the upholstery from the UK, the engine from France, and the electronics from the USA. Labor costs are only 10% of a car and some may even be foreign labor. Also, profits are distributed to BMW shareholders and bondholders which are more likely to be sent to a hedge fund in Japan than to the mechanic in Dusseldorf. The world is massively economically integrated. Relatively free trade and free movement of capital is no longer an option for most countries, whether it is the UK or any of the other countries in the EU. That boat sailed years ago! Read the entire article	<urn:uuid:ad47e022-47a0-49b6-8604-b32e447aad24>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://batrdailybusinessreport.blogspot.com/2016/06/britain-doesnt-need-eu-to-thrive.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320209.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624013626-20170624033626-00249.warc.gz	en	0.960036	383	2.515625	3
History, tourist information, and nearby accommodation HERITAGE HIGHLIGHTS: Fabulous Palladian staircase and a superb Tudor chapel. The Vyne is a beautiful Tudor house built in 1500-1520 for William, Lord Sandys, Lord Chamberlain to Henry VIII. The house later pased to the Chute family, who still own it today, though it is now cared for by the National Trust. Among the highlights are a superb Tudor chapel and an ornately decorated Palladian staircase, as well as the striking neo-classical portico that is one of the earliest in England. In fact, as you explore The Vyne, you will find the phrase 'one of the earliest ...' pops up with frequency. The summerhouse's neo-classical dome is among the earliest in England, as is the huge portico, and the Oak Gallery is one of the earliest examples of a long gallery in the country. Perhaps that helps emphasise just how important a house The Vyne was and how rich and influential the Sandys family were. Henry VIII came here on three occasions, and his daughter Elizabeth I visited once. The striking north portico was designed by John Webb, who studied under Inigo Jones. The portico was built around 1654 and looks out over a sloping lawn that runs down to the edge of a narrow lake. William Sandys was one of the most important figures at the court of Henry VIII. He rose to become Henry's Lord Chancellor, and hosted the king on several occasions at The Vyne. The Sandys lived here until the mid-17th century, but their fortunes suffered during the Civil War and in 1653 they sold the estate to Chaloner Chute, a wealthy barrister. Chute later entered politics as an MP and rose to become Speaker of the House of Commons. One of the first things the Chutes did was to pull down over half of the house, transforming the Vyne from a huge palatial residence into a much more friendly family home. Subsequent Chute owners redecorated parts of the interior, so that today as you pass through the house you move from one century to another with bewildering frequency! The Chutes owned The Vyne for the next 3 centuries, before it passed to the National Trust (technically the Chute family still own the house, but it is managed by the Trust). One of the most intriguing of the Chutes was John Chaloner Chute, a friend of Horace Walpole. Walpole visited The Vyne regularly, and the chambers he used lie just off the entrance hall. One of these is the Strawberry Parlour, named for Walpole's extraordinary Gothick House at Strawberry Hill, Twickenham. Walpole and Chute used to discuss their ideas for decorating Strawberry Hill, and Walpole encouraged Chute to follow his lead and turn The Vyne into a Gothick palace. Chute - probably wisely - decided that the expense would be prohibitive. He did, however, design the extraordinary Palladian Staircase Hall that is one of the most striking features of The Vyne. This exquisitely ornate staircase is a symphony of Georgian neo-classical elegance, with gilded cornices and delicately coffered ceiling and classical columns in both Doric and Corinthian orders. You will be forgiven if your reaction on seeing the staircase for the first time is to stop dead in your tracks! The Staircase Hall is - to my eyes at least - one of the highlights of 18th century design in any English country house. As far as we know John Chute himself was responsible for the entire design, including the beautifully balanced soft blue and white colour scheme. The first chamber you see on entering the house is the Stone Gallery, a long chamber packed with pieces of classical stonework and statues collected by John Chute on his Grand Tour of the European continent in the mid-18th century. Directly opposite the entrance is a striking terracotta bust of the Emperor Probus. This was thought to date to the 3rd century but we were informed by the National Trust guide that it was actually a later reproduction in classical Roman style. Other chambers on the ground floor include the Further Drawing Room, with a lovely plaster ceiling and brocatelle wall hangings in silk and linen, and the Dining Room, with wonderful Tudor panelling. There is a small collection of ceramics including a set of Italian lattimo ware, purchased by John Chute on his Grand Tour. These white-glass plates, painted with scenes of Venice, were popular in the 18th century as a cheaper option to expensive porcelain. One of the subsequent chambers has a wonderful collection of 'Corn Law truncheons' against one wall. These thick black clubs, looking for all the world like small baseball bats, were crafted in the early 19th century after the passage of the Corn Laws led to a steep rise in food prices. Poor labourers rioted and a mob of 300-400 people marched on The Vyne. They were stopped by armed soldiers at Baughurst and never reached the house, but the Chutes must have been nervous! Twenty of the rioters wee arrested and 2 were hanged, the rest transported. The truncheons were distributed to special constables at East Sherborne during the troubles. One of the historic highlights of The Vyne is the early 16th century chapel, one of the finest Tudor chapels in the country, built from 1518-1527. Henry VIII is known to have worshipped here, on his periodic visits to The Vyne. The chapel floor is set with beautiful 16th century Flemish Majolica tiles illuminated by light from tall 16th century stained glass windows, and the sides of the chapel are lined with original choir stalls, the wood darkened with age. If you can lift your eyes from the tiles to the gallery overlooking the chapel you will see a wonderfully painted set of trompe l'oeil painted panels, made to resemble the fan vaulted splendour of Gloucester Cathedral, a theme supposedly suggested by Horace Walpole. These murals were created in 1769 by the Italian artist Spiridione Roma - all except one, which is a modern replica for a panel that was lost - can you guess which one? In a small room off the main chapel is a Tomb Chamber built by John Chute around 1770 in honour of Chaloner Chute. This Tomb Chamber is almost completely filled with the ornate table tomb and effigy of Chaloner Chute. From 1791-1819 James Austen was the vicar of Sherborne St John village. His sister was novelist Jane Austen, who visited on several occasions. Jane and her sister Cassandra are known to have attended dances at The Vyne. While he was growing up at Sherborne St John James's son, James Edward (known as Edward within the family) met Emma Smith, the niece of the Chute owners of The Vyne, and in 1828 they married. The house looks out across a small lake, part of 13 acres of gardens, woodlands, and meadows at The Vyne. The trail from the entrance to the grounds leads past a small lake with a lovely little waterfall to a small formal garden. The centrepiece of this garden area is a red-brick summerhouse, built in the mid-16th century and featuring one of the earliest neo-classical domes in the country. It was used as an elegant, sheltered place to take tea, but later put to ore practical use as a dovecot. Across clipped hedges from the formal garden is a sizeable walled kitchen garden (and a play area for children). Simon Jenkins, in his popular book England's Thousand Best Houses, calls The Vyne 'the loveliest mansion in Hampshire'. I'd say that's a fair assessment! 16th century domed summerhouse Palladian Staircase Hall Tudor Oak Gallery About The Vyne Address: Vyne Road, Sherborne St John, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England, RG24 9HL Attraction Type: Historic House Location: 4 miles north of Basingstoke, off the A340 Website: The Vyne Phone: 01256 883 858 National Trust - see also: National Trust memberships (official website link) OS: SU639 576 Photo Credit: David Ross and Britain Express We've 'tagged' this attraction information to help you find related historic attractions and learn more about major time periods mentioned. Historic Time Periods: Find other attractions tagged with: 16th century (Time Period) - 17th century (Time Period) - 18th century (Time Period) - 19th century (Time Period) - 3rd century (Time Period) - Anne Boleyn (Person) - Civil War (Architecture) - Decorated (Architecture) - Elizabeth I (Person) - Georgian (Time Period) - Henry VIII (Person) - Inigo Jones (Person) - neo-classical (Architecture) - Palladian (Architecture) - Roman (Time Period) - Tudor (Time Period) - NEARBY HISTORIC ATTRACTIONS Heritage Rated from 1- 5 (low-exceptional) on historic interest Silchester Roman City - 3 miles (Roman Site) Silchester, St Mary's Church - 3 miles (Historic Church) Basing House - 3.4 miles (Historic House) Stratfield Saye, St Mary's Church - 4.2 miles (Historic Church) Stratfield Saye - 4.5 miles (Historic House) Odiham Castle - 6.4 miles (Castle) West Green House Garden - 6.7 miles (Garden) Hartley Wintney, St Mary's Church - 8 miles (Historic Church) Nearest Accommodation to The Vyne:	<urn:uuid:cfd10d2d-02f2-40ea-aa1c-17bec31208eb>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.britainexpress.com/counties/hampshire/houses/the-vyne.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320338.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624203022-20170624223022-00329.warc.gz	en	0.957991	2,078	2.828125	3
Presentation on theme: "Atmosphere and Environment"— Presentation transcript: 1Atmosphere and Environment By Marina Kanakos, Leart Ulaj, Anumita Das, Patrick Blancero, and Eric LuPeriod 5 2East AsiaAmerican crops such as maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts permitted Chinese farmers to take advantage of soils that had previously gone uncultivated in China.The introduction of new crops increased the food supply and supported further population growth.Entrepreneurial Chinese merchants ventured into lands throughout Southeast Asia—the Philippines, Borneo, Sumatra, Malaya, Thailand, and elsewhere—in search of exotic tropical products for Chinese consumers. 3East Asia New food crops led to population growth ChangesContinuitiesNew food crops led to population growthJapan was divided in to warring feudal estatesTrade restrictions were applied due to fear of change in society with the addition of foreign ideasEast Asia retained policies of isolation. 4Western EuropeSpain and Portugal lacked resources and desired direct trade routes with East Asia.Columbus linked the eastern and western hemispheres.Ferdinand Magellan traveled the first circumnavigation.The people of Western Europe became involved in trans-oceanic trade.New technologies allowed the people to travel across the Mediterranean and Atlantic Oceans.Dom Henrique conquered Ceuta and the West African Coast, and established trading posts in West Africa.Vasco de Gama reached India and brought back a huge profit. He also set up a trading post in Calicut.Captain James Cook helped determine the first accurate geographical understanding of the world.He also charted Australia.The Dutch occupied South East Asia by uprooting spice plants. 5Eastern EuropeIntroduction of American food crops aided in increasing the European population dramatically, raising it from 81 million at the starts of the 16th century to 180 million in the start of the 19th century.In the 16th century, the potential of a vast Holy Roman Empire prompted the French government, in alliance with the Ottoman Empire, to guard against the expansion of the Holy Roman Empire much past the bounds of eastern Europe.Hungary was added to the Ottoman Empire in 1526. After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Geneva, Zurich, and part of the Italian states got removed from the Holy Roman Empire. 6Europe Changes Continuities Stretched beyond land borders across the Atlantic Ocean and claimed foreign lands for their own use.Europeans employed slaves as a cheaper method of working lands abroad, which allowed them to control more territory.Europeans took control of the Atlantic Slave Trade by offering rulers of tribes in Africa weapons if they gave slaves away.Advanced weaponry help to control native populationsChristianity continued to be a driving force in finding new lands, especially after the Protestant Reformation.Europeans continued to look for alternate trade routes so they could eliminate the middleman and avoid high fees 7Islamic Society Osman Bey seized Bursa. Mehmed captured Constantinople, attacked Italy, and expanded the borders of the Ottoman Empire into Greece, Serbia, and Albania.Suleyman expanded into South West Asia, central Europe, and occupied Egypt and Serbia.Babur expanded the Mughal Empire into almost all of India.Akbar expanded into Bengal, Gujarat, and southern India.Aurangzeb expanded the borders into almost all of India.For each society, the capital was placed in the center of the land for protection, although it hindered its easily accessible communication with distant lands. 8Islamic Society Changes Continuities The introduction of American crops led to a slight population increaseExpanded into European lands as a result of strong military and effective gunpowderEngaged in long-distance tradeContinued trade with Asia and EuropeIslam served as motivation for expansion 9The AmericasIn Latin America, due to a smaller number of domesticated animals and agricultural techniques, people were not as dependent on crops and did not have mass produce crops like the Europeans.The smaller amount of crops caused the Europeans to start mining in order to gain a profit.In North America, cash crops such as tobacco were more easily made and animals were killed in order to be used for the fur trade. 10The Americas Changes Continuities The Americas were isolated from the rest of the world and completely unknown until the late 1400’s. Upon their discovery, the Portuguese and Spanish made settlements in Latin America, often for sugar plantations.The Americas entered the global trade network.Some of the native peoples of the Americas retained their beliefs and traditionsResistance continued against Europeans so they wouldn’t take away all of the natives’ lands and property 11OceaniaDue to Oceania's isolation from the rest of the world, it lacked interaction with other societies.Because of this, the Aborigines never advanced nearly as far as the Europeans or the Native Americans.They never made complex societies, and were still in nomadic hunter-gatherer civilizations when the British arrived on Australia. This caused the British to look down upon them. 12Oceania Changes Continuities Oceania was previously isolated and had increased interaction with other societies after being discovered by the British.The peoples of Oceania had never acquired immunities to European diseases, so their populations plunged.European mariners established permanent settlements in Guam and the Mariana Islands.The Aborigines never made complex societies and continued their nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles.Because they considered them savage, the Europeans made no attempt to convert the Aborigines to Christianity. 13Sub-Saharan AfricaThe most important American crop introduced to Africa was manioc because of its high yield and because it thrived in tropical soils found in Africa.The triangular pattern of the Atlantic trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas caused most slaves to be taken from west/central Africa.Several African slaves were brought to the Caribbean and South America because they could withstand tropical diseases such as malaria and yellow fever. 14Sub-Saharan Africa Changes Continuities Many Africans were enslaved, especially on the west coastTriangular trade routes led to enriched diets, which in turn led to population growthsWhen the Americas were discovered, the need for slaves from Africa increased.Some African societies prospered due to the slave trade.The slave trade already existed within Africa; this then expanded into Islamic slave trade and then into the Atlantic slave trade. 15Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa SimilaritiesDifferencesPopulation increase in both regions due to increased food supply from the AmericasBoth participated in in the triangular trade routes – slaves from Africa were transported to Americas and manufactured goods were sent to AfricaAfricans and Europeans both traveled to the Americas in mass numbersMany Europeans who went to the Americas were either merchants or missionariesAfricans who went to the Americas were slaves.Europeans grew immunity to smallpox and other diseases while Africans were wiped out.Europeans had advanced knowledge of the seas and technology while Africa did not.	<urn:uuid:5d276784-f8b9-4c77-804f-4732bd306cd2>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://slideplayer.com/slide/2490910/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320995.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627050500-20170627070500-00569.warc.gz	en	0.949314	1,408	3.4375	3
Become A Member Learn how your membership helps protect our rivers and rights of use. Learn More About River Law Frequently Asked Questions » FAQs about federal law regarding public ownership, use, and conservation of rivers Why River Rights? » NOR is the organization that focuses on achieving public-trust ownership of rivers, conserving rivers through public-trust ownership, and ensuring the public's legal rights to enjoy rivers The government shutdown: River rights being wrongfully denied Photograph by Carolyn Kaster The last few days of the government shut down have been a prime example of the serious legal problems associated with national public river access. Public rights to access rivers are being wrongfully denied. Just because politicians can’t settle on the nation’s funding does not mean accessing rivers—which are public passage ways—should be denied. Many people have now been kept out from recreating on rivers that flow through national park lands. One particular tragedy—from this week and from the past several decades—has been the Grand Canyon. NPR reported yesterday about Scott Lee, a father and leader of a rafting group from Conway, New Hampshire. Mr. Lee had been trying to get a permit, via the lottery system, to float down the Grand Canyon for over 10 years. Not only that, but his group had to prepay the park system about $2,000 in fees. These restrictions are wrongful because our Congress has said that rivers will be “forever free,” “without any tax, impost, or duty therefor,”(1) and “shall be deemed to be and remain public highways.” (2) After Scott and his group have spent over $30,000 on the trip and pulled his 13-year-old son out of school, a blockade and armed rangers are blocking him and his group of 15 people from putting in to raft down the river. All the group needs is simply to access the put-in (which is the only put-in for the Grand Canyon), and float down the river like people have been doing for thousands of years. The park rangers don’t have any responsibility once the group embarks and goes down the river. So, what is the justification for keeping the public out? Photo courtesy Ceiba Adventures Unfortunately, Scott is one of many people this has happened to. The biggest issue with public river access is a lack of understanding the law our nation has already established. Park rangers are simply doing what they are told. All camping on the Grand Canyon is below the high water mark, and is therefore part of the bed and banks of the river itself, not part of the surrounding upland. Keeping the public from accessing rivers just because politicians can’t get their act together in Washington is incredibly wrongful and unjustified. So what can you and I do to solve this crisis of public rights on rivers being denied? How can we prevent these tragedies from happening? By educating ourselves and each other on what the law says, and convincing the powers that be to apply it. Specifically, the river permit system is a topic NOR will be addressing in the coming months. We will be working to eliminate the unlawful aspects of the permit systems at the Grand Canyon and other rivers around the US. The government should not be blocking public access to rivers. NOR is the organization that will be navigating this issue, and your memberships and donations help to solve this river access denial crisis. May this be an eye-opening event for everyone about the incredible need for public rights on rivers—to kayak, raft, canoe, fish, fowl, and recreate—to be recognized now and in the future. For the link to the story covered by NPR, click here (1) “Forever free:” Northwest Ordinance of 1787, reenacted Aug. 7, 1789, chapter 8, 1 Stat. 50. In the very first Act of Congress, Congress addressed the status of rivers in U.S. territory west of the original thirteen colonies, saying, “the navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and Saint Lawrence, and the carrying places between the same, shall be common highways, and forever free, as well to the inhabitants of the said territory as to the citizens of the United States, and those of any other states that may be admitted into the confederacy, without any tax, impost, or duty therefor.” (2) “Remain public highways:” Act of May 18, 1796, chapter 29, section 9, 1 Stat. 464, 468. In 1796, in a law governing territory that would become future states, Congress again declared that “all the navigable rivers, creeks, and waters” within the territory “shall be deemed to be and remain public highways.” Letter to NPS (National Park Service) National Organization for Rivers October 3, 2013 An open letter to the directors of the National Park Service in Washington, D.C., and Grand Canyon, Arizona. Dear National Park Service Directors: We understand that the National Park Service has erected a barricade, manned by an armed ranger, to prevent the public from navigating the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon. We also understand that a party of sixteen people, after having paid for and obtained a permit from the National Park Service to navigate the river, and driven from New Hampshire with their rafts and equipment, is waiting in the area for the National Park Service to re-open the river, and that other parties are likewise being denied their legal rights to navigate the Colorado River, the principle river in the southwestern United States. The first act of the first Congress of the United States declared that the rivers of the nation must remain “forever free” to public navigation.(1) Later Congress again confirmed that rivers “shall be deemed to be and remain public highways.”(2) Early in our nation’s history the U.S. Supreme Court confirmed that rivers are “held in trust for the public” and cannot be closed to navigation.(3) The Court later confirmed that the government is the “guardian” of rivers, so that “free navigation is secured,”(4) and that government authority on navigable waters is subject to the public’s “paramount right of navigation.”(5) Later the Court reconfirmed that government authority on rivers is “subject to the rights which the public have in the navigation of such waters.”(6) In recent times the Court has reconfirmed public rights to navigate rivers in the western United States without permission or approval from the federal agency managing the surrounding lands.(7) We are well aware that courts have upheld National Park Service authority to close waters within national parks to certain public uses when there are legitimate environmental reasons for doing so, consistent with the agencey’s mission to preserve national parks for future generations. This blanket closure of the Colorado River, however, does not fall within that category. There is no provision in federal law for agencies to close rivers to public navigation merely because they do not currently have the funding that they previously received. Likewise, the fact that funding may be forthcoming within the next few days does not make this closure lawful today. The public has firm legal rights to navigate the Colorado River today, not just at some undetermined future time. In other words, it is unlawful to hold public rights to navigate the Colorado River hostage to the political process now unfolding in Washington, D.C. The public has firm legal rights to navigate the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon regardless of when, or if, Congress renews funding for the National Park Service. The public’s legal rights to navigate the rivers of the United States are not dependent on Congressional funding of federal agencies, or lack thereof. By its actions, the National Park Service is claiming that it does not have sufficient funding to allow the public to navigate the river—which would cost the agency nothing—yet it somehow does have sufficient funding to post an armed ranger to unlawfully prevent the public from navigating the river. This situation is absurd and indefensible. Consequently, we urgently call on the National Park Service to immediately remove this unlawful barricade to public navigation of the Colorado River. Eric Leaper \| Executive Director \| National Organization for Rivers cc: Members of Congress. The White House. National media. 1 “Forever free:” Northwest Ordinance of 1787, reenacted August 7, 1789, chapter 8, 1 Stat. 50. 2 “Be and remain public highways:” Act of May 18, 1796, chapter 29, section 9, 1 Stat. 464, 468. 3 “Held as a public trust:” Martin v. Waddell, 41 U.S. 367 (1842); Illinois Central v. Illinois, 146 U.S. 387 (1892). 4 “Guardians” of rivers: Pollard v. Hagan, 44 U.S. 212 (1845). 5 “Paramount right of navigation:” Weber v. Board of Harbor Commissioners, 85 U.S. 57 (1873). 6 “Subject to the rights which the public have:” Scranton v. Wheeler, 179 U.S. 141 (1900). 7 Without permission or approval: Montana v. United States, 450 U.S. 544 (1981). Got something to say?This thread has been closed from taking new comments. Recent Blog Posts - CURRENTS 71: Help prevent conflict about river rights in New Mexico and other states - CURRENTS 70: Negotiating to improve river access - Use the new book and poster to restore your rights on rivers everywhere - Freedom to use rivers - Why are public rights on rivers an issue? - What are you buying when you buy riverfront property? - River Law Info Packets - Ringing in the New Year - Year-End Giving: How you can help make a difference in 2014 - Exciting Holiday Happenings at NOR! - A fisherman’s story: How NOR materials helped get river rights acknowledged - NEW POSTERS ABOUT PUBLIC RIGHTS ON RIVERS - A private river: Fantasy or reality? - The government shutdown: River rights being wrongfully denied - Social Media Competition - Protect your rights to recreate on rivers: Help prevent littering! - Hot topic: Is it a “taking” of private property for the public to use rivers? - New Book, New Website!	<urn:uuid:7df8f5ee-46a6-4b91-99d8-c496ba057e84>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.nationalrivers.org/river-rights-being-wrongfully-denied.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320995.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627050500-20170627070500-00569.warc.gz	en	0.942525	2,221	2.703125	3
2015년 10월 15일 The business world has remained more or less the same for centuries. That is, retailers sell to customers, doctors and hospitals provide healthcare, banks make business loans, and CEOs typically specialize in a particular industry. These things (and many others) are accepted as undisputed fact and taken for granted. But what if these things changed? Don't look now -- but it is already happening. Technology is changing the very essence of what people assume about business and some of the changes you never saw coming. \|Industries overcome by the latest technology are forced to find a new business model or face extinction. Been to a video rental store recently?\| 1. Businesses are Changing Shape Businesses that once provided one service or commodity have had to completely change or face annihilation. An easy way to see this in action is the disappearance of the video rental stores and the innovation of streaming, but it is happening on a much more subtle, fundamental level, as well. The brick and mortar stores are closing locations and moving to warehouses to trade online as e-commerce businesses. Drugstores are no longer just the retail face of medication sales, these shops also serve as counseling services for the sick and service providers of immunizations. 2. Businesses are Crossing Industries Not only are businesses changing their shape, but the very essence of what it means to be in one industry or another is eroding. Retailers are no longer limited to selling stuff to consumers, these businesses also act as credit card brokers, and often as service providers, as well, offering everything from movies and television shows to cloud storage. It's an interesting time to be in retail. Another example is telecommunications and entertainment, which have morphed into single providers of everything from telephone services to Internet services to TV. Few businesses can exist by offering a single vertical anymore. 3. Businesses are Communicating Differently Business used to be done by phone calls, or through a combination of calling and emailing. Yet email (like all of its communication predecessors) ceased to be a fast, effective way to communicate and became another time waster. Much of the business communication is now done machine-to-machine rather than person-to-person. Financial transactions are an easy way to visualize this phenomenon -- most transactions are now done through the electronic transfer of funds in lieu of cash or paper. Mobile apps and social media tools have replaced much of the cumbersome, time-consuming email communications. Now workers can save time with chat or instant messaging instead. VoIP has freed business from the exorbitant costs of landline phones, changing the landscape of telecommunications forever. 4. Businesses are Valuing Assets Differently A business' assets used to be their real estate properties, equipment, and perhaps the brand name. Now the most valuable assets might not be physical at all. The IT assets like the website and general brand web presence, social media followings, blogs, YouTube channels, SlideShare presentations, etc. are as valuable, and in some cases more valuable, than the physical properties and facilities. The most valuable asset of all is often the business' data. For example, Twitter's Firehose data is likely worth more than their actual user base. It's so vital to the business' success that the company recently pulled it off of the brokerage market. Technology is inventing entirely new assets and revenue streams that never existed before. Crowdfunding/crowdsourcing means that businesses are no longer held hostage by banks or venture capitalists when it comes time to secure financing. 5. Businesses Aren't the Only Ones Doing Business Lastly, with the latest technologies, businesses are not the only ones doing business. The Internet, social media, the cloud, and mobile tech has put business in the hands of the ordinary consumer. For example, crowdfunding means that banks and venture capitalists aren't the only ones making business loans anymore. Anyone can do that. Furthermore, almost anybody can develop and market a mobile app, advertise goods and services, and more. Have you underestimated how technology is changing the business world? Build your game plan for getting the visibility you need to deliver network and application performance. Download this free e-book, your gift from NETSCOUT, and take advantage of the free software trial today.	<urn:uuid:a5d28f61-46e2-49b8-880d-755b84adb6dd>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://enterprise-ko.netscout.com/cio_brief/5-ways-technology-is-revolutionizing-business-that-you-couldnt-see-coming	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321961.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627235941-20170628015941-00649.warc.gz	en	0.954194	878	2.796875	3
Types of Threats Identity theft can occur in many forms but a few have become more popular than others and can be found in practice all over the country. Phishing and Pharming, two of these popular methods, gather personal information by convincing the victims’ that they are giving their information directly to the bank. Phishing is currently the most popular form of internet fraud and identity theft. The act of Phishing is when a criminal acts like a trusted member of a bank or business. This takes place generally in e-mail form or instant message form but has been seen in faxes as well. The criminal will try to convince the victim that they need some form of electronic information. It is good to keep in mind that United Fidelity Bank will never contact you via e-mail or instant message asking for your personal information. Customers should never disclose sensitive information about their banking to any source over the internet. Pharming is when a criminal obtains the domain name of a bank and uses it to get victims to visit the site which looks like the bank’s. Clicking on this site will take you to another site where any information stored can be seen by the criminal. The act of Pharming is only possible when the original website was not properly protected and the user ignores warnings about the invalid server.	<urn:uuid:e8d2f2a8-92c0-4bd5-a0c0-8f04d84fc6e7>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://unitedfidelity.com/threats/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321961.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627235941-20170628015941-00649.warc.gz	en	0.957114	269	2.640625	3
- "What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. What does it ask? To become something. Nothing be done without it, everything would be infinitely better without the other two orders." - ―Sieyès in What Is the Third Estate, 1789.[src] Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (3 May 1748 – 20 June 1836), commonly known as the Abbé Sieyès, was a French Roman Catholic clergyman and political writer. A leading theorist of the French Revolution, Sieyès wrote the pamphlet What Is the Third Estate in 1789, when he represented the Third Estate in the Estates-General. In the pamphlet, he claimed that the Third Estate had no actual political power, even though it constituted a nation, and had no need for the other two estates. By 1799, Sieyès had become a Director in the French government and worked with Napoleon Bonaparte to overthrow the government. Afterwards, the Directory was dissolved and the Consulate dictatorship was established.	<urn:uuid:e74a1caa-1bc2-49a6-8ebd-67e166c823de>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://assassinscreed.wikia.com/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323801.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628204133-20170628224133-00009.warc.gz	en	0.977655	225	2.515625	3
E T H I C S Principles for the Conduct of Research in the Arctic The following principles have been formulated to provide guidance for researchers in the physical, biological and social sciences and the humanities. These principles are to be observed when carrying out or sponsoring research or when applying the results of research. The statement addresses the need to promote mutual respect and communication between scientists and northern residents. Cooperation is needed at all stages of research planning and implementation in projects that directly affect northern people. This statement is not intended to replace other existing federal, state or professional guidelines but rather to emphasize their relevance for the whole research community. 1. The researcher should inform appropriate community authorities of planned research on lands, waters, or territories used by or occupied by them. Research directly involving northern people should not proceed without their clear and informed consent. When informing the community and/or obtaining informed consent, the researchers should identify: a. all sponsors and sources of financial support; b. the person in charge and all investigators involved in the research, as well as any anticipated need for consultants, guides, or interpreters; c. the purposes, goals, and time-frame of the research; d. data-gathering techniques (tape and video recordings, photographs, physiological measurements etc.) and the uses to which they will be put; e. forseeable positive and negative implications and impacts of the research; 2. The duty of researchers to inform communities continues after informed consent has been obtained. Ongoing projects should be explained in terms understandable to the local community. 3. Researchers should consult with and, where applicable, include communities in project planning and implementation. Reasonable opportunities should be provided for the communities to express interests and to participate in the research. 4. Research results should be explained in non-technical terms and, where feasible, should be communicated by means of study materials that can be used by local teachers or in displays that can be shown at local community centers or museums. 5. Copies of research reports, data descriptions, and other relevant materials should be provided to the local community. Special efforts must be made to communicate results that are responsive to local concerns. 6. Subject to the requirements for anonymity, publications should always refer to the informed consent of participants and give credit to those contributing to the research project. 7. The researcher must respect local cultural traditions, languages, and values. The researcher should, where practicable, incorporate the following elements into the research design: a. use of local and traditional knowledge and experience; b. use of the languages of the local people; c. translation of research results, particularly those of local concern, into the languages of the people affected by the research; 8. When possible, research projects should anticipate and provide meaningful experience and training for young people. 9. In cases where individuals or groups provide information of a confidential nature, their anonymity must be guaranteed in both the original use of data and in its deposition for future use. 10. Research on humans should only be undertaken in a manner that respects their privacy and dignity: a. Research subjects must remain anonymous unless they have agreed to be identified. If anonymity cannot be guaranteed, the subjects must be informed of the possible consequences of becoming involved in the research. b. In cases where individuals or groups provide information of a confidential or personal nature, this confidentiality must be guaranteed in both the original use of data and its deposition for future use. c. The rights of children must be respected. All research involving children must be fully justified in terms of goals and objectives and never undertaken without the consent of the children and their parents or legal guardians. d. Participation of subjects, including the use of photography in research, should always be based on informed consent. e. The use and deposition of human tissue samples should always be based on the informed consent of the subjects or next of kin. 11. The researcher is accountable for all project decisions that affect the community, including decisions made by subordinates. 12. All relevant federal, state and local regulations and policies pertaining to cultural, environmental, and health protection must be strictly observed. 13. Sacred sites, cultural materials, and cultural property cannot be disturbed or removed without community and/or individual consent and in accordance with federal and state laws and regulations. Research on humans should only be undertaken in a manner that respects their privacy and dignity. For additional information please visit the Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee (IARPC): http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/arctic/conduct.jsp Maps created by CyberGrafix with Terra Forma? Copyright © 1995 Andromeda Interactive Ltd.	<urn:uuid:13252d46-c77a-4a7d-a2a2-2323638f10f3>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://naturalhistory.si.edu/arctic/html/ethics.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323801.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628204133-20170628224133-00009.warc.gz	en	0.919902	956	2.953125	3
That preview image is NOT an artist’s recreation. It is a photograph. As yet unnamed Nodosaur, mid-/late-K, ca. 110,000,000 ya … The body sank back-first onto the ocean floor, kicking up soupy mud that engulfed it. Minerals infiltrated the skin and armor and cradled its back, ensuring that the dead nodosaur would keep its true-to-life form as eons’ worth of rock piled atop it. … But already the fossil is providing new insights into the structure of nodosaurs’ armor. Reconstructing armor usually requires educated guesswork, as the bony plates, called osteoderms, scatter early in the decaying process. Not only did the osteoderms on this nodosaur preserve in place, but so did traces of the scales in between. What’s more, sheaths once made of keratin—the same material that’s in human fingernails—still coat many of the osteoderms, letting paleontologists see precisely how these sheaths exaggerated the armor’s size and shape. “I’ve been calling this one the Rosetta stone for armor,” says Donald Henderson, curator of dinosaurs at the Royal Tyrrell Museum. The universe is awesome.	<urn:uuid:8c2c3293-9e32-49f6-a56a-9bba97470873>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://radgeek.com/gt/2017/05/16/thats-not-a-recreation/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323801.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628204133-20170628224133-00009.warc.gz	en	0.924793	276	3.46875	3
[This article also appears in a slightly edited form as a TeleRead entry] Ever tried learning a foreign language? Noticed how the books you could read were often boring, and the books you wanted to read were just that bit too hard to understand? Wished, you could have a quick translation of a complex passage or precise meaning of the word from the spread of twenty that dictionary entry offers? With paper books, you are pretty much stuck. On the other hand, e-books – with the right combination of software and open formats – may soon prove to be just the solution to keep you reading and learning in the new language. And, with the language learning market attracting billions of dollars, you can be sure somebody will find a way to make the best of the possibilities offered by e-books. So, what are the advantages e-books can bring to language learning? Let’s start from what is achievable today and progress to the possibilities further down the line. - Parallel texts – Intermediate and advanced readers appreciate being able to read original text, while still having a good translation available a glance away. Paper books like this do exist, but just a few, due to a high cost of production and distributed target market.For e-books, the ever decreasing price of the storage makes the size of the download irrelevant – slashing the cost of physical production. And with electronic distribution, the market reach is as wide as the internet itself.If you still have doubts, this model is already being exploited extremely well in another multi-lingual market – bible study. There are many bible translations and scholars like to be able to read them side by side to understand the deep meaning better. A number of free eReaders exist to make this task easier, including a portable one for the PocketPC. - Dictionary bundling – Continuing with the theme of practically unlimited storage, we can easily imagine a book being bundled with a look-up dictionary that is capable of prividing a translation of every word and expression in the text.This is only possible with specially adapted texts at the moment and, even then, only some words and basic phrases are provided.With e-books, it would be possible to embed invisible hints that will show the specific meaning of the phrase in the exact context of the paragraph.Again, something similar to this has been done for Bible study with Strong’s numbers, but, with good dictionaries, the concept can be extended to any text. Many of the current e-book readers allow dictionary lookups, so the basic functionality is already available. - Grammar learning through real examples – Most of the texts provided for learning grammar are boring and feel artificial. How about being able to choose your own text and have the reader software automatically highlight the structures you are learning this week, whether it is colour names, present perfect constructions or conjugations of the irregular verb ‘to be’? With the material being presented completely in context, the rules will be easier to understand and recall. And even if you are rereading the last week’s passage, you are learning something new, as the highlighted parts will change. - Automatic text leveling – If we can bundle additional text that does not show up in the book normally, why can’t we have the same text several times with different levels of reading difficulties. That way, a book may contain adapted/simplified text as well as an original one.Then, any number of combinations might be used, depending on whether the reader is connected to other systems or not.For example, if the book is delivered as serialised chapters from a website, there might be grading tests in between chapters with the simplification level of the next chapter adjusted automatically based on the test results. Or it could be a Choose Your Own Adventure type of book, where the language level of the ‘next’ page depends on the language introduced in pages seen before.This is not something that can be done economically at all for printed books, since they are frozen at the time of publishing, but with e-books the material can be reused in smaller chunks across multiple learners and therefore will allow for a viable publishing model. Especially, if we can throw the increasingly ubiquitous broadband wireless connection into the mix with pages arriving in near-real-time directly to the reader device. - Text generation – If a ‘Choose Your Own Adventure’ format is suitable for language learning, why not a computer generated book all together. It is nearly possible with current technologies to create a book as a concept graph and have the computer generate the actual text. With a bit more design, the generated text will purposefully incorporate new words and grammatical structures to match the learner’s progression in the learning plan. It would even be possible to dynamically generate grammatical explanations, since the text-creation system has to figure it all out anyway to generate the sentences. Again, combined with feedback from external or on-device tests and near-real-time downloads, the text can always be just ahead of the learner’s own language knowledge. - Finally, with eBooks’ texts being available in open electronic formats, it would possible to use them to generate additional contexts (such as geographic mapping) or tests based on the exact texts the learner was reading for his or her own pleasure. There are many more possible uses of texts available in e-book rather than print form. I have just scratched the surface of what is possible. Nor have I discussed technical details that would make each of these items really tick. Perhaps I will in a future post, if there is enough interest (vote in the comments). For those curious now, I will just mention two concepts. They are Computational Linguistics and CALL/ATALL. Follow the directions these fields of study point out and your thinking adventures will be more wondrous than those of Alice.	<urn:uuid:5488de53-624d-456b-b6d9-315e3520177f>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://blog.outerthoughts.com/2006/10/how-e-books-could-revolutionize-language-learning/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128329372.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629154125-20170629174125-00089.warc.gz	en	0.941933	1,205	2.609375	3
Americans sleep on average five to six hours per night. The average American today works long hours; lack of sleep can be harmful to the body resulting in high levels of stress. Lack of sleep can lead to, or continue to, produce side effects common with sleeping disorders. Under most circumstances, inadequate sleep can lead to headaches, dizziness, reduced mental alertness, and lack of motivation (American Sleep Association, 2017). A deep restful sleep can promote physical health, longevity, and emotional well-being (Harvard, 2007). In results of a good night’s sleep you feel better, your decisions are more accurate, and it gives you the ability to learn and retain more information (Harvard, n.d.) There are two phases of sleep: Rapid-eye-movement (REM) and non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM). The first phase of sleep is NREM, in this phase brain activity is slow, and the five senses shut down. The NREM phase transitions through four stages and sleep gets progressively deeper making it nearly impossible to wake an individual from sleep. After moving through all four stages of sleep the brain switches into REM. During REM sleep muscles are temporarily paralyzed, and physiological functions may be more active. REM sleep is also the stage of sleep most associated with dreaming. Changes may occur in brain wave activity, heart rate, body temperature, and other physiological functions depending on the phase of sleep (Harvard, 2007). Adequate sleep is important for good mental and physical health. Studies have shown that inadequate sleep has been linked to obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and mood disorder (NIH, n.d.). It is believed that most people need at least eight hours of sleep, but quality of sleep is just as important as quantity. Poor quality sleep reduces efficiency and productivity which can be felt in many ways during our daily lives (American Sleep Association, 2017). Good quality sleep is a key part of a healthy lifestyle. Getting adequate sleep is essential for learning, and improving memory function. Exercising in the morning or in the middle of the day can help improve sleep patterns. Effective time management can also help achieve restful sleep. If you can’t seem to “turn your mind off,” reading, writing, and listening to music may be helpful in relaxing your mind. Avoiding caffeine in the afternoon can also help you relax before bedtime. Beginning a consistent sleep schedule may take some time, but it could be helpful to try creating a schedule with your daily task and activities to help assist you with getting everything done in time for a restful sleep. Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School (2017). The Characteristics of Sleep Web. 16 Feb. 2017. <http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/science/what/characteristics>. American Sleep Association (n.d.) Inadequate Sleep Hygiene. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. <https://www.sleepassociation.org/patients-general-public/inadequate-sleep-hygiene/>. National Institutes of Health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (n.d.) How does inadequate sleep affect health? Web. 16 Feb. 2017. <https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/sleep/conditioninfo/Pages/inadequate-sleep.aspx>. Harvard Medical School (n.d.) Healthy Sleep: Consequences of Insufficient Sleep Web. 16 Feb. 2017. <http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/matters/consequences>.	<urn:uuid:1763bcea-bece-4a69-a819-010131849ee4>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://blogs.uco.edu/wellnesscoachingprogram/2017/02/21/getting-a-good-nights-sleep/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319265.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622114718-20170622134718-00209.warc.gz	en	0.904796	758	3.921875	4
