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How are the orienting/explanatory theory and the practice theory applied to a Hispanic female who is Spanish-speaking only, which has caused her to be unable to access behavioral health services due to the language barrier causing the individual to experience degeneration of her mental health?
An explanatory theory for the scenario presented in the student’s question involves three main barriers to effective communications and to a satisfactory resolution of the hypothetical individual’s problem. The first barrier is linguistic; the individual in question is Spanish-speaking and knows little or no English. The second barrier could involve gender; the individual is a female, and may not receive the attention or level of seriousness she needs, if the personnel with whom she interacts are male, because of primitive assumptions regarding women. The third barrier is the nature of her condition. She suffers from a mental disorder, which, combined with the language barrier, would make it extraordinarily difficult to communicate with facility staff. Assuming, of course, that there are no Spanish-speaking individuals employed at the institution, her inability to communicate the nature of her concerns could result in her being ignored, misdiagnosed, properly diagnosed but poorly treated, or properly diagnosed and properly treated. The last possibility is dispensed with, as the question presupposes an unsatisfactory resolution of her problem.
Explanatory theories, as the name suggests, seek to explain a situation. As the U.S. National Institutes of Health defines “explanatory theory,”:
“Explanatory theory describes the reasons why a problem exists. It guides the search for factors that contribute to a problem (e.g., a lack of knowledge, self-efficacy, social support, or resources), and can be changed.” [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Theory at a Glance: A Guide for Health Promotion Practice, 2005]
Belief systems that are a product of regional, ethnic, or religious cultures will seek to explain situations or problems through a prism specific to certain individuals or groups. In the case of the Latina woman, the facility staff, individually or institutionally, may harbor certain prejudices regarding non-native-speaking patients. Especially with immigration issues, overwhelmingly involving Spanish-speaking peoples, so heated, the appearance of probably economically lower-income non-English-speaking woman with emotional outbursts or erratic behavior could lead to prejudicial treatment from an overworked staff predisposed to judge individuals on the basis of race and income. An individual such as described in the question could easily ‘fall through the cracks’ of the mental health system by virtue of her inability to communicate. Now, it is entirely likely that a responsible staff would locate a Spanish-speaking translator able to assist the woman, but, depending upon workload and the possibility of mental exhaustion on the part of the staff, it is entirely possible she would not receive the level of attention required. An inability to communicate due to a combination of linguistic and emotional or mental difficulties could result in the woman’s failure to receive treatment.
Practice theory is considerably more complicated than explanatory theory, encompassing a much broader array of variables. In this educator’s opinion, there is no one good definition of practice theory, but one, provided in a paper presented at an academic and professional forum in Sweden, encapsulates it as follows:
“This theory describes and conceptualises workpractices as constellations of actors, actions and action objects (conditions/results). One important part of the theory is a generic model of workpractices.” [Göran Goldkuhl, Practice Theory vs Practical Theory: Combining Referential and Functional Pragmatism, Panel paper to the 4th International Conference on Action in Language, Organisations and Information Systems (ALOIS), 1-2 November 2006, Borås]
Goldkuhl, citing another source on the concept of practice theory, notes that a “practice is considered to be ‘embodied, materially mediated arrays of human activity centrally organized around shared practical understanding’.” Applying practice theory to the scenario involving the mentally ill Spanish-speaking woman could involve institutional break-downs similar to those described above in the discussion of explanatory theory. Major league screw-ups often involve systemic problems in which the whole is less than the sum of its parts. In the case of the scenario, individual staffers at the medical facility could have all been diligent and well-intentioned, but negligent in responding to this individual’s condition. As noted earlier, mental health and medical facilities tend to operate at a high level with unusual degrees of stress imposed upon overworked, mentally-exhausted personnel. Even when operating conditions are relatively calm, the nature of the work involved allows little margin for error. Errors do occur, however, because no system is perfect, and inevitably some step will be missed, some bit of information not conveyed to appropriate officials, etc. (see for a good recent example the failure of the hospital in Texas to properly administer to the patient who died from the Ebola virus.)
Organizations are composed of human beings, and human beings bring both skills and emotional baggage. A mistake in entering admitting information on a hospital form, a failure of a nurse or physicians to diligently review patient information (for example, missing the reference to an allergy or sensitivity to a particular medication), a failure to double-check instructions involving the administration of medication, and a myriad of other potential errors all exist on a daily basis. In the case of the hypothetical woman, the obstacles to communication noted above could easily result in her inability to attain the care she needs. The mission of the hospital or mental health facility is universally understood and the institution’s operating principles acknowledged, but it takes only one deficient or overworked individual to create a dysfunctional environment in which the less-fortunate among us fall through the cracks.
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Unit One: Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing by Judy Blume
Unit Two: Because of Winn-Dixie by Kate DiCamillo
Unit Three: Æsop’s Fables
Unit Four: Poetry Writing (Rose, Where Did You Get That Red? by Kenneth Koch)
Unit Five: Bridge to Terabithia by Katherine PatersonPlease browse this site for content and resources related to courses in this subject area. Across the top are grade level links, with sub-links to specific units. To access another subject area or school level, please go to the NIS logo in the upper left hand corner of the screen and choose from the drop-down menu. NIS Students and Parents: To access specific assignments and class details, please log in to your Veracross portal.
To access curriculum plans, please log in to Rubicon Atlas.
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Teachers, Unions, and Citizens: An Alternative Model for Collective Bargaining
Collective bargaining in public education does not work very well. Regardless of the outcome of contract negotiations, the citizen lacks any direct and meaningful influence over the process that produces the labor agreement. And if teachers strike to attain their bargaining demands, the students and parents who suffer the consequences have as their only recourse, political reprisal against the school-board members who precipitated the action. In addition, if the bargaining impasse is resolved through arbitration, any semblance of public accountability disappears. The collective- bargaining system accordingly should be modified to provide a greater degree of public participation.
