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Around 2000 BC, the Greeks played a ball game called episkyros. The game was played primarily by men and sometimes women. Regardless of their gender, the Greeks usually played nude.
A marble relief from the National Museum of Archeology in Athens shows an athlete balancing the ball on his thigh, supposedly teaching the technique to a boy. This very same image is nowadays featured on the European Cup trophy. The ball seen in the relief is clearly a “follis” or an inflated ball. Early balls were made of linen and hair wrapped in string and sewn together. These probably would not have bounced very well. Later Greek balls like the follis were made from inflated pig bladders wrapped in tight leather.
Harpastum (The Roman Empire)
Harpastum meaning “the small ball game” was popular for 700-800 years and played with a relatively small and hard ball. The game was played by 5-12 players on a rectangular field marked by boundary lines and split by a center line. Each team had to keep the ball in their own half for as song as they can, while their opponents tried to steal it and get it over to their own side. An important rule of harpastum stated that only the player with the ball could be tackled. Players had specific team roles and a lot of trickery and tactics were probably involved. The feet were scarcely used in the game of harpastum, but a striking resemblance to rugby should be noted.
Emperor Julius Caesar (who is speculated to have played himself) used harpastum to maintain the physical fitness of his soldiers and keep them battle ready. It is also believed that the Romans took harpastum to the British Isles during their territorial expansion. By the time of their arrival, less-sophisticated kicking games were probably already present on the British Isles. There are records of a harpastum match played between the Romans and the British natives. Even although the conquerors won, harpastum eventually faded out and it is very unlikely that it could have impacted the later development of rugby.
A Roman mosaic from Ostia depicts what appears to be an inflated ball stitched similarly in the fashion of modern soccer balls. There are historical references of Roman boys playing ball in the streets. Cicero described one court case in which a man getting a shave was killed when a ball accidentally hit the barber.
The Greek rhetorician Atheneaus who lived in the late second century A.D. wrote this about harpastum:
Harpastum, which used to be called Phaininda, is the game I like most of all. Great are the exertion and fatigue attendant upon contests of ball-playing and violent twisting and turning of the neck. Hence Antiphanes, “Damn it, what a pain in the neck I’ve got.” He describes the game thus: “He seized the ball and passed it to a team-mate while dodging another and laughing. He pushed it out of the way of another. Another fellow player he raised to his feet. All the while the crowd resounded with shouts of Out of bounds, Too far, Right beside him, Over his head, On the ground, Up in the air, Too short, Pass it back in the scrum.
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John and I have been working to ensure that Berrien RESA has appropriate resources for all classrooms in our county. As such, we have added the Strawbees Creation Kit. This kit comes with enough plastic connectors and straws for your class to create all kinds of 3D structures. We first came across these at Maker Faire New York and immediately wanted to start building.
What really got us excited was something called Quirkbot. Quirkbot is a small, arduino controller that you program to bring your Strawbees creations to life. Currently funded through Kickstarter, we are hoping to see it ship soon.
Until then Strawbees offer plenty of potential on their own. Here is an example of a recent classroom using the materials to create the tallest freestanding structure they could in 15 minutes (don't let the costumes scare you - it was Halloween party day!). We think they are a great tool to create shapes with in a math class, design a bridge to test in science class, or create a nest to keep your egg safe in an 'egg drop challenge.' We also had a great time combining them with other building and creation materials like Little Bits.
As with our other resources you can check this kit by filling out the form linked on the #BRESA Resource Request page of this site.
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Plato: Part One: the Monad and the Complementary Distinction.
Plato’s categorical system may be deduced as one that is based entirely on the distinction of the “triune” sources and causes that inform the foundations of the knowledge system. Man the “Artificer” and “Demiurge” or lesser “god”, is central to his thesis which locates the identity of “God” (capital “G”) as the essence of the undivided whole. God is neither cast in the imaginary void, nor void of space devoid of light imagined in the “underworld”of the night-time hours, nor is God the Sun, nor Earth, nor any such physical body, nor is this God a mere mortal who once walked the Earth, and is petitioned as the “genii” of inspiration and aspirations. Nor indeed is God a prophet, who predicts future events, according to the spatial and temporal elements that are eternal, for this is role of the “artificer”, nor prophecies regarding future aspects of the social system, which appeared in Ancient Egypt, to have a specific pattern, apparent as a rise and fall from and to conservative conventions, for this is the role of the nobles who are fully equipped with the ability to anticipate outcomes from the structural principles at are apparently at play.
One such “prophecy” or indeed prediction (the use of the term prophecy infers that the information which informs the prediction, is not physically manifest in the world of actual relations) of the impending future, drawn from the knowledge of past and present process, is offered by Neferti and sounds a recurrent theme in Egyptian narratives, rising from the voice of an educated representative of the people, which permits us to consider the intention of Plato’s purpose, in writing the Timaeus, as an account of a Heliopolitan High Priest, an Astronomer and learned authority. A portion of one translation of this prophecy reads as follows and is pertinent to the rise of individualism, decedent excess and prejudice waged commonly against Easterners and Northerners, which sounds a propagandists herald and recurs as the precursor of violent upheavals, prior to a restoration imposed as a conditional constraints regarding the principles of the temple tradition that progressively devolves to the point of the annihilation of the Egyptians cosmology and nation: “he brooded over what should happen in the land and considered the condition of the east, when the Asiatics raid and terrorize those at the harvest, taking away their teams engaged in plowing. / He said: stir yourself, my hear, weep for this land in which you began, for he who is silent is a wrongdoer. See, that (now) exists which was spoken of as something dreadful. See, the great one is overthrown in the land in which you began. Do not become weary; see they are before your eyes; rise up against what is before you. See, there are great men in the governance of the land, yet what has been done is s though it had never been done. Re must begin by refounding the land, which is utterly ruined, and nothing remains; not even did a fingernail profit from what had been ordained. This land is destroyed and there are none who care for it; there are none who speak and there are none who act. Weeper, how fares this land? The sun is veiled, / and will not shine when the people would see; none will live when <the sun> is veiled <by> cloud, and everyone is dulled by the lack of it.
The last passage is reinterpreted, and given by Bridget McDermott (2006 Bridget McDermott, “Death In Ancient Egypt”) as follows: “Re will withdraw from mankind, although he will rise at his hour one will not know when noon comes, for no one will identify his shadow”. There are numerous so called “prophecies” that are merely the educated voice spoken from the discontented perspective of the people, able to see that there are forces at play that are leading the whole towards a significant threat that is already occurring in places that are external to the land of Egypt, and that in Egypt it is apparent to the intelligentsia that certain directives are making the nation itself highly vulnerable to tyranny and offensive forces. This passage is thought to have been written in the 12th Dynasty, though the extent texts were written in the 18th Dynasty, with corrections, which infers a highly organised educational system, which focuses on past documents, for the purpose of inducting a student into the historical influences which inform the nation. As it makes reference to the ruler known as Snefru, the original is thought to have been written by a noble member of the population, an entrepreneur no less, gifted in the arts, and obviously well respected by members of the advisory board to the ruler. Snefru is the first ruler of the 4th Dynasty. His name betrays the fact that the “nefer” a graph which rules an upright line, crossed with two bars at near the top, emerging from a ovoid, its meaning equally indicated by a graph which represents “millions of years”- a partially kneeling female god, in a posture which indicates potential motion, who is depicted with the solar disk on her crown, holding two measured staffs, inferring a representation of Isis. its meaning has also been interpreted as “beautiful” and “good”. Coupled to this graph is the “folded” or “completed fabric”, transliterated as “S”, and the rest of graphs present, reiterate the “f” (variants “t”) through the image of the “Horned Viper”, placed over the graph of the “source” or “mouth”: () (turned 90 degrees and transliterated as “3R”), which is followed by the concrete image of a hatchling chicken: representing the birth of a creature, which is quite capable of independence from its parent. As the 4th Dynasty represents the mark of the first era after the predynastic period, which retrospectively defines the shift from nomarchy to dynasty, the notion of independence is critical, for it is in this Dynasty that the “return of the father”, Shu, who takes the place of the Earth God’s “member”, which supports the feminine “sky”, is embodied in the graphic figure of the “pillar of stability”, used as a composite name for the fifth ruler of this period, and one who follows the period of leadership of MenKau Ra, whose “northern” influence anchors characteristic traditions specifically of offering the sacrificial bovine (See 1977“Food: The Gift of Osiris” by Darby, Ghalioungui and Grivetti) and consuming its power through eating of its flesh. After Menkaura, the “pillar of stability” or TET, which is equally indicated by the image of the forearm which transliterates as “A”, and constitutes the measure of the cubit (unit radius and diameter of the twin circles and ocular or iris: “( (-) )”) is used in the name taken of the 5th Ruler- Tet-F-Ra (the “pillar of stability” coupled with the “horned viper” and the “circle” with its center point marked which indicates the Noon Time of the Shadows Rest and the Period of the Day.
What are beginning to apprehend, with the progression of forms used to signify the proper names of the rulers, is the progression of rulings themselves, which inform the elements of the cosmology which are present and actively engaged as strong influences which inform the complex social domain. The “independence” from the parent figure, is achieved as the completed fabric of the garment of god, informs the measured square lattice, which defines the rulings of MENI, and 10/8 metric, which indicates the division of the diameter line of the one unit ocular circle, into 8 segments of 0.125 units of the “whole” which is the three unit (diameter) circle which circumscribes the twin circles. Independence is granted, from the process of ruling the isometric matrix, a labour which, without aids such as the clustering of circles about a single point which is defined by the Setchat, or “seed” of the “flower”, is not only vulnerable to imperfection in the outer regions of the matrix, is gained by the establishment of the fixed 90 degree angle, granted implicitly as the horizon line and the perpendicular “rod”: “(-(|)-)” and explicitly as the Mitre: “(<(|\)” which constitutes the act of unification of two isometric lattices: “(<(^)>)”, 90 degrees to each other, which informs the three dimensional correspondence, and design of the first solids- being two tetrahedrons, “raised” from the lozenge “(< | >)” and hence informing the design of the primary solid construction. As a reflection of the geometrical process in the social sphere, of the evolution of elements emergent from the foundational superstructure: the topologically considered geometrically dynamic translation of both the analemma: ( ( ) ), and the axial rotation of the planet and apparent orbit of the Sun: “( o )” combined, the unification of the “twin lands” and the location of a centralised location of government, in the region of the “branch”: ” –<” of the Delta, and hence from Memphis rather than Thinis, a shift occurring at the time of the III “Dynasty”, bares a corresponding reflection of the political evolution of the twin lands, as one Nation, the North defending the South, and the South defending the North, with the partnered rulers both male and female, representing the people, and the knowledge system, overseeing justice, and moderating the rise in corruption in the administrative parties, particularly in the out regions furthest from the central seat of power. Indeed in most representations of the “horned viper” the “horns” indicate a 90 degree angle. The Horned Viper is one of two venomous snakes common to the region, the other being the the cobra (DJ: words) whose posture echoes the anatomically correct cross section of the human tongue (NES:tongue), and informs the structure of the measured ratios informed by the “Rod” (Aus, Usr, with variants according to the graphic figure itself for example: >—\ indicates the rod of Thoth), leading to the “AUS” (Auset -Isis and Ausir-USR- Osiris) as the stepped “seat of power” or “throne”. As the utility of the squared lattice was common practice for the scribe, and indeed the number of the squares of the lattice, varying according to reasons which may have something to do with the periods of leadership given to the ruler (see 2000 “Egyptian Art: Principles and Themes in Wall Scenes”, Prism Archaeological Series #6). What the “prophecy of Neferti” is predicting in a communication from a noble and successful member of the community, to Sneferu, is the apparent threat that is informing the land and its people, which appears to be devoid of the influence of the necessary elements of the knowledge system that informs the relative independence of the people as co-creators engaged in a complex society.
The passage continues as follows (the translation subject to ideological constraints and the general complexity of a holonomic system which is without the elements which “dress” the speech with accurate meaning):
“The river of Egypt is dry and men cross the water on foot; men will seek water for ships in order to navigate it, for their course has become the riverbank, and the bank (serves) for water; the place of water has become a riverbank, the south wind will oppose the north wind, and the sky will not be with one single wind. A strange bird will be born in the marshes of the Delta, and a nest shall be made for it on account of the neighbors, / for men have caused it to approach through want. Perished are those erstwhile good things, the fish ponds of those who carry slit fish, teeming with fish and fowl. All good things have passed away, the land being cast away through trouble by means of that food of the Asiatics who pervade the land. Enemies have come into being in the east; Asiatics have come down into Egypt, for a fortress lacks another beside it, and no guard will hear. Men will hold back and look out by night, the fortress will be entered, and sleep will be banished from my eyes, / so that I spend the night wakeful. Wild game will drink from the river of Egypt, taking their ease on their riverbanks through lack of anyone to fear. This land is in commotion, and no one knows what the result may be, for it is hidden from speech, sight, and hearing because of dullness, silence being to the fore.
I show you the land in calamity, for what had never happened has now happened. Men will take weapons of war and the land will live in / confusion. Men will make arrows of bronze, men will beg for the bread of blood, men will laugh aloud at pain; none will weep at death, none will lie down hungry at death, and a man’s heart will think of himself alone. None will dress hair today; hearts are entirely astray because of it, and a man sits quiet, turning his back, while one man kills another.
I show you a son as an enemy, a brother as a foe, a man / killing his father. Every mouth is full of “Love me”; all good things have passed away; a law is decreed for the ruin of the land. Men wreak destruction on what has been made and make a desolation of what has been found; what has been made is as though it had never been made; a man’s possessions are taken from him and are given to an outsider.
I show you the owner of (but) a little, while the outsider is content. He who did not fill for himself now goes empty; men give (something) unwillingly, so as to silence a talking mouth. A sentence is answered and a hand goes out with a stick; [men say]: “Do not kill him,” but the discourse of speech is like fire to the heart, / and none can endure utterance. The land is diminished, though its controllers are many; he who was rich in servants is despoiled and corn is trifling, even though the corn measure is great and it is measured to overflowing. Re separates himself from men; he shines, that the hour may be told, but no one knows when noon occurs, for no one can discern his shadow, no one is dazzled when [he] is seen; there are none whose eyes stream with water, for he is like the moon in the sky, (though) his accustomed time do [not] go astray, and his rays are in (men’s) sight as on former occasions.
I show you the land in calamity; the weak-armed now possesses an arm, and men / salute one who used to do the saluting. I show you [the lowermost] uppermost, men pursuing him who flees away; men are living in the necropolis. The poor man will achieve wealth, while the great lady will [beg] to exist; it is the poor who will eat bread, while servants are….; there will be no Heliopolitan nome to be the birth-land of every god.
A king of the South will come, Ameny by name, the son of a woman of Zety-land, a child of Khenkhen. He will assume the White Crown, he will wear the Red Crown, / he will join together the Double Crown, he will propitiate the Two Lords with what they desire; the land will be enclosed in <his> grasp, the oars swinging, the people of his reign will rejoice, the well-born man will make his name forever and ever. Those who have fallen into evil and have planned rebellion have stultified their utterances through fear of him; the Asiatics will fall at the dread of him; the Libyans will fall at his flaming, the rebels at his wrath, the disaffected at / the awe of him, while the uraeus which is on his forehead will pacify the disaffected. Men will build “Walls of the Ruler,” and there will be no letting the Asiatics go down into Egypt that they may beg water after their accustomed fashion to let their herds drink. Right will come to its place (again) and Wrong will be thrust outside; joyful will be [he] who will see (it) and he who will serve the king. The learned man shall pour [a libation to me when he sees that what I have said] has come to pass.” (http://www.touregypt.net/propheciesofneferti.htm- the difficulties of obtaining a full script for the purpose of historical and philosophical analysis, is one of numerous difficulties, not least of which the arguments regarding translation of the elements, and the provision of both the hieroglyphic script, a translation offered beneath it, as it is read, and reasonable access to the academic process of interpretation and translation remain serious obstacles. )
Little is known of the period of governance at the time of Sneferu. It is known however, “that he invaded the peninsula of Sinai, “and having conquered the hostile tribes there, established copper mining at Wadi Ma’arah. He dug wells, and built forts and temples there for the use of the miners and overseers, and from the remains of the working of his mines, which may be seen there to this day, it is clear that the copper industry must have been very large at this period in Egypt.Sinai was called Mafkata “the land of the bluish-green stone”. Sneferu is said to have built the Pyramid of Medum, called in Egyptian Cha and in Arabic El-Haram “the false pyramid”. This pyramid is about 115 feet high, and is built in three stages; the first is 70, the second 20, and the third about 25 feet high. It was never completed.” (Budge: 1989 “The Mummy: A History of the Extraordinary Practices of Ancient Egypt”).
This “cha” was never intended to be pyramid perse, rather as the graphic elements of the name infer, the structure was more like a raised pillar, for the significant graphic element indicates a triangular figure, whose angle of the apex is equal to the measure of the Earth’s axial tilt: 24 degrees. This graph is also commonly depicted as the “pillar” rising from the raised palm, a raised palm indicating the affirmative, or “on”. Indeed it is quite possible that the attempt to anchor stability and a sensibility of the importance of light and shadow, in Sneferu’s reign, appears to indicate a restoration, which underpins the establishment of a the period which defines the “dynastic” era. If indeed the “prophecy of Neferti” does concern the events of this era, it is an indication that the temple tradition sought to make plain the elements which informed the underpinnings of the cosmology, which informed the provisional tools of geometry, which needed constantly restating, in a manner that ensured the conservation of the knowledge system over and above all else, for it is this which informed the “millions of years” intended for the established nation, which reflected the symbolic elements of the linguistic codification in a holonomic, holographic and holotropic manner. It is for this reason that it is possible to return to the intrinsic elements that underpin most sophisticated social system, which simultaneously celebrated the application of the Arts, and Crafts, and the education of the people, to a very high degree, a degree which informed the rise in wealth and social status of the individual, whose power was proportional to those who remained illiterate. Justice centered around the mutual service of the ruler to the people, and the tempering of the rise of radical individualism which progressed from the desolation of the principles which informed geometry.
In returning to the quest which Plato was concerned for, his intentions are centered around the very principle of democracy, determined by the education of the majority of the people. Democracy and Education, which raised the individual towards the apprehension of that which is counter intuitive, is central to his Timaeus, and represents one of the most difficult testimonies to the effort of communicating that which is impossible to understand, without the understanding of the building of the isometric matrix. Indeed, it is this which represents the “gift of culture” offered by Plato, which for an eternity, has been identified as the “ideal” cosmology, however, in its “realism” it does not represent idealism unless it is considered impossible to teach the child or to induct the child into geometry, in a manner that makes the subject and its formative influence plain. This is the central question to all governing bodies, whose responsibility it is to educate their population in support of their greatest physiological potential, as without education, any population is vulnerable to exploitation. The degree to which one permits the child entry, indeed opens the “franchise” so to speak, to those who would otherwise fall through the floor boards of the education system, due to the conscious failure imposed in order to create a “social cradle” that is heavily parented by officials, is determined by the degree to which a culture imposes traditional and characteristic constraints, which defines not so much its imperialist desire for expansion and progression, but rather its lack of progress, and its imposition of a mysticism which threatens the integrity of the knowledge system, its population, its stability and the contentment of the people, most importantly of its intelligentsia, as these are the members of a population whose engagement with knowledge and communication rises with the maturity of experience which permits the cycles of the past to become clear.
A nation who places young and naive individuals are placed in strategic positions of power, dismissing its elders, for whatever reason, is a nation willfully engaged in the process of revolution from within, which negates the intelligentsia, through merely ignoring them, while permitting those who “play the game” so to speak, to indulge in experimenting with the domain that remains inside the sphere of human influence, and outside the sphere of common human experience. In our recent past, extreme militias targeted educated elders, teachers in schools and academies, parents and those who could see the process that led to the marking of a new era, through executing exemplary punishments and thereby spilling the blood of the nations population. This process of revolution began with the grasp of the child’s mind, the fragmentation and destabilisation of the family as a core group, the prejudice expressed against all that is identified as “them”, or the “enemy” of the state, most commonly targeting religious institutions who are presumed to be responsible for the “unhealthy” rise of the individual to be like a “god” of their own domain. With religion firmly placed in the center of the frame of reference, and the unity spirit of the “Worker” and his rights, projected as the primary cause for the process of destabilisation itself, the subsequent unity of the worker, was concretised as a disenfranchised generation parented by the heads of state. A social revolution, an education revolution, any revolution whose target is directed to serve the laborer, at the expense of the academies which are now more than ever “patnered” to industrial leaders, or indeed appear to serve the labor market, is something that demands serious attention, as the labor market is traditionally made up of those who have been failed by the state itself, for the purpose of succeeding in a revolution seeded by those which the greatest to loose, if indeed a reasonable education was supported in the place. The orientation towards mysticism that is central to collectivist imperialism, takes the place as the inspirational and aspirational directive of the individual, to indulge in all that is considered “esoteric” and hence remains inside the sphere of the planetary domain, as the collection of elements which support the potential to realise that which is counter intuitive. As the laborer traditionally falls through the floor boards of a school system, and has not acquired the required degree of knowledge that engenders their relative autonomy, they become subject to the corporate empires or imperial “sovereign state” who claims possession over all as resources, humans included, who employ them on their terms.
Access to as process of induction which supports the comprehensive understanding of the principles that inform theoretical science, revealing the actual limits and constants, that has underpinned the principles of common sovereignty, on account of the knowledge system itself being intrinsic to the human potential to apprehend all that is self revealing and intelligible, while supporting the rise of the majority of individuals whose capability to create is enhanced to the degree that his relative power, relative potential for independent financial freedom and as such relative autonomy is supported, is only possible if the principles of common sovereignty, inform a categorical system which locates the human being at the center of the knowledge system, as one the three primary causes and sources of knowledge, underpinned by the study of light and motion, which centralises the source of light and source of motion and the source of intelligence, with equal status, for the purpose of conserving the elements which underpins the potential for a system to endure, as a progressive system which is both involutionary and evolutionary. Without the unity of the process of involution and evolution, information devolves towards a critical point, which threatens the very fabric of civilisation itself.
It is for this reason that Plato’s categorical system, based on the principles of the Monad, defines the first degree of logical distinctions, as the visible and the intelligible. All that is encompassed by this first degree of logical distinctions, constitutes the knowledge system itself, and this beyond all else, is the most important object of conservation, that is the central interest of any representative government, for representation of anything but the signatures of light and motion, is anathema to a civilized system which informs its society by and through appealing to natural laws, which are commonly accessed from all possible locations on the surface of the planet.
From the distinction between that which is visible and that which is intelligible, a second order of logical distinctions divides that which is visible, into concrete objects, plants, animals artefacts, and images, shadows, reflections etc. That which is intelligible, is divided into truths, and opinions and hypotheses, which remain prejudicial, or experimental, and demand further analysis to be entered into the collection of notions which are true, as opposed to those which remain either imaginary, anticipated, contrary, or are simply false assumptions.
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Check out www.jwhit.com
I found a way to bring my favorite workout to the classroom and I didn't even need to lace up my inov8s!
Tabata work outs can be summed up as 20 seconds of work and 10 seconds of rest. A goal is to not to slip below your first level of work. So if I do 8 push ups in 20 seconds I'd want to keep that pace the entire 8 founds. It sounds pretty simple, but it's not. It's so useful that it's easy to think it's not as hard as it is. I'm sure there's one out there, but I cant think of a exercise you can't do as a tabta.
Today I had my students do their regularly scheduled math drill as a tabta. I was pleasantly surprised how much they liked it. I had a 60 question single digit addition and subtraction page for them. I explained the "game" to them extensively on the front end. They picked up on it pretty well. I projected a huge tabata timer on the board. It chimed at the different rest/work intervals. They loved it.
- I didn't make them keep score, but I will in the future.
- Some spent the 10 seconds of rest looking over their previous questions to fix them when the 20 seconds of work started.
- I need to do a benchmark drill to see help them plot some growth.
- No going back over answers until they've finished every question.
Afterwards I asked the class write to me about their first tabata experience. Pretty positive for my class. They don't usually like anything new save for the overly dramatic and disruptive.
- 10 liked it and want to do their regular math drills like this
- 2 would rather do the regular 2 minute drill
I'm thinking that I could use this format for writing spelling and vocabulary words. I'm thinking that when their reading really gets better they could read 20 seconds rest 10. I'd enjoy seeing them write as much as they can and then rest and so on.
I bet I'll have them rascals out doing tabata sprints next time we get the wiggles, trust.
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A locale ID reflects the local conventions and language for a particular geographical region. A given language might be spoken in more than one Country/Region; for example, Portuguese is spoken in Brazil as well as in Portugal. Conversely, a Country/Region might have more than one official language. For example, Canada has two languages: English and French. Thus, Canada has two distinct locales: Canadian-English and Canadian-French. Some locale-dependent categories include the formatting of dates and the display format for monetary values.
The language determines the text and data formatting conventions, while the Country/Region determines the national conventions. Every language has a unique mapping, represented by code pages, which includes characters other than those in the alphabet (such as punctuation marks and numbers). A code page is a character set and is related to the language. As such, a is a unique combination of language, Country/Region, and code page. The locale and code page setting can be changed at run time by calling the function.
Different languages might use different code pages. For example, the ANSI code page 1252 is used for English and most European languages, and the ANSI code page 932 is used for Japanese Kanji. Virtually all code pages share the ASCII character set for the lowest 128 characters (0x00 to 0x7F).
Any single-byte code page can be represented in a table (with 256 entries) as a mapping of byte values to characters (including numbers and punctuation marks), or glyphs. Any multibyte code page can also be represented as a very large table (with 64K entries) of double-byte values to characters. In practice, however, it are usually represented as a table for the first 256 (single-byte) characters and as ranges for the double-byte values.
For more information about code pages, see .
The C run-time library has two types of internal code pages: locale and multibyte. You can change the current code page during program execution (see the documentation for the and functions). Also, the run-time library might obtain and use the value of the operating system code page. In WindowsВ 2000, the operating system code page is the "system default ANSI" code page. This code page is constant for the duration of the program's execution.
When the locale code page changes, the behavior of the locale-dependent set of functions changes to that dictated by the chosen code page. By default, all locale-dependent functions begin execution with a locale code page unique to the "C" locale. You can change the internal locale code page (as well as other locale-specific properties) by calling the setlocale function. A call to setlocale(LC_ALL, "") sets the locale to that indicated by the operating system user locale.
Similarly, when the multibyte code page changes, the behavior of the multibyte functions changes to that dictated by the chosen code page. By default, all multibyte functions begin execution with a multibyte code page corresponding to the operating system's default code page. You can change the internal multibyte code page by calling the _setmbcp function.
The C run-time function setlocale sets, changes, or queries some or all of the current program's locale information. The routine is a wide-character version of setlocale; the arguments and return values of _wsetlocale are wide-character strings.
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The musical play Annie has charmed us all with adorable gangs of orphans happily dancing and singing, “It’s the Hard Knock Life.” But as charming as that scene is, and as much as we’d like to believe in its accuracy, it bears no resemblance to the reality of life in 19th and early 20th century America. In fact, if Little Orphan Annie had been an actual New York City orphan, there’s a good chance she would have been loaded onto a train and sent to live with strangers on a farm in Kansas, or some other Western location. If you don’t know about the American social welfare program of 1859-1929 known as The Orphan Trains, then pack your suitcase, grab your traveling hat and come along for an eye-opening ride!
Wrong Side of the Track
In 1850, an estimated 30,000 homeless children lived on the streets of New York City. The city’s entire population was only about 500,000, so the number of homeless children was disproportionately high. Some children were orphans. Some were simply neglected or abused runaways. And some just had the misfortune of being dirt poor. Even in their great numbers, the children might not have gained much attention if they hadn’t started forming their own brand of junior street gangs. The children, who often worked long hours selling newspapers or rags, joined together as a means of protection and to create their own special kind of family life.
New York police officers were none too happy about the mini-vagrants. Since there were no real child welfare systems yet in place, the official solution was preposterous: Children were arrested and put in jail, right alongside adult inmates. Some of those “desperate criminals” were as young as five-years-old.
In case you’re wondering why the bands of ragamuffins weren’t sent to orphanages, that’s because there were only about 24 orphanages in New York City at this time. They couldn’t begin to deal with the overwhelming number of homeless children. Often, a parent-less child would be taken in by neighbors or relatives, but if not, the children who fell through the rather sizable cracks in the “system” were on their own. And with the number of recent immigrants finding their American dream to be more of a nightmare, the streets were often filled with children.
Train of Thought
It was obvious that someone needed to do something, but no one knew quite what to do. Then, in 1853, a young minister by the name of Charles Loring Brace had a radical idea: Get kids off of the streets, and out of sub-par orphan asylums, and place them with families who wanted more children. Brace, a Yale graduate and Connecticut native, was studying theology in New York City when he founded the Children’s Aid Society, with the goal of implementing his plan.
Brace figured that there weren’t enough potential homes for children in New York, so the children needed to be sent elsewhere. It was also common knowledge that farmers tended to have a lot of children, in order to have more hands to help on the farm. What if some of the orphans could go to the farmers as sort of ready made farm hands? Brace reasoned that the children would be in healthier environments. They would be provided with food, clothing, shelter, and families, and so would be far better off.
Brace wrote, “The best of all asylums for the outcast child is the farmer’s home. The great duty is to get these children of unhappy fortune utterly out of their surrounding and to send them away to kind Christian homes in the country.” He felt that living on farms would help the children grow into responsible adults, who wouldn’t be dependent on charity.
Make no mistake, this was never an adoption program. This was, for all intents and purposes, America’s original foster care system. Brace was a man who believed in the inherent goodness of mankind and the kindness of strangers. He thought it should be simple enough to match children with families. He already had the children! All he needed was the families willing to take on the care of a child. So, fliers were posted throughout the West and Midwest, announcing when a train filled with orphans would be making a stop.
On the Right Track?
Charles Brace hit the fundraising circuit to promote his Emigration Plan, now known as “The Orphan Trains.” Mrs. John Astor donated the first $50 and other wealthy New York families followed suit. Some philanthropists sponsored entire trainloads of children.
For children whose parents were still living, Brace had to locate the parents and get written permission to send to children westward. Once all of the i’s were dotted and the t’s were crossed, it was time to prepare the children for their journeys. That preparation wasn’t a long drawn out process. The kids were bathed, deloused, dressed in new clothes and herded to the train station. There were no emotional counseling sessions. There was simply the firmly held belief that whatever those children were being sent to was better than whatever they were leaving behind. The children themselves often had no idea what was happening. They only knew they were going on an adventure.
Full Steam Ahead
Some placements were prearranged, but most were not. It was sort of like showing up to a pet adoption day at Petco. The Children’s Aid Society asked each town to form a screening committee before the train arrived. These almost exclusively male committees were typically made up of a local doctor, a pastor, a newspaper editor, a merchant, and possibly a teacher. The committee, along with the agent traveling with the children, approved the final placements.
After arriving at each destination, the children were displayed while onlookers gaped at them. Just like the cute puppies and well trained dogs are the first to be adopted at Petco, the cuter youngsters and more capable looking children were the first to be snatched up. Many rural people viewed the orphan train children with suspicion, as incorrigible offspring of drunkards and prostitutes. The children spoke with the accents of Ireland, Germany and Italy. Unlike most Mid-westerners, many were Catholic. One official said, “What was good for New York was very bad for the West.”
Children traveled in groups of ten to forty, with at least one agent supervising their trip. There are stories of children having prospective foster parents look in their mouths, as if examining a horse for purchase. Some people were very open about the fact that they were only looking for a suitable farmhand or someone to perform housework. Other people were looking for a child to love and nurture. It was the luck of the draw.
The Orphan Trains produced some happy endings and some grisly tales of abuse. Some children were fully accepted into loving homes. There were some instances in which children were legally adopted, and some instances in which they assumed the family name, even if there was no legal adoption.
There were some success stories, like those of street boys Andrew Burke and John Brady who grew up to become governors of North Dakota and of Alaska, respectively. But the record of placements was mixed. There was a good deal of evidence of abuse by foster parents. Many of the older boys simply ran away; some children were completely rejected by their new parents. Some children drifted from farm to farm. Some even made their way back to New York. There were stories of children landing in reform school in Michigan; from Indiana, rumors of children on the dole. A southerner named J. H. Mills claimed that “men needing labor, their slaves being set free, take these boys and treat them as slaves.”
Even those kids for whom the journey ultimately was a triumph found the transition from one life to another painful and confusing. “I would give a hundred worlds like this,” wrote one child from her new comfortable home, “if I could see my mother.” Many children wrote of their fear that they’d be forgotten.
Charles Brace himself grappled with the dilemma: “When a child of the streets stands before you in rags, with a tear-stained face, you cannot easily forget him. And yet, you are perplexed what to do. The human soul is difficult to interfere with. You hesitate how far you should go.”
Little Orphan Annie, the comic strip, made its debut in the New York Daily News in 1924, toward the end of the Orphan Trains’ run. But the comic strip took its name from the 1885 poem, “Little Orphant Annie,” by James Whitcomb Riley. There is no Daddy Warbucks in the poem, no great benefactor to buy the child a bright red dress or pay for a home perm. Instead, the poem speaks volumes about how orphans were viewed and treated. Here are the first few lines:
Little Orphant Annie’s come to our house to stay,
An’ wash the cups an’ saucers up, an’ brush the crumbs away,
An’ shoo the chickens off the porch, an’ dust the hearth, an’ sweep,
An’ make the fire, an’ bake the bread, an’ earn her board-an’-keep
End of the Line
When Charles Brace died in 1890, he was acclaimed as one of the most influential reformers of the nineteenth century. But in the twentieth century, America’s vision of childhood was changing. The emphasis was shifting from children’s economic value to their emotional needs. America was coming to terms with the concept that one sure measure of the heart and soul of any society is how it treats its children. So on May 31st, 1929, the program came to a close. The last of the Orphan Trains delivered three boys to Sulfur Springs, Texas.
Between 1859 and 1929, the program placed an estimated 250,000 children into new homes in the U.S. and Canada. The National Orphan Train Museum in Concordia, Kansas is dedicated to remembering these children. They have amassed an archive of information about the Orphan Trains and the people who rode them. If you can’t pay a visit to the museum, you might at least like to visit their website, which has, among other things, some riveting, personal stories of Orphan Train riders.
You’ll enjoy this short video about the Orphan Trains!
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Large numbers of fish will disappear from the tropics by 2050, according to a University of British Columbia study that examines the potential effects of climate change on marine life.
Researchers used the same climate change scenarios as the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to project a large-scale movement of marine fish and invertebrates. They concluded that changing temperatures will drive more fish toward Arctic and Antarctic waters.
The UBC team came up with a worst-case scenario, in which the Earth’s oceans warm by three degrees Celsius by 2100. In that case, fish could move away from their current habitats at a rate of 26 kilometres per decade. Under the best-case scenario, where the Earth warms by one degree Celsius, fish would move 15 kilometres every decade.
William Cheung, co-author of the study released Friday, said the tropics would be the “overall losers” because countries in these regions rely heavily on fish for food.
Cheung and his colleague used modelling to predict how 802 commercially important species of fish and invertebrates react to warming water temperatures, other changing ocean properties, and new habitats opening up at the poles.
“As fish move to cooler waters, this generates new opportunities for fisheries in the Arctic,” co-author Miranda Jones said in a release. “On the other hand, it means it could disrupt the species that live there now and increase competition for resources.”
Some of the fish stocks may adapt well to their new habitat, but some may not, Cheung told CBC News. He said for those that cannot, it may be because of the absence of specific spawning grounds or food items, or the occurrence of new predators.
The study was published in the ICES Journal of Marine Science (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) and follows previous research out of UBC that looked at how warming ocean temperatures are driving species toward cooler, deeper waters.
That study, appearing May 2013 in the journal Nature, said climate change has been affecting global fisheries for the past four decades, with "serious implications for food security" in the tropics.
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http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/global-warming-to-drive-fish-toward-poles-study-says-1.2795077
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Cleaning of Surgical Instruments
Surgical instruments should be cleaned as soon as possible after use. Blood and debris should never be allowed to dry on an instrument. This only makes them harder to clean,and promotes corrosion. Also all the instruments involved in the case should be cleaned whether they were actually used or not. Immediately after the procedure, or piercing, whatever the case may be, rinse the instruments in demineralized, distilled water to remove excess blood and debris. NEVER use an abrasive cleaning pad on surgical instruments.
This will scar the instruments and leave a scratch or groove where dirt and water deposits can collect and lead to corrosion and pitting. This will also remove the passivation layer, which is the thin film that covers the instrument and protects its finish. Detergents: It is best to use a neutral ph detergent when cleaning your surgical instruments A ph of 7.0 to 8.5 will have the least adverse effect on the instrument.
A detergent that is a low-sudsing free-rinsing and a good wetting agent is best for a washer sterilizer or ultra-sonic cleaner. If a high sudsing detergent is used and all the detergent is not removed then the instruments are more likely to spot and stain. We had a continuing problem with spotting at one of our clinics and finally determined a new person had been scrubbing the instrument to make them shine. She had rubbed of all of the passivation film and scratched the instruments so much that the cleaning agent was causing them to spot. Washer sterilizers are a good method of cleaning and sterilizing your instruments, but I know most small shops do have the room or the facilities to use these. The next best thing is an ultrasonic cleaner. This a thorough and rapid way of cleaning your instruments. Surgical instruments can be cleaned and ready to autoclave, or sterilized in a matter of five minutes. Ultrasonic cleaning is much more effective than hand cleaning, mostly becasue the water is forced by the high frequency into all the crevices of the instruments, escpecially, things like hemostats. An ultrasonic cleaner can remove up to 90% of the soil and debris, but does not eliminate the need for sterilization.
After cleaning your instruments they should be lubricated with an approved surgical lubricant. This should be done to further protect your instruments during sterilization and storage. The lubricant should be water soluble and anti-microbial, and should be used after every cleaning. Follow the manufacturer's directions to prepare your lucrication bath. Immediately after cleaning your instruments, dip them into the bath for at least 30 seconds. Remove them and let the excess drain off, do NOT rinse them. The lubrication film should remain on the instruments through the sterilization process and storage to protect them. I will be adding more articles on sterilization so stay tuned.
Belvedere Vodka Articles
Belvedere Vodka Books
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Creating an online quiz or test for your website is easy with ASP. All you are doing is using forms to ask questions, and then comparing the answers with what you know to be correct.
First, you need to plan out your quiz or test. I like to do quizzes with 10 questions, because there are enough questions to be interesting but not enough that people get bored and leave. Make sure that the questions make sense, and that the answers aren't obvious. Think up 4 answers to each question, with one of them clearly right and the others similar but wrong. People get really annoyed when they believe their "wrong" answer COULD be right too, so keep that in mind.
Next, make up ten standard HTML forms. In each one, show the question, then show the 4 possible answers. Use radio buttons so that only one answer can be chosen. Name the button set on each form in a sequential manner. For example, have the button on the first form called answer1, on the second form answer2, and so on.
Now, to hook them together. Have the first form direct to the second form. In the second form page, add the following code inside your form -
choice1 = request("answer1")
<INPUT TYPE="hidden" name="answer1" value="<%=choice1%>">
Now your second form will pass along the first answer, as well as process the second answer chosen by the user. Do the same thing to each subsequent form, passing along all previous values chosen.
On the very last page, you will now be receiving in all answers chosen by the user, from 1 to 10. Start a score counter at zero. Then simply create a series of checks -
if choice1 = "A" then score = score + 1
in each case, give the person a score increment if they chose the correct answer. Once you add up the score, display it to the end user!
BellaOnline Online Quizzes
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http://www.bellaonline.com/ArticlesP/art34736.asp
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Our dress up this week was regarding our history sentence about immigrants flocking to America. We went a little politically incorrect by dressing up as an Italian mobster. I couldn't resist! We had some great fun with this costume. Sarah wore it for the whole day - to the grocery, the Church and Bible study. It was quite a hit everywhere we went. She said she wanted to keep it on to encourage people to use their imaginations. We had the kids each tell what their heritage was, and what generation immigrated to America in their family. I loved this theme and the opportunity it gave to talk about heritage, family, stereotypes and history.
Our own melting pot of costumed immigrants began their day by reviewing our memory work, and having fun singing along to the timeline as they did their hand motions. We always begin the timeline at the first week and go all the way through to the current week - it's a great way to review and practice our hand motions each week together. The timeline is one of the hardest pieces of memory work to Memory Master (along with the math) -so it's good to review it in it's entirety over and over again.
We began by reviewing what we've learned about atoms, molecules and the Periodic Table of Elements. I used some additional analogies that I found in the Fizz, Bubble & Flash!: Element Explorations & Atom Adventures for Hands-On Science Fun! (Williamson Kids Can!) book. I loved their analogy of the Orchestra and it's families/sections and the PTE layout - it's a great classical tie together of the Orchestra and our Science. They also had a neat analogy regarding floors in a house and the electron shells. I shared them both with our group. There are some great experiments we will be also doing in the coming weeks. It's a super little book that I highly recommend for elementary aged kids!
Next we headed to our boards that they assembled the previous week (pre-painted white with kilz) and the kids mixed their own versions of the PTE rows' colors to match our Basher key. They came out really good and each is slightly different.
While some of the kids finished painting, all the other kiddos headed over to play the Quick Six elements game together and then it was time for our immigrant themed snack! Today was Indian Chai Tea and Sev mamra and some Italian olives!
The day ended with a rocket review game!
All in all, it was a Wonderful Wednesday! We hope yours was Wonderful too!
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http://www.solagratiamom.com/2015/01/painting-periodic-table-of-elements.html
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Functional foods have been defined as those that go beyond merely providing nutrients—they actively help prevent diseases for those at high risk, such as cancer, diabetes or heart disease. According to the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, the science of functional foods is the convergence of two major events in our lives— diet and health. The association between food and disease is widely recognised as the bedrock of preventive nutrition and reflects the oriental philosophy that: ‘Medicine and food have a common origin’.
In this issue we look at how functional foods have the potential to improve people’s health and prevent disease. The emergence of a swathe of so-called ‘superfruits’ in recent years heralds the most significant development in this natural benefits trend—fruit and fruit ingredients as key components of healthier foods and beverages. By way of example, in our story on functional foods, we look at how the humble Queen Garnet plum in Queensland has shot to international fame thanks to its well-researched, obesity-fighting properties.
According the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the premise of the functional foods revolution is based on observations of the health benefits of consuming more fruit, vegetables and ‘whole’ foods. The RIRDC argues that Australia’s rural industries can play a more proactive and innovative role in delivering ‘health’ benefits, including added-value produce.
In the 21st century and beyond, biotechnology is set to play an increasing role to produce what is known as functional foods. Despite resistance to the idea in many quarters, genetically modified foods may also carry other useful components such as genes to vaccinate consumers against important diseases.
By 2050, the world population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion and, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), if we are to avoid mass malnutrition, food production will need to rise by 70 per cent. As most of the land available for food production is already under cultivation, a true revolution in farming methodology is urgently needed.
Hydroponic and greenhouse technology, aquaculture and aquaponics, organic and urban farming technologies are intensive plant production systems that are all well placed to meet the challenges ahead. Greenhouse crop production is now a growing reality throughout the world with an estimated 405,000ha of greenhouses spread across the continents. Studies show that fruits and vegetables grown indoors tend to have far greater yields per area than comparable produce grown outside, with problems caused by weeds, pests and inclement weather virtually non-existent in greenhouse environments. Add technologies like hydroponics, aquaponics and aeroponics to the equation, and yields increase even more. With arable land becoming sparser, and global populations continuing to rise, the only direction to grow our farms is up. In this issue, we continue to trace the rise of city farming with a focus on AeroFarms – a New York-based agro business, which is taking indoor vertical farming to an industrial level.