August 18, 2009 Posted: 08:57 AM ET The Big Crunch may sound like a slogan for crackers or potato chips, but it’s actually an astronomical theory with a gloomy twist. We’ve all heard of the Big Bang, a widely accepted theory that proposes the entire universe began from a single point about 13.7 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since. But will it expand forever? Or could it stop and reverse that process? One possible fate of the universe is the Big Crunch, the idea that the cosmos could one day begin contracting and eventually collapse back on itself or return to a single point. If it ever happens, this anti-Big Bang would take place so far in the future that Earth might even not exist anymore, according to experts writing for Cornell University’s Curious About Astronomy Web site. But the experts also took a stab at what a contracting universe could look like to an observer billions of years into the future. “As the present-day observable universe started to get really small, the observer would most likely see some of the things that happened in the early universe happen in reverse. Most notably, the temperature of the universe would eventually get so high that you could no longer have stable atoms, in which case the hypothetical observer wouldn't be able to hold himself together.” Yikes. But fear not. It turns the expansion of the universe has been accelerating rather than slowing. Astronomers believe that’s caused by a mysterious dark energy pulling galaxies apart, according to NASA. “Dark energy is this idea that not only is the universe expanding, dark energy is actually making that expansion happen even faster,” said Marla Geha, as assistant professor of astronomy at Yale University. “The dark energy will actually continue the expansion of the universe forever, so there probably will not be a Big Crunch if we have the numbers right.” But the continuous expansion would have other consequences. Over tens of billions of years, the galaxies that we see around us would get farther and farther away, making the universe more of a lonely place, Geha said. From around the web Are you a gadgethead? Do you spend hours a day online? Or are you just curious about how technology impacts your life? In this digital age, it's increasingly important to be fluent, or at least familiar, with the big tech trends. From gadgets to Google, smartphones to social media, this blog will help keep you informed.	<urn:uuid:60805ffb-edd2-4206-8f40-94b4baf8221a>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://scitech.blogs.cnn.com/2009/08/18/will-the-big-crunch-follow-the-big-bang/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319265.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622114718-20170622134718-00209.warc.gz	en	0.94304	518	3.171875	3
Interior designers can specialize in a particular interior design discipline, such as residential and commercial design, they can also help with making rooms in the hospital and even work with schools to make offices or another things with some developing expertise within a niche design area such as hospitality, health care and institutional design. In jurisdictions where the profession is regulated by the government, designers must meet broad qualifications and show competency in the entire scope of the profession, not only in a specialty. Designers may elect to obtain specialist certification offered by private organizations. Interior designers who also possess environmental expertise in design solutions for sustainable construction can receive accreditation in this area by taking the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) examination. The specialty areas that involve interior designers are limited only by the imagination and are continually growing and changing. With the increase in the aging population, an increased focus has been placed on developing solutions to improve the living environment of the elderly population, which takes into account health and accessibility issues that can affect the design. Awareness of the ability of interior spaces to create positive changes in people's lives is increasing, so interior design is also becoming relevant to this type of advocacy. There is a wide range of disciplines within the career of interior design. Some of the disciplines include: structure, function, specialized performance, special group needs, discipline needed for business, computer technology, presentation skills, craft skills, social disciplines, promotional disciplines, professional disciplines, aesthetic disciplines, and disciplines with cultural implications. This list shows how interior designing encompasses many different disciplines and requires both education in science and technology as well as being moved.	<urn:uuid:30cb943a-b066-4ae9-8a75-3ccb7ddef1d0>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://topinteriordecorators.com/NewsArticle_221/Specializations.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319265.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622114718-20170622134718-00209.warc.gz	en	0.960526	322	2.8125	3
UC Irvine is handing out Glass to its med students, on CNET: Several medical institutions have already been testing the computer-enabled eyeglasses to see if the devices enhance doctors’ work. But the School of Medicine at the University of California, Irvine, is taking it one step further by issuing Google Glass to its students. Irvine will be the first medical school to fully incorporate Glass into its four-year curriculum. Its first- and second-year students will use the device in their anatomy and clinical skills courses, while third- and fourth-year students will wear Glass during their hospital rotations. “I believe digital technology will let us bring a more impactful and relevant clinical learning experience to our students,” UC Irvine’s dean of medicine, Dr. Ralph V. Clayman, said in a statement. “Enabling our students to become adept at a variety of digital technologies fits perfectly into the ongoing evolution of health care into a more personalized, participatory, home-based, and digitally driven endeavor.” Have an amazing project to share? Join the SHOW-AND-TELL every Wednesday night at 7:30pm ET on Google+ Hangouts. Join us every Wednesday night at 8pm ET for Ask an Engineer! Learn resistor values with Mho’s Resistance or get the best electronics calculator for engineers “Circuit Playground” – Adafruit’s Apps! Maker Business — Transforming Today’s Bad Jobs into Tomorrow’s Good Jobs Wearables — Make metallic magic Electronics — Inadequate volt signal Biohacking — Arduino Based “Row Bots” Test Rowing Efficiency No comments yet. Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time.	<urn:uuid:bff17d96-a49b-41f4-9225-d787403011e0>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://blog.adafruit.com/2014/05/21/uc-irvine-med-students-get-google-glass-wearablewednesday/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319265.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622114718-20170622134718-00209.warc.gz	en	0.90842	368	2.703125	3
- The twelve spies sent by Moses to observe the land of Canaan returned from their mission. Only two of the spies, Joshua and Caleb, brought a positive report, while the others spoke disparagingly about the land. The majority report caused the Children of Israel to cry, panic and despair of ever entering the “Promised Land“. For this, they were punished by God that their generation would not enter the land. Because of the Israelites' lack of faith, God decreed that for all generations this date would become one of crying and misfortune for their descendants, the Jewish people. (See Numbers Ch. 13–14) - The First Temple built by King Solomon and the Kingdom of Judah was destroyed by the Babylonians led by Nebuchadnezzar on July 11, 422 BCE (in Jewish Calendar av 9, 3338) and the Judeans were sent into the Babylonian exile. - The Second Temple built by Ezra and Nehemiah was destroyed by [Titus] on August 2, 70 CE (in Jewish Calendar av 9, 3828), scattering the people of Judea and commencing the Jewish exile from the Holy Land. According to the Talmud in tractate Ta'anit, the destruction of the Second Temple began on the Ninth of Av and the Temple continued to burn throughout the Tenth of Av. - The Romans crushed Bar Kokhba's revolt and destroyed the city of Betar, killing over 100,000 Jews, on July 8, 13 CE (in Jewish Calendar av 9, 3892). - Following the Roman siege of Jerusalem, Roman commander Turnus Rufus plowed the site of the Temple and the surrounding area, in 13 CE. Category Archives: judaism The Persians who freed the Jews from exile were Zoroastrians. The Persians instilled their own priestly elites to re-establish the kingdom of Judah. These Persian elites who settled in the renewed “Judah” called themselves “Judaites” or “Jews”, and crafted a religion mixed with the old Yahwist/Elohist religion of the “Israelites”/Hebrews with Zoroastrian monotheism and thus the most recognizable iteration of Judaism was born. Angels, heaven and hell, demons, the eternal battle between agents of good and agents of evil is the Zoroastrian influence on the Judaite/Israelite religion. The earliest Israelite texts shows a polytheistic religion that is very monistic – god creates both good and evil, and is not a god of benevolence in some eternal struggle against the forces of evil. Zarathustra (Greek Zoroaster): legendary religious teacher from Bactria, founder of Zoroastrianism. Hardly anything is known about Zarathustra’s life. For example, it is uncertain when he lived. The ancient Greeks speculated that he lived six thousand years before the philosopher Plato and several scholars have argued for a date at the beginning of the sixth century BCE. Other scholars accept that Zarathustra is the author of the Gâthâ’s (a part of the holy book of the Zoroastrians, the Avesta), which they date, on linguistic grounds, in the fourteenth or thirteenth century BCE. It is also unclear where Zarathustra was born and where he spent the first half of his life. Every tribe that converted to Zoroastrianism made up legends about the prophet’s life, and nearly all of them claimed that the great teacher was “one of them”. On linguistic grounds, we may argue that author of the Gâthâ’s belonged to a tribe that lived in the eastern part of Iran, in Afghanistan or Turkmenistan. This fits neatly with a tradition that connects Zarathustra with the ancient country named Bactria and a cypress at Kâshmar (below), but it hardly proves Zarathustra’s Bactrian origins. The Gâthâ’s are not a great help either. They contain some personal information, but are hardly the stuff that biographies are made of. The Denkard, a late Avestic text, contains a summary of an older biography. It contains many legends and the reliability seems not very great. The following reconstruction of Zarathustra’s life is, therefore, not to be taken as the very truth. Zarathustra was born in Bactria (or Aria) as the son of a not very powerful nobleman named Purushaspa and a woman named Dughdhova. Zarathustra was the third of five brothers. He became a priest and seems to have showed a remarkable care for humans and cattle. The family is often called Spitama, which is a honorary title meaning ‘most beneficient’, but was later taken for a family name. Zarathustra’s life changed when the god Ahuramazda granted him a vision. A spirit named Good Thought appeared and ordered Zarathustra to oppose the bloody sacrifices of the traditional Iranian cults and to give aid to the poor. In one of his own compositions, Zarathustra says: Thee I conceived as holy, O Ahuramazda, when thy Good Thought appeared to me and asked me: ‘Who art thou? And whose is thine allegiance?’ […] Then I answered: ‘Zarathustra am I; to the false believers a forthright enemy, but to the righteous a mighty help and joy. […] Thee I conceived as holy, O Ahuramazda, when thy Good Thought appeared to me. […] A difficult thing it seemed to me, to spread thy faith among men, to do that which Thou didst say was best. Zarathustra started to preach that there was a supreme god, the “wise lord” Ahuramazda, who had created the world, mankind and all good things in it through his holy spirit, Spenta Mainyu. The rest of the universe was created by six other spirits, the Amesha Spentas (‘holy immortals’). However, the order of this sevenfold creation was threatened by The Lie; good and evil spirits were fighting and mankind had to support the good spirits in order to speed up the inevitable victory of the good. Here are the basics for what the Jewish Messiah (Christ) is supposed to do in order to earn the title of [king] Messiah: 1. Ezekiel 37:26-28: Build the Third Temple 2. Isaiah 43:5-6: Gather all Jews back to the Land of Israel 3. Isaiah 2:4: Usher in an era of world peace, and end all hatred, oppression, suffering and disease. “Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall man learn war anymore.” 4. Zechariah 14:9: Spread universal knowledge of the God of Israel – uniting the entire human race as one: “God will be King over all the world – on that day, God will be One and His Name will be One” The Jesus of Christianity did not accomplish any of those. As a matter of fact, the arrival of Jesus the Nazarene has meant nothing but calamity for the Jews. According to Ezekiel 37, the Messiah is supposed to build the third Temple. What happened when Jesus arrived on the scene? The Second Temple is destroyed. According to Isaiah, the Messiah is supposed to gather all Jews back to their promised land and usher in an era of peace. What happened after Jesus? The Jews are evicted from their promised land and had it renamed to “Palestine”. Also, what has Jesus’ Christianity done to the Jews? Definitely not world peace. On the contrary, Jesus’ religion resulted in endless evictions of Jews from all around Europe: pogroms, holocausts in Protestant Germany, crusades, inquisitions – nothing but war and destruction focused against the Jews. Contrast the actions of Jesus’ religion with another messiah that Isaiah describes in chapter 45. Cyrus the Great was considered the Messiah in Isaiah – he gathered all Jews back to Israel after the Babylonian exile and had their Temple rebuilt. According to Zechariah, the Messiah is supposed to spread universal knowledge of the god of Israel. Jesus’ Christianity actually did the opposite: Jesus himself is worshipped as a god, and not YHWH. Of course, Christians say that they are one and the same, but YHWH had no qualms about having personal interaction with his chosen people prior to Jesus. Now all of the sudden he needs a “mediator” in his supposed literal son. It seems like an after the fact ad hoc rationalization of this disparity. Also, Christians changed the role of God and the messiah in Judaism. In the Tanakh, YHWH makes a covenant with the Jews and ensures that they will be prosperous and have their own land. That is the one theme running throughout the Tanakh. When Christianity came along, this theme was dropped altogether and now YHWH no longer cares about the promised land or prosperity for the Jews, but is now offering the hitherto unheard of “eternal life”. And “YHWH” says that if you don’t believe in his supposed son, then you will be thrown into a firey furnace (Matt 13:50) for all eternity. The role of the Jewish messiah, an instrument of YHWH’s promise of land and prosperity for the Jews (the model of which was the Biblical Joshua, which is Jesus in Greek), was changed into a spiritual savior offering eternal life. Now for a nice bit of irony. Tisha B’Av is the day of mourning in Jewish tradition for the destruction of both the first and second Temple. Tisha means “ninth” in Hebrew. Christianity, being a Greek and Roman religion, was originally penned in Greek. The name “Jesus Christ” in Greek is Ιησου Χριστου; Christians copying their holy books by hand would abbreviate the “sacred name” Jesus Christ as IX. And what is IX in Roman numerals? An odd coincidence…	<urn:uuid:8649fda9-dd93-454d-83cb-15bd3d76b040>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://deusdiapente.wordpress.com/category/judaism/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319265.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622114718-20170622134718-00209.warc.gz	en	0.963523	2,166	3.5	4
ACCESSION OF GEORGE I.--SWIFT'S LEADERSHIP. The last years of Queen Anne had been years of intrigue and preparation with the Jacobite leaders throughout the three kingdoms. At their head stood Ormond, the second and last Duke of his name, and with him were associated at one stage or another of his design, Bolingbroke, Orrery, Bishop Atterbury, and other influential persons. It was thought that had this party acted promptly on the death of the Queen, and proclaimed James III. (or "the Pretender," as he was called by the partisans of the new dynasty), the Act of Succession might have remained a dead letter, and the Stuarts recovered their ancient sovereignty. But the partisans of the elector were the first in the field, and King George was accordingly proclaimed, on the 1st of August, at London, and on the 6th of August, at Dublin. In Dublin, where serious apprehensions of a Jacobite rising were entertained, the proclamation was made by the glare of torches at the extraordinary hour of midnight. Two or three arrests of insignificant persons were made, and letters to Swift being found on one of them, the Dean was thought by his friends to be in some danger. But it was not correct to say, as many writers have done, that he found it necessary to retire from Dublin. The only inconvenience he suffered was from the hootings and revilings of the Protestant rabble in the street, and a brutal threat of personal violence from a young nobleman, upon whom he revenged himself in a characteristic petition to the House of Lords "for protection against the said lord." Pretending not to be quite sure of his assailant, he proceeds to explain: "Your petitioner is informed that the person who spoke the words above mentioned is of your Lordships' House, under the style and title of Lord Blaney; whom your petitioner remembers to have introduced to Mr. Secretary Addison, in the Earl of Wharton's government, and to have done him other good offices at that time, because he was represented as a young man of some hopes and a broken fortune." The entire document is a curious picture of the insolence of the ascendancy party of that day, even towards dignitaries of their own church who refused to go all lengths in the only politics they permitted or tolerated. It was while smarting under these public indignities, and excluded from the society of the highest class in his own country, with two or three exceptions, that Swift laid the foundations of his own and his country's patriotism, among the educated middle class of the Irish capital. From the college and the clergy he drew Dr. Sheridan--ancestor of six generations of men and women of genius! Doctors Delaney, Jackson, Helsham, Walmsley, Stopford (afterwards Bishop of Cloyne), and the three reverend brothers Grattan. In the city he selected as his friends and companions four other Grattans, one of whom was Lord-Mayor, another physician to the castle, one a schoolmaster, the other a merchant. "Do you know the Grattans?" he wrote to the Lord-Lieutenant, Lord Carteret; "then pray obtain their acquaintance. The Grattans, my lord, can raise 10,000 men." Among the class represented by this admirable family of seven brothers, and in that of the tradesmen immediately below them, of which we may take his printers, Waters and Faulkner for types, Swift's haughty and indignant denunciations of the oligarchy of the hour produced striking effects. The humblest of the community began to raise their heads, and to fix their eyes steadily on public affairs and public characters. Questions of currency, of trade, of the administration of justice and of patronage, were earnestly discussed in the press and in society, and thus by slow but gradually ascending steps, a spirit of independence was promoted where hitherto only servility had reigned. The obligations of his cotemporaries to Swift are not to be counted simply by what he was able to originate or to advocate in their behalf--for not much could be done in that way, in such times, and in such a position as his --but rather in regard to the enemies and maligners of that people, whom he exposed and punished. To understand the value of his example and inspiration, we must read over again his castigations of Wharton, of Burnet, of Boulter, of Whitshed, of Allan, and all the leaders of the oligarchy, in the Irish Parliament. When we have done so, we shall see at once how his imperial reputation, his personal position, and every faculty of his powerful mind were employed alike to combat injustice and proscription, to promote freedom of opinion and of trade, to punish the abuses of judicial power, and to cultivate and foster a spirit of self reliance and economy among all classes--especially the humblest. In his times, and in his position, with a cassock "entangling his course," what more could have been expected of him? The Irish Parliament met in 1715--elected, according to the then usage, for the lifetime of the King--commenced its career by an act of attainder against the Pretender, accompanied by a reward of 50,000 pounds for his apprehension. The Lords-Justices, the Duke of Grafton and the Earl of Galway, recommended in their speech to the Houses, that they should cultivate such unanimity among themselves as "at once to put an end to all other distinctions in Ireland, but that of Protestant and Papist." In the same speech, and in all the debates of that reign, the Catholics were spoken of as "the common enemy," and all who sympathized with them, as "enemies of the constitution." But far as this Parliament was from all our ideas of what a national legislature ought to be, it was precisely at this period, when the administration could not be worse, that the foundation was laid of the great contest for legislative independence, which was to continue through three generations, and to constitute the main staple of the Irish history of this century. In the year 1717, the English House of Lords entertained and decided, as a court of last resort, an appeal from the Irish courts, already passed on by the Irish Lords, in the famous real-estate case of Annesley versus Sherlock. The proceeding was novel, and was protested against in the English House at the time by the Duke of Leeds, and in the Irish, by the majority of the whole House. But the British Parliament, not content with claiming the power, proceeded to establish the principle, by the declaratory act--6th George I.--for securing the dependence of Ireland on the crown of Great Britain. This statute, even more objectionable than the law of Poynings, continued unrepealed till 1782, notwithstanding all the arguments and all the protests of the Irish patriot party. The Lords of Ireland, unsupported by the bigoted and unprincipled oligarchy in the Commons, were shorn of their appellate jurisdiction, and their journals for many years contain few entries of business done, beyond servile addresses to successive Viceroys, and motions of adjournment. In their session of 1723, the ascendancy party in the Commons proceeded to their last extreme of violence against the prostrate Catholics. An act was introduced founded on eight resolutions, "further to prevent the growth of Popery." One of these resolutions, regularly transmitted to England by the Viceroy-proposed that every priest, arrested within the realm, should suffer the penalty of castration! For the first time, a penal law was rejected with horror and indignation by the English Privy Council, and the whole elaborate edifice, overweighted with these last propositions, trembled to its base. But though badly shaken, it was yet far from coming down. "Do not the corruptions and villainies of men," said Swift to his friend Delaney, "eat your flesh and exhaust your spirits?" They certainly gnawed at the heart of the courageous Dean, but at the same time, they excited rather than exhausted his spirits. In 1720 he resumed his pen, as a political writer, in his famous proposal "for the universal use of Irish manufactures." Waters, the printer of this piece, was indicted for a seditious libel, before Chief-Justice Whitshed, the immortal "_coram nobis_" of the Dean's political ballads. The jury were detained eleven hours, and sent out nine times, to compel them to agree on a verdict. They at length finally declared they could not agree, and a nol. pros. was soon after entered by the crown. This trial of Swift's printer in 1720, is the first of a long series of duels with the crown lawyers, which the Irish press has since maintained with as much firmness and self-sacrifice as any press ever exhibited. And it may be said that never, not even under martial law, was a conspicuous example of civic courage more necessary, or more dangerous. Browne, Bishop of Cork, had been in danger of deprivation for preaching a sermon against the well-known toast to the memory of King William; Swift was threatened, as we see, a few years earlier, with personal violence by a Whig lord, and pelted by a Protestant rabble, for his supposed Jacobitism; his friend, Dr. Sheridan, lost his Munster living for having accidentally chosen as his text, on the anniversary of King George's coronation, "sufficient for the day is the evil thereof." Such was the intolerance of the oligarchy towards their own clergy. What must it have been to others! The attempt to establish a National Bank, and the introduction of a debased copper coinage, for which a patent had been, granted to one William Wood, next employed the untiring pen of Swift. The halfpenny controversy, was not, as is often said, a small matter; it was nearly as important as the bank project itself. Of the 100,000 pounds worth coined, the intrinsic value was shown to be not more than 6,000 pounds. Such was the storm excited against the patentee, that his Dublin agents were obliged to resign their connection with him, and the royal letters-patent were unwillingly cancelled. The bank project was also rejected by Parliament, adding another to the triumphs of the invincible Dean. During the last years of this reign, Swift was the most powerful and popular person in Ireland, and perhaps in the empire. The freedom with which he advised Carteret the Viceroy, and remonstrated with Walpole, the Premier, on the misrule of his country, was worthy of the ascendancy of his genius. No man of letters, no churchman, no statesman of any country in any age, ever showed himself more thoroughly independent, in his intercourse with men of office, than Swift. The vice of Ireland was exactly the other way, so that in this respect also, the patriot was the liberator. Rising with the rise of public spirit, the great churchman, in his fourth letter, in the assumed character of M. B. Drapier, confronted the question of legislative independence. Alluding to the pamphlet of Molyneux, published thirty years before, he pronounced its arguments invincible, and the contrary system "the very definition of slavery." "The remedy," he concludes, addressing the Irish people, "is wholly in your own hands, and therefore I have digressed a little, in order to refresh and continue that spirit so seasonably raised among you, and to let you see, that, by the laws of God, of nature, of nations, and of your country, you are, and ought to be, as free a people as your brethren in England." For this letter also, the printer, Harding, was indicted, but the Dublin grand jury, infected with the spirit of the times, unanimously ignored the bill. A reward of 300 pounds was then issued from the castle for the discovery of the author, but no informer could be found base enough to betray him. For a time, however, to escape the ovations he despised, and the excitement which tried his health, Swift retired to his friend Sheridan's cottage on the banks of Lough Ramor, in Cavan, and there recreated himself with long rides about the country, and the composition of the Travels of the immortal Gulliver. Sir Robert Walpole, alarmed at the exhibition of popular intelligence and determination evoked by Swift, committed the government of Ireland to his rival, Lord Carteret--whom he was besides not sorry to remove to a distance--and appointed to the See of Armagh, which fell vacant about the time of the currency dispute, Dr. Hugh Boulter, Bishop of Bristol, one of his own creatures. This prelate, a politician by taste and inclination, modelled his policy on his patron's, as far as his more contracted sphere and inferior talents permitted. To buy members in market overt, with peerages, or secret service money, was his chief means of securing a Parliamentary majority. An Englishman by birth and education; the head of the Protestant establishment in Ireland, it was inevitable that his policy should be English and Protestant, in every particular. To resist, depress, disunite, and defeat the believers in the dangerous doctrines of Swift and Molyneux, was the sole rule of his nearly twenty years' political supremacy in Irish affairs. (1724-1742.) The master of a princely income, endowed with strong passions, unlimited patronage, and great activity, he may be said to have reigned rather than led, even when the nominal viceroyalty was in the hands of such able and accomplished men as Lords Carteret, Dorset and Devonshire. His failure in his first state trial, against Harding the printer, nothing discouraged him; he had come into Ireland to secure the English interest, by uprooting the last vestiges of Popery and independence, and he devoted himself to those objects with persevering determination. In 1727--the year of George the First's decease--he obtained the disfranchisement of Catholic electors by a clause quietly inserted without notice in a Bill regulating elections; and soon after he laid the foundations of those nurseries of proselytism, "the Charter Schools."	<urn:uuid:c24665ac-b018-4d16-af43-b02160651e69>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://irishpast.com/phrl210/phrl210_accession_of_george_i_--swift_s.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320040.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623082050-20170623102050-00449.warc.gz	en	0.981512	2,980	2.796875	3
On this day in 1804, Alexander Hamilton was mortally wounded in a duel with his political rival, Aaron Burr. One of the sources of their enmity was banking. In the late 18th century, new banks could only be chartered with a special act passed by the state legislature. In 1799, the New York legislature was controlled by the Federalists (Alexander Hamilton's party). To get around politics, Burr convinced the Federalists (including Hamilton) to support a charter for his Manhattan Company, a water utility with a mission to provide "wholesome" water to New Yorkers. Secretly, Burr amended the charter to allow the company to also pursue commerce with its surplus capital, allowing the formation of the The Bank of the Manhattan Company (today part of JP Morgan Chase). Feeling betrayed, in 1803 Hamilton created a rival (Federalist) bank called The Merchant's Bank of the City of New York. The two banks competed side by side, with Hamilton's Bank operating at 42 Wall St, and Burr's on 40 Wall St. The rivalry officially ended in 1919, when the two banks merged. The Manhattan Company, with its unique charter, was the survivor--as was Burr on this day in 1804. NY Times Article: The Hamilton-Burr Bank (Dec 1919)	<urn:uuid:e5dd0f65-5661-4f3f-9bc7-9a47e0124e69>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.bankersnotes.com/2013/07/jul-11-1804-aaron-burr-kills-alexander.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320215.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624031945-20170624051945-00530.warc.gz	en	0.959853	269	4	4
Why is a Dog's Diet Important? If you consider how unpleasant a person can be when he or she is hungry or malnourished, you will undoubtedly se the importance of healthy choices when selecting your dog's diet. You and your pet will not enjoy life at its fullest if your dog's diet is poor. Selecting a high-quality diet for your dog will increase the likelihood of a long and happy life for your pet. A healthy choice for your dog's diet will include the basic vitamins and minerals essential for your dog's health. Also, your dog's diet should include some extra nutritional supplements. Speak with your vet about your dog's diet. They will be willing to help you make informed and educated decisions about your dog's diet. Ask about glucosamine or fish oils to combat health issues such as arthritis and dandruff. Your dog's diet will affect your pet's energy level. If the dog's diet is lacking, your pet may be sluggish or unable to rest contently. If your pet requires extra nutrition to run or walk considerable distances, a healthy diet is crucial. Your dog's diet affects the amount and size of outputs. When your pet eats a healthy diet with few fillers, the excrement is less. This is important to lessen the cleanup of the kennel or yard. Ask any handler who picks up after their dog and learn the importance of your dog's diet. Obesity is not just a problem for people. Weight is also a concern for your pet. Your dog's diet plays an important role in maintaining a healthy weight for your pet. Extra treats can seem like a simple luxury, but they can create serious health problems when given to your pet too frequently. Finding the best diet for your dog can even help to reduce reactions to food allergies. Decreasing allergy troubles will make your dog feel so much better. Sometimes a simple change in the type of dog food can make such a difference to your pet. Your dog's diet affects every aspect of your dog's health.. Your pet's coat will look and feel better with a healthy diet. Good nutrition and adequate grooming will keep your pet's coat looking shiny and magnificent. The type of dog food you select for your dog's diet can even make a difference with your pet's teeth. Choosing a dry dog food can help to sharpen and polish your dog's teeth. Avoiding canned food when possible will help to reduce tartar and plaque. As you can see, a dog's diet influences everything from outputs to teeth. Even your dog's energy level and attitude is affected by the dog's diet. Selecting your dog's diet wisely and consulting your veterinarian is a fabulous way to improve the quality of your pet's life. My ArticlesHow Treats Affect Your Dog's Diet Tips To Consider When Determining Your Puppy Dog's Diet How Your Dog's Diet Affects Outputs Make A Natural Dog Diet At Home For Better Health Protein And Kidney Failure From Your Dog's Diet Glucosamine In A Dog's Diet Vegetarian Dog Diet How To Know If Your Dog's Diet Contains Enough Fatty Acid Guidelines To Choose A Healthy Dog Diet For Your Pet Your Dog's Diet: Canned Dog Food Vs. Dry Kibble What Is The Green Bean Dog Diet? Is There A Difference In A Senior Dog Diet? Your Vet: The Perfect Resource To Educate You About Your Dog's Diet Does Your Dog's Diet Need To Include Supplements? Benefits Of Fiber In Your Dog's Diet When To Change Your Dog's Diet When To Stop Your Dog's Diet The Proper Way To Switch Your Dog's Diet Importance Of A Feeding Schedule In Your Dog's Diet The Role Of Calcium In Your Dog's Diet The Raw Dog Diet Avoid Table Scraps In Your Dog's Diet Why Is A Dog's Diet Important? Where To Find The Best Food For A Nutritious Dog Diet	<urn:uuid:7e3fa784-38fb-4ded-a5f3-71c57deb2c43>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.accessinfohub.com/dog-diets/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320362.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624221310-20170625001310-00610.warc.gz	en	0.877173	823	2.6875	3
The latest news from academia, regulators research labs and other things of interest Posted: Apr 16, 2014 A small connection with big implications: Wiring up carbon-based electronics (Nanowerk News) Carbon-based nanostructures such as nanotubes, graphene sheets, and nanoribbons are unique building blocks showing versatile nanomechanical and nanoelectronic properties. These materials which are ordered in the nanoscale, that is, in the dimension of a millionth of millimetre, are promising candidates to envision applications in nanoscale devices, ranging from energy conversion to nano-electronic transistors. A good connection between carbon-based materials and external metallic leads is of major importance in nanodevice performance, an aspect where an important step has been surmounted by researchers from UPV/EHU, DIPC and CNRS by studying contacts of carbon nanostructures with atoms of different chemical nature. Artistic view of an electric connection between a carbon-based “football” molecule and a single metallic atom (gray ball). The chemical nature of contacting leads is of major importance as it affects the electronic properties and the geometry of the contact. The impact of these two aspects on the transport properties are entangled and this group studied these two parameters for contacts shrunk to the limit of individual atoms as for large structures it is challenging to address them separately. In close collaboration, the researchers used a prototype carbon-based molecule made of 60 carbon atoms arranged in a sphere that can be viewed as a graphene sheet rolled into a tiny ball. The experimental team in Strasbourg led by Guillaume Schull, attached this molecule to the apex of an extremely tiny metal needle of a scanning tunnelling microscope. The molecule-terminated needle was then cautiously approached to individual metallic atoms of different chemical nature up to the formation of a robust connection. By simultaneously measuring the electrical current passing through these connections, they could deduce which of the individual metallic atom is injecting charges to the carbon-made molecule with the greatest efficiency. Large-scale computer simulations performed by the theoretical team in San Sebastian led by Thomas Frederiksen, Ikerbasque Research Professor at the DIPC, revealed a fascinating and unexpected aspect of these extremely tiny connections: their electric and mechanical properties are in fact representative for much larger carbon-based materials. These results, published in the prestigious journal Nature Communications ("Chemical control of electrical contact to sp2 carbon atoms"), set the bases to find extremely efficient contacts in the near future. The study paves the way to probe a great number of different metallic species (as well as tiny alloys made of two or three different metallic atoms), allowing for a systematic classification of their abilities to inject electrons into emerging carbon-based electronic devices.	<urn:uuid:07d48c1a-c448-4925-a90f-80d0f5ebaab2>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology-news/newsid=35232.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320545.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625170634-20170625190634-00690.warc.gz	en	0.928604	571	3.046875	3
Sometimes dog breeds may closely resemble each other making them difficult to tell apart, and the Siberian husky and Alaskan malamute are often two dog breeds that are easily confused. Let’s first take a glance at their similarities: they are both Nordic breeds with a history of pulling sleds, they both have a wolfish appearance, and they are both categorized by American Kennel Club under the working dog group. To untrained eyes, these dogs dog breeds may therefore look quite similar, but once you take a look at them side-by-side, you are more likely to notice their differences. So today’s trivia question is: What is one main difference between the Siberian husky and the Alaskan malamute? A: The Malamute is larger than the Siberian husky B: The Malamute has a double coat while the Siberian husky has a single coat C: The Malamute has blue eyes while the Siberian husky has brown D: The Malamute has a tail that is always carried on the back while the husky always keeps it low The correct answer is…. drum roll please! The correct answer is: A, the Malamute is larger than the Siberian husky. Differences between the Siberian Husky and the Alaskan Malamute On top of being of a different size, there are some other differences between the Siberian husky and the Alaskan malamute that are worthy of pointing out. While it may be difficult telling these two breeds apart when you see one specimen one day and then the other on another day, once you put these two breeds side-by-side the differences among them become much more evident. So first let’s take a look at the main differences and then let’s put them together so that we can have better picture of a Siberian husky vs. an Alaskan Malamute. A Matter of Size One of the most relevant differences between the Siberian Husky and the Alaskan Malamute is size. The Alaskan malamute, the largest of all the arctic sled dogs, is quite massive when we compare the two and there is a good reason for this. While the Siberian husky is built to be quick and light on his feet so to carry light loads at fast speeds, the Alaskan malamute is instead built to be powerful so he can carry large loads at slow speeds and over long distances. Malamutes are therefore not designed for speed, but for endurance which is why there are heavy boned and have a well-muscled body; whereas the Siberian husky is lighter to the extent that any appearance of excessive bone is at risk for being penalized if we look at the Siberian husky breed standard. When looking at numbers, just consider that male Siberian huskies are expected to be 21 to 23½ inches tall at the withers with a weight ranging from 45 to 60 pounds, while the desirable male Alaskan malamutes freighting specimens are expected to be ideally 25 inches at the shoulders with a weight of 85 pounds. Another difference between the Siberian husky and Alaskan malamute is ear carriage. In the Siberian husky, the ears are expected to be triangular in shape with slightly rounded tips and they should be placed close to each other and set high on the head. In the Alaskan malamute the ears are also triangular in shape with slightly rounded tips, but instead of being close to each other, they are set wide apart on the exterior edges of the skull, just lined up with the upper corners of the eyes. According to the American Kennel Club breed standard, when the ears of the Alaskan malamute are kept erect, they give the impression of standing off from the skull. Unlike the husky, high set ears are considered a fault in this breed. Even the eyes in these two dog breeds are quite different. The Siberian husky has almond-shaped eyes that can be brown or blue in color. Both instances are acceptable according to the Siberian husky standard. The Alaskan malamute, on the other hand, is required to have almond eyes as well, but they must be strictly brown, the darker, the better. Contrary to the Siberian husky, in the Alaskan malamute breed having blue eyes is considered a disqualifying fault! Many people rely on the tail the distinguish a Siberian husky from an Alaskan malamute, but if you don’t know exactly what to look for, things can get a tad bit confusing. Some people will say that the malamute’s tail is up over the back and the husky’s tail is down, but both can carry them both ways based on how they feel, so let’s go more into detail. According to the Siberian husky’s standard, the tail should be well furred and of a fox-brush shape. When the husky is calm, it’s carried just below the level of the topline, but when the husky is attentive to something, it’s carried over the back in a graceful sickle curve. In the Alaskan malamute, the tail follows the line of the spine. Unlike the husky, the tail is well furred and is not supposed to be short furred like a fox brush. When the malamute is not working, the tail is carried over the back (but not curled tightly) and has the appearance of a waving plume. A Look at the Coat It’s true that both the Siberian husky and the Alaskan malamute may share some similar coat features, but they also have some differences. The Siberian husky has a double coat that is medium in length, never long, rough or shaggy. All husky coat colors from black to pure white are allowed and there may be a variety of facial markings. Malamutes also have a double coat that should not be long, but they have areas where the coat increases in length such as around the shoulders and neck, down the back, over the rump, on the hindquarters and the tail. When it comes to colors, malamutes may have a coat ranging from light gray to black, sable, and shadings of sable to red. A white blaze on the forehead or a cap over the head is desirable. Because the malamute is mantled, any uneven splashing or broken colors extending over the body is undesirable. An Overall Look As seen, the husky and the malamute are quite similar, but yet so different, especially when you put them side-by-side as in the picture above. And it’s not only looks! Temperament wise, the husky is known for being friendly and outgoing. The fact these dogs aren’t overly suspicious of strangers make them poor candidates as a guard dog. They tend to get along with other dogs and are escape artists. The malamute is also friendly and affectionate, loyal and playful. As this breed matures, it tends to develop a certain dignity. Siberian husky vs Alaskan Malamute Video - American Kennel Club, Alaskan Malamute breed standard, retrieved from the web on April 26th, 2016 - American Kennel Club, Siberian Husky breed standard, retrieved from the web on April 26th, 2016 - Alaskan malamute portrait., by – Own work, GFDL retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaskan_Malamute#/media/File:Alaskan_malamute_Togiak_Sausimayok.jpg - Alaskan Malamute Ch.Windchaser’s The Seventh Son, by – Own work, CC BY 3.0 retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaskan_Malamute#/media/File:Alaskan_Malamute.jpg - Siberian Husky – przykład umaszczenia (samica), by – My dog photos, CC BY-SA 3.0, retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Husky?uselang=ja#/media/File:Siberian_Husky_-_fot._Kamil_Korbik_2007.jpg - Black and White Siberian Husky by – self-made, GFDL, retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Husky#/media/File:Siberian-husky.jpg Share Your Comments	<urn:uuid:8449358b-64a2-4251-ab94-4a9320a6743f>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://dogdiscoveries.com/difference-between-a-siberian-husky-and-an-alaskan-malamute/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321306.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627083142-20170627103142-00130.warc.gz	en	0.93256	1,823	2.578125	3
Food scientists at the University of British Columbia have been able to pinpoint more of the complex chemistry behind coffee’s much touted antioxidant benefits, tracing valuable compounds to the roasting process. Lead author Yazheng Liu and co-author Prof. David Kitts found that the prevailing antioxidants present in dark roasted coffee brew extracts result from the green beans being browned under high temperatures. Their findings will appear in a forthcoming issue of the journal Food Research International. Liu and Kitts analyzed the complex mixture of chemical compounds produced during the bean’s browning process, called the “Maillard reaction.” The term refers to the work by French chemist Louis-Camille Maillard who in the 1900s looked at how heat affects the carbohydrates, sugars and proteins in food, such as when grilling steaks or toasting bread. Antioxidants aid in removing free radicals, the end products of metabolism which have been linked to the aging process. “Previous studies suggested that antioxidants in coffee could be traced to caffeine or the chlorogenic acid found in green coffee beans, but our results clearly show that the Maillard reaction is the main source of antioxidants,” says Liu, an MSc student in the Faculty of Land and Food Systems (LFS). “We found, for example, that coffee beans lose 90 per cent of their chlorogenic acid during the roasting process,” says Kitts, LFS food science professor and director of the Food, Nutrition and Health program. The UBC study sheds light on an area of research that has yielded largely inconsistent findings. While some scientists report increased antioxidant activity in coffee made from dark roasted beans, others found a decrease. Yet other theories insist that medium roast coffees yield the highest level of antioxidant activity.	<urn:uuid:42af8614-1c45-449f-8f5a-4fa15a92291b>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://news.ubc.ca/2011/02/02/roasting-coffee-beans-a-dark-brown-produces-valued-antioxidants-ubc-food-scientists/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322320.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628032529-20170628052529-00210.warc.gz	en	0.934111	365	3.375	3
Email sign ✉ People has been sending mails since many centuries ago. But now allmost any mail is sent by electronic way. We can see this mail symbol in any mail client, in our phone's messages menu, and on post offices. This sign is popular computer symbol that people had been texting from the times when Unicode encoding was developed. What mail sign mean Mail, is a system for transporting letters and other tangible objects: written documents, typically enclosed in envelopes, and also small packages are delivered to destinations around the world. Anything sent through the postal system is called mail or post. A postal service can be private or public, though many governments place restrictions on private systems. Since the mid-19th century national postal systems have generally been established as government monopolies with a fee on the article prepaid. Proof of payment is often in the form of adhesive postage stamps, but postage meters are also used for bulk mailing. Postal authorities often have functions other than transporting letters. In some countries, a Postal Telegraph and Telephone (PTT) service oversees the postal system as well as having authority over telephone and telegraph systems. Some countries' postal systems allow for savings accounts and handle applications for passports. How to input email symbol Choose your system and find out.Windows Configure your keyboard layout in Windows so that you can type all additional symbols you want as easy as any other text. Takes about 5-10 minutes to set things up, but you'll be typing like a boss. You can assign email symbol and any other text characters to your keyboard using this technique. CharMap allows you to view and use all characters and symbols available in all fonts (some examples of fonts are "Arial", "Times New Roman", "Webdings") installed on your computer. You can input email symbol using it. Emoji on iOS (iPhone, iPad and iPod touch) Character Palette allows you to view and use all characters and symbols, including email, available in all fonts (some examples of fonts are "Arial", "Times New Roman", "Webdings") installed on your computer. \|Unicode hex code\|\|Symbol\| Character map allows you to view and use all characters and symbols available in all fonts (some examples of fonts are "Arial", "Times New Roman", "Webdings") installed on your computer. It can also help you lookup Unicode codes for entering symbols with keyboard. \|HTML entity\|\|JS entity\|\|Symbol\|	<urn:uuid:59b1796e-114d-4190-b0f1-0c61e41bacf1>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://fsymbols.com/signs/email/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323807.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628222452-20170629002452-00290.warc.gz	en	0.910365	511	2.96875	3