In 1935, the Congress chose to exclude governmental employers from coverage under the National Labor Relations Act, and state and local governments were permitted to devise their own labor-relations policies.
At present, 42 states have enacted legislation conferring rights to collective bargaining on at least some groups of public workers. Ten states authorize strikes as one means of resolving bargaining impasses, and, in addition, the California Supreme Court recently ruled that public employees in that state have a common-law right to strike. The remaining states rely on some form of third-party intervention, such as arbitration, to resolve disputes. Neither method can be applied successfully to educational bargaining.
Strikes are effective in the private sector because they impose economic costs on recalcitrant or incompetent negotiators. In contrast, public education is monopolistic, and consumers--the taxpayer--have only limited alternative sources of educational services. They must pay for public schools, and therefore market forces cannot efficiently discipline the negotiating parties as occurs in the private sector.
Many academics have pointed out that the technique of arbitration successfully minimizes strikes. However, it does so at an extremely high price. The arbitrator, who determines the terms and conditions of employment, is necessarily removed from the influence of any interested party, and, by definition, citizens are precluded from any voice in the resolution of the dispute. One expert in the field, Raymond Horton, cogently observes: "No readily foreseeable reforms could overcome the objection to interest arbitration based on political democracy, short of eliminating arbitration or electing arbitrators."
Theoretically, there is an alternative method of resolving impasses in negotiations while simultaneously preserving the positive benefits of collective bargaining. I propose a framework for public-sector negotiations I that includes a referendum election, which I refer to as the Referendum Model.
• Notice of Impasse. If the parties are unable to agree on the terms of a contract, they notify the appropriate state agency (the "Board"). The notification specifies the issues in dispute and the respective positions of the parties.
• Mediation. The Board appoints a mediator, who will attempt through mediation to resolve the dispute. If mediation is not successful within a specified period, the mediator files a report with the Board. The report may be made public.
• Fact-finding. The Board appoints, or the parties mutually select, a fact-finder, who conducts a hearing and prepares recommendations for a labor contract. The parties share the fees and expenses of the fact-finder.
• Referendum or Strike. Following fact-finding, the parties are given a short period within which to accept or reject the fact-finder's recommendations. If the school board rejects the recommendations, then teachers will be permitted to strike. However, if the union rejects the recommendations, the impasse is submitted to a referendum election in the appropriate electoral unit, with the union paying the cost of the election. Voters choose between the fact-finders recommendation and the union's proposal. In the event both parties reject the recommendations, the referendum election is held. The costs of the election are shared, and the voter chooses either the union's or the school board's final offer at the time of the impasse.
There are many advantages to the Referendum Model. The objective of collective bargaining is to encourage the voluntary and peaceful accommodation of interests, and by imposing substantial costs of disagreement on unions and school boards, the model promotes genuine bargaining rather than desultory and aimless discussions as a prelude to some further stage in the procedure, such as arbitration.
The costs to the union are economic. An election may be expensive, and a union victory is not assured, so only a foolhardy union would reject a fair and equitable recommendation in favor of a referendum election involving a known expenditure and an uncertain outcome. Indeed, for teachers, the model imposes greater economic injury than the pure strike model; teachers often recoup the loss of salary during a strike I through the addition of school days at the end of the normal year. They would not have such an advantage under the proposed model unless the school board chose to confer it upon them.
For the school board member, the costs are political. If the board rejects the fact-finder's recommendations, it does so at the I risk of incurring a damaging strike. Because the strike option is under the sole control of the school board, the board cannot avoid public accountability for the consequences of a work action, and the electorate at the next general election can punish the board for an unwise decision.
The model also comports with ideals of democratic governance in local school systems. Presumably, citizens will have a significant incentive to become informed regarding the course of collective negotiations, and publication of the fact-finders recommendations will generate substantial public pressure on the parties to reach a settlement. Such pressure will promote the effectiveness of the fact-finding process.
One objection to the model is that political change at the state level is a momentous undertaking that must confront and overcome entrenched interests. But the Referendum Model could be implemented through the simple expedient of permitting a local option to the state collective-bargaining law. That is, during a general election, citizens within a given school district would be offered a choice of retaining existing procedure for public-school bargaining or selecting the Referendum Model.
State legislators could hardly oppose a procedure that allowed local taxpayers to express a preference for a specific form of collective bargaining. If school boards and teachers opposed the model, they could work to defeat the option by publicly defending the present methods. Indeed, the lo- cal-option strategy would occasion valuable debate regarding educational goals and priorities within the community.
The organized-labor movement in America faces grave challenges. A major factor in labor's current deterioration is the lack of public awareness of the nature and function of unions. Teachers' unions are often criticized and maligned along with other labor institutions, and students affected by a work stoppage may perceive unions in very negative terms. For that reason, encouraging public familiarity with and participation in the bargaining process seems a desirable end.
Vol. 06, Issue 10, Page 17
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Its vibrant populace, in a culture that increasingly reveres youth, sometimes makes people feel Vietnam will never grow old.
For years the country has cashed in on its so-called “golden demographics," in which the number of dependent citizens is much smaller than the labor pool.
This blessing allowed the country some time to rebuild after a destructive war. It molded an impressively large, young workforce to consistently drive the economy from both production and consumption sides.
But Vietnam cannot be forever young.
While the country's median age is now low — at around 29 compared to China’s 37, for instance —its population growth is no longer driven by births, but by more people living longer.
It is only a matter of time before the golden age passes. And the clock is ticking fast.