Enjoy this issue!
PH&G Oct 2016 / Issue 172
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https://www.hydroponics.com.au/foods-of-the-future/
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Preparing your SD Card
First you will need to have a compatible SD Card. Next we have to format our SD Card. Using Disk Utility we will erase the SD Card. to do this: Select the card, click the erase tab, select MS-DOS (Fat), Rename (optional), and finally hit erase. Once this is complete, select the newly creatted partition and unmount it. Once unmounted, we will get the disk identifier of the SD Card. To do this select the card reader and click Info. This will be different for everybody, it is important you make sure you select the disk identifier for the SD Card on your machine. In my case, the disk identifier is ‘disk1′. You will need to use your disk identifier in th following command. Make sure you change disk1 to rdisk1
sudo dd bs=1m if=~/Downloads/2013-05-25-wheezy-raspbian.img of=/dev/rdisk1
This will take a few minutes so be patient. Once that is complete eject your SD Card.
diskutil eject /dev/disk1
Connecting to your Raspberry Pi
Insert the SD Card and plug in a keyboard and a monitor into your Raspberry Pi. Also connect your Raspberry Pi to your router via ethernet. Lastly plug the micro USB cable in for power being careful not to press on the capacitor on the board.
Upon booting you should automatically see a dialog for the software configuration tool called Raspi-Config. If on this first boot you don’t automatically see the dialog, simply login (username:pi Password:raspberry) and type ‘raspi-config’ to start it.
Here our main concern is to configure the Raspberry Pi to enable SSH. Within Raspi-Config go to advanced options and enable SSH. Save your configuration settings it will ask you if you want to reboot now, select No. Before we reboot we also want to get the Raspberry Pi’s ip address. To do this we will run ‘ifconfig’ on the Raspberry Pi.
Our Raspberry Pi’s IP address is the number next to ‘inet addr:’ in my case 192.168.0.20. Next we will configure our Raspberry Pi to not ask us for a password everytime. To do this we will use ssh-keygen on your OSX machine to generate a public / private key pair and share the public key of the Mac with the Raspberry Pi.
To start off once we will ssh into the our Raspberry Pi to simply create a directory on the Raspberry Pi to copy our OSX machine’s public key into.
ssh email@example.com mkdir ~/.ssh exit
Returning to our Mac, we will generate the public / private key pair and then secure copy it over to our Raspberry Pi.
ssh-keygen scp .ssh/id_rsa.pub firstname.lastname@example.org:.ssh/authorized_keys
Now whenever we want to login to do development on our Raspberry Pi we can simply SSH into without having to type a password.
At this point if you’re a Vim fan, you can just stop here and begin coding. But if instead you rather develop on your Mac from an editor like Sublime Text there are a couple alternatives. The first of which is to run over to Will Bond’s site and install Package control and then the SFTP package available. Instead we will proceed by simply mounting our Rasberry Pi to OSX directly. To do this we will use
If you don’t already have it, go and install Homebrew We will use this to easily install both FUSE and SSHFS. We will need to create a folder on our Mac which will be our mount point. We will then use SSHFS to mount the Raspberry Pi as a directory.
brew install fuse4x brew install sshfs mkdir ~/RaspberryPi sshfs email@example.com:/home/pi ~/RaspberryPi
In Sublime Text we will create a new file and paste in the following shell script
wget http://nodejs.org/dist/v0.10.12/node-v0.10.12.tar.gz tar -zxf node-v0.10.12.tar.gz cd node-v0.10.12 ./configure make sudo make install
We will save this as node_install.sh onto the freshly sshfs mounted Raspberry Pi. This shell script will get, extract, and compile the Node.js binaries.
SSH’ing back into our Raspbery Pi
We are going to need to do a few things before we can install Node.js. First, we need to make sure that apt-get is updated.
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install tmux
Once installed we will create a new tmux session.
We are now ready to run our script.
sudo sh node_install.sh
This will take several hours, but luckily we are running tmux which means we can create a new terminal window by typing Cmd + B D (i.e. Press Cmd + B and then press key D) and we won’t stop our build session. Better yet, we could actually just close terminal, go do something fun, and come back a while later. To relaunch the session all you have to do is simply reestablish SSH and run
this will restore our tmux session. About 2 hours later, once the build is done, we can confirm Node and NPM the Node Package Manager are installed.
node --version npm --version
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<urn:uuid:39880476-bba9-4abf-91dc-afdcb60ce47f>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://blog.nextjump.com/engineering/setting-up-nodejs-on-the-raspberry-pi.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319575.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622135404-20170622155404-00572.warc.gz
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en
| 0.807626
| 1,197
| 2.75
| 3
|
Twitter is geared to real-time use more than any other form of social media. Certainly not a medium for expressing nuance, ‘tweets’ do deliver the punch of immediacy. The OPTIMUM project, through one of its three pilot studies — “Proactive improvement of transport systems' quality and efficiency” — has funded a study to analyse short text messages in order to determine levels of stress that commuters experience while travelling. If it proves possible to interpret such messages with reliable accuracy, transport authorities will be able to respond quickly to incidences of high stress in order improve traffic management and quality of service.
Mike Theiwall is the author of the new study “TensiStrength: Stress and relaxation magnitude detection for social media texts”. “TensiStrength,” the study begins, “is a system to detect the strength of stress and relaxation expressed in social media text messages. It uses a lexical approach and a set of rules to detect direct and indirect expressions of stress and relaxation, particularly in the context of transportation.”
Intelligent transport systems (ITS) already use traffic sensors, road monitoring cameras, mobile phone GPS signals and number plate recognition technology to harness information, but a wealth of text information available to computing systems can now be mined to make further improvements on the predictive power of ITS and other systems.
As outlined in the description of the OPTIMUM pilot study: “Since changes in traffic conditions and relevant incidents (such as accidents) can occur unexpectedly at any time, it is necessary to inform travellers and to suggest alternative routes. The integration of various real-time traffic data sources will provide the required information to realise traffic-state-aware routing that can guide travellers along routes to their destinations” — and, hopefully, with a minimum of stress, we can now add.
According to the study, “TensiStrength is an adaptation of the sentiment strength detection software SentiStrength.” The tasks of the two programs are related but not equivalent. TensiStrength borrows its emotion terms from SensiStrength, but includes manually added stress terms and indicators “derived from a range of academic and non-academic sources that describe stress in general, or stressors associated with travel.” Examples of commute-related stressors include: heavy traffic, frequent braking, traffic jams, congestion, slow average speeds, transport signals, and unpredictability of journey time.
TensiStrength research involved assigning scores on a 1 to 5 scaling system to more than 3,000 stress-related tweets. The tweets were collected "using the keywords from a variety of sources over a one-month period in July 2015 and then randomly sampled”, the study explains.
While the results of the study have not produced a consensus, they do show that “TensiStrength is able to detect expressions of stress and relaxation in tweets with a reasonable level of accuracy compared to human coders, more accurately than a similar sentiment analysis program … TensiStrength can therefore be used as an off-the-shelf solution for stress and relaxation detection.”
Magnitudes of stress and relaxation can be measured on a personalised level to determine the emotional state of travellers. A user under stress is less likely to select a mode of travel with which he or she is unfamiliar, while a relaxed user may be more accepting of less habitually familiar modal options. The OPTIMUM platform can provide proactive recommendations to match an individual user’s behavioural profile. On a system level, spikes of high-stress tweets within a given area of a transport network may result in driving behaviours that increase the probability of accident and also contribute to the build-up of traffic volume — through, for example, erratic lane changes. Such information will be beneficial for generating more accurate forecasts and other improvements that OPTIMUM hopes to introduce to its event-detection mechanisms.
Of course, much work remains to be done in this new field of research, but the initial results are encouraging from OPTIMUM’s ITS-related vantage point.
Click here to find more scientific papers published by OPTIMUM
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<urn:uuid:9046870a-7a94-440c-97e3-5eb706ed3686>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://optimumproject.eu/news/35/66/OPTIMUM-pilot-project-supports-research-on-travel-related-stress.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319575.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622135404-20170622155404-00572.warc.gz
|
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| 0.918151
| 849
| 2.5625
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|
Cargo nets are used to secure cargo to a structure. Additional uses for a cargo net include an easy-to-climb net for children's play equipment, a retaining net for storing cloths or bags, or for supporting lightweight items from the ceiling. You can purchase netting of various sizes and shapes from hardware and supply stores, or you can make one using rope and scissors. The hardest part to tying a cargo net is the formation of the knots.
Cut the first strand of rope. Choose rope that you feel will support the product you will be carrying. Stretch the rope from one corner of the area that will be covered by the cargo net to the other corner on the same side. Cut your rope with an extra 20 per cent of length. For example, if the length is 5 feet, or 60 inches, the rope should be 60 inches plus 20 per cent, or 12 inches, making it 72 inches. This is the vertical rope.
Cut the top rope in the same way as Step 1 but going from the top right corner to the top left corner. Add the 20 per cent to the measurement and cut the rope accordingly. You want extra rope to make the knots without sacrificing the length or height of the cargo net so you can cut the rope long if you want. You will be able to trim excess off. This is the horizontal rope.
Cut additional lengths of ropes for both Steps 1 and 2. Keep them separated by length unless you are making a square cargo net.
Tie the first corner to be positioned in the top right using one vertical rope and one horizontal. Use a normal overhand knot: Grasp the two ropes together, make a loop, and feed the ends of the ropes through the loop. Pull the knot tight, leaving the ends exposed by 1 to 2 inches.
Mark the location of the next knot of the vertical rope several inches down from the first knot. The distance you go should be not be greater than the size of the object the net will be carrying. For example, if you will be using the net to store golf balls, you want to go down about half the width of a golf ball or 1 inch. Should you use the net to store bean bags, you can go down 6 to 8 inches to the next knot.
Attach a new horizontal rope to the vertical rope at the location marked in Step 5. Tie the two ropes using a normal square knot: Twist one rope around the other one time. Loop the ropes back over each other to make a circle and twist the same rope around the other rope again by bringing it over the other rope and back through the circle. Pull the knot tight.
Repeat Step 6 at equal spaces along the first vertical rope. End the vertical rope with an overhand knot. The overhand knot is used on each corner. Attach a second vertical rope to the first horizontal rope with another square knot. The second vertical rope should be spaced as far apart from the first vertical rope as the horizontal ropes are spaced. Repeat Steps 5 and 6 for each vertical rope until you reach the bottom left corner.
Secure the corners of the ropes with something heavy to keep the net stretched out as you construct it. This will make it easier to see the spacing and adjust as necessary. You can use a needle and thread and place a stitch in each knot to make sure the knot does not come undone.
Tips and warnings
- Secure the corners of the ropes with something heavy to keep the net stretched out as you construct it. This will make it easier to see the spacing and adjust as necessary. You can use a needle and thread and place a stitch in each knot to make sure the knot does not come undone.
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<urn:uuid:506bb1f7-8a76-46c9-98d9-0b986f46ec15>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.ehow.co.uk/how_7573298_instructions-tying-cargo-net.html
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|
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| 0.912526
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Lead in Drinking Water in Schools and Childcare Facilities
EPA is responsible for ensuring the safety of the nation's drinking water in public water supplies. EPA estimates that approximately 8,000 schools and child care facilities maintain their own water supply and are regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA).
There are approximately 98,000 public schools and 500,000 child care facilities not regulated under the SDWA. These unregulated schools and child care facilities may or may not be conducting voluntary drinking water quality testing.
Exposure to lead is a significant health concern. The growing bodies of children and infants absorb more lead than the average adult. Drinking water is one possible, but not the only, source of lead exposure. Infants whose diets consist of formula may get lead exposure from tap water used to make the formula.
3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water
There is no federal law requiring testing of drinking water in schools and childcare facilities, except for those that have and/or operate their own public water system and therefore are subject to comply with the SDWA.
EPA’s 3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Schools was developed to assist schools with lead in drinking water prevention programs. It is intended for use by school officials responsible for the maintenance and/or safety of school facilities including the drinking water. The document introduces the 3Ts for reducing lead in drinking water which includes a training, testing, and telling approach.
Lead and Copper Rule (LCR)
The 1991 Lead and Copper Rule requires public water suppliers to monitor for lead in drinking water. The LCR requires treatment for corrosive water if lead or copper are found at unacceptable levels. Public water suppliers are required to test drinking water lead levels in individual residences.
Unless a school is a public water system (PWS), testing for lead and copper is voluntary. Therefore, many schools served by PWSs that are owned by cities, towns, or other entities may have never been tested for lead under the LCR. EPA strongly recommends that schools test drinking water in their facilities for lead.
If schools and child care facilities meet the definition of a PWS, they are regulated under the SDWA. Facilities meet the definition of a PWS if they provide water for consumption to an average of at least 25 individuals a day using their own water source (e.g., a well). The state drinking water program makes this designation.
The following quick reference guide is a reference for schools and child care facilities subject to the LCR.
- Lead and copper rule: a quick reference guide for schools and child care facilities that are regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act (TXT)(5 pp, 461 K)
Public water supply testing versus testing at schools
The lead testing protocols used by PWSs are aimed at identifying system-wide problems. They are not aimed at outlets and taps in individual buildings. Moreover, the protocols for sample size and sampling procedures for PWS compared to schools and child care facilities are different.
Under the LCR for PWSs:
- A lead action level of 15 parts per billion (ppb) is established for one liter samples taken at high-risk residences.
- If more than 10 percent of the samples at residences exceeds 15 ppb, system-wide corrosion control treatment may be necessary.
- The 15 ppb action level for PWSs is therefore a trigger for treatment rather than a health-based or exposure level.
EPA recommends that schools collect 250 ml first-draw samples from water fountains and outlets. EPA recommends outlets be taken out of service if the lead level exceeds 20 ppb. The sample size was designed to identify specific fountains and faucets that required remediation. The school sampling protocol maximizes the likelihood that the highest concentrations of lead are found. The first 250mL are analyzed for lead levels after water has sat in plumbing overnight.
- Historical documents for reference
EPA’s 3Ts was developed to assist schools with lead in drinking water prevention programs. It is intended for use by school officials responsible for the maintenance and/or safety of school’s drinking water. The document introduces the 3Ts for reducing lead in drinking water which includes:
- Training school officials to raise awareness of the potential occurrences, causes, and health effects of lead in drinking water.
- Testing drinking water in schools to identify potential problems and take corrective actions as necessary.
- Telling students, parents, staff, and the larger community about monitoring programs, potential risks, the results of testing, and remediation actions.
3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Schools: Technical Guidance(104 pp, 3 MB, October 2006, EPA 816-B-05-008, About PDF
3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance(16pp, 483 K, EPA-816-R-05-001, December 2005, About PDF)
Additional 3Ts documents
Fact Sheets and Brochures:
- 3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Schools Brochure(2 pp, 135 K, December 2005, EPA 816-05-009, About PDF)
- Introducing the 3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Schools and Child Care Facilities(2 pp, 269 K, December 2005, EPA 816-E-05-006, About PDF)
Drinking Water Best Management Practices For Schools and Child Care Facilities
- Drinking water best management practices for schools and child care facilities served by municipal water systems (PDF)(18, 3.1 MB, EPA 816-E-13-002, April 2013, About PDF)
- Drinking water best management practices for schools and child care facilities with their own drinking water source (PDF)(24 pp, 1.3 MB, EPA 816-B-13-001, April 2013 About PDF)
3Ts for Public Water Systems:
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to promote voluntary efforts to reduce children's lead exposure while at school with:
- Several federal agencies,
- State drinking water programs, and
- Drinking water associations that represent public water systems (PWSs)
The MOU represents an unprecedented partnership to focus attention on testing for lead in drinking water for schools and child care facilities between:
- The Department of Education,
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
- American Water Works Association,
- Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies,
- National Association of Water Companies,
- National Rural Water Association, and
- The Association of State Drinking Water Administrators.
The signatories have agreed to encourage schools and child care facilities to take action. Actions include testing drinking water for lead; disseminating results; and taking appropriate and necessary steps to correct problems. The signatories also agree to encourage PWSs to assist schools and child care facilities in understanding and reducing lead exposure from drinking water.
Partnering in your Community – A Guide for Community Partners
EPA recently launched a campaign: 3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Schools and Child Care Facilities. It is aimed at encouraging voluntary actions to reduce potential exposure to lead in drinking water. Part of EPA’s “3Ts – Training, Testing, and Telling” initiative is a call for
- Civic groups,
- Public authorities, and
- The media
to join forces in bringing this critical health issue to the forefront.
The Guide for Community Partners offers materials and templates. This will help your organization to implement a local program of education and advocacy.
By lending your organization’s support, you can help raise your community’s awareness of:
- The health effects associated with lead exposure,
- The heightened vulnerability of young children, and
- The importance of reducing potential sources of contamination from school and child care facilities.
- 3Ts – Training, Testing, and Telling: Join EPA’s effort to help minimize lead levels in school and child care facility drinking water - A Guide for Community Partners (PDF)(16 pp, 9.3 MB, About PDF) EPA 816-K-06-006, August 2006
For additional information on specific topics visit the websites below:
Healthy School Environments
Healthy School Environments
This EPA website provides one-stop access to many programs and resources to help prevent and resolve environmental issues in schools.
Department of Education Safe and Drug Free Schools
This Department of Education website offers resources on various school health and safety topics.
Lead Poisoning Prevention
EPA's Lead Awareness Program:
- Designs outreach activities and educational materials,
- Awards grants, and
- Manages a toll-free hotline to help parents, homeowners, and lead professionals learn what they can do to protect their families, and themselves, from the dangers of lead.
The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention ProgramEXITEXIT
The Lead Contamination Control Act of 1988 authorized the CDC to initiate program efforts. Programs will aim to eliminate childhood lead poisoning in the United States. Visit this website for information on partnerships, publications, and various other materials.
National Lead Information Center (NLIC)EXIT
The NLIC provides the general public and professionals with information about lead hazards and prevention. The NLIC operates under a contract with EPA. It receives funding from:
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and
- The Department of Housing and Urban Development.
The Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics (AOEC) at the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and the EPA has established a network of Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Units (PEHSUs). The PEHSUs have been developed to provide education and consultation for:
- Health professionals,
- Public health professionals, and
- Others about the topic of children's environmental health.
Children and Drinking Water Standards
This booklet explains how national standards contribute to drinking water safety. It helps readers make informed, reasonable choices about the water they and their children drink.
Testing Schools and Child Care Centers for Lead in the Drinking Water
This page provides resources to effectively test for lead in schools and child care centers.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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Expletive (was: Odd construct)
|From:||Raymond Brown <ray.brown@...>|
|Date:||Sunday, October 14, 2001, 6:15|
At 1:39 pm -0700 12/10/01, Matthew Pearson wrote:
>--- You wrote:
>> If you mean the semantically empty "it" found in sentences like "It is
>> raining" or "It seems that John is sick", then yes. Both are referred
>> to as expletives.
>I wasn't aware of that meaning for "expletive".
>--- end of quote ---
>I'm not sure how this term came to be used in this way. What's more
>confusing is that the everyday sense of "expletive" is also employed in
>linguistics, as in the term "expletive insertion". This term refers to the
>insertion of an emphatic element (usually a swear word) in the middle of
>another word--e.g., "abso-fuckin'-lutely!"
The word originally meant "a filler (element)" << Latin: ex-ple:re "to fill
out". It was used first AFAIK to describe more or less meaningless words
inserted into verse to fill out the line.
Thence it came also to be used to denote a word which carries no meaning
but serves only a grammatical purpose, e.g. _it_ is raining; _there_ are
three main causes; etc.
"Expletive insertion" once meant only the insertion of a (fairly)
meaningless element to produce some effect such as emphasis. But as, in
Matt's example, such expletive insertions tend to be swear-words, the term
came to be misunderstood as meaning "swear-word insertion", hence the
common use of 'expletive' simply to mean 'swear-word' which IMO is a pity,
since 'expletive' once had a useful meaning.
A mind which thinks at its own expense
will always interfere with language.
[J.G. Hamann 1760]
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<urn:uuid:dec8f5e3-b7a3-4358-a4a6-1877473a6546>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://archives.conlang.info/ka/sunkhua/faelshenvhein.html
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|
en
| 0.929907
| 466
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One of the most important components of health is ensuring our bodies have the vitamins and minerals it needs to function properly.
With our busy lifestyles it can be difficult to get all the nutrients our body needs through food alone. For example, it is recommended Canadians eat 7-10 servings of fruits and vegetables each day.
While 7-10 servings of fruits and vegetables each day is recommended, less than half of us manage to get 5 servings of fruits and vegetables a day. This means many of us are not getting the vitamins and minerals we need each and every day.
The Pure North Program provides individual assessment of the nutrients your body is missing and then works with you to develop a personalized program to help optimize your nutrition to feel your best each day and reduce the likelihood of illness in the future.
While everyone has different nutrient needs there are groups of people who have heightened nutrient needs. Pregnant women, athletes and people who choose to drink or smoke have increased nutrient demands on their body.
Vitamins and Minerals
Illness prevention is one of the hallmarks of the Pure North system and ensuring that your body has all the nutrients it needs to stave off illness is one of our primary goals.
There are 13 essential vitamins: Vitamins A, C, D, E, K and the B vitamins. Four are fat-soluble vitamins – A, D, E and K – and are stored in the body’s fatty tissues. The remaining nine vitamins are water-soluble and must be replenished regularly as they are removed from your body through your urine.
There are a myriad of benefits when our body is given the correct balance of vitamins and minerals. Here is an overview of important vitamins and minerals.
Other lifestyle choices, such as drinking or smoking, can increase the body’s need for specific nutrients.
Alcohol can prevent the absorption of vitamins causing nutritional deficiencies. Smoking, and even exposure to cigarette smoke, not only depletes the levels of vitamin C; it increases the rate at which vitamin C and E are used by the body. In addition, vitamin D3 deficiently in smokers has been linked with lower lung function and more rapid decline in lung function.
The Pure North program is especially beneficial for people with heightened nutrient needs as the personalized assessment takes all lifestyle choices into account and identifies exactly what is needed to make measured health improvements.
Pregnancy is a complicated time with increased demands on the mother’s body. Baby gets all his/her nutrients from mom’s body. With the additional requirements of baby and mom, not having enough of certain nutrients can have lifelong consequences for baby and harmful effects on mom. Pure North can help women ensure they have the nutrients they need for themselves and their baby need to ensure both are as healthy as possible.
Athletes are exposed to physical stresses above and beyond those of most individuals. Nutritional supplementation is needed in order to meet the demands of the extra activity, maximize the capability of the body and help repair tissues after a hard workout. The Pure North program is an excellent way for athletes to take the guesswork out of supplementation. In addition to being organic, gluten-free, and free of additives, the supplements provided through Pure North are also free of banned substances for athletes (confirmed by testing).
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|
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A friend brought this video to my attention, and it show something people could try at home. This video shows an experiment in which a powdered carbon material (charcoal) is exposed to microwaves in a conventional microwave oven, and after 3 minutes or so demonstrates that it contains magnetic properties it did not have before being zapped.
Doing some more reading about this it seems that it is possible that the effect could be something other than carbon transmutating into iron oxide — since there is a known phenomenon that can make carbon magnetic. An article in Materialstoday.com explains:
Research has indicated that proton irradiation (i.e. hydrogen doping) of carbon can lead to the formation of ferromagnetic order. Scientists hypothesized that hydrogen atoms were incorporated into the graphite lattice during hydrogen doping, distorting the lattice and allowing the spins to align with each other.
I am not sure whether exposure to microwaves would allow such doping to occur. In the experiment above. I suppose that detailed laboratory analysis would be required to determine exactly what is going on here. Nevertheless, the experiment is quite interesting, and not beyond the scope of interested amateurs to carry out.
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<urn:uuid:8a6336a7-1495-4d3f-9156-fd64b7ce6ca1>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.e-catworld.com/2013/03/24/low-energy-transmutation-of-carbon-in-a-microwave-oven/
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|
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| 0.965093
| 241
| 2.90625
| 3
|
Wednesday, February 9, 2011
We have been talking about the wonderful world of homophones! Homophones are words that sound alike, but are spelled differently and have different meanings. We read two books together, How Much Can a Bare Bear Bear and Dear Deer. These two books were incredible! Then, we came together and generated a list of all the homophone pairs we could think of. Here are some of the examples:
aunt-ant, flew-flu, bee-be, bear-bare, horse-hoarse, tale-tail, see-sea, and choose-chews.
The students then demonstrated their understanding through showing me a pair in illustration and words. They came up with some of the cutest examples!
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<urn:uuid:9e7a7090-05ec-4521-910e-781d60e414fb>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://oursecondgradejourney.blogspot.com/2011/02/homophones.html
|
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| 0.964373
| 152
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|
In its earliest incarnations, the Village of Bartlett, Illinois was an old-time camping and hunting ground for the Potawatomi, Ottawa, Miami, and Cherokee Indians. At various other times in the past, Spain, France, Virginia, England, the Northwest Territory, and Indiana also staked their claim to Bartlett. In fact, if not for the fortuitous intersection of the Chicago and Pacific Railway and 40 acres of land belonging to farmer Luther Bartlett, the Village of Bartlett, as we know it today, might never have come to pass.
Luther Bartlett, a native of Conway, Massachusetts, came to Illinois by way of Michigan in 1843.The Bartlett family used the original town site as a “woodlot,” the source of their lumber for buildings and wood for fires.
In the early 1870s, when many a town lived or died according to its proximity to a rail line, the Chicago and Pacific Railroad began building a route west from Chicago to Elgin, Illinois. Luther and Sophia Bartlett, felt that a station stop would be a great and lasting benefit to them and to their neighbors. In 1873, the Bartletts gave half of their 40-acre woodlot and a monetary contribution towards the erection of a train depot. They named the new village, Bartlett, and it bears their name to this day.
The Village of Bartlett got its official start on February 11, 1891, when the petition for incorporation was filed in Springfield, Illinois. The election for incorporation was held in Herman Niewisch’s hall on February 28, 1891, and it resulted in a 49-0 vote in favor of the motion. George Struckman, a 2nd lieutenant in the Civil War and a Springfield legislator in the 1880s, was elected as the first Village president on March 24, 1891. In that same election, Louis Stumpf became the Village clerk, and John Carr, Jacob Schmidt, August Schick, Herman Niewisch, Charles F. Schultz and Henry Waterman were chosen as Village trustees.
Bartlett’s population has grown from 360 in 1900, to 3,501 in 1970, to more than 41,000 in 2010. It has grown to an area covering more than 16 square miles and now lies in Cook, DuPage, and Kane Counties.
In the Village of Bartlett, “Progress with Pride” is more than a phrase on the municipal logo. Bartlett strives to follow a path of well-managed growth and to provide residents with high quality municipal services, including well-maintained streets, reliable water and sewer service, a responsive police department and thoughtful planning and community development.
When faced with rapid development, Bartlett has been able to maintain its “small town” atmosphere. Walk through the downtown with its period streetlights and paved walkways and you’ll feel that charm. With the Village municipal complex, the historic Depot Museum, a new Metra commuter station, the Chamber of Commerce, and the Arts in Bartlett Center for the Arts, as well as a unique variety of dining, shopping and personal service venues, downtown Bartlett is rich in history and full of promise for the future.
Long known as a family-friendly residential community, Bartlett’s reputation as an attractive suburb for retail and light industrial opportunities has been growing in recent years.
One small shopping center after another has sprung up along the Route 59 Corridor, from Army Trail Road to West Bartlett Road, providing Bartlett’s growing population with more retail and especially more restaurant choices. Whether you are looking for pizza, ribs and burgers, fast food or sit-down ethnic fare, you can find them in Bartlett.
Bartlett now boasts three business parks. The 670-acre Brewster Creek Business Park, west of Route 59, houses more than 70 office, commercial, warehousing and light industrial uses. Blue Heron Business Park and Bluff City Industrial Park are slightly smaller projects that nevertheless provide big opportunities for diversifying Bartlett’s economic base.
Bartlett also has much to offer residents and visitors who enjoy nature. The James "Pate" Philip State Park and many acres of forest preserve and open space are located in the Village. If outdoor recreation is what you crave, visit the many parks, ride along the miles of bike paths or play a round of golf at Bartlett Hills, the Village’s municipal golf course.
As you can see, Bartlett is a safe, family-oriented community that is a great place to live, shop, work and play. A place where community pride aren’t just words, but a way of life!
|
<urn:uuid:a408ffe2-6ce2-47c2-8f14-3803eb182339>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.village.bartlett.il.us/our-community/history
|
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|
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| 0.962791
| 970
| 2.78125
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|
Michael J. Cummings...©
in 2010 ©
Goodman Brown is a short story, one of the greatest in American literature.
One may read it as an allegory centering on the temptation everyone faces
and on the human tendency to prejudge others on insufficient evidence.
The story was published in 1835.
Goodman Brown was published in 1835 in New England, a magazine,
and in 1846 in
Mosses From an Old Manse, a collection of Hawthorne's
action takes place in the second half of the seventeenth century in Salem,
a town northeast of Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Puritan settlers
established Salem in 1626 under the name of Naumkeag. Several years later,
the town changed its name to Salem, apparently after the Hebrew word shalom,
peace. (Jerusalem derives the last two syllables
of its name from the same Hebrew word. In full, Jerusalem means
was a theocracy in which the Christian moral law, as interpreted by the
Puritan settlers of the town, was supreme. “Young Goodman Brown" takes
place around the time of the Salem witch trials, held in the spring and
autumn of 1692. During these infamous trials, twenty innocent women and
men were found guilty of witchcraft and executed.
Goodman Brown: Recently
married Puritan who lives in Salem in the 1600's. He believes in the goodness
of the townspeople until he sees many of them attending a witches’ sabbath
in the forest. Goodman is a title equivalent to Mister.
Faith: Goodman Brown’s
The Devil Figure:
Mysterious man who meets Goodman Brown in the forest and accompanies him
part way to the witches’ sabbath, where Brown is to be inducted into an
leader who leads Goodman Brown to the unhallowed baptismal altar in the
Deacon Gookin: Salem
Churchman who attends the witches' sabbath.
Goody Cloyse: Teacher
of cathechism who attends the witches' sabbath.
Martha Carrier: Salem
resident, described as a "rampant hag," who attends the witches' sabbath.
The devil had been promised her that she would be the queen of hell. With
Goody Cloyse, she leads Faith to the unhallowed baptismal altar.
Powwows: Indian medicine
men who attend the witches' sabbath.
is dusk in the village of Salem, Massachusetts, a community of god-fearing
Puritans. At the threshold of the front door of his house, a young man
named Goodman Brown kisses his wife, Faith, goodbye and embarks on a journey
into the forest. He is not to return until the next morning. What activity
would lure him away from his pretty wife, whom he married three months
before, and into the dark and menacing uncertainty of the woods? It is
a witches’ sabbath, a meeting at which he and others from Salem and surrounding
communities are to be inducted into an evil brotherhood.
Michael J. Cummings...©
may be simple curiosity that motivates Brown; after all, would it not be
interesting to see witches performing their rituals before a blazing fire?
On the other hand, it could be the challenge of braving the forest and
confronting the temptation posed by evil forces. Such would
be a colonial American version of a modern extreme sport or adventure.
Then, too, Goodman Brown may truly wish to join the evil brotherhood.
the forest, he meets a mysterious man with a staff resembling a snake,
and together they travel on. The man appears to be a devil figure. From
time to time, Brown expresses a desire to turn back, but his feet continue
to carry him forward. Along the way, upright citizens–even members of the
clergy—pass by on their way to the meeting while Brown hides behind trees
and watches. At the site of the meeting, he suffers a terrible shock when
he discovers that his wife—beautiful, innocent Faith—is also there. When
a “Shape of Evil" prepares to baptize the newcomers into “the mystery of
sin," Goodman Brown tells his wife: “Look up to Heaven, and resist the
as soon as those words pass his lips, he finds himself alone in the forest
with only the sound of the wind for company. The next day, after he returns
to Salem, life goes on as usual, and Brown wonders whether he had “fallen
asleep, and only dreamed a wild dream of a witch-meeting."
the case, Goodman Brown is never the same again; he becomes “a stern, a
sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not a desperate man." After
he dies many years later, he is followed to his grave by Faith, by his
children, by his grandchildren, and by neighbors, but “they carved no hopeful
verse upon his tombstone; for his dying hour was gloom."
The Forest as Eden
Brown appears to represent human beings confronted with temptation–that
is, he wishes to enter the dark forest of sin, so to speak, to satisfy
his curiosity about the happenings there and perhaps even to take part
in them. The man who meets Brown in the forest appears to represent the
devil; his staff is a symbol of the devil as a serpent. Thus, we have Adam
(Brown, curious to learn forbidden knowledge) facing the serpent in the
Garden of Eden. It was, of course, a tree—the Tree of Knowledge—that enticed
Adam. Goodman Brown is enticed by an entire forest. Like Adam, he suffers
a great fall from innocence.
appears to represent Brown’s religious faith and his faith in others; her
pink ribbons stand for innocence. But when she also appears at the witches'
sabbath—apparently, like Eve, desiring forbidden knowledge—she too loses
her innocence. At the last moment before his and his wife's baptism into
the evil society gathered in the forest, Brown urges his wife: "Look up
to Heaven, and resist the Wicked One." He then finds himself alone in the
forest, wondering whether he has awakened from a dream or really did attend
the witches' sabbath. But the damage is done, and he becomes "a stern,
a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not a desperate man."
Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) theorized that all humans share certain inborn
impulses and concepts residing in the mind at the unconscious level. For
example, all humans react to sunlight in the same way, perceiving it as
a symbol of joy, happiness, glory, optimism, truth, a new beginning,
or God. Likewise, humans associate dark forests (like the one in "Young
Goodman Brown") with danger, obscurity, confusion, and the unknown or with
evil, sin, and death. Jung termed external stimuli (such as dark forests)
primordial symbols—primordial meaning existing from the beginning
of other primordial symbols you may encounter in your study of literature
include the following: a river (the passage of time), overcast sky (gloom,
depression, despair), lamb (innocence, vulnerability), violent storm (wrath,
inconsolable grief), flowers (delicacy, perishability, beauty), mountain
(obstacle, challenge), eagle (majesty, freedom) the color white (purity,
innocence), the color red (anger, passion, war, blood), the color green
(new life, hope), water (birth or rebirth), autumn (old age), winter (death).
Brown's wife, Faith, symbolizes Brown's spiritual faith. When he sees her
in the forest at the witches' sabbath, he realizes he is in danger of losing
not only his wife but also his spiritual faith. .
Theme 1 How the
Puritans’ strict moral code and overemphasis on the sinfulness of humankind
foster undue suspicion and distrust. Goodman Brown’s experience in
the forest—whether dream or reality—causes him to lose his faith in others
and die an unhappy man. Note the last words of the story: “They carved
no hopeful verse upon his tombstone; for his dying hour was gloom."
Theme 2 The realization
that evil can infect people who seem upright. Goodman Brown discovers
that even highly respected people in Salem fall victim to the forces of
darkness. Today–when corporate executives cheat stockholders, politicians
lie to win elections, and members of the clergy defraud their congregations–this
theme still resonates.
Theme 3 One man’s
virtue is another man’s sin, and vice versa. “There is no good on earth,"
Goodman Brown observes, “and sin is but a name." In other words, whether
an action is good or evil appears to depend on who is viewing the action.
The zealotry of a Puritan punishing a wrongdoer—like Goodman Brown’s grandfather
lashing “a Quaker woman so smartly through the streets"—might be praised
as a just act by another Puritan but condemned as an inhumane act by non-Puritans.
These opposing views of the same action seem to confuse Brown; he is like
a modern man who is told that “everything goes" or that one moral position
is as valid as another, opposing one. There are, of course, absolute moral
values which should prevail for everyone, regardless of their religion
or lack of it. For example, murder is always wrong; child abuse is always
wrong. However, the devil figure succeeds in confounding Brown on what
is truly right and what is truly wrong.
climax of the story occurs when Goodman Brown, standing before the altar
with Faith to receive the mark of baptism from the devil, hesitates at
the last minute and urges his wife to "look up to heaven, and resist the
wicked one." The conclusion, or denouement, of the story then begins when
he suddenly finds himself alone in the forest, as if he has just awakened
from a dream. What he experienced in the forest—whether dream or reality—changes
his life. He is now suspicious of everyone, just as the Puritans of real-life
Salem were when they participated in a witch hunt that resulted in the
leaves open to question whether Goodman Brown’s experience is real or imagined,
as in a dream. Keep in mind that normal, mentally stable people—like you
or those around you—sometimes accept delusions, fantasies, or fabrications
as real events. Keep in mind, too, that they sometimes see evil in a person
who has done no evil.
is reasonable to interpret “Young Goodman Brown" in ways other than those
already mentioned. For example, Brown could represent an archetypical Ulysses
or Faust figure whose curiosity prods him
to seek knowledge or, like modern adventurers and thrill-seekers, undergo
“extreme" challenges. It is also reasonable to interpret the short story
as a tale of rebellion against established beliefs. Like young people today—who,
refusing to be cast in the philosophical or theological mold of their parents
or friends—explore various ideologies and dabble in nihilism. Brown may
have wished to venture into the forbidden zone, into terra incognita,
to discover the world and its ideas for himself.
Historical References, and Vocabulary
32): thing or person deemed to be damned or cursed.
32): Cinquefoil, a flowering plant of the rose family that has white, red,
or yellow petals.
Egyptian Magi (paragraph
36): See staff.
e'en go thy ways
(paragraph 25): Just (righteous) be thy ways.
or master of a household.
Goody: (1) Housewife,
especially an elderly one, of a lower class; (2) any lower-class woman;
(3) housewife or mistress of a household.
King William (paragraph
13): William III, king of England from 1689 to 1702.
King Philip (paragraph
18): Nickname of the Wampanoag Indian chief Metacom (or Metacomet). Maltreatment
of Indians by whites provoked him into waging what came to be known as
King Philip's War against New Englanders in 1675-1676. His defiance instilled
fear in the white inhabitants of New England.
21): Weekday on which a sermon was given.
60): person who converted from one belief or religion to another.
(paragraph 36): The narrator says, "So saying, he threw it [the staff]
down at her feet, where, perhaps, it assumed life, being one of the rods
which its owner had formerly lent to the Egyptian magi." This passage alludes
to verses 8-12 in Chapter 7 of the Bible's Book of Exodus. According to
these verses, God directs Moses to tell Aaron, his brother, to cast down
his staff before the throne of the pharaoh of Egypt. When he does so, it
transforms itself into a serpent. The pharaoh's magicians (magi) then cast
down their staffs, which in like manner turned into serpents. However,
Aaron's staff consumes the staffs of the magicians.
32): Wolfsbane, a poisonous plant.
zenith: The point
of the celestial sphere (what appears to be the surface of the sky or heavens)
that is directly above an observer's head.
are examples of figures of speech in the story.
Repetition of a consonant
13: It was now deep
in the forest, and deepest
in that part of it where these two were journeying.
41: thinking with how clear
47: this black mass of cloud was sweeping
49: the unhappy
for a response
Repetition of a word, phrase,
or clause in successive groups of words
72: When the minister spoke from the pulpit, with
power and fervid eloquence, and with
his hand on the open Bible, of
the sacred truths of our religion, and of
saint-like lives and triumphant deaths, and of
future bliss or misery unutterable, then did Goodman Brown turn pale, dreading
lest the roof should thunder down upon the gray blasphemer and his hearers.
Paragraph 72: A
darkly meditative, a
distrustful, if not a
desperate man, did he become, from the night of that fearful dream.
Comparison a thing to an
unlike thing without using like, as, or than
8: He had taken a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees
of the forest, which barely stood aside to let the narrow path creep through.
. . .
of the trees and the path to living things that move.
31: "Then Goody Cloyse knows her old friend?" observed the traveller,
confronting her, and leaning on his writhing stick.
Using a Word to Imitate
51: the creaking
of the trees, the howling
of wild beastsSimile
Comparison a thing to an
unlike thing without using like, as, or than
51: sometimes the wind tolled like a distant church-bell
and the Witch Trials
of the sound of the wind to the sound of a church bell
54: four blazing pines, their tops aflame, their stems untouched, like
candles at an evening meeting.
of the burning pine trees to burning candles
53: shouting forth such laughter, as set all the echoes of the forest
laughing like demons around him
of the sounds of the forest to the laughter of demons
began in England in the late Sixteenth Century when Protestant reformers
attempted to purge the Church of England (or Anglican Church) of the elaborate
ceremonies, rituals, and hierarchical structure it retained from the Roman
Catholic Church after King Henry VIII established Anglicanism by acts of
Parliament between 1529 and 1536. The Act of Supremacy, approved in 1534,
officially established the Church of England as an independent Protestant
entity separate from the Roman Catholic Church. However, the Church of
England retained Catholic rituals such as the mass and prelates such as
bishops. For the Puritans, the pure word of the Bible, presented in part
through inspired preaching, took precedence over rituals while direct revelation
from the Holy Spirit superseded reason. After Queen Elizabeth I died in
1603, the Puritans petitioned the new monarch, King James I, to adopt their
reforms. In January 1604 at a special conference at Hampton Court Palace
near London, the king rejected most of the proposed Puritan reforms but
he did grant a Puritan request for a new translation of the Bible, which
resulted in publication of the King James Version in 1611.
Many disenchanted puritans
left the country. Those who remained behind joined with members of Parliament
opposed to the crown's economic policies. Together they defeated the king's
forces in the English Civil War. With the king out of the way, the Puritans
became a dominant faction in the new Commonwealth government headed by
Oliver Cromwell. However, after Cromwell's death in 1558, a movement to
restore the monarchy began, and King Charles II was restored to the throne
in 1660. Under the Clarendon Code, approved in 1662, the Church of England
expelled all Puritan ministers who refused to accept church tenets. Many
Puritans then emigrated to America and established their brand of religion
in Massachusetts and other colonies.
ministers were generally well educated, and Puritan congregations promoted
ideals that helped lay the foundation for American democracy.
because of their strict moral code, the Puritans were ever on the lookout
for satanic influence and, unfortunately, sometimes saw evil where none
existed. In Salem, Massachusetts in 1692, more than 150 people were accused
of witchcraft and jailed. Twenty of them were executed. Nineteen were hanged
and one was pressed to death. In a pressing, the executioners secured the
condemned person, facing upward, on a bed of nails. Then they loaded weights
onto his or her body. American dramatist Arthur
Miller wrote a play,
The Crucible, about these trials. Belief
in evil forces such as witches, warlocks, and diabolical spirits was widespread
in America and Europe during and before the 17th Century.
"Young Goodman Brown" is a fictional tale, it is based on the atmosphere
prevailing in Salem, Mass., during the time of the witch trials. .
Questions and Essay Topics
situations and circumstances that cause people in today’s society to enter
a “dark forest," as Goodman Brown did.
Goodman Brown really attend a witches' sabbath or does he dream about it?
the life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Then write an essay discussing the extent
to which his family background influenced him when he wrote "Young Goodman
does Goodman Brown become "a stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful,
if not a desperate man" after his experience in the forest?
are people today fascinated with stories about witchcraft, sorcery, and
Goodman Brown returns from the forest, he becomes a cynical man. Does he
see evil where there is goodness? Identify “witch hunts" that are occurring
today in your community or your country? For example, are people on one
side of an issue attempting to discredit people on the other side of the
issue by using unfair tactics that impugn the latter's reputation?