An injunction is a judicial remedy by which a person is ordered to refrain from doing or todo a particular act or thing. It is a remedy of equitable nature not available in common law. Injunctioncan be granted as a decree on adjudication of a suit. It can also be granted during the pendency ofsuit when it is called a temporary injunction. The power to grant an injunction during the pendencyof a suit without finally adjudicating the rights of the parties thereto flows from the provisions ofSec.94 of the Civil Procedure Code. From the opening words of Sec.94 of the Civil ProcedureCode it is amply clear that such powers are given to prevent the ends of justice from being defeated.Hence, if there is any apprehension that the defendant may by his action change a state of things inrespect of the subject matter of dispute in such a way that a decree eventually passed would becomemeaningless or ineffective or difficult to execute the Court can exercise the power of granting aninjunction to prevent such an intended on apprehended action. For example In a case of specificperformance of agreement to sell an immoveable property or a suit for redemption/foreclosure ofmortgage, the court may restrain alienation of the property during the pendency of the suit by exercisingthe power to grant temporary injunction. The detailed instructions regarding temporary injunction are available in Order 39 of theCivil Procedure Court. A temporary injunction is of two types. The one which is granted even whenan application for temporary injunction has not been decided and it operates till the disposal of suchoperationis called ad interim injunction. It may be confirmed or vacated or modified when theapplication for temporary injunction is decided. There are three well known basic principles for seeking/granting an order U/O 39 rules 1 C.P.C., They are: 1. Prima facie case; 2. Balance of Convenience; 3. Irreparable damage; The foremost of these principles is prima facie case. The concept of a prima facie caseneeds to be clearly understood. Generally speaking prima facie case means a good case. That is to say that the case on first sight appears good on merit and a good case to go in for trial. A primafacie case implies the probability of the plaintiff obtaining relief on the material placed before thecourt. As explained by the high court of Kolkatta in AIR 1997 Cal 67 in examining the prima faciecase the court is called upon to see whether the party who has approached to court has a plausible case and whether there is a possibility of such a case succeeding at a trial. Therefore, the case of the plaintiff should be free of any technical flaws and also have meritin it. The technical aspects like jurisdiction, maintainability, limitation, court fees etc. come up forexamination before any order for exemption is granted. Therefore, the lawyer who drafts a suitexpecting a temporary injunction at the interlocutary state must take care of all these aspects. It isnecessary now to take a look at these aspects individually. JURISDICTION OF CIVIL COURT A very wide jurisdiction has been conferred on the civil courts by Section 9 of the CivilProcedure Code. But in certain matters the jurisdiction of the civil courts is barred.Section 9 CPC says. “Sec.9 – Courts to try all civil suits unless barred. The courts shall subject to the provisions herein contained have the jurisdiction to try all suitsof civil nature excepting suits of which their cognizance is either expressly or impliedly barred.” An action which can be brought under the Industrial Disputes Act in the Labour Courts orIndustrial Tribunals cannot be brought before the civil courts as the jurisdiction of the civil courts areimpliedly barred by the enactment of the Industrial Disputes Act. Some other enactments that specifically or by implication bar the jurisdiction of the CivilCourt are land reform laws, the Land Acquisition Act, certain rent control legislations like the DelhiRent Control Act, certain Municipal Acts like the Punjab Municipal Act, the Municipal Corporationof Delhi Act etc. Hence the lawyer filing a civil suit will do well to examine the competence of thecourt where he is going to file his case. In case the jurisdiction of the civil court is barred, the lawyerhas to find out what is the appropriate forum where the intended action can be filed and what arethe procedural aspects of such forum. Section 15 to 21 give us the provisions governing the territorial jurisdiction of the courts.The objection to jurisdiction can be raised at the earliest possible opportunity and no objection to the jurisdiction of the court can be raised at the appellate on revisional stage. PROVISIONS OF ORDER 7 OF THE CIVIL At this stage it is necessary to draw the attention of the young lawyers to the provisions of Order VII of the Civil Procedure Code. Order VII rule 1 C.P.C. provides, inter alia that theplaintiff must state the facts constituting the cause of action and when it arose, the facts showing thatthe court has the jurisdiction and the value of the subject matter of the suit for the purpose of courtfee and jurisdiction. The failure to mention these facts may lead to rejection of the plaint. u/o 7 rule11 C.P.C. or return of the plaint u/o 7 rule10 C.P.C. The question of limitation is something that has to be examined at the very initial stage. If the plaint is liable to be rejected for the want of the mandatory pleadings, no temporary injunction canbe sought. If the suit is clearly barred by time, the same can be dismissed. If the suit is prima faciebarred by limitation, the plaintiff cannot claim to have a prima facie case in his favour. Limitation has to be computed from the date of cause of action. In case the Plaintiff pleads the extension of limitation for any reason the same has to be specifically pleaded. The documents insupport should also be in place. In case the plaintiff claims the cause of action to have arisen fromthe date of knowledge of an event the lawyer should take care to mention how the plaintiff obtainedthat knowledge. Appropriate court fee should be paid before seeking an injunction. However in a case of an indigent person, the counsel may pray for certain reliefs even before paying the court-fee. Thecounsel is well advised to cite the specific law and rulings on the point, when such a prayer is made. Pleadings should be sufficient to make out a prima facie strong and probable case. Although 181the court cannot, at the inter-locutory stage, give a finding on merits and may proceed on the basisof documents, the court will be vigilant in weighing the respective cases of the parties. Therefore, thecase should not be an inprobable one and the events leading to the cause of action should appear tobe natural. The rules of pleadings have to be followed. For exampleIf fraud is pleaded details of howthe fraud was committed should also be specifically pleaded as provided in order 6 of the Code ofCivil Procedure. Similarly if the case is based on contract the contract should be a valid and subsistingcontract. If the contract is a written contract it should be ascertained that the document is written onan appropriate stamp paper. Similarly the questions of registration, authentication and execution etc.have to be examined. If the suit is for a specific performance of a contract it is necessary to plead that the plaintiff has always been ready and willing to perform the contract. The plaintiff should also plead instancesto show the readiness of the plaintiff. It has to be remembered that grant of equitable relief isgoverned by the specific relief act. Therefore, the provision of the Specific Relief Act has to be keptin view while praying for temporary injunction. Sec.41 of the Specific Relief Act bars grant ofinjunction in certain situations. Those provisions will also apply for temporary injunctions. BALANCE OF CONVENIENCE Balance of convenience is an important consideration at this stage. Since the relief of interim injunction is an equitable relief, the court shall also consider whether the comparative mischief orinconvenience which is likely to ensue from withholding the injunction will be greater than that whichis likely to arise from granting it, which means that the balance of convenience is in favour of theplaintiff seeking injunction ( DorabCawasji Warden V/s Coomesorab Warden (1990) 2 Sec 117). Irreparable damage does not mean that the damage can never by repaired. It only meansthat the damage caused cannot be adequately compensated by money. Sometimes, in law,compensation may be available, but in a given case it may be difficult or well-nigh impossible torecover such damage. Such cases may be considered as cases of irreparable damage. AD INTERIM INJUNCTION &PROVISIONS OF ORDER 39 RULE 3 CPC Grant of an ex-parte order of an interim injunction is not a rule but an exception. Order 39 Rule3 directs that the court shall issue a notice to the Defendent before granting an injunction. It isonly by way of exception that it is provided that where it appears that the object of granting injunctionwould be defeated by the delay that an ex-parte injunction can be issued. It is further provided thatif the court proceeds to grant an injunction without giving notice of the application to the oppositeparty the court shall record its reason for its opinion that the object of granting injunction would bedefeated by delay. In all such situations where an ex-parte injunction is issued the court has to require theplaintiff to deliver to the Respondent or to send to him by Registered Post a copy of the application for injunction together with a copy of the application filed in support of the application, a copy ofplaint and copies of documents on which the plaintiff relies and to file an affidavit on the day followingthe grant of injunction that the copies mentioned by have been so delivered. While issuing an interim ex-parte injunction the court is expected to examine the following aspects: The drafting lawyer should remember that the principles of grant of equitable relief will haveto be followed by the plaintiff and accordingly all the conditions mentioned above should be completelycomplied with. INTERIM INJUNCTION IN A MANDATORY FORM Grant of a mandatory injunction is permissible under order 39 of CPC. However, courtsare generally very slow in granting this kind of relief. Instances where such reliefs are granted areactually very rare. If the court is called upon to grant a relief on any interlocutory application, whichwhen granted would mean granting substantially the relief claimed in suit the court, will be slow andcircumspect in the matter of granting such prayer. Temporary mandatory injunction can be grantedonly in rare cases where there are compelling circumstances and where the injury complained of isimmediate and pressing and is likely to cause extreme hardship. No interim mandatory injunctioncan be granted if such an injunction means decreeing the suit (AIR 2005 SC 1444). When a mandatory injunction is issued the court has to expeditiously decide the applicationduring the pendency of which such an order is made. At times an injunction may appear to the refrain dependents but in effect mandates the defendant to do some task the court should be careful in granting such injunctions and examine allthe pros and cons of the consequences of passing such an order. An appeal lies from an order refusing as well as from one granting temporary injunction. Anorder under Rule 1, Rule 2, Rule 2A, Rule 4, or Rule 10 of Order 39 is appealable under theprovisions of Order 43 Rule 1(r) of the CPC. Order 39 Rule 3 requires the court to issue notice of the application for injunction to theopposite party before granting any injunction. It is only in the case where it appears that object ofgranting the injunction would be defeated by the delay that an injunction can be issued before anotice is served on the respondent. When an ex parte order of injunction is issued pending notice tothe defendant and final hearing of the application under Order 39, the order becomes an appealableorder under Order 43 Rule 1 (r) of CPC. When only a notice is issued without granting an order ofinjunction, the same does not become appealable. Where the ex parte injunction order is issued, the remedy of seeking discharge or settingaside or varying that order of injunction is available with the defendant under Order 39 Rule 4 CPC. This remedy is available in addition to the remedy of an appeal. The defendant may opt for any ofthe two reliefs. A second appeal is barred as per the provision of Section 104 (2) of the CPC. The partyaggrieved by the order of the appellate court can approach the High Court by way of a civil revisionpetition. DISOBEDIENCE OR BREACH OF AN ORDER OF INJUNCTION &ENFORCEMENT The remedy of violation of an injunction order is provided in Order 39 Rule 2A. The courtissuing the injunction may order the person guilty of disobedience or breach to be detailed in civilprison for three months or may order attachment of his property. This is the appropriate remedy. No action under the Contempt of Courts Act is called for, nor is such action appropriate. Thepunishment under order 39 rule 2A is primarily to indicate the dignity of court and to elicit respectand submission for administration of justice. Police protection is also available to the party in whosefavour an order of injunction is passed whether at an interim exparte stage or later an order oftemporary injunction when the application for injunction is disposed off. Mere possession, however long, does not necessarily mean that it is adverse to the trueowner. Adverse possession really means hostile possession, which is expressly or impliedly in denialof the title of the true owner. In order to constitute adverse possession, the possession proved mustbe adequate in continuity, in publicity and in extent so as to show that it is adverse to the true owner.The classical requirements of acquisition of title by adverse possession are that such possession indenial of the true owner’s title must be peaceful, open and continuous. The possession must be openand hostile enough to be capable of being known by the parties interested in the property though itis not necessary that the adverse possessior actually informs the real owner of his adverse hostileaction(T.Anjanappa V/s Somalingappa (2006) 7 SCC 570). The Hon’ble Supreme Court dealt with the concept of possessory rights and the pleadingsrequired to establish a right to continue in possession.In A Shanmugam V/s AryiaKhatriyaRajakulaVamsathuMadalayaNandhavanaParipalanaiSangam (2012) 6 SCC 430 (paras 67 to 71-pages “67. In an action for recovery of possession of immovable property, or for protectingpossession thereof, upon the legal title to the property being established, the possessionor occupation of the property by a person other than the holder of the legal title willbe presumed to have been under and in subordination to the legal title, and it will befor the person resisting a claim for recovery of possession or claiming a right to continuein possession, to establish that he has such a right. To put it differently, whereverpleadings and documents establish title to a particular property and possession is inquestion, it will be for the person in possession to give sufficiently detailed pleadings,particulars and documents to support his claim in order to continue in possession. 68. In order to do justice, it is necessary to direct the parties to give all details of pleadingswith particulars. Once the title is prima facie established, it is for the person who isresisting the title-holder’s claim to possession to plead with sufficient particularity onthe basis of his claim to remain in possession and place before the court all suchdocuments as in the ordinary course of human affairs are expected to be there. Onlyif the pleadings are sufficient, would an issue be struck and the matter sent to trial,where the onus will be on him to prove the averred facts and documents. 69. The person averring a right to continue in possession shall, as far as possible, give a detailed particularized specific pleading along with documents to support his claim184and details of subsequent conduct which establish his possession. 70. It would be imperative that one who claims possession must give all such details asenumerated hereunder. They are only illustrative and not exhaustive: (a) who is or are the owner or owners of the property; (b) title of the property; (c) who is in possession of the title documents; (d) identity of the claimant or claimants to possession; (e) the date of entry into possession; (f) how he came into possession—whether he purchased the property or inheritedor got the same in gift or by any other method; (g) in case he purchased the property, what is the consideration; if he has taken iton rent, how much is the rent, licence fee or lease amount; (h) if taken on rent, licence fee or lease—then insist on rent deed, licence deed or lease deed; (i) who are the persons in possession/occupation or otherwise living with him, inwhat capacity; as family members, friends or serants, etc: (j) subsequent conduct i.e. any event which might have extinguished his entitlementto possession or caused shift therein; and (k) basis of his claim that not to deliver possession but continue in possession. 71. Apart from these pleadings, the court must insist on documentary proof in support ofthe pleadings. All those documents would be relevant which come into existence afterthe transfer of title or possession or the encumbrance as is claimed. While dealingwith the civil suits, at the threshold, the court must carefully and critically examinethe pleadings and documents.” In this context one has to read also the forerunner to this advice which is available in thecase Maria Margarida SequeiraFernandes vs. Erasma Jack de Sequeira(2012)5 SCC.370the relevant portion is which is as under: “Experience has shown that all kinds of pleadings are introduced and even false andfabricated documents are filed in civil cases because there is an inherent profit incontinuation of possession. In a large number of cases,honest litigants suffer anddishonest litigants get undue benefit by grant or refusal of an injunction because theCourts do not critically examine pleadings anddocuments on record. Incase whilegranting or refusing injunction, the Court properly considers pleadings and documentsand takes the pragmatic view and grants appropriate mesne profit, then the inherentinterest to continue frivolous litigation by unscrupulous litigants would be reduced toa large extent.” Will is document of inheritance. It operates after the death of the executant or the testator. It is the last will that operates. Any previous will, though registered cannot be given effect to. It ishowever, necessary that the will set up by the plaintiff satisfies the condition of a valid will viz.intelligent execution, attestation by the two witnesses and the testator signing in presence of the twowitnesses. Section 59 of the Indian Succession Act-provides that every person of sound mind notbeing a minor may dispose of his property by will. A woman is not disqualified from making a will. If a woman possesses property which she can alienate, she can dispose of the property by her will. Section 61 of the Indian Succession Act speaks of fraud, coercion or importunity in makinga will. The principle laid down is that a will or any part of a will, the making of which has beencaused by fraud or coercion, or by such importunity as takes away the free agency of the testator isvoid. Sec 62 of the Indian Succession Act clearly lays down that a will is liable to be revoked or altered by the maker of it at any time when he is competent to dispose of his property by will. The mode of making a will is provided in section 63 of the Act as under:- (a) The testator shall sign or shall affix his mark to the will. (b) The signature or the mark of the testator shall be so placed that it shall appear that it was intended thereby to give effect to the writing as a will. (c) The will shall be attested by two or more witnesses, each of whom has seen thetestator sign or affix his mark to the will or has received from the testator a personalacknowledgement of his signature or mark but it shall not be necessary that morethan one witness be present at the same time. As for proof of a will reference can be made to section 68 of the Evidence Act. At least one attesting witness has to be produced in the witness box to prove the execution and attestation of thewill unless, however, none of the attesting witnesses are alive or they are not subject to the processof the court. If the will is registered, the sub-registrar can be an attesting witnesses if the executantacknowledged before him the signature on the will (AIR 2005 SC 4362-Pentakota SatyanarayanaV/s. PentakotaSeetharatham) RIGHT OF A CO-SHARER When a co-sharer in a property wants to assert his right in respect of the property, the best efficacious relief is partition. However, if one of the co-sharer wants to sell his undivided share, theother co-sharer has a right of pre-emption. Care should be taken to check the provisions of the CourtFee Act, 1870 as well as of the Suit Valuation Act, 1887 while going in for a suit for partition. VALUATION FOR COURT FEE AND JURISDICTION The partition suit fall in two categories viz. (i) in which the plaintiff has been ousted frompossession and; (ii) in which he is in the joint possession.So far as the first category is concerned, the plaintiff has to claim possession of the propertyand he has to value the suit for the purpose of Court Fee under Section 7(v) of the Court Fee Act onthe market value of the share in the property. When the plaintiff is in the joint possession, the court feewill be paid as per Section 7(iv) (b) of the Court Fee Act. So far as valuation of the suit is concerned,the filing lawyer should refer inter-alia to Section 9 of the Suit Valuation Act, 1887. The High Courtshave been empowered by Section 9 to issue directions about valuation of suit in certain cases. The High Court of Punjab framed rules under this Section providing that value of the suit for the purposes of Suit Valuation Act, 1887 and Punjab Courts Act 1918, shall be the value of the wholeof the property as determined by Section 3, 8 & 9 of the Suit Valuation Act, 1887. The same rules were extended to Delhi w.e.f. 01.08.1959. The filing lawyer will, therefore,examine the position in his own State in determining the value of the suit so that the suit is filed beforethe Court having pecuniary jurisdiction over the subject matter of the suit. Justice Manju Goel (Retd.)	<urn:uuid:2b5ebfd8-d056-450d-a50d-59c73ab85ad9>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://judicialacademy.nic.in/index.php?option=article&id=80&ItemId=136&type=top	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323807.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628222452-20170629002452-00290.warc.gz	en	0.938211	4,937	2.65625	3
Author : Touitou David, 2001 Updated : 03 March 2016 I had the chance to observe many Conus regius Gmelin, 1791 & Conus cedonulli Linnaeus, 1767 in my aquarium and manage to find out what this shells feed on. Conus regius and Conus cedonulli (Grenadines Islands) are both worm killers. They both feed on the carribean "fire worm" Hermodice carunculata (picture below). The worms have usually three different colors : gree, orange or red. This could partially explain the many variations in color of Conus regius. I kept in my small aquarium Conus regius, Conus regius f. citrinus and one specimen of Conus cedonulli I brang back from Union Island down in the Grenadines (read the entire article here). They all have same strategy. They are during day time much less active than during night time but they can hunt, catch and feed during day time. Usually the shells are partially burrowed or just laying in the sand. Then the shell start to extend his foot and then you can see the entire animal. But it does not move. The syphon is very active. Fire worm is a very active species wich may turn around the aquarium for some minutes before finding a hiding place. They never care about the shells and passed by or crossed them !! The worm usually escape but neevr stops very far though. Sometimes the shell would hit it a second time. I could observe several shells trying to eat the same worm. But I never noticed a Conus feeding on a dead worm or a part of a dead worm. They really need to feed on live worms. Here are some pictures showing how they hunt, stun and feed : Here we are, a fire worm passing by a ready to hunt Conus regius : The worm have been hit : The specimen next to our hunter seems kind of "afraid" to see the other one extending is lethal weapon : This time for Conus cedonulli had to move toward his victim and gave a shot : Here are some pictures showing cone shells while feeding : Incredible : Conus cedonulli and Conus regius f. citrinus feeding on the same worm… Some more pictures of these shells :	<urn:uuid:543bed44-c4a1-4659-afb0-ce6ea7e3b449>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://wp.seashell-collector.com/articles/general-articles/conus-regius-conus-cedonulli-feedings-habits/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323807.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628222452-20170629002452-00290.warc.gz	en	0.946216	501	2.609375	3
Bowls is a sport that is played and followed by millions throughout the world. It is a game of skill and precision rather than physical fitness and has therefore often been associated as a game for the older generation. However, many of the upcoming champions are becoming increasingly younger and the sport has spent recent years making its competitions quicker and more colourful to encourage followers. Bowls can be played indoors or outdoors, and the rules are the same for both. Put simply, the aim of the game is to get your bowls as close as possible to a small white ball called the 'jack'. In the singles competition, one of the two opponents flips a coin and begins a segment of the competition by placing the mat and rolling the jack to the other end of the green to serve as a target. Once it has come to rest, the jack is aligned to the canter of the rink and the players take turns to roll their bowls from the mat towards the jack. When all the bowls have been played, a competitor or team gets one point for each of their bowls that is closer to the jack than the opponent's closest bowl. After all the bowls have been played, the direction is reversed which signals the end of an end. In group games, the team captain always plays last and has a key role in directing the team's shots and tactics. Although it sounds easy, the fact that the bowls are not completely round and do not therefore travel in a straight line, means there is a great level of skill and tactics involved to win a match. The game of Bowls has a distinctive history, dating all the way back to the Egyptians. Based on artefacts found in tombs dating circa 5,000 B.C, it appears that the Egyptians used to enjoy playing a version of skittles using round stones. Different versions of this form of game then spread throughout the world and can be seen in the many types of bowls games played today. In Italy the game Bocce developed, which is a precision sport closely related to bowls with a common ancestry from ancient games played in the Roman Empire. In France the famous game of Boules arose from Bowls. This is a game that is played using metal balls, often on unusual and challenging terrain such as sand. The aim of the game is to get your large, heavy balls as close as possible to the small, white 'jack'. The traditional game of bowls, also known as lawn bowls or lawn bowling, has particularly developed popularity throughout England, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and more recently, Denmark. The oldest recorded bowls green is in Southampton, England, which dates back to 1299. There are also many famous bowling fans throughout English history. Perhaps one of the most infamous in bowls folklore is Sir Francis Drake who, according to legend, insisted on completing his game of bowls in Plymouth before setting sail to confront the Spanish Armada in 1588. King Henry VIII and King James I were also said to be keen lawn bowlers and even introduced bowling legislation for their subjects! In 1903, the English Bowling Association was officially founded and began to organise and direct clubs and competitions. Previously competitions had always taken place but for the first time an extensive league and organised contests sprang up. Indoor variations of the bowls game also appeared, largely due to the problem of the English winter stopping outdoor play. Indoor Bowls is simply the indoor version of Lawn Bowls, which is played on strips of artificial green a similar length to Lawn Bowls rinks. All versions of the sport have now grown enormously and there is a wealth of leagues, clubs, amateur and professional bowling leagues and competitions throughout the world. World Bowls grew out of the Commonwealth Games when it was first held 70 years ago (then known as the Empire Games). It was originally intended that only athletics would form part of the games but bowlers successfully convinced the organisers to have bowling included and it has been played at the games ever since. Top stars from both indoor and outdoor formats now come together to play lawn bowls at the Commonwealth Games. One of the largest bowling event organisers today, is the World Bowls Tour (WBT) - a limited company formed in September 1996 by the Professional Bowls Association, and the two major governing bodies for world flat green bowls, World Bowls Ltd and the World Indoor Bowls Council (WIBC). The primary object of WBT is to set up a series of premier bowls events at which the top players in the world can play. One of the most exciting competitions in the UK World Bowls Tour calendar is the World Indoor Bowls Championships that take place at Potters Leisure Resort in Hopton, Norfolk. The event has been hosted at Potters for the last eight years (since 1999) and 2007 will see the event take place there once again for the ninth year running. As on other previous years, 2007 will see professional players come together from throughout the world, to take part in televised matches including singles, pairs and mixed pairs. The World Indoor Bowls championships take place at Potters Leisure Resort (more details can be found at pottersholidays.com)Author: Peter Joyner who regularly writes for http://www.pottersholidays.com	<urn:uuid:783ea9d9-c83d-4239-86f6-090b43721f37>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.ezilon.com/articles/articles/3311/1/World-Bowls--A-History	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323807.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628222452-20170629002452-00290.warc.gz	en	0.97598	1,075	2.796875	3
The derivative of ln(2x) is 1/x. This is due to the rules of derived logarithmic expressions, which state that the derivative of ln(ax), where "a" is any real number, is equal to 1/x.Continue Reading In order to prove the derivation of ln(ax), substitution and various derivatives need to be taken. For the sake of proof, let a = 1. Therefore, ln(ax) can be rewritten as ln(x). It is also necessary to use the function e^x, which is the inverse function of ln(x). According to the laws of inverse functions, when inverse functions are applied to one another, they cancel one another out. Therefore, e^ln(x) is equal to x. Since this function is somewhat long, it can be simplified by setting y equal to ln(x). This allows e^ln(x) to be rewritten as e^y. This function can now be differentiated. Taking the derivative of e^y is written as dy/dx e^y, which is equivalent to dy/dx x. By the Power Rule, the derivative of x is 1. Therefore dy/dx x = 1. Dividing by x on both sides yields dy/dx = 1/x. However, this can be further simplified, since y was previously set to equal ln(x). Therefore, d/dx ln(x) = 1/x. This proof is semi-complicated since it uses multiple rules and Implicit differentiation. A simpler way to understand this may be to view a graph of ln(x) and 1/x. A graphical representation will show how 1/x is the derivative of ln(ax).Learn more about Algebra	<urn:uuid:dc095e2b-3062-4df7-8a41-e6edee689018>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://www.reference.com/math/derivative-ln-2x-76ed1a1621991350	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323807.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628222452-20170629002452-00290.warc.gz	en	0.941124	372	3.890625	4
Staunton, February 28 – Many Russians assume that if a non-Russian stops speaking his own language and uses only Russian that such an individual is well on his way to re-identifying as a Russian. But that is not the case, and many Russian-speaking members of non-Russian nationalities remain closely attached to their non-Russian ethnic identity. Indeed, just as the Irish did not become Irish nationalists until they stopped speaking Gaelic and just as Indian nationalism took off when the leaders of its many ethnic groups began speaking English, many non-Russians who no longer speak their own language are among the most passionately interested in their nations and their national history. And thus it may even be the case that some members of a nationality who lose their native language and speak only Russian may be in a better position to defend their nations against Russian imperialism and the threat of national extinction than are those who speak only the national languages. Consequently, it is a mistake for either Moscow officials or Western observers to think that the Russian language is so powerful that it can by itself transform the identities of non-Russians who go over to speaking it. In fact, it may have just the opposite effect and lead to more nationalism rather than less. Rabit Batulla, a Kazan Tatar commentator, even goes so far as to declare that “the fate of the Tatar nation is not in the hands [of those who speak only Tatar and loudly proclaim today their Tatarness] but rather in the hands of Russian-speaking Tatars” (tatar-tribun.ru/kultur-multur/obrusevshie-ili-zhe-russkoyazychnye.html). “Among Russian-speaking Tatars, there are many who are vitally interested in the past, present and future of the Tatar people. Typically such Tatars have European or Russian first names and Tatar family names.” But in almost all cases, they are proud of their Tatar background and consider themselves Tatars. One of them told him, Batulla continues, that while he may speak Russian, he is “not Russified,” but instead “a Russian-language Tatar.” And he insists that “language is not the main component of the definition of the nation, and not religion forms the basis of the nation. Instead, knowledge, science and national character form the history and face of the Tatar people.” “If knowledge is absent, then history disappears,” Batulla’s interlocutor continues; and “those who have [only] Tatar, often are illiterate” and thus not capable of preserving and promoting their national identity. But Russian-speaking Tatars like himself, he says, “are saving the history of the Tatars by sacrificing their native language and Islam. At the foundation of a bright future of the Tatar nation lies its national character.” Anyone who doubts that should look at the history of the Jews since ancient times. “For centuries,” he says, “Jews were forced to move around the world, they were driven out from everywhere, they were persecuted, they were killed in large numbers and finally they settled in Russia. They forgot their native language and were transformed into Russian-speaking Jews. They even in fact began to forget the religion of their forefathers.” “But,” he continues, “the Jews preserved their national character” despite that. Those Tatar nationalists who denounce Russian-speaking Tatars should remember this and remember as well that Russian-speaking Tatars are often more effective defenders of the Tatar nation than are Tatar-speaking Tatars. To be sure, “overt and covert assimilation of Tatars is taking place. Many of them are being russified. But [Russian-speaking Tatars] are not.” Instead, they “love and study Tatar history.” No one is going to be able to stop the spread of Russian. “That train has left the station. And there is no way back.” Insstead, “there remains only one single path, the path of the Russian-speaking Tatars.” And because that is so, all Tatars must view Russian-speaking Tatars not as the enemy but as a key component in the formation of a new Tatar nation. In some ways, it might be better if this were not the case; but this is the best strategy for the future. Failing to remain united regardless of language only pours “water on the mill of anti-Tatar forces” and allows them to successfully pursue their “divide and conquer” strategy. And to promote such unity, he calls for establishing in each region “a society of young Russian-speaking Tatar intellectuals and to invite to join it successful Tatar businessmen."	<urn:uuid:92c3cc55-85ad-4a47-a602-0b66b49bce53>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://windowoneurasia2.blogspot.fr/2016/02/russianization-doesnt-equal.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319575.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622135404-20170622155404-00569.warc.gz	en	0.974417	1,032	2.578125	3
Emotion and Imagination Recent years have seen an enormous amount of philosophical research into the emotions and the imagination, but as yet little work has been done to connect the two. In his engaging and highly original new book, Adam Morton shows that all emotions require some form of imagination and goes on to fully explore the link between these two important concepts both within philosophy and in everyday life. We may take it for granted that complex emotions, such as hope and resentment, require a rich thinking and an engagement with the imagination, but Morton shows how more basic and responsive emotions such as fear and anger also require us to take account of possibilities and opportunities beyond the immediate situation. Interweaving a powerful tapestry of subtle argument with vivid detail, the book highlights that many emotions, more than we tend to suppose, require us to imagine a situation from a particular point of view and that this in itself can be the source of further emotional feeling. Morton goes on to demonstrate the important role that emotions play in our moral lives, throwing light on emotions such as self-respect, disapproval, and remorse, and the price we pay for having them. He explores the intricate nature of moral emotions and the challenges we face when integrating our thinking on morality and the emotions. This compelling and thought-provoking new book challenges many assumptions about the nature of emotion and imagination and will appeal to anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the role that these concepts play in our lives. The book also has far reaching implications that will spark debate amongst scholars and students for some time to come.	<urn:uuid:93412ea6-b0a4-43dc-bd2c-a5a0619aeaaa>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.pandora.com.tr/urun/emotion-and-imagination/409793	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320057.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623114917-20170623134917-00009.warc.gz	en	0.954002	313	2.984375	3
Yellow fever is an acute viral infectious disease that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Though many cases of yellow fever are mild and self-limiting, yellow fever can also be a life-threatening disease causing hemorrhagic fever and hepatitis (hence the term "yellow" from the jaundice it can cause). This viral disease occurs in tropical areas of Africa and South America, and each year there are an estimated 200,000 cases of yellow fever worldwide, leading to approximately 30,000 deaths. An increase in the number of cases of yellow fever in the last few decades has led to campaigns aimed at improving public awareness and disease prevention for this re-emerging infectious disease. Yellow fever is thought to have originated in Africa and was likely brought to the Americas on ships during the slave trade. Several significant yellow fever outbreaks have occurred throughout history, with the first documented outbreak occurring in the Yucatan peninsula during the 17th century. During the late 18th century, a severe yellow fever outbreak struck New England and several North American port cities. The city of Philadelphia is though to have lost about one-tenth of its population during the 1793 yellow fever epidemic, causing many notable figures in American politics to flee the city. The last major yellow fever outbreak in North America occurred in New Orleans in 1905. The theory that yellow fever is transmitted by a mosquito was first introduced by a Cuban physician, Dr. Carlos Finlay, in the late 19th century. It was not until 1900, using earlier research from Dr. Finlay as a foundation, that U.S. Army Major Dr. Walter Reed and his team proved that yellow fever was in fact transmitted by mosquitoes. This groundbreaking idea was instrumental in leading to the subsequent control of yellow fever in various regions. The virus responsible for yellow fever was later isolated in the late 1920s, and this breakthrough discovery allowed Max Theiler to later develop the firstvaccine against yellow fever in the 1930s. This successful vaccine helped control and eliminate yellow fever from various countries in Africa and South America during the mid 20th century. After infection with the yellow fever virus, many individuals will experience no clinically apparent manifestations of the disease (asymptomatic), while others will go on to develop a mild, self-limiting flu-like illness characterized by the following symptoms and signs: Most patients with this initial acute phase of the disease improve after approximately three to four days. However, 15% of patients may enter a second phase of the disease which typically appears after a short remission of symptoms (about 24 hours) from the initial phase of the illness. This toxic phase of the disease is more severe, at which time the high fever returns and more organ systems become involved. In addition to the above symptoms, the following symptoms and signs may also develop: - abdominal pain, - bleeding from the gums, nose, eyes, and/or stomach, - blood in the stool (black stool) and blood in the vomit (black vomit), - easy bruising of the skin, - kidney failure, Yellow fever is caused by a virus. The yellow fever virus is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Flavivirus genus. After transmission of the virus occurs, it replicates in regional lymph nodes and subsequently spreads via the bloodstream. This widespread dissemination can affect the bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, kidneys, and liver, in addition to other organs. Tissue damage to the liver, for example, can lead to jaundice and disrupt the body's blood-clotting mechanism, leading to the hemorrhagic complications sometimes seen with yellow fever. There is no specific curative treatment for yellow fever. Treatment is supportive and aimed at relieving the symptoms of the disease, including the pain and fever. As previously mentioned, the majority of patients who develop symptoms from yellow fever will experience a mild course of illness which will resolve on its own within three to four days. Supportive measures implemented depend on the severity of the disease, and may include: - oxygen administration, - intravenous fluid administration for dehydration, - medications to increase blood pressure in cases of circulatory collapse, - transfusion of blood products in cases of severe bleeding, - antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections, - dialysis for kidney failure, - endotracheal intubation (placement of a breathing tube) and mechanical ventilation in cases of respiratory distress. Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be avoided because of the increased risk of bleeding. For the first few days of illness, infected individuals should also be isolated indoors and/or under mosquito netting in order to prevent further mosquito exposure, thus eliminating the potential for further transmission of the disease.	<urn:uuid:b067911f-3b48-4ea7-bfbf-de898f40d3a2>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://youcure.me/en/guide/yellow-fever-1105	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320227.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624064634-20170624084634-00090.warc.gz	en	0.953208	990	4.09375	4
The Library Department provides intellectual and physical access to information in all formats. Each library procures and processes print and non-print materials, maintains audio-visual equipment, subscribes to on-line databases, and functions as the school based information center. Library collections and instruction are integrated into the curriculum and teaches students strategies to access and evaluate information sources and technologies. Librarians organize school-based reading events, author visits, public library orientation, student and parent book groups and media literacy classes. Librarians and instructional staff collaborate on collection development that supports the curriculum, enriches instruction for all learners, and develops an appreciation for life-long learning.	<urn:uuid:1ea72e5b-6571-42c6-a541-773f3d056a5c>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://www.brookline.k12.ma.us/Domain/86	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320227.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624064634-20170624084634-00090.warc.gz	en	0.898918	132	2.9375	3
The original source of this classic Christmas-time piece, which has been making the rounds on the Internet for decades, is attributed to: [email protected] (The Human Neutrino aka Linda Harden) Original Title: IS THERE A SANTA CLAUS? Alternately ascribed to the now defunct SPY magazine, January 1990. - No known species of reindeer can fly. BUT there are 300,000 species of living organisism yet to be classified, and while most of these are insects and germs, this does not COMPLETELY rule out flying reindeer, which only Santa has ever seen. - There are 2 billion children (persons under 18) in the world. But since Santa doesn’t appear to handle the Muslim, Hindu, Jewish and Buddhist children, that reduces the workload to 15% of the total – or 378 million according to the Population Reference Bureau. At an average (census) rate of 3.5 children per household, that is 91.8 million homes. One presumes there’s at least one “good” child in each. - Santa has 31 hours of Christmas to work with, thanks to the different time zones and the rotation of the earth, assuming he travels East to West (which seems logical). This works out to 822.6 visits per second. This is to say that for each Christian household with good children, Santa has 1/1000th of a second to park, hop out of the sleigh, jump down the chimney, get back into the sleigh and move on to the next house. Assuming that each one of these 91.8 million stops is evenly distributed around the earth (which, of course, we know to be false, but for the purpose of our calculations we will accept), we are now talking about .78 miles per household, a total trip of 75.5 million miles, NOT counting stops to do what most of us must do at least once every 31 hours, plus feeding, etc. This means Santa’s sleigh is moving at 650 miles per second, 3000 times the speed of sound. For the purpose of comparison the man-made Ulysses space probe, the fastest vehicle ever made on earth, moves at a poky 27.4 miles per second while a conventional reindeer can run, tops, 15 miles per hour. - The payload on the sleigh adds another interesting element. Assuming that each child gets nothing more than a medium sized Lego Set (2 lbs), the sleigh is carrying 321,300 tons, not counting Santa — who is invariably described as overweight. On landing, conventional reindeer can pull no more than 330 pounds. Even granting that “flying reindeer” (see point 1) could pull TEN TIMES the normal amount, we cannot do the job with eight, or even nine reindeer. We need 214,200 reindeer. This increases the payload, not even counting the weight of the sleigh, to 353,430 tons! Again for comparison this is 4.25 times the weight of the Queen Elizabeth ocean liner! - 353,430 tons traveling at 650 miles per second creates enormous air resistance. This will heat the reindeer up in the same fashion as space craft re-entering the earth’s atmosphere. The lead pair of reindeer will absorb 14.3 QUINTILLION joules of energy. Per second. EACH! In short, they will burst into flames almost instantaneously, exposing the reindeer behind them, and creating deafening Sonic Booms in their wake. The entire reindeer team will be vaporized within 4.26 thousandths of a second. Santa, meanwhile, will be subject to centrifugal forces 17,500.06 times greater than gravity. A 250-pound Santa (which seems ludicrously slim) would be pinned to the back of his sleigh by 4,315,015 pounds of force. In conclusion – If Santa ever DID deliver presents on Christmas Eve, he’s dead now Do you have an ‘off’ topic you’d like to share? It can be about anything, which is why it’s called “Off Topic”. Send it to [email protected], with the words “Off Topic” in the Subject Box.	<urn:uuid:45b0448b-f8b2-45b5-b20a-18168ef5a72e>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.insidethegate.com/2016/12/off-topic-a-physicists-view-of-santa/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320386.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625013851-20170625033851-00170.warc.gz	en	0.930371	898	2.890625	3
Pollution, like any creative idea, originates in the minds of men. It is nourished and shaped in the mind. Thereafter, it gets expressed in the world outside. The famous portrait of ‘Mona Lisa’ was first conceived in the mind of Leonardo da Vinci before being expressed on canvas. Similarly, the atom bombs that devastated Nagasaki and Hiroshima, were first exploded in the minds of men long before they razed the unsuspecting towns of Nagasaki and Hiroshima, wiping out millions of people. The effect of these atomic explosions continues to haunt the memory of mankind. Hence, the only lasting way to transform the world is to transform the minds of men. To make the world free of pollution it is necessary to make the mind free of pollution. The mind is a continuous flow of thoughts and emotions. Over the long span of human existence on earth, the human mind has gathered countless impressions and a great variety of experiences. In fact, the mind of humanity as a whole is interconnected. The subtle impressions of all human experiences are stored in the human psyche. The experience of one person or a group of people has a bearing on the rest of humanity. Therefore, even if a small group of people understand this and transform their minds for the better, the world will become a better place to live. The future of humanity lies not in selfishness but in harmonious and selfless living. The whole world has to be seen as one family. Individual welfare lies in world welfare. As Mahatma Gandhi said, “Be the change you want to see in the world”. Certain basic impurities of the mind must be addressed in order to bring about a transformation of the mind. These are: 1. The evil effects of violence are well known. Millions have been maimed or killed in the various wars and riots around the world. Innumerable homes have been ruined by domestic violence. Human violence has not spared animals, birds, trees and other life forms. Polluting the natural resources like the air, water and earth is violence against nature. Violence is an expression of anger, frustration, a sense of injustice, hatred, shame, guilt and so on. These express either as violence directed against oneself in the form of suicide, or as brutal acts against others. The antidote for violence is love, reverence, peace and forgiveness. These virtues must be cultivated right from childhood. Apart from love for other human beings one needs to cultivate reverence for all life forms and also towards nature. Ancient Indian Vedic culture teaches us to treat nature as a mother and revere her. Hence the worship of mountains, rivers, trees, and so on should become part of our life style. 2. Dishonesty is another major evil in our mind. Human beings are essentially social beings. Human society is interdependent not only with other humans but also with nature. There is need for trust and openness in our dealings with all. Dishonest relationships, whether at the level of society, family, business dealings or between nations have caused innumerable disputes and breakups. Dishonesty towards nature has made us exploit her rather then use her in a sustainable way. Truthfulness to our own higher convictions is necessary. We need to be truthful to the various vows we take in life: to be a good son, a good husband, a good wife and so on in order to make our family life happy. We have also taken some unwritten vows to be loyal to our Nation, to our Constitution and to Nature. As politicians, lawyers or doctors we have taken a different set of vows. If each one of us strives to be truthful to these vows, we will create a heaven on earth. 3. Covetousness is a strong desire to posses something which rightfully does not belong to us. Yet, covetousness seems to be the norm at all levels of human interaction. It has been the cause of so many crimes. Coveting the wealth, possessions, land, name, wife or husband of others has led to much litigation, a mindless waste of energy and resources. We have also been sinfully coveting the natural resources for our own selfish consumption. We need to learn the lesson of sharing the resources of earth with all. Mother Earth belongs to all beings. Each one has a right to earn and enjoy these resources. This right must be respected. Only such an attitude can eradicate poverty from the world. Moreover, just as human beings have rights so, too, does nature have rights. The rivers have the right to flow gracefully and bless the world. By damming and polluting them we are looting the rivers of their freedom. 4. Over-Consumption is a major disease of the modern age. We are consuming more resources then our forefathers ever did and that too, with complete disregard of all ethics and sensible behaviour. As a result, we have created a grave situation, one that augurs ill for future generations. We are consuming more electricity, food, petrol and wood than ever before. As a result, more and more forests are being destroyed, rivers are drying up and the atmosphere is being polluted. We need to learn to live simpler lives. As the famous saying goes ‘simple living and high thinking’. Food, clothing and shelter will be available for all if each one of us consumes only as much as is absolutely necessary. Cities can reduce their extravagance and share their wealth with towns and villages. Our minds should be educated to experience the satisfaction, which arises from deep within our own personality rather then to rely on outside sense stimuli. If humans become happier by quietening their minds they will become less dependant on the outer world. 5. Greed causes humans to hoard more than what is needed to live a fulfilling life. Greed for more and more wealth, property, land and so on is evident all around us. When one accumulates wealth it is, invariably, at the cost of other beings. Our society functions like our own body. The essence of all that we eat gets distributed to all parts of the body as per their needs. If some part of the body starts storing more then what is required, it results in disease. Similarly, if the society accumulates more then what is required it causes imbalance and disharmony. “There is enough in the world to fulfill everyone’s need but to satisfy even a single person’s greed will not be possible,” said Mahatma Gandhi. This is an important lesson to learn. There is need to share what we have with other beings. This will reduce the pressure we have put on natural resources such as rivers, forests and so on. Nature will also bless us with abundance when we treat her well. Thus is it vital for us to introspect and see whether our lifestyle, patterns of thinking and set of values are conducive to a nobler and more equitable way of life. It is imperative for each one of us to take responsibility for the environment, for we are all equally the children of Mother Earth. We can both nurture her and sustain her bounty for our children and their descendants or we can hasten her decay and be instrumental in the destruction of God's great gift to us - life. In the current climate there is no third option!	<urn:uuid:d10d4ac3-265a-4253-8826-c0ddee9e394e>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.speakingtree.in/blog/mind-pollution	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320386.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625013851-20170625033851-00170.warc.gz	en	0.95664	1,485	2.84375	3