Most of the world has seen its population skew toward the aged, and so the trend is inevitable.
The difference is that for Vietnam and some others it will be a very steep climb down the demographic peak.
Aging will likely hit Vietnam with full force within a very short span of time, whereas in most developed nations it comes gradually, and often after the dream of prosperity has been realized.
The World Bank, in a report released last month, warned that East Asia and the Pacific is “aging faster than any region in history, driven primarily by a rapid decline in fertility, but also increased longevity.”
Transitioning from an aging to an aged society, where people of 65 and above account for 14 percent or more of the total population, took the UK 45 years, the US 69 years and France 115 years.
For Vietnam, this transition would come in a mere 15 years, and complete well before the 2040s, the report forecast.
The projected decline of Vietnam's working-age population is not as dramatic as in Hong Kong, South Korea or Singapore.
Unlike these richer economies, though, Vietnam is hardly ready to deal with a lack of workers and the pressures on economic growth that ensue.
Steady annual growth of around 6 percent has lifted many Vietnamese out of poverty in recent years, but the country’s annual per capita income is barely past US$2,000.
More efforts are required to bring the share of population living below $2 a day from 12.1 percent in 2012 to 5.8 percent in 2017 — the year that policymakers believe will mark the beginning of the aging phase, though some argue it has begun.
Speed bumps on the road to affluence will have a stronger impact on older people than other age groups, considering that they have already been left behind when most become better off.
A study by the United Nations Population Fund, or UNFPA, found that between 2010 and 2012 incomes increased for every age group in Vietnam except for the 65-80 category.
Ritsu Nacken, acting representative of UNFPA in Vietnam, said around 17 percent of older persons live under the poverty line and the rate could be as high as 22 percent in rural areas.
She said there are many factors that lead to bad economic outcomes in old age.
“First, changes in family composition and social norms may lead to more old people living alone.
“Second, increased life expectancy means old people may exhaust their savings well before dying.
“And finally, government policies to ensure income protection for older persons are falling short.”
The country has a social security system that doles out allowances regularly to its elderly citizens, but Nacken said the eligibility criteria of the policy is narrow, targeting only people who are poor and without family support. Others have to wait until they are 80 to get the allowance.
Data from different agencies vary. The figure provided by UNFPA is notably low: only around 100,000 people aged between 60 to 79, accounting for a mere 1.3 percent of the population in that age group, receive monthly allowances.
And the sum is not much to begin with.
Increased life expectancy means old people may exhaust their savings well before dying." -- Ritsu Nacken, UNFPA
Most provinces rarely pay more than the minimum income support of VND180,000, or $8.45, per month, which Nacken considered "insufficient to bring beneficiaries out of poverty.”
For those who have worked long enough and contributed to the state pension fund, the financial situation is only a little better.
It is well known that this stipend is not enough to cover necessities either. Many pensioners say they receive less than $25 per month after working for decades.
And since 2013 there has been talk that the national pension fund might go broke — a prediction that can only add to the vexations of a graying workforce.
Money aside, the increasing number of people entering old age also lays bare the weaknesses in Vietnam’s health and elderly care services that are usually swept under the carpet.
The UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office said in a research note early this year that, with a sub-replacement birth rate of 2.09 and a life expectancy of 73 years and rising, Vietnam would see its population age “extremely rapidly” in the coming decades.
One of the biggest challenges, it said, would be seen in the healthcare system, which is not keeping up with changes in the society.
"The traditional family structure – three-generation households, with the eldest child caring for aging parents – is weakening, yet institutional structures to care for the elderly remain extremely rare: there are fewer than 3,000 geriatric care beds across the whole of Vietnam,” according to the note, which was meant for UK investors looking for business opportunities in Vietnam.
Even officials concede that there are shortcomings in long-term care for the elderly.
“We all know that living standards have improved, but a part of the population including many elderly citizens are still facing hardships — they stay in dilapidated houses, have to work to make a living and sometimes do not receive good care when they are sick,” Deputy Prime Minister Vu Duc Dam said in a speech in Hanoi last week to hundreds of elderly people.
At the end of the speech, he urged children across the country to take good care of their aging parents, because “one day we will also have children and grandchildren, will be old, and will want the exact same things that our parents and grandparents want."
Vietnamese are required by law to take care of their parents in their own age, but it is not an easy area to police, as evidenced by the many instances of old parents being neglected.
After all, putting a virtue — filial piety, in this case — under the purview of the law will not stop the evolution of family dynamics and economic conditions that any aging society is bound to see.
Pham Tuyet Nhung, deputy head of the International Relations Department at the Vietnam Association of the Elderly, said a better life for older people has to begin with how society sees and empowers them.
Better awareness will allow the country to introduce better policies for the elderly, she said.
“For instance, we can’t consider them a burden who are dependent on their children. We need to be able to see their contributions and even potential. If they are supported just like other age groups, they will have a better chance to lift themselves out of poverty.”
If they are supported just like other age groups, they will have a better chance to lift themselves out of poverty." -- Pham Tuyet Nhung, Vietnam Association of the Elderly
Nhung said in many rural families old parents sometimes have to live alone after their children migrate to big cities to work.
“Taking care of aging parents is a beautiful tradition… but in the current context, we need to understand it differently and have a more practical view about it,” she said, calling for more funding for state-run and community-based care services.
Dilemma of the age
Professor Alfred Chan of the Asia Pacific Institute of Aging Studies at Lingnan University in Hong Kong said many countries in the region are caught in the dilemma of “becoming old before becoming rich."
Some of them, including Vietnam and China, are influenced by centuries-old Confucian values and they still see family and neighbors as the core support for the aging, he said.