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Text With Numbered Paragraphs
Young Goodman Brown came forth at sunset, into the street of Salem village,
but put his head back, after crossing the threshold, to exchange a parting
kiss with his young wife. And Faith, as the wife was aptly named, thrust
her own pretty head into the street, letting the wind play with the pink
ribbons of her cap, while she called to Goodman Brown.
"Dearest heart," whispered she, softly and rather sadly, when her lips
were close to his ear, "pr'y thee, put off your journey until sunrise,
and sleep in your own bed to-night. A lone woman is troubled with such
dreams and such thoughts, that she's afeard of herself, sometimes. Pray,
tarry with me this night, dear husband, of all nights in the year!"
"My love and my Faith," replied young Goodman Brown, "of all nights in
the year, this one night must I tarry away from thee. My journey, as thou
callest it, forth and back again, must needs be done 'twixt now and sunrise.
What, my sweet, pretty wife, dost thou doubt me already, and we but three
"Then God bless you!" said Faith, with the pink ribbons, "and may you find
all well, when you come back."
"Amen!" cried Goodman Brown. "Say thy prayers, dear Faith, and go to bed
at dusk, and no harm will come to thee."
So they parted; and the young man pursued his way, until, being about to
turn the corner by the meeting-house, he looked back and saw the head of
Faith still peeping after him, with a melancholy air, in spite of her pink
"Poor little Faith!" thought he, for his heart smote him. "What a wretch
am I, to leave her on such an errand! She talks of dreams, too. Methought,
as she spoke, there was trouble in her face, as if a dream had warned her
what work is to be done to-night. But, no, no! 'twould kill her to think
it. Well; she's a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night, I'll
cling to her skirts and follow her to Heaven."
With this excellent resolve for the future, Goodman Brown felt himself
justified in making more haste on his present evil purpose. He had taken
a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest, which
barely stood aside to let the narrow path creep through, and closed immediately
behind. It was all as lonely as could be; and there is this peculiarity
in such a solitude, that the traveller knows not who may be concealed by
the innumerable trunks and the thick boughs overhead; so that, with lonely
footsteps, he may yet be passing through an unseen multitude.
"There may be a devilish Indian behind every tree," said Goodman Brown
to himself; and he glanced fearfully behind him, as he added, "What if
the devil himself should be at my very elbow!"
His head being turned back, he passed a crook of the road, and looking
forward again, beheld the figure of a man, in grave and decent attire,
seated at the foot of an old tree. He arose, at Goodman Brown's approach,
and walked onward, side by side with him.
"You are late, Goodman Brown," said he. "The clock of the Old South was
striking, as I came through Boston; and that is full fifteen minutes agone."
"Faith kept me back awhile," replied the young man, with a tremor in his
voice, caused by the sudden appearance of his companion, though not wholly
It was now deep dusk in the forest, and deepest in that part of it where
these two were journeying. As nearly as could be discerned, the second
traveller was about fifty years old, apparently in the same rank of life
as Goodman Brown, and bearing a considerable resemblance to him, though
perhaps more in expression than features. Still, they might have been taken
for father and son. And yet, though the elder person was as simply clad
as the younger, and as simple in manner too, he had an indescribable air
of one who knew the world, and would not have felt abashed at the governor's
dinner-table, or in King William's court, were it possible that his affairs
should call him thither. But the only thing about him, that could be fixed
upon as remarkable, was his staff, which bore the likeness of a great black
snake, so curiously wrought, that it might almost be seen to twist and
wriggle itself like a living serpent. This, of course, must have been an
ocular deception, assisted by the uncertain light.
"Come, Goodman Brown!" cried his fellow-traveller, "this is a dull pace
for the beginning of a journey. Take my staff, if you are so soon weary."
"Friend," said the other, exchanging his slow pace for a full stop, "having
kept covenant by meeting thee here, it is my purpose now to return whence
I came. I have scruples, touching the matter thou wot'st of."
"Sayest thou so?" replied he of the serpent, smiling apart. "Let us walk
on, nevertheless, reasoning as we go, and if I convince thee not, thou
shalt turn back. We are but a little way in the forest, yet."
"Too far, too far!" exclaimed the goodman, unconsciously resuming his walk.
"My father never went into the woods on such an errand, nor his father
before him. We have been a race of honest men and good Christians, since
the days of the martyrs. And shall I be the first of the name of Brown,
that ever took this path and kept--"
"Such company, thou wouldst say," observed the elder person, interrupting
his pause. "Well said, Goodman Brown! I have been as well acquainted with
your family as with ever a one among the Puritans; and that's no trifle
to say. I helped your grandfather, the constable, when he lashed the Quaker
woman so smartly through the streets of Salem. And it was I that brought
your father a pitch-pine knot, kindled at my own hearth, to set fire to
an Indian village, in King Philip's War. They were my good friends,
both; and many a pleasant walk have we had along this path, and returned
merrily after midnight. I would fain be friends with you, for their sake."
"If it be as thou sayest," replied Goodman Brown, "I marvel they never
spoke of these matters. Or, verily, I marvel not, seeing that the least
rumor of the sort would have driven them from New England. We are a people
of prayer, and good works to boot, and abide no such wickedness."
"Wickedness or not," said the traveller with the twisted staff, "I have
a very general acquaintance here in New England. The deacons of many a
church have drunk the communion wine with me; the selectmen, of divers
towns, make me their chairman; and a majority of the Great and General
Court are firm supporters of my interest. The governor and I, too--but
these are state-secrets."
"Can this be so!" cried Goodman Brown, with a stare of amazement at his
undisturbed companion. "Howbeit, I have nothing to do with the governor
and council; they have their own ways, and are no rule for a simple husbandman
like me. But, were I to go on with thee, how should I meet the eye of that
good old man, our minister, at Salem village? Oh, his voice would make
me tremble, both Sabbath-day and lecture-day!"
Thus far, the elder traveller had listened with due gravity, but now burst
into a fit of irrepressible mirth, shaking himself so violently that his
snake-like staff actually seemed to wriggle in sympathy.
"Ha! ha! ha!" shouted he, again and again; then composing himself, "Well,
go on, Goodman Brown, go on; but, pr'y thee, don't kill me with laughing!"
"Well, then, to end the matter at once," said Goodman Brown, considerably
nettled, "there is my wife, Faith. It would break her dear little heart;
and I'd rather break my own!"
"Nay, if that be the case," answered the other, "e'en go thy ways, Goodman
Brown. I would not, for twenty old women like the one hobbling before us,
that Faith should come to any harm."
As he spoke, he pointed his staff at a female figure on the path, in whom
Goodman Brown recognized a very pious and exemplary dame, who had taught
him his catechism in youth, and was still his moral and spiritual adviser,
jointly with the minister and Deacon Gookin.
"A marvel, truly, that Goody Cloyse should be so far in the wilderness,
at night-fall!" said he. "But, with your leave, friend, I shall take a
cut through the woods, until we have left this Christian woman behind.
Being a stranger to you, she might ask whom I was consorting with, and
whither I was going."
"Be it so," said his fellow-traveller. "Betake you to the woods, and let
me keep the path."
Accordingly, the young man turned aside, but took care to watch his companion,
who advanced softly along the road, until he had come within a staff's
length of the old dame. She, meanwhile, was making the best of her way,
with singular speed for so aged a woman, and mumbling some indistinct words,
a prayer, doubtless, as she went. The traveller put forth his staff, and
touched her withered neck with what seemed the serpent's tail.
"The devil!" screamed the pious old lady.
"Then Goody Cloyse knows her old friend?" observed the traveller, confronting
her, and leaning on his writhing stick.
"Ah, forsooth, and is it your worship, indeed?" cried the good dame. "Yea,
truly is it, and in the very image of my old gossip, Goodman Brown, the
grandfather of the silly fellow that now is. But--would your worship believe
it?--my broomstick hath strangely disappeared, stolen, as I suspect, by
that unhanged witch, Goody Cory, and that, too, when I was all anointed
with the juice of smallage and cinque-foil and wolf's-bane--"
"Mingled with fine wheat and the fat of a new-born babe," said the shape
of old Goodman Brown.
"Ah, your worship knows the recipe," cried the old lady, cackling aloud.
"So, as I was saying, being all ready for the meeting, and no horse to
ride on, I made up my mind to foot it; for they tell me, there is a nice
young man to be taken into communion to-night. But now your good worship
will lend me your arm, and we shall be there in a twinkling."
"That can hardly be," answered her friend. "I may not spare you my arm,
Goody Cloyse, but here is my staff, if you will."
So saying, he threw it down at her feet, where, perhaps, it assumed life,
being one of the rods which its owner had formerly lent to Egyptian Magi.
Of this fact, however, Goodman Brown could not take cognizance. He had
cast up his eyes in astonishment, and looking down again, beheld neither
Goody Cloyse nor the serpentine staff, but his fellow-traveller alone,
who waited for him as calmly as if nothing had happened.
"That old woman taught me my catechism!" said the young man; and there
was a world of meaning in this simple comment.
They continued to walk onward, while the elder traveller exhorted his companion
to make good speed and persevere in the path, discoursing so aptly, that
his arguments seemed rather to spring up in the bosom of his auditor, than
to be suggested by himself. As they went, he plucked a branch of maple,
to serve for a walking-stick, and began to strip it of the twigs and little
boughs, which were wet with evening dew. The moment his fingers touched
them, they became strangely withered and dried up, as with a week's sunshine.
Thus the pair proceeded, at a good free pace, until suddenly, in a gloomy
hollow of the road, Goodman Brown sat himself down on the stump of a tree,
and refused to go any farther.
"Friend," said he, stubbornly, "my mind is made up. Not another step will
I budge on this errand. What if a wretched old woman do choose to go to
the devil, when I thought she was going to Heaven! Is that any reason why
I should quit my dear Faith, and go after her?"
"You will think better of this by-and-by," said his acquaintance, composedly.
"Sit here and rest yourself awhile; and when you feel like moving again,
there is my staff to help you along."
Without more words, he threw his companion the maple stick, and was as
speedily out of sight, as if he had vanished into the deepening gloom.
The young man sat a few moments by the road-side, applauding himself greatly,
and thinking with how clear a conscience he should meet the minister, in
his morning-walk, nor shrink from the eye of good old Deacon Gookin. And
what calm sleep would be his, that very night, which was to have been spent
so wickedly, but purely and sweetly now, in the arms of Faith! Amidst these
pleasant and praiseworthy meditations, Goodman Brown heard the tramp of
horses along the road, and deemed it advisable to conceal himself within
the verge of the forest, conscious of the guilty purpose that had brought
him thither, though now so happily turned from it.
On came the hoof-tramps and the voices of the riders, two grave old voices,
conversing soberly as they drew near. These mingled sounds appeared to
pass along the road, within a few yards of the young man's hiding-place;
but owing, doubtless, to the depth of the gloom, at that particular spot,
neither the travellers nor their steeds were visible. Though their figures
brushed the small boughs by the way-side, it could not be seen that they
intercepted, even for a moment, the faint gleam from the strip of bright
sky, athwart which they must have passed. Goodman Brown alternately crouched
and stood on tip-toe, pulling aside the branches, and thrusting forth his
head as far as he durst, without discerning so much as a shadow. It vexed
him the more, because he could have sworn, were such a thing possible,
that he recognized the voices of the minister and Deacon Gookin, jogging
along quietly, as they were wont to do, when bound to some ordination or
ecclesiastical council. While yet within hearing, one of the riders stopped
to pluck a switch.
"Of the two, reverend Sir," said the voice like the deacon's, I had rather
miss an ordination-dinner than tonight's meeting. They tell me that some
of our community are to be here from Falmouth and beyond, and others from
Connecticut and Rhode-Island; besides several of the Indian powows, who,
after their fashion, know almost as much deviltry as the best of us. Moreover,
there is a goodly young woman to be taken into communion."
"Mighty well, Deacon Gookin!" replied the solemn old tones of the minister.
"Spur up, or we shall be late. Nothing can be done, you know, until I get
on the ground."
The hoofs clattered again, and the voices, talking so strangely in the
empty air, passed on through the forest, where no church had ever been
gathered, nor solitary Christian prayed. Whither, then, could these holy
men be journeying, so deep into the heathen wilderness? Young Goodman Brown
caught hold of a tree, for support, being ready to sink down on the ground,
faint and overburthened with the heavy sickness of his heart. He looked
up to the sky, doubting whether there really was a Heaven above him. Yet,
there was the blue arch, and the stars brightening in it.
"With Heaven above, and Faith below, I will yet stand firm against the
devil!" cried Goodman Brown.
While he still gazed upward, into the deep arch of the firmament, and had
lifted his hands to pray, a cloud, though no wind was stirring, hurried
across the zenith, and hid the brightening stars. The blue sky was still
visible, except directly overhead, where this black mass of cloud was sweeping
swiftly northward. Aloft in the air, as if from the depths of the cloud,
came a confused and doubtful sound of voices. Once, the listener fancied
that he could distinguish the accent of town's-people of his own, men and
women, both pious and ungodly, many of whom he had met at the communion-table,
and had seen others rioting at the tavern. The next moment, so indistinct
were the sounds, he doubted whether he had heard aught but the murmur of
the old forest, whispering without a wind. Then came a stronger swell of
those familiar tones, heard daily in the sunshine, at Salem village, but
never, until now, from a cloud of night. There was one voice, of a young
woman, uttering lamentations, yet with an uncertain sorrow, and entreating
for some favor, which, perhaps, it would grieve her to obtain. And all
the unseen multitude, both saints and sinners, seemed to encourage her
"Faith!" shouted Goodman Brown, in a voice of agony and desperation; and
the echoes of the forest mocked him, crying --"Faith! Faith!" as if bewildered
wretches were seeking her, all through the wilderness.
The cry of grief, rage, and terror, was yet piercing the night, when the
unhappy husband held his breath for a response. There was a scream, drowned
immediately in a louder murmur of voices, fading into far-off laughter,
as the dark cloud swept away, leaving the clear and silent sky above Goodman
Brown. But something fluttered lightly down through the air, and caught
on the branch of a tree. The young man seized it, and beheld a pink ribbon.
"My Faith is gone!" cried he, after one stupefied moment. "There is no
good on earth; and sin is but a name. Come, devil! for to thee is this
And maddened with despair, so that he laughed loud and long, did Goodman
Brown grasp his staff and set forth again, at such a rate, that he seemed
to fly along the forest-path, rather than to walk or run. The road grew
wilder and drearier, and more faintly traced, and vanished at length, leaving
him in the heart of the dark wilderness, still rushing onward, with the
instinct that guides mortal man to evil. The whole forest was peopled with
frightful sounds; the creaking of the trees, the howling of wild beasts,
and the yell of Indians; while, sometimes the wind tolled like a distant
church-bell, and sometimes gave a broad roar around the traveller, as if
all Nature were laughing him to scorn. But he was himself the chief horror
of the scene, and shrank not from its other horrors.
"Ha! ha! ha!" roared Goodman Brown, when the wind laughed at him. "Let
us hear which will laugh loudest! Think not to frighten me with your deviltry!
Come witch, come wizard, come Indian powow, come devil himself! and here
comes Goodman Brown. You may as well fear him as he fear you!"
In truth, all through the haunted forest, there could be nothing more frightful
than the figure of Goodman Brown. On he flew, among the black pines, brandishing
his staff with frenzied gestures, now giving vent to an inspiration of
horrid blasphemy, and now shouting forth such laughter, as set all the
echoes of the forest laughing like demons around him. The fiend in his
own shape is less hideous, than when he rages in the breast of man. Thus
sped the demoniac on his course, until, quivering among the trees, he saw
a red light before him, as when the felled trunks and branches of a clearing
have been set on fire, and throw up their lurid blaze against the sky,
at the hour of midnight. He paused, in a lull of the tempest that had driven
him onward, and heard the swell of what seemed a hymn, rolling solemnly
from a distance, with the weight of many voices. He knew the tune; it was
a familiar one in the choir of the village meeting-house. The verse died
heavily away, and was lengthened by a chorus, not of human voices, but
of all the sounds of the benighted wilderness, pealing in awful harmony
together. Goodman Brown cried out; and his cry was lost to his own ear,
by its unison with the cry of the desert.
In the interval of silence, he stole forward, until the light glared full
upon his eyes. At one extremity of an open space, hemmed in by the dark
wall of the forest, arose a rock, bearing some rude, natural resemblance
either to an altar or a pulpit, and surrounded by four blazing pines, their
tops aflame, their stems untouched, like candles at an evening meeting.
The mass of foliage, that had overgrown the summit of the rock, was all
on fire, blazing high into the night, and fitfully illuminating the whole
field. Each pendent twig and leafy festoon was in a blaze. As the red light
arose and fell, a numerous congregation alternately shone forth, then disappeared
in shadow, and again grew, as it were, out of the darkness, peopling the
heart of the solitary woods at once.
"A grave and dark-clad company!" quoth Goodman Brown.
In truth, they were such. Among them, quivering to-and-fro, between gloom
and splendor, appeared faces that would be seen, next day, at the council-board
of the province, and others which, Sabbath after Sabbath, looked devoutly
heavenward, and benignantly over the crowded pews, from the holiest pulpits
in the land. Some affirm, that the lady of the governor was there. At least,
there were high dames well known to her, and wives of honored husbands,
and widows, a great multitude, and ancient maidens, all of excellent repute,
and fair young girls, who trembled lest their mothers should espy them.
Either the sudden gleams of light, flashing over the obscure field, bedazzled
Goodman Brown, or he recognized a score of the church-members of Salem
village, famous for their especial sanctity. Good old Deacon Gookin had
arrived, and waited at the skirts of that venerable saint, his reverend
pastor. But, irreverently consorting with these grave, reputable, and pious
people, these elders of the church, these chaste dames and dewy virgins,
there were men of dissolute lives and women of spotted fame, wretches given
over to all mean and filthy vice, and suspected even of horrid crimes.
It was strange to see, that the good shrank not from the wicked, nor were
the sinners abashed by the saints. Scattered, also, among their palefaced
enemies, were the Indian priests, or powows, who had often scared their
native forest with more hideous incantations than any known to English
"But, where is Faith?" thought Goodman Brown; and, as hope came into his
heart, he trembled.
Another verse of the hymn arose, a slow and mournful strain, such as the
pious love, but joined to words which expressed all that our nature can
conceive of sin, and darkly hinted at far more. Unfathomable to mere mortals
is the lore of fiends. Verse after verse was sung, and still the chorus
of the desert swelled between, like the deepest tone of a mighty organ.
And, with the final peal of that dreadful anthem, there came a sound, as
if the roaring wind, the rushing streams, the howling beasts, and every
other voice of the unconverted wilderness, were mingling and according
with the voice of guilty man, in homage to the prince of all. The four
blazing pines threw up a loftier flame, and obscurely discovered shapes
and visages of horror on the smoke-wreaths, above the impious assembly.
At the same moment, the fire on the rock shot redly forth, and formed a
glowing arch above its base, where now appeared a figure. With reverence
be it spoken, the figure bore no slight similitude, both in garb and manner,
to some grave divine of the New-England churches.
"Bring forth the converts!" cried a voice, that echoed through the field
and rolled into the forest.
At the word, Goodman Brown stepped forth from the shadow of the trees,
and approached the congregation, with whom he felt a loathful brotherhood,
by the sympathy of all that was wicked in his heart. He could have well
nigh sworn, that the shape of his own dead father beckoned him to advance,
looking downward from a smoke-wreath, while a woman, with dim features
of despair, threw out her hand to warn him back. Was it his mother? But
he had no power to retreat one step, nor to resist, even in thought, when
the minister and good old Deacon Gookin seized his arms, and led him to
the blazing rock. Thither came also the slender form of a veiled female,
led between Goody Cloyse, that pious teacher of the catechism, and Martha
Carrier, who had received the devil's promise to be queen of hell. A rampant
hag was she! And there stood the proselytes, beneath the canopy of fire.
"Welcome, my children," said the dark figure, "to the communion of your
race! Ye have found, thus young, your nature and your destiny. My children,
look behind you!"
They turned; and flashing forth, as it were, in a sheet of flame, the fiend-worshippers
were seen; the smile of welcome gleamed darkly on every visage.
"There," resumed the sable form, "are all whom ye have reverenced from
youth. Ye deemed them holier than yourselves, and shrank from your own
sin, contrasting it with their lives of righteousness, and prayerful aspirations
heavenward. Yet, here are they all, in my worshipping assembly! This night
it shall be granted you to know their secret deeds; how hoary-bearded elders
of the church have whispered wanton words to the young maids of their households;
how many a woman, eager for widow's weeds, has given her husband a drink
at bed-time, and let him sleep his last sleep in her bosom; how beardless
youth have made haste to inherit their father's wealth; and how fair damsels--blush
not, sweet ones--have dug little graves in the garden, and bidden me, the
sole guest, to an infant's funeral. By the sympathy of your human hearts
for sin, ye shall scent out all the places--whether in church, bed-chamber,
street, field, or forest--where crime has been committed, and shall exult
to behold the whole earth one stain of guilt, one mighty blood-spot. Far
more than this! It shall be yours to penetrate, in every bosom, the deep
mystery of sin, the fountain of all wicked arts, and which inexhaustibly
supplies more evil impulses than human power--than my power at its utmost!--can
make manifest in deeds. And now, my children, look upon each other."
They did so; and, by the blaze of the hell-kindled torches, the wretched
man beheld his Faith, and the wife her husband, trembling before that unhallowed
"Lo! there ye stand, my children," said the figure, in a deep and solemn
tone, almost sad, with its despairing awfulness, as if his once angelic
nature could yet mourn for our miserable race. "Depending upon one another's
hearts, ye had still hoped that virtue were not all a dream! Now are ye
undeceived! Evil is the nature of mankind. Evil must be your only happiness.
Welcome, again, my children, to the communion of your race!"
"Welcome!" repeated the fiend-worshippers, in one cry of despair and triumph.
And there they stood, the only pair, as it seemed, who were yet hesitating
on the verge of wickedness, in this dark world. A basin was hollowed, naturally,
in the rock. Did it contain water, reddened by the lurid light? or was
it blood? or, perchance, a liquid flame? Herein did the Shape of Evil dip
his hand, and prepare to lay the mark of baptism upon their foreheads,
that they might be partakers of the mystery of sin, more conscious of the
secret guilt of others, both in deed and thought, than they could now be
of their own. The husband cast one look at his pale wife, and Faith at
him. What polluted wretches would the next glance show them to each other,
shuddering alike at what they disclosed and what they saw!
"Faith! Faith!" cried the husband. "Look up to Heaven, and resist the Wicked
Whether Faith obeyed, he knew not. Hardly had he spoken, when he found
himself amid calm night and solitude, listening to a roar of the wind,
which died heavily away through the forest. He staggered against the rock,
and felt it chill and damp, while a hanging twig, that had been all on
fire, besprinkled his cheek with the coldest dew.
The next morning, young Goodman Brown came slowly into the street of Salem
village, staring around him like a bewildered man. The good old minister
was taking a walk along the graveyard, to get an appetite for breakfast
and meditate his sermon, and bestowed a blessing, as he passed, on Goodman
Brown. He shrank from the venerable saint, as if to avoid an anathema.
Old Deacon Gookin was at domestic worship, and the holy words of his prayer
were heard through the open window. "What God doth the wizard pray to?"
quoth Goodman Brown. Goody Cloyse, that excellent old Christian, stood
in the early sunshine, at her own lattice, catechising a little girl, who
had brought her a pint of morning's milk. Goodman Brown snatched away the
child, as from the grasp of the fiend himself. Turning the corner by the
meeting-house, he spied the head of Faith, with the pink ribbons, gazing
anxiously forth, and bursting into such joy at sight of him, that she skipt
along the street, and almost kissed her husband before the whole village.
But Goodman Brown looked sternly and sadly into her face, and passed on
without a greeting.
Had Goodman Brown fallen asleep in the forest, and only dreamed a wild
dream of a witch-meeting?
Be it so, if you will. But, alas! it was a dream of evil omen for young
Goodman Brown. A stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not
a desperate man, did he become, from the night of that fearful dream. On
the Sabbath-day, when the congregation were singing a holy psalm, he could
not listen, because an anthem of sin rushed loudly upon his ear, and drowned
all the blessed strain. When the minister spoke from the pulpit, with power
and fervid eloquence, and with his hand on the open Bible, of the sacred
truths of our religion, and of saint-like lives and triumphant deaths,
and of future bliss or misery unutterable, then did Goodman Brown turn
pale, dreading lest the roof should thunder down upon the gray blasphemer
and his hearers. Often, awaking suddenly at midnight, he shrank from the
bosom of Faith, and at morning or eventide, when the family knelt down
at prayer, he scowled, and muttered to himself, and gazed sternly at his
wife, and turned away. And when he had lived long, and was borne to his
grave, a hoary corpse, followed by Faith, an aged woman, and children and
grand-children, a goodly procession, besides neighbors, not a few, they
carved no hopeful verse upon his tombstone; for his dying hour was gloom.
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Mental/Behavioral Case Study Essay
Mental/Behavioral Case Study
I am doing a case study for Jenny Stanson, who is a 20-year-old college student who that is currently living with her grandmother. Lately, she has been noticing that her grandmother seems to be confused at times, and often forgets things she has told her. She also informed me that her grandmother is often rather short-tempered. From what jenny says, this does not seem to be her usual manner and happens only infrequently, but Jenny is concerned. She stated that someone told her that her grandmother might be suffering from early stage of Alzheimer’s disease.
Upon doing research on the disease I learned that Alzheimer’s disease is perhaps the most common form of dementia, although several others exist. Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive disease of the brain. In the early stages, people experience some memory loss which progresses to marked memory loss, then to a decrease in thinking ability such as decision making. Later the disease leads to the loss in the ability to perform activities of daily living or recognize loved ones. The changes in the brain that often mirror the decline in thinking are the development of plaques and tangles in the brain. These changes may begin in areas of the brain associated with memory, but later spread more widely throughout the brain. The plaques and tangles can lead to a gradual loss of connections between brain cells and eventually cell death.
Based upon the information she shared with me, I’m placing her grandmother in the early stages of Alzheimer’s due to her age and the symptoms she’s currently presenting. Especially after learning that starting at age 65, the risk of developing the disease doubles every five years, and that by age 85 years and older, between 25 and 50 percent of people will exhibit signs of Alzheimer’s disease. I did inform Jenny though, that there are things she could do and practice and speak to her grandmother about as far as prolonging the onset of Alzheimer’s.
There are a number of studies that suggest behaviors that might lessen the risk of developing the disease. Among these are increasing physical activity, having a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, maintaining social engagement, and participating in intellectually stimulating activities. I informed her that the approved treatments for Alzheimer’s disease are designed to enhance the communication between nerve cells. In some individuals, this will lessen the symptoms. However, these treatments will not prevent the progression of the disease.
When it comes to cultural issues pertaining to this issue, Alzheimer’s disease and dementia affect all racial and ethnic peoples. Communities of color and other historically underserved groups often encounter problems when accessing services or information about Alzheimer’s disease. Because of this, the local chapter is working to increase awareness of the disease and understanding about the obstacles to service for rural communities, ethnic groups, and communities of color. This though should not be a reason people do not step out on their own and seek help In conclusion, I informed Jenny that there is a lot of information on the Alzheimer’s disease on the internet, libraries, hospitals and other places one can go to seek treatment.
I told her that she and her grandmother are not alone. If she wants some really good information and help, she should turn to The Alzheimer’s Association, which is the most trusted resource for reliable information, education, referral and support to millions of people affected by the disease. She can Call their 24/7 Helpline number at: 800.272.3900 or she can locate a chapter in her community, she can use their virtual library or even simply just go to the Alzheimer’s Navigator within the associations website to create customized action plans and connect with local support services.
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The map below provides a global overview of some of the key datasets contained within WWF-SIGHT. If you would like to learn more about how this data is being applied, please visit our Project page.Go To Projects
A global map of biomass carbon stored in above and below ground living vegetation created using the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Good Practice Guidance for reporting national greenhouse gas inventories. Data from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.
The Water Risk Filter is the first tool to quantify water-related risk for all industries in all countries. Data from WWF, GIZ, EDEKA
HydroSHEDS provides hydrographic information in a consistent and comprehensive format for regional and global-scale applications. It offers a suite of datasets, including stream networks, watershed boundaries, drainage directions, and other data layers such as flow accumulations, distances, and river topology information.
The Global Lakes and Wetlands Database draws upon the best available maps, data and information to display lakes and wetlands on a global scale. Data from WWF, the Center for Environmental Systems Research, and University of Kassel, Germany.
This data set shows the relative human influence in each terrestrial biome expressed as a percentage. The purpose is to provide an updated map of anthropogenic impacts on the environment in geographic projection which can be used in wildlife conservation planning, natural resource management, and research on human-environment interactions. Data from Wildlife Conservation Society - WCS, and Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN - Columbia University
This data set represents the least human influenced or wild areas of major terrestrial biomes based on the Human Footprint Index data set. The purpose is to provide an updated map of wild areas in geographic projection which can be used in wildlife conservation planning, natural resource management, and research on human-environment interactions. Data from Wildlife Conservation Society - WCS, and Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN - Columbia University
The IUCN Red Listed Species Richness is a GIS data layers on terrestrial vertebrate diversity, from http://biodiversitymapping.org
This data set refers to an area allocated by a government or other body for industrial-scale oil palm plantations. This data set displays oil palm concessions as a single layer assembled by aggregating concession data for multiple countries. The data may come from government agencies, NGOs, or other organizations and varies by date and data sources.Data from the World Resources Institute.
The Round Table on Responsible Soy (RTRS) is a civil society organization that promotes the production, processing and marketing of responsible soy globally. It aims to promote sustainable production to reduce the social and environmental impacts of soybeans.
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Hume - A Treatise of Human Nature. Www.humesociety.org/hs/issues/v2n2/patten/patten-v2n2.pdf. Philosophy Index. Two Dogmas of Empiricism. Willard Van Orman Quine Originally published in The Philosophical Review 60 (1951): 20-43.
Reprinted in W.V.O. Hume - A Treatise of Human Nature. Hume: Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. MORAL philosophy, or the science of human nature, may be treated after two different manners; each of which has its peculiar merit, and may contribute to the entertainment, instruction, and reformation of mankind.
The one considers man chiefly as born for action; and as influenced in his measures by taste and sentiment; pursuing one object, and avoiding another, according to the value which these objects seem to possess, and according to the light in which they present themselves. As virtue, of all objects, is allowed to be the most valuable, this species of philosophers paint her in the most amiable colours; borrowing all helps from poetry and eloquence, and treating their subject in an easy and obvious manner, and such as is best fitted to please the imagination, and engage the affections. The other species of philosophers consider man in the light of a reasonable rather than an active being, and endeavour to form his understanding more than cultivate his manners. Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? Edmund L.
Gettier From Analysis 23 ( 1963): 121-123. Transcribed into hypertext by Andrew Chrucky, Sept. 13, 1997. Various attempts have been made in recent years to state necessary and sufficient conditions for someone's knowing a given proposition. The attempts have often been such that they can be stated in a form similar to the following:1 For example, Chisholm has held that the following gives the necessary and sufficient conditions for knowledge:2 Ayer has stated the necessary and sufficient conditions for knowledge as follows:3 I shall argue that (a) is false in that the conditions stated therein do not constitute a sufficient condition for the truth of the proposition that S knows that P.
I shall begin by noting two points. Suppose that Smith and Jones have applied for a certain job. Philosophical Hermeneutics. "All Things Shining": How Greek philosophers can bring back wonder - Page 1 - Arts. Hey kids, ever wondered how Western philosophical thought has evolved over the past few thousand years, and why, and what we should think and do about it now?
Well, we can start with a new book by What Computers Can't Do author and iTunesU podcast-lecture rock star Hubert Dreyfus of UC Berkeley and his former student Sean Dorrance Kelly, now Harvard's chair of philosophy. All Things Shining, it's called, and maybe that sounds too optimistic for a book whose ambition is partly to explain how the various heavy hitters of human understanding wound up giving mankind a self-image that "destroys the possibility of a meaningful and worthwhile existence.
" But these authors, gods bless them, have in mind an antidote to all that destruction — namely, "the basic phenomenon of Homeric polytheism. " That is, now that we live with a tyranny of too many choices in life, we sure could use an array of ancient-Greek-style gods to guide us through them. Details Related Stories. Early Modern Texts - Philosophers and Philosophy Topics. On the Nature of Things by Lucretius. E-Texts. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WILFRID SELLARS. Kant's Prolegomena. Our web site has recently gone through a redesign and the page you are looking for might have been removed, had its name changed, or is temporarily unavailable.
Please try the following: Use search to find the new location of the information. Return to the home page and use the navigation to find the information. Attempt to use the web.mnstate.edu address to access the content: 306/kant_materials/prolegomena1.htm If you reached this page by clicking a link, contact the Web site administrator to alert them that the link is incorrectly formatted.
Click HERE to return to the MSUM home page. Wiredshelf.com. Www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/philo/faculty/block/papers/HOPHOT.pdf. The Online Literature Library. Ethics (Spinoza) Online Books, Poems, Short Stories - Read Print Library. Repository of texts written by Michel Foucault.
Of grammatology. Sein und Zeit. SovLit.com - Soviet Literature Summarized. H.P. Lovecraft: The Fiction. Inferno - Contents. Origins of the Family. Works of Frederick Engels 1884 Written: March-May, 1884;First Published: October 1884, in Hottingen-Zurich;Source: Marx/Engels Selected Works, Volume Three;Translation: The text is essentially the English translation by Alick West published in 1942, but it has been revised against the German text as it appeared in MEW [Marx-Engels Werke] Volume 21, Dietz Verlag 1962, and the spelling of names and other terms has been modernised;Transcription/Markup: Zodiac/Brian Baggins;Online Version: Marx/Engels Internet Archive (marxists.org) 1993, 1999, 2000.
Proofed and corrected: Mark Harris 2010 Table of Contents: Introduction After Marx’s death, in rumaging through Marx’s manuscripts, Engels came upon Marx’s precis of Ancient Society – a book by progressive US scholar Lewis Henry Morgan and published in London 1877. After reading the precis, Engels set out to write a special treatise – which he saw as fulfilling Marx’s will.
Engels: “Along with [the classes] the state will inevitably fall.
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Tsunami victims receive treatment via satellite
The ESA funded telemedicine project called I-DISCARE has been put into action to help victims along the coastal areas ravaged by last month's tsunami. It is being used to connect mobile teams of rescue workers with hospitals via satellite, greatly improving medical care.
On the initiative of the French Space Agency (CNES) with transport costs paid by them as well, three Portable Telemedicine Work (PTW) Stations have been lent to the Indian telemedicine company IndoComputech. These are being used on the east coast of India by mobile teams of doctors and paramedics, connecting them with central hospitals at Lucknow, Madras and Ahmadabad.
A further five more Compact Data Terminals (CDT) are being used on the east coast of India by Mobile Sanitary teams. These teams are sending information on epidemiology as well as the quality and supply of water and nutrition to Public Health Institutions in New Delhi and SE coast District Centres.
Doctors and paramedics equipped with these Global Positioning System (GPS) capable terminals are better able to treat patients at the scene while still maintaining close contact with Mobile Field Hospitals, a Permanent Centre or Reference Hospital; even if located outside the country.
The result ensures earlier patient identification as well as quicker and more traceable data collection resulting in faster triage and better care.
Dr. Bernard Comet from MEDES: The Institute for Space Medicine and Physiology and Prime Contractor behind I-DISCARE said, "The quick availability of I-DISCARE makes it an excellent solution for these types of emergencies. I'm very pleased that we have been chosen to be a part of this very valuable endeavour."
I-DISCARE is a follow-up from an earlier ESA Telecom funded project DELTASS which completed just two years ago and stirred a great deal of media interest, proving that satellite systems can be both cost effective and adaptable to disaster situations where ground infrastructures are partly or completely destroyed.
I-DISCARE combined the talents of MEDES and Elsacom of Italy which acted as the satellite service provider and the Norwegian Centre for Telemedicine. The project concluded with a series of pilot deployments culminating in a large demonstration in Tromsø Norway in October 2004.
The list of potential users is long, with any unit needing to work in remote areas under difficult conditions from humanitarian aid workers to emergency medical and rescue workers benefitting.
The I-DISCARE project team is presenting the final results of the ESA funded project at ESA/ESTEC Noordwijk, the Netherlands at 13:00 on 19 January 2005.
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'Tis the season in the Arctic when the sun disappears below the horizon and twilight replaces daylight. Temperatures drop and ice that melted throughout the Arctic summer begins to cover the world's northernmost ocean again. Scientists have used satellite pictures since 1979 to map the extent of such ice at its minimum, and the picture this year isn't pretty. Covering 1.59 million square miles (4.12 million square kilometers), this summer's sea ice shattered the previous record for the smallest ice cap of 2.05 million square miles (5.31 million square kilometers) in 2005—a further loss of sea ice area equivalent to the states of California and Texas combined.
"The sea ice cover this year has reached a new record low," says Mark Serreze, senior research scientist at the U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center in Boulder, Colo. "It's not just that we beat the old record, we annihilated it."
As a result of atmospheric patterns that both warmed the air and reduced cloud cover as well as increased residual heat in newly exposed ocean waters, such melting helped open the fabled Northwest Passage for the first time [see photo] this summer and presaged tough times for polar bears and other Arctic animals that rely on sea ice to survive, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. Such precipitous loss of ice cover far outpaces anything climate models or scientists have predicted.
This new record low continues the trend of steadily shrinking summer sea ice. "We're already set up for a big loss next year," Serreze notes. "We've got so much open water in the Arctic right now that has absorbed so much energy over the summer that the ocean has warmed. The ice that grows back this autumn will be thin."
In fact, a German expedition on the icebreaker Polarstern has revealed that existing Arctic sea ice in the center of the ice cap is only about three feet (one meter) thick, 50 percent thinner than it was just six years ago. As a result, more melt water is mixing with the salty seawater and pulses of warmer Atlantic seawater have intruded into the Arctic Ocean.
Whereas the South Pole remains protected by differing geographic, atmospheric and oceanic conditions, the North Pole is undergoing rapid change not seen in at least 6,000 years and perhaps as much as 125,000 years, and which may spread to lower latitudes. "It is reasonable to think that if you lose the sea ice cover that is going to have an impact elsewhere, in the midlatitudes," Serreze says. Some modeling studies of such effects have suggested drought in the western U.S. or changes in precipitation patterns across Europe.
Serreze expects the ice will bounce back somewhat next year, if only because he cannot imagine it shrinking any more so swiftly. But ice-free summers in the Arctic may become the norm in the near future. "At this point, I'd say the year 2030 is not unreasonable" for a summer without sea ice in the Arctic, Serreze says. "Within our lifetimes and certainly within our children's lifetimes."
When that occurs, the Arctic Ocean may become a spooky, foggy place, haunted by diminished populations of spectrally thin polar bears clinging to life in residual habitat. "It's going to be a different world," Serreze notes. "The observed rates of change have far outstripped what we projected."
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|Name||Tokutaro "Tokie" Slocum|
World War I veteran, citizenship activist, and Americanization advocate. Born in Japan, but raised in an adoptive American family, Tokutaro "Tokie" Slocum (1895–1974) led the fight to secure naturalization rights for Issei World War I veterans like himself. Before and after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Slocum was perhaps the most extreme of the Japanese American leaders in espousing a super patriotic stance even if it meant vilifying Japan and his fellow Issei.
Early Life and Citizenship Campaign
Tokutaro Nishimura Slocum was born in Japan in 1895 and came to the United States when he was ten. When his father moved to Canada in the hope of escaping discrimination in the U.S., young Tokie was adopted by the Slocum family of Minot, South Dakota. He went on to graduate from the University of Minnesota and enrolled in law school at Columbia, but cut off his studies to enlist to fight in World War I. As part of the 82nd Division, 328th Infantry, he took part in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive and the Battle of St. Mihiel, attaining the rank of sergeant major. He also suffered from the effects of being gassed for the rest of his life.
Like many Issei World War I veterans, Slocum saw his military service as a path to citizenship and applied in January 1921 citing the provisions of the Act of May 9, 1918, which offered naturalization to any alien who served in the armed forces in World War I. However, Slocum was turned down on the basis of the Immigration Act of 1790 and its 1870 revision that limited naturalization to a "free white person" and "aliens of African nativity and persons of African descent." Though he did eventually obtain citizenship himself, he threw his efforts into seeking federal legislation that would guarantee a path to citizenship for Asian American World War I veterans. He managed to gain the support of not only the fledgling Japanese American Citizens League (JACL), but of historically anti-Japanese groups like the American Legion and even the California Joint Immigration Committee. The Nye-Lea Act was signed into law on June 24, 1935; Slocum received the pen President Franklin D. Roosevelt used to sign the legislation into law.
Also in 1935, he married Ayako "Sally" Yabumoto (1908–91), a Nisei who grew up in New Mexico; the couple subsequently had a son and a daughter. According to Togo Tanaka, Slocum had previously been married to a white woman at a time when such unions were very rare and even illegal in many states.
War Years and Aftermath
After the passage of the Nye-Lea Act, he remained a visible figure in the Japanese American community in New York and in Los Angeles, though he broke off from the JACL after having been active with it in the early 1930s. He distinguished himself by the vehemence of his patriotism even arguing that Nisei should turn in their own parents if necessary. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Slocum was among the Nisei who formed the Anti-Axis Committee in Los Angeles. He was also welcomed back to the JACL and became chair of "counter-espionage" activities in Southern California.
After the attack on Pearl Harbor, he told a gathering of JACL leaders that he assisted the FBI in arresting Issei leaders:
Just as in World War I, again I went over the top. This time it was on the home front, and I led our FBI and Intelligence officers right into the den of those disloyal and traitorous elements, the Central Japanese Association.
He was the only Japanese American leader to openly admit to such actions.
Despite his best efforts, his eager collaboration with the authorities did nothing to prevent the mass forced removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast. He and his family were sent to the Manzanar camp in the spring of 1942. When the rising unpopularity of JACL members and those accused of being “inu" led to the creation of a "death list" and the severe beating of JACL leader Fred Tayama in late 1942, Slocum was among those removed from the camp and put in protective custody. He later worked for the Office of Strategic Services in the Far East Intelligence Section.
After the war, he worked for the Veterans Administration in Hawai'i before settling in Fresno, California, where he worked for the Social Security Administration until his retirement in 1958. Though Sally became active in JACL again, serving as president of the Fresno chapter, Tokie kept a low public profile while also battling health problems for years before his death on January 5, 1974.
For More Information
Honda, Harry. "Tokie Was Naturalized 'Twice.'" Pacific Citizen, Dec. 19–26, 1975, A10, B4.
Hosokawa, Bill. JACL in Quest of Justice: The History of the Japanese American Citizens League. New York: William Morrow, 1982.
Muller, Eric L. Free to Die for Their Country: The Story of the Japanese American Draft Resisters in World War II. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.
Salyer, Lucy. "Baptism by Fire: Race, Military Service, and U.S. Citizenship Policy, 1918–1935." Journal of American History 91.3 (Dec. 2004): 847–76.
Spickard, Paul R. "The Nisei Assume Power: The Japanese-American Citizen's League, 1941-1942." Pacific Historical Review 52 (May 1983): 147-74.
Takahashi, Jere. Nisei/Sansei: Shifting Japanese American Identities and Politics. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997.
Tamura, Eileen H. In Defense of Justice: Joseph Kurihara and the Japanese American Struggle for Equality. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013.