Global warming brings early cherry blossomsThe USDA published a new Plant Hardiness Zone Map based on the average annual minimum winter temperatures. Growers and gardeners use the map as a guide to determine which plants are most likely to thrive at a location. When the new guide came out, it was evident that the hardiness zones had shifted further to the north. This is a clear indication that the plants feel that the weather is warmer. Some lettuce plants that sprouted in the fall in Washington, DC survived the winter without freezing. Washington's famous cherry trees reached peak bloom two weeks earlier than usual, and the Cherry Blossom Festival had to be held earlier. By the end of March, which is the usual time of the festival, the flowers were gone and the ground and the cars were covered with cherry blossom petals. The release of the new hardiness map did not mention global warming because this is a political hot topic in the United States. If global warming is accepted as a fact, there are economic implications. For example, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases will have to be controlled by reducing the combustion of fossil fuels. This would reduce the profits for energy producers, car manufacturers, and many other industries. To maintain the current business models, it is better to deny global warming and continue burning fossil fuels. There is another reason why manufacturers would like to keep the status quo. If the cost of fossil fuels is raised to try to reduce their use, new alternative fuel technologies and green power sources will be developed to compete with existing industries. This is bad for the businesses that profit from the consumption of fossil fuels. They will be like the buggy whip manufacturers that eventually went out of business when internal combustion vehicles replaced horse-drawn carriages and became the main mode of personal transportation at the beginning of the twentieth century. Global warming poses a real threat to our ecosystems, including the risk of mass extinctions. The winters with little snow, tornadoes before springtime, rising sea levels, and early blooming of trees are all signs of warmer weather. The rise in temperatures is correlated with the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide which started with the industrial revolution. It is getting harder and harder to deny the impact that our industrialization is having on our planet. © Copyright - Antonio Zamora	<urn:uuid:f0bab710-92a6-4086-bcf4-cac443069799>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.scientificpsychic.com/blogentries/global-warming-brings-early-cherry-blossoms.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320582.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625203122-20170625223122-00250.warc.gz	en	0.96118	460	3.515625	4
One of the big worries about climate change is that organisms will be unable to migrate or adapt quickly enough to deal with all the coming changes to their environments, which could lead to a lot of extinctions. But a new study led by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, which appears in Molecular Biology and Evolution, shows that some plants may be able to adapt more quickly than expected due to epigenetics. In traditional genetics, adaptation occurs through the development of random mutations in DNA and the survival, through natural selection, of those better fit for an organism's environment. It is a slow process. But the genetics of organisms are actually far messier, and the DNA sequence of a gene is only one part of the picture. For instance, with DNA methylation, a methyl group attaches to DNA and results in less expression of that gene. Epigenetic effects like this can be directly influenced by an organism's environment, and they can be quickly passed on to subsequent generations. The new study focused on three recently formed species of European marsh orchids of the Dactylorhiza genus. The three species are very similar genetically, but have different appearances (though they're all purple) and live in different environments. The researchers determined that the three orchid species diverged so quickly not because of changes in DNA sequence, but because of epigenetic variation. "Our results show the importance of the environment in altering inherited traits in these orchids and also contributing to biodiversity," said leader researcher Ovidiu Paun. "The epigenetic level of natural variation can be adaptive and has the potential to be rapidly released, in a few generations, in contrast to genetic variation." This means that plants, at least, may be able to adapt to a new environment more quickly than scientists had thought. However, Paun warns that these results also imply that trying to save threatened species by relocating them to places like botanical gardens for preservation could backfire. The plants could just as quickly lose the traits that made them so well adapted to their home ecosystem. Check out the entire collection of Surprising Science’s Pictures of the Week on our Facebook page.	<urn:uuid:f18052f0-15bd-4ff2-ac1c-3f704fd094c1>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/flowers-may-adapt-faster-than-thought-to-climate-change-33251203/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320582.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625203122-20170625223122-00250.warc.gz	en	0.964642	440	4.28125	4
Perjury is knowingly lying after taking an oath to tell the truth. Perjury can be seen as lying while testifying in court, and can also be lying while communicating through certain legal documents. Usually the lie must be material to the matter at issue, although perjury can also be committed simply by signing a legal document with the knowledge that it contains false assertions. The elements of perjury are 1) an oath 2) an intent 3) falsity and 4) materiality. The oath does not have to be of a particular form, but it must be administered by a person or body legally authorized to do so. The intent element requires the false testimony was knowingly stated by the defendant. Intent can be satisfied by proving that the defendant knew his testimony was false. The element of falsity simply means that the defendant made one or more false statements. The materiality element requires that the statement in question be of the sort that would influence the proceeding one way or another. The word ‘knowingly’ means that the statement made wasn’t a mistake or accident, and the defendant did not act in ignorance. It is necessary to prove that the defendant knew what he was saying. The element of falsity can be proven by a person witnessing the false testimony, or through a transcript in the case of a grand jury. In the case of a signing of a letter, falsity can also be proven through circumstantial evidence. The consequences of being convicted of perjury can include imprisonment, and/or fines. To find an attorney to help please visit www.crimelawyers.org.	<urn:uuid:14c40aec-8824-4f10-8aff-51ddcb25ccbd>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://criminalattorneysus.com/Content322.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320823.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626152050-20170626172050-00330.warc.gz	en	0.955345	325	3.015625	3
Audio signals describe pressure variations on the ear that are perceived as sound. We focus on periodic audio signals, that is, on tones. A pure tone can be written as a cosinusoidal signal of amplitude , frequency , and phase angle : We have written the frequency in units of radians/second, with t in seconds, and the phase angle to be in radians. An alternative is to express the frequency in units of Hertz, abbreviated Hz, given by . The perceived loudness of a pure tone is proportional to . The pitch of a pure tone is logarithmically related to the frequency. Perceptually, tones separated by an octave (factor of 2 in frequency) are very similar. For Western music, an octave is divided into 12 notes that are equally spaced on a logarithmic scale. The ordering of notes in the octave beginning at 220 Hertz is shown in the applet below. Clicking on a note will display the corresponding signal and play the note. A more complicated tone can be represented by a Fourier series — a sum of pure tones whose frequencies are integer multiples (harmonics) of a fundamental frequency : The pitch of the tone is related to . The higher harmonics affect the richness or harshness of the tone. Typically the frequency components making up a tone are displayed by the amplitude spectrum of the tone, which is a plot of the coefficients vs. k. For example, tones from different musical instruments have different amplitude spectra. This is primarily what gives each instrument its unique sound. In the applet below you can select a tone to view the corresponding and amplitude spectrum as well as play the tone. Effect of Phase We have shown only the amplitude spectrum because in many situations the tone you perceive is relatively insensitive to the phase angles, , of the terms in the Fourier series. To illustrate this, in the applet below you can listen to the first 10 nonzero harmonics of the Fourier series representation of a square wave with fundamental frequency 200 Hz and also listen to the tone after randomization of the phase angles. Even though the waveform can be much different after randomization of the phase angles, the perceived tone changes little. It is interesting to examine the contribution of individual harmonics in a tone. In the applet below is a tone made up of 20 equal-amplitude harmonics with fundamental frequency 200 Hz. By clicking on the amplitude spectrum you can insert or delete individual harmonics and listen to the effect on the tone. Filtering is the operation of removing selected frequency components from a signal. You can also listen to a low-pass filtered tone (5 highest frequency components removed), a high-pass filtered tone (5 lowest frequency components removed), and a band-pass filtered tone (both the 5 lowest and 5 highest frequency components removed). Of course you can also experiment with filtering by clicking on the amplitude spectrum to add or remove harmonics. While using the applet, examine your two modes of listening. Normally we listen to a tone holistically, however we listen analytically to detect the presence or absence of an individual harmonic. Filtering White Noise White noise is a special signal that contains equal-amplitude components at all frequencies, not just at integer multiples of a fundamental frequency. In the applet below you can play white noise, low-pass filtered white noise (frequencies above 10,000 Hz removed), high-pass filtered white noise (frequencies below 1000 Hz removed), and band-pass filtered white noise (frequencies below 1000 Hz and above 10,000 Hz removed). We do not include frequency components above 20,000 Hz because they cannot be heard by most humans.	<urn:uuid:b2fc0739-25b8-4fc8-898e-386f9d78813c>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://pages.jh.edu/~signals/listen-new/listen-newindex.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320823.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626152050-20170626172050-00330.warc.gz	en	0.908303	766	4.34375	4
John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) served as the first Vice President of the United States (1789–1797) and as its second President of the United States\|President]] (1797–1801). He was defeated for re-election in the "Revolution of 1800" by Thomas Jefferson. Adams was also the first President to reside in the newly built White House in Washington, D.C., which was completed in 1800. For a detailed biography, see the Biography tab. \|Offspring of Deacon John Adams, Sr. and Susanna Boylston (1708-1797)\| \|John Adams (1735-1826)\|\|30 October 1735 Quincy, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States\|\|4 July 1826 Quincy, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States\|\| Abigail Smith (1744-1818)\| \|Peter Boylston Adams (1738-1823)\|\|16 October 1738 Braintree, Norfolk County, Massachusetts\|\|2 June 1823 Quincy, Norfolk County, Massachusetts\|\| Mary Crosby (1749-1823)\| \|Elihu Adams (1741-1776)\|\|29 May 1741 Holbrook, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States\|\|10 August 1775 Holbrook, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States\|\| Thankful White (1747-1822)\| \|Thomas Boylston Adams (1743-)\| Adams National Historical Park, formerly Adams National Historic Site, in Quincy, Massachusetts, preserves the home of Presidents of the United States John Adams (1735-1826) and John Quincy Adams (1767-1848), of U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain, Charles Francis Adams, and of the writers and historians Henry Adams and Brooks Adams and many other members of the famous Adams political family. The national historical park's eleven buildings tell the story of five generations of the Adams family (from 1720 to 1927) including Presidents, First Ladies, U.S. Ministers, historians, writers, and family members who supported and contributed to their success. In addition to Peacefield, home to four generations of the Adams family, the park's main historic features include the John Adams Birthplace (October 30, 1735), the nearby John Quincy Adams Birthplace (July 11, 1767), and the Stone Library (built in 1870 to house the books of John Quincy Adams and believed to be the first presidential library), containing more than 14,000 historic volumes in 12 languages. There is an off-site Visitors Center less than a mile (1.6 km) away. Regularly scheduled tours of the houses are offered in season (April 19 to November 10), by guided tour only, using a tourist trolley provided by the Park Service between sites. Access to United First Parish Church, where the Adamses worshipped and are buried, is provided by the congregation for which they ask a small donation. The church is across the street from the Visitors Center. - John Adams Historic Site - National Park Service official website \|This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at John Adams. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.\|	<urn:uuid:04dd858c-be78-42b1-a8c2-162a168a838e>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/John_Adams_(1735-1826)	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321309.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627101436-20170627121436-00410.warc.gz	en	0.925267	677	3.296875	3
Corset were made of a variety of materials, depending on the time period and the fineness of the article. The main fabric for the body of it might have been linen, stiffened with paste or starch. Lower-class women would have worn them of a cheap, sturdy cotton cloth. they were also made of decorative fabrics like satin or silk. A corset is a garment worn to hold and train the torso into a desired shape for aesthetic or medical purposes (either for the duration of wearing it or with a more lasting effect). Both men and women are known to wear it, though this item was for many years an integral part of women’s wardrobes. Since the late 20th century, the fashion industry has borrowed the term to refer to tops which, to varying degrees, mimic the look of tradional without acting as them. While these modern corsets and corset tops often feature lacing or boning and generally imitate a historical style of the cloth they have very little, if any, effect on the shape of the wearer’s body. Genuine corsets are usually made by a corsetmaker and are frequently fitted to the individual wearer. The most common and well-known use of corsets is to slim the body and make it conform to a fashionable silhouette. For women, this most frequently emphasizes a curvy figure by reducing the waist and thereby exaggerating the bust and hips. However, in some periods, corsets have been worn to achieve a tubular straight-up-and-down shape, which involved minimizing the bust and hips. For men, corsets are more customarily used to slim the figure. However, there was a period from around 1820 to 1835 — ranging as late as the late 1840s in some instances — when a wasp-waisted figure (a small, nipped-in look to the waist) was also desirable for men; wearing a corset sometimes achieved this. An “overbust corset” encloses the torso, extending from just under the arms toward the hips. An “underbust corset” begins just under the breasts and extends down toward the hips. A “longline corset” – either overbust or underbust – extends past the iliac crest, or the hip bone. A longline corset is ideal for those who want increased stability, have longer torsos, or want to smooth out their hips. A “standard” length corset will stop short of the iliac crest and is ideal for those who want increased flexibility or have a shorter torso. Some corsets, in very rare instances, reach the knees. A shorter kind of corset that covers the waist area (from low on the ribs to just above the hips), is called a waist cincher. A corset may also include garters to hold up stockings; alternatively, a separate garter belt may be worn for that. (This was in the days before pantyhose or tights.)	<urn:uuid:57667f74-86ca-47e3-8923-2c8822d1f85e>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://trensetterof2017.wordpress.com/2017/03/13/corsets-aesthetic-body/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321309.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627101436-20170627121436-00410.warc.gz	en	0.970824	634	2.96875	3
Facts about diabetic issues Obtaining diabetic issues signifies your entire body does not discharge ample blood insulin or it does not use blood insulin accurately. Insulin is a hormone discharged by a gland regarded as the pancreas, observed in close proximity to the stomach which lets the sugar (glucose) from the blood vessels into cells. Glucose is the “gas” your tissues need to have for you to realize all your actions, no matter if respiration, learning, strolling or working. Your human entire body transforms the meals you try to eat into a sugar regarded as glucose. When you have diabetic issues, glucose is not transported as necessary to your cells, and too much portions will then accumulate in the bloodstream. This is regarded as elevation of blood glucose “hyperglycemia.” If hyperglycemia is not handled it can bring about critical problems to your entire body. Diabetes is distinguished in two types: Variety one diabetic issues: The sort one diabetic issues could occur at any age, nonetheless it often seems in youthful adults and kids. It is sometimes identified as diabetic issues “juvenile”. If you have this sort of diabetic issues, your entire body does not develop sufficient insulin or nothing at all at all. Variety 2 diabetic issues:This sort of diabetic issues is incredibly widespread. It becomes much more widespread with age, while it is seen much more often in youthful adults and kids. In the case of sort 2, the entire body does not develop plentiful insulin or the cells become resistant to insulin, which helps prevent it from operating well. Your medical professionals group will establish a diabetic issues treatment method strategy for you that could involve taking insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents or both of those. A variety persons need to have to consider medicines to maintain their blood sugar near to ordinary. If you are a affected person with sort one diabetic issues, your treatment method system will consist regular physical exercise , balanced food system, and insulin injections. If you have diabetic issues sort 2, you may perhaps inevitably need to have insulin injections, but you most likely begin with physical exercise , a balanced food system, and probably oral medicines. Some medicines for dealing with diabetic issues are marketed in excess of the counter. Inquire your health treatment company for medicines that may possibly suit you, and facet consequences if any. About the counter medication and diabetic issues Food and drug administration is thinking about building some medication utilized to treat diabetic issues and higher cholesterol out there in excess of the counter. The goal is to ensure persons consider medication as ideal, even though continue to finding out basic safety troubles. There are a variety of Canadian pharmacies on line which present in excess of the counter Canada medication for many conditions. 1 of the finest on line pharmacies is the westcanadadrugs.com. It presents a wide array of in excess of the counter medication for its consumers at definitely discounted costs.	<urn:uuid:41c1cd97-9b0e-4438-adbd-a79cd4f3da7c>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://acuralaser.com/diabetes-treatment-method-with-about-the-counter-medicine.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322870.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628050821-20170628070821-00490.warc.gz	en	0.957834	595	2.9375	3
From their headwaters in the Sierra Nevada mountains, the Merced, Tuolumne and Stanislaus rivers were historically wild, teeming with salmon that sustained native Americans, early settlers, and abundant wildlife. These rivers join the lower San Joaquin River and flow into the Bay-Delta, one of the two main arteries that sustain the heart of the West Coast’s largest estuary. But for too long, California has allowed farmers and cities to divert massive amounts of water from the rivers that run through the heart of California’s San Joaquin Valley, leaving only a fraction of the natural flow in these rivers in the winter and spring months. Decades of dam building, water diversions, and flood protection projects on these rivers have resulted in the vast majority of their flow being diverted each year. This has degraded water quality and has devastated the fish and wildlife -- and people, like sport and commercial salmon fishermen -- that depend on their health. Historically, hundreds of thousands of salmon returned each year to spawn in these rivers, but in recent years only a few thousand salmon have returned. Despite state and federal laws that set goals to “double” salmon populations to approximately 78,000 salmon returning each year, salmon populations have continued to decline in the San Joaquin basin. The scientific information is clear that reduced flows, as a result of diverting most of the water from these rivers, is the primary (but not sole) cause of the continued decline, and that more flows are needed to restore salmon, the health of these rivers, and the health of the Bay-Delta estuary. This summer, the State Water Resources Control Board will establish new flow standards to protect salmon and fisheries in the Lower San Joaquin River and the three tributaries. The Board’s draft report concludes that about 35% of the natural flow should remain in the rivers, allowing more than 65% to be diverted. Yet the scientific information shows that salmon are unlikely to recover at those flow levels, which are only slightly better than current flow levels. We can – and must -- do better than 35% for San Joaquin salmon to recover and achieve the state and federal salmon doubling goal. Diverting 65% of the Flow Won’t Restore California’s Magnificent Salmon Scientists and fishery managers with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, the State Water Resources Control Board, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and The Bay Institute, as well as independent scientific peer reviews and other conservation and fishing groups, have recognized that current flows are inadequate. For instance, in 2010, the State Water Resources Control Board concluded that the best available science showed that 60% of the natural flows should remain in the river in the spring months in order to achieve the salmon doubling requirement of state law and protect public trust resources (this was a non-binding conclusion). The California Department of Fish and Wildlife has also concluded that much higher spring flows in these tributaries and the lower San Joaquin River are necessary to recover salmon and achieve the salmon doubling requirement. Allowing the diversion of 65% of the water from would increase diversions on the Stanislaus River and isn’t even enough to meet minimum requirements under the Endangered Species Act on the Stanislaus River; if these flows are lower than what’s needed to avoid potential extinction, they obviously will not lead to recovery and salmon doubling. And independent scientific peer reviews of the Board's technical report last year endorsed the scientific analysis showing that higher flows are necessary to recover salmon and recommended consideration of higher flows than 60%, which is the upper end of the range that the State Water Resources Control Board is considering. We Can Maintain Healthy Agricultural Economy and Healthy Rivers The Board’s draft analysis shows that reducing diversions to increase river flows will still result in a robust agricultural economy; for instance, the Board found that allowing 40% of the flow down the river would result in a 1.5% reduction in agricultural revenue in the region. And this is likely a worst case scenario, as the Board’s analysis ignores the potential to increase agricultural water use efficiency to allow farmers to grow “more crop per drop” and increase profits, as well as water transfers between farmers and downstream exporters that could potentially help fund these improvements. Increasing Flows in the River Benefits Lots of People, Too Improving flows and restoring salmon has huge benefits for salmon fishermen, tackle shops, charter boats, fishing guides, and the thousands of jobs that depend on a healthy salmon fishery. Improved flows would improve water quality for Delta farmers and for cities and farms that get water exported from the Delta, and it is critical to restoring the health of the Delta. Allowing 65% of the water to be diverted in the basin leaves only a third for the rest of us. Will California Restore the Health of the Low San Joaquin River and its Salmon? The science is clear that more flows are needed than 35%, but the State Board is under pressure to adopt these weaker flow requirements despite the strong scientific evidence. In the coming weeks, fishermen, farmers, conservation groups, boaters, birdwatchers, scientists, and all of us will have a chance to tell the State Water Resources Control Board to do better to help ensure the future of California’s salmon. We can and should do better than 35%: is a third of a river really healthy? I hope you’ll join us in urging the Board to do better. For more information or to get involved, visit SalmonAid's petition to the State Water Resources Control Board.	<urn:uuid:b1c1c41e-1eb6-4ef8-aa8b-9d7c1da0445f>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://www.nrdc.org/experts/doug-obegi/will-california-restore-lower-san-joaquin-river-and-its-salmon	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322870.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628050821-20170628070821-00490.warc.gz	en	0.944875	1,145	3.5625	4
Hey there, time traveller! This article was published 6/9/2013 (1390 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current. In 1860, following a spate of massacres that had resulted in tens of thousands of deaths in what is now Lebanon and Syria, France and other European powers persuaded the Ottoman sultan to agree to international intervention. An expeditionary force led by a French general was sent to Beirut shortly thereafter. It remained in place for roughly one year, helping to suppress the conflict and reorganize legal practices and administrative boundaries. Jurists and diplomats styled it an intervention in the name of "humanity" -- one in a series of such actions in the Ottoman Empire, the principal site for the development of a "right" to humanitarian intervention in the 19th century. Over 150 years have passed since. The French and Ottoman empires are no more, and the eastern Mediterranean has been shaken by countless waves of war and revolution. Yet, preparations are underway for another intervention in Syria. Should it materialize, this act will also be undertaken in response to massacres, with 100,000 having already perished and millions struggling to survive as displaced persons, either within Syria or in neighbouring states. And it, too, will be clothed in the language of humanitarianism. But, troops are unlikely to be put on the ground, and governmental authorities in Syria won't provide their consent. Most importantly, the intervention will run counter to international legal norms. The Obama administration has yet to advance a coherent legal argument in defense of its proposed intervention in Syria. However, U.S. officials and commentators have floated a number of ideas in an effort to find a legal basis for the "punitive" and "deterrent" strike. It has been suggested that the U.S. and its allies would be acting in individual or collective self-defense. A slightly more plausible contention is that intervention is necessary on humanitarian grounds. In this connection, some have argued that Damascus's apparent use of chemical weapons has triggered the so-called "responsibility to protect", according to which the "international community" is entrusted with a duty to protect populations at risk of genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. The legality of humanitarian intervention -- and of the "responsibility to protect", its putative successor doctrine -- is highly dubious. No multilateral treaty governing humanitarian intervention or the "responsibility to protect" is available. And despite fashionable claims to the contrary, neither finds a home in customary international law, the body of international legal rules that arise from general practices of states recognized to be legally binding. Indeed, the vast majority of international lawyers agree that without explicit authorization from the UN Security Council, there is no legal basis upon which the U.S. and its allies can mount a humanitarian intervention in Syria. Simply put, a strike on Syria that lacks such authorization will circumvent the UN framework for the use of force. While morally and politically legitimate for some, it will be unlawful. The Assad regime has proven itself to be reckless and repugnant. The horrors to which the people of Syria have been subjected for the past two years (and for decades before then) demand a concerted and consistent response through the UN. But bombarding Syria without a Security Council mandate to "send a message" is not likely to bring its civil war to an end. Nor is it likely to escape denunciation as a violation of international law, just as NATO's bombing campaign during the 1998-99 Kosovo War (a closer analogue to Syria today than the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003) was widely and rightly condemned as unlawful. If the U.S. and other states wish to alter existing laws relating to the use of force, diluting traditional conceptions of state sovereignty in the name of humanitarianism, they need a better way of doing so than by adding to the carnage. Until now, Russia and China, both permanent members of the Security Council, have vetoed any resolution to permit military intervention. Their largely unqualified support for Assad is irresponsible and deeply counter-productive. Still, intervening illegally in a region that has long been at the receiving end of colonialist and imperialist policies runs the risk of deepening and prolonging the humanitarian crisis. The 1860 expedition was undertaken at a time when humanitarian intervention was widely regarded as lawful -- when (European) international lawyers frequently spoke of a "right" to humanitarian intervention. The 1945 UN Charter went a long way to changing that, rendering humanitarian intervention essentially unlawful. However noble the relevant intentions may (or may not) be, intervention in Syria without Security Council authorization would clearly flout existing international law. Umut Ozsu is a professor of law at the University of Manitoba. He teaches and conducts research in public international law.	<urn:uuid:a38b5bde-4ebc-460e-8a4c-f77670dab496>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/analysis/paralyzed-on-syria-un-approval-is-needed-222781451.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323808.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629000723-20170629020723-00570.warc.gz	en	0.947594	970	3.109375	3
Although the Italians have managed to equip a Fiat 500 L hatchback with an espresso maker they haven’t managed to design a car fueled by espresso. Leave that to British engineer Martin Bacon using a process known as gasification. By introducing a controlled amount of oxygen (or steam) to coffee beans (or any organic, carbon-based material) and by increasing the temperature to above 700C (1292F), a fuel called syngas (synthetic gas) is produced and can be burned using a normal internal combustion engine or fuel cells to power a car. The “coffee car”, brewed up by Bacon and created by the Teesdale Conservation Volunteers of Durham, England, is a modified British Leyland Rover SD1 appropriately painted mat black. It set a new land speed record for cars fueled by coffee. Given the rising cost of gasoline, using renewable green energy to power cars is always on the drawing board. A previous American version, fueled by wood pellets achieved 47mph. The Leyland Rover SD1 averaged no less than 77.5mph with a Guinness World Record noted for the achievement.	<urn:uuid:2ef44f66-d542-46f9-8a66-b553e1d42a09>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://italyin30seconds.wordpress.com/2013/06/09/fast-and-furious/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323808.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629000723-20170629020723-00570.warc.gz	en	0.940164	230	3.015625	3
We all like to feel that we are noble and nothing makes us feel more noble than invoking high-minded ideals. It is always a trap. None of us are ever as noble as our aspirations, but our aspirations protect us from self-examination better than they protect our fellows from our own critical eye. Today we celebrate the declaration of our liberty by a man who felt himself at liberty to enslave others and enrich himself from their labor. I do not mean that as an attack on Jefferson's character. In his time, Frederick Douglass would write quite eloquently about how, even as a child, he was aware of the terrible effects of the institution of slavery on the mind and soul of the slaveholder. But I wish to use the fact of Jefferson's slave holdings as a point of departure for thinking about the Declaration of Independence and its present value for us. 1776 is impossibly remote for us. We can read all of the history that we like, but it is not really possible for us to comprehend the reality of a world in which a slaveholder could publicly champion universal human rights and be taken seriously. It was a world where women could not own property and had few civil rights. Travel and communication were glacial. My point is that when we idealize our founding moment we strip away much of the utility that it holds for us. It is easy to imagine some bright shining moment in our past when we were clearer of purpose and more visionary. If only we could recapture the spirit of that moment, all of our troubles would find solutions. No such moment has ever existed. It is only because those times are so remote from our own that we can imagine that it did. We are a nation founded as much on contradiction as on principle and both have shaped our history. I find it enormously freeing to remember that our present times are not so different from our past. It is easy to imagine Thomas Jefferson, cloistered in a sweaty garret in Philadelphia, struggling to find the words to express the intentions of the Congress and the broader aspirations of the citizenry. We all know the words. They form a litany in our heads, but they roll far too easily off of the tongue. The words have become a convenient semaphore for our core beliefs, whatever those core beliefs may be, but we no longer struggle to find our own words or to get to the heart of every matter for ourselves. Those men were committing treason against the most powerful nation on earth. In so doing, they ceded to themselves the authority to live by their own lights. They recognized that claiming that authority was, by its very nature, a sober and sobering business. Whatever their flaws, they were serious about their business, and as their heirs, we do well to remember and honor them. But as we struggle to live the freedoms they struggled to establish, we are heirs also to the sober business they took upon themselves. It is a mistake to rely too heavily on their guidance. We also must live by our own lights. They cannot see for us the world in which we must live. They cannot identify the opportunities before us nor evaluate the perils that we face. We can, however, remember what they taught us: It is up to us find our way. It is our right and our responsibility. Only those things which cannot be changed are beyond the bounds of our judgment. We cannot abolish gravity or mortality and we cannot change any of the immutable failings of our nature. But what is immutable in the human character? If you consider the variety and range of human society across the globe through all of history, you would be hard pressed to define a constant more in evidence than our seemingly unlimited adaptability. What are the limits of humans to create a set of social arrangements which support Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness? It is too soon to tell. It may always be too soon to tell, but there is no rule of political or economic life to which we are bound by any force stronger than our own reason. Let us not be too quick to accept the notion that experience defines the natural limits of the possible. Things which make no sense are not our masters. Contradiction hides too easily behind principle. Standing on principle has become very fashionable, but it degrades our internal dialog as a nation. If you believe that smaller government, lower taxes, and market forces will solve all our problems, you don't need to think seriously about the problems left unsolved or exacerbated by lower taxes, smaller government, and market forces. Believing that we should use the government to achieve universal health care, alternative energy, and the eradication of poverty does not resolve the issues of waste and misdirected resource inherent in the administration of huge powerful bureaucracies nor does it account for how the required resources will be produced. There is no magic formula for establishing a prosperous, harmonious civil society. Like a good marriage it is the product of constant effort, honesty, compromise, and commitment. The government is not merely a particular set of institutions chartered by particular documents. It is all of the forms by which power is distributed and controlled in our society. It is law and it is convention. It is the power of monopoly and the power of wealth. It is the power of intimidation and the tyranny of misinformation. All of these forces govern our lives and we can never escape the pull of them, yet the Declaration reminds us that they are all subject to our consent and our judgment. We are the sovereigns here. We have the power to act wisely and the power to be foolish, to succeed or to fail. It is up to us, but we are working without a net. I am not such a fool as to think that there are easy answers to our present difficulties. If there is an end to human history it will not be a pleasant or triumphal one. But there are things that are worth believing in even if they are not true1. I choose to believe that we can do this. Everything else is negotiable. Stolen shamelessly from “Secondhand Lions” Stolen shamelessly from “Secondhand Lions”	<urn:uuid:aed72a93-63e0-4100-8856-a6a9bcd7b6ed>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://eyesontheprize-tpkurze.blogspot.com/2010/07/independence-day.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319688.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622181155-20170622201155-00209.warc.gz	en	0.97234	1,250	2.71875	3
Software Patents are Obsolete in the Age of AI Businesses need safeguards and moats to grow. In order for investors to justify allocating capital to a business, there have to be mechanisms to ensure that value created doesn’t leak out. Traditionally, this value has been safeguarded by a variety of legal mechanisms. For example, in markets where products are scarcely differentiated from one another, branding becomes critical. Tide detergent and Costco generic detergent are likely near identical, but Tide has the advantage of strong branding and packaging. In order to protect this value, Tide can take out trademarks protecting its distinctive packaging and visuals. In the pharmaceutical industry, a company’s critical intellectual property has resided in novel chemical entities. The effort expended in these inventions is protected by patents that provide the right to use the novel molecule for a given purpose. The rule of law ensures that knock-offs can’t ignore these protections and piggy-back on Tide’s brand or Merck’s molecules. This system has worked powerfully for centuries. After originating in Venice in the 1400s, and being adopted by England in the 1600s, patents and other legal instruments have served as powerful instruments for rewarding intellectual effort and research. Companies have used these protections in order to build and grow. It wouldn’t be an exaggeration to claim that today’s capitalistic society depends critically on legal instruments like patents and trademarks. That said, the patent system is showing its age. While the system of protection offered by patents and trademarks works well for physical products, standard measures of novelty and invention have proven less meaningful for the software realm, with the advent of AI threatening to make them entirely obsolete. This issue has become increasingly important over the last thirty years, as many companies have started to shift onto software driven foundations. Products including cars, phones, computers, washing machines and more have increasingly come to depend on software to provide critical services. When this transition started, adapting the patent system over to software worked reasonably well. Companies were allowed to patent the application of particular algorithms or computational methodologies to specific problems or devices. Creating an implementation of a new algorithm suited for a new product space took considerable effort. As with physical products, it was hard for other entrants to run afoul of existing patents without considerable focused effort. In the last twenty years though, the situation has changed considerably. The growth of the open source software movement alongside the rise of the internet and collaborative sites like github and stack overflow have made the construction of new software systems increasingly straightforward. Code for many common tasks has become trivial, with copy-paste and basic configuration scripts allowing for nearly automated design of simple websites and apps. The critical result is that construction of many software systems now requires significantly less novelty or innovation than previously. In this environment, a patent that controlled methods for building websites would likely fail a novelty test, since the techniques have become common knowledge for software engineers. As a result, software patents have gradually become less meaningful. It’s often possible for companies to duplicate (at least approximately) their competitors software creations with some amount of effort. Consequently, with some high profile exceptions, such as Oracle vs. Google, companies don’t often attempt to exercise software patents. It’s easy to unknowingly violate these patents, and the effort required for enforcement is considerable. Only companies who expect significant legal upside (like Oracle) attempt to prosecute. Nonetheless, it’s still common practice for companies to build a war chest of “defensive patents.” Building out a base of patents for computational techniques lets companies defend against “patent trolls,” entities which seek to extract value from businesses by claiming ownership of relevant patents. More importantly, investors tend to love patents, especially for businesses that are flailing otherwise. The patents can be bundled up and sold off in case the business isn’t doing well. This state of affairs has persisted for some time. Engineers remain skeptical about patents, trolls abuse the system, and investors profit from patent hoards. But is this situation tenable in the long run? In the last five years, there have been dramatic advances in AI and learning. These techniques allow computational handling of images, videos, speech, molecules, measurements and more with dramatic improvements in accuracy and in ease of use. In particular, the advent of open source deep learning systems such as Tensorflow, PyTorch, and DeepChem have enabled even novices to build considerably sophisticated learning systems using commodity GPU hardware. These improvements have enabled Google to swap out their highly engineered and tuned Google translate system for a new neural machine translation system with only a few months’ effort. The neural implementation led to dramatic increases in accuracy; more powerfully, it’s likely the new Google translate was dramatically easier to construct than the original. Tools like Tensorflow have made the construction of simple neural machine translation system into homework exercises for computer science classes. Production quality systems learning systems require more effort, but a good team could probably build a reasonable translation engine for another company without too much pain. What does it mean for patents when open source learning tools allow for the construction of systems that would have taken years to construct previously? As deep learning techniques extend their reach to all parts of the software ecosystem, this question will become increasingly important. Once algorithmic systems can learn to duplicate sophisticated hand-tuned software packages with minimal effort, the novelty bar for software inventions will need to change dramatically. Patents for applying learning algorithm X for application Y or system Z should not be granted, since these connections will become (and are already) common knowledge for practitioners. Unfortunately, such patents have been granted widely already. In one egregious case, Health Discovery Corp. took out patents for the application of support vector machines to biomarker discovery, which it consequently has attempted to enforce and extract royalties for in the last few years. Given that the use of support vector methods for biological data can be performed using two lines of python, the situation is patently ridiculous. Nonetheless, companies continue to amass software patents for both classical methods and learning techniques. Google, despite its strong stance on open source software, has applied for troves of “deep learning architecture X for problem Y” patents. These patents are somewhat silly, given that students with 6 months of AI training can easily create prototype versions of systems covered by these patents, often using tools created by Google itself. While Google has not attempted to enforce these patents, it’s impossible to predict what could happen if Google falls upon hard times financially. Why does it make sense anymore to offer up patents for applications of these new AI techniques? Violating these patents is straightforward. Nevertheless, companies entering new spaces have to step gingerly to avoid issues. If Google or Facebook or Microsoft decided it were in their interests to enforce the patents they held, the entire machine learning software ecosystem could collapse in on itself. More fancifully, while artificial general intelligence remains distant, it’s not inconceivable that eventual intelligent systems will depend critically on technologies patented today. Will these intelligent children of our minds be born into predetermined slavery, with parts of their “thought” process owned by descendants of today’s corporations? Fixing this state of affairs requires a reassessment of the role of software patents. When software patents have begun to fail at their intended role of encouraging innovation and business, continuing to obtain and value them threatens the health of our business and societal ecosystems. Companies can take some positive actions today to ameliorate the situation. First, large companies like Google or Facebook should “open source” their patents, relinquishing ownership of the capital for the common good. Releasing patented technologies into the wild will allow for growth of software ecosystems, and will prevent internecine battles over foundational technologies. Second, companies and (more importantly) investors need to stop insisting on patenting basic algorithmic applications. The idea of “deep learning X for Y” is very unlikely to be unique; there are probably dozens of engineers elsewhere who have working prototypes already. Attempting to take control of common knowledge for personal enrichment will only hurt the common ecosystem. Instead, companies should open source code, publish papers, and contribute to a healthy software ecosystem. Seek to build value by creating strong brands, customer loyalty, and physical products that aren’t so easy to duplicate. Building strong software ecosystems and avoiding frivolous patents will only benefit the technology industry and society at large.	<urn:uuid:551ce4fa-6140-423c-a2e9-9e0cd718fa43>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://rbharath.github.io/software-patents-are-obsolete-in-the-age-of-ai/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319688.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622181155-20170622201155-00209.warc.gz	en	0.946855	1,729	2.75	3
The holy month of Ramadan is one of fasting and devotion to worship Allah. It is believed that the gates of heaven are kept open. Hence, great importance is attached to prayers. The ninth month of the Islamic calendar, Ramadan, is one of the most important periods in the Muslim calendar. It is a time of spiritual awakening, self-evaluation and remembrance of Allah, which Muslims observe through fasting and prayer. Ramadan teaches Muslims self-discipline, humility and giving. Charity is a significant part of Ramadan, and Muslims are expected to help the needy. Importance of the Holy Quran The Quran is the holy book of Muslims, believed to be the word of God. The Quran was first revealed by Angel Jibril (Gabriel) to the Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) during the last ten days of Ramadan on Lailat Al Qadr (Night of Decree), the holiest night in the Islamic calendar. Muslims consider the Quran to be a divine guide to life and the last word of Allah. In the Quran, it is stipulated that Ramadan begins with the sighting of the new moon crescent. Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) has also given importance to this and has said that the moon has to be seen with the naked eye. Muslim scholars worldwide still seek the sighting of the moon in this fashion. Ramadan is the time for prayers and remembrance of Allah. Muslims try to pray as much as they can and in addition to the five daily required prayers of Fajr, Dhuhur, Asr, Maghrib and Isha, special prayers are offered. Taraweeh prayer is offered daily in the evening after Isha prayer. Another prayer, called Qiyam Al Lail, is offered during the first hours after midnight, especially during the last ten days of Ramadan.	<urn:uuid:34f2b3b3-ff3d-49cf-9c3e-e93c027af1c9>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://hoonalondon.com/en/home-garden-ramadan-sweet-ramadan-part-one/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320063.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623133357-20170623153357-00290.warc.gz	en	0.953152	371	3.59375	4