"This is what most elders from Asia would wish for as well. Children in many ways are still obliged to care for their parents, even though sometimes they may not be capable.”
Many older persons live to 90 now, and so having the youngest householder take responsibility for the whole family becomes rather unrealistic and the expenses are a very heavy burden indeed, he said.
"Thus falling back to the public safety net for welfare provision is inevitable.”
As for Vietnam, he said, a quick drop in labor participation would cause economic growth to slow, while a sudden surge in the older population demands a quick fix to health and social care services.
“One of the most probable ways to sustain economic growth is to allow those who can work to carry on working beyond retirement age.”
Vietnamese legislators last year voted against raising retirement ages, currently at 60 for men and 55 for women. As the pension system remains strained, discussion of the issue is unlikely to go away.
For many, working after the age of 60 is already upon them.
Statistics from UNFPA indicate that 35 percent of older women in Vietnam and 45 percent of older men work, mostly self-employed or as unpaid family workers. And yet they cannot make enough money.
In its report, the World Bank said since East Asia is graying, many old people may have to "work till they drop" to escape poverty.
How many Vietnamese will be in that bleak situation?
Only time will tell.
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Amoebic dysentery is unpleasant to say the least. Some fall prey to it while in a foreign country trying to enjoy a well deserved vacation. Eating amoeba contaminated raw vegetables is a common way to get amoebic dysentery. When dystentery is a concern, you must disinfect any raw vegetables and fruit before consuming them -- whether you intend to peel them or not. Disinfect the vegetables as soon as they come home from the store and you'll prevent contamination and make sure your kitchen remains a healthy place to eat.
Things You'll Need
Wash the vegetables with running tap water. This is OK even if the water may be a source of amoebas. The disinfectant will handle those. And it will work much more effectively once visible surface soil is removed.
Soak the raw vegetables in a clean bowl filled with a commercial vegetable disinfectant listed as an amebicide (like Microdyn and Bacdyn). Follow the manufacturer's instructions for dilution rates and soaking times. If you do not have access to a disinfectant, soak the solution in a bleach solution for five seconds. For a more natural option, use a grape seed extract based disinfectant and soak for the manufacturer-recommended amount of time. Or, soak in a solution of one part water and three parts vinegar for one minute.
Wash and dry your hands.
Remove the vegetables from the soak and place them in a clean colander to drip completely dry. If you used chlorine bleach, rinse them first with bottled water.
Tips & Warnings
- Cooking vegetables will kill an amoeba.
- The temperature of the rinse and soak water should be slightly higher than the temperature of the vegetables. Otherwise, the flesh of the vegetables may uptake surface microorganisms.
- You can use a solution of commercial vegetable disinfectant repeatedly -- as long as there is no visible soil or sediment in the solution.
- Photo Credit Jupiterimages/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images
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A land bounty is a grant of land from a government as a reward to repay citizens for the risks and hardships they endured in the service of their country, usually in a military related capacity.
In their colonial tradition, the Revolutionary governments patterned their struggle for independence from Great Britain on the principle of bounty lands. They generally offered free lands in exchange for military service, but they strategically did so on the presumption that they would be victorious in their struggle. They would not actually award the lands until the war had been concluded and the British defeated. Such a policy not only imposed no financial constraints on the war effort but also insured a degree of support for the Revolutionary cause. The Revolutionary governments were cognizant that to the victor belonged the spoils and that defeat brought no reward. Bounty lands were an effective propaganda technique for enrolling support for the war among the citizenry and preventing them from lapsing into the British fold when the tide of battle ebbed.
Those colonies with unseated lands used their advantage to enlist support for the cause with the offer of free lands. Unfortunately, some of the Original Thirteen enjoyed no such advantage. There was no bounty land policy in Delaware, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, or Vermont. Those states lacked enough vacant land to support such a policy. Bounty lands were a feature, however, in Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Virginia. Administratively, these nine states selected reserves in their western domains for the location of bounty lands. Such a choice was seemingly quite logical. By placing veterans on the frontier, the states would be able to rely upon a military force which in turn would be able to protect the settlements from Indian incursions. These state governments also realized that they had to encourage the ex-soldiers to occupy their newly awarded bounty lands, so they granted exemptions from taxation ranging from a few years to life to those veterans who would locate on their respective bounty lands. Such a policy also had the effect of retarding the exodus of a state's population.
Since most of the Indian nations had supported the British during the Revolutionary War, the Thirteen States were cautious in approaching their former enemies. Populating the frontier with citizens skilled in defense offered the best prospect in enticing other settlers to join them. Veterans were knowledgeable in the use of firearms and in military strategy. Knowing that they would be defended if the need arose was reassuring to many settlers. The state governments also realized that the revenue derived from the sale of vacant lands in the west was badly needed. The extension of settlements on the frontier would, in time, also increase the tax rolls and contribute to the reduction of their Revolutionary War debts. In the aftermath of the war, the states with transappalachian claims ceded some of those claims to the federal government, but not until they had the assurance of being able to fulfill their bounty land commitments.
Accordingly, the issue of bounty lands has far wider geographical implications than the area encompassed by the nine state governments which instituted the practice. Besides the original states of Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Virginia, the future states of Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Ohio, and Tennessee were directly affected by the bounty land system. While the administrative records were, with one exception, the purview of the former nine, the bounty land reserves involved the five transappalachian states. The states of Georgia, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina either had no claims to transappalachian territory or relinquished their claims to the national government. Accordingly, their reserves for bounty lands lay within their own western borders. In the cases of Georgia and New York, these reserves were to be situated on the definition of their western borders as they existed in 1783. The bounty land reserves in those two states today would be described as being centrally located. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts allotted its bounty lands in the then District of Maine, which in 1820 achieved statehood status.