Tanaka, Togo. "A Report on the Manzanar Riot of Sunday December 6, 1942." The Japanese American Evacuation and Resettlement: A Digital Archive. Bancroft Library, University of California. Call number BANC MSS 67/14 c, folder O10.12 (2/2).
- Paul R. Spickard, "The Nisei Assume Power: The Japanese-American Citizen's League, 1941-1942," Pacific Historical Review 52 (May 1983), 158.
- Harry Honda, "Tokie Was Naturalized 'Twice,'" Pacific Citizen, Dec. 19–26, 1975, B4.
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Approximately one in every three American adults suffers from high blood pressure, or hypertension. This figure includes around half of all adults over 65-years-old.
According to a new report published by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 47% of American adults with hypertension are not properly controlling the condition. The CDC data is based on a survey conducted between 2011 and 2014.
The good news is that the number of people controlling their blood pressure has actually improved over the years. A previous CDC data brief from 2013 found that 48% of Americans with high blood pressure were not controlling it. In 1999, over 68% had failed to control their hypertension. On the downside, the new data still falls short of the national and regional initiative for the Healthy People 2020 goal to have only 40% of Americans with uncontrolled blood pressure, according to CDC researchers.
Normal blood pressure has a systolic pressure between 120 to 129 millimeter of mercury (mm Hg) and a diastolic pressure between 80 to 85 mm Hg. High blood pressure is considered when a systolic pressure is 140 or higher and a diastolic pressure is 90 or higher. If hypertension is not controlled it can lead to serious conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and kidney problems. High blood pressure is also called the “silent killer” since there are often no signs or symptoms of the condition.
The CDC report also found that the overall rate of high blood pressure has remained consistent since 1999 at a rate between 28% and 29% of the population. It was also found that one in three people between 50 and 59-years-old have hypertension, and two in three over 60 have the condition.
The CDC researchers also found that the improvement in high blood pressure control differs between ethnic groups in the U.S. For instance:
- 48.5% of African American adults have their hypertension under control
- 43.5% of the Asian population has their hypertension under control
- 47.4% of the Hispanic population has their hypertension under control
- Caucasians were found to be the most likely to control their blood pressure, with 55.7% of the Caucasian population having their hypertension under control
The problem with high blood pressure control is that many people dislike taking antihypertensive drugs. The most common medications for hypertension include diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, angiotensin II receptor blockers, renin inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers.
On the other hand, high blood pressure can also be lowered without medications. For example, studies have found that the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet can effectively reduce high blood pressure in hypertensive patients. The DASH diet is high in vegetables, fruits, high in fiber, low in saturated fat and total fat, low in cholesterol, and moderately high in protein. It also contains foods with nutrients that help relax the artery walls, including magnesium, calcium, and potassium.
People can also control blood pressure by reducing alcohol and caffeine consumption, quitting smoking, reducing stress, losing weight, and from regular exercise for at least 30 to 60 minutes, three or more times per week. Natural supplements that help lower high blood pressure include hawthorn extract, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), hibiscus tea, aged garlic extract, fish oil, vitamin C, passionflower, valerian, chamomile, dandelion leaf, reishi mushroom, and the amino acid taurine.
Sources for Today’s Article:
Yoon, S., et al., “Hypertension Prevalence and Control Among Adults: United States, 2011-2014,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention web site, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db220.htm, last accessed November 13, 2015.
Thompson, D., “Nearly Half of Americans With High Blood Pressure Not Controlling It: CDC,” HealthDay web site, November 12, 2015; http://consumer.healthday.com/circulatory-system-information-7/blood-pressure-news-70/nearly-half-of-americans-with-high-blood-pressure-not-controlling-it-cdc-705146.html.
Balch, J., et al., Prescription for Natural Cures: A Self-Care Guide for Treating Health Problems with Natural Remedies Including Diet, Nutrition, Supplements, and Other Holistic Methods (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004), 92-97.
Nwankwo, T., et al., “Hypertension Among Adults in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2012,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention web site, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db133.htm, last accessed November 13, 2015.
“10 ways to control high blood pressure without medication,” Mayo Clinic web site; http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/high-blood-pressure/art-20046974, last accessed November 13, 2015.
“Choosing blood pressure medications,” Mayo Clinic web site; http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/high-blood-pressure-medication/art-20046280, last accessed November 13, 2015.
“High Blood Pressure,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention web site, http://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/, last accessed November 13, 2015.
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Heat Recovery Ventilation Systems (HRV)
Another method of reducing radon levels is by dilution. Exhausting stale interior air while bringing in fresh air dilutes radon. As the half-life of radon is 3.8 days, there is a good chance it can be exhausted before it decays down to the more dangerous poloniums. While this method is generally not as effective as Active Soil Depressurization, it can be suitable for those wishing to lower levels slightly.
As more families try to maximize their living spaces, more time is spent in our basements. With the drive for energy efficiency sealing up buildings and homes, your can create an environment with little or no air movement. Installation of an HRV system makes sense in any home as the benefit of constant fresh air creates a healthier environment.
HRV systems should be balanced and maintained on a regular schedule. An unbalanced system can result in interior depressurization, drawing radon and other soil gasses into the home.
We offer specification, design, installation and maintenance of HRV systems to help mitigate indoor pollutants.
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Controversy has arisen about the tax rate some higher income folks pay. It is sometimes much less than what middle- and maybe lower-income households pay. How can this arise? And is it fair? N.C. State University economist Mike Walden responds.
“Well, you’re talking about the controversy over one of the political candidates regarding his payment of about an average 15 percent rate on his income tax return. And as you said, for many people — middle-income people, in particular — that’s much lower than the marginal rate that they pay. And so the question is … how does this come about? And it comes about in terms of how the income is earned. There is a special low rate for income that is earned from investments — things like capital gains (That’s where you maybe buy an investment, sell it later. There’s a gain there.) — you’re taxed at this low rate.
“Or in recent years it’s also had to do with dividends, which are investment returns that you get from investing in companies. And there is a special low rate of 15 percent for these kinds of returns from investments.
“And the reason that policy makers give for having this special low rate is really two (fold): They argue that investment income is often taxed twice. It’s first taxed by the business or for the business, and then it’s secondly taxed when that business takes the return and supplies it to the investor. So the idea is to have a level playing field, you need to tax that income for the investor at a lower rate.
“And then the second reason is to encourage people to invest in businesses, which obviously cause the economy to grow and potentially add jobs.
“This is an old policy debate. Not everyone agrees with those reasons given for having the special low rate. But this has been in our tax code for a long time. Still, it’ll be a topic of concern down the road.”
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Definition of aniline point
: the lowest temperature at which aniline and a solvent (as gasoline) are completely miscible and which serves as an indication of the type of hydrocarbons present in the solvent, the content of aromatics being higher according as the temperature is lower
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First Known Use of aniline point
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up aniline point? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
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Process of making Red ginseng (紅蔘)
South Korean’s most favorite health food is red-ginseng (紅 蔘), which takes about 36% of the total health food sales.
Red ginseng is carefully selected 6 year old high quality ginseng cultivated in a field with an optimum conditions and environment and it takes reddish-brown color after steaming for long without peeling off the strip. Fresh ginsengs collected from the field are processed to be red-ginsengs through washing, steaming and drying after classified into grades 1-5 depending on the size and shape.
Ginseng usually grows equally by four years but the quality varies widely after 4 years depending on the soils, environment and the techniques of the grower. If the environment or cultivation techniques fails to meet the standard, ginseng start to be rotten. In addition, since 6 years, most of ginsengs become stiff like wood.
Several new bioactive ingredients good for our health are generated in the manufacturing process of red ginseng. These bioactive ingredients are the substances unique in red-ginseng and do not exist in fresh ginseng or white ginseng. In addition, red-ginseng can be stored longer than other ginsengs.
The characteristics of red-ginseng
① Toxins of fresh ginsengs are removed in the process of steaming with vapor and new bioactive ingredients beneficial to the health are produced,
② It has many different kinds of saponins more than any other ginsengs,
③ It helps strengthening the immune system with increased amount of the components effective for health,
④ It helps improvement in physical constitution,
⑤ It helps vigorous activity of normal cells,
⑥ It is good for all ages of men and women as it activate digestive absorption.
⑦ The ingredients survive long term storage (more than 10 years).
Difference between Koran ginseng and Chinese ginseng
Outlook: Korean ginseng has a short and thick head while Chinese ginseng has a long head. Striking the head by finger, Korean ginseng head is still stuck to the body while Chinese ginseng head fall away. Trunk: Korean ginseng has shiny bright color while Chinese ginseng has gloomy color and is not shiny. In addition, Korean ginseng shows clear tree rings when cutting the trunk.
Leg: Korean ginseng has 2-3 legs while Chinese ginseng has only 1-2 legs or has no leg at all. Smells: Korean ginseng has savory flavor while Chinese ginseng has strong smell of a grass or soils and often it smells as if it is rotten.
Red Ginseng extract refers to a soluble red ginseng concentration filtered out of steamed and dried fresh ginseng using catalyst which is a mixture of water and alcohol. Red Ginseng extract powder refers to the powered extract and red-ginseng powder refers to the powered red-ginseng (100%).
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Sardines are a type of small oily fish. They are often sold canned and are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, calcium and protein. Canned sardines have their heads removed and are cooked by steaming or deep-frying. They are then dried and packed in vegetable oil, brine or sauce. A typical water-packed can of sardines contains around 140 calories, 20 grams of protein and 7 grams of fat. Sardines packed in oil contain more fat and calories.
Sardines are oily fish and rich in the polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid, or EPA, and docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA. EPA and DHA are only found in seafood and seaweed and have been linked with a number of health benefits. A trial published in the March 2007 issue of “Atherosclerosis” notes that consumption of 1.8 grams of EPA daily for two years was found to reduce the thickness of arteries, hence improving blood flow. Omega 3-fatty acids are also important components of the brain and retina, and, as indicated by a trial published in the August 2010 issue of “The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,” also have anti-inflammatory properties.
Calcium and Selenium
Canned sardines, when eaten with the bones, are a concentrated source of calcium. Calcium is essential for healthy bones and an inadequate intake causes rickets in children and osteoporosis and osteomalacia in adults. Canned sardines are also a good source of selenium, a trace element, which is part of an antioxidant enzyme. Antioxidant enzymes help prevent oxidative damage caused by free radicals. Selenium deficiency will exacerbate iodine deficiency and may cause infertility in males.
Few foods provide vitamin D, and canned sardines are one of them. This vitamin is synthesized in the skin during exposure to sunlight; however, people living in areas away from the equator or who do not expose themselves frequently to the sun, may become deficient in this vitamin. Vitamin D is essential for healthy bones and for proper immune function. A drop in vitamin D levels may also be the cause of seasonal affective disorder. Sardines are also an important source of niacin and B-12. Niacin helps the body convert food to energy, while B-12 is essential for red blood cell production, proper nerve function and in the metabolism of homocysteine.
Low in Pollutants
Sardines contain much lower levels of pollutants than large fish such as marlin and swordfish. However, they contain considerable amounts of sodium, and, thus, should be limited as overconsumption can lead to high blood pressure.
- canned fish studio isolated over white image by dinostock from Fotolia.com
This article reflects the views of the writer and does not necessarily reflect the views of Jillian Michaels or JillianMichaels.com.
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Learn how to sort with this engaging, colorful science reader! Follow along as children play "I Spy" to identify objects by color, shape, and more. See how they sort a blue square by color, then by shape. This title includes more fun and easy examples to help guide young readers into understanding sorting and categorizing everyday items. With the help of vibrant images and easy-to-read text, students will be engaged from cover to cover! This reader also includes instructions for an engaging science activity and practice problems to give students additional practice in sorting objects. A helpful glossary and index are also included for support.
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February 15, 2009
Elephants Use Vibrations To Call For Mates
Many a love-besotted soul has declared they would move the world for their true love, but how many actually accomplish that task in their quest to unite with a lover?
Poets and romantics may argue the point, but research has shown that elephants issuing calls, including those of love"”more precisely, females in estrus"”produce not only audible sounds, but also low-frequency seismic vibrations that can travel through the near-surface soils for distances up to several kilometers.And though we humans may claim to feel our lover's call in our heart, soul or other organs of either physical or philosophical origin, most of us need said love call to caress the hair cells of our inner ears for it to register in what is arguably our most important love/sex organ"”our brain.
Elephants, however, have two highly developed additional sensory systems at their disposal, both of which can be used for detecting the potential mate's seismic signals (humans have both, too, just not tuned to using vibrations as communication). One system is bone conduction, in which the vibrations travel from the toe tips into the foot bones, then up the leg and into the middle ear. The other, somatosensory reception, involves vibration-sensitive cells in the bottom of the foot that send signals to the brain via nerves.
Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell, an ecologist and consulting assistant professor in otolaryngology at Stanford University School of Medicine, has been studying elephant communication for more than 15 years. During that time she's puzzled over which seismic sensing system elephants use most often in locating the source of a call. In her most recent field season last summer, she finally got an answer.
"They are placing themselves in a way that best suits bone conduction, rather than somato-sensory reception," she said.
O'Connell-Rodwell came to her conclusion by conducting a study of how male elephants respond to estrus calls from females. She played recorded calls through a speaker coupled with the ground and concealed in a pile of brush near a watering hole in Etosha National Park in Namibia. The speaker emitted both an acoustic and seismic signal.
"The bulls would come in and then we would test them as they headed out of the water hole in different directions. They would always place themselves perpendicular to the direction the sound had traveled," she said.
That orientation puts each of the elephant's ears at a different distance from the sound source and also creates the maximum possible difference in the distance between each of the elephant's ears and the source. That enhances their ability to distinguish the point of origin. This position was assumed by the elephants whether the signal was only seismic or both acoustic and seismic, suggesting that bone-conducted detection was the preferable method for detecting seismic frequencies. If the elephants preferred somatosensory reception, they would more likely align their front and back feet to create the greatest difference in distance from the source to each pair of feet. But perhaps that's where the trunk comes in.
Every time the estrus recording was played, the bulls' behavior was the same, O'Connell-Rodwell said. "They stop, press their trunk on the ground and position themselves and turn the other way and place their trunk on the ground and do it again," she said.
Pressing their trunk against the ground may improve the elephant's ability to use triangulation to locate a sound source, as using the trunk along with their (front) feet gives them the multiple (three) sensors needed for triangulating, or even front and back which would create a five sensor array.
O'Connell-Rodwell had observed both male and female listening behavior in previous years but hadn't focused on the bone-conduction-versus-somatosensory-reception question. Although she had noticed that both males and females often oriented themselves in a manner that seemed more conducive to employing bone conduction, until this most recent study she hadn't tested how they responded when the sound effectively came from different locations.
But she also noted differences in how bulls and cows behaved when listening. "The males seem to use their trunk in detecting vibrations much more than females," she said. "We don't know why that is yet."
O'Connell-Rodwell used her observations of female behavior from previous field seasons as a basis for comparison with the males.
She also noticed some behavioral differences in the bulls' reactions to the estrus calls. The bulls who responded in the characteristic fashion were all either males in musth"”a condition in which levels of reproductive hormones skyrocket"”or subadult males, as well as juveniles who were too young to go into musth. But adult males who were not in musth showed very little interest in the love calls of the cows and simply walked away from the water hole.
The behavior of the adult males not in musth seemed to confuse any subadult males who were with them, O'Connell-Rodwell said.
"The subadult would be torn between whether to go toward the estrus call or follow the adult male out," she said. "And they would end up following the adult out, but they kept turning back. The adult male wouldn't pay attention at all."
O'Connell-Rodwell said more work remains to be done to unravel the social behavior of elephants, but she hopes to have more insights to offer soon. She has submitted a paper detailing aspects of male elephant society that is currently under review.
But even with the uncertainties that remain"”and really, shouldn't there always be an element of mystery when it comes to romance?"”it seems clear that the key to finding love for those male elephants that want it lies in bone-jarring eternal triangulation.
By Louis Bergeron, Stanford
On the Net:
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Department of Agriculture
Master of Science
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a valuable source of edible food and organic nitrogen. Soybean cultivar development and cultural practices have been directed toward seed production rather than forage or green manure production. Recent environmental concerns have resulted in renewed interest in the use of organic matter in agriculture. The objective of the present investigation was to determine the effects of cultivar maturity differences and planting dates on biomass production of soybean. The research was conducted on the Western Kentucky University Farm in 1993. The experimental design was a split-split-plot with four replications. The three planting dates (June 2, June 16, and July 6) were main-plots, the three harvest dates were split-plots, and the five cultivars were split-split-plots. The cultivars and their maturity groupings and areas of adaptation are as follows: 'McCall' (00, Minnesota), 'A2506' (II, Iowa), 'FFR561' (V, Kentucky), 'Perrin' (VIII, South Carolina), and 'Laredo1 (undesignated maturity, forage cultivar). Each experimental unit was 45 m2. Seeds were inoculated and broadcast at the rate of 175 kg ha-1 and covered by disking. Average biomass production (oven dry basis) decreased progressively (2918, 2450, and 2088 kg ha-1) for the later planting dates. For the June 2 and June 16 planting dates, biomass yields increased for successive harvest dates; however, for the July 6 planting date, biomass yields did not differ for harvests 2 and 3. When cultivars were compared at the early bloom stage, later maturing cultivars produced more biomass. Laredo was consistently among the highest producers. There were significant interactions involving planting dates, harvest dates, and cultivars. Soybean stands and yields were reduced by inadequate seed covering, by insufficient soil moisture, especially the second planting, and by competition from johnsongrass and pigweed. However, these results indicate that soybean is a good source of green manure during the summer.
Agriculture | Agronomy and Crop Sciences
Tawhid, Aslam, "Effects of Soybean Cultivars and Planting Dates on Biomass Production" (1994). Masters Theses & Specialist Projects. Paper 952.
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BACKGROUND: Medication overuse headache (MOH) affects between 1% and 2% of the general population but is present in up to 50% of patients seen in headache centers. There are currently no internationally accepted guidelines for treatment of MOH. METHODS: A review of the current literature on MOH treatment and pathophysiology. RESULTS: We conclude that headache frequency can be reduced to episodic headache in more than 50% of the patients by simple detoxification and information. Approximately half the patients will not have need for prophylactic medication after withdrawal. Pain perception is altered in patients with MOH but can be restored to a baseline pattern, indicating a reversible mechanism in the central sensitization leading to chronic pain. The great comorbidity with depression and anxiety could be a consequence of the altered serotonin metabolism indicating a reversible and potentially treatable condition. CONCLUSION: Increased focus on MOH is extremely important, as MOH both can and should be treated and prevented. MOH is thus a diagnosis that should be considered in all chronic headache patients as the very first step in their management strategy. In the general population, prevention campaigns against MOH are essential to minimize chronic pain disability.
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What a fantastic week of play and exploration. There was no day this week that did not end with, “Oh My Gosh! They are so cute!”.. And us dive into the sweet things the Forest Caterpillars said, did or things we watched them accomplish.. It is hard to tell you how much we did and saw in those four short days. (They go by so fast)
Earthsong never fails to show up in exactly the way we most need it to. Forest Caterpillars need to see things, touch things, turn things over, smell things, laugh at things, and chase one another. Forest Caterpillars need to giggle, play, and be listened to deeply. They need to splash, climb rocks, jump over the crevices between rocks and find their balance when the rock is just a little more slippery than they were planning for (or not planning for).
After our parents leave us for the day we begin our day with a wander into the forest to a small clearing where we joined in a somewhat circle and had snacks. Each morning during our circle time we share something we are grateful for and we had a story for the day. After our morning circle we would wander back out to the power line very slowly taking our time along the trail turning over logs, discovering mushrooms, spiders, beetles, caterpillars, moths, all the small things we could find. (Our goal was to try to find all the nature names. We didn’t find them all, but we did find a lot of them).
We played several games, Towhee Towhee, Eagle Eye, Hemlock Tea, and others. We met minnows, tadpoles, toads, snails, a black snake, a banded water snake – who unfortunately was eaten by something on the river after we left it, but the importu anatomy lesson it provided the next day was so cool. It turned out the snake was female and she had not yet laid her 26 eggs! We found oak galls, mushrooms, moths, trees, learned what poison ivy looks like, and that holly leaves are way too prickly. So many little things!
We listened to the birds sing. We watched as a blue heron left its nest while fussing at us for disturbing the work of keeping the eggs warm. We watched cardinals dash to and from over the river. One day there was a funny looking crow gathering supplies for its nest on one side of the river and carrying it to the other side of the river. In a moment of truly quiet pause we were able to catch a story from a box turtle by taking some deep breaths and calming ourselves so it would feel safe enough to give us a few moments of its time. The discovery was endless.
And, the play.. The play is boundless. The rocks on the river were infinitely filled with exploration and imagination. We were kings and queens of the mountain. We were architects building bridges. We were fearless looking under rocks for treasure. We made boats, floated leaves down the river, gathered shells, built moats and dams in the sand. We got all of our clothes wet. We got dirty. We splashed. We slid down rocks and occasionally busted a knee or two. Most importantly we laughed as we played. The river is a special place.
We want to thank the community of Earthsong for allowing us to use it for our camps. Thank you to all the wild things that make space for us while we wander the land. Thank you to our volunteers for showing up every day and exploring with us. Most importantly, we want to thank our parents for trusting us with your children. We know it is no small thing when you leave your Forest Caterpillars with us and we are grateful. Your children brighten our lives and we learn more from them than they probably learn from us.
Have a great summer and we will see you in the fall!
Bernard, Soleil, Sarah, and Shannon
by Bernard Cook
I remember feeling a little overwhelmed when I was first interested in wild plants. There were so many different shapes and colors, so many things listed in the field guides that I didn’t know where to start. Well, the journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. Learning just one plant was the entry point that I needed. I think it was chickweed, Stellaria media. Everywhere I went, my eyes would gravitate towards it and I would remember the name, eat a few leaves. I soon learned a few more – henbit, dead nettle, violet, speedwell. I would see them all over the place and identify them as I went, or pick a salad. Before long, I gained a sense of what conditions these plants tend to grow in – I could be somewhere unfamiliar and my gut would tell me where to look.
I talk to people all the time who are intimidated or even scared of wild plants, thinking that everything is poison and that there is no good reason to eat “weeds” when we have blessed flora like iceberg lettuce readily available. Well, the difference between a weed and an herb is knowledge. For anyone who is afraid they may accidentally eat some deadly toxic look-a-like, here is a wondrous beauty that is unmistakable: Maypop, passionflower, Passiflora incarnata.
These perennial vines are very common in fields, gardens, sunny woodland edges, and with a flower like that, you can’t miss it. It is one of my favorite edibles. It can be cooked, but I prefer it raw in salads, with its distinct nutty flavor. Right now (throughout spring and summer), the young tips will break off in your fingers at just the right, tender spot before it becomes too hard and fibrous. The flowers are great, and the buds before they open are a nice crunchy vegetable.
Later in the year, a fruit will form that looks like a green egg hanging from the vine and goes POP! when you step on it. It’s ripe when it’s really soft and the inside contains globs of sweet flesh with an intense, tropical flavor and seeds that you can crunch right up and eat. YUM.
See if you can spot this lovely plant growing and give it a try. Notice where it is growing, the smell, the shape of the leaves, its particular shade of green that will stand out in dense growth of other plants. Put that flower right up to your face and look at the amazing details in the structure and detail of each element. Ahh…. Now this is food!
by Bernard Cook
Last weekend, me ‘n Chickadee (Sarah Hubbard) went up to the beautiful mountains of western North Carolina to hone our mentoring skills at the Reaching Nature Connection conference, held at Earthaven Ecovillage near Black Mountain. We attended a two-day class by three ladies from the Academy of Forest Kindergarten Teachers – Lia Grippo, Kelly Villarruel, and Erin Boehme. I think all put together they add up to about 60-ish years of experience with early childhood education and nature connection work. So to say they’ve been around the block (trail?) [wait.. is there a trail?] a few times is an understatement!
Earthaven Ecovillage, sitting on 329 acres, founded in 1995, is super impressive. They must have been busy these last 22 years because there are awesome timber frame/cob buildings and permaculture-y food/forestry projects all over the place. The mission statement from the website is “To create a village which is a living laboratory and educational seed bank for a sustainable human future.” As far as I can tell from being there just two days, I’d say they are nailing it. The vibes and physical evidence are strong. It’s an independent-income intentional community. In other words, people choose to live intentionally with each other and must earn their own income, so some members have created businesses, one of which is SOIL – School of Integrated Living.
SOIL is the entity within Earthaven that actually held the conference. They were well organized and on top of everything. We had originally arranged to stay outside the community, but a snow storm (yay!) Saturday night would have made coming Sunday morning impossible, so they managed to get us all put up in beds for the night on pretty short notice. I really appreciated that and have only good things to say. Coming up they have a number of great programs and classes – shoe making, Permaculture Design Certification, natural building workshop… I will be back for sure.
Now, back to the class. A week later I am still going through my notes and digesting everything I learned. I’m so grateful to have had the opportunity to learn from these wise women, true masters of their craft. I feel like they have already helped take what we do to a whole new level. Since returning from the class, I have gotten to try out some of their ideas in the field (forest, actually) with great results. I wouldn’t call it “techniques” or “lessons” or something like that. At the end of the day, their message is so potently simple – I’ll let Lia speak for herself with this quote from the website (emphasis mine):
“As educators, we can never give a child what we don’t have. In many ways, we ourselves are the curriculum. Many years ago, during a period of intense study of birds, bird language, and bird behavior, I was with my class of young ones in the forest. Every bird I heard, I tried to imitate. I wasn’t always good at it, but I tried. Never having spoken to the children about what I was doing, I simply paid attention and responded in their presence, all the while serving the snack, or tying someone’s shoes, grinding rocks for paint, or any number of other tasks that needed tending. After many weeks of this, at the end of the morning, a 4-year-old girl was occupied with packing her lunch back into her backpack. Her focus and attention was directed on the effort when a nearby acorn woodpecker called out from the tall sycamore tree above. “Wacka wacka wacka,” it called, as if to greet a family member returning from a forage. Without lifting her head or pausing in her undertaking, the girl answered the woodpecker with her own “wacka, wacka, wacka.” I remained silent on the matter with great difficulty. Inside, I was cheering and celebrating her broadened awareness, her sense of connection, and her sense of normalcy in it all. Being in relationship with the world around her was a given. It would likely always be.”
~ Lia Grippo (Reaching Nature Connection Conference presenter, The Academy of Forest Kindergarten Teachers, Co-founder/Instructor)
I can think of another teacher who had a similar message.
“We but mirror the world. All the tendencies present in the outer world are to be found in the world of our body. If we could change ourselves, the tendencies in the world would also change. As a man changes his own nature, so does the attitude of the world change towards him. This is the divine mystery supreme. A wonderful thing it is and the source of our happiness.”
~ Mahatma Gandhi
Thanks to SOIL, Earthaven Ecovillage, Academy of Forest Kindergarten Teachers, and the Appalachian mountains for a whole lot of inspiration and the tools to put it to work.
by Sarah ‘Chickadee’ Hubbard
Maybe you’ve noticed there are more hawks lately now that the canopy of leaves is falling to the forest floor and blanketing all the seeds from this year of growth. Maybe you’ve noticed them soaring on the wind finding the warm thermals to glide along effortlessly as our days grow colder. Maybe there suddenly seems to be a lot more hawks than you’ve seen in a while and you’re wondering where they all came from. There’s a reason we see more of them this time of year than others.
Hawks are one of my favorite bird species to talk about. In Georgia we have both Buteos and Accipiters that live in our neighborhoods.
Buteos are Soaring Hawks – these are the Red Shouldered Hawks, Red Tailed Hawks, and Broad Winged Hawks. Accipiters are Forest Hawks – these are the Cooper’s Hawk and the Sharp Shinned Hawk. Both species of our local Accipters fly below and through the canopy of trees. They are stunning and nearly invisible to see. They are almost equally as hard to tell apart as they are to catch a glimpse of.
Right now, all the hawks are busy hunting the small animals – like squirrels and chipmunks – as they busily move on the ground gathering acorns and other nuts for the coming winter. They are easier to see as they are both hunting lower to the ground and the canopy is not keeping them quite as hidden as they have been all summer. And, all the young have fledged and some migrate so they may very well be more of them than usual as they establish where they will winter this year.
In the world of Bird Language the Buteo’s and the Accipiters create what is called a ‘silent alarm’ among the songbirds – meaning no one makes any sound and everyone freezes right where they are or they rush to a safe place in silence. Accipiters are fierce hunters of song birds with keen eyesight and the agility to act swiftly when on the hunt. As you tune into the birds and the information they share with one another there is a distinctive ‘vibe’ you might call it when there is a Sharp Shinned Hawk or Cooper’s Hawk is on the prowl for food. They create what is called a ‘Cone of Silence’ and the atmosphere is quite chilling. Within in the cone sound becomes silence and movement becomes stillness.
Once I was sitting under a pine when a Cooper’s Hawk landed above me. She was the perfect specimen of her species. Bold, strong, and powerful. The woods were silent – literally. The only sound was that of the crickets and even their song was chilling to the bone. There was a Chickadee hanging out near me and I could see her shivering and feel that same fear in my body. Everyone in the scene knew the Cooper’s Hawk wasn’t leaving until she was fed. What I most noticed in my body was the anxiety and nervousness I felt in me and around me. Thankfully, that day her 2 minutes above me didn’t yield any food for her that I witnessed. I feel certain she made her way to another spot and someone wasn’t fast enough to freeze and she ended up well fed. Accipiters are phenomenal hunters with keen eyesight and stealth.
Cooper’s Hawks and Sharp Shinned Hawks fly silently through the canopy. Their ability to pass between two trees or navigate the limbs of trees is unrivaled by most other bird species. And, if you hear the Crows, Blue Jays, or the Red Shouldered Hawks calling loudly they are likely trying to chase the Cooper’s Hawk out. They do not like to share their territory with these birds because they are such efficient hunters.
Read more about them and be on the look out for them – and pay extra attention to how you feel in your body when things are silent around you. Listen to your own body radar – it might be telling you something. You may be able to witness one of these majestic birds on the hunt.
Here’s an article I found on how to tell the Cooper’s Hawk and the Sharp Shinned Hawk apart should you encounter them.
How to Tell Them Apart
Sarah (Chickadee) Hubbard
Gifts for Wild and Avid Readers
Do you have any wild and avid readers to buy for this holiday season? Books open up new worlds, expose the reader to new ideas, and help you realize who it is that you want to become. This is especially true for young people. Many of the childhood memories that I treasure most involve books that I read over and over to myself in a secret hideout, or books read aloud to me by my mother. At age five I would wait by the mailbox for my next issue of Ranger Rick, and by the time I was eight I was enthralled by a biography of Harriet Tubman and the way she risked her life to lead slaves to freedom via the Underground Railroad. I adored Reepicheep’s bravery in the Voyage of the Dawn Treader, and after reading A Wrinkle in Time I not only wanted to study science, I desperately wanted Charles Wallace for a baby brother.
At Wild Intelligence we like to introduce people to new books as a way of connecting with each other through shared stories. We also use books as tools. In programs books are important references when questions arise while we are out exploring. They also help illustrate alternative ways of looking at people, situations, and the world in general. Below are some titles that we think you might be interested in sharing with your loved ones this year. Our friends at Avid Book Shop (www.avidbookshop.com) are stocking many of these titles for your convenience.
Summer Birds: The butterflies of Maria Merian
by Margarita Engle
Summer Birds is a beautiful and inspiring picture book about a young girl who studied butterflies during the Middle Ages and disproved a theory that went all the way back to ancient Greece. She kept meticulous journals full of notes, and illustrated her observations in great detail. All of her findings were documented in secret in order to avoid being accused of witchcraft. She is a great example of what is possible when you are dedicated, curious, and determined.
This is a large, impressive book full of information regarding the animals, plants, and cultures found in every country around the globe. Last Christmas I gave this book to a seven year old friend of mine that liked looking up map games on an ipad. Shortly after the first of the year I got a call from his Dad. Apparently Logan insisted on taking the book with him
to school every day for weeks. By March I received a text saying that Logan’s teacher had asked him and his classmates to stand on ‘Wyoming’ on the large painted outline of the United States that is outside on their playground. His teacher turned around and saw Logan standing by himself, directly on the state of Wyoming, while the rest of the class stood on California. By May Logan had gotten in a fight because someone had tried to take Maps away from him. I do not encourage fighting, but it is touching to me that his Dad insists that the book is his favorite possession.
by Janell Cannon
Verdi is a baby python that is not sure he wants to grow up and be like the adults he knows. He knows how to have fun and wants to always be himself. He therefore sets out to explore the world on his own and comes to some unexpected realizations including, there are a lot of wonderful things to see when you stop, sit, and watch quietly. I love the illustrations.
Jane, the Fox, & Me
by Fanny Britt and Isabelle Arsenault
This is an artful, literary, graphic novel that is wonderful for pre-teens. Helene is a young girl seeking a place in the world. Bullied at school, she does not seek help from her loving, hardworking single mother struggling to raise her two younger brothers and herself. She does not want to burden her mom with her unhappiness. She copes by retreating into Jane Erye by Charlotte Bronte and identifying with Jane, the main character. Then she and her classmates are sent to camp and something awakens in her after gazing into the eyes of a fox. She begins to see the world differently, and new friends soon follow.
by Erik Jon Slangerup
This book is a fun read. It is about a little boy named Fister Farnello. Fister LOVES dirt, but does not like to take baths – at first. He learns that frolicking in the woods is a lot of fun, but that not taking baths has consequences.
Whose Tracks Are These: A clue book of familiar forest animals.
by Jim Nail
This is a fun book for young kids and adults to read together. It presents a series of clues that you can use to make a game out of guessing what they represent before turning the page to find the answer. This booklet is a nice introduction to thinking about forest critters and how they move through their respective habitats.
by Jon J Muth
Muth has several books that feature Stillwater, a friendly, gentle panda. In Zen Shorts, Addy, Michael, and Karl learn a lot from Stillwater about friendship and how to think about the world as we walk through life and its many challenges.
The Evolution of Calpurnia Tate
by Jacqueline Kelly
This novel for young adults (and older adults) is a charming story about a young girl growing up in the South during the late 1800’s. She is a tomboy that finds friendship and validation when she gets to know her grandfather, one of the founding members of the National Geographic Society. She finds that she may hate cooking and be terrible at handwork, but she has a keen eye for observation. She must navigate the expectations of her family and society while making time to simply be herself while exploring the mysteries of the natural world.
We hope you get a chance to visit Avid Book Shop and peruse these titles. It is our hope that they will bring your families as much joy as they have brought ours.
Our programs director, Sarah Hubbard – also known as Ms Chickadee – returned for a day visit to South Jackson Elementary School on November 18, 2016. She took 5 classes for a walk on the nature trails behind the school and introduced them to some of the trees growing in their backyard.
South Jackson has a thriving Farm to School Program led by Stephen Lush the ‘Scienhancement’ teacher at South Jackson. The North East Georgia Farm to School Food Corp Member wrote a blog post about Ms Chickadee’s visit.
You can read it here:
by Sarah Hubbard (Chickadee)
On my perfect day the wind would be blowing from the southeast – right off the ocean. You would be able to smell the salt water in the air. The sun would be warm and bright leaving a light pink glow on my skin while enough of a nip still lingering in the breeze that I almost need long sleeves in the shade. A white throated sparrow would be heralding in the dogwood blooms and the pine warblers would be singing to the pine trees calling the pollen to fall and coat the world in yellow. The last of this seasons Pine Siskins would call from the sweet gums while a Nuthatch pair cling to the trees in the way only they can plucking the juiciest of insects from between the cracks in the bark.
When I inhale deeply I can smell the soil in the garden ripe with the freshly sifted compost added to the recently turned beds.
Male cardinals would chase one another around the yard determining who would get the prime places for nesting and the loveliest of the females. There is always the youngest of the cardinal males who confuses his reflection in the glass door with another male and flies into it leaving him stunned and me remembering I need to make sure the door is dirty for the next few weeks.
The yellow poppies would be opening up bringing the first glimpse of summer to the garden. The iris blossoms would be swelling up as a reminder of my beloved grandmother and my earthly link to the heavenly realms of life. I would have to watch my step as the garden edges began to fill with the dandelions bursting through in the least likely of places. I would not be able to refrain from picking a dandelion and blowing its seeds all over the yard making wishes for my families health and happiness. The purple violets would explode in subtle color waiting to be picked to be eaten with the salad greens growing in the garden and I would dig up a few to make sure they spread into all the right places.
The sky would be the most perfect shade of blue. It would be so blue the color would be indescribable as no man made color could ever be that shade of blue. I would imagine what it feels like to be the Red Shouldered Hawk soaring on the air thermals calling to the day. White clouds whose edges are lightly grayed due to the water they have been absorbing would move slowly across the sky shading the sun every now and then, but only for a brief moment in time. The sun would duck behind the cloud just long enough to call my attention to it, but short enough that I don’t worry about the rain that we will have in a few days today. When I glance up towards the sun the reflection of the light off the clouds is just too bright. I would pull my hat down just a little lower over my eyes.
The first of the honey bees would be drinking in the nectar of the white clover
just beginning to bloom. I would be so grateful they were in my yard and still on this earth. I would have to stop whatever I was doing to watch a yellow sulfur butterfly float weightlessly on the breeze to wherever its journey carries it. I would marvel at it wondering what it feels like to be that weightless and wonder at its perfect shade of sunlight in a still leafless world. It would float in the direction of the lenten rose where the sunlight passing through it would drop me to my knees to drink in the rich purple of its flower as it just begins to open and welcome spring also.
A green anole would catch my eye. I would have no choice but to chase it down to put it in the greenhouse for pest control. A tufted titmouse would splash in the birdbath cleansing itself before getting back to the busy work of feeding its mate. A wren would actively be gathering all the right materials to her build her nest and I would wish I would have remembered to make a bird nest supply kit – you never know just what they will need – hair, yarn, dryer lint, or lichens.
On my perfect day there would be dirt under my fingernails and stains on my pants from kneeling down in the garden inspecting a spider who is hanging out waiting for the perfect meal only millimeters from a drop of dew still held on the tip of a lettuce leaf. I would have to question whether we were going to have salad today or tomorrow. Worms would move in the soil with each turn of the trowel and in each breath presence would be my only thought.
Camp will be held at Little Rose Nature School in Watkinsville
July 5-8, 2016 from 10 am – 1:00 pm
Registration begins on Tuesday, April 12 at 8am.
Follow this link for more information or to register!
Guest post contributed by Mariel Blake
Nothing gets me more excited than seeing the yellow dotted landscape of daffodils in bloom. Not so much because I love daffodils. I mean, they are a pretty plant and all but they aren’t my favorites. I get excited to see them every year, however, for the news they bring.
Around here they are the harbingers of spring. When they appear you know the fresh rebirth of spring is near. Granted we haven’t had the harshest of winters. There have been many days of warmth and sunshine, even if they have been spaced far apart. We have also had days of bitter cold, snow and ice and a lot of rain. There were times, as there always are, when it seemed like winter was going to linger on forever. Then the daffodils began popping up and it became clear that if we just hold on for a bit longer, spring would be here.
Everyone has their season, the time of year that just speaks to their spirit. For me it is Spring. I live nature and being outside. There is some thing to be said about enjoying nature at various times of year. The lazy haze of summer. The sharp crispness of Fall. The cozy cocoon of Winter. For me, it has always been the refreshing breeze of spring that sparks joy in my soul.
Maybe it’s because I’m a spring baby. There is nothing better than spring because it symbolizes optimism, opportunity and renewal. It is a time for reconnection to what is most important, what is at your core. To do that requires some introspection and there are few better ways to do that, especially in the spring, than by taking a walk.
Part of our habits as a species is to share and connect over meals. Family dinner has long been held up as the prime method for creating a strong family unit which leads to stronger communities. For many people the dinner table is still that place. For most of us, however, life has changed and schedules have scattered us so that we are not all in the same place long enough to share a meal.
That doesn’t mean you have to give up family time. I was reminded on an early pre-Spring evening that one way to make that connection is to take a walk together.
It had been warm all week. The weekend had been picture perfect and each day after that seemed to be trying to outdo the last in beautiful blue skies. Then we had a night of thunderstorms. The next day the rain was gone and blue skies were back. The air, however, carried with it a clinging chill that goes with the death them rows of summer. By some happenstance all three members of m family were home and not in a hurry to get to the next thing. So instead we all decide to go when it comes time for my husband to walk the dogs.
Our neighborhood is not very big. There are only two streets. So it doesn’t take long to make a loop around the block. As we go we talk. There were no distractions, everyone left their phone at home. We walked in the cool night air and talked about various subjects, serious and silly.
We talk often about ways to honor the family unit and ways to connect with each other that don’t involve bandwidth. We also talk about ways to sneak healthy activities into our daily routine. There is no better way to do all these things than by simply taking a walk.
Maybe you like taking a stroll on an early summer morning before the heat sets in. Maybe you like to walk among the falling leaves of autumn. Maybe the starkness of a winter landscape encourages you to explore on foot. Or, like me, you love nothing more than a walk in the fresh air of Spring. No matter what time of year you like best, even with the most hectic schedule everyone can find a way to take a 10 minute walk everyday or even every now and then to touch base with whoever makes up the members of your family. Like the hardy daffodils taking a walk with your family can be an early sign of a renewal of your relationship or a delicate reminder to notice the beauty of your relationships that can bloom when the time is right.
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At long last, winter is finally making way for spring! We couldn’t be more excited to welcome in the season of new leaves, flowers, and even those long afternoon rains.
Of course, spring is also the season of allergies for many of our patients, since those blooming flowers release lots of irritating pollen. If you always suffer from allergy symptoms at this time of year, you probably have no doubts about what’s causing your sniffing, sneezing, running nose, and other problems.
But maybe you’re unsure about whether or not you have allergies. In that case, this article is for you. We’ll be listing some ways to tell the difference between a cold and allergy symptoms. This won’t be quite as helpful as, say, seeing a Philadelphia allergy specialist, but it should help you begin to solve the mystery of your symptoms.
What Is a Cold?
The first step is to define these very different conditions. What we call the “common cold” is actually hundreds of different viruses that all cause similar symptoms. You contract a cold when someone with one coughs, sneezes, or shakes hands with you.
What Are Allergies?
Unlike colds, you can’t “catch” an allergy. They’re the result of an overactive immune system: The body responds to harmless substances like pollen with an immune response. While allergies aren’t contagious, you can inherit the tendency to develop them.
Cold Symptoms Versus Allergy Symptoms
A pollen allergy may look a lot like a common cold, but there are subtle differences between the experience of each:
- Time of year: With a cold, most often in winter. With allergies, any time of year, but often seasonal.
- Duration: With a cold, between three and fourteen days. With allergies, symptoms last as long as the allergen is present.
- Symptoms onset: With a cold, symptoms take a few days to reveal themselves after you’ve been infected. With allergies, symptoms start immediately after exposure to the allergen.
- Aches: With a cold, sometimes. With allergies, never.
- Cough: With a cold, often. With allergies, sometimes.
- Fever: With a cold, rarely. With allergies, never.
- Itchy, watery eyes: With a cold, rarely. With allergies, often.
- Fatigue: With a cold, sometimes. With allergies, sometimes.
- Sore throat: With a cold, often. With allergies, sometimes.
- Runny or stuffy nose: With a cold, often. With allergies, often.
One of the biggest differences is that a cold will almost never last longer than two weeks. If your symptoms persist after that, they may be the result of allergies — or of another problem, which is why you should see a physician.