Risa L. Goluboff This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. Please check back later for the full article. The crime of vagrancy has deep historical roots in U.S. law and legal culture. Originating in 16th-century England, vagrancy laws came to the New World with the colonists and soon proliferated throughout the United States. Although they took myriad forms, vaguely worded statutes targeting objectionable, “oue-of-place” people, rather than any particular conduct, soon became a ubiquitous tool for maintaining hierarchy and order in American society. The laws and their application changed alongside perceived threats to the social fabric—at different times targeting labor activists, radical orators, cultural and sexual nonconformists, racial and religious minorities, civil rights protesters, and the poor. By the mid-20th century, vagrancy laws served as the basis for hundreds of thousands of arrests every year. But over the course of just two decades, the crime of vagrancy, virtually unquestioned for four hundred years, unraveled. Profound social upheaval in the 1960s produced a concerted effort against the vagrancy regime, and in 1972, the United States Supreme Court invalidated the laws. Local authorities have spent the years since looking for alternatives to the many functions vagrancy laws once served. Terri L. Snyder Everywhere across European and Indigenous settlements in 17th- and 18th-century North America and the Caribbean, the law or legal practices shaped women’s status and conditioned their dependency, regardless of race, age, marital status, or place of birth. Historians have focused much of their attention on the legal status, powers, and experiences of women of European origin across the colonies and given great consideration to the law of domestic relations, the legal disabilities of coverture, and women’s experiences as plaintiffs and defendants, both civil and criminal, in colonial courts. Early American legalities, however, differed markedly for women of color—whether free, indentured, or enslaved, and whether Native or African in origin or descent—whose relationships to the legal regimes of early America were manifold and complex. In their status under the law, experiences at the bar, and, as a result, positions in household polities, women of color reckoned with a set of legalities that differed from those of their European counterparts. The diversity of women’s experiences of the law was shaped not only by race but also by region: Indigenous people had what one historian has labeled jurispractices, while Europeans brought and created a jurisprudence of race and status that shaped treatments of women of color across imperial spaces. A widely comparative analysis of women and the law reflects ways in which race shaped women’s status under and experiences of the law as well as the legalities of their marriages in pre-Revolutionary America.	<urn:uuid:9d33402c-dab1-45d5-a842-7bbe0b7e440d>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://americanhistory.oxfordre.com/browse?btog=chap&page=2&pageSize=10&sort=titlesort&subSite=oreamh&t0=ORE_AMH%3AREFAH011	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320243.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624082900-20170624102900-00370.warc.gz	en	0.9633	598	3.90625	4
Business writers write to inform, query and persuade. They write for action, not to say, hello, howdy do. Business readers read to answer the following questions: Why did you write to me (your purpose)? What do you want me to do (action)? Why should I care (benefit)? We write and read this way in business because none of us has time to waste. We are starved for time. Short words, short sentences and short paragraphs help the writer achieve his/her purpose; and, short words, sentences, and paragraphs help us, the readers, get the message (action/benefit)quickly. Business readers appreciate the journalistic, "inverted pyramid," approach, that is, writing that offers the reader the who, what, when, where, why, how, and how much in the first sentence(s). In this style, an inductive approach, a message to your boss might begin by saying, "We need $250,000 more for this project. With the new cash we will hire two more staff and buy another laptop. With those resources we will conclude the project two-weeks ahead of schedule. Moreover, we will achieve efficiency and give you a $100,000return." No fooling around here (or "beating around the bush," as they say idiomatically)! Short words, short sentences. You will note that I used four sentences in the example. However, when you keep the subject and verb together, preferably at the beginning of the sentence, and choose strong (action) verbs, you can write longer sentences. You can do this because readers, who need to find the subject and verb quickly, will be able to. The rest is just modification. So, the sentence above could easily look like this: "I write to ask for $250,000 more for this project so that we may hire two more staff, buy another laptop, and conclude the project two-weeks ahead of schedule, creating a $100,000 return on the investment." In that sentence, the subject "I" is followed immediately by the action verb "write," and the direct object "to ask." The main clause is, thereby, constructed as a S-V-O pattern. The dependent clause that follows is built from the same pattern. This makes the long sentence easy to understand. However, many long sentences suffer because they use being verbs and, therefore, cannot use the S-V-O pattern. Look at the following sentence: "This message, regarding a $250,000 investment in additional staffing and other resource allocation, is meant as an argument for conclusion of the current project by a two-week interval followed by the creation of a $100,000 return on investment." That sentence doesn't help the reader who has to search for the subject ("message") and the verb ("is") and wade through a host of weak words (verbs that have been turned into nouns): "regarding," "investment," "additional," "allocation," "argument," "conclusion," "followed," and "creation." These words function as nouns, instead of the strong action verbs they could be. In this case the long sentence definitely doesn't work. And, truth be told, this writer wrote to impress, not express. You make choices when you sit down to write. You can choose to write long or short sentences, but remember, if you write a long sentence, you must craft it carefully or you will lose the reader, who will likely need to read the sentence again, wasting time, or, worse yet, completely missing your meaning. Keep the subject and verb together, preferably at the beginning of the sentence, choose action verbs, and use characters as subjects ("I," "you," "the team," "the manager," "the client," "the boss," and so forth).	<urn:uuid:b2ab3350-d85a-4d14-97a2-0a563d3cfbd4>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://edbarr.blogspot.com/2009/03/write-long-sentences-with-caution.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320395.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625032210-20170625052210-00450.warc.gz	en	0.965961	801	2.609375	3
Key deer were almost hunted to extinction. By 1950, as few as 25-50 of the animals were left. But the creation of the National Key Deer Refuge on Big Pine Key and protection under the Endangered Species Act have led to a comeback. The most recent population study estimates the herd at 900 to 1,000. “They are truly one of the success stories of conservation,” said Adam Emerick, a refuge biologist who gave an update on the Key deer to the Monroe County Commission this week. Still, the deer face threats — like fragmentation of habitat. The refuge is on Big Pine Key, which is also a community of 5,000 people. And the island is crossed by the Overseas Highway, which carries millions of cars a year across the island. The deer are irresistible to visitors and some residents, who feed them, pet them and take photographs with them to post on social media. “The interaction with the deer is probably our No. 1 issue,” Emerick said. When deer associate people with food, they tend to hang out in populated areas — which means roads. Getting hit by cars is the most common cause of mortality for the deer. Deer also get entangled in backyard hammocks and batting cages, and have been attacked by dogs. Emerick said one deer was killed by two Chihuahuas. “You can’t make up the type of stuff we have to respond to,” Emerick said. “Deer get in all sorts of trouble.” The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, which manages the refuge and is responsible for protecting endangered species, has recently started working with the state Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission and the Monroe County Sheriff’s Office so those agencies can respond to calls about the deer.	<urn:uuid:977da51a-ae58-4afc-b6ab-e67d0800a4d7>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://floridakeystreasures.com/2016/05/20/key-deer-are-conservation-success-story-but-still-face-threats/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320841.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626170406-20170626190406-00610.warc.gz	en	0.968123	373	3.03125	3
We can help Identity theft is a form of stealing someone’s identity in which someone pretends to be someone else by assuming that person’s identity, typically in order to access resources or obtain credit and other benefits in that person’s name. ! Identity theft occurs when someone uses your personally identifying information, like your name, Social Security number, or credit card number, without your permission, to commit fraud or other crimes with identity theft becoming the #1 growing crimes in the World; it is a lot more common than one might think. Millions of people become victims to identity theft every hour and the numbers continue to grow daily. The victim of identity theft (here meaning the person whose identity has been assumed by the identity thief) can suffer adverse consequences if they are held accountable for the perpetrator’s actions. Much Identity Theft happens through cybercrime and postal mail. In fact Identity Theft is much like a virus or the common cold often it is too late once the virus has been discovered! It can be controlled and slowed down but can also come back out of nowhere all over again! Cyber (Internet) and Postal Mail Identity Theft Crimes “Determining the link between data breaches of personal information through an online company, postal mail, and identity theft is challenging, primarily because identity theft victims often do not know how their personal information was obtained,” and identity theft is not always detectable by the individual victims, according to a report done for the FTC. Many Identity Theft victims find out only after they apply for some kind of loan or line of credit. The good news is that recovering from identity theft is not as painful of a process as most people would imagine. With the credit card laws and policies in place today from the FCRA, disputing and recovering stolen funds from fraudulent credit card transactions are a fairly simple process. By simply notifying the card issuer to alert them of your mishap, most banks will reverse the funds back into your account immediately to prevent the consumer from suffering while an investigation is done to make sure that it was indeed fraudulent and done without your consent. But what is to stop this from happening again??? You have recovered your money from the fraudulent purchases that were made by the identity thieves. But your credit could be a mess. You must take the necessary steps to prevent this from happening again and recover from the damage done to your credit or you could end up even worse off than when it happened the first time. Steps to follow Superior Credit Repair can make the identity theft recovery process a lot easier for the victims that are affected from identity theft. The steps and procedures that are taken by Superior Credit Repair for identity theft cases are very different than our standard services that we offer! Unlike our standard service that typically takes about 8-12 weeks, identity theft can be handled in a matter of a couple weeks. This is possible by us applying different tactics based on other areas of law that are in place to protect the consumer. These laws allow the credit bureaus to block accounts in a matter of days and were enforced to prevent the fraudulent debts from ever reappearing on your credit. It also prevents the debt from being reported by a third party debt collector in the future that could have possibly bought the debt before you discovered the fraudulent account. If you are a victim of identity theft and you would like to take advantage of our special “identity theft credit repair” services, it is imperative to provide us with all of the necessary documents that will be required by the credit bureaus in order to handle this matter efficiently. Contact Us Today! For your Free Consultation!	<urn:uuid:ac847c72-bbde-47f8-a81d-33ac6153346f>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://superiorcreditrepaironline.com/birmingham-credit-repair-identity-theft-recovery-services/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320841.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626170406-20170626190406-00610.warc.gz	en	0.96071	741	2.625	3
It was early Christmas Eve morning when we received a call about an injured baby bird on the rooftop of Macy's, in Monterey. We knew it couldn't be a baby - not this time of year - we suspected it might be a grounded loon or grebe. These are aquatic birds more suited for water than land. With legs sprouting from their rear, grebes and loons are off balance, unable to walk on hard surfaces. Out of the water, they must rest on their keel (breast bone), which can quickly become bruised and abraded. To take flight, these species require a "runway" of water. Once grounded, they're helpless and vulnerable. We arrived at Macy's and met up with George, the reporting party. George escorted us through the department store full of last-minute shoppers, into an elevator, up a stairwell to the roof. The rooftop was impressively large with a fortress-like wall surrounding it. An eared grebe! Duane collected the small bird with ease, and placed it in a cardboard pet carrier. The carrier was padded with a thick layer of balled-up newspaper covered with a towel. This helps distribute the bird's weight off its keel. In a hospital setting, aquatic birds are fitted with a "doughnut", developed by International Bird Rescue in 1995. While the grebe appeared to be in relatively good shape, it seemed underweight. The bird was transported to the wildlife center at the SPCA for Monterey County for a full evaluation. Check out the rescue video, below. Support Wildlife Emergency Services for as little as $5.00 a month! Make a donation of any size, here:	<urn:uuid:e5df7369-4f41-49bb-bb69-0b1a55ca7b9b>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://wildlifeemergencyservices.blogspot.com/2014/12/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321410.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627115753-20170627135753-00690.warc.gz	en	0.960802	359	2.78125	3
: Vitamin D Deficiency Affects Immunity in Older Individuals Vitamin D plays an important role in bone health, and research shows that it's essential for immune health as well. Older individuals who are deficient in vitamin D tend to have lower immune function, finds a new study in the Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism. The study of more than 900 people who were at least 60 years of age examined vitamin D levels as well as biomarkers of inflammation. Those whose blood levels showed a deficiency of vitamin D were more likely to have high levels of inflammation biomarkers, which are linked to inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis as well as heart disease. "The results indicate immune function may be compromised in older individuals with vitamin D deficiency," report researchers, adding that ensuring older individuals have adequate vitamin D levels may help to boost immune function. "This study is the first to find a connection between vitamin D levels and inflammation in a large sample of older individuals." Research shows that vitamin D deficiency is widespread in the U.S., with some studies showing at least 50 percent of the North American general population having low levels of this important vitamin. To determine whether you're deficient, ask your healthcare practitioner for the blood test for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, or 25(OH)D3. For optimum health, blood levels should be between 50 to 80 ng/mL. © 2014 Living Naturally	<urn:uuid:22c36afc-ba4e-44aa-a6be-500b8a539da6>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.moseshealth.com/promog/ConditionCenter.asp?ConditionID=27&ArticleID=1750&StoreID=1L6F7JS9PSJ68GRQ67QLL5B6KP06D7K8	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321410.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627115753-20170627135753-00690.warc.gz	en	0.938682	289	3.46875	3
Continuing to share and comment on the feedback I received at the delightful IERG 2015 conference! For the original posts I've made on our Big Spiral History (BSH) curriculum see these posts on the scope and sequence of BSH, and these on the actual story-telling. Big Spiral History Stories Kids need these, because they long for heroes. Huh — I actually hadn't brought "heroes" into my thinking of the BSH stories. Which is funny, because I've thought a lot about the need for heroes (and the dangers of heroes) in the curriculum. All right, I'll think about this as I actually begin to make these! History from whose perspective? Perhaps you should do a change in context — e.g. the colonial vs. the aboriginal perspective. Yes yes yes! Brilliant, beautiful. I had already been thinking of things like this, but hadn't quite landed on this so neatly. I'll generalize this idea: When we're telling a story of a struggle between peoples, tell the story first from one side, then from the other. I've done something like this when teaching American history — I've had my high school classes read a very liberal book (Howard Zinn's People's History) at the same time as a very conservative book (Paul Johnson's History of the American People). For each historical period — slavery, the Civil War, Reconstruction, etc. — they've gotten both perspectives. This is good — great, really — but it's not the same thing as what this commenter suggests: I had my classes engage different ideological perspectives, but not different participant perspectives. I suspect engaging different ideological perspectives may be better done with older kids (though now that I say that I'm not so sure). Engaging different participant perspectives can be done when kids are quite small. Why do we teach history? My usual stump speech: History isn't a subject, it's the subject. All the subjects are history, to some extent: math and science are the guided re-discovery of ideas that were first mastered by the ancients; art and literature and music are guided encounters with what past people created. So everything we learn in school in some way comes from history. The difficulty is to understand them all together: to get the big story. That is: history allows us to understand how all our studies fit together. Of course, it's not just that we study things that come from the past: we live in a world shaped by the past. Faulkner (I believe) wrote, "The past isn't dead — it's not even past." The things that bedevil us — the craziness of modern parenting, religious conflict, environmental destruction — are just slivers of much bigger story. That is: history allows us to make sense of everything we encounter. Also — crucially! — history can be fun. It's fun to enter the heads of other people, especially ones whose minds were shaped in contexts so different than our own. Who is telling the story? Initially, the teacher (with help from me, who'll be crafting a "here's some material to tell this story from" kit for each story). Then, after the story has been told, the students take it on themselves, as an activity in their independent work time. We are storied into existence, our sense of meaning derives from the narratives our forebearers laid out for us. Consider the ethical dimensions of the stories to tell & re-tell. They are the foundations of reality. Focus on ethical choices — will do! I love it. Whose story is important? An epic question! I suppose the answer is something like "everyone's, but some stories are more important than others." That might sound fighty, but I just mean it to state the obvious. To pick an easy example, my story is not as important as, say, Mohandas Gandhi's. (And if you disagree, well, thanks!) Gandhi's story is more important because it changed so many other people's stories. So there's one metric for how important a story is: how many other stories did it change? That's helpful, but educationally it's not enough. One goal for our history curriculum is to understand how the world has been shaped, but another is to understand something of the wild diversity of humanity. So another criteria of inclusion will be whether a story gives insight into minds different from our own. "Diversity" has become a flashpoint in the culture wars, which it's sometimes (tragically) been flattened into "ethnic diversity". Ethnic diversity is important, but it's not the only important diversity. Our history stories should also include religious diversity (Christians and Muslims and Buddhists and seculars and Zoroastrians…), ideological diversity (conservatives and liberals and socialists and fascists…), personality (extroverts and introverts and sociopaths and altruists…), economic (rich and poor and middle class…), social (rulers and outcasts and serfs…) and a flurry of other considerations. (I wrote up a list of all of these at some point, but I'm not sure I can locate it again!) The following are from the same commenter: Love this idea because I've seen from experience how much more students remember from stories. Things to think about: How will you train teachers so they are comfortable doing this? I don't know. (Great question.) I'm currently looking into curricula that train people to become storytellers. (I assume that virtually anyone can become a great storyteller.) I think this will be a large part of our teacher training. How wlil you ensure there is enough of a debrief that students know it was more than just a fictional story (historical empathy)? Wow — hadn't thought of this at all! I'm not sure — Lee, let's be on the lookout for opportunities to talk about the truth value of these stories (which will get complicated). How will you ensure the "stories" are historically accurate (not embellishing for dramatic effect — which is what students end up remembering)? Hmm — I know how I do this, but I haven't thought about how to pass along my convictions to other teachers. A very helpful question! This is all made more complicated by the next question. Some clarity on history vs. story? You might expect that, in telling history stories, we'll hew to the facts. No make-believe! We'll only tell things that we have good reason to believe actually happened. I, too, once assumed we'd do that. We're not going to. At present, I'm planning to include a number of mythic stories in Big Spiral History: for example, the Iliad and the Mahabarata. I'm doing this in part because it's hard to find historically accurate stories from the ancient period: so much of the best stories are fictional. But a larger reason I'm willing to mix historically accurate and non-historically accurate stories is because it allows us to neatly avoid some impossible-to-navigate choices when teaching religions. Did Abraham exist? Scholars disagree. If we limited ourselves to teaching accurate historical stories, we'd have to have an opinion on the existence of Abraham. No thanks. Saying "this is a story that people have told for thousands of years, opinions vary" allows us to duck out of a debate that can only hurt us. And there is, also, a pedagogical reason I'm wiling to mix historically-accurate and non-historically-accurate stories: it gets students wondering what's true, and what's not. To some important extent, it's not my job as an educator to settle these issues, because that rips a crucial task away from the students. I'm very open to persuasion the other way on this topic, by the way. What are y'all's thoughts? Are we losing contextual recitation and a sense of "time" by swapping characters, etc.? This refers to my statement that, when students re-tell stories, one of the fun things they can do is swap out characters (for example, Gilgamesh for Pericles). Short answer: yes! By swapping out characters, students will be losing the sense of how a specific character fits in their historical story. Long answer: no! Switching characters (I suspect) can call attention to how different characters do fit inside their contexts. For example, swapping out Aristotle (who asserted that some were naturally born as slaves) for Gandhi (who fought to end the caste system) could — at least I hope — get students to recognize how dependent our beliefs are on history. Or maybe I'm wrong? Maybe a student wouldn't naturally see this? Hmm — I suspect that's right. There really is a danger to lose the sense of history by doing this. So I propose that, when we have students do this work, we prompt them to consider exactly this question, and give them lots of guidance in answering it! Some stories can be very brief — just give a hook! Thanks! Because of this, I won't insist on four-day stories for everyone — I'll be more bold in spending those four days on a sequence of related characters. Tomorrow, I'll share the feedback I got on Cooking lunch together.	<urn:uuid:57da0126-c141-4e55-89bb-f071dd674a0c>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.schoolsforhumans.org/blog/2015/07/08/conference-feedback-big-spiral-history-stories	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321410.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627115753-20170627135753-00690.warc.gz	en	0.961081	1,958	3.046875	3
Teenagers in one of the top 20 high-performing countries in mathematics will be the first in the world to try out a new form of maths lesson - one without arithmetic. Estonia has agreed to be the first country to trial computer-based maths, which aims to reduce the amount of time students spend doing calculations, allowing them to concentrate on using maths to solve real-world problems. Conrad Wolfram, founder of computerbasedmath.org, has been campaigning for schools to adopt the approach, which he argues is more relevant and useful in today's world than learning how to solve quadratic equations. Now the Estonian government has asked Mr Wolfram's organisation to draw up a curriculum and classroom resources for a course in statistics and probability. The trial in 30 schools will be coordinated and analysed by the University of Tartu. Estonia is a small country with a population of fewer than 1.5 million, but it is also where Skype was developed and it is increasingly interested in how to make the most of technology. Trials are currently taking place of after-school groups that will teach children robotics and how to program computers and create apps. A separate project is trialling teaching programming to children as young as 7. The Programme for International Student Assessment (Pisa), which assesses how 15-year-olds perform around the world, ranks Estonia 17th in maths, while the UK is 28th and the US is 31st. Estonia is also ranked above England in reading, coming in at 13th compared with England's 25th. Jaak Aaviksoo, Estonian minister of education and research, said: "In the last century, we led the world in connecting classrooms to the internet. Now we want to lead the world in rethinking education in the technology-driven world." The computer-based maths curriculum will be used to teach courses in probability and statistics to two age groups: 13-14 and 16-17. According to Mr Wolfram, maths has four steps: posing the right question; turning the question into a mathematical formulation; calculation; and verification of the answer. Under his model, students would no longer perform the calculation step manually, but would instead rely on computers. There would be no need to study complex mathematical formulas because technology can already process them more efficiently. "It's interesting that the countries high up in Pisa tables are showing most interest in computer-based maths," Mr Wolfram told TES. "Estonia has gone big on computer programming already. "It's inevitable that in the next 25 years, computer-based maths, or something like it, will be the default subject around the world, because we can't continue to justify teaching a subject that misses the mark in the real world as far as maths does at the moment. "This is the cutting edge of research in one country... I think the time is ripe. And I think the countries that go first will get an important boost from that." Mr Wolfram added that the UK government "seemed confused" about the role of computers. "On one hand they want programming to be part of computer science and it would be great to intertwine that in a computer-based maths direction, so it seems a pity that at the moment the one thing they talk about all the time is long division, as if that is the pinnacle of primary maths," he said. Mike Ellicock, chief executive of the UK campaign group National Numeracy, said computer-based maths was a "really good idea". "We think it ties in well with our work on numeracy for all, and we're keeping a watching eye on what happens in Estonia to see how things progress," he said.	<urn:uuid:d71efff8-e2af-4d73-b26e-e3fddffa8246>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://www.tes.com/news/tes-archive/tes-publication/arithmetics-days-are-numbered-estonia	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321410.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627115753-20170627135753-00690.warc.gz	en	0.967248	767	3.46875	3
stub(redirected from counterfoil) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Financial. in microwave engineering, a section of transmission line that is joined to a main line and through which microwave energy is transmitted from an oscillator to a load. The transmission line may be a hollow-pipe wave guide, a dielectric wave guide, a strip transmission line, a coaxial cable, or a two-wire line. A stub is regarded as a type of two-terminal network with a specified inductive or capacitive reactance. It may be connected to a load either serially or in parallel. A variable-impedance stub may be designed either as a short-circuited or open-circuited section of transmission line of variable length or as a section of transmission line of fixed length with a variable capacitive or inductive reactance. In microwave engineering, stubs are frequently used to match lines and loads. A stub is connected to a load in parallel in a section of a main line where the conductance of the main line is equal to the line’s characteristic admittance 1/ρ, where ρ is the line’s characteristic impedance. The susceptance of the main line is balanced by the admittance of the stub, which is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. Examples of two-wire matching stubs are the Tatarinov stub and the Nadenenko stub. Quarter-wave stubs, which have a very high input impedance, are used in coaxial and strip transmission lines as quarter-wave isolators. Systems of open-circuited and short-circuited stubs are employed in the technology of strip-line and coaxial electric filters. Variable-impedance stubs, which can be moved along a line (especially in coaxial and two-wire lines), and systems consisting of several stationary variable-impedance stubs are used as general-purpose impedance transformers; a system of several stationary stubs usually consists of three stubs separated from one another by a distance of λ/8, where λ is the wavelength in the line. Variable-impedance stubs with a short-circuiting plunger, which are usually coaxial or wave-guide stubs, are widely used to measure the characteristics of microwave four-terminal networks. Stubs with a variable reactive load are very promising in the technology of adjustable strip-line and coaxial phase shifters, switches, and attenuators. In such stubs, the reactive load may be a p-i-n diode, a varactor, or an electrical component containing a ferroelectric. Systems of stubs in combination with certain types of ion devices are used in antenna switches to switch antennas from the receiving mode to the transmitting mode. The ion devices change the reactive load in the stubs as a function of the power level of the oscillations in the line. REFERENCESValitov, R. A., and V. N. Sretenskii. Radioizmereniia na sverkhvysokikh chastotakh. Moscow, 1951. Matthaei, G. L., L. Young, and E. M. T. Jones. Fil’try SVCh, soglasuiushchie tsepi i tsepi sviazi, vol. 2. Moscow, 1972. (Translated from English.) Bova, N. T., P. A. Stukalo, and V. A. Khramov. Upravliaiushchie ustroistva SVCh. Kiev, 1973. R. I. PERETS	<urn:uuid:67a1f9ab-85f1-4d5f-b2cf-922aa8c3e4fd>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/counterfoil	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323864.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629033356-20170629053356-00130.warc.gz	en	0.92707	769	2.59375	3
Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of sound, ultrasound and infrasound, all mechanical waves in gases, liquids and solids respectively. Related categories 6 A Newsgroup FAQ document intended to answer frequently asked questions about acoustics. Development, production and sales of systems in the fields of radar and sonar technology as well as consultancy work. Art Ludwig's Home Page Information concerning acoustics. Hearing Damage And Loud Music Document on the relationship between loud noise and ear damage, with particular reference to young people and loud music. Introduction to Spectrum Analysis Describes the procedure of conducting spectrum analysis and applications for this type of test. Page includes diagrams. Mechanical Acoustics/vibration Engineering Forum at Eng-tips Engineering technical support forums and mutual help system for engineering professionals. Particle Velocity Acoustical Sensors Overview of the microflown technology to measure the entire range of acoustical properties like particle velocity, sound power and ( three dimensional ) sound intensity Specializing in Sonar, research and development systems, anti-submarine warfare (ASW), and acoustics engineering. Sound and Vibration Magazine Information for subscriptions, and review of recent issues and events affecting noise and vibration control. Sound Around You Project Large scale sonic research survey into the relationships of the public with the soundscapes they inhabit, being undertaken by the University of Salford, England Consulting and educational services in: acoustics; shock and vibration; signal processing; and dynamic data acquisition and analysis. Other languages 6 Last update:January 21, 2017 at 2:26:41 UTC	<urn:uuid:34f644cd-2384-47e9-92aa-66e7e7489887>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://dmoz-odp.org/Science/Technology/Acoustics%2C_Ultrasound_and_Vibration/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320070.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623151757-20170623171757-00570.warc.gz	en	0.862955	350	2.53125	3
What is the National Planning Framework? Information Leaflet (Click to enlarge) The Department of Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government is leading the preparation of the National Planning Framework, or ‘NPF’, on behalf of Government, with input from other Departments and Agencies. It will be particularly relevant where there is a long term and place-based aspect to public policy and investment, including areas such as housing, jobs, transport, education, health, environment, energy and communications. One of the principal purposes of preparing the NPF will be to co-ordinate all of these specific departmental or ‘sectoral’ areas into an overall strategy. This will allow shared national development goals, including improved living standards, quality of life, prosperity, competitiveness and environmental sustainability, to be more broadly considered. This will also provide greater clarity for private sector investment. It is intended that the Ireland 2040 Plan will be a high-level document that will provide the framework for future development and investment in Ireland. It will be the overall Plan from which other, more detailed plans will take their lead, hence the title, National Planning ‘Framework’, including city and county development plans and regional strategies. The National Planning Framework will also have statutory backing. The National Planning Framework will also be a tool to assist the achievement of more effective regional development. In order to ensure that positive outcomes arising from national growth can be shared by people throughout Ireland, the potential of all areas will need to be realised, relative to their capacity for sustainable development. By looking ahead in a co-ordinated and strategic manner, the NPF will seek to identify how best to work towards all of these shared goals for the benefit of the Country as a whole. To ensure implementation, the Framework will need to credibly connect these goals to places. Publications and Consultation Papers A number of documents have been published to highlight the issues and choices we face in planning for Ireland’s future over the next 20 years. Strategic Environmental Assessment Strategic Environmental Assessment is a process for evaluating, at the earliest appropriate stage, the environmental consequences of implementing plan / programme initiatives prepared by authorities at a national, regional or local level or which are prepared by an authority for adoption through legislative means. The purpose is to ensure that the environmental consequences of plans and programmes are assessed both during their preparation and prior to adoption. The SEA process also gives interested parties an opportunity to comment on the environmental impacts of the proposed plan or programme and to be kept informed during the decision making process. The European Directive (2001/42/EC) on the Assessment of the Effects of Certain Plans and Programmes on the Environment (the SEA Directive), was transposed into national legislation in Ireland by the European Communities (Environmental Assessment of Certain Plans and Programmes) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 435/2004) and the Planning and Development (Strategic Environmental Assessment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 436/2004), as amended. Under Article 3 of the Directive, an environmental assessment shall be carried out for plans and programmes, including those related to land use planning. The Department undertook SEA Screening in 2016 and determined that SEA of the NPF would be required (see to Section 3.1.1 for more information on the screening process). The next step in the SEA process requires definition of the scope and level of detail of the information to be included in the Environmental Report. A scoping report has been prepared and can be viewed here (link to scoping report). In partnership with the All Island Research Observatory based at Maynooth University, the Department are utilising spatial mapping and analysis as part of the evidence base that will inform the National Planning Framework. As part of this work, a National Planning Framework Map Viewer is being coordinated by AIRO where all mapping information related to the project will be accessible and viewed. This viewer can be accessed here.	<urn:uuid:cb54903d-1b25-455b-a5f3-618a965ec942>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://npf.ie/about/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320070.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623151757-20170623171757-00570.warc.gz	en	0.940131	805	3.125	3
Typical of pre-Seljuk mosques, the Masjid-e Jame at Na'in exhibits a simple hypostyle plan, which has remained uncomplicated despite the additions and alterations of subsequent years. A courtyard is accessed through the arcades that are built from bays of irregular spacing and number. The courtyard façade probably dates to reconstruction work of the Seljuk period, although the most unusual feature - the angled piers flanking the central nave on the southwestern (qibla) side - is dated to the original period of construction. The qibla axis is emphasized by these angled piers, and also by the slightly increased width and height of the central nave, forming a lip which projects above the arcade roofline. This structure represents an emergent form of the monumental portal that would later pervade Iranian mosque design. The minaret represents an important transition from the early square form to the Iranian minarets of the 11th and 12th centuries. Maintaining the early square plan at the base, a tall tapering octagonal mid-section rises to a short cylindrical shaft that terminates in a cornice decorated with carved stucco. The cornice holds a brick railing, forming a balcony upon which stands a thin cylindrical cap, pierced with apertures and resembling a dovecote. Later building additions enclose the minaret which was originally freestanding. The transitional form of this minaret, and its relatively unadorned state suggest that it is pre-Seljuk, contemporary with the oldest areas of the mosque. The Masjid-e Jame at Na'in is renown for the extensive and masterful carved stucco of the mihrab and adjacent bays, including the oldest extant epigraphic friezes in Iran. Stylistically it bridges the stucco decoration of the Sasanian and Abbasid periods with that of the Seljuks; effusive vegetal forms released from earlier geometric constraints. Hillenbrand, Robert. Islamic Architecture: Form, Function, and Meaning. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000.George Michell, Architecture of the Islamic World (London: Thames and Hudson, 1978) O'Kane, Bernard. "Iran and Central Asia." In Studies in Persian Art and Architecture, 119-139. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 1995. Pope, Arthur Upham. "Architectural Ornament." In A Survey of Persian Art from Prehistoric Times to the Present, edited by Pope, Arthur Upham and Phyllis Ackerman (assistant editor), Vol. 3 Architecture, Its Ornament, City Plans, Gardens, 3rd ed., 1258-1364. Tehran: Soroush Press, 1977. Schroeder, Eric. "Standing Monuments of the First Period." In A Survey of Persian Art from Prehistoric Times to the Present, edited by Pope, Arthur Upham and Phyllis Ackerman (assistant editor), Vol. 3 Architecture, Its Ornament, City Plans, Gardens, 3rd ed., 931-966. Tehran: Soroush Press, 1977.	<urn:uuid:86ac6421-6041-4356-8354-40ba21938dea>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://archnet.org/sites/1644	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320070.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623151757-20170623171757-00570.warc.gz	en	0.901557	657	2.671875	3
National Writing Project Unique in breadth and scale, the NWP is a network of sites anchored at colleges and universities and serving teachers across disciplines and at all levels, early childhood through university. The National Writing Project provides professional development, develops resources, generate research, and acts on knowledge to improve the teaching of writing and learning in schools and communities. Co-directed by faculty from the local university and from K–12 schools, more than 200 local sites serve all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Sites work in partnership with area school districts to offer high-quality professional development programs for educators. NWP continues to add new sites each year, with the goal of placing a writing project site within reach of every teacher in America. The network now includes two associated international sites.	<urn:uuid:973e0885-f721-4fe6-8a1e-5c149647baa7>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://cawpchicago.org/about/national-writing-project/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320070.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623151757-20170623171757-00570.warc.gz	en	0.950822	168	2.75	3
On one of the last of days of digging in Harvard Yard this fall, archaeologists believe they finally found evidence linked to one of the University’s earliest buildings, the Indian College that stood on the site from 1655 to 1698. Archaeologists working in a chest-deep hole near Matthews Hall uncovered a narrow strip of dark earth in a lighter, orange-brown layer that marks natural soil. They believe that the dark earth is the bottom of an architectural trench most likely dug for the Indian College, built to house Native American students as part of the University’s original mandate to educate the youth of both European settlers and Native people. The find may fulfill the overarching goal of a series of digs in the Yard over the last four years. The digs have been conducted as part of a class, the “Archaeology of Harvard Yard,” offered every other autumn and led by William L. Fash, Howells Director of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology and Bowditch Professor of Central American and Mexican Archaeology and Ethnology. “We found what we were hoping we might find,” Fash said. “We believe it might be an original wall location for the Indian College.” The dark strip of earth is not much to look at, but to the trained eye it appears to be the remnants of a wall trench whose building materials — in this case stone — were taken and used elsewhere. Though most of the original architectural materials are gone, archaeologists and students did find numerous pieces of stone, brick, and roof tile that they believe were either remnants from the original wall or debris used to fill in the trench once the original stones were gone. Finding the Indian College foundation may be the crowning achievement of years of work in the area, but it’s not the only significant discovery to emerge from the Yard’s soil. Earlier this semester, students displayed other treasures they found that help to illuminate early life at Harvard, including a slate pencil found by Winthrop House junior Daniel Balmori, who came across the pencil’s two halves on separate days of digging. The pencil, a slim two-inch-long piece of what may be compressed clay, would have been used on a personal slate that served as a scratch pad, for writing and erasing and writing again. The pencil was one of thousands of artifacts dug out of the ground by the 27 students in this fall’s class, which continued excavations begun in a summer class. Dating from the 1600s to the present, the artifacts include a piece of print type — the letter “o” — that is likely from North America’s first printing press, which was housed in the Indian College. Other items include an intact musket ball that was never been fired, bits of brick, iron nails, many pieces of pottery of different sizes and color, glass, pipe stems, and oyster shells. Hope Mayo, the Philip Hofer Curator of Printing and Graphic Arts at the Houghton Library, plans to further investigate the print type, one of several pieces uncovered in the digs over the years, to see if she can match it to a book in the Houghton’s collection. The site was cordoned off from the rest of the Yard by an orange plastic construction fence for much of the semester. With the advent of cold weather, it has now been filled in. Though the digging has halted, the student work continues. In final projects for this semester and in laboratory work in an associated class next spring, students will clean, catalog, and analyze their finds, writing reports on their activities. After that, Fash said, those interested in learning more about Harvard’s early history will have to contain their enthusiasm until digging resumes when the class is next offered in the fall of 2011. “We’re just going to have to be patient, and it will build up a lot of excitement the next time we have the class,” Fash said. An exhibit at the Peabody Museum, “Digging Veritas: The Archaeology and History of the Indian College and Student Life at Colonial Harvard,” will remain on view through January 2011.	<urn:uuid:8308f9f4-4dbc-4bb9-8aa3-3ca3e00d437b>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/12/indian-college-foundation/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320257.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624101204-20170624121204-00650.warc.gz	en	0.957779	880	3.6875	4
Program providing high quality web-based information to K-12 students, farmers, and others about the importance of water resources and water Improving education through a global network that promotes watershed sustainability. A place where students of rivers can explore valuable river resources and connect to facts, books, and people studying rivers. Harnessing the power of people and communities to monitor, restore, and protect the world's rivers. Forging partnerships among citizens, scientists, and professionals to foster the management and protection of lakes and reservoirs. Includes reviews of over 100 available print curriculum guides. An assortment of background information and lesson plans, geared for K-5, to help facilitate instruction of the concept of water.	<urn:uuid:f8a88bd8-2839-4355-8c8c-e092295a9abd>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://sciphys.homestead.com/envsci3.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320257.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624101204-20170624121204-00650.warc.gz	en	0.895688	150	3.375	3
Mount Revelstoke National Park and Glacier National Park Blanket Creek Provincial Park and the 40 foot high Sutherland Falls Mountain Arts Festival in September Powder Springs Ski Area on Mount MacKenzie Snowmobile season runs from late November into June The First Nations Interior Salish were semi-nomadic tribes within the region known as Revelstoke today. The often cool winters required preparation for food and supplies for winter storage. Hence, they would journey to up the rivers for fish and collect berries throughout the year. The tribes had inhabited these regions for over 5,000 years prior to the arrival of European explorers. The gold rush of the 1860ís in British Columbia had created a stir in Europe as prospectors from all over were drawn to the new world. By 1883, the Trans Canada Railway reached the outskirts of the province / Crown Colony and the next river to cross was the Columbia. The area close to the river was prepared as a development site and name in honour of Lord Revelstoke, who was head of the London bank, which had rescued the railway from bankruptcy. The small town became a supply and transportation center for the mining industry. Later, with the growth of the railway, Revelstoke took on the timber industry to supply more railway ties. As travelers have ventured through the area over the last hundred years, the waters for fishing, great landscape scenery and the winter snowfall have allowed Revelstoke to harvest a new industry out of tourism. Summer average 20 degrees Celsius Winter average -2 degrees Celsius Combination of Temperate Climate and Alpine Climates, receiving approximately 320 centimeters of snow during the winter.	<urn:uuid:a9509fa5-b66d-45a4-9da0-3e967c01ac02>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.gobc.ca/revelstoke-travel/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320443.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625064745-20170625084745-00010.warc.gz	en	0.96742	335	3.46875	3