While most of the states awarded bounty lands for military service, there were two exceptions. Connecticut compensated its citizenry with lands in Ohio if their homes, outbuildings, and businesses were destroyed by the British. The Nutmeg State seemingly awarded no bounty land for military service per se. Georgia also issued lands to its civilian population who had remained loyal, or at the very least neutral, to the Revolutionary cause after the British restored royal control. There were no Revolutionary War bounty land grants within the current borders of the southern states of North Carolina and Virginia. The former issued its bounty lands in its western lands which became Tennessee. The latter selected reserves for its bounty lands in Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio before ceding its claims to the federal government.
It is important to emphasize that the Continental Congress also made use of the policy of bounty lands. The index to those claims appears in the Index to Revolutionary War Pension Applications in the National Archives (Washington, D.C.: National Genealogical Society, 1976). The federal bounty land records are included in the National Archives micropublication, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, 1800-1900, Series M804, 2,670 rolls. Abstracts of these files appear in the four-volume work of Virgil D. White, Genealogical Abstracts of Revolutionary War Pension Files (Waynesboro, Tenn.: The National Historical Publishing Company, 1990-1992). The federal government likewise selected a reserve in the Northwest Territory where bounty land warrants could be used to locate land. The U.S. Military Tract in Ohio encompassed portions or all of the counties of Coshochton, Delaware, Franklin, Guernsey, Holmes, Knox, Licking, Marion, Morrow, Muskingum, Noble, and Tuscarawas. These records appear in the micropublications U.S. Revolutionary War Bounty-Land Warrants Used in the U.S. Military District of Ohio and Related Papers (Acts of 1788, 1803, 1806), Series M829, 16 rolls, and in Register of Army Land Warrants Issued under the Act of 1788 for Service in the Revolutionary War: Military District of Ohio, Series T1008, 1 roll. Since the federal land grants are readily accessible via these sources, they are not included in this work.
With the exception of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the other states permitted qualified veterans and/or their dependents to receive bounty lands from both the federal and the respective state governments. Accordingly, there may be relevant bounty land files for soldiers in the Continental Line at both the federal and state levels. While New York made some adjustments, double dipping was the norm in the other states.
Following the American victory at Yorktown in 1781, the various governments sought to implement their bounty land programs. The delay in establishing a governmental agency to fulfill the bounty land pledge holds dual benefits genealogically. Firstly, it increases the likelihood of the survival of a paper trail for proving Revolutionary War participation for many individuals who may not be mentioned in any other record. Secondly, because the benefits were still being processed as late as the 1870s in some jurisdictions, there may be a wealth of information pertaining to heirs in bounty land files. Not only do the records locate the veteran in time and place him in a given locality during the Revolutionary War, they also do so for him and/or his dependents in the years following independence when internal migrations within the nation complicate the identification of specific individuals in their various removals.
The appearance of an individual or family in the west after 1783 offers considerable challenge in learning the former domicile or in establishing filiation. A master index to the bounty land grants of the relevant state governments seemed to offer expeditious access to the records holding the potential solution to such a dilemma. While access to the federal records has long since been available in a master index, and while many localities have been treated individually by others works of varying quality, the absence of an overall index has impeded effective use of these significant records.
Lloyd Dewitt Bockstruck, a native of Vandalia, Illinois, is the supervisor of the Genealogy Section of the Dallas Public Library, Dallas, Texas. He holds an A.B. cum laude from Greenville College, an M.A. from Southern Illinois University, and an M.S. from the University of Illinois.
Active in numerous hereditary organizations, he has been the Librarian General of the National Society Sons of the American Revolution and the Registrar of both the Order of Americans of Armorial Ancestry and the Order of Founders and Patriots of America. A sought-after public speaker on a number of topics, Mr. Bockstruck is widely recognized as one of our leading authorities on the genealogical sources of the American Revolution. In 1983 the National Genealogical Society recognized him with its Award of Merit and in 1989 the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him the History Award. His other publications include Virginia's Colonial Soldiers and Revolutionary War Bounty Land Grants.
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H.R.1940 - Reducing Barriers to Learning Act of 2013113th Congress (2013-2014)
|Sponsor:||Rep. Loebsack, David [D-IA-2] (Introduced 05/09/2013)|
|Committees:||House - Education and the Workforce|
|Latest Action:||07/08/2013 Referred to the Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Elementary, and Secondary Education. (All Actions)|
This bill has the status Introduced
Here are the steps for Status of Legislation:
Summary: H.R.1940 — 113th Congress (2013-2014)All Information (Except Text)
Introduced in House (05/09/2013)
Reducing Barriers to Learning Act of 2013 - Amends the Department of Education Organization Act to create an Office of Specialized Instructional Support within the Department of Education to improve specialized instructional support services in schools. Defines "specialized instructional support services" as assessment, diagnosis, counseling, educational, therapeutic, and other services provided by qualified professionals as part of a comprehensive program to meet student needs.
Amends the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 to authorize the Secretary of Education to award competitive matching grants to states to: (1) establish or expand specialized instructional support services and programs at the state level that are designed to provide technical assistance, coordination, and support to specialized instructional support services and programs addressing barriers to learning within local educational agencies and individual schools; and (2) hire and support specialized instructional support services coordinators to provide such assistance, coordination, and support.
Replaces references to pupil services and pupil services personnel with references to specialized instructional support services and specialized instructional support personnel.
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How does one go about writing music?