If you’re afraid allergies will keep you indoors this spring, come see us! Our experienced Philadelphia allergy specialists can help determine the source of your symptoms and come up with an individualized treatment plan to lessen or relieve them. Our resources include the best in allergy testing, allergy shots, and other treatments.
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Summer’s heat wave: A sign of warmer years ahead?
State climatologist Jeff Andresen explains how this summer’s heat wave is related to climate change and MSU Extension offers a series of fact sheets on climate change.
This summer’s continuing heat wave and drought has many Michiganders actually looking forward to winter. Many have pointed to these weather events as evidence of climate change.
A common misconception is that “weather” and “climate” are terms that can be used interchangeably, but in fact they are two different things. Both climate and weather refer to variables such as temperature, precipitation and winds, but on different time scales. Weather is associated with short time periods, such as days and hours. Climate, on the other hand, deals with much longer periods of time, such as multiple decades or centuries.
According to Jeff Andresen, state climatologist and associate professor in Michigan State University’s (MSU) Department of Geography, the heat waves and the drought are not a direct result of climate change. They are a part of the natural variability of regional weather and in our Mid-latitudes location, the behavior of the jet stream. However, there is evidence that the Earth’s changing climate does make these extreme events worse and occur more frequently. The weather we have experienced recently is also consistent with climate change projections and should be a cause for concern, said Andresen.
Over the past 100 years, Michigan’s climate has become warmer. Since January of this year, Michigan temperatures have been above the average by 6.2 degrees F, and it doesn’t stop there. Projections suggest that Michigan and the entire Great Lakes region will continue to become warmer by several degrees during the next 50 to 100 years.
Michigan is not the only place experiencing this rise in temperature. Most regions of the world have seen an increased rate of warming since the 1970s. Scientists have documented that most of the warming is associated with increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and 97 percent of climate scientists agree that humans are in fact increasing Earth’s temperature.
For more information on climate change, download Climate Basics (E-3151) free of charge from the MSU Extension Bookstore and the KBS LTER website. Climate Basics introduces readers to the Earth’s complex climate system with a focus on the natural and human-induced causes of Earth’s changing climate. Climate Basics is a part of a fact series about climate and agriculture; PDF versions of Frequently Asked Questions About Climate Change, Greenhouse Gas Basics, and Field Crop Agriculture and Climate Change are available in both English and Spanish from the websites listed above.
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In January the government derided the current ICT teaching at schools as a "mess" and announced its replacement by Computer Science and Programming modules.
From the little exposure I have had to some of the teaching materials, I have to agree this needs to happen. The lack of quality teachers needs addressing, too.
Providing school children with exposure to all the areas of IT is the right thing to do and should build on the fact technology is central to their social lives - just try taking a teenager's mobile or iPod away.
The new curriculum must enable children to explore the different careers available and gain the skills they require for them - not just in programming and "traditional" IT roles that fall under the “Computer Science” banner used by the government, but also the careers that exist in related areas like creative, digital marketing and product design. This is a chance to create more Jonathan Ives as well as the next generation of IT experts, digital creative and marketers.
My suspicion is the Department of Education and their political masters have a blinkered view, focusing only on the careers mentioned above and the revenue companies like Google and Facebook can generate. That sort of reality distortion field will be familiar to anybody who has read Steve Job's biography.
The reality is the majority of the population will never become a programmer, digital marketer or a designer. They don't want to and they are not suited to those careers.
But all of them will use computers and technology during their lives for work and personal reasons. Everybody needs equipping with digital and information skills. These will have a direct impact on productivity, security and competitiveness on individual and company levels, nationally.
So schools must also be teaching digital skills that equip everybody to work in any industry, for example:
- The basics of digital technology (not just computers, but consumer devices, too)
- How to choose and buy devices (they're going to do this a lot in a lifetime)
- Fundamental computer skills and best practices (including how to be organised with files, the importance of back-ups etc... all the good habits that avoid data losses and add to stress when deadlines are looming)
- Security on both a technical and human level (this would also help combat online fraud and ID theft)
- Information skills (not just how to search, but also how to analyse the reliability of sources of information, and what sources there are beyond search)
- How to plan a presentation and effectively present (not just how to use PowerPoint to create a torturous, dull session of animations and smart art)
- Email and IM skills (how to communicate effectively with a "fast" medium, the draw backs of these mediums, and how to avoid email confrontations…)
- Collaborative working skills and techniques (as well as the current technologies that facilitate this)
- Digital health (RSI and back injuries, stress, declining eyesight, even Internet addiction are all recognised medical conditions that offices generally, and technology in particular, can make worse - and education can help avoid. The NHS is stretched enough as it is).
This is just my list of topics - including many of the skills I see missing in graduates, but also many older workers who had little or no IT teaching at school (myself included).
There's a real chance here to teach future generations digital skills that will fundamentally impact national productivity and international competitiveness across the UK workforce - and also create the entrepreneurs of the future.
By Duncan Parry, COO, STEAK
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Nicolas Bernier was an Italian-influenced French composer of motets and cantatas who lived from 1664 until 1734. Bernier is a lesser-known composer of the French baroque, who belonged to the generation that came between Lully and Rameau. Although he spent his formative years in Italy, he returned to Paris and held many different musical posts in churches there.
In 1711, Bernier published some works in his Troisième livre des cantates françoises. From this collection comes a cantata, which, interestingly, is in praise of coffee; a beverage that was unknown in France until 1669. The vocal melody and instrumental coloration of Le Caffé evokes an exotic quality, in keeping with early-18th century Europeans’ feelings towards this captivatingly foreign beverage. There are three airs, along with a prelude and three recitatives that make up Le Caffé, and the first of these resembles a sarabande. The poetry for this air, written by Bernier’s contemporary, Louis Fuzelier, describes the delights of caffeine-induced insomnia.
Ars Antigua Presents promotes the work of early music students at the high school and college levels. If you know of an ensemble that represents this next generation of performers, let us know and they may be featured on our podcast.
Podcast produced by Joshua Sauvageau
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The adjective resilient has been in use for decades in the field of dependable computing systems essentially as a synonym of fault-tolerant, thus generally ignoring the unexpected aspect of the phenomena the systems may have to face. These phenomena become of primary relevance when moving to systems like the future large, networked, evolving systems constituting complex information infrastructures — perhaps involving everything from super-computers and huge server "farms" to myriads of small mobile computers and tiny embedded devices, with humans being central part of the operation of such systems. Such systems are in fact the emergence of the ubiquitous systems that will support Ambient Intelligence.
From an educational point of view, very few Universities, if any, are offering a comprehensive and methodical curriculum that is able to provide students with a multi-disciplinary preparation that makes them able to cope with the challenges posed by the design of ubiquitous systems. Multi-disciplinarity spans over dependability, security, usability, human factors, legal issues and ethics. Thus, from the educational point of view there is the need to scale-up the spectrum of topics offered, to identify the best curricular structure to make successful both teaching and learning processes.
It is thus relevant to have an open worldwide forum in which the different educational approaches to teaching Resilient Computing are presented, compared and discussed to reach an agreed approach to this issue.
In addition it will be very valuable to collect together in a open and public database all available support material (as lecture’s slides, textbooks, relevant literature, links to useful sites, etc.) that covers the different facets of multi-disciplinarity.
A first attempt to offer to our community a proposal for an MSc curriculum in Resilient Computing and gather extended support material has been done very recently in the European Network of Excellence ReSIST – Resilience for Survivability in IST – run from January 2006 to March 2009. All information on the proposed MSc curriculum and related courseware is on-line at and can be used as a first step in the proposed SIG.
The primary aims of the proposed SIG are:
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Legal Reform Needed to Promote Social Equality
Dean Spade visited Hamilton on Oct. 10 to lecture on the effectiveness of legal reform to promote social equality. Spade, associate professor at the Seattle University School of Law, focused his discussion on struggles and obstacles faced by the American trans community.
Spade has spent his adult life as a transgender civil rights advocate founding the Sylvia Rivera Law Project in 2002. The Sylvia Rivera Law Project is a legal aid organization that provides free legal services to transgender, intersex, and gender non-conforming individuals. The organization is also dedicated to public education initiatives, focusing on policy reforms of state-sanctioned discrimination on the basis of gender identity and expression.
Spade told his audience of the discrimination and violence commonly faced by trans people. He explained that many trans youth are kicked out of their homes by their parents and that it is not uncommon to be expelled from school for using the bathroom that matches their identity. Trans youth often end up in the foster care system or adult homeless shelters, which automatically categorize them by their birth gender. Due to this grouping, sexual assault and hate violence are very prominent in these “safe” spaces.
Similarly, trans adults who do not qualify for welfare, because they are deemed drug addicts, are not accepted into rehabilitation facilities because of the gender binary divide. However, without mandatory drug rehabilitation, they are not eligible for other government-run social programs and are halted in their search of a livable existence.
Although Spade’s work primarily focuses on programs that will impact the future, to create these policies he looks toward our past. Spade drew many comparisons between the struggle of the trans community and that of the black community in the 1960s. Despite seeking a “colorblind society” with the implementation of antidiscrimination laws and formal legal equality, racism and prejudice still play a major role in social and legal matters.
Realizing this, Spade directs his programs not toward legal reform, but rather toward those most vulnerable. He believes that change does not trickle down from a judicial level; instead, it must affect those at the bottom and trickle up. To accomplish this, Spade’s organization does three types of work: survival work, dismantling work and building alternatives. Survival work is poverty centered and serves as the focal point for the movement.
This work is not charity, Spade makes clear; rather it is the refusal to abandon anyone and has its roots in mutual aid. Dismantling work focuses on deconstructing unfair and biased programs or initiatives that are responsible for putting large numbers of trans people in jail. Finally, building alternatives is the most important step because it creates support systems and directly impacts individuals.
Spade concluded by stating, “social justice activism isn’t a career, it’s a way of life.” He explained that grassroots programs are the key to promoting social change and that to be an ally you simply have to listen and support those who are victimized. In honor of National Coming Out Day, Hamilton is releasing an Out and Ally List sponsored by the Rainbow Alliance, proudly displaying its support for the LGBTQ community.
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Welsh alphabet. Note that there is no J, K, Q, V, X or Z. However the most common surname in Wales is Jones, and there is a little village called Vivod. And if you find this interesting, just do a search for the definition of a Welsh Mile.
Map of Wales showing the old counties before the modern restructure.
the most famous symbol of Wales, the Red Dragon, or as it is known in Welsh, " Y Ddraig Goch" (pronounced uh thraig go-k)
A restored farmhouse in the Welsh countryside | Period Living
The Welsh House | Traditional welsh cottage | Holiday cottage
A restored farmhouse in the Welsh countryside | Period Living. Love the fireplace and woodburner
The Welsh House - Bryncyn - review and blog at meandorla. Wooden chair, woolen blankets and concrete walls. Minimalist and modern meets old interiors.
The old road to Ogwen, an original watercolour painting by Rob Piercy
The study found that Britain can be divided into 17 distinct genetic 'clans', as shown in the map above
Celebrating St David's Day, the Welsh national day - 1st March.
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MATLAB, by Gilat, Amos
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9781118629864 | 1118629868
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 1/28/2014
MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications 5th Edition walks readers through the ins and outs of this powerful software for technical computing. The text describes basic features of the program and shows how to use it in simple arithmetic operations with scalars. The topic of arrays (the basis of MATLAB) is examined, along with a wide range of other applications. MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications 5th Edition is presented gradually and in great detail, generously illustrated through computer screen shots and step-by-step tutorials, and applied in problems in mathematics, science, and engineering
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The Gospel of Matthew, Part 52
This chapter shows us the things that Jesus said about the future and give us the vision of the things to come. This chapter comes after the pronouncement of Judgement when Jesus speaks to the scribes and Pharisees.
A) THE SIEGE OF JERUSALEM
Christ is speaking about the destruction of the Temple in 70
AD. This is what Jesus foresaw; these are the things he forewarned. We must never forget that not only men but nations need the wisdom of Christ. Christ laid down the laws by which alone a nation can prosper, and by disregard of which it can do no other than miserably perish.
B) THE DAY OF THE LORD
God has not abandoned the world and we must not be discouraged at the crescendo of evil within the world. Destruction is a prelude to recreation.
We cannot take the pictures in their details word for word. They are only symbolic and which use the only pictures which the minds of men could conceive.
The basic meaning is this, whatever the world is like, God has not abandoned it.
C) THE PERSECUTION TO COME
Christ is brutally honest. He ever promised his disciples an easy way; he promised them death and suffering and persecution. The real Church will always be persecuted so long as it exists in a world which is not Christian.
Christ offers us the following:
1. A New Loyalty
2. A New Standard
3. A New Example
4. A New Conscience
Posted by the Orthodox Christian Network. You can find the Orthodox Christian Network on Google+
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Parent-teacher conferences. Those three words make many parents nervous. It's understandable: Parents fear hearing the worst about their child's progress and performance, and teachers can sometimes be intimidating. Here are ten strategies to help you rid yourself of any preconference anxiety and make the meeting a productive step toward your child's education.
1. Come on time, and don't stay past your allotted time. The teacher has all the other parents to meet with in tightly scheduled time blocks. If you are late, your session may be shortened. Consider this conference the first installment in your ongoing contact with the teacher.
2. Make a list of things you want to discuss with the teacher, and number your list from most to least important so that you cover the more pressing topics first. If you rely on your memory, you may forget what you planned to say. Take along your child's homework or report card to document your concerns.
3. Introduce yourself and begin with a smile and a genuine compliment; don't assume the teacher knows who you are. A smile will set both your minds at ease. You may not realize that teachers are often just as nervous as you are about conferences! So find something nice to say about the classroom environment or a special subject your child talks about. For example, "Hi, I'm Tina's mother and she's been telling me how much she loves the science experiments you do in class."
4. Look the teacher in the eye and be ready to listen. Let him direct the conversation; the information he shares may answer some of your questions. Be sure to ask the teacher to explain anything you don't understand, especially if he begins using educational jargon that's not familiar to you. Remember, if the teacher is talking about a topic on your list but you still have a question, now is the time to ask it. Take a pen and paper along to jot down things to tell your child or spouse later.
5. Be positive and ask objective questions. Beginning with a complaint will probably close the doors to helpful communication between you and the teacher. But it can be tricky to ask questions without seeming to pick a fight. Here are some questions to consider:
- How would you describe my child's academic progress?
- Does my child behave in school?
- What are my child's work habits?
- How does my child get along with the other children?
- How much homework will my child receive each week?
- How much should I be helping my child with her homework?
Then, be ready to plan with the teacher some ways for your child to be more successful in school. Don't assume the teacher has all the answers. You might suggest, "We can turn the TV off for 45 minutes every night if that's how long you think Jason's homework will take."
6. Expect to hear about your child's problem areas. A good teacher will summarize a child's strengths before describing problems. But with limited time to talk and in hopes that you can help your child at home, many teachers immediately focus on a child's weaknesses. Don't be defensive, but try to determine if or how your child may be different at home -- and let the teacher know. If the teacher says that your child doesn't work well in a group, you might say, "In Boy Scouts, David loves working with other boys to earn badges." Then, you and the teacher have some information to explore together. What's the purpose of the group, and who else besides your child is in it? Perhaps the groups need to rotate more often, or your child needs clearer expectations for his work.
7. Ask for handouts. Good teachers know how to save time in a conference, and they also know not to send you home empty-handed. They often have curriculum materials prepared for you to read. Keep them to refer to during the year -- they can answer questions that may occur to you later about classroom policies, the social-studies curriculum, or events such as field trips. The teacher's telephone number and/or e-mail address may also be included.
8. Take advantage of the opportunity to meet with your child's teacher early in the year. At the conference, give her your telephone number and the best times to reach you, or perhaps your e-mail address. In fact, sending occasional notes during the year keeps you in touch with the teacher and shows that you care about your child's education. Most teachers appreciate the contact with parents and may even write back. Once you've met the teacher face-to-face, telephone and e-mail contact is easier and can yield better results. But be sure you don't become a nuisance to the teacher or take over your child's responsibilities. Ultimately, it is your child's job to know what the homework is and when the tests are.
9. Volunteer to share your skills in the classroom. Even if you work or have a busy schedule, don't assume that you have nothing to bring to the classroom. There are many ways for parents to be involved:
- Be a guest speaker or find one. You can easily talk about your own job or a hobby; or you may know someone interesting who can speak to the class about a relevant topic.
- Invite the class to visit your place of work. If you work in a store, let them come see how the business is run. If you work in a hospital, give them a tour of the pediatrics ward.
- Offer to chaperone the class on a field trip. If you work, take a day or half-day of vacation. You'll enjoy it -- and you'll get a chance to see your child in a whole new light.
- Help with the class newsletter. If you are a working parent, share the job with a committee so that you have do it only once or twice a year. (And let your child help, too!)
- Be an at-home tutor. If your child needs tutoring in reading and your friend's child needs math help, swap kids for one or two hours a week. A child often learns better with someone other than a parent, and parents have different strengths to share.
- Send ethnic foods to the classroom. Prepare something that is special to your family -- egg rolls, blintzes, or baklava -- or, let your child bring in an unusual vegetable or fruit for a holiday celebration or to fit a special unit of study.
10. End with a thank-you. Instead of rehashing your concerns or your child's problems, thank the teacher for her time and conclude with a genuine pledge of support. You may want to say something like, "Now that I understand the things you're doing in the classroom, I'll be able to help more at home. I know we both have my child's best interests at heart, and I want to work with you to help him succeed." Ending the conference on a positive note leaves you both feeling that you are partners in helping your child learn and succeed in school.
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Dealing with Extreme Heat
Heat kills by pushing the human body beyond its limits. In extreme heat, the body must work extra hard to maintain a normal temperature. Most heat disorders occur because the victim has been overexposed to heat or has over-exercised for his or her age and physical condition. Older adults, young children, and those who are sick or overweight are more likely to succumb to extreme heat.
FEMA, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, today posted several tips on dealing with extreme heat:
- Cover windows that receive morning or afternoon sun with drapes, shades, awnings or louvers. Outdoor awnings or louvers can reduce the heat that enters a home by up to 80 percent.
- When the weather is extremely hot, stay indoors as much as possible and limit exposure to the sun. Consider spending the warmest part of the day in air-conditioned public buildings such as libraries, schools, movie theaters and shopping malls.
- Never leave children or pets alone in closed vehicles. Even at home, check on your animals frequently to ensure that they are not suffering from the heat.
- Postpone outdoor games and activities; protect your face and head by wearing a wide-brimmed hat.
- Drink plenty of water and avoid drinks with caffeine or alcohol. Avoid strenuous work during the warmest part of the day and take frequent breaks.
Extreme heat brings with it the possibility of heat-induced illnesses. Simple first aid treatment can relieve symptoms of over-exposure and even save lives.
- For heat cramps, move the person to a cooler location. Lightly stretch and gently massage affected muscles to relieve spasms, and give the person sips of cool water every 15 minutes.
- Heat exhaustion is evidenced by dizziness, nausea and exhaustion, as well as pale, cool skin. Get the person to lie down in a cool place and loosen clothing. Apply cool, wet cloths, and give the person sips of water.
- Heat stroke can be a severe medical emergency and requires immediate attention. With heat stroke, the person will probably not sweat unless sweating from a recent strenuous activity. The person will probably have hot, red skin and a rapid, weak pulse and rapid, shallow breathing. They might be unconsciousness. Call 9-1-1 or emergency medical services, or get the person to a hospital immediately. Move them to a cooler environment and try a cool bath or wet sheet to reduce body temperature.
When heat waves strike, conditions can be dangerous and even life-threatening. Don’t take chances. Use common sense and take the proper precautions. For more suggestions, visit www.ready.gov/heat.
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April 19, 1861 – Troops of the 6th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment traveling through Baltimore fired on a jeering mob of citizens, sparking mass unrest.
Federal troops heeding President Abraham Lincoln’s call for volunteers needed to pass through Baltimore, a major railroad hub, to get to Washington, D.C. Some Pennsylvania units had made the trip on April 18 and informed capital officials of the poor reception they received from secessionists and city gangs such as the “plug uglies” in predominately pro-Confederate Baltimore. The Massachusetts men came through the next day.
The train carrying the soldiers arrived at the President Street Station at 10:30 a.m. Baltimore Mayor George W. Brown asserted that neither he nor city police had been notified that Federal troops would be arriving that day. To complete their journey to the capital, the Massachusetts men had to have their 10 rail cars drawn by horses along a connecting line to the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, a mile across town at the Camden Street Station.
Resentful crowds gathered in the streets to curse and jeer the troops as they passed. The first eight cars went through with no incident, but the mob pelted the ninth car with paving stones and bricks, shattering windows and injuring some troops. Debris on the tracks prevented the 10th car from passing. The men had to detrain and march the remaining distance to Camden Street. Officers instructed their men to load their rifles but not to fire unless ordered to do so.
As the mob cursed and pelted the scared, inexperienced soldiers with brickbats and paving stones, shots rang out. When the smoke cleared, Colonel Edward Jones reported that the 6th had lost three killed (later amended to four) and 39 wounded. Mayor Brown reported that 12 civilians had been killed and dozens of others wounded, though the total figure was unknown.
These marked the first combat casualties of the war. Prominent journalist George Templeton Strong wrote, “It’s a notable coincidence that the first blood in this great struggle is drawn by Massachusetts men on the anniversary” of the Battles of Lexington and Concord that sparked the War for Independence 86 years before.
Mayor Brown and Police Marshal George Kane tried protecting the soldiers by getting them to the station and hustling them onto rail cars as soon as possible. The train left the Camden Street Station around 12:45 p.m. The soldiers left their dead, some of their wounded, and their regimental band. City police returned baggage and equipment that had been seized by the mob. Some 17 wounded soldiers were carried into the capital on stretchers. Those killed were packed with ice and returned to Massachusetts for honorable interment.
The 6th Massachusetts took up quarters in the Senate chamber of the U.S. Capitol. Baltimore authorities restored order by evening, after rioters had caused thousands of dollars’ worth of property damage.
When a rumor spread that more Federal troops were approaching the city via the northern railroads, Governor Thomas H. Hicks reluctantly approved the recommendation of Mayor Brown and Police Marshal Kane to destroy four railroad bridges leading from Philadelphia and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Secessionists also cut telegraph lines.
Cutting rail and telegraph lines prevented Washington from receiving reinforcements or communications, thus isolating the capital from the North for nearly a week. Many capital visitors quickly fled town, while residents closed their businesses and barricaded their homes. Mayor Brown dispatched three representatives to deliver a letter to President Lincoln warning about Baltimore’s volatility:
“The people are exasperated to the highest degree by the passage of troops, and the citizens are universally decided in the opinion that no more should be ordered to come… It is my solemn duty to inform you that it is not possible for more soldiers to pass through Baltimore unless they fight their way at every step.”
A demonstration took place on the night of the 19th at Baltimore’s Monument Square, where speakers denounced the Lincoln administration and called for Maryland to secede. Governor Hicks, who had straddled both sides of the secession question, now joined the secessionists in declaring to the crowd: “I will suffer my right arm to be torn from my body before I will raise it to strike a sister State.” The next day, Hicks further emboldened the secessionists by informing the Lincoln administration that order could only be maintained by prohibiting the entry of Federal troops.
President Lincoln conferred with General-in-Chief Winfield Scott and then responded by temporarily closing the Baltimore line of transport: “For the future, troops must be brought here (Washington), but I make no point of bringing them through Baltimore.”
The Federals created an alternate route through Maryland via water to Annapolis. Brigadier General Benjamin F. Butler’s 8th Massachusetts paraded his men through that town before they rebuilt damaged railroad tracks on their march to the capital on foot. The Annapolis route, though slower, bypassed the Baltimore problem for now.
Meanwhile, Washington remained in chaos since Federals took more time coming to the city’s defense. Many feared that secessionists would invade at any time. Cut off from reinforcements or communications, wild rumors spreading throughout the capital were taken as fact.
Northerners were outraged by Maryland’s defiance of Federal authority. Massachusetts soon provided double its quota of troops for the war effort. New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley declared that Baltimore should “be burned with fire and leveled to the earth and made an abode for owls and satyrs and a place for fishermen to dry their nets.”
Marylanders responded differently. School teacher James Randall, a native Marylander reading about the Baltimore riot from New Orleans, composed the poem “My Maryland.” This denounced the Federal invasion of Maryland, and its circulation increased when Baltimore socialite sisters Jennie and Hettie Cary began singing it to audiences to the tune of the Yale song “Lauriger Horatius.” A publisher later changed the song accompaniment to “O Tannenbaum,” a 1799 German song also known as “Oh Christmas Tree.”
- Angle, Paul M., A Pictorial History of the Civil War Years (New York: Doubleday, 1967), p. 42-43
- Catton, Bruce, The American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War (New York: American Heritage Publishing Co., 1960), p. 63, 85
- Davis, Jefferson, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government (Kindle Edition 2008, 1889), Loc 5818-29
- Davis, William C., First Blood: Fort Sumter to Bull Run (Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1983), p. 24-26
- Denney, Robert E., The Civil War Years: A Day-by-Day Chronicle (New York: Gramercy Books, 1992 [1998 edition]), p. 36
- Fredriksen, John C., Civil War Almanac (New York: Checkmark Books, 2007), p. 24
- Goodwin, Doris Kearns, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005), p. 352
- Hall, James O., Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War (New York: Harper & Row, 1986, Patricia L. Faust ed.), p. 37
- Kelly, Dennis P., Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War (New York: Harper & Row, 1986, Patricia L. Faust ed.), p. 478
- Klein, Frederic S., Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War (New York: Harper & Row, 1986, Patricia L. Faust ed.), p. 479
- Linedecker, Clifford L. (ed.), Civil War A to Z (Ballantine Books, 2002), p. 29
- Long, E.B. with Long, Barbara, The Civil War Day by Day (New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1971), p. 61-63
- McPherson, James M., Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (Oxford History of the United States Book 6, Oxford University Press, Kindle Edition, 1988), p. 285
- Pollard, Edward A., Southern History of the War (New York: The Fairfax Press, 1990), p. 70
- Time-Life Editors, Spies, Scouts and Raiders: Irregular Operations (Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1983), p. 12-13
- Ward, Geoffrey C., Burns, Ric, Burns, Ken, The Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), p. 62
- Wert, Jeffry D., Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War (New York: Harper & Row, 1986, Patricia L. Faust ed.), p. 359-60
- White, Howard Ray, Bloodstains, An Epic History of the Politics that Produced and Sustained the American Civil War and the Political Reconstruction that Followed (Southernbooks, Kindle Edition, 2012), Q261
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The rotary switch, or rotary selector switch, is used to select one of several options. The switches are usually mechanical so pull-up resistors and debouncing needs to be used. See Mechanical Switches for more information.
As shown in the schematic above, each output of a rotary switch needs its own pin. If the rotary switch has many outputs, consider using a Coded Rotary Switch.
The rotary switch will appear on the HID device as an input with values that range from 0 to outputs - 1.
Components can be given an optional name. This is seen in the Test tab. Not all applications support the name. Hidcomp/hidconfig supports names.
The UsagePage and Usage of the Rotary Switch. See Usages for more information.
The number of outputs on the selector switch. Note that the display of the rotary switch isn't updated when the number of outputs is changed. There is also a limit of 12 outputs. If you need more than 12 outputs, you'll need to define the device via an .mcd file
Selecting this enables the internal pull-up resistor of the microcontroller. This is the normally setting. See Mechanical Switches for more information.
Waits for the mechanical switch stop bouncing before registering a switch closure. Enter the time to wait in milliseconds. See Mechanical Switches for more information.
Defines the amount of electrical current used by the rotary switch in mA. This is used to estimate the USB power draw. See the section on Power for more information.
Current drawn by switches is usually insignificant and can be set to 0.
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Eating too many sweets cannot be placed in the same league as smoking or excessive drinking but its not a million miles away.
This is because the majority of sweets are made exclusively from refined sugar which has absolutely zero nutritional value. You may as well be eating cardboard.
But a much greater problem of refined sugar, is that it builds up in the blood (as glucose) to such an extent that much of it is eventually stored by the body - it cannot do anything else with it! This stored glucose then transforms itself into fat and that extra fat obviously causes weight gain.
The refined sugar in sweets also plays havoc with you're energy levels (giving you a quick boost followed by a huge slump) which can lead to everything from headaches and excessive perspiration to more series disorders such as Type II diabetes.
Can a gastric balloon be the answer to obesity?
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Aged appears in the following palindrome (phrase that reads the same backward as forward):
- Degas, are we not drawn onward, we freer few, drawn onward to new eras aged?
On this page:
- Definition of the adjective aged
- Definition of the noun aged
- Definition of the verb aged
- Other definitions of aged
- Phrases with Aged
- Printed dictionaries and other books with definitions for Aged
- Online dictionaries and encyclopedias with entries for Aged
- Photos about Aged
- Video language resources about Aged
- Sign language
- Quotes about Aged
- Scrabble value of A1G2E1D2
- Anagrams of AGED
- Share this page
The word aged is considered to be an easy one, according to the Dale-Chall word list, which includes 3000 words that all fourth-grade American students should know and understand.
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Definition of the adjective aged
What does aged mean as an attribute of a noun?
adjective - degrees: more aged / most aged
- advanced in years; (`aged' is pronounced as two syllables)
- at an advanced stage of erosion (pronounced as one syllable)
- example: aged rocks
- similar: worn
- having attained a specific age; (`aged' is pronounced as one syllable)
- of wines, fruit, cheeses; having reached a desired or final condition; (`aged' pronounced as one syllable)
- (used of tobacco) aging as a preservative process (`aged' is pronounced as one syllable)
Alternative definition of the adjective aged
- See Old.
- Undergone the effects of time, improving as a result.
Definition of the noun aged
What does aged mean as a name of something?
- people who are old collectively
Definition of the verb aged
What does aged mean as a doing word?
- past of age
Other definitions of aged
What does aged also mean?
- Having the age of.
Phrases with Aged
Printed dictionaries and other books with definitions for Aged
Click on a title to look inside that book (if available):
The Encyclopedia of Learning by Sheryl Feinstein
million Americans aged 12 or older were current (past month) illicit drug users, meaning they had used an illicit drug during the month prior to the survey interview. This estimate represents 8.7 ...
Barclay's English Dictionary. With which is incorporated a complete modern gazetteer, a beautiful atlas of maps and also a pronouncing dictionary (1822)
by James Barclay (Curate of Edmonton.), William SHORTON
Robert, natural and experimental philosophy and theology, aged64, 1691 Baxter, Richard, divinity, aged 76, .
by Kyriakos S. Markides
For example, privately owned nursing homes provide the majority of long-term aged care beds. Aged care services in Australia have been significantly restructured since 1985, when the Home and Community Care Act was introduced. During ...
Social, Cultural, and Historical Perspectives by Scott C. Martin
Jim Beam and Other Products Today's lineup of Jim Beam products includes mostly bourbons: Jim Beam Original (aged four years, 80 proof); Jim Beam Choice (aged five years, 80 proof, charcoal filtered like Tennessee whiskey): Jim Beam ...
aged 87 years. Hinsch, M. C., secretary of the Security Fire of Davenport, died at Chicago on April 30. - Hosford, A., R.
by Denis Hayes
is designed for children aged 5–7 and follows on directly after the foundation stage for children aged 3–5 years, which terminates at the end of the reception year. KS1 applies to pupils in school year 1 (5–6 years of age) and ...
Online dictionaries and encyclopedias with entries for Aged
Click on a label to prioritize search results according to that topic:
Photos about Aged
Click on an item to view that photo:
If you need related images for an article or a report, you can download stock photos:
Video language resources about Aged
Click on an item to play that video:
- Aged Meaning
Video shows what aged means. Old.. Undergone the effects of time, improving as a result.. aged pronunciation. How to pronounce, definition by Wiktionary ...
- Nic aged 3 Tusken Raider Explanation...
Nic aged 3 Tusken Raider Explanation...This was taken 15 Dec 2006.
- Pioneering internet language computer programmer dies aged 75
SHOTLIST November 26, 1994 1. Street scene during campaign 2. SOUNDBITE: (English) Kristen Nygaard, professor: "First and most of all, people have to vote, ...
- Video Presentation: Language Disorders School Aged Children
A brief demonstration of a lesson plan for a school-aged child with a language disorder.
- CERAN Language courses for students aged between 9 and 18 - English
CERAN organises a summer language school for young people during the school holidays. Courses are available in Belgium or in England in complete ...
- School Aged Language Technology Teaching Tool
- CERAN Language courses for adults aged 18 and above - English
An immersion course implies learning a new language within a minimum amount of time. Take an immersion course and make rapid progress in Arabic, Dutch, ...
- The language of children aged 4 months cute baby funny
View more videos about aged R-value.
See also the pronunciation examples of Aged!
Lucas sign language - Makaton aged 2
lucas age 2.
Quotes about Aged
Scrabble value of A1G2E1D2
The value of this 4-letter word is 6 points. It is included in the first and second editions of the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary.
Anagrams of AGED
What do you get if you rearrange the letters?
What do you get if you reverse the order of the letters?
See also the index of semordnilaps!
What do you get if you rearrange the letters in other ways?
See also the blanagrams of Aged!
Share this page
Go to the usage examples of Aged to see it in context!
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Navarro County, Texas
|This article is a stub. Help us to expand it by contributing your knowledge. For county page guidelines, visit U.S. County Page Content Suggestions.|
Navarro is a county in Texas. It was formed in 1846 from the following county/ies: Robertson. Navarro began keeping birth records in 1903, marriage records in 1846, and death records in 1903. It began keeping land records in 1838, probate records in 1846, and court records in 1855. For more information, contact the county at P.O. Box 423, Corsicana 75151-0423. On the attached map, Navarro is located at M13.
For information about the state of Texas see Texas Family History Research.
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How to make a smooth transition from home to camp
Encourage your child's independence throughout the year with sleepovers.
Discuss what camp will be like before your child leaves, including role-playing anticipated situations, such as using a flashlight to find the bathroom.
Reach an agreement ahead of time on calling each other. If your child's camp has a no-phone-calls policy, honor it.
Send a note or care package ahead of time to arrive the first day of camp.
Acknowledge, in a positive way, that you will miss your child. For example, say: "I am going to miss you, but I know that you will have a good time at camp."
Don't bribe a child to stay. Linking a successful stay at camp to a material object sends the wrong message. The reward should be your child's newfound confidence and independence.
Pack a personal item from home, such as a stuffed animal.
When a "rescue call" comes from the child, offer calm reassurance and put the time frame into perspective. Avoid the temptation to take the child home early.
Talk candidly with the camp director to obtain his/her perspective on your child's adjustment.
Don't feel guilty encouraging your child to stay at camp. For many children, camp is a first step toward independence and plays an important role in their growth and development.
Trust your instincts. Severe homesickness is rare. However, a child who is not adjusting to camp after a reasonable amount of time should be allowed to return home.
For more advice on sending a child off to camp, see the website www.acacamps.org.
(c) Copyright 2001. The Christian Science Monitor
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A nutritionist, also known as a dietitian, organizes and lays out food programs from beginning to end. This can include meal preparation and the serving of meals. Nutritionists may delay, prevent, or treat illnesses by providing or modifying a client’s diet. Clients with high blood pressure might receive tips on designing a low sodium diet, for example.
Nutritionists are usually able to enjoy steady hours with respectable salaries. Health and life insurance may be included as part of the compensation package. Vacation time and sick leave days are typically allotted to nutritionists on a yearly basis.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the median annual wages for a nutritionist was $50,590 in May of 2008. The lowest 10% of nutritionists earned below $31,460. The middle 50% of nutritionists earned between $41,060 and $61,790. The highest 10% of nutritionists earned above $73,410.*
Nutritionists working in food research and development had the highest median annual wages at $66,061. Private business and consulting nutritionists earned $60,008 per year. Community nutritionists earned the lowest median annual wages at $48,006.*
*According to the BLS, http://www.bls.gov/oco/
Salaries for nutritionists varied by geographic location and level of experience. Suburban nutritionists typically earned more than rural or urban nutritionists. Nutritionists with a master’s or doctoral degree typically earned significantly more than average, as did nutritionists certified as Registered Dietitians by the American Dietetic Association.
Training and Education Requirements
A nutritionist will need a minimum of a bachelor’s degree. Nutritionists usually major in dietetics, foods and nutrition, food service systems management, or a major related to these. Graduate level coursework is highly recommended for nutritionists looking to work in the upper echelon of the field. Graduate level students study foods, institution management, nutrition, psychology, and sociology among others. Suggested additional coursework for nutritionists includes business and economics, which will help nutritionists determine appropriate nutrition plans for clients with budgets.
The American Dietetic Association’s Commission on Accreditation for Dietetics Education had approved 279 bachelor’s degree and 18 master’s degree programs by 2008. Attending an accredited school is recommended for nutritionists.
Most states required nutritionists to hold a license or undergo an examination. Certification from the American Dietetic Association as a Registered Dietitian can improve the chances of advancement or promotion.
Job Description and Outlook
A nutritionist may work in an office or hospital setting for most of their workday. However, most nutritionists will spend time in a kitchen on a regular basis. This can include checking or organizing food ingredients, showing how to prepare or cook a specific item, or altering a meal plan. Nutritionists may have to travel to attend meetings and meet with clients in their homes.
Most nutritionists work a standard 40 hour work week. Some nutritionists offered weekend hours. Food research and development nutritionists may work increasing hours as deadlines approach. Consultant nutritionists usually work hours of their own choosing. Consultants may have to travel more than salaried nutritionists. Roughly 19% of nutritionists had only part-time hours in 2008.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) believes the demand for nutritionists will grow about 9% between 2008 and 2018. An aging population in the U.S. will create more demand for nutritionists in community health programs, hospitals, and assisted living facilities. In addition, public interest in healthy lifestyles and food education is expected to increase.*
*According to the BLS, http://www.bls.gov/oco/
Nutritionists with work experience or educational coursework in diabetic and renal nutrition or gerontological nutrition are expected to see the highest rate of demand. Nutritionists with master’s level degrees or extra certifications will have greater opportunities to choose their positions.
Currently, 46 states have laws to govern nutritionists and dietitians. Of these 46 states, 33 require a license to practice, 12 require statutory certification, and 1 merely requires registration. Specific legal requirements may apply depending upon the state. In the 33 license-requiring states, only people with a license may practice as a nutritionist. For the 12 statutory certification states, only people holding the certification may be titled a nutritionist or dietitian. People without certification can still practice the work, but cannot advertise or be titled as a nutritionist or dietitian to the public. Licenses and state certifications will not transfer between states. Nutritionists should contemplate where they want to work before sitting for a state’s examination.
The Commission on Dietetic Registration of the American Dietetic Association certifies nutritionists as Registered Dietitians. The certification is different from state certifications. An ADA Registered Dietitian requires academic coursework and a supervised internship. Supervised internships must be accredited opportunities by the Commission on Dietetic Registration. An examination can then be taken to apply. A Registered Dietitian must take at least 75 credit hours of approved coursework every five years to maintain the certification.
The American Dietetic Association (ADA) counts nearly 67,000 food and nutrition professionals among its members. About 75% of their members are registered nutritionists. First founded in 1917, the ADA works to advance food science and public health. The ADA publishes nutrition-related papers and helps to establish food and nutrition guidelines. The Journal of the American Dietetic Association is a monthly research publication oriented towards advances in the field of dietetics.
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<urn:uuid:95ea50d1-7b98-4207-a386-bd3b91663ac9>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.highersalary.com/health/nutritionist/
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Today is Maundy Thursday — no, not Monday Thursday, which would be an interesting concept: society could work Monday through Thursday, with Fridays off! Some Christians misunderstand that this day is only a “Catholic” celebration. Christians both ancient and modern have remembered Christ’s last supper with his disciples on Maundy Thursday, which begins the great triduum, the three days of the paschal celebration.
The word “maundy” comes from the Latin word maundatum for “commandment”, which comes from Jesus’ words from the last supper: “I give you a new commandment; that you love one another…” The full Latin phase is maundatum novarum, which means “a new commandment.” According to Robert Webber (The Services of the Christian Year, #252), these words were translated in the French word mande. This in turn was anglicized into “maundy.”
During this day, Christians celebrate Jesus’ last supper with his disciples through serving and receiving communion with a special service. Often, all of or some of John 13 is read. This scripture recalls:
- The celebration of Passover
- The plan of betrayal against Jesus by Judas
- How washed his disciples feet
- Peter’s rejection of the washing, but then wants his hands and head washed
- Jesus told his disciples to wash one another’s feet
- The Last Supper
- The new commandment
Webber also teaches us the purpose and meaning of the Maundy Thursday worship service:
A primary meaning of this service is to celebrate the giving of the new commandment to love one another, a commandment given in the context of Jesus washing the disciple’s feet. When we celebrate this service, the covenant between God and ourselves is renewed, and we are made ready for his death and resurrection. The agape meal… symbolizes, as the meals in the Old Testament did, the relationship we have with God.
Maundy Thursday is the time in which we remember the final acts of Jesus and focus on Christ’s sacrifice for us. This is all done in order to achieve a more profound “Alleluia” for Easter morning.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.alanrudnick.org/2012/04/05/why-we-call-today-maundy-thursday/
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Model studies of the middle atmosphere of Venus
Newman, Matthew, 1961-
MetadataShow full item record
Zonal winds reach in excess of 100 m/s in the middle atmosphere of Venus; the cloud-level atmosphere takes little more than 4 days to complete one rotation, while the solid planet below has a 243-day rotation period. This phenomenon, known as superrotation, is the central problem of the Venus atmosphere. The question we address is how the superrotation maintains itself against friction in the middle atmosphere, and in particular, what are the eddy processes that maintain equatorial superrotation. Also of interest in the cloud-top atmosphere is a feature known as the polar dipole, a pair of hot spots that orbit the pole with a period of about 3 days. Previous linear analyses have suggested that the dipole could be due to barotropic instability.In the first part of the thesis, we examine the interaction of barotropically unstable polar Rossby wave with the mean cloud-top zonal circulation. Linear, quasi-linear, and nonlinear regimes are investigated in order to isolate the factors that control the properties of these waves. We find that the observed properties of the dipole at high latitudes on Venus may not be explained by barotropic instability theory. In the second part of the thesis we employ a zonally-truncated three-dimensional model of the Venus middle atmosphere. We find that the interaction of the diurnal and semidiurnal thermal tides with the zonal mean flow can maintain the observed cloud top superrotation. The model system tends toward a zonal wind pattern similar to that observed, despite model initializations that were either faster or slower than the final winds. Moreover, our model suggests that the origin of the observed midlatitude '5-day wave' is baroclinic instability within the lower cloud. Finally, the diurnal tidal winds have large amplitude at the cloud tops. This may distort the interpretation of cloud-tracked winds, which use dayside observations only.
- Atmospheric sciences
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<urn:uuid:6b3c3b14-0b9e-4d09-9e87-3c4f47074da6>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/10060
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A relatively large white float discovered during a bird survey on Salmon Creek Beach on 19 June 2012. It was ~21 inches long.
There were a few faded Asian characters visible on one end (see below).
At least two species of barnacles were growing on the float.
The large pink species is probably Megabalanus californicus — a barnacle that is generally rare north of San Francisco (but we think it has been found on buoys as far north as the Oregon border). [We're looking into this further and will report back if it's identified as a different species.]
The smaller gray/white stalked species are pelagic gooseneck barnacles (Lepas sp.).
Some people have asked me if objects like this float could be related to the March 2011 tsunami in Japan. Unfortunately, I'm not sure how to identify something that is specifically related to the tsunami as we observe objects with Asian characters on local beaches every year (especially after strong westerly winds).