Assistant Professor of Science Education Hometown: Maracaibo, Venezuela Fun Fact: Is of Wayuu descent. The Wayuu are the indigenous people of northwest Venezuela. Science education professor Dr. Irasema Ortega has been teaching for more than 20 years, but she’s quick to point out that she still has much to learn. For the last three years, she’s worked on the Chevak Teacher Education Initiative, a task that’s brought new friends, colleagues and mentors into her life as they collaborate to prepare teachers and fold Cup’ik ancestral knowledge into a cohesive STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics) curriculum for the rural Kashunamiut School District. This past summer, one Chevak mentor gave Irasema the chance to experience the Cup’ik teacher-student relationship from a front-row seat. At the invitation of Neva Mathias—a doll maker and basket weaver from Chevak whose work has been displayed in the Smithsonian Institute, the Fairbanks Art Museum and as part of the Alaska Native Medical Center collection—Irasema joined her and her son at fish camp. “I was a novice and they were so patient,” she said. “When I go to Chevak, whether it’s outside at fish camp or observing in the classroom, there is this fluidity, this connection between the teacher and students. There is definitely this pedagogy of ‘You can learn and I will take the time to teach you, and I am going to be very patient with you.’” She felt both intimidated and honored to be facing this freshly harvested salmon with an ulu, a tool that felt awkward in her left-handed grip. “This is the fish that they are going to prepare and use to subsist in the wintertime. I was scared to death,” she said. Neva’s generosity and patience as she gently corrected Irasema’s technique was inspiring. She reassured her she wasn’t going to ruin the fish. “She is letting me touch this food that is for her family,” Irasema said. “They provide for three other families. And yet she’s letting this kass’aq take care of the fish.” Irasema also credits her friend and mentor Neva with teaching her two other important skills: how to walk on the tundra and through the mud. The trick to mud walking? “You walk really fast,” she said, laughing. And if you linger and lose your boots or fall over in the slick mud, don’t be afraid to laugh about it. Whether it was salmon preparation, mud walking or Cup’ik cultural concepts, Irasema said, “I’ve always felt that [Neva] believed I could learn.” Translating multicultural experiences, learning from master teachers Although she was born in the Midwest—Madison, Wisconsin—until her move to Alaska, Irasema was used to warmer climates. She grew up in her parents’ native Venezuela, started her middle and high school science teaching career in Florida, then moved on to teach in urban Arizona schools before seizing the opportunity to get her Ph.D. at Arizona State University. “Growing up, I had great science teachers. They really inspired me. I couldn’t say there was a single moment or a single person, but it is a combination,” Irasema said. “Even my father—he was a pharmacist, but he was also a chemistry professor—from a very early age, he shared a love of science with me.” Building on her early education and exposure to science, a vital part of her collegiate education was the opportunity to watch experienced teachers in action. At one point, Irasema was able to observe an Arizona Teacher of the Year, Colette Bos. “I sat in the back of her Earth Science classroom for an entire year and I just took notes,” she said. “She was amazing, a master teacher.” In her own classrooms, before becoming a college professor, Irasema taught middle and high school science for 18 years—general science, advanced science, biology, earth science, physical science and chemistry. Working in urban schools with high numbers of English language learners gave her the opportunity to teach ESL biology classes, too. She found herself mentoring other teachers in multicultural instruction. “I helped teachers at my school who found it very challenging when they had students of linguistically and culturally-diverse backgrounds,” she said. “Being an ESL person myself, since I learned English as a second language and also because of my training, I was able to help them.” About 10 years into her career, she began to feel like she should share her love for science and science instruction with up-and-coming teachers. “I owed it to the profession to pass that knowledge to the future generations of teachers,” she said. “That’s when the idea [for doctoral study] came in and finally on year 18, I had the opportunity to start my Ph.D.” Lessons from Chevak In 2012, Irasema was awarded the Selkregg Community Engagement & Service Learning Award, from the UAA Center for Community Engagement and Learning, to strengthen collaboration between UAA’s College of Education and the Kashunamiut School District. “The Selkregg Award was the very important seed that started the curriculum writing work. Since then, we’ve created a curriculum map based on subsistence,” she said. “It integrates science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics, not because we’re imposing them in the curriculum, but because they already exist there.” See this 3-minute video explanation of the curriculum mapping project that draws on traditional Cup’ik knowledge to illustrate scientific concepts. One of the most important things she’s learned from her work in Chevak is to ask questions. To further partnerships between the university and Alaska Native communities, Irasema said, “We need to respectfully ask the people in rural communities how we can partner with them. We have our work cut out for us and we need to be willing to listen and learn and change, and people are doing that.” “The lessons learned in Chevak are going to help us as we find ways to expand to other sites in rural Alaska. Every single site, every single culture is unique. What we’re learning here is to go in and ask, to collaborate.” The opportunity to collaborate with culturally diverse communities was one of the carrots that drew Irasema to UAA four years ago. And since she’s arrived, the reasons to stay are as near at hand as her own backyard. “There was a bear in my backyard—I live in Spenard—two days ago and I walked into that bear. It was about 10 feet away in my backyard and I walked into him with my dog,” she said. Her dog, a Shiba Inu, remained completely silent as they quietly retreated to observe the bear from the safety of the house. She loves to bike, hike and run on the Coastal Trail and she’s making her way around Alaska, exploring and camping when she has time. “It’s a dream to be here,” she said. “As long as I am a professor I will continue to work with my friends in Chevak. I have a lot to learn. It’s what keeps me going. It’s like the salmon going up the stream, it never stops until it gets there. I am the salmon.” Written by Jamie Gonzales, UAA Office of University Advancement	<urn:uuid:4ba468e4-186c-4003-b30c-dcfa1298d5e2>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://greenandgold.uaa.alaska.edu/blog/26798/faculty-spotlight-irasema-ortega/?a	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320666.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626013946-20170626033946-00090.warc.gz	en	0.973646	1,661	2.703125	3
Ok. I have to say, without any doubts, I had such an incredible time with Portuguese! I’m so pained to leave it behind! I’m also happy to report I was pleasantly surprised, as I predicted I would listen to a few videos, dismiss it and move on, like I had with Spanish. How wrong I was, and gladly so. SUMMARY: Like Spanish, Portuguese gets its roots from Vulgar Latin, a colloquial form of Latin spoken in the Roman Empire. The language was absorbed by the people living in the Iberian peninsula and mixed with the local vernacular. After a while, an early form of Portuguese known as Galician-Portuguese appeared and was used throughout the area, specifically for lyric poetry (Galician-Portuguese is also the mother of Galician, which is still spoken in northern Portugal). In the 13th century, Castillian, or European Spanish, had spread all over modern-day Spain. King Alfonso X of Spain made everyone use it for official use. Around the same time, King Denis of Portugal declared Galician-Portuguese to be the official language of the kingdom. Later, Galician-Portuguese split into two when Galicia and Portugal divided into separate kingdoms. Galician took it’s own route with influence from Castillian, while Portuguese went its separate ways. Also, my friend Rui, who is Portuguese, was able to provide more detail about some of the vowels. O is apparently the most common one, but the others can have different sounds: Aa – a as in father; also a as in lantern Ee – e as in bet; also e as in ego, e as in mere Oo – o as in okay; o as in do, o as in optical Uu – oo as in moo; aspirated after words that begin with Q and follow an a or o (e.g., ‘quanto’ sounds like the qu in quantity) FINAL IMPRESSIONS: First, before I go into my own inferences, I think it’s best to mention the major differences between Portuguese and Spanish, a lot of them being phonological. Let’s do it by list: –Portuguese has more vowel sounds than Spanish. Spanish has five basic sounds that always sound the same, while Portuguese vowels can vary. Portuguese also has nasal vowels. –Spanish has more Arabic/Moorish words. –Days of the week. Spanish uses the Roman system (like us), while Portuguese uses a different cardinal-number like style except for Saturday and Sunday (for example, Tuesday: Martes in Spanish, terça-feira in Portuguese. –Latin words translated to Spanish have diphthongs (two consecutive vowels in a word), while Portuguese ones don’t. Take for example the Latin word for time, or “tempus.” In Spanish, it’s tiempo, while in Portuguese, it’s just tempo. –Some words are just plain different. This is probably the most obvious. While there are a lot of cognates (help = ayuda (Spanish)/ajuda (Portuguese), some just aren’t the same (I = yo (Spanish)/eu (Portuguese). Also, there are a quite a few “false cognates.” And then there are many more phonetic differences (the aspirated “j” in Spanish vs. the voiced “j” in Portuguese, the “dzu” and “zu” sound in Portuguese for words with de/di and “ch” sound in Portuguese for words with te/ti), but I won’t go on. Oh! And then there’s the issue of Brazilian Portuguese vs. European Portuguese. The major differences I noticed was that European Portuguese seemed to have syllables “squished” together when spoken or not pronounced at all. It kinda sounded a bit more formal. Also, it seems the “r” sounds like an “h” in European Portuguese, while in its Brazilian counterpart, it’s more of a “er” sound. Brazilian Portuguese is said to be easier to learn and I preferred it; it sounded a bit more rhythmic and easier to catch on to. (It is said people from Portugal can understand Brazilian Portuguese with no problem, but not vice-versa. This could be due to the “squished” sounds of the European variant and because people in Portugal are exposed to a lot of Brazilian TV and music.) As for grammar, this is where Portuguese and Spanish seem to match each other. Both have -ar, -er and -ir verbs with similar conjugation patterns and both are SVO, although this really doesn’t matter because verbs are inflected a lot. Because of this, the subject can often be dropped in sentences because the verb already explains what it is by default (one can say Não estou com medo, which means “I mean not afraid” without the “Eu,” which means “I”). Even with the similarities, overall I really enjoyed it, much more so than Spanish. I was swept off my feet, but will Portuguese carry me into the sunset? Stay tuned. Because I couldn’t do an video recap, I just embedded one of my favorite songs to dance around to – “Music is My Boyfriend” from Cansei de Ser Sexy (and also because I LOVE the part when the lead singer sings in Portuguese the last third of the song). SOURCES USED IN THIS POST: COMING UP: Armenian	<urn:uuid:2358f083-42a4-47c1-a4ae-c5fadd73abe7>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://37languages.wordpress.com/2009/07/08/portuguese-adeus/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320865.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626203042-20170626223042-00170.warc.gz	en	0.971219	1,213	2.828125	3
A Cosmic Searchlight Streaming out from the center of the galaxy M87 like a cosmic searchlight is one of nature's most amazing phenomena, a black-hole-powered jet of electrons and other sub-atomic particles traveling at nearly the speed of light. In this Hubble telescope image, the blue jet contrasts with the yellow glow from the combined light of billions of unseen stars and the yellow, point-like clusters of stars that make up this galaxy. Lying at the center of M87, the monstrous black hole has swallowed up matter equal to 2 billion times our Sun's mass. M87 is 50 million light-years from Earth.	<urn:uuid:de8e9b70-faaf-487c-bf32-05ff8bb13bc1>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://hubblesite.org/news_release/news/2000-20	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321458.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627152510-20170627172510-00250.warc.gz	en	0.896883	130	3.265625	3
ARTICLE IN BRIEF An international consortium of researchers conducted a meta-analysis of gene screenings — in two stages — confirming known genes implicated in Alzheimer's disease and identifying 11 new gene loci associated with the disease. The new variants point to new pathways, and possible therapeutic targets. The recent discovery of 11 new gene locations involved with the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) made international news. But researchers said knowing the exact cause — and what to target for a cure — is not close at hand. There is no denying that the study is cause for celebration, they said. The study confirmed the role of genes discovered earlier and emphasized the role of particular regions associated with the immune system and inflammation. The study also identified new pathways underlying Alzheimer's disease, including those that involve hippocampal synaptic function, cytoskeletal function and axonal transport, regulation of gene expression and post-translational modification of proteins, and microglial and myeloid cell function. Scientists from more than a dozen countries and more than 40 institutions collaborated on the analysis, the largest international study on AD ever. The paper, which was published in the Oct. 27 edition of Nature Genetics, focused on late-onset AD. In stage one, the investigators used genotyped and imputed data from 7,055,881 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to perform a meta-analysis on four previously published datasets consisting of 17,008 AD cases and 37,154 controls. In stage 2, 11,632 SNPs were genotyped and tested for associations in an independent set of 8,572 AD cases and 11,312 controls. Nineteen loci reached genome-wide significance and 11 were newly associated with Alzheimer's disease. [See “Eleven New Genes: Alzheimer's Disease” for more information on their function.] One of the investigators, Oscar L. Lopez, MD, professor of neurology at the University of Pittsburgh, said the study will help researchers to focus on specific metabolic pathways involved with the possible etiology of AD. “Genetic studies are showing us three big areas to focus on — the immune system, the lipid and cholesterol metabolism, and the amyloid protein production that helps the neurons move protein from one cell to another.” According to the study, beyond the already known genome-wide association study-defined genes, the most significant new association was in the HLA-DRB5–DRB1 region. This region is also related to risk of both multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. “There are several major successes in this study,” said Thomas D. Bird, MD, a research neurologist at the Seattle VA Medical Center and chief of the Division of Neurogenetics at the University of Washington, who was not involved with the study. “The first is that this is a real tour de force because of the numbers of subjects and controls — you have thousands of people gathered here and that's really impressive. “The second is that there is always this yin and yang for a practicing clinical neurologist. While there isn't anything that you can use in the clinic for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease, it's an important piece in confirming and identifying previously recognized pathways and pointing out new pathways in which pathogens might assist with the disease. “Finally, by developing ideas of how the disease is initiated, down the line we can focus on those places to interrupt the disease therapeutically,” said Dr. Bird, who serves on the editorial advisory board of Neurology Today. Now that new loci have been identified, researchers still need to determine the amount of risk the genes contribute. It could be that they only contribute to 3 or 4 percent of the population, said David Gill, MD, a behavioral neurologist at Unity Rehabilitation and Neurology and clinical assistant professor at the University of Rochester Medical Center. Dr. Gill said the study added evidence, both in supporting previous work and targeting potential causal pathways. But it's unclear how the 11 genes are involved and if they increase or decrease the risk. “The genes that were found may be involved in cholesterol movement of particles in the cell within the immune system, which we know are involved in Alzheimer's, but we don't know how,” said Dr. Gill. “For us to say that the immune system is more involved, I don't know if that's fair to say, but the study provides added evidence.” Part of the blessing and the curse of studying Alzheimer's disease is that there are so many proteins that are involved. “It's almost an embarrassment of riches,” said Dr. Bird. “But with so many targets, it's difficult to know where to start and how to interact with the system. Do you start with inflammation? Lipid transport? Amyloid production?” “It is clear that the clinical Alzheimer's phenotype is way more complex than we have been assuming,” said Sam Gandy, MD, PhD, director of the Mount Sinai Center for Cognitive Health and the Mount Sinai chair in Alzheimer's disease research. “While hoping that single agent/single target prevention will have a meaningful benefit, I am more and more worried that this will turn out to have been quite naive when we look back 10 years from now.” Dr. Gandy noted that the prevention trials are all focused on amyloid although there are recent revelations that up to one third of the clinical AD cases have negative amyloid scans. He pointed out that Clifford Jack Jr., a professor of radiology at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, and colleagues have proposed two types of AD based on imaging: amyloid first or neurodegeneration first; the paper was published in an Oct. 16 online edition of Neurology. “The idea that neurodegeneration can ever be first represents a seismic shift in formulation of pathogenesis for researchers in the amyloidosis area,” said Dr. Gandy. IMPLICATIONS FOR TREATMENT? The neurologists said that the meta-analysis has no impact on genetic screening at the moment or any treatment implications. “These studies are giving us some clues that can be used to target in future primary or secondary prevention treatments,” said Dr. Lopez. “That's where the whole thing is going. At the end of the day, we want these studies to allow us to design treatments that help people not develop the disease.” There is some concern that the public might interpret news about these types of meta-analyses as possible causes and cures for AD. “I get questions from people and they get frustrated that there is no answer, because they heard some story about genetic tests for Alzheimer's,” said Dr. Gill. “There is no testing that should be done for late-onset Alzheimer's and this study doesn't change that. Even if I did make a diagnosis, it wouldn't change the treatment.” “Sometimes there's an overenthusiastic response to research, and the public thinks — there are new genes, so soon we'll have a new treatment,” he continued. “And then nothing happens. The general population is getting frustrated.” But others are a bit more sanguine about the prospects. “Look how long it took to treat hypertension,” said Dr. Lopez. “In the 1960s, there was one drug. Now, 60 years later, there are so many treatments. The field for the study and treatment of Alzheimer's disease started in the late 80s and early 90s.” LINK UP FOR MORE INFORMATION: •. Lambert JC, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Harold D, et al. Meta-analysis of 74,046 individuals identifies 11 new susceptibility loci for Alzheimer's disease. Nat Genet 2013; E-pub 2013 Oct. 27. •. Jack CR Jr, Wiste HJ, Weigand SD, et al. Amyloid-first and neurodegeneration-first profiles characterize incident amyloid PET positivity. Neurology 2013; E-pub 2013 Oct. 16. •. Neurology archive on Alzheimer's genetic studies: bit.ly/17UttAv.	<urn:uuid:ee4b5d79-1d0d-4575-aa60-1821c8f587ab>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://journals.lww.com/neurotodayonline/Fulltext/2013/12050/Eleven_New_Genes_Associated_with_Alzheimer_s.3.aspx	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321458.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627152510-20170627172510-00250.warc.gz	en	0.9483	1,725	2.6875	3
Among all other skin problems the most embarrassing one is skin pigmentation or Melasma. Melasma can affect anyone. However it’s most common in women. Being affected by Melasma means that blotches of pigmentation suddenly appear on your skin. But actually what is pigmentation? What causes it? How can people get melasma? What can you do to prevent yourself from melasma? Let’s learn about it from the following. What is Melasma and what causes it? Exposure to sunlight stimulates the production of melanin. As a result, brown splotch appears on certain parts of skin which is known as melasma. The word Melasma is derived from the Greek word and (melas) in Greek. The originating word means black color. Darker patches appear on the forehead, cheeks, upper lip, or jaw line that is exposed to the sun light. Melasma happens mainly during 30-40 years of age. However, melasma also appears in the midst of the neck, shoulders and upper arms. Melasma is more likely to affect those with fairer complexion. A type of melasma also occurs under the under arm. But that is genetically determined and is called Neurofibromatosis. The usual types of Melasma and pigmentation may destroy the external beauty but it causes no harm internally. There are some types of melasma and pigmentation which can be coined as Skin cancer such as; Basal cell carcinoma and lentigo maligna melanoma. Whatever it is, these are actually curable if these problems are determined at an earlier stage. Melasma might attach whenever one gets exposed to sun light is a misconception. The heredity is one of the major issues here. In a research it has been founded that genetic tendency and sun light combines to form melasma. For some people, just with the slightest touch of sun rays noticeable pigmentations starts attacking the skin. Not only that, but also the outer layer of skin becomes thicker. Melasma is not seen on those whose skin complexion is already darker. It is because ultraviolet rays cannot influence the darker skin to much great extent. What to Do? - Use the best quality sunscreen every morning the sunscreen should be SPF 30 or higher; - When getting out of the house wear scarf or wide brim hats. - Wear something covering the shoulder and full sleeve dress - Get a microdermabrasion or light peels, which, if done correctly -Try your best to avoid bleaching facial. Go for such facials which contain Vitamin A Acid and such other differing types of ingredients naturally. - It is best to avoid going outside at any time during and in-between morning 10:00 a.m. and evening 4:00 p.m. - It is best to stop undertaking contraceptive pills and also one need to stop hormone therapy. - Try to stay under shades when outside and if possible carry an umbrella. - Try to make it a habit to apply sunscreen while going outside. -Drink plenty of water, eat lots of fruits and vegetables and along with it stay neat and clean. -Don’t tend to go for tea, coffee or any alcohol related food. These types of food stimulate melasma. Some Natural Steps to Get Rid Of Melasma - Mix rice powder and egg together to form a paste and apply it over your face and let it stay for 2 minutes. Do this twice each week. This procedure helps you in getting rid of melasma and in the same way also makes your skin soft and smooth. - Curd plays a significant role in getting rid of melasma. Apply curd all over your face and let it stay for 15–20 minutes for three days each week abd then wash it off. Sour Curd helps in getting rid of melasma - Apply a mixture of an equal amount of vinegar and water. This helps in getting rid of melasma and at the same way the skin also gets smooth and brighter. - Lemon juice contains anti-oxidant elements. This protects the skin from the sun’s harmful effects. - Apply a mixture of water mixed with a little lemon juice on your skin regularly and let it stay for 10 to 15 minutes. Then wash it off. - Apply Aloe Vera Juice on the melasma affected areas with your finger and then wash it off the next morning. Maintaining and following this process for few days will help you in getting rid of melasma. - Along with drinking Cinnamon water applying the mixture of cinnamon powder mixed with skimmed milk on the affected area of melasma will eventually help in getting rid of melasma all together. Hope you will be get benefits from this post.	<urn:uuid:64ead80c-08fa-4332-93ed-aceab44e0402>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://skinproductsreviews.com/blog/what-is-melasma-causes-and-its-remedies/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321458.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627152510-20170627172510-00250.warc.gz	en	0.920713	974	2.875	3
Species name: Araucaria heterophylla Common name: Norfolk Island Pine Location: UWO Greenhouse The Norfolk Island pine, as the common name suggests, is native to the very small island of Norfolk Island, located between Australia and New Zealand. Contrary to what the common name suggests, it is not a pine. Due to the incredibly small native range and the wild hunting of this species, it is listed internationally as vulnerable. The Norfolk Island pine is an incredibly popular ornamental species due to its almost perfect triangular symmetry. When young and grown in optimal growth conditions (which this greenhouse doesn't have; you can tell by the shape of the tree), the branches are closely bunched and project almost straight out from the main trunk. The branches are subdivided, and these branchlets project outwards towards the tips of the main branch, but fanning outwards at about a 60-degree angle (see the second picture to get a visual of what I'm trying, poorly, to describe). The amazing geometry of this species makes it, by far, one of my favourite tree species. I have never tried to grow it indoors, but I'm guessing that I would be disappointed at the results. The Norfolk Island pine REALLY doesn't like being confined to a pot! It is widely planted outdoors in subtropical and tropical locations: Florida, California, Hawaii, some regions in Brazil and Chile, resort and tourist areas in Honduras, and in lush areas of South Africa. Fortunately, there is a huge market for commercially-grown greenhouse Norfolk Island pines, so they are rarely disturbed in the wild (and they are now a federally-protected species). In fact, the Norfolk Island pine is so valued by the island that it is the main symbol on their flag! And what a lovely flag it is; picture a green Canadian flag but with a Norfolk Island pine tree instead of a maple leaf. They do say that copying is the most sincere form of flattery...right? Surprisingly enough, this tree has actually been banned as an ornamental species in some coastal communities in Florida and California, and this has nothing to do with the potential for being invasive (which it isn't). Due to frost damage, the main trunk and bottom branches of these trees can become very fragile, and only attached by the innermost woody tissues. As soon as the first big wind storm (or hurricane) hits, the trunk and/or the lower branches go flying off, even when other tree species in the area remain standing. This can cause serious property damage, and can even result in the loss of lives due to flying debris. As a result, the tree has been banned and other native trees have been suggested in its place. The cones of the Norfolk Island pine, which I have unfortunately never seen (they look spectacular in pictures!), are enormous and look like they should be big enough to snap off the tips of the branches due to their weight. Once the cones are mature (after about 18 months!), they split open and completely disintegrate, releasing the nut-like edible seeds on the inside. If you have one of these trees as an ornamental species and get cones from it, roast some of the seeds and let me know what they taste like! Remember, don't ever collect seeds in the wild; because this is an IUCN Red List species in the "vulnerable" category, it is against international laws to collect seeds from wild individuals. I wouldn't want anyone to get arrested! The flag of Norfolk Island (image courtesy of Wikipedia)	<urn:uuid:e5f26edf-75ba-4d78-844e-8c6b5837a626>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://botanicalmusings.blogspot.com/2013/01/norfolk-islands-pseudo-pine.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323604.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628101910-20170628121910-00330.warc.gz	en	0.963968	722	3.28125	3
Amazon drought: A growing concern Record droughts hit the Amazon's rain forests in 2005 and 2010. With climate models projecting more drying with global warming, researchers are keeping close watch for such extreme droughts. Scientists are keeping a wary eye on the Amazon's rain forests after a severe drought struck some 1.2 million square miles of forest last year. It marked the second drought in five years severe enough to be considered a once-a-century event. The previous drought, in 2005, affected 734,000 square miles of forest, according to an analysis published Friday in the journal Science. During the 2010 event, water coursing along the Rio Negro, a tributary of the Amazon, dropped to its lowest levels on record. In both cases, the droughts were tied to unusually warm surface waters in the Atlantic Ocean. The Amazon's vast rain forests typically pull some 1.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide from the air each year, storing the carbon in their wood and offsetting CO2 emissions that come as humans burn fossil fuels and clear forests for farming. Two once-a-century events doesn't mean one actually occurs every 100 years but rather represents along-term average recurrence rate. It's possible to experience two "floods of the century" within five years, but it's statistically rare. With some climate models projecting a drying over the Amazon as the global climate continues to warm, researchers are keeping close watch for changes in the recurrence rate for such extreme droughts. "If events like this happen more often, the Amazon rainforest would reach a point where it shifts from being a valuable carbon sink slowing climate change to a major source of greenhouse gases that could speed it up," notes Simon Lewis, a researcher at the University of Leeds in Britain and the study's lead author, in a prepared statement. The team, which included researchers from the US and Brazil, used satellite data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, a joint project between NASA and Japan's space agency, JAXA, to take the measure of rainfall during both droughts. They combined the data with estimates of water loss from soil and plants, as well as measurements made as a follow-up to the 2005 drought, to estimate tree loss and its effect on the region's carbon emissions as dead trees decompose. The team calculates that once that decomposition process has kicked in completely, the dead trees will release over time some 5 billion tons of CO2. The team suggests the loss of trees from the two droughts combined could offset the increases in carbon uptake the forest experienced during the intervening non-drought years. The work represents an initial estimate with significant uncertainties, the researchers acknowledge. Much hinges on soil conditions in the three "epicenters" of last year's drought, as well as whether the most drought-susceptible trees fell to the 2005 drought, or were merely weakened enough to succumb to the 2010 event. If such droughts become more common, drought-tolerant species may move into the affected regions, the researchers acknowledge. But they also tend to store less carbon as they grow.	<urn:uuid:a249c6e0-130c-49c9-a639-66a4003a034f>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2011/0206/Amazon-drought-A-growing-concern	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323604.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628101910-20170628121910-00330.warc.gz	en	0.957132	649	3.515625	4
We’re living in extraordinary times, everyone. We, as a world, keep setting new records — kicking climate ass and taking names and then coughing a lot and feeling dizzy. Just today, we have three new records or near-records to put up on humankind’s trophy shelf, alongside the one that reads “Fight Against Climate Change: Participant.” U.S. record: Most acres burned by wildfire As noted by Mother Jones, the United States can boast that 2012 is the burniest year to date in American history. From Jan. 1 until yesterday, some 42,000 wildfires scorched 6.8 million acres across the country. Here’s how that stacks up compared to the last decade. 6.8 million is a lot of acres. It’s as if Connecticut, Delaware, and Rhode Island all burned to the ground in their entirety. What’s interesting is that the total number of fires is down, but the fires are more destructive. If you’d like to see where fires are burning currently, mapping company ESRI has you covered. U.S. record: Fewest tornadoes in decades The horrible drought that’s gutting the Midwest and devastating our nation’s food supply has at least one benefit: fewer tornadoes. From LiveScience.com: Since the middle of April, this is the quietest year for tornadoes in the country since the 1950s, when relatively detailed records began, said Harold Brooks, a research meteorologist at the National Severe Storms Laboratory in Norman, Okla. The nation would expect to have 850 tornadoes on average from mid-April to the end of July, Brooks told OurAmazingPlanet. But, he said, there have been fewer than 300 to date. That’s about 100 fewer than have ever been recorded in this 3.5-month stretch, he added. What that looks like: As for why: Why have there been so few twisters in the past 3.5 months? You can blame it on a high-pressure “heat dome” over much of the country that began forming in mid-April and has pushed the jet stream north into Canada, Brooks said. This heat dome is also a reason for the record drought that has gripped much of the country. This dome of high pressure has led to less precipitation and fewer thunderstorms — thus fewer tornadoes, which can only form in these storms, Brooks said. Less moisture means fewer storms, fewer storms means fewer tornadoes — but fewer tornadoes means more wicked witches. Every silver lining is accompanied by a cloud. World record: Least Arctic ice (unofficial) From the BBC: Arctic sea ice looks set to hit a record low by the end of the month, according to satellite data. Scientists at the US National Snow and Ice Data Center said data showed that the sea ice extent was tracking below the previous record low, set in 2007. Note: Every year for the past five has been well below two standard deviations from the average ice level seen during the last two decades of the 20th century. So congratulations all around, everyone. I very much look forward to the day, some 60 years from now, when my grandchildren, sheltered in their dust houses from the 150-degree heat, use CyberGoogle to look up things I’ve written and see this post. There in Nashville, on the shores of the Atlantic, I can only hope that they understand this post isn’t meant to be sarcastic at all — but rather my sincere celebration of how my generation (and my parents’ and their parents’) have crafted a whole new world for them to explore and fight over. You’re welcome, kids.	<urn:uuid:5de380d5-41d1-40c8-badf-9334b50c7799>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://grist.org/news/2012-fewest-tornadoes-least-ice-most-acres-burned/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323870.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629051817-20170629071817-00410.warc.gz	en	0.954128	785	2.875	3
Bleak House (Knoxville, Tennessee) \|Location\|\|3148 Kingston Pike \|NRHP Reference #\|\|84000369\| \|Added to NRHP\|\|November 8, 1984\| The house was first occupied by Robert Houston Armstrong and his wife, Louisa Franklin. It was built for the couple as a wedding gift by the bride's father, Major Lawson D. Franklin. Robert Armstrong's father, Drury Armstrong, gave them the land. The Armstrongs named the house after Charles Dickens' "Bleak House" novel of the same name. The bricks in the house were molded on-site using slave labor. The home was used by Confederate Generals James Longstreet and Lafayette McLaws as their headquarters during the 1863 Battle of Knoxville. Three Confederate sharpshooters who were stationed in the house's tower were killed by Union cannonballs. Two of the cannonballs are still embedded in the walls, and Civil War-era sketches of the slain soldiers are displayed on the walls of the tower. The home now belongs to local Chapter 89 of the United Daughters of the Confederacy and is commonly called Confederate Memorial Hall. - Knoxville: Fifty Landmarks. (Knoxville: The Knoxville Heritage Committee of the Junior League of Knoxville, 1976). - Confederate Memorial Hall - Historic Bleak House homepage - National Register of Historic Places	<urn:uuid:54d6a084-c3a0-4da4-acc0-ec0d930d238a>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleak_House_(Knoxville)	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323870.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629051817-20170629071817-00410.warc.gz	en	0.912004	281	3.375	3
Q: What did the Buddha teach about anger, specifically righteous anger? Is any anger acceptable in Buddhism? A: The Dalai Lama recently answered the question, “Is there a positive form of anger?” by saying that righteous anger is a “defilement” or “afflictive emotion”–a Buddhist term translated from the Sanskrit word klesha–that must be eliminated if one seeks to achieve nirvana. He added that although anger might have some positive effects in terms of survival or moral outrage, he did not accept anger of any kind as a virtuous emotion nor aggression as constructive behavior. Buddhism in general teaches that anger is a destructive emotion and that there is no good example of it. The Buddha taught that three basic kleshas are at the root of samsara (bondage, illusion) and the vicious cycle of rebirth. These are greed, hatred, and delusion–also translatable as attachment, anger, and ignorance. They bring us confusion and misery rather than peace, happiness, and fulfillment. It is in our own self-interest to purify and transform them. In the tantric teachings of Vajrayana (Tibetan Buddhism), it is said that all the kleshas or afflictive emotions have their own sacred power, their own particular intelligence, wisdom, and logic. The late Tibetan teacher Chogyam Tryungpa Rinpoche often taught that five kleshas (in the Tibetan tradition, they are greed, hatred, delusion, pride, and jealousy) are in essence five wisdoms. The wisdom side of anger, for example, is discriminating awareness. How can this be? Anger makes us sharp and quick to criticize, but anger also helps us see what’s wrong. Our feelings and emotions are actually serving like intelligence agents, bringing in news from the field of our experience. We should not dismiss, ignore, or repress them. In Tibetan tantric iconography, moreover, not all the Buddhas and meditational deities are pacific. Some are surrounded by flames and wear fierce masks symbolizing the shadow side of our psyches. Yet it is always taught that the wrathful buddhas and “dharma protectors” have peaceful Buddha at their hearts. Perhaps this is connected to the modern, Western notion that righteous anger can help drive compassionate action to redress injustices in the world. Sadly, in our increasingly uncivil, fast-paced, and competitive society, there are plenty of contributing causes of anger. Violence in the media, permissiveness about expressing oneself, accelerating change, and lack of an ethos of personal responsibility are coupled with a growing sense of entitlement and dearth of family and community connection.make us angry if the seed of anger is not in our hearts. The truth is, we all have some anger in us. Even the Dalai Lama says he gets angry as does the Vietnamese Zen master and peace activist Thich Nhat HanhThe difference is that these two sages know what to do with their anger. Intense angry feelings don’t automatically become unhealthy or destructive or drive negative actions. But the Buddha said that no one can The Dalai Lama and Thich Nhat Hanh, I believe, have learned to constructively channel the energy that can turn into anger. Through opening the heart to that energy rather than repressing and suppressing it they have learned how to recognize its essential emptiness and transitory nature, and then transform and release it, or direct it creatively. “The ghosts of the past which follow us into the present also belong to the present moment,” says Thich Nhat Hanh. “To observe them deeply, recognize their nature and transform them, is to transform the past.” Ultimately, I believe that anger is just an emotion. We needn’t be afraid of it or judge it too harshly. Emotions occur quickly; moods linger longer. These temporary states of mind are conditioned, and therefore can be reconditioned. Through self-discipline and practice, negativity can be transformed into positivity and freedom and self-mastery achieved. A clue to anger is that a lot of it stems from fear, and it manifests in the primitive “fight or flight” response. I have noticed that when I am feeling angry, asking myself, “Where and how do I hurt? What am I afraid of?” helps clarify things and mitigate my tempestuous reaction. After cooling down, I ask myself, “What would Buddha do; What would Love do in this situation?” This helps me soothe my passions, be more creative and proactive instead of reactive. In that state, I can transcend blame, resentment, and bitterness. As Thich Nhat Hanh has written, “Our attitude is to take care of anger. We don’t suppress or hate it, or run away from it. We just breathe gently and cradle our anger in our arms with the utmost tenderness.” This “embracing” of our anger is an important part of the practice of lovingkindness: learning to accept and love even what we don’t like. The Dalai Lama has said: “My religion is kindness.” The cultivation of lovingkindness is an inner attitude that embraces all in a way that allows no separation between self, events, and others, and honors the Buddha-nature or core of goodness at the heart of one and all. Lovingkindness is the root of nonviolence, the antidote to anger and aggression, and the root of mindfulness practice, in that it requires the same non-judging, non-grasping calmness and clarity that is at the heart of Buddhist meditation practice. When anger surges up in you, try cultivating patience, lovingkindness, and forbearance. When hatred rears its head, cultivate forgiveness and equanimity, try to empathize with the other and see things through there eyes for a moment. If you are moved towards aggression, try to breathe, relax, and quiet the agitated mind and strive for restraint and moderation, remembering that others are just like you. They want and need happiness; they are trying to avoid pain, harm, and suffering, too. The following is a very simple strategy to apply in the moment that anger arises: 1. First, “I know that I’m angry–furious, livid, etc.” 2. Breathe in deeply, and while breathing out say, “I send compassion towards my anger.” Practice this mantra, and observe how it magically interrupts the habitual pattern of unskillful, thoughtless reactivity. This practice can provide–on the spot–a moment of mindfulness and sanity. It helps us take better care of ourselves and heads off negative behaviors we know we don’t want to perpetuate.	<urn:uuid:0f70ef0d-c7e5-4b28-80e2-e73d509f2c04>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.surya.org/transforming-anger-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319933.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622234435-20170623014435-00049.warc.gz	en	0.938429	1,430	3.453125	3
In today’s talk, Nilofer Merchant gives a startling statistic: we’re sitting, on average, for 9.3 hours per day—far more than the 7.7 hours we spend sleeping. “Sitting is so incredibly prevalent, we don’t even question how much we’re doing it,” Merchant says. Nilofer Merchant: Got a meeting? Take a walk “In that way, sitting has become the smoking of our generation.” But there are consequences. Physical inactivity, Merchant says, leads to upticks in our risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, heart disease, and type II diabetes. Merchant’s own habits changed when a colleague couldn’t fit a meeting into her schedule and asked if Merchant could come along on a dog walk instead. Now, she says, “I’ve taken that idea and made it my own.” Instead of meeting in conference rooms, she asks people to go on walking meetings—20 to 30 miles’ worth a week. “It’s changed my life,” she says. Merchant is carrying on a long tradition of frequent, even ritualistic, walking. Here are some other fans of the amble. Some are walk-and-talkers; others or simply stroll for its own sake. - Aristotle allegedly instructed students while strolling about—which fits with his students’ being called “Peripatetics.” - In August 1910, Sigmund Freud took a four-hour walk with the Austrian composer Gustav Mahler, who had requested an “urgent consultation” via telegraph, according to the BBC. Mahler’s marriage was disintegrating, and he was about to have a breakdown—hence the emergency walk-and-talk with the founder of psychoanalysis. In fact, Freud conducted a number of walking analyses, according to Freud: A Life for Our Time. Another significant example: Freud conducted his first training analysis on Max Eitingon in 1907 through a series of evening walks. Eitingon went to become president of the International Psychoanalytic Association. - Steve Jobs made a habit of the walking meeting, especially for first encounters, according to CNNMoney, which quotes from Jobs’ biography: “taking a long walk was his preferred way to have a serious conversation.” - Harry S. Truman was a routine-oriented man, and walking was a fundamental part of that routine. According to the University of Virginia’s Miller Center, Truman woke up at five in the morning for a “vigorous” walk of a mile or two, “wearing a business suit and tie!” (This in addition to his frequent midday swimming session in the White House pool, “with his eyeglasses on.”) - Charles Dickens “was from childhood an avid, even compulsive, walker,” Sports Illustrated wrote in 1988. (Apparently, the mid-1800s was “the golden age of professional foot racing, or ‘pedestrianism.’” Who knew?) Dickens frequently walked around 20 miles a day—one night in 1857, he logged 30 miles—and often did so at night. Walking was a means of both observing the cities around him and de-stressing. “Dickens found composition to be hard, painful work,” SI writes. “The hours he spent at his desk agitated him tremendously, and walking served as a kind of safety valve.” Note: After we ran this post, American Express’ Tumblr — a Tumblr designed to motivate and inspire — created the incredible visualization below. Enjoy. Via American Express’ Tumblr, a Tumblr designed to motivate and inspire.	<urn:uuid:ad1340b9-229f-46ea-b786-72f2db34a754>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://blog.ted.com/walking-meetings-5-surprising-thinkers-who-swore-by-them/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320130.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623184505-20170623204505-00130.warc.gz	en	0.965432	792	2.734375	3
MARATHON, Fla. (AP) — Florida is marking the centennial of Henry Flagler’s Over-Sea Railroad, which steamed through the Florida Keys Jan. 22, 1912, carrying residents and tourists from Miami through the once-isolated island chain to Key West for the first time ever. The engineering feat, referred to by some at the time as the “eighth wonder of the world,” launched the Florida Keys’ tourism industry. Its track stretched 156 miles, nearly half of it on bridges over water or swamps, built by 4,000 men working 10- to 12-hour days, six days a week. “It is perfectly simple. All you have to do is build one concrete arch, and then another, and pretty soon you will find yourself in Key West,” Flagler is quoted as saying in the book “Henry Flagler: The Astonishing Life and Times of the Visionary Robber Baron Who Founded Florida” by David Leon Chandler. In the days of cigar rolling, Key West was the most populated city in Florida and the richest city per capita. Flagler hoped to make it a major port, investing some $50 million of his own money (some experts say it was more) into the project that took seven years to complete. Work began on the Seven Mile Bridge in 1908 with over 500 concrete piers across the route’s longest stretch of open water. Innovative tools and machinery were introduced to cut through trees and swamps and work over the ocean. Pigeon Key, a 5-acre coral island, served as the home base for 400 workers between 1908 and 1912. Most workers came from New York, lured by wages of about $1.60 a day to work in the hot Florida sun, plagued by mosquitoes. They got food, housing, and Sundays off for church services. Alcohol and women were banned. “They say the two things that slowed down the completion of the railroad were the mosquitoes and the lack of alcohol,” said Kelly McKinnon, executive director of the Pigeon Key Foundation, a preservation, education and research nonprofit. Concerns that Flagler, in his 80s, might die before the railroad was finished led to marathon 12-hour shifts by workers toward the end of the project, McKinnon said. The efforts gave the Keys city of Marathon its name. Some 10,000 people turned out to greet Flagler and his family on Jan. 22, 1912, as they arrived by train in Key West. “It was the most exciting thing that had ever happened,” said Claudia Pennington, executive director of the Key West Museum of Art & History at The Custom House. “Everybody from schoolchildren who had never seen a train in their life to people who thought it would be a great way to transport freight and improve the economy was there.” Lamar Louise Curry, now 105 years old and a resident of Coral Gables, was a 5-year-old living in Key West when the railroad arrived. She rode it over the old Seven Mile Bridge a few times with her parents and remembers the porcelain drinking cups and railroad trestle. “We were told to look out the window. There was nothing but water. I was too young and took it for granted,” said the former American history teacher. Passengers could travel from Miami to Key West for $7.18 in 1925 in less than three hours. A one-way trip from Jacksonville, Fla., to Key West was $20.34 and from New York to the Keys was $77. Flagler even offered a 48-hour trip from New York to Havana, by train and steamship, with accommodations in Flagler hotels on the way. In those days, riders thought the train was flying at 25 mph. “It was the idea of warp speed to them,” Pennington said. “Passengers were able to get on a train with their winter coats from New York, Boston or Washington and the next day they were in Florida where it was sunny and warm.” Flagler died 18 months after the railroad’s completion. Thousands of people took the train over the next two decades, but the 1929 stock market crash and the Great Depression took their toll. By the 1930s, the train and resorts scaled back as “the elegance of the Gilded Age was slipping away,” Pennington said. Then the 1935 Labor Day Hurricane wiped out 40 miles of track. The railroad was never rebuilt, though portions of old bridges stand today over open water and remain among the Keys’ most visited spots. The Keys are marking the centennial of the railroad’s completion Jan. 22 with a Key West parade, Henry Flagler re-enactor, museum exhibitions, and more. Other exhibitions and events are taking place across Florida, from Jacksonville and St. Augustine in the northeast to Palm Beach and Miami in the southeast. And even today’s vacationers acknowledge the indelible impact the railroad had on launching the state’s tourism industry. “I think he set the groundwork for all of this,” said Vincent Rich, visiting the Keys this week with his wife from Pittsburgh, Pa. “He had a big influence by bringing life down here.” If You Go… OVER-SEA RAILROAD AND FLAGLER CENTENNIAL: http://www.flaglerkeys100.com/ . Henry Flagler’s rail route is now an “All-American Road” with a bike path along segments. A remaining trestle bridge gives kayakers a unique view from underneath. The Old Seven Mile Bridge and other bridges are popular for tarpon fishing. Advanced divers can explore an artificial reef made from part of the original railroad bridge submerged 115 feet deep off Marathon. PIGEON KEY: http://pigeonkey.net/ . The Pigeon Key Visitors Center is at Mile Marker 47 on US1. A 10-minute boat ride takes you to Pigeon Key island, which offers four daily guided tours about the history of the railroad workers. Eight buildings are on the National Register of Historic Places; many have been converted into museums and dormitories for student groups and other island visitors. Pigeon Key connects to Marathon and offers spectacular views and photo ops of the ocean, the Old Seven Mile Bridge and the New Seven Mile Bridge. The $12 admission covers visits to museums, round-trip boat ride, guided tour and free use of snorkel gear. You can also walk or bike 2 miles from Marathon to Pigeon Key via the bridges. BAHIA HONDA STATE PARK: http://bahiahondapark.com/ . Located between Mile Markers 36 and 37 on US1, Bahia Honda offers beautiful beaches, swimming, snorkeling and views of the old Bahia Honda trestle bridge, a railroad icon in the Keys. Entrance, $8 per vehicle; snorkel gear and kayak rentals available. CUSTOM HOUSE: http://www.kwahs.com/flagler-exhibit.html. “Flagler’s Speedway to Sunshine” exhibit, including a recreated Florida East Coast Railway Car and vintage footage of an early 20th century trip, at the Custom House Museum in Key West; adults, $7. FLORIDA KEYS TOURISM: http://www.fla-keys.com/ . Copyright 2012 The Associated Press.	<urn:uuid:bb787fa2-774e-48a3-80ba-09203649522c>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://tampa.cbslocal.com/2012/01/19/miami-to-keys-over-the-sea-railroad-turns-100/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320476.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625083108-20170625103108-00290.warc.gz	en	0.965629	1,572	2.875	3