The more I consider the question, the more clueless I realize I am. There are so many factors that come into play, from the macrocosmic (What am I writing about? How will the end result be performed? By whom?) to the microscopic (What note should this be? What was the note before it? Do I need to re-write all the other notes in order for this one note work?) — to make matters worse, there is almost no consistent order in which these decisions are made. Every piece of music requires a different order of operations, a different flow of creation all its own.
So how does one even begin to introduce a complex, multifaceted process like composing to a group of 2nd and 3rd graders? My teaching partner Eva and I were discussing this the other day as I was preparing to compose an insane amount of recitatives with our youngest group, the Humperdincks. Each recitative involved a good page of text. No meter, no overt rhyme scheme – just lots and lots of dialogue. We asked ourselves: Is it really reasonable to throw these poor kids off the high dive and compose all these pieces from the ground up?
A year or two ago, I would have answered “yes! Why shouldn’t kids experience how messy and non-linear the composition process can be?” – but now, I’m not so sure. Why can’t composing be broken down and simplified? Why shouldn’t composing be less of a chore and more like a game?
It occurred to us that this activity could be split into pieces that are in themselves simpler worlds of discovery. Perhaps it’s a little like the kiddie pool. Sure, swimming in shallow water is not the most rigorous workout – but it introduces your muscles to the motions and gestures of moving in the water, and prepares you as you move into incrementally deeper waters. With writing music, we can tackle a piece by addressing one layer of it – one “muscle,” if you will – at a time. Working with the Humperdincks that day, we approached our recitatives it this way:
- We read the text out loud. Every time we paused to take a breath, we’d mark a line in the text (/). Each slash/breath would indicate a new piano chord.
- For each line, we marked whether the piano chords we would sing over would be major or minor (color-coded) based on what the text seemed to convey.
- We sang the text over the piano chords, improvising on notes that felt right with that particular chord.
(we repeated #3 over and over until we arrived at something we liked.)
The results were not only beautiful, but the process was a blast for everyone involved – certainly less confusing than unstructured composing time can often be. Even if our next piece requires us to start in a different way, it is my hope that those young composers will at least have a set of tools that they can use to begin working on it.
I’ve always rolled my eyes at the thought of an artistic “kiddie pool,” but I’m starting to feel that maybe it’s a place worth spending a little bit of time. Within even the simplest tasks / challenges / games / experiments, there are these little universes of beauty and wisdom, and it seems that artists of all ages could benefit from taking a dip there now and again.
– Danny Clay, Little Opera Teaching Artist
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Saurophaganax maximus is a very large genus of allosaur from the Kimmeridgian of North America.
Saurophaganax was the largest Jurassic theropod we know of, and at 12 meters in length, it was even longer and heavier than many other giant theropods. It was very similar to Allosaurus, but it was larger and had slightly different neck and tail vertebrae. It may in fact be a large species of Allosaurus.
Saurophaganax was briefly seen confronting an Allosaurus for a dead Camptosaurus. The Allosaurus stood its ground but the opponent bit its head. The Allosaurus backed down whilst the Saurophaganax enjoyed its feast.
|Planet Dinosaur Database and Mentioned Creatures|
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Home > Patients & Visitors > Health Library > Interactive Tool: How Does Smoking Increase Your Risk of Heart Attack?
tool helps you find out how smoking affects
your chance of having a heart attack in the next 10 years. The information for this tool is based on
the Framingham Heart Study. Since 1948 the Framingham Heart Study has studied
the progression of heart disease and the risk factors of heart disease.
If you smoke and also have other
risk factors for heart disease, your risk may be higher than this tool says it is.
Your score will appear
in values from 1% to 99%. If your score is Nonsmoker: 2%
and Smoker: 6%, it means that for your age and gender 2
out of 100 nonsmokers compared with 6 out of 100 smokers will have a heart
attack in the next 10 years. In this example, smokers are 3 times more likely
than nonsmokers to have a heart attack in the next 10 years.
If you are concerned about your score,
talk to your doctor about lowering your risk for a heart attack. Quitting
smoking may be the most important step you can take to reduce your risk of
heart disease. According to the World Health Organization, the risk of coronary
artery disease decreases by 50% in the first year after quitting. You can start lowering your risk right away by quitting smoking.
more, see the topic
Other Works Consulted
Grundy SM, et al. (2001). Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA, 285(19): 2486–2497.
Grundy SM, et al. (2004). Implications of recent clinical trials of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. Circulation, 110(2): 227–239. [Erratum in Circulation, 110(6): 763.]
National Cholesterol Education Program and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, a part of the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2004). Risk Assessment tool for estimating your 10-year risk of having a heart attack. Available online: http://hp2010.nhlbihin.net/atpiii/calculator.asp.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2010). A Report of the Surgeon
General: How tobacco smoke causes disease: The biology and
behavioral basis for smoking-attributable disease. Available online: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/tobaccosmoke/report/full_report.pdf.
ByHealthwise StaffPrimary Medical ReviewerKathleen Romito, MD - Family MedicineMartin J. Gabica, MD - Family MedicineSpecialist Medical ReviewerRobert A. Kloner, MD, PhD - Cardiology
Current as ofJanuary 27, 2016
Current as of:
January 27, 2016
Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine & Martin J. Gabica, MD - Family Medicine & Robert A. Kloner, MD, PhD - Cardiology
To learn more about Healthwise, visit Healthwise.org.
© 1995-2016 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
Our interactive Decision Points guide you through making key health decisions by combining medical information with your personal information.
You'll find Decision Points to help you answer questions about:
Get started learning more about your health!
Our Interactive Tools can help you make smart decisions for a healthier life. You'll find personal calculators and tools for health and fitness, lifestyle checkups and pregnancy.
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Use our interactive symptom checker to evaluate your symptoms and determine appropriate action or treatment.