But don't you wonder about the journey of this float and the animals associated with it?
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://bodegahead.blogspot.com/2012/06/journey.html
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Skiing: From Necessity to Sport
A winter sport, skiing was primarily done on snow. It has become so popular that people want to ski even on grass. Roller skis and ski simulators are also some ways it can be enjoyed even without snow.
A skiing adventure is not complete without the right equipment which involves skis, a helmet, poles, a ski suit, boots as well as bindings. Skis can have skins applied to them or have a textured surface to help with snow traction especially when going uphill; it can also be waxed to help produce less friction when sliding on the snow.
Skiing did not start as a sport but a necessity in areas where snow occurred year-round and no other means of transport was possible. It was considered an enjoyable activity that it soon turned into a form of recreation, and as techniques and equipment became more developed, it soon evolved into a much-loved sport. It is said to have been used as early as 600 BC. Russia, Sweden, and Norway were also discovered to have made early use of skis.
On Tips: My Experience Explained
The word ‘ski’ means ‘split piece of firewood’ in Norway. Even then, skis had been applied with animal fat to support the weight of the skier and avoid breaking the wood, an echo of today’s waxing practices. Skiing had first been done using only a single pole, but later evolved into two sometime in 1741.
The Essentials of Tips – Breaking Down the Basics
A ski is crafted as a long narrow strip of semi-hard material which is worn in pairs underfoot. Skis are worn with other equipment such as boots and bindings, which may leave the heels free or secured. For going high on mountain slopes, skins are applied at the base. Skins in the early skiing days were made of natural seal skin, but are now available in synthetic material.
Freestyle skiing came to be when a special type of skis, twin tip skis, were crafted. This type of skis have a tip and a tail which both curve up, modifying regular alpine skis which have a curved up front end but a flat rear end. Such skis were intended for skiing terrain parks and half-pipes. Their use has since been applied to different mountain parts. Powder skis, which are used on new-fallen snow, and all-mountain skis have also become available with twin tip skis.
The mass production of twin tip skis in 1974 inspired newschool skiing. When the twin tip skis came out, several companies wanted to go into specialization of twin tip ski production.
Skiing is no longer just a aid to everyday mountain life in the snowy regions, but a skill which consummate sportsmen have perfected. Its popularity can be attested to by the fact that it is now being enjoyed the world over even without the benefit of snow or the accompanying winter chill.
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<urn:uuid:c24fdbec-0c92-4779-8086-ee0f4d6b41d6>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://buyhealthstore.eu.org/a-quick-overlook-of-trips-your-cheatsheet.html
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en
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Wanda comes to you because she is discouraged and needs to talk. Her parents have heard she is thinking of expanding her business and even possibly taking out a second mortgage on her home to fund the expansion. They have never been overly supportive of her business, but as long as it seemed like a "hobby," they didn't have much to say. Recently Wanda's mother called and expressed strong reservations about Wanda taking such a large step. This made a big impression on Wanda. She tells you that she doesn't want her business to cause a rift in the family. Perhaps she should take her parents' advice and just forget expanding the business. Moreover, she doesn't understand why her parents aren't as excited about the prospects for the business as she is.
You decide that you are going to take matters into your own hands and go directly to the source of the problem, Wanda's mother! In this assignment you will write a letter to Wanda's mother and explain to her the positive characteristics of entrepreneurs Wanda is exhibiting and how you know she will be successful. You can recount your own experiences with an entrepreneur you know personally. The key is that Wanda's mother understands that
(1) it is not unusual for people to see things differently than the entrepreneur and
(2) Wanda possesses many of the characteristics shared by successful entrepreneurs.
1. Explain why entrepreneurs encounter people that may not see things the way they do.
2.Discuss the positive entrepreneur characteristics exhibited by Wanda.
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<urn:uuid:09820981-29e3-459d-acb4-38da57950aeb>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.tutorsglobe.com/question/positive-entrepreneur-characteristics-51797365.aspx
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en
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Peasants’ Revolt, also called Wat Tyler’s Rebellion, (1381), first great popular rebellion in English history. Its immediate cause was the imposition of the unpopular poll tax of 1381, which brought to a head the economic discontent that had been growing since the middle of the century. The rebellion drew support from several sources and included well-to-do artisans and villeins as well as the destitute. Probably the main grievance of the agricultural labourers and urban working classes was the Statute of Labourers (1351), which attempted to fix maximum wages during the labour shortage following the Black Death.
The uprising was centred in the southeastern counties and East Anglia, with minor disturbances in other areas. It began in Essex in May, taking the government of the young king Richard II by surprise. In June rebels from Essex and Kent marched toward London. On the 13th the Kentish men, under Wat Tyler, entered London, where they massacred some Flemish merchants and razed the palace of the king’s uncle, the unpopular John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. The government was compelled to negotiate. On the 14th Richard met the men of Essex outside London at Mile End, where he promised cheap land, free trade, and the abolition of serfdom and forced labour. During the king’s absence, the Kentish rebels in the city forced the surrender of the Tower of London; the chancellor, Archbishop Simon of Sudbury, and the treasurer, Sir Robert Hales, both of whom were held responsible for the poll tax, were beheaded.
Read More on This Topic
United Kingdom: The Peasants’ Revolt (1381)
Financing the increasingly expensive and unsuccessful war with France was a major preoccupation. At the end of Edward III’s reign a new device, a poll tax of four pence a head, had been introduced. A similar but graduated tax followed in 1379, and in 1380 another set at one shilling a head was granted. It proved inequitable and impractical, and, when the government tried to speed up collection...
The king met Tyler and the Kentishmen at Smithfield on the following day. Tyler was treacherously cut down in Richard’s presence by the enraged mayor of London. The king, with great presence of mind, appealed to the rebels as their sovereign and, after promising reforms, persuaded them to disperse. The crisis in London was over, but in the provinces the rebellion reached its climax in the following weeks. It was finally ended when the rebels in East Anglia under John Litster were crushed by the militant bishop of Norwich, Henry le Despenser, on about June 25.
The rebellion lasted less than a month and failed completely as a social revolution. King Richard’s promises at Mile End and Smithfield were promptly forgotten, and manorial discontent continued to find expression in local riots. The rebellion succeeded, however, as a protest against the taxation of poorer classes insofar as it prevented further levying of the poll tax.
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<urn:uuid:0a301ae6-ade6-4b2e-902a-45a26eaa3f6a>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://www.britannica.com/event/Peasants-Revolt
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Motu Kōkako, also known as Piercy Island or "The Hole In The Rock”, where Zane Grey, the noted author and angler, was based in the 1920s. The island is located off the north coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It is at the very northern tip of Rakaumangamanga (Cape Brett) in the Bay of Islands. It is Māori freehold land, which is administered by the Motu Kōkako Ahu Whenua Trust for the benefit of the descendants of the traditional owners.
The island is of great cultural significance to the Ngāpuhi iwi, and was historically associated with a range of sacred customary activities. Motu Kōkako was said to be the landing place of the canoe Tūnui-a-rangi before it went to Ngunguru and Whāngārei. It brings to mind the whakataukī 'Te toka tū moana' (the rock standing in the sea). This refers to a person who stands against all adversity, just as a rock resists the power of the sea.
It is probably the most important island in the Bay of Islands in conservation terms, being in near pristine condition, with no evidence of introduced animals. A 1987 survey of the island found 99 different types of flora, and noted the presence of two types of petrels and lizards.
The island itself was named Piercy Island by Captain Cook in honor of one of the Lords of the Admiralty – it is called Motu Kōkako in the Māori language.
The 60-foot (18 m) hole at sea level was created over centuries by wind and waves making it one of the most naturally beautiful sites in New Zealand. Being a popular tourist destination there are a multitude of tours offered and if the waters are calm and the tide is right the jet boats will go right through the hole. There are also helicopter tours to the island.
Category:Travel and Places
Subcategory:Australia and Oceania
Subcategory Detail:New Zealand
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<urn:uuid:f54ed2f5-617a-4c95-abd6-99b4c21aedc7>
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http://www.delzanephotography.com/p578092569
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en
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(go to Outline)
Administrative estimates of vaccination coverage:
Virtually all vaccination programmes, including both mass campaigns and routine vaccination, require vaccinators to record how many doses of vaccine have been delivered. If the target group for the vaccination is clearly defined and all vaccinators vaccinate only target group members, the number of doses of vaccine administered can be divided by an estimate of the size of the target group to determine what proportion of the target group has been vaccinated. (for more information, see section on Administrative estimate of vaccine coverage)
The number of latrines constructed is divided by the population to determine how many persons, on average, are using each latrine. (for more information, see pages on Sanitation indicators)
Case-fatality rates to monitor the quality of curative services:
For patients with selected diagnoses upon admission to inpatient facilities, medical records could be reviewed to determine what proportion died during their inpatient stay and what proportion were discharged alive.
Coverage of non-food item distributions
The number of items distributed divided by the number of people in the targetted beneficiary population should produce an estimate of coverage of the distribution. For example, if 4000 blankets were distributed among 5000 people who had no blankets to begin with, the coverage of blanket ownership can be roughly estimated as 80%.
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<urn:uuid:c5ad193b-dfab-4c9f-965f-53c753c9b999>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://conflict.lshtm.ac.uk/page_86.htm
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Carlists(redirected from Carlism)
Also found in: Dictionary, Wikipedia.
Related to Carlism: Carlists
Carlists,partisans of Don CarlosCarlos
(Carlos María Isidro de Borbón), 1788–1855, second son of Charles IV of Spain. He was the first Carlist pretender. After his father's abdication (1808) he was, with the rest of his family, held a prisoner in France until 1814.
..... Click the link for more information. (1788–1855) and his successors, who claimed the Spanish throne under the Salic lawSalic law
, rule of succession in certain royal and noble families of Europe, forbidding females and those descended in the female line to succeed to the titles or offices in the family.
..... Click the link for more information. of succession, introduced (1713) by Philip V. The law (forced on Philip by the War of the Spanish SuccessionSpanish Succession, War of the,
1701–14, last of the general European wars caused by the efforts of King Louis XIV to extend French power. The conflict in America corresponding to the period of the War of the Spanish Succession was known as Queen Anne's War (see French and
..... Click the link for more information. to avoid a union of the French and Spanish crowns) was abrogated by Ferdinand VII in favor of his daughter, who succeeded him (1833) as Isabella IIIsabella II,
1830–1904, queen of Spain (1833–68), daughter of Ferdinand VII and of Maria Christina. Her uncle, Don Carlos, contested her succession under the Salic law, and thus the Carlist Wars began (see Carlists).
..... Click the link for more information. . Ferdinand's brother, Don Carlos, refused to recognize Isabella and claimed the throne.
A civil war followed (First Carlist War, 1833–40), and in the hope of autonomy, most of the Basque Provs. and much of Catalonia supported Carlos. The Carlists' conservative and clericalist tendencies gave the dynastic conflict a political character, since the upper middle classes profited from the sale of church lands and supported Isabella. The Carlists enjoyed many early successes, especially under their great general, Tomas Zumalacarregui. After he was killed (1835) in battle, the greater strength of the Isabelline forces gradually made itself felt. In 1839 the Carlist commander Rafael Maroto yielded, but in Catalonia the Carlists under Ramón CabreraCabrera, Ramón, conde de Morella
, 1806–77, Spanish Carlist general. Noted for his valor and cruelty during the first Carlist war (see Carlists), he refused to accept the Carlist defeat in 1839 and continued the war in Valencia and Catalonia until driven into France
..... Click the link for more information. continued the struggle until 1840.
Don Carlos's son, Don Carlos, conde de Montemolín (1818–61), made an unsuccessful attempt at a new uprising in 1860. Montemolín's claims were revived by his nephew, Don Carlos, duque de Madrid (1848–1909), after the deposition (1868) of Isabella. Two insurrections (1869, 1872) failed, but after the abdication (1873) of King AmadeusAmadeus,
1845–90, king of Spain (1870–73), duke of Aosta, son of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. After the expulsion (1868) of Queen Isabella II, Juan Prim urged the Cortes to elect Amadeus as king. He accepted the crown reluctantly.
..... Click the link for more information. and the proclamation of the first republic, the Carlists seized most of the Basque Provs. and parts of Catalonia, Aragón, and Valencia. The ensuing chaos and brutal warfare of this Second Carlist War ended in 1876, over a year after Alfonso XIIAlfonso XII,
1857–85, king of Spain (1874–85), son of Isabella II. He went into exile with his parents at the time of the revolt of the Carlists in 1868 and was educated in Austria and England.
..... Click the link for more information. , son of Isabella, was proclaimed king. Don Carlos escaped to France.
In the next half century many defected from Carlist ranks, and several rival groups formed. Pressure against the church by the second republic (1931–39) helped revive Carlism, and the Carlists embraced the Nationalist cause in the Spanish civil war (1936–39). Under the Franco regime Carlism was for many years an obstacle to plans for restoring the main branch of the Bourbon dynasty, but in 1969, Franco overrode Carlist objections and named the Bourbon prince Juan Carlos IJuan Carlos I
, 1938–, king of Spain (1975–2014), b. Rome. The grandson of Alfonso XIII, he was educated in Switzerland and in Spain. Placed by his father, Don Juan de Borbón, under the care of Francisco Franco as a possible successor, he graduated from
..... Click the link for more information. as his successor.
See E. Holt, Carlist Wars in Spain (1967).
representatives of the absolutist, clerical political current in Spain that relies on the reactionary clergy, the titled aristocracy, and the top army officers.
The movement received its name from the pretender to the Spanish throne, Don Carlos the Elder. In the 1830’s and 1870’s the Cariists unleashed major rebellions in Spain, known as the Carlist Wars. Later on, as the traditionalist movement, the Cariists supported the most reactionary forces in the country. Cariists were active in the military fascist rebellion of July 18-19, 1936, and collaborated with the Franco regime. Many of them supported Juan Carlos, who was confirmed in 1969 at Franco’s direction as the future king of Spain after Franco’s death. Many Cariists opposed several aspects of Franco’s policies from an absolutist and clerical viewpoint.
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<urn:uuid:b9e13363-3cdf-4bd2-9ea2-5973da95d30b>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Carlism
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en
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A common view in psycholinguistic models of spoken-word recognition is that speech decoding is essentially phonemic: the speech signal is mapped onto intermediate phonemic representations, which in turn are used to access phonemically coded lexical representations. Several types of evidence indicate, however, that acoustic-phonetic information is passed to the mental lexicon continuously, as it becomes available in the speech signal. This is not to say, however, that phonemes have no role to play in lexical access. The view that speech decoding is essentially phonemic captures the important fact that differences in the input which signal the intentions of speakers are phonemic. The process and representations involved in lexical access must thus be sensitive to phonemic differences. It is perhaps for this reason that psycholinguistic models of spoken-word recognition have assigned a greater role in lexical access to phonemic distinctions than to the continuous unfolding of phonemically relevant information.
The aim of the present research was to provide temporally detailed perceptual data concerning the unfolding of phonetic information over time. For this purpose portions of natural utterances were presented to listeners for classification. To measure phoneme activations in all left and right phonetic contexts, gated versions of all possible Dutch diphones were used.
- Smits, R., Warner, N., McQueen, J.M. & Cutler. 2003. Unfolding of phonetic information over time: A database of Dutch diphone perception, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 113, 563-574.
- Warner, Natasha, Smits, Roel, McQueen, James, and Cutler, Anne. 2005. Phonological and frequency effects on timing of speech perception: A database of Dutch diphone perception. Speech Communication 46:53-72.
- Gated stimuli sound files presented to subjects (zipped, 129.5 MB)
- Full diphone sound files with surrounding context (zipped, 58.3 MB)
- Response file
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<urn:uuid:84f47b4e-6c0c-4f48-909a-bd962a01e464>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://linguistics.arizona.edu/dpl/dutch-diphones
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en
| 0.934519
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Drugs used to prevent and treat allergic conditions and allergic reactions
Mast cell stabilizers
Other antiallergy drugs
Antiallergy drugs are used in the treatment of a variety of allergic disorders, such as allergic conjunctivitis, hay fever (see Allergic rhinitis), and atopic eczema. Antiallergy drugs can be used to prevent an allergic response from occurring or to relieve the symptoms of allergy, such as sneezing.
What are the types?
Several groups of drugs are used to treat allergic reactions. The most commonly used are antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, allergen extracts, and the drug epinephrine (adrenaline).
These drugs are most commonly used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, to treat allergic rashes such as urticaria, and to relieve itching due to insect bites. They block the action of histamine, a chemical that is released by the body in an allergic reaction.
Mast cell stabilizers
These may be prescribed to prevent allergic reactions. The drugs block the release of histamine, a chemical that is stored in mast cells (a type of white blood cell present in blood and most body tissues). Histamine is released from these cells in allergic reactions. The most commonly used mast cell stabilizer is sodium cromoglicate, which is given for allergic conjunctivitis, hay fever, asthma in children, and exercise-induced asthma in adults. Since these drugs cannot be absorbed when taken orally, they are used topically as eyedrops, nasal sprays, or inhalers. The drugs are taken as preventive treatment; they do not relieve symptoms.
These drugs reduce inflammation caused by allergic reactions. They may be included in skin creams used to treat atopic eczema (see Topical corticosteroids) and in nasal sprays to relieve the symptoms of hay fever (see Corticosteroids for respiratory disease). For severe or persistent allergies, corticosteroids may be given orally or intravenously.
When used with corticosteroids, these drugs help to prevent asthma attacks. They block the action of leukotrienes, chemicals that cause airway inflammation in asthma.
Substances that can cause allergic reactions, such as bee venom or grass pollen, are called allergens. Tiny amounts of an allergen may be used to desensitize a person who has a severe allergy to that substance. The treatment is usually given as a series of weekly injections containing gradually increasing doses. Treatment may last for several months. Allergen extracts can themselves cause life-threatening allergic reactions and are given only where emergency treatment is available.
This drug is used to treat anaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergic reaction. The drug reverses the swelling of the throat, narrowing of the airways, and drop in blood pressure that occurs in anaphylaxis. Epinephrine is injected in repeated doses until the condition improves. If you are at risk of anaphylaxis because of a severe allergy, you should carry a syringe prefilled with epinephrine for emergency treatment (see Emergency aid for anaphylaxis).
From the 2010 revision of the Complete Home Medical Guide © Dorling Kindersley Limited.
The subjects, conditions and treatments covered in this encyclopaedia are for information only and may not be covered by your insurance product should you make a claim.
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Why is it important?:The capacity to recruit and retain appropriate staff is critical to the sustainability of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander primary health care services, particularly in rural and remote areas. Recruitment and retention is also an important issue for mainstream services and GPs in rural and remote areas.
Findings:In 2007, there were 77,193 registered medical practitioners in Australia of which 87% were employed in medicine. Many of those not working in medicine were working in medicine overseas, were retired or were not working.
In 2008–09, 73% of full-time equivalent GPs worked in capital cities or other metropolitan areas and only 2% in remote areas. A survey of the rural workforce conducted in November 2008 found that of the 4,626 GPs working in rural Australia, an estimated 34% had been in the current practice for two years or less. In remote areas, between 49% (remote centres) and 52% (other remote areas) had been in the current practice for 2 years or less (Health Workforce Queensland & New South Wales Rural Doctors Network 2009).
In 2007, 86% of nurses were currently employed in nursing, and in 2006, 86% of dental therapists/oral health therapists were employed in dentistry.
For other health professionals, the proportion working in their field ranged were as follows: 80% for physiotherapists (2002 data), 86% for occupational therapists (2002–03 data), 87% for psychologists (2003 data), and 92% for podiatrists (2003 data). Many of those not working in their field were not looking for work in their field.
In 2008-09, there were 2,839 full-time equivalent health (clinical) staff and 1,589 full-time equivalent administrative and support staff positions within Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander primary health care services funded by the Australian Government. An estimated 8% of health positions and 3% of administrative and support staff positions were vacant.
In the 15 years from 1995–96, Australian Government funding for these services has increased by 255% in real terms. In the six years to June 2009, there has been an increase of 60% in the workforce of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander primary health care services funded by the Australian Government.
The highest number of health staff vacancies in June 2008 were for Aboriginal Health Workers (84), followed by social and emotional wellbeing workers (47), nurses (39) and doctors and specialists (34). For services located in major cities and regional areas, between 8 and 9% of health positions were vacant, but for remote and very remote areas, vacancies were between 10 and 12%. Vacancies for administrative and support positions were highest for positions located in major cities (7%) followed by remote areas (5%).
Of the 256 health staff positions that were vacant, 66% had been vacant for 26 weeks or more. Of the 64 administrative and support staff vacancies, 51% had been vacant for this length.
A study of GPs conducted in 2001 found that important factors determining general practice retention in rural and remote areas were: professional considerations, particularly on-call arrangements; professional support; variety of rural practice; local availability of services; and regional attractiveness (Humphreys et al. 2002).
Another study found that doctors who were satisfied with their current medical practice intend to remain in rural practice for 40% longer than those who are not satisfied (11.5 years compared with 8.2 years) (Alexander & Fraser 2007). GPs content with their life as a rural doctor intend to remain in rural practice for 51% longer than those who are discontented (11.8 years compared with 7.8 years). Continuing professional development, training opportunities, professional support and networking as well as financial support were identified as priorities for GPs, and training in Indigenous health as a key information deficit.
Implications:The measures reported here focus on a few aspects of a complex set of issues. They suggest there are challenges for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander primary health care services in recruiting particularly clinical staff to meet the growth in the sector. There are no data on state and territory health services in equivalent circumstances, although it is known they also face significant recruitment and retention issues. Recruitment and retention issues are most significant for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health services and mainstream services located in rural and remote Australia. Little is known about the turn-over of staff in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander primary health care services and how this compares with mainstream services. Another issue is doctors’ incomes and achieving rates that are competitive with metropolitan private practice.
In November 2008, COAG committed up to $1.6 billion over four years to the National Partnership on Closing the Gap in Indigenous Health Outcomes. Building the capacity of the health workforce is recognised as an essential element of this work. The capacity of the primary care workforce in Indigenous and mainstream health services will be expanded to increase the uptake of health services by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Measures include communication and marketing activity to attract more Indigenous people to work in health and more people to work in Indigenous health; additional workforce including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Outreach Workers, health professionals and practice managers; and additional nursing scholarships, registrar training posts and nurse clinical placements.
The Pathways into the health workforce for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: a blueprint for action is designed to provide Australian governments with advice and strategies to maximise Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander participation in the health workforce through promoting and improving pathways between school, vocational education, training and higher education; and retaining and building the capacity of the existing workforce by addressing the ongoing support and career development needs (NATSIHC 2008b). Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health as an identifiable specialty is also considered to be important in improving services and retaining highly skilled clinicians.
Strong cooperation and collaboration between the health and education portfolios is vital for improving recruitment and retention of health staff. The need for a cross portfolio approach is reinforced by the Blueprint for Action as well as the Higher Education Review.
Figure 187 – Proportion of selected staff vacancies in Aboriginal health care services, by remoteness area, 2008-2009
Source: AIHW analysis of Service Activity Reporting
Text description of figure 187 (TXT 1KB)
Figure 188 – Full-time equivalent health staff and administrative and support staff vacancies, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander primary health care organisations, by length of time vacant, 30 June 2008
Source: AIHW analysis of Service Activity Reporting
Text description of figure 188 (TXT 1KB)
Figure 189 – Proportion of GPs in practice by length of service and remoteness, November, 2008
Source: AIHW analysis of Combined Rural Workforce Agencies National Minimum Data Set report
Text description of figure 189 (TXT 1KB)
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Get facts on marijuana—the most commonly used illicit drug in the U.S.—including its effects and information on marijuana surveillance, laws and policies, and prevention guides.
Marijuana, or Cannabis, refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa, which contains the psychoactive (mind-altering) chemical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), as well as other related compounds. This plant material can also be concentrated in a resin called hashish or a sticky black liquid called hash oil. THC is believed to be the main chemical ingredient that produces the psychoactive effect. Marijuana is often smoked in hand-rolled cigarettes (joints), pipes, or water pipes (bongs). People also smoke it in blunts, which are partly or completely emptied cigars filled with marijuana. Marijuana is also mixed in food (edibles) or brewed as tea.
The short-term effects of marijuana include problems with memory and learning, distorted perception, difficulty in thinking and problem-solving, and loss of coordination. Among youth, heavy cannabis use is associated with cognitive problems and increased risk of mental illness.
Learn more about marijuana.
Monitoring trends that impact health, such as trends in substance use, is important to inform services and policy. This is especially true for marijuana given recent changes in state laws and policies. SAMHSA tracks these trends using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). NSDUH collects information about the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco, including marijuana, among noninstitutionalized people aged 12 or older in the United States.
Find historical NSDUH trend data from 2002 to 2014 on use, attitudes, and perceptions of marijuana at the national level, access the surveillance summary report in the CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report and state level.
According to the NSDUH 2015 annual report – 2015 (PDF | 2.15 MB):
- Marijuana use in the past month increased from 6.2% in 2002 to 8.3% (approximately 22.2 million people) in 2015 among people aged 12 or older.
- Marijuana use was most prevalent among people aged 18 to 25 (with 19.8% using it in the past month)
- 0% of people aged 12 to 17 reported marijuana use in the past month
Laws and Policies
State-level laws and policies on marijuana use (for recreational or medical use) have changed over the past decade; however it remains an illegal substance (Schedule I drug) under federal law. As state laws continue to change, the Department of Justice issued a guidance regarding marijuana enforcement – 2013 for federal prosecutors regarding marijuana enforcement under the Controlled Substance Act. In response to these and other emerging public health issues on marijuana, SAMHSA participates on the Department of Health and Human Services’ (HHS) Behavioral Health Coordinating Council (BHCC) to ensure that all of the mental health and substance use projects and programs that HHS operating and staff divisions lead are synchronized. The BHCC has various standing subcommittees, including one that addresses marijuana related issues.
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Curriculum and Assessment for Students with Moderate and Severe Disabilities
This timely volume provides a complete guide to designing and implementing personalized curricula for K-12 students with moderate and severe disabilities. The author delineates a comprehensive assessment model that provides a framework for pinpointing educational priorities, planning instruction in specific areas, and evaluating student progress. Emphasizing the values of self-determination, family-centered planning, multicultural awareness, and educational accountability, the strategies presented are teacher-friendly and data-based. Case studies in every chapter illustrate the educational needs and accomplishments of students with a variety of disabilities, including autism, mental retardation, severe behavior disorders, and multiple disabilities. Further enhancing the practical utility of the volume are sample assessment notes, reports, and instruction plans; inventories of key skills in different domains; and descriptions of commercially available instructional resources. Included are more than 15 reproducible forms. An ideal undergraduate or graduate-level text, this is also an invaluable resource for teachers, school psychologists, and other special education professionals.
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Aquinas: Conscience isn’t inner knowledge of what’s right and wrong but rather a device or faculty for distinguishing right from wrong actions. When people do wrong their following apparent goods instead of real goods, however we can’t always be right otherwise we wouldn’t learn from our mistakes. Furthermore if our morals are wrong our sense of conscience will be wrong.
Butler: Conscience directs us towards focusing on the happiness and interests of others instead of focusing on ourselves. Conscience has ultimate authority in ethical judgements. Conscience is a guide to moral behaviour, put there by God and it must be obeyed. If conscience commands you must obey without questioning and without considering alternatives.
Newman: Conscience is the voice of God “I toast the pope but I toast conscience first.”
Fromm: All humans are influenced by external authorities who apply rules and punishments for breaking them, these are…
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Medicines to Avoid
Many medicines are wholly or in part removed from the body by the kidneys. So it makes sense for everyone with ADPKD to avoid any medicines that could harm the kidneys or make other treatments less effective. This applies not only to medicines prescribed by a doctor or in hospital, but also to remedies you buy over the counter from the pharmacist or supermarket.
- If your kidney function is reduced, you may need to take lower doses of some medicines. So always check with your own doctor if you are doubtful about any medicine that has been prescribed for you.
- Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before taking any over-the-counter remedies and supplements. These medicines may be harmful to your kidneys or may interfere with or affect the effectiveness of other medicines you are taking.
- Always read the patient information leaflet (PIL) inside the medicine pack. This will tell you whether the medicine may cause you problems if you have kidney disease. If you cannot find the PIL you can download a copy at the eMC website.
- Get to know the generic or scientific names of your medicines. Many medicines have two names on the package: the brand or proprietary name (e.g. Panadol) and the generic name (e.g. paracetamol). There may be two or more brands of a medicine, but while brand names differ, the generic name is always the same, and is usually printed under the brand name on the package. Knowing the generic name will help you to make sure you are given the right medicine at the pharmacists, and that it is safe for you to buy the medicine over the counter.
- Never buy medicines from a website unless it is the website of a trusted pharmacy. Many medicines available without a prescription over the internet are fake or contain harmful substances.
People with ADPKD should avoid taking the following medicines unless your doctor has prescribed them or given you the go-ahead to take them:
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
There are two types of NSAIDS, but both are bad for your kidneys because they raise your blood pressure:
- Non-selective NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, indomethacin, and mefenamic acid. Ibuprofen and mefenamic acid can be bought over the counter.
- COX-2 inhibitors or selective NSAIDs, such as celecoxib and etoricoxib. These are sometimes prescribed because they are less likely to cause stomach problems than non-selective NSAIDs.
Aspirin may harm your kidneys when taken in a dose that is high enough to control pain (above 300 mg each day). Your doctor may suggest that you take a low-dose aspirin (up to 150 mg) each day as this may help to protect your heart.
Ephedrine is included in some over-the-counter remedies for coughs and colds, and in diet pills you can buy from a pharmacy or herbalist. You should avoid ephedrine because it pushes up your heart rate and blood pressure, possibly damaging your kidneys and increasing your risk of heart disease and strokes.
Chinese/herbal medicines and vitamin supplements
Chinese/herbal medicines and vitamin supplements have not usually been studied in people with kidney disease, so there is no way of knowing whether they are safe for you to use. Modern drugs go through rigorous tests of their effectiveness and purity. But some Chinese and herbal remedies have been found to contain substances that may cause kidney failure and cancer, while others contain substances that interfere with the effectiveness of your other medicines.
- You can search for information on any medicine available in the UK on the eMC website.
- Kidney Research UK has a very helpful factsheet about using over the counter medicines.
The information on this page is under review by the PKD Charity using the accredited Information Standard process.
PKD Charity Helpline: The PKD Charity Helpline offers confidential support and information to anyone affected by PKD, including family, friends, carers, newly diagnosed or those who have lived with the condition for many years.
Disclaimer: This information is primarily for people in the UK. We have made every effort to ensure that the information we provide is correct and up to date. However, it is not a substitute for professional medical advice or a medical examination. We do not promote or recommend any treatment. We do not accept liability for any errors or omissions. Medical information, the law and government regulations change rapidly, so always consult your GP, pharmacist or other medical professional if you have any concerns or before starting any new treatment.
© PKD Charity 2014 | www.pkdcharity.org.uk
Registered charity No 1160970 / SC038279
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From the somatic cell to the germ cell
An international scientific consortium including the Freiburg plant biologist Prof. Dr. Thomas Laux has discovered a regulatory pathway that turns plants' ordinary somatic cells into germ cells for sexual reproduction. The researchers recently published their findings in the scientific journal Science.
In contrast to humans and animals, plants do not set aside a specialized cell lineage (germline) for the future production of gametes during early embryogenesis. Instead, the germ cells of plants are established de novo from somatic cells in the floral reproductive organs, the stamens and carpels. To this end, the selected cells switch their cell division mode from mitosis, cell proliferation maintaining the chromosome number, to meiosis, the division that reduces the number of chromosomes and where genetic recombination occurs. Plants have therefore evolved strategies to enable somatic cells to switch to germline fate and to do so in the right place and at the right time.
Laux and colleagues have identified multiple genes in the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana that give the start signal for switching from mitose to meiose. The starting point for the findings presented in Science are mutants that create multiple germ cells instead of a singular one in each ovule. Key of the newly discovered pathway is the limitation of activity of the transcription factor WUSCHEL, which Laux's team had identified several years ago as an important regulator of pluripotent stem cells that are able to develop into every cell type in the organism. The involvement of WUSCHEL in creating germ cells is a discovery that provides molecular evidence for the longstanding hypothesis derived from paleobotanical studies that the reproductive ovules and the shoot meristem have evolved from the same precursor organ in ancient plants. The newly discovered regulatory mechanism shows how plants are able to limit switching to the germ cell program so that only a single germ cell emerges, while the surrounding cells take on other tasks.
Thomas Laux is professor at the Institute of Biology III and member of the excellence cluster BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies at the University of Freiburg.
RETINOBLASTOMA RELATED1 mediates germline entry in Arabidopsis.
Zhao X, Bramsiepe J, Van Durme M, Komaki S, Prusicki MA, Maruyama D, Forner J, Medzihradszky A, Wijnker E, Harashima H, Lu Y, Schmidt A, Guthörl D, Logroño RS, Guan Y, Pochon G, Grossniklaus U, Laux T, Higashiyama T, Lohmann JU, Nowack MK, Schnittger A.
Science. 2017 Apr 28;356(6336).
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Different types of kelp have been eaten for nutritional value for over a thousand years. The Chinese used kelp and other types of seaweed for medicine as far back as 3,000 B.C. People in Greece used kelp to feed their cattle around the first century B.C. and kelp has been a main staple for Icelanders for centuries. The Hawaiian nobles have grown gardens full of the edible seaweed and kelp was used in Europe and Great Britain as fertilizer to nourish the soil and to assist plant growth.
Sea Kelp is a type of brown seaweed that is moderate in size and grows in the cold waters off the coastlines northern Europe and northwest United States. Kelp belongs to the Fucacae family and other names for Fucus Vesiculosus are kelp ware, black tang, bladderfucus, cut weed, and bladderwrack. The main ingredients of kelp are phenolic, compounds, mucopolysaccharides, algin, polar lipids, andglycosyl ester diglycerides. The plant also contains proteins, carbohydrates, and essential fatty acids.
There are several types of kelp and they are the true kelp which thrives in the cooler water, giant kelp, and the bladder kelp. Bladder kelp grows in the North Pacific Sea and giant kelp is named that because this type of kelp grows to the height of two hundred and thirteen feet. Kelp plants plant themselves to rocky surfaces by tentacle like roots and from this roots grow a slender stalk with long, leaf like blades.
Kelp also contains these thirty minerals and they are iodine, calcium, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, manganese, chloride, copper, zinc, manganese, barium, boron, chromium, lithium, nickel, silver, titanium, vanadium, aluminum, strontium, bismuth, chlorine, cobalt, gallium, tin, and zirconium. Kelp also contains these vitamins and they are Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin D, Vitamin K, and the B Complex Vitamin.
The highest properties of these vitamins and minerals are found in the tissues of the kelp and since, kelp is such valuable source of nutrients. It is often suggested to be used as a dietary supplement especially for people with mineral deficiencies.
Eating dietary kelp may be the reason for the low rate of breast cancer in Japanese women and for the low rate of heart disease, respiratory problems, rheumatism, arthritis, high blood pressure, gastrointestinal disease, and thyroid disease.
If adjusting your diet and adequate exercise hasn’t helped you reach your dream weight, there might be an unlined reason and that is your thyroid isn’t doing its job. Other symptoms of thyroid problems are bad complexion, fatigue, forgetfulness, loss of sex drive, impotence, irritability, and unhealthy hair, teeth, and nails. You can normalize an underactive thyroid by increasing your intake of the mineral iodine.
This amazing seaweed contains more vitamins and minerals than any other food does. Because of its natural content of iodine, kelp has a normalize effect of the thyroid gland. Thin people with thyroid problems can actually gain weight by consuming kelp and obese people can lose weight by using kelp in their diet.
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Percy Bysshe Shelley
Percy Bysshe Shelley Quotes
''Government is an evil; it is only the thoughtlessness and vices of men that make it a necessary evil. When all men are good and wise, government will of itself decay.''Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), British poet. An Address to the Irish People (1812). These sentiments reflect those expressed in Thomas Paine's Common Sense (1776).
''Love is free; to promise for ever to love the same woman is not less absurd than to promise to believe the same creed; such a vow in both cases excludes us from all inquiry.''Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), British poet. A note from Queen Mab, Even Love Is Sold (1813).
''The odious and disgusting aristocracy of wealth is built upon the ruins of all that is good in chivalry or republicanism; and luxury is the forerunner of a barbarism scarcely capable of cure.''Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), British poet. A note, in Queen Mab, A Vindication of Natural Diet (1813).
''It is impossible that had Buonaparte descended from a race of vegetable feeders that he could have had either the inclination or the power to ascend the throne of the Bourbons.''Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), British poet. A Vindication of Natural Diet, a note in Queen Mab (1813). Shelley became a vegetarian in 1812, remaining so until his death.
''Constancy has nothing virtuous in itself, independently of the pleasure it confers, and partakes of the temporizing spirit of vice in proportion as it endures tamely moral defects of magnitude in the object of its indiscreet choice.''Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), British poet. Even Love Is Sold (1813). A note from Queen Mab.
''Chastity is a monkish and evangelical superstition, a greater foe to natural temperance even than unintellectual sensuality.''Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), British poet. Even Love is Sold, note, Queen Mab (1813).
''It is his weakness to be proud: he derives, from a comparison of his own extraordinary mind with the dwarfish intellects that surround him, an intense apprehension of the nothingness of human life.''Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), British poet. Julian and Maddalo, preface. The description of Count Maddalo was taken to be a portrait of Byron.
Read more quotations »
I met a traveller from an antique land
Who said: `Two vast and trunkless legs of stone
Stand in the desert. Near them, on the sand,
Half sunk, a shattered visage lies, whose frown,
And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command,
Tell that its sculptor well those passions read
Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,
The hand that mocked them and the heart that fed.
And on the pedestal these words appear --
"My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:
Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!"
Nothing beside remains. Round the decay
Of that colossal ...
The Triumph Of Life
Swift as a spirit hastening to his task
Of glory & of good, the Sun sprang forth
Rejoicing in his splendour, & the mask
Of darkness fell from the awakened Earth.
The smokeless altars of the mountain snows
Flamed above crimson clouds, & at the birth
Of light, the Ocean's orison arose
To which the birds tempered their matin lay,
All flowers in field or forest which unclose
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We Need More STEM Teachers; Higher Ed. Can Help
Four recommendations for sending more STEM majors into teaching
America's colleges and universities have fallen short for decades in providing K-12 schools with teachers, particularly secondary school teachers, in the high-need STEM fields of physics, chemistry, math, and computer science. These shortages continue to have an impact on the quality of STEM education with the ripple effect of discouraging young students from pursuing careers in science, technology, engineering, and math themselves. According to an April 2016 report by the Center for Public Education, schools report teaching vacancies in STEM fields more than in other subject areas.
Here's the good news: Conversations about teaching—between STEM majors (who are not enrolled in teaching-prep programs) and their professors—can change the status quo. In other words, those in higher education are in a position to make a difference, just by encouraging this dialogue. And yet, there is evidence that many university and college professors, particularly in the STEM fields, do not discuss the option of middle and high school teaching with their students.
This leaves students who major in science, math, and related disciplines in the dark about the realities of a profession that might actually interest them if they were exposed to it. A report in January by the American Physical Society's Panel on Public Affairs (for which Michael Marder is the chair-elect) found that student misconceptions about the teaching profession, as well as a lack of discussion on the part of professors, contribute to the current shortage of STEM teachers.
To learn about STEM majors' attitudes and opinions toward teaching, as well as what colleges and universities can do to increase the number of graduates who pursue K-12 teaching pathways, we surveyed more than 6,000 current undergraduates and more than 1,100 recent graduates from high-need STEM fields (including some who did go into K-12 education) with help from the American Chemical Society, the Computing Research Association, and the Mathematics Teacher Education Partnership.
Of the students surveyed, more than 3,500 were computer science majors and there were about 1,000 majors each from physics, chemistry, and mathematics. About half of all STEM majors expressed at least some interest in teaching, indicating a substantial pool from which more teachers could be recruited.
In preliminary findings from this same survey work (which Marder wrote about last fall for the opinion pages in Education Week), we touched briefly on whether STEM professors who discuss K-12 teaching as a profession can have an impact on student interest in teaching. But upon closer inspection of the data, it's become clear that faculty members can play an even larger role in piquing the interest of their STEM students in teaching, and STEM majors have a greater lack of knowledge than we previously understood. And so, there is more work to be done to help undergraduates understand the full spectrum of STEM career options.
Part of the disconnect between such majors' interest in teaching and their decision to enter the classroom seems to be caused by a lack of information about working conditions and salary. For example, nearly 100 percent of STEM majors with some interest in teaching say that higher salary would increase their interest. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average salary for a U.S. middle school teacher in 2015 was $58,760 and more than $60,000 for a high school teacher. While a teaching salary does lag behind some other STEM professions, undergraduate STEM majors underestimate teacher compensation by almost $20,000 per year. The starting salaries they report would interest them are close to reality for middle and high school teachers.
Undergraduates who major in math indicate the most interest in teaching (54 percent) and are most swayed by incentives, such as scholarships with a teaching commitment or certification programs for undergraduates that do not add time to their completion of a four-year degree. This spike in interest is, in part, because of a stronger teacher-preparation presence in many college and university mathematics departments (as opposed to other STEM disciplines). Predictably, more than half of those majors said their math professors discussed teaching as a professional option. In contrast, in computer science courses, where professors are least likely to discuss teaching as a career, only 36 percent of undergraduates show interest in teaching.
We have several recommendations for STEM professional societies and university and college disciplinary departments to help spark STEM majors' interest in teaching:
• Impress upon professors and advisers in such departments the importance of promoting middle and high school teaching with undergraduate and graduate students, providing them with accurate information about the teaching profession.
• Support high-quality academic programs that prepare students for STEM teaching and expand strong models to more universities, such as those that support students and graduates financially and academically.
• Advocate for increases of $5,000 to $25,000 in annual teacher compensation, including summer stipends, for teachers in the hardest-to-staff STEM disciplines.
• Support programs that improve the professional life and community of STEM teachers, such as Math for America (which provides professional development for math and science teachers) and Columbia University's Research Program for Science Teachers.
Providing an equitable and prosperous future for the young people of this country requires helping successful undergraduate and graduate majors become STEM teachers in critical STEM fields, as well as increasing the prestige and benefits of teaching so that those students want to stay in the classroom. It is a challenging task, but one that faculty at public colleges and universities must adopt for the welfare of their communities, and for the benefit of K-12 students who will become the STEM majors of tomorrow.
Vol. 36, Issue 31, Page 22Published in Print: May 17, 2017, as Let's Send More STEM Majors Into Teaching
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Oil-rich Texas has built more highways and bridges than any other state, but over the next two decades it will fall $170 billion short of what it needs to keep the sprawling network in good repair.
In California, transportation officials estimate that 60 percent of the state’s roads and a quarter of its bridges need to be repaired or replaced, at a projected cost of $70 billion over a decade, some $52 billion more than the available funds.
North Carolina anticipates that it will fall short of keeping its highways in current condition by $22 billion over the next 30 years, and would need more than twice that amount to improve them.
America’s highway system, once a symbol of freedom and mobility envied the world over, is crumbling physically and financially, the potentially disastrous consequence of a politically driven road-building binge.
President Barack Obama, state transportation officials, civil engineers, road builders and business groups all say that the country needs to invest trillions of dollars in its infrastructure, yet there’s little consensus on how to finance it or what the most pressing needs are.
The Congressional Budget Office estimates that the country needs $14 billion in additional federal funds each year just to maintain highways and $50 billion more to improve them.