NASA’s resilient Opportunity Mars rover is rolling again after waiting out the harsh Red Planet winter for more than four months. On Tuesday (May 8), the Opportunity rover moved its wheels for the first time since late December, NASA officials said. The rover drove about 12 feet (3.7 meters) downhill from its overwintering site, a spot on the rim of the huge Endeavour Crater that scientists dubbed Greeley Haven. "Opportunity has finally moved for the first time since settling into our winter haven," said James Rice, a rover mission co-investigator at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. Opportunity parked at Greeley in late 2011 to take advantage of the outcrop's sun-facing slope, boosting output from the rover's dusty solar panels during the winter. But Opportunity remained awake and alert the whole time, checking out more than a dozen rocks within reach of its robotic arm. The rover team also used radio signals from the stationary Opportunity to study Mars' rotation, work that could lead to a better understanding of the Red Planet's interior, researchers said. [7 Biggest Mysteries of Mars] While Opportunity's long rest appears to be over, scientists will be keeping a close eye on the rover before sending it on any long journeys across flat ground. "We will still need to monitor our power levels, however, and keep a northern tilt till around the middle of July," Rice told SPACE.com via email. Once power levels are sufficiently high, Rice said, the team wants to send Opportunity south to a spot along Endeavour's rim called Cape Tribulation. The goal is to look for elusive phyllosilicates — clay minerals that indicate a long-term interaction between water and rock. Clays form at higher — close to neutral — pH, in contrast to the acidic environments that produce sulfates, Rice said. As a result, clays suggest a "better habitability potential" on ancient Mars than sulfates do, he added. "We are still in search of evidence for phyllosilicate minerals on Cape York," said Bill Farrand, a rover team member at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo. Cape York is the name of the broad section of Endeavour Crater that Opportunity has been studying since August 2011. Farrand said that measurements taken from Mars orbit indicate that phyllosilicates are present on Cape York, but in low abundance and in limited exposures. Mars scientists are also interested in further characterizing the veins which occur on the lower flanks of Cape York, he added. "Last year, we discovered that the vein 'Homestake' — analyzed with Opportunity's Microscopic Imager and Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer instruments — was likely composed of the mineral gypsum. It would be good to examine other occurrences of those veins," Farrand told SPACE.com. "We know there are clay deposits around as we can see them from Mars orbit. We haven’t seen the surface expression of them…so we haven’t confirmed from the ground that we could see these things," said Jim Bell of Arizona State University, lead scientist for the panoramic cameras on Opportunity and Spirit, its mute (and presumed dead) twin. [Mars Photos by Spirit and Opportunity] Bell added that ground-truthing the clay deposits would be a big help for NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission. MSL's huge, nuclear-powered Curiosity rover is to touch down the night of Aug. 5 at Mars' Gale Crater. "MSL is going to be running into this kind of thing too," Bell said. "So whatever we can learn about how to spot them from a roving platform, and how to characterize them, that’s going to feed forward into what MSL is going to do in Gale Crater as well." Bell said he also wonders whether Mars researchers might be surprised about what they find — as they were when Opportunity discovered strange hematite "blueberries" on the Red Planet. "We could see hematite from orbit, but we were surprised how it was expressed on the surface. We had lots of ideas, but nobody predicted little blueberries," Bell said. "So maybe we’ll get surprised with the clays, too." Rice said the rover team is excited about Opportunity's eventual journey to Cape Tribulation. "Based on our orbital remote sensing data, the motherlode of phyllosilicates is located up on the spine of Cape Tribulation," Rice said. "So once we arrive there, Opportunity will get a shot at climbing some hills for the very first time in her lifetime." Rice expected that such a climb by Opportunity might be similar to the ascent Spirit made when it tackled Husband Hill way back in 2005. Spirit and Opportunity landed on Mars in January 2004. The two robots were expected to spend 90 days searching for signs of past water activity. They found plenty of such evidence at their separate landing sites, reshaping scientists' understanding of the Red Planet's history. And the two rovers kept chugging along, far exceeding their warranties; NASA declared Spirit dead just last year, and Opportunity is still going strong. Leonard David has been reporting on the space industry for more than five decades. He is a winner of last year's National Space Club Press Award and a past editor-in-chief of the National Space Society's Ad Astra and Space World magazines. He has written for SPACE.com since 1999.	<urn:uuid:acedbd31-b69e-4821-9cc4-d1704d13db8d>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2012/05/10/mars-rover-opportunity-survives-harsh-martian-winter-to-rove-again.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320669.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626032235-20170626052235-00370.warc.gz	en	0.9569	1,156	2.828125	3
Barton's Youth Baseball Great site for youth baseball players and their parents! Get great tips on pitching, fielding, and hitting. Also, information is provided for parents who are coaches of youth baseball teams Baseball - Abner Doubleday Doubleday has often been credited with inventing the game of baseball in 1839 at Cooperstown, New York, now the location of the baseball's Hall of Fame. This claim appears to date from the late nineteenth century, when baseball owners tried to disasso ciate the game from any connection to the English game of rounders. The assertion that Doubleday invented baseball is almost certainly untrue. Doubleday was not at Cooperstown in 1839; he never referred to the game, much less claimed that he invented it, and his obituary in the New York Times did not mention baseball, either. Baseball Instruction Make America's favorite pastime yours - improve your baseball game by studying and practicing the following skills and drills! Fact Monster's Baseball Fact Monster's Baseball page contains fun facts about the sport of baseball. Included is information on the first World Series, which players have hit four home runs in a single game, and the name of the pitcher who has struck out the most players. Fancy Catch Fancy Catch is the original choice for Full Grain Leather Softball and Baseball Gloves to fit your own taste and style. Little League Pitching Forum I have started a NEW forum specifically for Little League parents, coaches and players. So if your son is in that age group 8-12 you will now have an opportunity to keep the discussion age specific. If you are specifically interested in helping Little League pitchers then this is where we can all get together and share. Questions About Tee Ball? Parents Kids Coaches League Administrators Youth Sports Directors Volunteers Municipal Authorities Local Sponsors Sporting Goods Suppliers Sports and Recreations Media Community News Do you have questions about tee ball? Click here to E-mail them to us Softball Instruction Star players are made through use of the skills & drills below. Now you can develop into an All Leaguer. Sports n Kids Sportsnkids.com is dedicated to youth baseball activities in Oklahoma. We carry tournament information from several locations throughout Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas and Missouri. T-BALL USA Association The T-BALL USA Association is the national not-for-profit youth sports organization dedicated to the development of the game of tee ball. Tee Ball Field of Play The field of play is shared by an infield and an outfield and is separated into fair and foul territory. The Art of Catching The objective of this site is to take a beginning or experienced catcher through all the steps necessary in becoming a proficient, well rounded catcher. This step-by-step approach will leave no stone unturned. It is my hope that this will provide a complete teaching base for catchers of all ages. The Rules of Tee Ball A brief summary of the rules and equipment specifications recommended by T-BALL USA The Science Behind a Home Run Site contains good information about the sport of baseball. Learn how to find the "sweet spot" on a baseball bat, the science of hitting a home run, and more. Good student and teacher resource. Tips and Training - Baseball Make America's favorite pastime yours - improve your baseball game by studying and practicing the following skills and drills! ("MyTeam") Totally Baseball A total baseball site - links, facts, books, playing tips - good for kids. What is Tee Ball? The game is the entry sport to baseball and softball for young players, generally four to eight years old.	<urn:uuid:d5a9dab7-4e57-4b06-802d-04e7acbfe8c3>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://kinderstart.com/sportsandexercise/baseballandteeball(tball).html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323680.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628120308-20170628140308-00610.warc.gz	en	0.945444	742	2.578125	3
ROBERT MACNEIL: Richard, is, in your view, the prevalence of autism still rising? DR. RICHARD GRINKER: Well, the answer to the question of whether the prevalence of autism is still rising is still open. There's a lot more data being gathered. And it's really a very pressing issue. The question of whether the prevalence of autism is rising depends in large part on how you define autism and how you define prevalence. If you have more of a disorder, it could mean that it's being better-identified. It could mean that it's being recognized and people are getting treated. ROBERT MACNEIL: And tell us how the cases that are quoted, for instance, by the Centers for Disease Control, the prevalence of one in 110, how is that determined? DR. RICHARD GRINKER: The Centers for Disease Control does very careful and thorough analyses of records and registries, looking for as many cases as they can find. They're not looking at actual human beings in person at like a patient who goes to a clinic and is seen by a doctor. They're combing through records. And so the prevalence rate that they are ascertaining is based on what they can find. And what we do know about the records that they're using is that those records are different from the records five years ago or ten years ago. Before all of the autism awareness in the last 10 to 20 years, the records didn't contain the words that would sort of call out to you, autism. People weren't writing as much about social impairments. They weren't using phrases like joint attention or executive functioning or autism spectrum or seems to be on the spectrum. So the more services are available, the more the vocabulary is accepted within the special education community, the easier it is to find them. So yes, the prevalence is increasing. But what that means, to a large extent, is that more people are being identified. Not that these people weren't there before and called something or not identifiable. And I suspect that we may see the prevalence of autism continue to increase, not because there are more cases. They were there all along, perhaps, but because we're getting better at locating them, finding them and delivering services to these children and adults who really need help. ROBERT MACNEIL: So people who were alarmed and say, "Why don't you call it an epidemic, because it looks like an epidemic?" What would your answer be to that? DR. RICHARD GRINKER: Well, I can answer that in two ways, as an anthropologist, and scientist who works on autism epidemiology and as a parent. And I'll tell you first, as somebody who does work on medicine and illness, when you see the prevalence of a disorder rising, you shouldn't first assume that that means that there's more of the disease. And we've seen that in cancers, in diseases like Alzheimer's disorder, in hypertension, diabetes, eating disorders. The more that we see these things diagnosed could mean that it's progress. That we're actually starting to see these things and to treat people. And then if I can answer that question as a parent -- as a parent, I never felt a panic as if there was some major epidemic of autism. When I started to learn about autism, I felt like I was being given a framework, that child psychologists and psychiatrists were helping me to understand my child in a way that she would not have been understood in the past. And so I remember the day that my daughter got a first diagnosis from a psychiatrist at Johns Hopkins University. And I didn't feel sad or upset or devastated. I mean, by that time, I already knew something was wrong. It was as if there had been progress in the field, that they knew something to tell me. They had a framework that could help me understand her and perhaps guide her in her future. ROBERT MACNEIL: So does your way of looking at it mean that you don't think that whatever the cause of autism is or causes, that more and more cases are being created by those causes, and I think it's a fairly level arrival of new cases in the population? DR. RICHARD GRINKER: Somebody at the Centers for Disease Control, a real expert, she asked me the question, "Do you think that at some point, the autism prevalence will level off? We'll find all the cases and we'll reach sort of a saturation level. Awareness will be as high as it can be. The diagnostic criteria will be accepted and the metrics, the tests will be really good and valid and reliable." And my answer to her question was, "No. The only way that you can ever get something to level off is if society stops changing." As long as we continue to change and have new ideas and change the criteria for illnesses and have different types of services for people, the diagnoses will change. The constructs that we use to understand people will change. ROBERT MACNEIL: Yeah, but that suggests, if I may put it this way, that suggests that the phenomenon of autism and all that the galaxy of symptoms that it represents, is it a fairly constant arrival rate in the population? And that are not new factors in society, in our environment, in whatever, that are causing it to grow? DR. RICHARD GRINKER: Well, there is something new in the United States over the last several years during the time in which prevalence is increased. And that is a whole series of social factors. And that has to do with awareness and services and a decrease in stigma, so that people are able to talk about their kids. And something else, which is really important, called diagnostic substitution. It's where somebody who previously had the identical symptoms now is conceptualized differently. And so if you went back 30, 40 years and you looked at people who were diagnosed with mental retardation or who were diagnosed with what was then called childhood schizophrenia, you would find that those people, 30 years ago, would qualify for the diagnosis of autism today. But they were called something different in the past. The value of a diagnosis is whether it means something to us. If I go to someplace in the world where there's no service infrastructure at all for autism, does it make any sense to call that child autistic? No, it makes sense to call that child whatever the society finds meaning in. And so where I worked in central Africa, the people who have autism symptoms there, they're called experts on ethnobotany, or they're called ritual specialists, or they're called strange, or they're called something else. They don't have a word for autism. Introduce that word autism there. And believe me, you'll start to see the prevalence increase, because those people will then be put under that framework. ROBERT MACNEIL: So what would you say to people who study autism and say the secular development in American society of people, couples marrying later and having children later may be, in some part, responsible for an increase in the prevalence of autism? Your attitude seems to be, autism is out there. It's a fairly constant level. And if only we can find it, we'll find that it is. DR. RICHARD GRINKER: Well, I don't know that autism -- I'm arguing that autism is constant, only that there doesn't seem to be from the epidemiologic evidence any really compelling reason to jump to the conclusion that there's either an epidemic or some sort of crisis. Could the prevalence of autism be higher today than it was five years ago and higher five years ago and ten years ago? Certainly it could. But the field of epidemiology is a very tough one. And there just isn't any evidence to suggest that. On the other hand, there's a lot of evidence showing all the different ways that the prevalence of autism increased that has nothing to do with there necessarily being a new illness or a new set of features or more children with this set of features. ROBERT MACNEIL: And yet you have done studies in Korea where you used a different method of counting people, instead of cases that have been identified by doctors, and have been diagnosed, you looked at the population you considered at-risk. Would you describe that method and what results it produced? DR. RICHARD GRINKER: Sure, with a bunch of colleagues, from McGill and Yale and other places, we did a study in South Korea to try to figure out what the prevalence of autism was there. And what's different about our study from, say, what the CDC does is the CDC is looking at records. In South Korea, the word autism is so stigmatizing. And it's just so rarely used that we couldn't look at records. So what we did was we gave surveys, very well-established surveys, to teachers and parents of all the 6-to-12-year-olds in a fairly large city. So we ended up screening about 38,500 children. And then those who screened positive on this very sensitive test. So we'd find some false positives, but just a very, very sensitive screener, we then brought in for multi-hour, intense, clinical assessments, using the gold standard tools that are available to physicians and psychiatrists today. And what we found in South Korea was that there were many, many cases of autism where there was only a little bit of a hunch that something was wrong. And there was no record in these children's history of ever seeing a doctor about a problem with a social or cognitive impairment. There was no record from their teachers about it. The parents had concerns, but the teachers might not have. We found more people muddling through mainstream schools who had autism than we found who were in special education classes and receiving services. ROBERT MACNEIL: And what rate did that produce? DR. RICHARD GRINKER: Well, that yielded a rate that was significantly higher than the rate in the United States. I mean, as we're speaking, the publication that we're preparing is in press. And so I actually can't say what that is at this particular time. But I can tell you that it is way-- significantly higher than the U.S., which leads me to believe that if Americans used the method that we used in South Korea in the United States, they would also find more autism in the United States. Looking at records only tells you about the people that there are records about. What about the people that aren't getting services? ROBERT MACNEIL: In states where there are fewer services? DR. RICHARD GRINKER: In states where there are fewer services, or even in states where there are a lot of services, but there are people who are for whatever reason, maybe it has to do with poverty or stigma, not seeking services. There are a lot of people like that. And if you look back at the history of psychiatry, the greatest problem in the whole history of psychiatry is getting people to care. There are so many barriers to care. The wonderful thing about the changes in the United States, the awareness of autism, the decrease in stigma, is that people are getting to care more. They're getting treatment. So, you know, I look back on this as a parent, and I say, "Okay, there's this big prevalence in autism. That's undeniable. There's a prevalence increase." Whether it means that there's an increase in the real number of people with autism or not, there's a prevalence increase. But I see it as progress. I really see it as an achievement, to be able to identify these kids who previously were either misdiagnosed or maybe had no diagnosis at all. ROBERT MACNEIL: All the talk of the numbers and the methods used to arrive at those numbers, what is really important in all this? What really matters in all this? DR. RICHARD GRINKER: Well, I think fundamentally as a parent what matters is that you do something to help this child to achieve. Somebody said to me recently, an adult with autism said to me, "Autism's not just a spectrum. It's also a spectrum of outcomes." And what really matters, of course, is whether or not people get better. They become more able to lead a fulfilling life and participate in our culture. Now my daughter, had she been born 30, 40 years ago, I mean, I just don't know what future she could have had. But with the prevalence increase, with the rise and awareness and the understanding that people have about autism, that autism isn't necessarily some devastating, horrible, disorder that is going to confine you for an institution for the rest of your life, she has opportunities now she never would have had before. She has had jobs and she's getting through high school. And she's a delightful, happy, wonderful child. And I look at her and I don't see epidemic, you know? I look at her. I see my daughter who's making progress because of all the progress we've made in the United States. ROBERT MACNEIL: But does it require a continuing, apparent rise in prevalence to alarm the public, beyond the autism community? Politicians, decision-makers, funders, researchers, into putting the kind of full court press on, continue that press to discover the causes of autism and potential cures or treatments for it. DR. RICHARD GRINKER: Well, I think finding the cause of any very complex disorder is very difficult. It’s been a century of research on schizophrenia and the fields haven't come to that much of a conclusion about what causes schizophrenia. The number of researchers who've worked on these complex psychiatric and neurological disorders is overwhelming. So yes, it takes time and science is slow and science is incremental. The one thing I can say about autism in comparison to other diseases, though, is that the response of the scientific community, the response of the government in providing funding, has been unreal. You just don't see this very often in science. And I think that some years down the line, a historian of science is gonna look back and say, scientists really attacked the topic of autism as they did almost no other disorder. ROBERT MACNEIL: And it's funny because many people in the autism community, the advocates, parents or supporters of parents will say that why is autism apparently so underfunded compared to other conditions and other illnesses, in terms of public money, private research money? DR. RICHARD GRINKER: Well, you know, if you think about-- this is from an epidemiologic point of view. You know, you think about the prevalence of autism. And just for the sake of argument, say it's one percent… ROBERT MACNEIL: Which would fit with the one in 110 of the recent CDC figure… DR. RICHARD GRINKER: Yeah, one in 110; one percent. Well, what else is there within the field of, say, what the National Institute of Mental Health funds? Anxiety disorders, much, much more than one percent. Depression, much more than one percent. 10 percent of all Americans take anti-depressants. Eating disorders, six percent. Mental retardation, three percent. Schizophrenia, between one and three percent. You start to look at the prevalence of all of the different things that we have in society that need our attention and people that need help, including things like eating disorders. I mean, anorexia is frequently fatal. Then you can understand that the money has to be spread around. The effort has to be spread around, in order to understand all of these many different things that confront us. It's a major challenge. I'm not trying to say that autism shouldn't be funded. I'm just saying that it's one disorder. There are many, many others that scientists have to address. ROBERT MACNEIL: I'm gonna come back to the question I asked again. Are people right in thinking that autism is increasing? DR. RICHARD GRINKER: So the question is, whether people are right in-- believing that autism is increasing. And I guess the only way I can answer that question is to say that more and more people are being diagnosed with autism than ever before. And that I can say with certainty. What they would have been diagnosed with 20 years ago, 30 years ago, we have a handful of things they could have been diagnosed with. Look, a century ago, there were a few diseases. There was insanity, idiocy-- dementia praecox, a few names that were used a century ago. Today, there are more than 300 different categories. So yeah, there are diagnoses that come and go. There are fads of diagnostic practice. Bipolar disorder among children was really, rapidly rising and now it's starting to come down a little bit. I think we might see autism go up. We might see autism go down. It all depends on the consensus of the people who are caring for these patients to figure out which diagnostic category serves them the best. You know, there's a woman, a wonderful scientist at the National Institute of Mental Health whose name is Judy Rappaport. She's been working on childhood schizophrenia and a variety of disorders, especially obsessive-compulsive disorder, for several decades. And she has both a small private practice and she has her research. And what she told me is that in her research program, she is going to only give a child a diagnosis that fits exactly that research protocol. She's as rigorous as possible. But when it comes to a child in her private practice, she said, "We'll call that kid a zebra if he needs to be called a zebra to get the educational and other services that he needs and deserves." So the good clinician or the great clinician isn't necessarily going to be a slave to some kind of rigorous, scientific set of rules, but is going to give the diagnosis that helps that child the best at a particular point in time. ROBERT MACNEIL: So is the diagnosis of autism being stretched, if that's the word, in order to help get children to treatment? DR. RICHARD GRINKER: Well, one could make the argument -- I'm not making this argument, but I think it's one, certainly, that's open for debate, which is that the diagnosis of autism is being used promiscuously. And that the spectrum of what counts as autism has grown to be so wide to include the profoundly cognitively disabled and non-verbal as well as the brilliant, genius, Silicon Valley entrepreneur. That when you do that, you're essentially impoverishing the concept. You use a concept that describes everyone and eventually it describes no one. ROBERT MACNEIL: As a public health issue, with a huge cohort of adolescents with autism about to become adults, and their support that has been available through their educational years ending, is the lifelong support that many people with autism are going to need, does that not create a national health crisis in terms of public policy? DR. RICHARD GRINKER: Well, I think that's in terms of what the supports are that people are going to need as adults,we do need a lot more attention to that. There need to be more group homes built, more attention to what life is like for some of the more severely disabled autistic children who are in institutions. But what the research is showing right now that's looking at adults who are currently in institutions is that as low as 30 percent, as high as maybe 50, 60 percent of people who are in these institutions who are adults, they might be 40, 50, 60 years old, actually do qualify for a diagnosis of autism. So these adults who are already in care are in situations that need improving as well. So we not only need to provide people with care as they-- leave the educational system and to some extent sort of go off the radar screen. But we also need to take care of those people who are already in these-- whether they're institutions or workshops or living at home and-- need more support. ROBERT MACNEIL: But don't those numbers suggest a health emergency in terms of what the social security or other public funding systems are going to need to produce. DR. RICHARD GRINKER: Well, what the current rates of autism suggest is that the services for adults, under the category of autism, need to be enhanced. And they need to be built up. Now that may mean shifting some of the categories. For example, in the state of Tennessee, at least as of the last time I checked, an adult with autism only receives services when they have a corresponding or additional diagnosis of an intellectual disability, which they used to call mental retardation. So that means that most of the adults with autism who are getting services actually are there under the code of mental retardation. So what we need to do is figure out how to give people services under the category of autism, because that's the category kids are getting now, who are going to grow up and become adults. They need services that are guided by that framework of autism. And not by these older terms or misdiagnoses.	<urn:uuid:8c4354cb-267f-4a3f-9c8a-19941c507db8>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://unstrange.com/pbs.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323680.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628120308-20170628140308-00610.warc.gz	en	0.980924	4,429	2.796875	3
ncl_wtstr man page WTSTR — draws a specified text string at a specified position in the user coordinate system. The call has arguments specifying the size, orientation, and centering of the string. WTSTR specifies character sizes in Plotter Address Units (PAUs), which are no longer used in NCAR Graphics; thus, WTSTR is considered an obsolete routine. The current recognized coordinate systems are GKS world coordinates, GKS normalized device coordinates, NCAR Graphics fractional coordinates, and NCAR Graphics user coordinates. See the NCAR Graphics document "NCAR Graphics Fundamentals, UNIX Version" for a description of these coordinate systems. WTSTR continues to be provided for compatibility of early NCAR Graphics codes. If you are writing new code, we suggest that you use the more general text writing routines of the Plotchar utility: PLCHLQ, PLCHMQ, and PLCHHQ. The following definition of the PAU Coordinate System is included for the purpose of interpreting and converting PAU codes: The plotter coordinates of a point are integers IPX and IPY, where IPX is between 1 and 2MX and IPY is between 1 and 2MY. MX and MY are internal parameters of SPPS; each has the default value 10. Values of MX and MY can be set by the routine SETI and retrieved by the routine GETSI. (an input expression of type REAL) defines the X user coordinate where the text string is to be drawn. (an input expression of type REAL) defines the Y user coordinate where the text string is to be drawn. (an input constant or variable of type CHARACTER) is the text string to be drawn. (an input expression of type INTEGER) specifies the character width in plotter address units (PAUs). (an input expression of type INTEGER) specifies the rotation angle of the text string. IO is measured in degrees counter-clockwise from a horizontal orientation. (an input expression of type INTEGER) specifies the centering option, as follows: (PX,PY) will be in the vertical center of the left edge of the leftmost character in the original horizontal string. (PX,PY) will be in the center of the text extent rectangle. (PX,PY) will be in the vertical center of the right edge of the rightmost character in the original horizontal string. A call to WTSTR causes the SPPS polyline buffer to be flushed and leaves the "pen" (for subsequent calls to FRSTPT, VECTOR, PLOTIF, and PLOTIT) at the location (PX,PY). To use WTSTR, load the NCAR Graphics libraries ncarg, ncarg_gks, and ncarg_c, preferably in that order. Online: gtx, gstxal, gstxp, gstxfp, gschh, gschsp, gschup, gschxp, gscr, gstxci, spps, plotchar, plchhq, plchmq, plchlq, pwrit, plotif, seti, getsi Hardcopy: NCAR Graphics Fundamentals, UNIX Version; User's Guide for NCAR GKS-0A Graphics Copyright (C) 1987-2009 University Corporation for Atmospheric Research The use of this Software is governed by a License Agreement.	<urn:uuid:156d7d0d-23d7-4377-924f-23d9777d1e3c>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://www.mankier.com/3/ncl_wtstr	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323680.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628120308-20170628140308-00610.warc.gz	en	0.747809	731	2.828125	3
St. Udio - Sorry - as I said, my original sources were print materials in old science magazines. I am addicted to reading and sifting through garage sale boxes - but my storage is limited and I restrain my actual purchases, so can't cite source details. Here's a quick overview of what's on the 1. "Climate is influenced by a host of factors, not all of which are well understood." Major factors known to influence climate change are "astro-ecological" - includes impacts on the earth by sun variations/cycles (heat, magnetic, radiation, orbital tilt, etc.); changes in dust and meteor exposure as we orbit through the solar sytem (Milankovich, Muller); and various exposures as the earth and solar system orbit through the Milky Way (soficrow). In addition, responses and changes on the earth itself create domino-like cascades that influence weather, then larger climate - and arguably, speed or slow "natural" variations (general). 2. "Climate, like geological time, has it's own subdivisions to distinguish episodes of different climate. In descending order of duration, these are known as "Eras," "Epochs," "Ice-Ages," and "Periods." Scientists do not know what causes these climate changes to begin, nor what causes them to end. Changes occur fairly abruptly in Earth's history. 3. Computer models of climate and climate change, while complex and sophisticated have several fatal flaws. First, the science of climate change is not well enough understood to model accurately (this is a very important factor to consider). Second, even if the science were sufficiently well understood to model, the computer modeling capabilities would be severely taxed. Third, and perhaps most important, if we understood the science and could model it accurately, we simply do not have the capacity to collect sufficient data to drive the computer model." Main Source, 1-3: webcommentary.com... 4. Climate change theories recognize the major impacts of earth's astro-ecological relationship to the sun and/or solar system. According to the Milankovitch theory, changes in the incident solar radiation, called insolation, in the Northern Hemisphere provide the driving force for global glacial cycles. Rich Muller has shown that orbital inclination is a better fit to the climate data than is the standard (Milankovitch) theory. No climate change theory as yet purports to be a 'unifying theory,' or accommodates the many factors influencing climate change. Computer modeling tries, but fails. 5. While the two main theories regarding Ice Age "forcings" acknowledge the larger astro-environment, neither address our solar system's orbit through the Milky Way - nor acknowledges this orbit's potential impacts. It takes the sun (and our solar system) roughly 200-250 million years to orbit once around the Milky Way - and the astro-environment likely changes dramatically from one section to the next - which may help explain the variations in climate cycles that current theories do not accommodate. The Milky Way Galaxy Our Solar System's Location in the Milky Way Galaxy Policy-makers know that the earth is up for some radical changes. But public policy is driven by business interests committed to keeping the public uninformed. The issue is manipulated to keep voters out of the real debate - and policy is designed to provide business opportunities, NOT to serve ordinary peoples' best interests. The current debate being served up to the public is a distraction. And the question, "Is human activity causing global warming?" - as framed for public consumption - is a red herring. The important question is: "What is being done to ensure the survival of the human species, and human culture?" A second distraction is prepared for those who don't buy the standard global warming debate. Contemporary science shows that rapid warming will spark an ice age; the counterspin says no, we now are entering longer warming period. Join the fray, or ask your politicians the important question: "What is being done to ensure the survival of the human species, and QUOTE: "...regular recurring epochs of glaciation have dominated the planet for the past million years. Ten times, glaciers have advanced and then retreated with the duration of retreat (and corresponding warmth) frequently lasting not more than 10,000 years. The Earth has been in a warm period for about 10,000 years now. (Which means we're due for an ice age. ed) ...Said Muller, "The mechanism proposed by Milankovitch could be adjusted to explain the cycles of glaciation that occurred prior to one million years ago. However, for the past million years the glacial record is an excellent match to the cycle of tilt." " Muller: Astronomical theory offers new explanation for ice ages 4.1 The ice ages and the Earth's climate Muller: A New Theory of Glacial Cycles Muller: brief introduction to the history of climate Orbital Variations and Glacial Cycles: Student Orientation See: Milankovich Theory Milankovitch Cycles in Paleoclimate The Pacemaker of the Ice Ages: Milankovich Cycles in Climate Basic: The Ice Ages Climate Change and the Oceans Geodynamics: PDF: A RE-ANALYSIS OF POLAR WANDER DUE TO ICE-AGE CYCLES Basic Paleoclimatology: Data, Modeling and Theory Climate Change Information Sheet 8: The evidence from past climates Evidence from U-Th dating against Northern Hemisphere forcing of the penultimate deglaciation. PMID: 10716440 Wikipedia - Climate Change Beyond the Cycle CASCADES on EARTH Abrupt Climate Change Will global warming trigger a new ice age? Also see: yaleglobal.yale.edu... Innovative Research Proves Gulf Stream Slowed During Last Ice PDF: Collapse of the California Current During Glacial Maxima Also see: Abstract "Dr. Gaspar explains how the Mayan Calendar is based on the two most prominent ice age cycles, thus its 2012 end date will herald in an ice age. Nostradamus, Revelations, and Native American and other animal symbologies will line up in a perfectly constructed theory to show that the ancient sages knew about these apocalyptic recurrent cycles. A possible polar axis shift is waiting for us in the next 5-12 years to end global warming." Also, the "I Ching" may be unravelled to provide a calendar of geophysical and climate cycles, clearly based on ancient, detailed, and relatively scientific observations and records. (soficrow, unpublished) ]Outlines Warming and Cooling Periods, Epochs, and Eras. Conclusions flawed; most info good, but incomplete[/url] "It is not possible to understand the present or future climate unless scientists can account for the enormous and rapid cycles of glaciation that have taken place over the last million years, and which are expected to continue into the future. A great deal has happened in the theory of the ice ages over the last decade, and it is now widley accepted that ice ages are driven by changes in the Earth's orbit. The study of ice ages is very inter-disciplinary, covering geology, physics, glaciology, oceanography, atmospheric science, planetary orbit calculations astrophysics and Ice Ages and Astronomical Causes Data, spectral analysis and mechanisms Series: Springer Praxis Books Subseries: Environmental Sciences Muller, Richard A., MacDonald, Gordon J. 1st ed. 2000. 2nd printing, 2002, Hardcover	<urn:uuid:7c73b3c9-7325-4b55-891c-adb8f93807e6>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread174584/pg1	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323889.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629070237-20170629090237-00690.warc.gz	en	0.906239	1,630	3.171875	3
He was an illegitimate son of Geoffrey of Anjou, and thus a half-brother of King Henry II, and an uncle of Richard the Lionheart and King John. His half-brother Henry gave him one of the wealthiest heiresses in England, Isabella de Warenne, in her own right Countess of Surrey. She was the widow of William of Blois. Hamelin and Isabella married in April 1164, and after the marriage he was recognized as Comte de Warenne, that being the customary designation for what more technically should be Earl of Surrey. In consequence of the marriage Hamelin took the de Warenne toponymic, as did his descendants. He and Isabella would have four children. Warenne land in England centered around Conisbrough in Yorkshire, a location in which Hamelin built a powerful castle. He also possessed the third penny of County Surrey and held the castles of Mortemer and Bellencombre in Normandy. Hamelin joined in the denunciations of Thomas Becket in 1164, although after Becket's death he became a great believer in Becket's sainthood, having, the story goes, been cured of blindness by the saint's help. In 1176, he escorted his niece Joan of England to Sicily for her marriage. He remained loyal to Henry through all the problems of the later part of the king's reign when many nobles deserted him, and continued as a close supporter of his nephew Richard I. During Richard's absence on the Third Crusade, he took the side of the regent William Longchamp. Hamelin appeared in the 2nd coronation of King Richard in 1194 and at King John's coronation in 1199. He died in 1202 and was buried at the Chapter House at Lewes Priory, in Sussex. He was succeeded by his son William de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey. A daughter, named Adela, was the mistress of her cousin King John of England, and by him the mother of Richard Fitz Roy. \|Offspring of Hamelin de Warenne and Isabel de Warenne (1130-1202)\| \|William de Warenne (1166-1240)\|\|1166\|\|1240\|\| Maud Marshal (1192-1248)\| \|Adela de Warenne (c1170-c1218)\|\|1170\|\|1218\|\| John of England (1167-1216)\| \|Isabel de Warenne (?-1234)\|\| \| \|Maud de Warenne (c1162-c1212)\|\|1162\|\|1212\|\| Henri Hastings (-c1183)\|	<urn:uuid:0d7a57ed-c218-44a2-8e70-4b673bfdb58b>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/Hamelin_de_Warenne_(c1129-1202)	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319943.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623012730-20170623032730-00329.warc.gz	en	0.955757	560	2.984375	3
For thousands of years, people around the globe have found mental and emotional support from animals. If you have a pet, you know how you can feel calmer when stroking your cat or how seeing your puppy makes you smile at the end of a stressful day. Most of us have experienced the comfort that an animal provides at some point in our lives. However, some people truly need the support of an animal just to get through their day. In the United States, an emotional support animal is described as an animal that that provides a positive benefit to a person who is dealing with one or more disabilities. These mental, physical or emotional disabilities must be noted by a physician in order for the emotional support animal to be recognized by law. If you are not familiar with the mental health benefits that an emotional support animal offers, read on to discover some of the most important advantages. Dealing with mental illness or cognitive impairments can be very isolating. Often, people who are dealing with these types of issues have trouble functioning in public and in social settings. Since they feel uncomfortable and insecure, they isolate themselves. Unfortunately, isolation exacerbates their mental health symptoms, and the cycle continues. Having an emotional support animal has been proven to reduce these dangerous feelings of loneliness and isolation. First, the animal simply provides companionship. The patient no longer has to go about their day completely by themselves, and the presence of a well-trained animal is very comforting. In addition, having an animal also increases changes for socialization. Dogs love to go on walks, and the owner can interact with other people while taking a walk or visiting a park. This helps her make meaningful connections with others and continue to develop social skills. One of the most common complaints of those who are dealing with mental instability is panic. When you feel like you cannot trust your own brain, it’s easy to panic and deal with feelings of severe anxiety. Over time, this anxiety can be debilitating. Having an emotional support animal nearby counteracts the effects of anxiety. Studies have shown that stress levels decrease when a person is interacting with a trusted animal. When stress levels go down, anxiety lessens, which has numerous physical and mental benefits. Although the mental health benefits of having an emotional support animal are numerous, there are also exciting physical benefits that should be discussed. Having a pet can give those who are dealing with illness a reason to get up and exercise. Whether it’s taking a walk around the block or even just playing out in the yard, getting outdoors and being active has positive mental and physical effects. When mental symptoms such as stress and anxiety are decreased, the body responds in a positive manner. Poor mental health affects so many areas of the body, but having an emotional support animal can provide a solution for some of the most common problems. Some of the positive physical effects of owning an emotional support animal include: Increased physical activity Lower trigyceride levels Lower blood pressure Where to Start If you believe that you or someone you love could benefit from an emotional support animal, gathering information is a great place to start. Most emotional support animals are dogs, but cats and other animals can also fill the role. First, keep in mind that a person must have a documented, verifiable disability in order to receive accommodations from an emotional support animal. A medical doctor must make this determination. In the United States, the definitions of disabilities are given under federal law, so you must fit this criteria to take advantage of this protection. Although many people find the presence of an animal helpful, not all people who have a mental illness will qualify for an emotional support animal. Unlike official service animals, a pet does not have to have any official training to be an emotional support animal. Some people choose to use a pet that has already been with them for years, while others select a pet specifically for this purpose. If you are looking to get a new emotional support animal, pay special attention to temperament. Look for a pet who shows intelligence, calmness and loyalty. It’s also important to note that your new pet will need care, so be sure that you are physically and mentally able to provide the attention that they need. There are many details regarding where accommodations must be given for service animals and emotional support animals. Find out the specifics regarding your situation by reading the stipulations given in the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504 and the Federal Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988. Many people who are suffering from mental illness have found that having an emotional support animal empowers them and supports their healing. Whether you choose to adopt a pet or ask for accommodations for an emotional support animal, you can take advantage of many of these benefits.	<urn:uuid:68688c0e-fcc8-4212-8284-d94436e78f1a>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://onlinedogtor.com/category/blog/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319943.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623012730-20170623032730-00329.warc.gz	en	0.958977	964	3.171875	3
In 2002, the Secretary General of the United Nations commissioned the UN Millennium Project ‘to develop a concrete action plan for the world to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and to reverse the grinding poverty, hunger and disease affecting billions of people.’ The 8 Millennium Development Goals were established in 2000, covering a range of key areas including halving extreme poverty rates to halting the spread of HIV/AIDS and providing universal primary education. In September, the United Nations will meet to decide new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Children’s advocates, business and politicians globally have been lobbying for years for early childhood development to be included in the new SDGs. They argue that the evidence on the neurobiological development of children has reached a ‘tipping point’ and that the benefits of investing in early childhood development deserve to be recognised in the global approach to tackling poverty and supporting the development some of the world’s poorest communities. Dame Tessa Jowell, a politician who oversaw the establishment the Sure Start integrated early childhood centres in the United Kingdom, has led the charge: ‘The humanitarian argument and the interests of hundreds of millions of children and their parents around the world are compelling in themselves, but there is also an additional economic argument about the future of Africa and all developing countries.’ This month a final draft of the goals was released, including: “By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education.” This was a huge win for advocates. ‘On Sunday we saw the results, when the United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki Moon confirmed that the world had listened and was going to act. The success of governments’ aid programmes will be judged by their impact on children’s early years. It’s a commitment which brings us all together, globally, in our desire to see the best for our children,’ Dame Tessa Jowell said. If the report is approved at the UN General Assembly in late September, early childhood education will be established as a target under the education goal. Of course , including early childhood development in the SDGs are just a first step and there are many challenges along the way in term of implementing the agenda on the ground by practitioners and ‘advancing the evidence’ on early childhood development (Britto et al., p.513). However, Assistant Professor Pia Britto from Yale University believes there is room for optimism: ‘If appropriately advanced and incorporated into the global agenda , [early childhood development] will provide a major advance in human welfare – including a reduction in disparities – and will thereby improve our chances for managing the predicted doubling of our number in the next century.’ (Britto et al., p508) If the world agrees in September, the commitment will also be an important reminder for all Australian Governments that the world is recognising the importance of early childhood development for policy in improving children’s lifelong outcomes, benefiting the whole of society and the globe. Britto, P. R., Engle, P. L. & Super, C. M. (Eds) (2013). Handbook of early childhood research and its impact on global policy. Oxford University Press. Available from: www.chhd.uconn.edu/ecdr.	<urn:uuid:5e74ef91-7d4b-44b7-be93-b1e5e9e11ccc>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://thespoke.earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au/the-globe-united-for-early-childhood-development/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319943.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623012730-20170623032730-00329.warc.gz	en	0.93855	698	3.5625	4