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If you need a really smart method to learn German prepositions, here is what you´ve been looking for
Trust me – you´re not alone with your troubles. There are many others who have to learn German prepositions, and from my own experience as a teacher of German grammar I would say that it is a real struggle for almost everybody.
The biggest problem here, is that prepositions are rather abstract. Moreover, there are no evident signs for which case to use with prepositions!
Of course there are many prepositions; here I present the most important ones, which will already take you a long way.
After the first 6 months of learning German, you should at least know the following prepositions:
Prepositions with accusative; the most important are:
durch, bis, für, ohne, entlang, gegen, um
Prepositions with dative:
bei, mit, seit, aus, zu, nach, von
Two-way-prepositions. These can use the dative as well as the accusative:
hinter, an, neben, auf, unter, zwischen, vor, in, über
Whether a two-way-preposition uses the Dative or Accusative, depends on whether it indicates a position or an action (movement). An action is an answer to a question such as “Where are you going?” and a position is an answer to a question such as “Where are you?“
Probably you will have learned it more or less this way:
Most students find the matter of German prepositions of change difficult. Why? Because it’s simply too abstract and there´s too much information.
However, you´ll see that you can learn all this in a much easier way
Let´s get started with songs
I’ll show you how it works with songs by means of an example with the accusative prepositions. Here they are once more: durch, bis, für, ohne, entlang, gegen, um
Choose a song, that you like and whose melody you can easily remember. In principle, it could be any song.
Then arrange these German prepositions in such a way that you’re able to sing them to the melody of the song. In my example I provide a bit of solid German culture and choose the folk song “Laurentia” as my base song. If you ask your German teacher, he or she will know the song :)
To be able to sing the prepositions to the melody of the song, I have rearranged them and built in the accusative-information at the same time. Now it looks like this:
You can then do the same for the dative prepositions and the two-way-prepositions. Choose a song, arrange the prepositions according to the melody, add the case rule – and you will see, that it is easier to learn which case is used by these German prepositions.
Is this too much work for you? Don’t you fancy singing yourself? No problem! I have already taken care of that for you. You find the accusative-song and two more songs all in the POWER-Learning-Kit „Learning German with Mnemonics“.
But why did I write the accusative prepositions in blue?
Use a special color for every case when you learn German prepositions
Colors can be powerful aids, when dealing with the comprehension of the German case system. Especially in connection with the prepositions, with the help of colors one can bring a lot more clarity and comprehension to the chaos.
My color-tip for you:
Use blue for the accusative and red for the dative. Why exactly these colors? In principle, you can, of course, choose other colours. I have chosen these colors for the “German grammar POWER-Learning-Kit” for a certain reason and with this I have developed a vast system. But that would lead us too far at this stage.
OK, now write all the accusative-prepositions in blue in your vocabulary-notebook or – even better – on your flash cards. You’ll memorize the color quite quickly, and it will be easy to remember that these prepositions use the accusative.
(entlang=along, durch=through, um=around, gegen=against, für=for, bis=until, ohne=without)
Now, do exactly the same with the dative-prepositions, but make sure to use red.
(aus=out off, bei=at/next to, mit=with, nach=after, seit=since, von=from, zu=to, außer=except, gegenüber=in opposite to)
How powerful the use of colors is, is shown with the two-way-prepositions. To start with, you have to use two colors while writing them down, red and blue. How you do it, is up to your creativity. It could look like this for instance:
(auf=on/upon, hinter=behind, an=to/on, unter=under/beneath, neben=next to, in=in/into, über=over, zwischen=between, vor=before/in front of)
And now we use colors in combination with mnemonic images
If you´re already inspired by the use of colors with the learning of German prepositions, you are going to be swept off your feet in a second when you see the power of colors in combination with mnemonic images. Here you see an example for the preposition “hinter” (behind):
Now, guess which case has to be used here?
I bet you clicked correctly on “DATIVE”, didn´t you? You see at the first glance that it is about a position. Moreover, the dative is integrated in the image by the color red.
Just as you can see immediately in the next image that the accusative follows the preposition “hinter” (behind).
I think, I know what you’re wondering now:
Are there more such images? How much simpler would it be to teach or learn German prepositions using mnemonic images? This way it’s a lot more fun, isn’t it?
I am happy to tell you: “yes”. Such pretty mnemonic images exist for all the German two-way-prepositions presented here, and they’re even available as posters, in A4 paper format! Moreover there are, many more mnemonic illustrations which will make your learning of German grammar a lot easier. And, yes, it doesn’t matter whether you’re a student or a teacher – it’s a lot more fun for everyone!
Prepositions as well as many, many other problems of the German grammar – you’re guaranteed to learn them more easily with this standard work for learning or teaching German grammar.
For students AND teachers of German grammar
Learning Aids for German Grammar
If you like this page and want to learn more about the power of mnemonics, please feel free to sign up with my absolutely FREE 5-Day-Video-Course "German Grammar for Your Brain". CLICK HERE to watch the first video right now.
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Which flush will cause the gush? Share some hilarious and suspense-filled moments as players take turns spinning the toilet paper roll, flushing the toilet handle, and hoping they don't get sprayed with water! The number that turns up on the paper roll spinner dictates how many times each player must flush. Players are safe if they hear the flushing sound, but no water is sprayed. Who knows which flush will be the one that sprays water, eliminating that player? Continue taking turns spinning the roll and flushing until one player has not been sprayed. That player wins the game! Caution: To Avoid Injury: Use only clean tap water. Dry thoroughly after use.
toilet tank with toilet paper roll spinner
toilet bowl with lid
Hilarious game for kids and families
Flush but watch out for random spray of water
Funny toilet flushing sound effects
Adult assembly required
2 x 1.5V AA Alkaline Batteries Required. Demo batteries included
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Earlier this week, we shared a few basic ideas that you can use to build a healthy foundation for your personal finances after college. Today, let’s look at some specific things you can do and goals to work towards to get your finances off on the right foot.