There’s no single cause of the financial squeeze, and federal data reveal only part of it. Some states have raised their own gasoline taxes to pay for highway construction and maintenance and to depend less on federal funding. Others haven’t changed their gas taxes in years and rely on federal money to make up for it.
But federal government analysts, taxpayer advocates and transportation experts have warned for at least a decade that many states were spending too much on building highways and too little on fixing them, and that their maintenance costs would skyrocket if they didn’t change course. “We’ve engaged in a dangerous game of deferred maintenance,” said Brian Taylor, a professor of urban planning and the director of the Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Five years after an interstate highway bridge collapsed in Minnesota, killing 13 people and injuring 145, the country still has a bridge repair backlog of $65 billion, according to the Federal Highway Administration.
At a time when Congress is proposing significant budget cuts and tax increases have little support, states are canceling or scaling back highway projects. They’re looking for private partners to help finance construction, and still coming up short. Motorists are discovering that the roads they thought were free are anything but.
Over the past four months, McClatchy traced the extent and causes of yet another financial crisis that’s developed below the radar of most Americans.
A review of government reports, an analysis of thousands of state and federal campaign donations, and interviews with dozens of current and former elected officials, watchdogs and transportation officials showed that there were a lot of hands on the wheel as the system veered off course.
* The oldest parts of the interstate highway system have reached the end of their life cycle, including thousands of bridges dating to the 1960s, a potential threat to public safety and commerce demonstrated by the Minnesota bridge collapse.
* The federal gasoline tax no longer covers the country’s annual highway spending, but few leaders in Washington are willing to take on the political risk of increasing it, which forces states to borrow more money, raise tolls or ask their residents to approve new taxes.
* Despite a ban on members of Congress “earmarking,” or skimming money for pet projects back home, lawmakers and the special interests that bankroll their campaigns still exert outsized influence on where federal highway funding goes.
* The Department of Transportation long ago ceded control over most highway decision-making to the states without well-defined national transportation goals, leaving a large portion of federal money up for grabs for those with the most clout.
Like the Roman Empire, “civilizations fall because they don’t maintain their infrastructure,” said David Burwell, the director of the climate and energy program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington.
“Everybody likes to build things, but nobody likes to maintain them,” he said. “We paid for them once. Why should we pay for them again?”
When Al Biehler became Pennsylvania’s transportation secretary a decade ago, he found that the state had been spending more on expanding its highway system than it had on keeping it in good repair.
“If you don’t put money into fixing things,” Biehler said, “there will be more things to fix.”
So he did the unthinkable: He put the brakes on some projects, risking the wrath of highway contractors and the state lawmakers who supported them.
“Projects that we knocked off the program, some of them weren’t terrible projects,” he said. “I just felt we couldn’t afford them.”
According to the National Center for Pavement Preservation, a research lab for road-building materials at the Michigan State University engineering school, every dollar spent to maintain a road in the first 15 years of its life saves $6 to $14 in maintenance costs after 20 years.
The Federal Highway Administration doesn’t require states to put money into repairing roads before building new ones.
Pennsylvania was spending about as much of its federal funding on expansion as it was on maintenance in 2004, according to federal data reviewed by McClatchy. By 2011, the state was spending about four times as much on repairs, and it was still struggling to keep up.
The Pennsylvania State Transportation Advisory Committee reported in 2010 that the state needed an additional $2.1 billion a year to properly maintain its highways and bridges.
“More than half of our bridges have reached their intended life-span date,” said Barry LePatner, a New York construction lawyer who’s cataloged nearly 8,000 of the nation’s most troublesome spans. “Without maintenance money, cost of repair equals cost of replacement after a certain period of time.”
Some budget watchdogs were encouraged that the most recent federal transportation bill, MAP-21, which Congress approved last summer, pushes states to develop performance standards for federal highway spending that result in the greatest improvement to roads and bridges.
But it’s too soon to know whether the measures will have any impact, and the legislation expires at the end of next year. Meanwhile, states face tough choices. Emil Frankel, who was assistant secretary for transportation policy under President George W. Bush and is a former Connecticut transportation commissioner, said the country needed to establish priorities.
“Thirty years ago, ‘like it’ might have been good enough,” said Frankel, who’s now a visiting scholar at the Bipartisan Policy Center, a research center in Washington. “ ‘We’ll do it because we like it.’ We can’t afford to do that anymore.”
RUNNING ON EMPTY
It’s been 20 years since Congress raised the gasoline tax. The 18.4-cents-a-gallon tax has lost a third of its buying power to inflation and rising construction costs.
The tax feeds the federal Highway Trust Fund, which long has paid for a portion of highway construction and repairs in all 50 states.
The fund used to carry a surplus, but lawmakers have bailed it out since 2008 by tapping the Treasury for $50 billion.
“That can’t continue indefinitely,” said John Horsley, who retired in January as the executive director of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. “Congress is going to have to find a way to restore funding.”
Simply increasing the gas tax may not be the best option. Americans have been driving less since 2007, partly because of the recession and higher gas prices and partly because of a generational shift away from car ownership. Rising fuel economy in cars and trucks also has contributed to the decline in gas tax revenues.
Horsley proposed replacing the per-gallon gasoline tax with a percentage-based sales tax. Sen. Barbara Boxer, D-Calif., the chairwoman of the Senate committee that drafts transportation legislation, said she’d consider the idea along with other alternatives, including a carbon tax and a tax based on the number of miles people drive.
Congressional gridlock has left the states to find other sources of revenue, with mixed success.
States have taken on more debt, and some have about as much as they can support. According to Federal Highway Administration data, all states carried a combined $56 billion in road bond debt at the end of 1995, in current dollars. By 2010, they owed $154 billion.
State and local governments have asked voters to approve sales-tax increases, and about two-thirds of such measures pass.
States also have turned to the private sector for infrastructure money, an arrangement that’s common in countries around the globe.
Indiana and Illinois leased toll roads in exchange for money they used to bankroll highway projects. Virginia and California have sought private partners to build bridges and highways.
Most of the interstate highway system has been free of tolls for its 57-year history, but that might end as states face the challenge of rebuilding the aging roads. Missouri, North Carolina and Virginia are planning to add tolls to portions of major interstate highways to pay for repairs.
Other states, such as Florida and Texas, have been building their own toll roads for years.
But tolls are unpopular with the public. The trucking industry opposes them, and truckers will go miles out of their way to avoid them.
“Every time you have a free good, people don’t want to pay for it,” said John Fischer, a transportation consultant who worked on federal policy for three decades at the Congressional Research Service.
PAVED BY POLITICS
Highway supporters frequently characterize their foes as anti-road, anti-jobs or anti-progress. However, even the most ardent highway proponents agree privately on what they’re reluctant to admit publicly: Some road projects are better than others.
In some state transportation plans, it’s hard to tell the difference. And in the absence of clear national priorities, politics drives where the funding goes.
“Instead of making hard decisions, we’re going to make sure everybody gets something,” Fischer said.
For years, some states complained that they were “donors” who got back less than a dollar in federal highway funding for every dollar in gasoline taxes they contributed. Congress fixed that by baking in extra funding, so that nearly every state gets back at least a dollar, and some much more. The formula favors small states or those with low population densities and shortchanges more populous states, said Donna Cooper, a senior fellow at the liberal Center for American Progress in Washington.
“We just created a nightmare for ourselves by creating a system that sends money to places with the least need,” she said.
According to the Government Accountability Office, Alaska gets back $5 for every dollar it sends to Washington. Texas gets only a dollar.
“States that have been well represented on key congressional committees have tended to do very well compared to other states,” said Jeffrey Brown, an associate professor of urban and regional planning at Florida State University.
For years, powerful members of Congress dressed up highway projects that wouldn’t have been at the top of anyone else’s list with names such as “High Priority Corridors” or “Projects of Regional and National Significance” to get hundreds of millions of dollars in federal money.
While some lawmakers railed against spending millions of federal dollars on bike paths, flower beds and train museums, others brought home vastly more money to cast their legacies in concrete, even if just to construct an interchange or a few miles of pavement.
“You can always come up with a rationale,” Fischer said. “A lot of them are quite tenuous.”
Highway projects generate work for engineering and construction firms, and the industry is a top political donor. Wealthy landowners, developers and business interests who benefit from new highways also write big checks to lawmakers who deliver fresh pavement.
“It’s a free-for-all where the most well-organized and well-financed political interests are driving our transportation policy,” Cooper said.
Most members of Congress defend their efforts to secure highway funds for what they regard as crucial projects in their states. Few oppose road projects, regardless of party. They get two photo opportunities: one to throw the first shovelful of dirt and the other to cut the ribbon.
“There’s a huge difference between spending on things that benefit the national system and spending on things that benefit a local developer,” Fischer said.
LOSING THE WAY
The Federal Highway Administration pays as much as 80 percent of the cost of states’ major road projects but it has little say over how they spend the money.
Cathy St. Denis, a spokeswoman for the agency, said it determined whether projects were eligible for federal reimbursement, and oversaw and monitored them.
“Ultimately, state departments of transportation and local planning organizations make decisions about which projects to advance based on the needs and priorities of local communities and the state,” she said.
It’s difficult to know how efficiently the states are spending funds, because the agency releases little data that’s useful for making state-by-state comparisons. The GAO and the U.S. Transportation Department’s inspector general have repeatedly faulted the agency’s data-collection methods.
Law requires the department to submit detailed annual reports to Congress on how the states invest federal highway funds. The reports categorize about one-quarter, or $10 billion of the total spending by the states each year, as “other.”
The obscure report has received little attention on Capitol Hill, and in spite of the law’s additional requirement that the reports be made available to the public, the agency posted the eight most recent reports on its website only after McClatchy requested them.
The agency developed computer software more than a decade ago to help states determine which projects would generate the most return on investment by meeting goals such as reducing congestion and improving the mobility of people and goods. But most states don’t use it, and those that do may simply ignore the recommendations.
When the GAO asked state transportation departments in 2010 what factors they considered in their transportation plans, only 11 states said economic analysis was “very important.”
Taylor, the UCLA professor, said transportation decisions had to consider geographic needs as well as economic ones.
“It’s difficult to come up with objective criteria,” he said. “It’s just a very complex terrain.”
Half a century ago, America had a shared vision and policy around the Interstate Highway System, a massive national public-works project that drove economic growth for decades.
“Those days are gone,” said Earl Swift, the author of “The Big Roads,” a history of interstates. “We are a long way away from that unity of purpose we had in 1956.”
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Nations have the chance to deliver almost 60 per cent of the emissions reductions needed to keep global temperatures under a 2 degrees Celsius rise.
But only if the pledges made last year in Copenhagen are fully met.
These are among the findings of a new report compiled by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and jointly authored by over 30 leading scientists from numerous international research institutes.
The report was convened in conjunction with the European Climate Foundation and the National Institute of Ecology-SEMARNAT, Mexico.
The findings, launched in advance of the UN climate convention meeting in Cancun, Mexico, spotlight the size of the 'emissions gap' between where nations might be in 2020 versus where the science indicates they need to be.
UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, said, 'I encourage all Parties to make good on their national mitigation pledges, and to further progress within the negotiations as well as through strengthened efforts on the ground to curb emissions. There is no time to waste. By closing the gap between the science and current ambition levels, we can seize the opportunity to usher in a new era of low-carbon prosperity and sustainable development for all.'
It is estimated that, in order to have a 'likely' and cost-effective chance of pegging temperatures to 2 degrees Celsius or below over the 21st Century, global emissions will need to have peaked within the next 10 years and be around 44 gigatonnes of CO2 equivalent in 2020.
The report, whose compilation was led by the UNEP Chief Scientist, finds that:
- Under a business-as-usual scenario, annual emissions of greenhouse gases could be around 56 gigatonnes of CO2 equivalent by 2020. As a point of reference, global emissions were estimated to be around 48 gigatonnes in 2009;
- Fully implementing the pledges and intentions associated with the Copenhagen Accord could, in the best case identified by the group, cut emissions to around 49 gigatonnes of CO2 equivalent by 2020;
- This would leave a gap of around 5 gigatonnes of CO2 equivalent that needs to be bridged over the coming decade-an amount equal to the emissions of all the world's cars, buses and trucks in 2005;
- In the worst case identified in the report - where countries follow their lowest ambitions and accounting rules set by negotiators are lax rather than strict - emissions could be as high as 53 gigatonnes in 2020, only slightly lower than business as usual projections.
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Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Calvi and Teano
(Calvensis et Theanensis).
The city of Calvi is the ancient Cales or Calenum in the Campagna, not far from Capua. Towards the end of the fifth century it was certainly a bishopric, since Valerius, Bishop of Calenum, was present at the Roman Council held by Pope Symmachus in 499. Destroyed in the ninth century by the Saracens, it was rebuilt by Atenulfo, Count of Capua, at which time, most probably, the see was re-established. It certainly had a bishop at the end of the eleventh century. Remarkable among the bishops were: Odoardo, who assisted at the Council of Lyons (1245) and vigorously opposed Frederick II, his sovereign, who, on his return, had him slain; Bernardo Spada (1543); the monk Gennaro Filomarino (1623). In 1818 Calvi was united with the See of Teano, a small city of the same province and a former fief of the Gaetani. Its first bishop was St. Paris, ordained by Sylvester I; according to tradition, St. Urbanus and St. Amasius were bishops of that city in the fourth century.
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One of the predictions of General Relativity (Einstein's theory of gravity) is the existence of gravitational waves. In theory, anytime a massive object accelerates (that is any motion that is not constant straight line motion and not simple rotation) it should generate gravitational waves. So in theory the universe should be filled with gravitational waves.
However despite years of trying, no one has succeeded in detecting them.
But in the past few days rumors have been circulating that LIGO, a project to detect gravitational waves, has finally succeeded.
Einstein thought gravitational waves would be impossible to detect, and in fact they have been difficult to detect. The tiny signals must be separated from other signals (such as earthquakes and passing trucks). Each time a potential signal is detected, a statistic analysis is performed. This in essence asks "What is the likelihood this a real signal, not something that only looks real." This is expressed in terms of "sigma". The higher the sigma, the more likely the signal is real.
According to the rumor, LIGO has in fact detected signals that exceed "five sigma." Normally results like this are not released until solid confirmation has been made, but one of the physicists spilled the beans.
This may prove to be false; but it seems to be real. We should know for sure on February 11th when an official report from LIGO is scheduled to be published.
Those of you living in or near Ann Arbor, might be interested in two upcoming lectures, which by a happy coincidence are on this very topic. Both are by Keith Riles, professor of physics at the University of Michigan.
Saturday, February 13 10:30am: "Gravitational Waves - Einstein's Audacious Prediction."
Saturday, February 20 10:30am: "The Hunt for Gravitational Waves - Was Einstein Right?"
Both events are held in rooms 170 & 182 Weiser Hall (formerly the Dennison Building), University of Michigan Central Campus, 500 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
See https://www.lsa.umich.edu/physics/events/saturdaymorningphysics/schedule for more information about these lectures.
- ▼ 2016 (5)
- ► 2014 (28)
- ► 2013 (24)
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Joe Slovo, Signaller, WW2
Slovo was born in Obeliai, Lithuania to a Jewish family which emigrated to the Union of South Africa escaping Jewish persecution in Europe when he was eight.
Slovo first encountered socialism in South Africa through his school-leaving job as a clerk for a pharmaceutical wholesaler. He joined the National Union of Distributive Workers and had soon worked his way up to the position of shop steward, where he was responsible for organizing at least one mass action.
The Communist Party in South Africa has an interesting start and it’s not the “Black revolutionary” movement most people perceive it to be now, originally it was started by white South Africans – and in fact it initially concerned itself only with “whites only” workers rights.
The Communist Party of South Africa was founded in 1921 under the leadership of William H Andrews, a Briton who came to Johannesburg to work on the mines. The SA Communist Party first came to prominence during the armed insurrection by white mineworkers in 1922, so brutally suppressed by Jan Smuts’ government.
The large mining concerns, facing labour shortages and wage pressures, had announced their intention of liberalising the rigid colour bar within the mines and elevate some blacks to minor supervisory positions. (The vast majority of white miners mainly held supervisory positions over the labouring black miners.)
Despite having opposed racialism from its inception, the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA) supported the white miners in their call to preserve wages and the colour bar with the slogan “Workers of the world, unite and fight for a white South Africa!”.
With the failure of the rising, in part due to black workers failing to strike, the Communist Party was forced to adopt the “Native Republic” thesis which stipulated that South Africa was a country belonging to the Blacks. The Party thus reoriented itself at its 1924 Party Congress towards organising black workers and “Africanising” the party. Not quite the vision William Andrews, the CPSA founder, had in mind as white worker party and he promptly resigned as the party’s National Secretary.
During World War 2, the attitude to Communism by moderate white South Africans was a little different. Communist Russia was an ally of South Africa during the war and all over the country South Africans rallied to the support of Russia’s war effort against Nazi Germany by donating food, medicine and blood in very successful national “Aid for Russia” collection programs.
Joe Slovo joined the Communist Party of South Africa in 1942 and served on its central committee from 1953 (the same year its name was changed to the South African Communist Party, SACP). He avidly watched the news of the Allied fronts, especially the way in which Britain was working with Russia to aid her war effort against Hitler, so Joe Slovo volunteered for active duty, and served with South African forces in Egypt and Italy.
After the war he joined the Springbok Legion, a multiracial radical ex-servicemen’s organization which was essentially run by a group white war veterans who embraced Communist values. The Springbok Legion should not be confused with the South African Legion, it was a separate and very politically motivated veterans association – whereas the South African Legion was an apolitical veterans charity.
Being politically driven The Springbok Legion became one of key driving forces behind Sailor Malan’s “Torch Commando”, which was the first mass protest movement against Apartheid legislation and made up to a smaller degree by this political veterans association and to a far bigger degree of many members of the apolitical war veterans associations – ironically all mainly “white” South Africans (the franchise of been the country’s first mass protest movement against Apartheid does not belong to the ANC).
However it was the smallest of the war veterans associations – The “Springbok Legion” that took a direct “political” role – the Springbok Legion was founded in part by a senior South African Legion member – General van der Spuy (a pioneer of the South African Air Force), and its role took over from what he referred to as the South African Legion’s “painfully correct whisper of polite protest” and became a “shout” of protest instead.
The history of the Springbok Legion as a political entity is fascinating – initially formed in 1941 by members of the 9th Recce Battalion of the South African Tank Corps, along with the Soldiers Interests Committee formed by members of the First South African Brigade in Addis Ababa, and the Union of Soldiers formed by the same brigade in Egypt.
The aims and objectives of the Springbok Legion were enunciated in its ‘Soldiers Manifesto’. The Springbok Legion was open to all servicemen regardless of race or gender and was avowedly anti-fascist and anti-racist.
In collaborating with Sailor Malan’s Torch Commando (and by default Jan Smuts’ old United Party with which the Torch Commando was linked), The Springbok Legion had by now become a fully blown political entity, and the inevitable happened, as with any political party, The Springbok Legion gradually became politically radicalized. This was spearheaded by veterans who where also members of the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA) and who joined The Springbok Legion and served in its upper and lower structures.
The targeting of the Springbok Legion by the Communist Party was the result of the South African Communist Party believing that it could use the veterans to re-order “white” political thinking in South Africa along communist lines.
This eventually resulted in the fracturing of the Springbok Legion as a whole as moderate “white” members, who made up the majority of its supporters became disenchanted with its increasingly militant leftist rhetoric.
Notable SACP communist party veterans to join the Springbok Legion in a leading capacity where none other than ex-servicemen such as Joe Slovo, but also Lionel Bernstein, Wolfie Kodesh, Jock Isacowitz, Jack Hodgson and Fred Carneso.
Aside from the Communists, Key members included future political and anti-apartheid leaders, such as Peter Kaya Selepe, an organiser of the African National Congress (ANC) in Orlando (he also served in WW2). Harry Heinz Schwarz, also a WW2 veteran eventually became a statesman and long-time political opposition leader against apartheid in South Africa and served as the South African ambassador to the United States during South Africa’s “transition” in the 90’s.
The National Party – which even as part of it’s pre-war make up had a fierce anti-communist stance was becoming increasingly alarmed by the rise of “white” war veterans against their policies – Sailor Malan’s Torch Commando at its peak attracted 250 000 followers – so they began seeking was of suppressing it. One of the mechanisms was to pass the Suppression of Communism Act.
The combined effect of the Act, and the broadening and deepening of the Communist rhetoric and politics was alienating the majority of Springbok Legion members rang a death knell for the Springbok Legion and the inevitable happened, the organisation folded as thousands of its “moderate” members left, returning to the either the apolitical MOTH (Memorable Order of Tin Hats) combat vets only order or the broader South African Legion which accommodated all veterans (or both).
The Communist Party members of The Springbok Legion who had played a pivot in its rise and its demise i.e. Joe Slovo, Lionel Bernstein, Wolfie Kodesh, Jack Hodgson and Fred Carneso were now banned and left with little other option they all then joined the African National Congress (ANC) and, given their experience as combat veterans, they also all joined its military wing Umkhonto we Sizwe under the command of Nelson Mandela.
The story of Joe Slovo – as the National Party’s arch communist enemy, and the story of the East/West divide over communism and the resultant Cold War, of which the South African Border War along Angola and internal armed insurrection (the “struggle”) all qualify – is well known.
That Joe Slovo was eventually identified as military target, alongside his wife Ruth Slovo (a daughter of well known Communist supporter prior to the war, Joe had met Ruth at Wits University), and again the assignation of Ruth Slovo is also well known.
The irony for the National Party, is that is was this “public enemy number one”, “Rooigevaar” (as the National Party labeled communists and liberals) Communist that extended the olive branch to the National Party – it was Joe Slovo, who in 1992 proposed the breakthrough in the negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa with the “sunset clause”. Slovo’s “sunset clause” allowed for a coalition government for the five years following a democratic election, including guarantees and concessions to all sides.
After the elections of 1994 Slovo became Minister for housing in this coalition government he proposed, serving alongside the National Party as they saw out their “sunset” until his death in 1995. His funeral was attended by Nelson Mandela and Thabo Mbeki.
In a further twist of history, by 2005 the National Party closed shop and merged with the ANC, and by default they also joined the party which still remains in alliance with the ANC as a political dependent, none other than …. The South African Communist Party. Such is the cycle of history, go figure!
Story by Peter Dickens
Joe Slovo (left) is seen in his South African Army uniform (and Signaler insignia) in the feature image with fellow South African soldiers Mike Feldman and Barney Fehler (image courtesy of Mike Feldman)
References Lazerson, Whites in the Struggle Against Apartheid. Neil Roos. Ordinary Springboks: White Servicemen and Social Justice in South Africa, 1939-1961. Wikipedia and “Not for ourselves” – a history of the South African Legion by Arthur Blake
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Admission to Degree Program
The degree program in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering is open enrollment.
The BYU Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering prepares students for professional involvement in structural, water resources, environmental, geotechnical (soils), and transportation engineering.
Structural engineers analyze and design buildings, bridges, and other structures. The engineer applies principles of physics, mathematics, and engineering to develop efficient yet safe designs. Sophisticated computer models are used in these analyses. Materials used by structural engineers include steel, aluminum, concrete, masonry, wood, and composites.
Water resource and environmental engineers design pipeline systems, water treatment plants, dams, flood control structures, waste disposal sites, and environmental restoration projects. Computer modeling and analyses are used in design and to forecast storm runoff, flooding, and movement of contaminants in surface and subsurface waters. Environmental engineers evaluate and reduce pollutants from natural, human, agricultural, and industrial sources to preserve the beauty and quality of air, land, and water.
Geotechnical engineers design structures composed of or located within earth materials, including foundations for buildings and bridges, retaining walls, earth dams, highway embankments, tunnels, and liners for landfills. Field and laboratory tests on soil and rock, along with empirical and computer models, are used to assure safety and economy in design.
Traffic and transportation engineers apply scientific principles to the planning, design, construction, operation, and management of transportation systems, including highways, airports, and mass transit facilities. Transportation engineers are responsible for the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods. Computer models and simulations are frequently used by traffic engineers for geometric design and for planning, operating, and managing transportation networks, including intermodal systems.
Department Mission Statement
The mission of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering is to produce graduates who possess technical competence in their chosen specialty area of civil engineering, integrity, and a commitment to the principles of the gospel of Jesus Christ, that will prepare them to serve and contribute as innovators, professional engineers, and leaders in the global community.
Program Educational Objectives
The undergraduate program in civil engineering has the following educational objectives:
- Develop innovative engineers who competently apply recognized technical methods to meet human needs for water, shelter, and transportation.
- Develop leaders with global awareness who hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public while sustaining and protecting the environment.
- Develop citizens with moral character and commitment to the gospel of Jesus Christ who provide life-long service to the public, church, and professional community.
Expected Learning Outcomes
These objectives are intended to develop the following outcomes in students graduating from the civil engineering program:
- An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics through differential equations, calculus-based physics, chemistry, and geology.
- An ability to design and conduct civil engineering experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret the data.
- An ability to design a system, component, or process in more than one civil engineering context to meet desired needs within realistic constraints.
- An ability to lead and function on multidisciplinary teams.
- An ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems.
- An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility, and their relationship with faith.
- An ability to communicate effectively.
- The broad education necessary to understand sustainability—the impact of engineering solutions in a societal, environmental, and economic context.
- A recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in, life-long learning, professional licensure, and service.
- A knowledge of contemporary issues including globalization.
- An ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice.
- An ability to explain basic concepts in management, business, and public policy.
- An ability to apply knowledge of geotechnical engineering.
- An ability to apply knowledge of structural engineering.
- An ability to apply knowledge of transportation engineering.
- An ability to apply knowledge of water resources engineering.
Civil engineers are employed in industry, private consulting, and government. Industries employing many civil and environmental engineers include construction, transportation, aerospace, petroleum, and mining. Many civil engineers enter private consulting practices, and many eventually establish their own firms. The yellow-page directories for major cities generally list many civil, structural, environmental, geotechnical, and transportation engineering firms.
Civil engineers are also employed by national, state, and local governments. Most cities and counties have engineering departments staffed largely by civil engineers. Departments of transportation, environmental protection agencies, the Army Corps of Engineers, and the Bureau of Reclamation hire many civil engineers.
Civil engineering may be used as a preprofessional program for careers in architecture, law, and business.
Because civil engineers design structures that affect public health and safety, licensure as a Professional Engineer is required for most positions. A necessary prerequisite for licensure is graduation from an accredited engineering program. The civil engineering program is fully accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET).
Students are strongly encouraged to consult with the department regarding their course scheduling.
Qualified students from junior colleges with adequate preengineering programs can normally complete the BS degree in two additional years. Students who transfer into the department from other universities or from other departments at BYU will be placed in the civil engineering program according to an evaluation of completed work. Prospective transfer students should contact the department as soon as possible so that any variations can be accommodated with a minimum loss of time.
A maximum of 9 credit hours with D grades are allowed in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering classes. Clearance for graduation will be denied until D credits are reduced to 9 hours or less.
Professional Engineer Registration
The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering encourages graduates to become registered Professional Engineers. General qualifications for becoming registered are explained in the Ira A. Fulton College of Engineering and Technology section of this catalog. This status is vital to engineering practice in the public sector and to much consulting work. The civil engineering program prepares graduates to successfully complete the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) examination, an important step in becoming registered. Students who wish to strengthen their preparation for the FE exam should select the required engineering courses with this need in mind.
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The Hermitage is pleased to announce that our 18th century Korean tapestry is ONE OF VIRGINIA’S TOP TEN ENDANGERED ARTIFACTS!
So what does that mean, exactly?
It means that we have an important object in our collection that is in desperate need of conservation, and the people of Virginia agree.
What is this important object, and why should I care?
18th Century, Possibly circa 1730
Ink, gold and color on cloth; 10 feet 2 inches x 9 feet 9 inches (355.1cm x 297.2cm)
Depicting the central figure of Buddha seated dhyanasana on a raised dias and backed by a double nimbus. Wearing monastic robes, he positions his hands in bhumisparsa* and dhyana mudra. He is flanked by two elaborately costumed and bejeweled bodhisattva, probably Avalokitesvara and Mañjusri. Standing in the background are attendant Buddhas. Seated in front are two figures in monastic garb. The figure in brown robes to the right is the Arhat Añgaja (Yin-chie-the Tsun-chê), one of the Buddha’s original eighteen disciples. The figure on the left is unidentified.
* The bhumisparsa (Earth-touching) mudra identifies the figure as the Historical Buddha, Sakyamuni, at the moment he reaches Enlightenment and touches the earth to announce the event.
Once more in English, please?
This is a Korean painting of the Sakyamuni (SAH-kya-MOO-nee) Triad. It is made of ink, gold, and color on silk cloth and would have been used as a wall hanging in a temple. Sakyamuni is a specific name for the Historical Buddha (or the founder of Buddhism), while a triad is an assembly of three related figures.
In this painting, Sakyamuni is seated in a position of meditation in which the legs are crossed with the soles of the feet turned upward. Sakyamuni’s right hand is making the Earth-touching hand gesture, which identifies him as the Historical Buddha, Sakyamuni, at the moment he reaches Enlightenment and touches the earth.
Behind Sakyamuni is a double halo that surrounds a holy person. On either side of him are bodhisattvas, or holy persons who have become enlightened and can progress to Nirvana (heaven) but have chosen to stay behind and guide others. In the background are attendant buddhas, who are there to help the Buddha. In the front of the painting are two persons in monk’s clothing; to the right in a brown robe is Arhat Angaja, one of the Buddha’s original eighteen disciples.
Fun fact: The Buddha has long ear lobes to show that he once was wealthy and wore jewelry, but has since given up the pleasures of the earth. The Bodhisattvas wear extensive jewelry to represent their ties to the world.
This is the largest (and finest) Korean textile painting in any collection outside of Korea. It is important to art historians of all stripes and needs conservation in order to garner the scholarship it deserves.
Here are some detail shots, including some images of damage:
$20,000 (to stabilize) – $60,000 (to completely restore and display)
I know. Insane.
The tapestry was assessed by Nishio Conservation Studios in Washington, D.C. in 2007. They are the best in the business. Total conservation will require four conservators and take approximately two months. So, quite a lengthy and expensive process.
The conservation process, as outlined by Nishio, will include: removing overpaint, reinforcing horizontal creases, stabilizing uplifting and flaking paint. Filling losses. Inpainting and remounting.
Where is it, and why isn’t it on display now?
The tapestry is currently rolled, covered in tyvek, and suspended from the ceiling in the hallway of our museum offices. There simply isn’t another suitable space for it.
We can’t display the tapestry because it is too fragile to hang. I would love to spread it out on a table, but we would need some sort of custom built display table with a plexiglass hood… and I would rather put the [no doubt astronomical] cost of that towards actually conserving the piece. Here is the tapestry last time it was unrolled, taking up most of the Central Hall:
If we raise the money to conserve the tapestry, it would most likely be hung in the Great Hall as part of our upcoming re-installation of the Asian collection.
What can I do to help?
Every drop counts toward our final goal. Please, please, please consider donating toward our conservation fund online here. Even if it’s just one dollar, I can’t tell you how incredibly affirming it is for us to see those donations come in. Some days it feels like I’m shouting down a well, but when I see that a reader in London sent us a few dollars (which is approximately 30 pence after the exchange rate, amiright?) it makes my whole week.
If you would rather deal with me directly via email or phone, I would be delighted! My phone number is 757-423-2052 x204, or you can email me at lnorthup(at)thehermitagemuseum.org.
In sum: thank you Virginia Association of Museums for running the contest, thank you Nishio Conservation Studies, and thank you dear readers for voting us to the top! Let’s make this happen!
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Saturday, April 16, 2011
Today In Literary History - Doris Lessing Publishes The Golden Notebook
On April 16, 1962, Doris Lessing published The Golden Notebook, still the most highly praised and bestselling of all her books.
The Golden Notebook tells the story of writer, Anna Wulf and the four notebooks in which she keeps a detailed record of her life, and her attempt to tie them all together in a fifth, gold-colored notebook. The structure of the novel is postmodern, complex, and non-linear. The book intersperses segments of the lives of Anna and her friend, Molly, their children, ex-husbands, and lovers, entitled Free Women, with excerpts from Anna’s four notebooks – one colored black (Anna’s experience in Central Africa before and during WWII); one colored red (Anna’s experience as a member of the Communist Party); one colored yellow (an ongoing novel based on the painful ending of Anna’s love affair); and one colored blue (Anna’s personal journal).
Each of the four notebooks is returned to four times, thus creating a non-chronological, overlapping narrative that interacts with every other narrative. This structure can make the book seem rather playful, but Lessing has insisted that her readers pay attention to the novel’s serious themes, among them women’s rights and struggles, the Cold War, and the threat of nuclear conflagration.
In Volume Two of her autobiography, Walking in the Shade, Lessing details her regret that The Golden Notebook became a “Bible of the Women’s Movement” and says, “A book that had been planned so coolly was read, I thought, hysterically.”
Strangely – or maybe not so strangely - Lessing has always considered the book a failure:
That novel had a framework made by thinking. The thought was to divide off and compartmentalise living was dangerous and led to nothing but trouble. Old, young; black, white; men, women; capitalism, socialism: these great dichotomies undo us, force us into unreal categorisation, make us look for what separates us rather than what we have in common.... That is why I have always seen The Golden Notebook as a failure: a failure in my terms, of what I had meant. For has this book changed by an iota our tendency to think like computers set to sort everything – people, ideas, history – into boxes? No, it has not.
Born in Iran in 1919, when Iran was still Persia, Lessing’s younger years were spent in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) where her father failed to make his fortune at farming maize. At fifteen, Lessing left her parents home in Britain and became a nursemaid. At twenty-one, she was a wife and the mother of two children, but she divorced in 1943. Following her divorce, she joined the Left Book Club, a Communist book club in which she met her second husband. That marriage, too, ended in divorce, but not before Lessing had a third child.
Because Lessing was so vehemently opposed to nuclear arms and South African apartheid, she was banned from that country, in which her two oldest children lived with their father, and also from Rhodesia, for many years. Eventually, she settled in London with her youngest child, a son.
The winner of the 2007 Nobel Prize for Literature, and just about every other literary prize, Lessing was offered the title Dame of the British Empire, but she turned it down, saying that there was no British Empire, and that being a “Dame” was a tradition she did not care to join.
Lessing heartily dislikes being called a “feminist” author. “So I became a feminist icon,” she says. “But what had I said? That any kind of singlemindedness, narrowness, obsession, was bound to lead to mental disorder, if not madness.”
Lessing is a versatile writer. Her work ranges from novels to plays to poetry to nonfiction to opera libretti to short story collections to comics. Now, ninety-one, “The Times” in 2008, ranked Doris Lessing fifth on a list of “The Fifty Greatest British Writers Since 1945.”
My own favorite “Doris Lessing” works are The Grass Is Singing, The Golden Notebook, and the short story collection, The Grandmothers. What’s yours?
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Definition - What does Scrolling mean?
Scrolling is the sliding movement of images, video or text across a display screen either vertically or horizontally. Scrolling can be done with or without user intervention. This feature is provided by most applications and smart devices that display contents that are too big to fit entirely on the screen. Scrolling is considered one of the basic methods of navigation.
Techopedia explains Scrolling
Many applications provide scrolling features that are tailored to the navigation needs or behavior of users. Scrolling can be animated or non-animated. In the case of video games, tile-based scrolling is widely used. Scrolling is usually done with the help of scroll bars located at the sides of an application's window. It allows users to browse through long documents or Web pages.
Scrolling is typically accomplished on desktop and laptop computers with a mouse (often with a built-in scroll wheel) or a touch pad. With mobile devices, one usually uses a finger or a stylus to scroll.
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Early exploration of a variety of mediums can begin. The more heavily loaded with touch information initially, the better.
So a great place to start is with shaving cream or pudding (on the height chair tray). Whole hand movements back and forth teach basic strokes in large space.
- Back forth = horizontal strokes
- Up and down strokes + vertical strokes
- Around and around = circular strokes
As the child grows and hands no longer end up in the mouth, finger paints can be used.
Playdough and clay not only strengthen the hands, they provide added information about form.
- Coils = lines
- Shaped coils = circles etc.
- Balls = spheres
- Pancakes = circles, ovals, etc.
Large markers are the most successful writing tools for the younger child. Markers glide nicely over the paper so the hand muscles don’t have to do a job they’re not ready to do. The large size makes the thumb move away from the palm of the hand thereby beginning the thumb strengthening process which must continue throughout preschool and kindergarten (and first grade if not strong by then).
Crayons have more resistance to them so they are harder to move. If choosing these, make sure they are the chunky larger size.
Painting with a large brush and an easel is a great way to begin the drawing process. Make sure painting is done in an area where dripping will not matter and the clothes are covered by a smock (an old shirt you were about to give to The Salvation Army will do). No matter how water based they say, chances are a new white shirt will not look the same after gobs of pink paint land in the middle of the shirt.
You can substitute water and a large house paint brush for outside fun.
What should you expect a toddler to draw:
- 1 1/2 yrs. Imitate scribble, a gross grasp of the marker and scribble
- 2 yrs. Imitates one line
- 2 1/2 to 3 yrs. Copies an approximate circle
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A framework for a priori estimation of the expected sampling variances of the Shannon-Weaver and the Simpson indices of species diversity is developed by the introduction of the most probable relative species abundance distribution (MOPSAD). MOPSAD gives the prior probability of a species’ relative abundance. The beta distribution is used here as the prior for MOPSAD. Sample sizes needed for efficient statistical inference and hypothesis testing about the two indices are provided for 16 distinct beta priors for MOPSAD. Shannon-Weaver and Simpson’s diversity indices in plant communities expected to have a `U’-shaped or a J-shaped MOPSAD will have large sampling variances. For the same statistical resolution the Simpson index requires about nine times as many samples as the Shannon-Weaver index. The impact of a positive or negative spatial association among species on the variance of the diversity indices was also assessed. In general, spatial association had little impact on the variance of the indices; it suffices to increase the sample size by about 5% as a safeguard against variance inflation due to spatial associations.
Publication Year: 1995
Source: Forest Ecology and Management 78(1/3): 71-84
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This student behavior system is perfect for kindergarten and first graders. There is two different take-home sheets for the student to self-reflect on his or her behavior.
- One has just the smiley faces for Monday through Friday and a signature line for the parents for each day.
- The other has the same, but a space for the student to write the reason for the color.
There are two options to implement this behavior system.
Option 1 is to use Unifix cubes, and withdraw a cube when a student makes bad decisions.
Option 2 is to use a clip chart, which is included in the file.
*The student always has the option to earn back cubes, or move up the clip chart.
Included in this packet:
- two different self-reflection sheets
- clip chart
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In November 2014, George Bush was elected Land Commissioner of Texas. This was not the former president, nor his presidential father. Instead, 38-year-old George P. Bush, eldest son of former Florida governor Jeb Bush, became the latest member of his family to enter public office.
At the same time in Massachusetts, Joseph Kennedy III, son of a former congressman, grandson of a former US senator and presidential candidate (Robert F. Kennedy) and the scion of the storied Kennedy family, was re-elected to the US House of Representatives. These are but a few examples of the many politicians with significant close family ties who voters elected in 2014.
Why is this important?
A guiding principle of the US Declaration of Independence was that “all men are created equal”. This notion is reinforced in the US Constitution, which states:
No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States.
The problem is that this is simply not true.
Political dynasties have played a significant role throughout America’s history. Their ongoing existence and prominence convey a level of inequality in access to political influence that has spanned the country’s history.
Despite successfully revolting against Britain’s ruling monarchy, almost half of the elected representatives to the first US Congress (1789-1991) served alongside a blood relative. Since the US became an independent republic in 1789, almost 400 parent-child duos and more than 190 pairs of siblings have served in Congress. More than 700 families have had two or more members in Congress.
The existence of dynasties in American politics brings into question the legitimacy of the country’s democracy.
Businesses oppose monopolies and cartels because they are considered bad for the economy. Competition is thought to deliver better economic outcomes. Why, then, in the world’s leading capitalist economy and arbiter of democracy do political dynasties exist, particularly when power is enshrined with the people through free elections?
The historical context
America’s Founding Fathers were so determined to prevent the rise of monarchy that they created a system of government whereby voters elect almost every conceivable public office.
Last November, citizens in Georgia voted for 19 different public offices. Including primary elections and run-off elections (where the top-two vote-winners advance when no candidate receives a majority of the vote), Georgian voters had potentially participated in seven separate elections in ten months, from March 2014 to January 2015.
By comparison, voters in Victoria, Australia, cast a ballot for just four public offices (the lower and upper houses) in two separate elections between September 2013 (federal election) and November 2014 (state election).
This highly democratic process results in hundreds of elections each year across America. As a result, it is unreasonable to expect voters to remember who is running for what office in every instance.
At the same time, almost all of the candidates for these offices would have undertaken election campaigns. As a result, voters would have experienced a seemingly unending flow of political advertising. Is it then possible that, in the modern information age, voters might actually be less informed as a result of the constant “noise” of election advertising causing them to tune out?
Name recognition is therefore highly desirable in American election campaigns. Voters are often more comfortable with what and whom they know. Name (or brand) recognition is common in marketing, because if consumers like and trust one product, then they are more likely to favour another product of the same brand over an unknown or untested brand. Consequently, voters may be more likely to favour a name they recognise once inside the polling booth.
This is not to say that the same families have dominated America’s politics, although my research has thus far identified 167 families with members elected to public office for at least three consecutive generations. Twenty-two families have had at least four consecutive generations elected to public office, while four families – Bachhuber/Doyle, Cocke, Lee and Washburn – have had at least five generations.
The relative fluidity with which voters appear to favour new families is one interesting aspect of American politics. What remains constant, though, is that while political families are gradually replaced, they are succeeded by new political families. For a long time, American voters were enamoured with the Harrison family (Continental Congress to 1969), electing four successive generations, including two presidents. Voters then moved on to the Bush family (1952 to present), also electing four generations, and two presidents.
The existence of political dynasties has important consequences for America’s democratic legitimacy. A small number of families monopolising political power can undermine the quality of democratic representation for citizens. Consider this as we prepare for the impending flood of interest in the 2016 presidential race.
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The shipping industry, currently in the midst of an over-capacity crisis that has toppled at least one major international shipping firm, must now come to grips with a new demand to reduce sulfur emissions, improve fuel standards and generally take greater action in addressing its role in battling climate change.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), a United Nations agency tasked with crafting shipping regulations, is meeting in London this week and is expected to discuss new measures to reduce carbon emissions from international shipping. Should they reach an agreement with the shipping industry over new regulations, it would mark the third major development in climate change, after this month’s decision to reduce emissions from refrigerators and air conditions, and the agreement by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to reduce emissions from air travel.
Both shipping and air travel, deemed to lay outside of national borders, were largely untouched by last year’s Paris Agreement on climate change. Both are major contributors to global carbon emissions, with shipping contributing 2-3 percent of global CO2 output annually, according to the IMO. Shipping’s emissions are around 1,000m tons of CO2 a year and are expected to increase by 2030, making up some 17 percent of global carbon emissions. Aviation, by comparison, produces about 781 million tons of CO2.
Chief among the IMO’s concerns as it meets this week is the sulfur content in shipping fuels. Ships burn fuel which contains 3,500 times more SOx than the European diesel fuel standard, and the IMO is considering imposing regulations to reduce the SOx content from 3.5 percent to 0.5 percent. The crucial question is whether this requirement would be enforced in 2020 or 2025.