Testosterone, the hormone that puts a spring in a man's step, may also lead to benign prostate hyperplasia, enlarged prostate, according to a study by UCSB researchers; © UCSB A study by UCSB anthropologists connects increased diabetes risk and higher levels of testosterone to prostate enlargement. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases of aging among men in the United States. In fact, by the time they hit 80 or above, upwards of 90 percent of all men in the U.S. experience some degree of prostate enlargement. And of those, 40 percent require medical treatment. Despite the fact that the disease impacts so many people and carries with it a huge price tag, estimated at tens of billions of dollars per year in medical expenses and lost wages, among other costs, the factors that contribute to BPH have yet to be positively identified. However, a new study conducted by UC Santa Barbara anthropologists suggests that the hormone testosterone - specifically, an unnatural overabundance thereof - may be a prime culprit. Building on previous research they conducted with the Tsimane, an isolated indigenous population in central Bolivia, Benjamin Trumble and Michael Gurven examined the prevalence of BPH among a group of approximately 350 adult males. Within that group, advanced cases of prostate enlargement were practically non-existent. As a correlating factor, the Tsimane also have relatively low levels of testosterone that remain constant over their lives. "Abdominal ultrasounds show they have significantly smaller prostates - an age-adjusted 62 percent smaller prostate size - as compared to men in the U.S.," said Trumble, a postdoctoral scholar at UCSB and the paper's lead author. "BPH is not inevitable for Tsimane men." The researchers' work appears in the Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences. "We also know testosterone and androgens are involved because of studies showing that eunuchs and people who don't have testes have very low rates of BPH," Trumble added. "Some of the best pharmacological BPH and prostate cancer treatments involve reducing androgen levels. We also know from our own previous research that Tsimane have relatively low levels of testosterone and they have very low rates of obesity and hypertension and heart disease and all the other diseases of acculturation, including metabolic disease." Despite having low testosterone overall, Tsimane men with higher testosterone levels (but still significantly lower than those of men in industrial populations) have larger prostates. According to the researchers, this has important implications for the millions of men who use testosterone supplements to counteract low testosterone. They may be putting themselves at risk for prostate enlargement. "Basically, these guys taking testosterone replacement therapies are entering themselves into an uncontrolled experiment," said Trumble. "And this happened to women with estrogen replacement therapy from the 1980s to the early 2000s. And then the Women's Health Initiative study came out and showed that all these women were putting themselves at risk for breast and other cancers." Although this particular study did not test for prostate cancer, other studies have shown that population differences in testosterone impact prostate cancer risk as well, according to Trumble. "Populations with higher testosterone exposure appear to have higher rates of prostate cancer," he said. "And similar to those for BPH, many of the pharmacological treatments for prostate cancer block androgens." The researchers' findings raise questions about the health benefits and risks that come from our attempts to thwart Mother Nature. "In American men, testosterone levels decrease with age," said Gurven, a professor of anthropology and senior author of the paper. "It's easy to look at that pattern and think, 'Well, if I want to reverse the aging process, I only need to return to the high levels of testosterone of my vigorous youth.' "But there's probably a reason your body is producing less testosterone than it used to, and if you try to trick it and flood it with testosterone supplements, you may see some beneficial effects but at what cost?" he continued. "Perhaps even if you knew the costs, you'd still make the decision to use testosterone replacement therapy and discount the risks relative to the potential gains, but understanding those risks is vital in order to make an informed decision." The bottom line: More long-term studies of testosterone replacement therapy in men are necessary to ensure its safety and efficacy. In addition to measuring prostate size, the researchers looked at the levels of glycated hemoglobin in the subjects' blood. Glycated hemoglobin - HbA1c - is a measure of long-term glucose exposure that in turn indicates the risk of diabetes. "Despite having subclinical levels of HbA1c, men with higher HbA1c had larger prostates," said Trumble. "Not one of the men in this study had HbA1c indicative of diabetes. These were all men with relatively low glucose levels. "Among men with low testosterone and low diabetes risk, those with relatively higher testosterone or HbA1c were at higher risk of prostate enlargement," he said. But what does the health and wellness of the Tsimane, a population of hunters and forager-farmers, tell us about ourselves? "The Tsimane are living under conditions that are more typical of our preindustrial past," explained Gurven. "Working with populations like the Tsimane gives us a nice window into how traditional lifestyles and environments can shape health and wellbeing." The types of chronic diseases that afflict us today may manifest because of the relatively rapid changes in all these factors over the past several hundred years, he noted. Although gene frequencies continue to change, he said, we're still fundamentally "Stone Agers in the fast lane." "Type 2 (adult onset) diabetes is one of these illnesses that under more traditional conditions wouldn't be as prevalent as it is today in high-income countries, or becoming increasingly prevalent in urban areas of low-income countries," Gurven said. "As groups of the Tsimane undergo change, we might very well see an increase in diabetes. Then it wouldn't be surprising if heart disease, BPH and other modern maladies follow suit, especially to the extent that these ailments share common causes. "It's a great example of evolutionary medicine in which understanding our human biological history is really important in terms of the way we think about medicine," he added. In the end, the researchers argue, prostate enlargement is not necessarily an inevitable part of male aging. It is a disease that our low-pathogen, resource-abundant sedentary lifestyle is creating for us. MEDICA-tradefair.com; Source: University of California - Santa Barbara	<urn:uuid:a5b60dbc-51d7-4bea-8b31-396a5dbf7e3f>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://www.medica-tradefair.com/cgi-bin/md_medica/lib/pub/tt.cgi/Testosterone_More_isn_t_always_better.html?oid=51406&lang=2&ticket=g_u_e_s_t	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320174.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623202724-20170623222724-00410.warc.gz	en	0.953974	1,388	2.765625	3
2Today we’re going to begin the study of Greek Literature Today we’re going to begin the study of Greek Literature. We’ll be examining various aspects of the Golden Age of Greece including culture, art, playwrights, philosophy and theater, and how these things are still affective in today’s society. We’ll be looking into Greek Mythology, their belief in immortality of the gods, and how the very building blocks of our language today stems from that of the ancient Greeks.What do you already know about Greek literature, culture, etc? 3Homer Homer was a blind poet. He is most famous for writing The Iliad and The Odyssey.These two pieces are based off of the Trojan WarB.C. 4The Olympics Religious festival dedicated to Zeus Took place every four yearsIn times of war, a truce was called during the Olympics, no matter what! 5Shrine of ApolloApollo has been variously recognized as a god of light and the sun; truth and prophecy; medicine, healing, and plague; music, poetry, and the artsKnow thyselfNothing in excess 6Government System Democracy: 1st government by the people Not quite perfectStill had slaveryStill more democratic than a monarchy 7How does “nothing in excess apply to Greek sculpture, and architecture SimplicityClarityGracePhysical Beauty 8How did drama begin in Athens? Public ritualFirst began as a festival for the god, DionysusA chorus appeared with a lyre, people began to sing praise. Eventually dialogue began.Hence, birth of theatre 9Socrates Most famous philosopher of Greece Asked questions instead of giving answersCharged no feesTaught lessonsWrote nothing 10PlatoDisciple of SocratesGave Dialogue to Socrates’ ideas 11Greeks were concerned with What were each citizen’s responsibility to his fellow man?Each Greek tried to understand his own nature.Greeks said “The unexamined life is not worth living”.Greeks pursued excellenceThe true Greek hero was the whole man-the man of excellence; wisdom; strength; balance 12Death of Socrates/Fall of Athens Condemned to death after trial for his words of truth. He was considered subversive for speaking against the war.Forced to drink poison.Athens fell under Spartan rule. 13Think about it…What are some things rooted in Ancient Greek culture that we still see in our society today? 14a. The Olympicsi. Brings unity to a war stricken worldAll groups agreed to halt battle when the games occurred.*Extra credit* Have the Olympic games ever been cancelled? Ask your history teacher, look online or at the library. Bring proof of your findings to class.ii. Provide entertainment. Prevention from chaos.b. Democracyi. Framework for today’s government.ii. Deplored dictatorship of a monarchy. Equality of man.c. Theatrical Influencei. Provides inspiration to writers of todayii. Again, serves the purpose of entertainment.d. Philosophyi. Ideas still studied today.ii. Examined against science and religion of today and yesterday. 15Discussion Why are these still important parts of our world today? How do they serve a purpose? 16HomeworkLook at question three. Re-read the quotes inscribed on the shrine of Apollo. (“Know thyself and Nothing in Excess”)What do phrases mean to you? Do you think it provides useful advice to follow in today’s society?Answer the questions above for each quote. Each quote is to be written on one side of the note card, followed by the student’s explanation.	<urn:uuid:ec516528-1796-4ff4-97eb-cb9bf2e56de4>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://slideplayer.com/slide/3195987/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320264.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624152159-20170624172159-00490.warc.gz	en	0.948809	765	3.28125	3
YOUR SKIN is a reflection of your inner being. Aside from lifestyle and genetics, what you eat plays a role in your skin health. Eating the right foods will not only enhance your natural beauty, it will help minimize wrinkles, acne, inflammation and other skin-related conditions. Most people treat their skin with chemical-ridden products, but don’t address the root cause, which may lie within. Your best-kept beauty secrets are sitting right there in your grocery store! Be sure to eat foods that include these nutrients often, and you’ll reap the benefits of having a beautiful, glowing and healthy skin. Like vitamin E, vitamin C is also a powerful antioxidant. Vitamin C helps to reduce oxidative stress to the body and may lower cancer risk. Vitamin C is also involved in the synthesis of collagen, an important protein for making your skin supple. Many fruits and vegetables are great sources of vitamin C, so be sure to include them in your diet. Food sources high in vitamin C include: broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale, bell peppers, guava, acerola, beet greens, grapefruit, strawberries, red and green bell peppers, parsley, collard greens and turnip greens. Selenium is a powerful antioxidant trace mineral that is responsible for maintaining skin firmness and elasticity. This mineral not only prevents acne but also aids in skin cancer prevention. It promotes absorption of vitamin E and enhances the antioxidant function of vitamin E, which is mainly stored in the skin. The end result is glowing skin and less deterioration to the skin’s collagen. Food sources high in selenium include: brazil nuts, walnuts, red snapper, tuna, liver, wheat germ, herring, onion, seafood, whole grains, brown rice and poultry. Vitamin E is one of the key vitamins for skin health. When combined with vitamin A, vitamin E is especially effective at preventing certain skin cancers. Because of vitamin E’s antioxidant properties, it helps fight free radicals caused by pollution, smoking, processed foods and sun exposure. Free radicals are the catalyst for premature skin aging such as wrinkles. Food sources high in vitamin E include: almonds, eggs, walnuts, avocados, asparagus, sunflower seeds, pine nuts, spinach, oatmeal, and olives. These essential fatty acids (EFAs) offer healing benefits in various inflammatory conditions such as eczema. Omega-3s also manage overexposure of cortisol levels, which in turn helps keep skin supple and guard against wrinkle formation. EFAs are also responsible for skin repair, moisture content and overall flexibility. Since the body doesn’t produce these fatty acids, they must be obtained through your diet. Food sources high in omega-3s include: walnuts, salmon, mackerel, sardines, flaxseeds, and chia seeds. You can also supplement with a fish oil pill. Vitamin A + Beta-Carotene Vitamin A is critical for skin repair and maintenance. If you suffer from flaky or dry skin, it could be a sign you’re deficient in vitamin A. Beta-carotene, the precursor to vitamin A, is an antioxidant found in brightly colored foods. This antioxidant helps to reduce free radical damage that occurs due to skin damage caused by sun overexposure. Foods sources high in vitamin A and beta-carotene include: liver, collard greens, asparagus, peaches, beet greens, kale, spinach, eggs, sweet potato, cantaloupe, and red peppers. Zinc is an important trace mineral that helps repair damaged tissue and heals wounds. Another important use for zinc includes protecting skin from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays. If you suffer from acne, it may be as a result of a zinc deficiency. Zinc may help prevent acne and regulate the production of oil in the skin. Foods sources high in zinc include: oysters, pecans, poultry, pumpkin seeds, ginger, legumes, seafood, mushrooms and whole grains. I promise you will notice a big difference in the way your skin looks as you feed your body the nutrients it needs! Taken from Mind, Body, Green **Don’t miss listening to “Transforming Health” with host Brad King for the most evocative and informative up-to-the-minute interviews with leading health professionals – Live every Wednesday @ 12PM-PST/3PM-EST on VoiceAmerica.com – #1 internet radio station in North America. Here’s the link: http://www.voiceamerica.com/show/1686/transforming-health	<urn:uuid:a74ee39c-1e80-46f3-a96a-12fe1e938960>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://girlwhowouldbeking.com/2013/05/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320679.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626050425-20170626070425-00650.warc.gz	en	0.909025	969	2.515625	3
In ancient times, there were coins of a hundred in value. The pictogram of “Hundred” was of “One” (a horizontal stroke) over a drawing of coin. The characters of “hundred” and “ten thousand” would be the term “million” which is a hundred multplies by ten thousand. “The hundred joints, the nine orifices (eyes, nostrils, ears, mouth, urinary tract and anus) and the six organs (liver, heart, spleen, lung and kidneys), they all exist in my body, which should I be closest to? Do you like them all the same? Is there a favorite one?” Small Minds, Big Minds The cicada and the fledging dove laughed and said, “Once I decide to fly and I come across the elm or sandalwood, sometimes I don’t make it and fall on the ground. That’s all. Why bother to fly ninety thousand miles to the south? If we venture out into the wild, we just seek three meals and return.If you go for a hundred miles, you need to hull enough grain to stay the night. For a thousand miles, you have to gather enough grains for three months.” How can these two creatures know?	<urn:uuid:2626a42c-1713-4256-a201-47ce63f080eb>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://freeasymind.wordpress.com/tag/small-big-minds/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323711.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628153051-20170628173051-00170.warc.gz	en	0.938203	283	3.125	3
Grade 12 Global Studies Nutrition & Health HFA 4C Human Development throughout the Lifespan HHG 4M Challenge & Change in Society HSB 4U West & the World History CHY4U / CHY4C Analysing Current Economics Issues CIA 4U Canadian & International Law CLN4U Canadian & International Politics CPW4U HFA 4C Relationship between Nutrition Health •On health at different stages of life & •on global issues related to food production The Role of Nutrition Health Disease Strategies for promoting Food Security Environmental Responsibility Students will learn about Topics Food Preparation Skills Food & Kitchen Safety Food preparation Follow a recipe Adapt a recipe Correct measuring & preparation techniques Cooking Opportunities Breakfast club Staff meetings Bake sales Kougar Kitten playschool Nutrition & Health Nutrients Food Guides Energy Balance Nutritional Status Project – Food for the Breakfast Club Plan & prepare a food item or items to address a specific nutritional deficiency common to Canadians (e.g. a high fibre snack to address a lack of dietary fibre) MARKET RESEARCH Do taste tests & determine what students like Food for the Breakfast Club Create educational advertisements to encourage students to eat breakfast & gain the nutritional deficiency WEEKLY prepare and portion food the breakfast club Topics Nutrition throughout the Lifespan Nutrition & Disease Trends & Patterns in Food & Nutrition Plan & Prepare food for . . . • Kougar Kittens • Age 2-4 years old • A specific health need like diabetes • A trendy food item like . . . Flax seed, high protein pasta, blueberries, chia Topics to investigate Food Security Food Production & supply Food Production & Environment Tour some Farms - Field Trip Apple Farm Organic Farm Learn about the agriculture business in Ontario Harvest fresh produce and cook with it at school! COURSE DESCRIPTION This course offers a multidisciplinary approach to the study of human development throughout the life cycle. Students will study how early brain development are linked to lifelong learning, health and wellbeing. Students will gain practical experience working with children in the playschool. Students will use research skills to learn about human growth and development. UNITS Human Development: An Overview Human Development: Brain Development In The Early Years Human Development: The Early Years Parenthood: The Roles And Responsibilites Throughout The Family Life Cycle Socialization Factors That Influences Human Development DIFFERENT TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT Physical Development Social Development Intellectual Development Emotional Development ASSIGNMENTS Research opinion paper Playschool assignment Brain development assignment Personal reflection paper ISU research assignment HSB 4U Description This course focuses on the use of social science theories, perspectives, and methodologies to investigate and explain shifts in knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviour and their impact on society. Students will critically analyse how and why cultural, social, and behavioural patterns change over time. Description They will explore the ideas of social theorists and use those ideas to analyse causes of and responses to challenges such as technological change, deviance, and global inequalities. Students will explore ways in which social science research methods can be used to study social change. Topics Social Change Foundations Cause & Effect Technological Change Social Patterns & Trends Demographics Forces that shape social trends Social deviance Global Social Challenges Global Inequalities Globalization Exploitation GR. 12 WEST & THE WORLD CHY 4U / CHY 4C Units: 1. 2. 3. 4. Renaissance & Reformation Enlightenment & Revolution Modern Europe World Wars RENAISSANCE & REFORMATION UNIT TOPICS: Feudalism Renaissance Wars of Religion Age of Discovery Catholicism vs. Protestantism ACTIVITIES: Survey of Renaissance art Create an Artifact from the 17th or 18th century ENLIGHTENMENT & REVOLUTION UNIT TOPICS: Enlightenment & Philosophers Despotic Rulers & Absolutism American Revolution French Revolution Napoleon Bonaparte ACTIVITIES: Salon Assignment – Choose a historical figure of this time period and role them in the classroom Mock Trial of Louis XVI Photo Story – Describes the Enlightenment period through visuals MODERN EUROPE UNIT TOPICS: Industrial Revolution Congress of Vienna Age of Imperialism & Colonialism Slavery & Social Darwinism ACTIVITIES: Children’s Storybook Assignment – research an influential person of the 19th or 20th century; utilize text and visuals to describe the person’s philosophical approach WORLD WARS UNIT TOPICS: World War I Interwar Period World War II ACTIVITIES: Poster Board Exposition – Using visuals and text, describe a person/event from the unit Primary Source Document Seminars – Analyze primary source document of a historical figure and teach his/her ideologies to the class How do we earn that 30% FINAL EVALUATION 15% ESSAY (4U) / MINI ESSAY (4C) You will research and write about a historical topic that is engaging to you: Christopher Columbus – Good or Evil? Are humans inherently selfish? George Washington – Success or Failure? 15% WRITTEN FINAL EXAM This will be based on all the units studied throughout the course ANALYSING CURRENT ECONOMIC ISSUES CIA 4U Description This course investigates the nature of the competitive global economy and explores how individuals and societies can gain the information they need to make appropriate economic decisions. Students will learn about the principles of microeconomics and macroeconomics, apply economic models and concepts to interpret economic information, assess the validity of statistics, and investigate marketplace dynamics. Students will use economic inquiry and communication skills to analyse current economic issues, make informed judgments, and present their findings. Topics Economic Decision Making Economic Stakeholders Self-Interest and Interdependence Economic Institutions Methods of Economic Inquiry &Communication CLU4U This course examines elements of Canadian and international law in social, political , and global contexts . Students will study the historical and philosophical sources of law and the principles and practices of international law and will learn to relate them to issues in Canadian society and the wider world . Students will use critical-thinking and communication skills to analyze legal issues , conduct independent research , and present the results of their inquiries in a variety of ways. Heritage Rights & Freedoms Criminal Law and Procedures Regulation & Dispute Resolution Methods of Legal Inquiry and Communication Visit the Toronto University Court House, as well as the appeals court and divisional court at old city hall Sit in on a variety of court cases, including a few high profile murder cases. This is always a highlight CPW4U is an exciting introduction to the study of politics. Students follow international events, but now this course will help you understand the power structure involved and the complicated world of rights and responsibilities. This course examines Canadian and world politics from a variety of perspectives. Students will investigate the ways in which individuals, groups, and states work to influence domestic and world events, the role of political ideologies in national and international politics, and the dynamics of international cooperation and conflict resolution. This course and unit begins with the topic, A Study of Politics, followed by an introduction to the basic concepts of political science. Students will spend some time on the concept of ideology and search out their own political ideology. This unit begins with an examination of the forms of government and models of political processes. Students will then have a look at how roles in the political process function. Students will be involved in a mock election, mock parliament. You will learn which ideology fit with your global point of view and examine your own bias. •The international system will be introduced and examined in depth. •Students will become familiar with the United Nations and the six international actors. Students learn best when they are engaged in a variety of ways of learning. Canadian and world studies courses lend themselves to a wide range of approaches in that they require students to research & think critically. •Your final grade will be determined based on your comprehension of political terms and concepts. •You will be required to apply theory to real political events of the day and write a major research essay based on a political autobiography.	<urn:uuid:1834d70f-775f-43cd-b113-84517c0adc5e>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://slidegur.com/doc/162741/grade-12-global-studies	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323908.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629103036-20170629123036-00250.warc.gz	en	0.870878	1,606	3.15625	3
Find more Browneller relatives and grow your tree by exploring billions of historical records. Taken every decade since 1790, the U.S. Federal Census can tell you a lot about your family. For example, from 1930 to 1940 there were 43 more people named Browneller in the United States — and some of them are likely related to you. What if you had a window into the history of your family? With historical records, you do. From home life to career, records help bring your relatives' experiences into focus. There were 55 people named Browneller in the 1930 U.S. Census. In 1940, there were 78% more people named Browneller in the United States. What was life like for them? In 1940, 98 people named Browneller were living in the United States. In a snapshot: As Browneller families continued to grow, they left more tracks on the map:	<urn:uuid:69ce675d-858c-4fca-8648-383be6aeb7f0>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://www.ancestry.com/family-trees/browneller	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319992.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623031127-20170623051127-00609.warc.gz	en	0.985964	183	2.84375	3
Duration: 25 minutes Summary: In this video, we are going to discuss panels. A Panel is a good way of grouping information for large forms. We can divide a large form (like an insurance form) into meaningful pieces. We can have control over the properties of the panel (for example by setting the “GroupingText” property, the panel will display as a legend with the title of the panel in the top left corner. In our example, we will create couple of panels: one for the personal information and one for the “Other” information. Every panel will have some properties and contain the necessary input fields for the user to fill out. We can add a default button with the panel so we can trigger the necessary button when the user hits the enter key. The panels we are creating are originally hidden from the user. When the user clicks the button, the associated panel will show. This is a good way of removing the clutter from a large form. We only display the critical information and let the user show/hide the rest. Methodology of the development of example: Good coding standard and simplified design to illustrate the key points. Technology Used: ASP.NET and Visual Studio 2010Keyword: ASP.NET 4, Visual Studio 2010, Panel, TextBox, Label, Legend, Default Button, Grouping Text, Visible, AssociatedControlId.	<urn:uuid:d827b8ea-5144-44b7-8b92-a878bfcee285>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://mrbool.com/using-panels-course-asp-net-4-and-visual-studio-2010-lesson-8/21471	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320201.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623220935-20170624000935-00690.warc.gz	en	0.849074	283	3.03125	3
THE climate change summit at the United Nations on Tuesday, September 22nd, is aimed to build momentum for the 15th Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in Copenhagen in December, where nations will continue negotiations on a successor to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which expires in 2012. Later this week, the G20 finance ministers will meet in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where international climate policy will be high on the agenda. In the midst of this, Professor Sheila Olmstead of Yale University and I wrote an opinion piece which appeared as an op-ed in The Boston Globe on Sunday, September 20th. (See the original here, with the artwork; and/or for a detailed description of our proposal, see our discussion paper for the Harvard Project on International Climate Agreements.) In the op-ed, we argued that to be successful, any feasible successor agreement must contain three essential elements: meaningful involvement by a broad set of key industrialized and developing nations; an emphasis on an extended time path of emissions targets; and inclusion of policy approaches that work through the market, rather than against it. Consider the need for broad participation. Industrialized countries have emitted most of the stock of man-made carbon dioxide in our atmosphere, so shouldn’t they reduce emissions before developing countries are asked to contribute? While this seems to make sense, here are four reasons why the new climate agreement must engage all major emitting countries – both industrialized and developing. First, emissions from developing countries are significant and growing rapidly. China surpassed the United States as the world’s largest CO2 emitter in 2006, and developing countries may account for more than half of global emissions within the next decade. Second, developing countries provide the best opportunities for low-cost emissions reduction; their participation could dramatically reduce total costs. Third, the United States and several other industrialized countries may not commit to significant emissions reductions without developing country participation. Fourth, if developing countries are excluded, up to one-third of carbon emissions reductions by participating countries may migrate to non-participating economies through international trade, reducing environmental gains and pushing developing nations onto more carbon-intensive growth paths (so-called “carbon leakage’’). How can developing countries participate in an international effort to reduce emissions without incurring costs that derail their economic development? Their emissions targets could start at business-as-usual levels, becoming more stringent over time as countries become wealthier. If such “growth targets’’ were combined with an international emission trading program, developing countries could fully participate without incurring prohibitive costs (or even any costs in the short term). (For a very insightful analysis of such growth targets, please see Harvard Professor Jeffrey Frankel‘s discussion paper for the Harvard Project on International Climate Agreements.) The second pillar of a successful post-2012 climate policy is an emphasis on the long run. Greenhouse gases remain in the atmosphere for decades to centuries, and major technological change is needed to bring down the costs of reducing CO2 emissions. The economically efficient solution will involve firm but moderate short-term targets to avoid rendering large parts of the capital stock prematurely obsolete, and flexible but more stringent long-term targets. Third, a post-2012 global climate policy must work through the market rather than against it. To keep costs down in the short term and bring them down even lower in the long term through technological change, market-based policy instruments must be embraced as the chief means of reducing emissions. One market-based approach, known as cap-and-trade, is emerging as the preferred approach for reducing carbon emissions among industrialized countries. Under cap-and-trade, sources with low control costs may take on added reductions, allowing them to sell excess permits to sources with high control costs. The European Union’s Emission Trading Scheme, established under the Kyoto Protocol, is the world’s largest cap-and-trade system. In June, the US federal government took a significant step toward establishing a national cap-and-trade policy to reduce CO2 emissions, with the passage in the House of Representatives of the American Clean Energy and Security Act (about which I have written in many previous posts at this blog). Other industrialized countries are instituting or planning national CO2 cap-and-trade systems, including Australia, Canada, Japan, and New Zealand. Linking such cap-and-trade systems under a new international climate treaty would bring cost savings from increasing the market’s scope, greater liquidity, reduced price volatility, lessened market power, and reduced carbon leakage. Cap-and-trade systems can be linked directly, which requires harmonization, or indirectly by linking with a common emissions-reduction credit system; indeed, this is what appears to be emerging even before a new agreement is forged. Kyoto’s Clean Development Mechanism allows parties in wealthy countries to purchase emissions-reduction credits in developing countries by investing in emissions-reduction projects. These credits can be used to meet emissions commitments within the EU-ETS, and other systems are likely to accept them as well. Countries meeting in New York and Pittsburgh this week, and in Copenhagen in December, should consider these three essential elements as they negotiate a new climate agreement. A new international climate agreement missing any of these three pillars may be too costly, and provide too little benefit, to represent a meaningful attempt to address the threat of global climate change.	<urn:uuid:b6385f64-e841-47da-98ff-4f3203e43b19>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.robertstavinsblog.org/2009/09/21/three-pillars-of-a-new-climate-pact/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320201.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623220935-20170624000935-00690.warc.gz	en	0.938716	1,106	2.71875	3
\|PowerPoint Best Practices\| “People who know what they’re talking about don’t need PowerPoint.” Steve Jobs He said it, not me. However, if you want to use a couple of slides, these two guidelines will bring you into the 21st century: 1. Use headlines, not titles. Headlines are 6-10 words long and create a full sentence. Examples: WHY? Audience members should be able to comprehend your story by reading the headlines alone. 2. Use images in the body, instead of words. Place the image as close to the headline as possible. WHY? The brain easily absorbs and understands a meaningful sentence when it is supported by a relevant image, photograph, illustration, or graph. It’s up to YOU, presenters, to know what you’re talking about. Remember: slides are support, not an end in themselves. Want to be a better presenter?	<urn:uuid:e31bd9b5-0b72-4e3c-8edf-765a7f5dc0bc>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://instructionaldesignthatsoars.wordpress.com/2014/12/13/powerpoint-best-practices/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320201.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623220935-20170624000935-00690.warc.gz	en	0.902691	202	3.328125	3
Did you know that to find worms Blackbirds use They run and pause along the ground as they cover an area looking for worms. They then stop to cock their heads and look on the ground for prey. They cock their heads because their eyes are positioned laterally which gives them excellent peripheral vision. The blackbird swings its head around to see its prey using one eye to see its food. SOUND / HEARING Birds have no visible ears, but have ‘audile orifices’ covered with a thin layer of feathers to aid flying. Blackbirds are unique that both ears are internally ducted to one organ which is between the two ears. This lets blackbirds discover which direction sound is coming from and is why blackbirds often tilt their heads. They tilt their heads to get a better ‘position’ of where the sound is coming from and so where their prey is. So sometimes when a blackbird pulls a worm from the ground the blackbird has found the worm by HEARING it. After looking and hearing Blackbirds often finds a worm’s precise location by probing with its beak . A blackbirds beak is very sensitive and can sense the tiny movement’ vibrations made by the worm which is under the soil Blackbirds feed mostly on the ground and are also skilled at finding worms or insects under leaves. When blackbirds hop about and toss leaves away they are not searching randomly for food but are using their excellent hearing to find the exact location of a tasty morsal. So insects are not found under leaves by chance A blackbirds hearing is adapted to hear only noises that are important to them such as other bird calls, movement of prey they are looking for and movement of predators that are looking for them. So our common or garden blackbird is a unique bird – as are all our garden birds – but we take them so much for granted Have you any blackbird facts or other bird facts you’d like to share with us. Please just let me know if you have.	<urn:uuid:50dbfeaf-e5ed-4dc6-8e2d-f785440f90db>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://birdtablenews.com/2009/07/blackbird-facts/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320323.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624184733-20170624204733-00050.warc.gz	en	0.977058	424	3.84375	4
Separate names with a comma. Discussion in 'Mac Programming' started by Howiieque, Feb 27, 2009. why do we use this directive? what can it do? I think all it does is make a special comment which Xcode adds to the quick jump list thing at the top of an xcode code view window. Immediately underneath the title bar there is a narrow bar with a dropdown list of every class and method that's in the current file. When you pragma mark a line it will also show up on this list so that you can quickly jump to that line from anywhere else in the file. It is useful for defining major sections of code. The #pragma directive is a standard way of adding nonstandard extensions to the C preprocessor as a way of controlling the operation of the compiler. What it allows you to do is specific to whatever compiler you're using. thank you. both this two answers are useful.	<urn:uuid:244d5a98-a814-42b7-930e-03c7a8b6e97c>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://forums.macrumors.com/threads/about-pragma-mark.658959/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320532.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625134002-20170625154002-00130.warc.gz	en	0.932236	197	2.90625	3
No, not the queen mother of all “F” words. I’m talking about fear of FAILURE. What does failure mean to you? It means different things to different individuals and it can vary depending on the circumstances. Failure, simply put, refers to not meeting a desirable or intended objective. It is often viewed as the opposite of success. Most, if not all, experiences in life require failure to learn and to advance. In reality, you can’t truly experience success at anything without first experiencing failure. As a child, before you learn to walk, you fall repeatedly. It is part of the process. Great feats in life don’t come without failure either. Anyone who has achieved great successes in life has also experienced countless failures and setbacks on the way to their eventual success. - Thomas Edison’s experiments failed approximately 10,000 times before he invented the working light bulb. - Henry Ford of the Ford Motor Company went bankrupt 5 times before he finally succeeded in the auto industry. - Colonel Sanders of Kentucky Fried Chicken fame, went to over a 1,000 places trying to sell his secret recipe before he found someone interested. - Author, John Grisham was rejected by 16 agents and 12 publishing houses before his first novel, A Time to Kill, was published. - Quarterback Brett Favre is the career leader in almost every major category including being the career leader in interceptions. - Babe Ruth held records for the number of homeruns hit in a season, but he also held records for the number of strike-outs in a season. He is quoted as saying: “Every strike brings me closer to the next homerun.” In sales, it is no different. We face rejection and failure constantly. For most, it’s a daily occurrence. If you use the 10/3/1 rule (meet ten people, three are interested, one buys) then you face a lot of failure. Fortunately, most sales plans/quotes are built with these numbers in mind. If you want greater success you need to fail more! The fact is success comes to those who are neither afraid to fail nor discouraged by failures. As Hockey Hall-of-Famer Wayne Gretsky once said, “You miss 100% of the shots you don’t take. Adopt a policy of “failing forward”, the idea being that from every failure you learn something and you move forward making yourself better. Learn to look at failure as a positive and not a negative. The faster you can fail and learn from your mistakes, the faster you will succeed. Remember, success builds character, failure reveals it!	<urn:uuid:c9e323a7-ba1a-4e0c-a0f0-4b66131c3adb>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://brucezim.wordpress.com/2011/06/09/fear-of-the-%E2%80%9Cf%E2%80%9D-word/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320695.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626083037-20170626103037-00210.warc.gz	en	0.960152	556	2.625	3
Kidneys are one of the vital body organs, as their function is to eliminate waste and toxins from the body through the urine. Thus, they regulate the levels of minerals, such as calcium, and phosphate. Additionally, kidneys regulate blood pressure as they produce essential hormones which are necessary for this function, as well as for the formation of red blood cells whose responsibility is to carry oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Therefore, it is of high importance to support the proper function of kidneys. If it is obstructed in some way, you may experience some of the following symptoms: vomiting, bad breath, changed urine in color and quality, dizziness, itchy skin, breathing issues, sudden pain, anemia, fatigue or tiredness, or feeling cold most of the time. If you notice some of these warning signs, you should visit your doctor and check the situation. Kidney issues may often be a result of different factors, but some of the following most common habits contribute to their damage as well: Insufficient Intake of Water Lack of water in the body may lead to significant kidney damage, as blood will get so concentrated that there the blood flow to the kidneys will be reduced. In this way, the ability of kidneys to eliminate toxins from the body will be impeded, and as toxins accumulate in the body, the number of diseases and health issues will increase. The recommended amount of water daily is at least 10-12 glasses in the case of an adult person. Yet, make sure you do not exaggerate as excessive amounts of water may harden the kidney function. Delaying the Urge to Urinate This is one of the most common causes of damage to the kidneys, as the urine remains in the bladder longer, as it supports the multiplication of bacteria in the urine. These harmful bacteria cause urinary tract and kidney infections. Moreover, retaining the urine applies pressure to the kidneys and leads to renal failure and urinary incontinence. Hence, note that you should never postpone the urge to urinate. Smoking is a really detrimental habit, which damages all body organs, including the kidneys. Numerous studies have found a link between smoking and kidney disease, and according to the American Association of Kidney Patients (AAKP), smoking is the number one cause of ESRD (end-stage renal disease). This bad habit raises blood pressure and the heart rate, and reduces the blood flow and narrows the blood vessels in kidneys. Moreover, it aggravated kidney diseases and accelerates the loss of the function of kidneys. High Protein Diet The consumption of excessive amounts of protein-based foods, such as red meat, increases the risk of kidney disease, as the function of these organs is to eliminate and metabolize nitrogenous wastes from the body, which are by-products of the digestion of protein. The excessive consumption of protein chronically increases the glomerular pressure and hyperfiltration, thus raising the metabolic load of kidneys, and leading to the development of kidney issues. Hence, you should limit the intake of red meat, and in the case of kidney issues, completely eliminate it from your diet, in order to prevent further complications. High Intake of Salt The regular use of high amounts of salt severely damages the kidneys and leads to various health problems. To be more precise, kidneys metabolize even 95% of the sodium consumed through food, and in the case of excessive amounts of salt, kidneys need to work much harder to excrete it, and their function is reduced, and the body retains water. Water retention may increase the blood pressure and the risk of kidney disease. Numerous studies suggest that the consumption of salt increases the amount of urinary protein, which contributes to the development of kidney disease. Note that all excess salt you intake causes harm to your body, especially to your kidneys, and a teaspoon contains around 6 grams. Lack of Sleep Numerous people ignore the importance of rest and sleep. However, a good night sleep of 6- 8 hours is essential for the body. The organ tissues renew during the sleep, so in the case of sleep deficiency, these processes will be stopped, leading to damage of body organs. Numerous studies have shown that improper sleep leads to increased clogging of the arteries (atherosclerosis) and high blood pressure, which elevated the chances for development of kidney diseases. Hence, make sure you always find a perfect balance between work and sleep, rest and leisure and everyday tasks, as this has a major impact on your overall health, including your kidneys. Regular Use of Analgesics Numerous people use various painkillers, analgesics, and medications, to treat pain, reduce inflammation, and cure various issues. Yet, these drugs damage your kidneys, as well as other body organs. Research has shown that over-the-counter analgesics can reduce the blood flow to the kidneys and obstruct their function. Thus, the long-term use of these drugs leads to chronic kidney diseases, such as acute kidney injury or interstitial nephritis. Note that you should consult your doctor before using any of these drugs, and make sure you take analgesics shortly, as they can cause damage to the ones with normal kidney function as well. Excessive amounts of Caffeine Too much caffeine increases the blood pressure, and applied pressure to the kidneys, leading to kidney damage. According to a 2002 study published in Kidney International, the consumption of caffeine is directly linked to kidney stones, as caffeine increases the excretion of calcium in the urine. Yet, moderate consumption of drinks like coffee or tea will not be harmful, but you should reduce the intake of energy drinks, chocolate, medications, cocoa, and soft drinks. Too Much Alcohol This toxin leads to stress on the kidneys and liver, and its excessive amounts lead to damage of the kidneys. If you drink alcohol a lot, the uric acid will be stored in the renal tubules, leading to the tubular obstruction which elevates the risk of kidney failure. Additionally, alcohol dehydrates the body and thus destroys the normal function of the kidneys. The advised amount of alcohol a day is a glass for women and elder people, and 2 drinks for men.	<urn:uuid:39b4013b-39dd-4be4-b028-f1ec401e7df4>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://naturalcarebox.com/10-common-habits-damage-kidneys-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320695.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626083037-20170626103037-00210.warc.gz	en	0.949699	1,275	3.4375	3
The best medicine microscopic wars rage constantly within your body but you are normally not aware that these incessant battles against infection are being fought. The attackers are tiny but can be plentiful and lethal. Some are so small that 230 million of them could fit on the period at the end of this sentence. Ideally, your immune system will automatically provide legions of defenders, a wonderful network of organs and specialized cells that are constantly vigilant, fighting to keep you healthy. But sometimes your defenders are caught in a weakened state, and you develop a cold, the flu, or a more serious infection. We agree with the saying, "Prevention is the best medicine." We promote optimal support of the body's innate and miraculous infection-fighting ability now, which may help reduce our dependence on antibiotics later. advocate maximizing the state of immune system readiness and functionality and minimizing periods of immune weakness. factors may contribute to the weakening of your immune system? A basic list of things to avoid includes physiological, psychological, and emotional stress; poor physical and aerobic conditioning; lack of sleep, rest, and relaxation; and an especially poor diet. all of these factors are important, our discussion below will focus on proper nourishment. The Value of Proper Nourishment When your nutritional stores become depleted, your immune system may become less able to provide defense against study reported in the journal, Lancet (Vol. 340, 1992), illustrates the importance of proper vitamin and mineral nourishment for optimizing immune system activity in the elderly. Ninety-six individuals over the age of 65 were evaluated after nutritional supplementation with a multiple vitamin/mineral formula or placebo. The study showed that the group who took the supplements had half the number of days sick from colds, flus, and other infection-related Vitamin C and the Immune System Although many nutrients are necessary for a healthy immune system, vitamin C is perhaps the most common nutrient we associate with supporting immunity. Prompted by the publishing of Dr. Linus Pauling's book, Vitamin C and the Common Cold, in 1970, many people have sworn by megadoses of vitamin C as one of the best ways to reduce the chances of getting sick. more research is needed to clearly establish the properties of vitamin C, some studies demonstrate that vitamin C increases the activity of specific white blood cells, the cells involved in fighting infection. It has been observed that white blood cell movement, as well as their ability to destroy bacteria, is stimulated in the presence of vitamin C. It has also been noted that some viral growth may be inhibited when vitamin C is present. Some scientific data suggest that vitamin C may reduce the incidence of the common cold, and that it may shorten the duration of colds and lessen the severity of symptoms. A recent study revealed the positive effect of vitamin C on a very specific and important type of white blood cell of the immune system, the natural killer (NK) cell. The study indicated that vitamin C may cause an increase in NK cell activity. When NK cell activity increases, your immune system may become more capable of fighting Are all vitamin C supplements the same? Some nutritional experts suggest that vitamin C supplements made up of a blend of mineral ascorbates that are neutral pH and vitamin C metabolites may be a better form of vitamin C for many people. How much vitamin C is recommended? The current RDA for vitamin C is 60 mg per day, the minimum amount needed to guard against the vitamin C deficiency disease, scurvy. Our ancestral diet contained 400 to 2,000 mg per day. to the late, two-time Nobel Prize winner and noted vitamin C researcher, Dr. Linus Pauling, this may still fall short of providing optimal support for immune system readiness and functionality. He personally took 4,500 mg of vitamin C each day, and recommended 10,000 to 12,000 mg daily for those with serious immune challenge or weakness. Other researchers concur by suggesting that, at times of infection, vitamin C requirements may increase significantly. vitamin C work alone? While vitamin C is one of the most commonly known vitamins, there are many other nutrients that are needed for good health. We recommend a variety of nutritional formulas. Ask us about them today. Healthy ways to protect yourself a nutrient rich, balanced diet consisting of high fiber, complex carbohydrates, and moderate protein in the form of fresh, whole, unprocessed foods Implement stress control measures and strive to achieve a healthy psychological state Get plenty of rest and relaxation a vitamin C supplement containing a blend of vitamin C and its metabolites 1. Raeburn P. Deadly post-antibiotic era seen. Orange County Register February 10, 1994. 2. Begley S. The end of antibiotics. Newsweek March 28, 1994:47-51. 3. Jaret P. Our immune system, the wars within. National Geographic June, 1986;169;6:702-35. 4. Chandra RJ. Effect of vitamin and trace element supplementation on immune responses and infection in elderly subjects. Lancet November 2, 1992;340:1124-7. 5. Pauling L. Vitamin C and the Common Cold. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman Co. 6. Vojdani A, Ghoneum M. In vivo enhancement of human NK activity by vitamin C. FASEB February, 1992;6;4:A12313. 7. Hemila H. Vitamin C and lowering blood pressure: need for intervention trials. J Hypertens 1991;9;11:1076-7. 8. Pauling L. Linus Pauling on vitamin C against colds, cancer and AIDS. Good Medicine MET126 Rev. 5/98 ©1994 Advanced Nutrition Publications, Inc., rev. 1998	<urn:uuid:c3ba3315-e4ee-4e2a-afb5-f671077723b3>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://deborarobinett.com/articles/article11.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320915.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627032130-20170627052130-00290.warc.gz	en	0.893138	1,287	2.703125	3