Sulfur is an agent for climate change but it is also perceived as a global health hazard, with the IMO estimating a reduction in SOx emissions by 2020 could prevent 200,000 premature deaths from lung cancer and heart disease, both aggravated by sulfur emissions. Related: Oil Prices Slammed As Dollar Suddenly Breaks Out
For months, action by the IMO was resisted by the global shipping industry, which is suffering from hard times. The building and trade boom of the early 2000s created a tremendous demand for shipping capacity, but that demand has slowed and left the major firms with hundreds of thousands of tons of spare capacity.
The stress drove major firm Hanjin to bankruptcy, leaving its fleet stranded on the world’s oceans. The remaining firms are facing high operating costs and narrow margins; the situation would likely become worse if new fuel standards were adopted, with daily operating costs increasing by $30 thousand a day. Switching to low-sulfur fuel would raise fuel costs by 44 percent according to one broker.
Bimco, a global shipping group, has lobbied to have the sulfur standard pushed to 2025. It has argued that costs on shipping firms will be too high, due to the shortage of sulfur-light shipping fuel.
Yet several major firms have now come out in favor of the new standards. On 21 October, a letter was issued with the joint support of fifty-two leading shipping organizations, including Maersk, Cargill, the Global Shipping Forum and the Danish Shipowners’ Association, calling on governments to take action to combat global climate change.
The EU is pushing for the higher standards to be imposed sooner rather than later. They are joined by China, which already prohibits ships burning fuel with more than 0.5 percent sulfur content from stopping at Shenzen, the world’s third-largest shipping port. Related: Could An Intense Winter Fuel The Oil Price Rally?
The decision of these firms to support climate change measures is likely a reflection of a growing realization in many global industries that state-enforced environmental regulation is something of an inevitability; that the impact can be better managed if the industries themselves participate in the regulatory process; and, with concern over climate change increasing globally, it would suit major firms to appear on the “right side of history,” as it were.
To meet new standards, ships can switch to low-sulfur fuels, install scrubbers or modify their ships to burn liquefied natural gas (LNG), a low-sulfur, low-CO2 alternative. Should this option be adopted, it would represent a massive potential market for LNG at a time when supply is outstripping demand.
Experts have expected new fuel standards for years now and the industry has been bracing for changes in environmental regulation. While resistance will continue, it seems likely that shipping, like aviation and other industries, will have to conform to new state-mandated environmental regulations, as political pressure to combat climate change grows.
By Gregory Brew for Oilprice.com
More Top Reads From Oilprice.com:
- Canadian Oil Is Building A Wall And Mexico Is Paying For It
- Venezuela Escapes Bankruptcy… But Oil Production Continues To Plunge
- World Bank Ups Its 2017 Oil Price Forecast To $55
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Healthy Choices for Children-- includes serving sizes appropriate for kids
Creating healthy and interesting snacks is a vital key to introduce children to healthier foods. In order to help you, here are some of the fun foods for kids, which you can easily make.
Healthy Food for Children - Complete Set of Alphabet Themed Kids Bento School Lunch Ideas from Eats Amazing UK
Paw Patrol Party Ideas + Theme Menu + Kids Birthday Food + Cheap Snacks for Children + Birthday on a Budget + Hot Dogs = Pillsbury Dogs in a Blanket ;)
Healthy Food for Children - Complete set of Alphabet Themed Bento School Lunch Ideas from Eats Amazing UK - Learn while you eat!
Is your child eating too much? Pin this helpful serving chart for children 2-8. | http://scrubbing.in
Is your kid too weak and malnourished? Here are top 10 weight gain foods for kids which are healthy and makes your kid gain weight suitable for his age. Now stop worrying and start trying these foods.
Making food fun for kids is easy with these animal faces toast ideas.
Do you want to introduce your child to healthier food at an early stage of his growth? Then here we've prepared healthy food pyramid for kids and teens.
Kids Brain Foods: What your child eats has a big influence on his intelligence and cognitive powers!Check out the List Of 10 Foods For Brain Development In Children
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2-Minute Mentor: Iterative Assignments
- What are iterative assignments?
- How can I implement them?
- How can these assignments deepen student learning?
Click below to watch CTE’s 2-Minute Mentor video on this topic:
Iterative Assignments video transcript (doc)
Advantages of using iterative assignments
- If students know that they can learn from their experience of the first assignment and demonstrate improvement on a revision, they have fewer reasons to be anxious and less rationale for misconduct.
- In a foundation course, in which your goal is to prepare students for further study in your field, it’s important that students learn as much as possible. No one benefits from students moving forward if there’s a substantial body of knowledge or a skill that hasn’t been learned.
- With iterative assignments, you have an opportunity to provide feedback and re-teach parts of the material that students showed they didn’t understand well.
- If you want to set a tone for your courses that learning is a shared goal, encouraging repeat work will go a long way toward establishing a climate that supports learning.
Finally, as academics, most work we care about (journal articles, grant proposals) is done over and over until it reaches a high level of quality. It seems odd that students should get just one try for their work.
More about iterative assignments
The following links provide more information related to iterative assignments:
These portfolios in the CTE Gallery illustrate the use of iterative assignments:
- Writing as a Primary Means for Learning—Ruth Ann Atchley
- Site in Architecture: Transforming a Lecture Course—Genevieve Baudoin
- The Evolution of a Term Project: Iterative Course Redesign to Enhance Student Learning—Andrea Greenhoot
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The University of California, Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive is the visual arts center of the University of California, Berkeley. BAMPFA inspires the imagination, ignites critical dialogue, and activates community engagement through art, film, and other forms of creative expression.
BAMPFA’s origins can be traced back to 1881 with the opening of the Bacon Art and Library Building. Just the third building constructed on the UC Berkeley campus, it was named for Henry Douglas Bacon, who donated his library, several paintings, and half the funds for its construction. The museum’s collection started small, with Bacon’s paintings and a few other works that had been given to the University in the 1870s. Among Bacon’s gifts was the magnificent Albert Bierstadt painting Yosemite Winter Scene (1872), which remains one of the most beloved works in BAMPFA’s collection.
Few additional works of art were accessioned until 1919, when a bequest from Cal alumnus and professor of literature William Dallam Armes added approximately one thousand Japanese prints to the collection. With this gift, the museum became an institution of global breadth, establishing the foundation for what is now a near-encyclopedic collection with works that date back to 3,000 BCE in Asia and to the Renaissance in Europe.
The Powerhouse Gallery & Bancroft Way Building
In 1931, the university transformed a former power plant (designed in 1904 by architect John Galen Howard) at the center of campus to use as an exhibition venue. Known as the Powerhouse Gallery, the diminutive brick building served this purpose until 1970 when the new University Art Museum, designed by San Francisco architect Mario Ciampi and associates Richard L. Jorasch and Ronald E. Wagner, opened on Bancroft Way. The impetus for this ambitious new building was the 1963 donation by Abstract Expressionist artist and teacher Hans Hofmann of forty-seven of his paintings and $250,000. Hofmann wrote that his gift was meant to acknowledge the role of the University in giving him his start as an artist and teacher in the United States in 1930. The architectural competition to design a building for the newly founded museum was announced the following year. Meanwhile, Peter Selz, a former curator at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, was hired to direct the museum. Between his hiring in 1964 and the opening of the new building in 1970, Selz organized a visionary program of contemporary exhibitions at the Powerhouse Gallery—including the seminal Directions in Kinetic Sculpture and Funk—and expanded the collections significantly in both historical and contemporary areas in anticipation of a new home for the museum.
Pacific Film Archive
During this period, Selz was approached by Sheldon Renan, who had been screening films on the UC Berkeley campus in collaboration with Albert Johnson and Tom Luddy, about creating a film archive under the aegis of the museum. Selz agreed, and Renan was named director of the Pacific Film Archive in 1967. Renan conceived of the Pacific Film Archive as an American version of the Cinémathèque Française in Paris: a place where cinema patrons, artists, students, and critics could watch the widest range of the world’s films in the best technical and environmental conditions, that would also be a center for study, discussion, and exchange. The early programs, held in Wheeler and Dwinelle Halls, established the range of cinema presented—avant-garde, international, and classic films were screened weekly. Renan also established an early commitment to bringing filmmakers to the theater (Jean-Luc Godard and Fritz Lang were among the first in-person guests), which continues today. In 1971, the film program moved into the new museum building on Bancroft Way and became an integral part of the growing institution’s collection and exhibition activities.
Building the Collection
With a large new space came renewed focus on building the art collection. As a university institution with relatively few resources for acquisitions, the museum has relied on donors throughout its history. From the initial gifts from Bacon and others in the 1870s and the early generosity of Phoebe Hearst (who founded the Hearst Museum of Anthropology, now at UC Berkeley, in 1901), to more recent gifts from individuals such as Therese Bonney, Sarah Cahill, Francis and Jean Marshall, Marcia Weisman, Michael Naify, Peter and Eileen Norton, and Alan Templeton, and many others, the vision of its donors has substantially shaped the collection and contributed to several areas of particular strength.
One such strength is Ming and Qing dynasty Chinese painting, the specialization of scholar James Cahill, who taught at UC Berkeley for decades and served briefly as acting director of the museum. Cahill’s legendarily keen eye and astute connoisseurship enabled him to develop an extraordinary collection of Chinese (as well as Japanese) painting, much of which he donated to—or purchased for—the museum. This collection forms the basis of one of the country’s finest collections of Chinese painting.
Programs presented in the Bancroft Way building demonstrated the comprehensive nature of the growing collection. Among them were exhibitions of the works of Ant Farm, Joe Brainard, Joan Brown, Theresa Hak Kyung Cha, Robert Colescott, Jay DeFeo, Juan Gris, Eva Hesse, Paul Kos, Robert Mapplethorpe, Barry McGee, Richard Misrach, Bruce Nauman, Peter Paul Rubens, Martin Puryear, Sebastião Salgado, William Wiley, and many others, as well as thematic exhibitions including Made in U.S.A.: An Americanization in Modern Art, the ’50s & ’60s; State of Mind: New California Art Circa 1970; In a Different Light; Human/Nature: Artists Respond to a Changing Planet; Masterworks of Chinese Painting: In Pursuit of Mists and Clouds; Beauty Revealed: Images of Women in Qing Dynasty Painting; and Andrea Fraser: Aren’t They Lovely?.
The renowned MATRIX Program for Contemporary Art, founded by Director James Elliott in 1978, has been a venue for innovative works by important emerging artists for nearly forty years, affording the spontaneity and flexibility of a small-scale, short-term format. MATRIX has featured artists such as Doug Aitken, John Baldessari, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Louise Bourgeois, James Lee Byars, Sophie Calle, Bruce Conner, Nan Goldin, Nicole Eisenman, Omer Fast, Eva Hesse, David Ireland, Jess, Sol LeWitt, Shirin Neshat, Ernesto Neto, Martin Puryear, Nancy Spero, Andy Warhol, and Apichatpong Weerasethakul.
Each year, approximately 450 film screenings have offered opportunities to discover and explore cinema from every film-producing country in the world. BAMPFA has presented rare and rediscovered prints of movie classics, new and historic works by the world’s great film directors, restored silent films with live musical accompaniment, thematic retrospectives, and innovative works made by today’s film, video, and new-media artists working in animation, documentary, experimental, and fiction film. Continuing the tradition established in the Pacific Film Archive’s first years, screenings are often enlivened by in-person appearances by filmmakers, authors, critics, and scholars, who engage in discussion with audiences. Past series have included Discovering Georgian Cinema; Radical Light: Alternative Film and Video in the San Francisco Bay Area; Chronicles of Inferno: Japan’s Art Theater Guild; Days of Glory: Revisiting Italian Neorealism; Isabelle Huppert: Passion and Contradiction; Castles in the Sky: Masterful Anime from Studio Ghibli; Grand Illusions: French Cinema Classics, 1928–1960; Women’s Cinema from Tangiers to Tehran; and Gregory Peck: An Agreeable Gentleman. BAMPFA has also featured retrospectives of filmmakers Michelangelo Antonioni, Stan Brakhage, Robert Bresson, Luis Buñuel, Jacques Demy, Claire Denis, Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Jean-Luc Godard, Howard Hawks, Alfred Hitchcock, George and Mike Kuchar, Akira Kurosawa, Ida Lupino, Guy Maddin, Chris Marker, Nagisa Oshima, Marcel Pagnol, Satyajit Ray, Roberto Rossellini, Raúl Ruiz, Kidlat Tahimik, Agnès Varda, Dziga Vertov, and numerous others.
In 1996, the name of the museum was changed to the University of California, Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (BAMPFA).
A New Building in Downtown Berkeley
In 1997, the Bancroft Way building was declared seismically unsafe, and planning and fundraising began for the construction of a new home for BAMPFA on Center Street between Oxford and Shattuck, where the UC Berkeley campus meets downtown Berkeley. The New York-based architectural firm Diller Scofidio + Renfro was selected to design the new facility, which opened on January 31, 2016. The building integrates a 48,000-square-foot 1939 Art Deco–style building, formerly the UC Berkeley printing plant, with a 35,000-square-foot new structure, creating a dynamic, versatile, and easily accessible home for BAMPFA’s collections, programs, and offices. The printing plant’s distinctive north-facing sawtooth roof was preserved, allowing filtered natural light into many of the ground-floor galleries. The structure, a stainless steel–clad curvilinear volume, carries into the twenty-first century the streamlined Deco style of the 1939 printing plant. In addition to a range of exhibition galleries, BAMPFA visitors can now enjoy two film theaters (with 232 seats and 33 seats, respectively), a performance forum, cafe, four study centers for art and film, a reading room, an art-making lab, and various creatively designed gathering areas. Connected both to campus and the burgeoning Berkeley Arts District and located just a block from the Downtown Berkeley BART station, BAMPFA is more accessbile and better positioned than ever to, as our mission states, "inspire the imagination and ignite critical dialogue through art and film. We aspire to be locally connected and globally relevant, engaging audiences from the campus, community, and beyond."
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Professional Reference articles are written by UK doctors and are based on research evidence, UK and European Guidelines. They are designed for health professionals to use, so you may find the language more technical than the condition leaflets.
Glaucoma refers to a group of eye conditions that lead to damage to the optic nerve head with progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. This leads to a progressive loss of visual field. There are typical optic nerve changes on slit-lamp examination. Glaucoma is usually associated with an intraocular pressure (IOP) above the normal range. However:
- 20-52% (this varies between populations) of patients with glaucoma have IOP within the normal range. Patients with normal IOP who develop the characteristic changes associated with open-angle glaucoma are said to have low tension or normal pressure glaucoma.
- Many patients have raised IOP for years without developing the changes of glaucoma. This condition is referred to as ocular hypertension.
Prior to 1978, glaucoma was defined as IOP above 21 mm Hg in an eye (the normal range is considered to be 10-21 mm Hg with 14 being the average). More recently glaucoma has been understood as an abnormal physiology in the optic nerve head that interacts with the IOP, with the degree and rate of damage relating to both factors.
Types of glaucoma
There are several glaucoma subtypes, although all are considered optic neuropathies. Glaucoma may be primary or secondary to other conditions.
This may be:
- Congenital or acquired.
- Open-angle or closed-angle, depending on how the aqueous outflow is impaired.
- Closed-angle glaucoma may be:
- Superimposed on chronic open-angle glaucoma.
- Variants of primary glaucoma include:
- Pseudoexfoliative glaucoma.
- Pigmentary glaucoma.
- Primary juvenile glaucoma.
- Inflammatory glaucoma - eg, with uveitis.
- Phacogenic glaucoma (caused by the lens - eg, capsular rupture).
- Secondary to any intraocular haemorrhage.
- Neovascular (eg, rubeosis iridis).
- Associated with ocular tumours.
The end stage of glaucoma is referred to as absolute glaucoma. There is no functioning vision, the pupillary reflex is lost and the eye has a stony appearance. The condition is very painful and is treated by destructive processes.
The primary problem in glaucoma is disease of the optic nerve. The pathophysiology is not fully understood, but there is a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. In its early stages it affects peripheral visual field only but as it advances it affects central vision and results in loss of visual acuity, which can lead to severe sight impairment and complete loss of vision.
For most types of glaucoma, optic neuropathy is associated with a raised IOP. This has given rise to the hypothesis of retinal ganglion apoptosis, whose rate is influenced by the hydrostatic pressure on the optic nerve head and by compromise of the local microvasculature. The resulting optic neuropathy gives rise to the characteristic optic disc changes and visual field loss.
However, in normal tension glaucoma (NTG), IOP is in the normal range and this has led to other theories including vascular perfusion problems or an autoimmune component. Others have postulated that the optic nerve head is particularly sensitive in these patients, with damage occurring at much lower IOPs than in normal individuals. This could explain why these patients benefit from IOP-lowering medication.
In open-angle glaucoma, flow is reduced through the trabecular meshwork (whose role is absorbing aqueous humour). This is a chronic degenerative obstruction which occurs painlessly. By contrast, in acute closed-angle glaucoma the iridocorneal angle is closed by forward displacement of root of the iris against the cornea, so that aqueous humour cannot flow from the posterior to the anterior chamber and the pressure build-up is rapid and painful.
- Glaucoma is one of the most common eye conditions encountered in primary and secondary care.
- The World Health Organisation estimated that in 2010 glaucoma accounted for 8% of severe sight loss globally, and is the leading irreversible (the most common overall cause remains cataract).
- Disability adjusted life years attributable to glaucoma more than doubled between 1990 and 2010 due to the worldwide increase in the number of older people.
- In the UK glaucoma is the second most common cause for registration of visual impairment, accounting for 9-12% of registrations in people over the age of 65 years.
- The social burden and economic burden of glaucoma are likely to increase in the future because of longer life expectancy and an ageing population.
- Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type of glaucoma, accounting for over 70% of cases.
- Ocular hypertension affects 3-5% of the population over 40 years of age but only a small proportion of these people develop glaucoma.
- If glaucoma is completely untreated, progression to severe sight impairment typically takes 25-70 years from onset. Patients of African ethnicity are significantly more likely to become blind.[2, 3]
- Raised IOP particularly >26 mm Hg.
- Positive family history: incidence increases x 2-4 for those with an affected sibling.
- Ethnicity: some ethnic groups have increased incidence of glaucoma. People of East Asian and Inuit ethnicity have an increased incidence of closed-angle glaucoma (20-40 times in the Inuit), but a low incidence of open angle glaucoma. People of African descent are three times more likely to develop open-angle glaucoma.
- Gender: women are three times more likely than men to develop angle-closure glaucoma due to their shallow anterior chambers.
- Prolonged use of steroids.
- Conditions which severely restrict blood flow to the eye - eg, diabetic retinopathy, central retinal vein occlusion.
- Eye trauma.
- Systemic hypertension.
The onset of open-angle glaucoma is insidious and patients are often unaware that they have it. They may have severe disease despite good visual acuity. Those with more advanced disease may be aware of a shadow in their vision or a reduction in visual acuity. However, a normal visual field in one eye may mask the presence of a defect in the affected eye until the disease is fairly advanced.
Diagnosis of this silent disease is critical. If it is missed, the window of opportunity to stop progression may be lost. If it is wrongly diagnosed, inappropriate medication may be lifelong. In some cases, diagnosis is evident, particularly with the secondary glaucomas.
Patients with suspected glaucoma need a thorough ocular examination to rule out co-pathology or other possible diagnoses. Assessments are the same for glaucoma patients and those with - or suspected to have - ocular hypertension (see 'Ocular hypertension', below).
See also the separate Examination of the Eye article.
From the front of the eye to the back, the examinations particularly relevant in the assessment of glaucoma are listed here. They are all painless and can be carried out in a clinic setting:
- Gonioscopy - this is a technique used to measure the angle between the cornea and the iris to assess whether the glaucoma is open-angle or closed-angle. A mirror is placed on the surface of the numbed eye to allow the operator to measure the angle directly.
- Corneal thickness - this influences the IOP reading. If it is thicker than usual, it will take greater force to indent the cornea and an erroneously high reading will be obtained. (The opposite is true for a thin cornea.) Corneal thickness is measured by pachymetry.
- Tonometry - this is the objective measurement of IOP, usually based on the assessment of resistance of the cornea to indent. The normal range is considered to be 10 mm Hg-21 mm Hg. There are various tonometers available but the most frequently used in a hospital setting is Goldmann's applanation tonometer.
- Optic disc examination - this is key, as it is a direct marker of disease progression. Optic disc damage is assessed by looking at the ratio of the diameters of the pale centre (cup) to the overall size of the disc.The normal cup:disc ratio is 0.3, although it can be up to 0.7 in some normal people:
- Glaucoma is suggested by an increase in cupping with time, rather than by cupping alone. Marked but stable cupping may be hereditary.
- The intra-observer variability in optic disc evaluation has been markedly reduced by the more routine use of ocular coherence tomography (OCT), which not only produces excellent visual records but is able to provide quantification of several data including exact cup:disc ratio and areas of neuro-retinal thinning.
- Visual fields - these can be assessed using perimetry machines which objectively document what the patient perceives in the periphery of their vision. These assessments require the co-operation of the patient and can also be affected by fatigue, spectacle frames, miosis and media opacities. Where this is not possible, the assessor will have to rely on IOPs and cup:disc ratios alone. See also the separate Visual Field Defects article.
Glaucoma may affect a person's ability to drive and may mean their licence to do so is withdrawn. See the link in 'Further reading & references' below, regarding the DVLA rules relating to ability to drive.
Once diagnosis is confirmed, IOPs, optic disc assessment and visual fields are regularly monitored. If the central corneal thickness has been altered - eg, by laser refractive surgery or onset of corneal pathology - this will also require reassessment.
Disease progression in treated glaucoma is affected by IOP (particularly peak, rather than mean, IOP) and by IOP independent risk factors.
- Definition - this term is used where the IOP is found to be >21 mm Hg on two consecutive occasions in the absence of any detectable glaucomatous damage. It is a major risk factor for the development of glaucoma. Lowering IOP has been shown to decrease this risk.
- Epidemiology - ocular hypertension is estimated to affect 3-5% of individuals aged over 40; about one million people in England.
- Management - the IOP, the central corneal thickness and the age of the patient will determine whether treatment is instigated or not:
- For those who are not treated, ongoing monitoring is essential, as there is a risk of converting to POAG.
- For those who do require treatment, this involves IOP-lowering drugs (discussed in the separate Primary Open-angle Glaucoma article).
- There is considerable variation in practice with regards to who is treated and who is not but the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines should reduce this variation.
- Patients will be monitored six-monthly to yearly.
- Outcome - the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study found that the 'conversion rate' to glaucoma is 9% over five years in untreated patients, compared to 4.4% in treated individuals. There is no absolute way of predicting which of these patients will go on to 'convert' but risk factors include:
- Older age.
- Higher IOP.
- Larger cup-to-disc ratio.
- Thinner central corneal thickness.
Treatment of glaucoma
Specific treatments for glaucoma are discussed in the relevant clinical articles. However treatments include:
- Medication, usually eye drops, to lower IOP. Poor compliance with medication is common. Medications include:
- Prostaglandin analogues - eg, latanoprost.
- Topical beta-adrenergic antagonists - eg, timolol.
- Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists - eg, brimonidine.
- Miotics - eg, pilocarpine, echothiophate.
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - eg, dorzolamide.
- Trabeculectomy - removal of part of the trabecular meshwork. This is the most common surgery performed for glaucoma.
- Canaloplasty - uses a microcatheter to increase the drainage of Schlemm's canal.
- Laser surgery - a temporary measure to increase the outflow of aqueous humour.
- Drainage implants - a flow tube is implanted into the anterior chamber and drains fluid out to an area under the conjunctiva, called a bleb.
- Sclerectomy - a procedure similar to trabeculectomy but with additional excision of part of the sclera.
Primary open-angle glaucoma
See the separate Primary Open-angle Glaucoma article for more details.
See the separate Angle-closure Glaucoma article for more details.
NTG is a subtype of the open-angle glaucomas. Patients have statistically normal IOPs but modification of the IOP remains the best established treatment approach. There is increasing evidence that IOP independent factors such as vascular dysregulation contribute to the pathology.
- Nature - glaucomatous optic neuropathy with an open iridocorneal angle, in the absence of a raised mean IOP on diurnal testing.
- Risk factors - include old age, female gender. May be associated with the Raynaud's phenomenon, migraines, paraproteinaemia.
- Management - as for POAG with the aim to reduce IOP by 30%. It is also recommended that systemic blood pressure be monitored over 24 hours, as NTG may be associated with nocturnal systemic hypotension and a significant nocturnal drop warrants a review of antihypertensive medication (calcium-channel blockers are preferable). When medication does not stabilise nerve damage, glaucoma filtering surgery is the best treatment. Further research is ongoing.
- Outcome - there is often a delay in diagnosis, resulting in more advanced visual field defects. Patients with unilateral defects have a 40% chance of developing defects in the fellow eye over five years.
Several eye disorders lead to an increase in IOP sufficient to present a risk to optic nerve structure and function. These secondary glaucomas cause a reduction in outflow of aqueous humour, caused by inflammatory debris, intraocular haemorrhage and growth of new blood vessels in the angle (neovascular glaucoma) resulting from ocular vascular diseases of the eye.
- Neovascular glaucoma:
- This is a serious condition which arises as a result of iris neovascularisation (rubeiosis iridis).
- It occurs following episodes of hypoxia as may occur in ischaemic retinal vein occlusion, advanced diabetic eye disease, central retinal artery occlusion, intraocular tumours, long-standing retinal detachment and where there has been chronic intraocular inflammation.
- Pseudoexfoliative (PXF) glaucoma, also called exfoliative glaucoma:
- This arises secondary to pseudoexfoliation syndrome, whereby a dusty grey deposit of extracellular amyloid-like material is deposited on the anterior lens capsule, the zonules, the ciliary body and in the trabecular network, so clogging the latter up.
- It is more likely to occur in older (≥40-year-old) females.
- Pigmentary glaucoma:
- Pigment deposits from the posterior surface of the iris block the drainage system as with PXF.
- It is more likely to occur in young (20- to 40-year-old), male, Caucasian myopes.
- Exposure to corticosteroids can lead to secondary glaucoma.
Initial treatment for secondary glaucoma is to stabilise or inhibit the underlying disorder. For neovascular glaucoma, this therapy can be laser treatment for the retina and injection of inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor. Glaucoma related to PXF and pigment dispersion syndrome is managed with drugs and possibly laser treatment or surgery. Neovascular glaucoma involves panretinal photocoagulation and possibly retinal surgery.
The outcome is is usually good although patients with rubeiotic glaucomas tend to fare badly, as they by definition have advanced ocular comorbidity to have developed rubeiosis iridis.
Primary congenital glaucoma
See the separate Congenital Primary Glaucoma article for more detail.
- Inflammatory glaucoma - this difficult condition presents with fluctuating IOPs and a ciliary body shutdown. It is the most common cause of severe sight impairment in children and young adults with chronic anterior uveitis. Steroid responders (a rise in IOP in response to steroid treatment for the inflammation itself) present the most tricky management issues. Treatment is broadly drug-based but severe cases may require surgery too.
- Lens-related glaucoma - the lens may either cause a phacolytic glaucoma (a hypermature cataract sheds proteins which clog up the drainage system) or phacomorphic glaucoma (where the lens swells and bulges forward, compressing the trabecular meshwork). Both need prompt cataract surgery, although this is associated with a greater risk of complications than routine cataract surgery.
- Traumatic glaucoma - red blood cells can block the trabecular meshwork (this is particularly the case in patients with sickle-cell haemoglobinopathies); angle recession (where blunt trauma ruptures the face of the ciliary body and damages the trabecular meshwork) also results in glaucoma in 6-9% of patients over a ten-year period.
- Iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome - this frequently unilateral condition (typically affecting young- to middle-aged women) is characterised by iris abnormalities which are associated with glaucoma in 50% of cases. Treatment is medical and surgical.
- Glaucoma in phacomatoses - Sturge-Weber syndrome is associated with early presentation of patients with glaucoma (60% within the first two years of life) and neurofibromatosis-1 patients may also (uncommonly) present with unilateral, congenital glaucoma.
- Iridocorneal dysgenesis - this can arise in a number of conditions (Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, Peters' anomaly, aniridia) and is variously associated with glaucoma, the management of which lies within the remit of specialised units.
- Ghost cell glaucoma - degenerate erythrocytes left behind after a vitreous haemorrhage (± cataract surgery) and hyphaema may block up the trabecular meshwork so giving rise to glaucoma. These patients benefit from medical treatment but may require irrigation of the anterior chamber.
- Glaucoma in cavernous sinus fistula - secondary glaucoma may come about as a result of raised episcleral venous pressure (resulting from a generalised increase in orbital venous pressure) impairing the aqueous outflow. If there is anterior segment ischaemia, neovascularisation may also complicate things. Medical treatment is required until the shunt resolves or is treated.
- Glaucoma in intraocular tumours - development of glaucoma depends on the site of the tumour but it occurs in about 5% of affected eyes.
- Glaucoma in ciliochoroidal detachment - in the event of a detachment of the ciliary body or choroid, there is an anterior displacement of the lens-iris complex resulting in shallow iridocorneal angles which may close off. Treatment is medical and surgical.
- Glaucoma in epithelial ingrowth - occasionally, after anterior segment trauma (including surgery), conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells migrate from the external surface of the eye, through the wound and grow across the structures within. This may block off the aqueous outflow. Treatment involves surgery and cryotherapy.
- Glaucoma in iridoschisis - this is a rare condition in which the iris atrophies. It is associated with glaucoma in 90% of cases. Laser treatment is necessary, followed by drug treatment.
Did you find this information useful?
Further reading & references
- Glaucoma Focus; Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB) and International Glaucoma Association (IGA)
- Assessing fitness to drive: guide for medical professionals; Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
- Glaucoma referral and safe discharge - A national clinical guideline; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network - SIGN (March 2015)
- Kass MA, Heuer DK, Higginbotham EJ, et al; The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: a randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002 Jun 120(6):701-13
- Heijl A, Buchholz P, Norrgren G, et al; Rates of visual field progression in clinical glaucoma care. Acta Ophthalmol. 2013 Aug 91(5):406-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.02492.x. Epub 2012 Oct 16.
- Broman AT, Quigley HA, West SK, et al; Estimating the rate of progressive visual field damage in those with open-angle glaucoma, from cross-sectional data. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 Jan 49(1):66-76. doi: 10.1167/iovs.07-0866.
- Anderson DR; Normal-tension glaucoma (Low-tension glaucoma). Indian J Ophthalmol. 2011 Jan 59 Suppl:S97-101. doi: 10.4103/0301-4738.73695.
- Causes of blindness and visual impairment; World Health Organization
- Wojciechowski R, Congdon N, Anninger W, et al; Age, gender, biometry, refractive error, and the anterior chamber angle among Alaskan Eskimos. Ophthalmology. 2003 Feb 110(2):365-75.
- Wise LA, Rosenberg L, Radin RG, et al; A prospective study of diabetes, lifestyle factors, and glaucoma among African-American women. Ann Epidemiol. 2011 Jun 21(6):430-9. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.03.006.
- Glaucoma referral and safe discharge - A national clinical guideline; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network - SIGN (March 2015)
- Glaucoma; NICE Clinical Guideline (April 2009)
- De Moraes CG, Juthani VJ, Liebmann JM, et al; Risk factors for visual field progression in treated glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011 May 129(5):562-8. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.72.
- Song BJ and Joseph Caprioli J ; New directions in the treatment of normal tension glaucoma Indian J Ophthalmol. 2014 May
- Quigley HA; Glaucoma. Lancet. 2011 Apr 16 377(9774):1367-77. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61423-7. Epub 2011 Mar 30.
- Denniston AKO, Murray PI; Oxford Handbook of Ophthalmology, Oxford University Press, 2009
- Moorfields Manual of Ophthalmology
Disclaimer: This article is for information only and should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of medical conditions. Patient Platform Limited has used all reasonable care in compiling the information but make no warranty as to its accuracy. Consult a doctor or other health care professional for diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. For details see our conditions.
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Carers are people who provide unpaid care and support to family members and friends who have a disability, mental illness, a serious long-term illness, a terminal illness, an alcohol or other drug issue or who are frail aged. Carers help and support the person they care for with daily activities, emotional, social and financial support. Carers of NDIS participants, most likely care for someone with a significant and permanent disability who is under the age of 65 years.
It is important for carers to understand and be prepared for the NDIS. Participants of the scheme, are now offered choice and control over the way they purchase and receive their support needs, through individual packages of support. This is different to the previous block funded model, where service providers tendered for government funding to help groups of people.
The NDIS recognises that Carers play an important role in supporting a person with disability, and the wellbeing of the family is taken into account when putting together a plan for participants. Carers can support the person they care for prepare for the NDIS by ensuring:
- The person they care for is supported to access the NDIS
- The person they care for receives support that is reasonable and necessary, and right for their situation
- You, as the carer of a person with disability who is eligible for the NDIS, receives the appropriate amount of support to continue in your role as someone's primary carer.
The NDIS funds ‘reasonable and necessary’ supports that help a person with disability to reach their goals and increase their social and economic participation. The types of services vary depending on each individual’s needs.
For a support to be deemed ‘reasonable and necessary’ it must:
- Be related to the participant’s disability
- Be likely to be effective and beneficial to the participant
- Take into account informal supports provided by families, carers and the community
The NDIS does not fund services such as education, income support, housing, employment, public transport or health services because these types of services are referred to as ‘mainstream services.’ However, the NDIS will support people with disability to connect to these types of services.
Please follow the link to understand how the NDIS works with other mainstream services: https://www.ndis.gov.au/document/how-ndis-works-other-mainstrea.html
Carers cannot join themselves unless they too meet the NDIS eligibility requirements of having a permanent and significant disability, please see the NDIS Access Checklist below. However, in a caring capacity, they can benefit from the supports the person with disability receives, both directly and indirectly.
Please follow the below links for NDIS information on:
Families and Carers: https://www.ndis.gov.au/families-carers.html
NDIS Access Checklist: https://www.ndis.gov.au/ndis-access-checklist.html
Yes, there are a range of supports available to carers including respite support, counselling, education and training, peer support and advocacy. For information call the National Carer Advisory Line on 1800 242 636
If the NDIA determines a person with disability to be ineligible to participate in the scheme, that person cannot receive funded supports through the NDIS. However, the person with disability or their carer can contact the NDIS for support through the Information, linkages and capacity (ILC) building programme for referral and other support options.
Please follow this link to NDIS information on continuity of support: https://www.ndis.gov.au/people-disability/continuity-support.html
If you disagree with an NDIS decision regarding your eligibility, you can request an internal review. This can simply be stated to the NDIA or you can complete their respective form.
Being advised you are not eligible, may be due to a mistake in completing the access request form by either yourself, the GP or specialist(s). Requesting an internal review is an important consideration where you believe you or the person you care for, meets the criteria to become a participant of the scheme. You may wish to seek advocacy in your state or territory to support you through this process.
NDIA Internal review process: https://www.ndis.gov.au/participants/reasonable-and-necessary-supports/decision-review.html
A person with disability or their nominee, who is not satisfied with a decision made by the NDIA can apply to have their case looked at again. This application needs to be made within three months of the initial decision. If the person is still not happy with the decision after the review, they can then apply to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal.
The administrative appeals tribunal: https://www.ndis.gov.au/about/contact-us/feedback-complaints/appeals-tribunal.html
This is the role of the Local Area Coordinators and Early Childhood Early Intervention access partners who have partnered with the NDIA. These models of support are currently being rolled across Australia in stages. Please refer to the NDIS in your area or call the NDIA 1800 800 110 for more information on when these models are operational in your region.
The NDIS may also pay for supports to build the capacity of the person with disability to use mainstream services. For example, training people with disability on how to use public transport. Please contact the NDIA on 1800 800 110 for more information.
The NDIS has Operational Guidelines to assist the NDIA in making decisions or recommendations about people with disability, their families and carers. These Guidelines are based on the NDIS Act. The NDIS Rules and Guidelines also refer to the ways that carers can be involved in the assessment and planning process.
Some of these guidelines refer directly to carers for example The Planning and Assessment Operational Guidelines state that ‘the role of families and carers should be considered and respected.’
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For more than 100 years, International Women’s Day has celebrated the economic, social, political achievements of women and has become a time to reflect on areas where progress on gender equality has stalled.
This year’s theme, Pledge for Parity, calls for women and men to make a pledge to take meaningful action in these areas to help achieve gender equality at a much faster pace.
Broadening Australia’s approach to forced marriage, an emerging and growing problem, is the next step in empowering women and girls and advancing their rights.
In the last 18 months, the Australian Federal Police investigated 41 cases of forced marriage between 2013 and 2015. Alarmingly 32 of these investigations were related to persons under the age of 18.
While there is very little available data on the prevalence of forced marriage in Australia, the United Nations Population Fund estimates that 140 million girls around the world will become child brides by 2020.
The fact this occurs in Australia today demands of our attention and resources.
Under Australia’s current policy, victims who disclose a risk of forced marriage or who experience a forced marriage must engage with law enforcement to access a government support program.
The Salvation Army’s Freedom Partnership supports the spirit and intent of the law to keep people safe including the use of airport alerts, placement of children under 16 years into foster care and prosecutions.
However, criminalising forced marriage in order to prevent it is only one part of a complex and comprehensive response to best support young people and their families. Young people aged 16-18 years represent a significant number of those at-risk and more nuanced interventions should also be offered.
For example, in many cases it may not be in the best interest of a young person’s well-being, emotional and psychological development to be a party to the prosecution of their own family members.
Services should be available to people independently of contacting police who are inappropriately placed as a gatekeeper to welfare supports. We think an integrative framework is needed that focuses on and resources young people to reach their full potential from the moment they seek help.
The United Kingdom’s Forced Marriage Unit (FMU) offers Australia a model for delivering a consistent response that is worth considering in light of the growing number of young women and girls seeking help here.
The FMU response provides multi-disciplinary support teams that work alongside law enforcement if young people choose to engage with police. This means that a young person’s journey is centred on their rights and needs rather than a criminal justice outcome.
Young Australians facing forced marriage need a similar approach that activates comprehensive wrap-around support first and law enforcement as needed.
Amina* faced the prospect of forced marriage whilst she was a high school student. Her sisters and cousins had also experienced marriage at a young age, so it was not a surprise to Amina when her parents informed her about their plans for her marriage.
She was pressured by her parents to travel overseas and then deceived into a religious marriage to a stranger. Amina was then expected to sponsor the migration of her new spouse to Australia a few months later when she returned and turned 18.
Amina’s parents genuinely believed the marriage was in her best interest, but their deceptive actions emotionally devastated their daughter.
As the reality of life with her new husband drew closer, it became clear to Amina that she would not be allowed by her husband to study, work or achieve her own goals.
Ultimately, Amina refused her parent’s wishes. As a result she has lost family and community relationships that have been foundational to her identity as a child and young person transitioning into adulthood.
Overnight she was flung into independence without resources to live on her own in addition to dealing with the grief and loss of her family.
Without the support of a schoolmate’s parents who offered her a safe home, support and guidance, Amina would likely have returned to a marriage and life she never wanted.
More importantly, Australia would have been robbed of the skills and talents she now offers as a university graduate.
Amina was able to achieve her goals because she was given what she needed when she needed it. It’s true that Amina is also a courageous, tenacious and insightful young woman with coping skills and motivation to succeed. It’s a lucky combination.
We think Australia can and should leave less to chance by providing every young woman at-risk of forced marriage the same opportunity.
Laura Vidal is coordinator of The Salvation Army 's Freedom Partnership to end modern slavery’s forced marriage program.
*Name changed on request.
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The most comprehensive multi-media content on Grasslands Ecosystem!
The content presented here is a the same as that available in the Grasslands section of the popular iPad app – Ecosystems HD (https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ecosystems-hd/id547133275?mt=8)
This presentation has comprehensive and visually engaging content on the grasslands ecosystem with multiple modes of learning –
Read & Learn – Detailed Text and 20 Wow Facts. The text content has an audio attachment which reads out the text content!
See & Learn – 18 Photos with text below explaining the content visually. A picture is worth a thousand words!
Watch & Learn – 5 carefully selected videos which enhances the student’s learning
Quiz & Learn – 30 questions and answers which follow 3 levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy to test the student’s understanding of the concepts.
All photos included in this presentation have https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ license.
Copyright © Sprout Labs LLC. All rights reserved by Sprout Labs LLC. This product is to be used by the original purchaser only. Copying for more than one teacher, classroom, department, school, or school system is prohibited. This product may not be distributed or displayed digitally for public view. Photos have CC By 2.0 and cannot be extracted and used outside of this file without appropriate credit. Intended for classroom and personal use only. See product file for photo credits.
Keywords: Grasslands, Ecosystem, Biome, Habitat, Earth Science, Adaptations, Plants, Animals, Multimedia, Photos, Videos
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Anyone who follows the financial news has probably heard the terms “alpha” and “beta” in relation to investing. However, it’s rarely explained how important they are when it comes to making investment decisions.
Alpha is a risk-adjusted measure of an investment’s performance. It takes the volatility of an individual investment and compares its risk-adjusted performance to a benchmark index.
The S&P 500, for instance, is a common benchmark for U.S. stock funds. The excess return (or loss) of the investment relative to that of the benchmark index is its alpha.
- A positive alpha means a fund has performed better than its benchmark.
- A negative alpha means the fund has underperformed its benchmark.
In short, the higher the alpha, the better.
Beta measures the volatility (risk) of an investment or a portfolio compared to the market as a whole. Think of it as the tendency of an investment’s return to respond to swings in the market.
An investment with a beta of 1.0 would move exactly in step with the market. An investment or portfolio with a beta of less than 1.0 means it would be less volatile than the market, and one with a beta greater than 1.0 would be more volatile.
A beta of 1.15, for instance, means the investment or portfolio’s beta is likely 15% more volatile than the market.
Essentially, if you’re looking for a lower-risk fund or portfolio, look for one with a low beta. If you’re willing to take on more risk in exchange for the potential of higher return, look for a higher beta.
In some of my future posts I’ll break down other industry terms and jargon.
Principal Funds, Inc. is distributed by Principal Funds Distributor, Inc.
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NASA chief Charles Bolden is beaming.
The news today (April 3) that the International Space Station has played a pivotal role in what could be one of the biggest leaps forward for astrophysics has left the NASA Administrator with nothing but high praise.
The news stems from the station's Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, which detected signals that just might be evidence of dark matter particles colliding and annihilating each other. (Of course, it could be something else, too. The science team has not yet confirmed the signal is definitely from dark matter, but it is a tantalizing possibility.)
Here's what Bolden says about today's AMS announcement, which NASA sent out to reporters this afternoon:
"The AMS cosmic ray particle results announced today could help foster a new understanding of the fields of fundamental physics and astrophysics. I am confident that this is only the first of many scientific discoveries enabled by the station that will change our understanding of the universe. Multiple NASA human spaceflight centers around the country played important roles in this work, and we look forward to many more exciting results from AMS.
"For more than 50 years, NASA has pushed the boundaries beyond Earth to unveil the underlying architecture of the cosmos, revealing new knowledge about our place within it. The International Space Station is a gateway to the universe, teaching us how humans can live, work, and thrive in space as we endeavor to venture deeper into the solar system. It's a remarkable testament that the orbital laboratory could play such an important supporting role in research at the very smallest scale of the physical universe. It's proof positive the space station is humanity's greatest achievement in low-Earth orbit."
The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer is a complicated (and expensive) instrument launched to the space station in May 2011 on one of NASA's last-ever shuttle missions. The $2 billion instrument is the result of 16 years of work by 200 scientists from 16 different countries and 56 different institutions.
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