Create a budget
On the surface, a budget is simply a system that you create to manage your money. However, it also encourages healthy financial habits. By keeping a budget, you regularly track your cash flow, monitor your spending, and set limits and rules for your money. These are all important skills to learn and exercise.
There isn’t one correct way to budget. The right budget for you is the one that you’ll stick to and one that moves you closer to your financial goals as efficiently as possible. For ideas and tips, check out our previous articles on creating a budget.
Review student loan details (and improve your credit)
Not all student loans are the same. They can have different interest rates, monthly payments, grace periods, payment options, due dates, and more. You are responsible for understanding the details of your student loans and paying at least the minimum amount due on time every month.
Paying your student loans on time can go a long way in improving your credit. Even if you’re not planning on opening a credit card or taking out a loan, it’s still important to maintain a good credit history. Firstly, making late payments can become a bad and costly habit. Secondly, employers may require a credit check when you apply for a job. Thirdly, even if you decide to rent a home instead of buy, you’ll likely have to pass a credit screening. Lastly, while your goal should be to avoid additional debt, you never know when you’ll need to take out a loan in the future. If and when that time comes, a good credit history can save you a lot of money on interest.
Save for retirement
Retirement may be a long ways away but start saving for it as soon as possible. By investing in an IRA, 401(k) or some other retirement savings vehicle now, you can take advantage of all the time you have before retiring.
Remember, when it comes to investing, time is your friend: compound interest makes your money work for you and the more time it has to work, the more money you can make. If you start putting $50 a month into an IRA at the age of 22 and get a 6% return on your investments, you’ll have over $98,400 by the time you are 62. If you wait until you are 32, you’ll have just over $50,000.
Take a look at these retirement statistics from Statistic Brain:
At the top, you can see that the average savings of a 50 year old is just over $44,000. At the bottom, you can see that in order to withdraw $1,000 a month from your savings for 20 years, a person will have to have over $166,000 invested. This means that if the average 50 year old wants to (or has to) retire at the average retirement age, he will have to quadruple his savings in 12 years just to be able to withdraw $1,000 a month during retirement – and that amount that probably won’t even be enough to live on.
Clearly, you need to save a lot of money to retire comfortably. By starting your retirement savings early and saving for retirement regularly throughout your career, you will have a much better chance at being able to retire comfortably.
Start an emergency fund
John Lennon wrote: “life is what happens while you’re busy making other plans.” You can’t plan to have an emergency but you can have a plan for when they arise. This includes starting an emergency fund to cover unexpected but necessary expenses – medical bills, car repairs, house repairs, etc. Just remember: the emergency fund is for emergencies only! Decide ahead of time what constitutes an emergency and only use money in the fund for those things. Be honest and realistic: “not enough money to watch a movie” is not an emergency. Also be open to updating your list as changes in your life occur.
How much should you save for your emergency fund? Financial experts will suggest anywhere between three to nine months-worth of expenses. But the right number for you will depend on a variety of personal factors. Read our article, “How big should your emergency fund be?” for more information.
Just the beginning
Remember: these are tips to help you get started. A healthy financial lifestyle doesn’t happen overnight. It requires a smart, personalized plan and dedication to see it through until you reach your goals.
If you would like more information, please leave a comment below or send us a message. Whether you’re just starting your financial journey, near the end, or anywhere in-between, we have materials and services that can help you plan for and reach your financial goals.
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FADO is a new analysis tool developed by Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) astronomers Jean Michel Gomes and Polychronis Papaderos, which uses light emitted by both stars and ionised gas in a galaxy to reconstruct its formation history by means of genetic algorithms. This tool was presented in a recent article, accepted for publication in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.
'Fado' derives from the Latin 'Fatum,' which means fate or destiny, and it's a tribute to Portugal's immaterial cultural heritage type of music of the same name. Each galaxy has a fado—a narrative of its biography since the birth of its first stars.
This fate is written in its electromagnetic spectrum, which contains the fossil records of multiple stellar populations that formed over several billion years, as well as the gas that those stars ionise with their radiation.
Deciphering the star formation history of a galaxy from its spectrum is one of the most challenging tasks in astronomy. An innovative and distinctive feature of FADO is the use of genetic algorithms, which simulates galaxy evolution like the evolution of a living organism.
It works by 'breeding' multiple genetic threads for a galaxy, each defined by a set of parameters (similar to the genetic code in DNA), which evolve through exchange of "chromosomes," mutations and selection effects, until a population that matches the observed stars and gas emission of the galaxy is reached.
Jean Michel Gomes (IA & University of Porto) says, "FADO is the first spectral modeling code employing genetic differential evolution optimisation in combination with artificial intelligence algorithms. This results in key improvements in computational efficiency and accuracy to which the star formation history of galaxies can be reconstructed."
Previous computer models developed for this purpose suffer from severe uncertainties, partly because they take into account only the light from stars. However, the contribution from ionised gas can add up to 50 percent of all emitted light in a galaxy.
Researcher Polychronis Papaderos says, "FADO is the first code of its type that simultaneously models stellar and ionised gas emissions in galaxies. It also integrates physical prescriptions which ensure that the star formation history computed for a galaxy consistently reproduces its observed ionised gas emission".
"This presently unique self-consistency concept, in conjunction with the innovative mathematical foundation of FADO will allow us to gain new sharp insights into the galaxy formation history."
FADO's unique physical and mathematical concept yields great gain in computational efficiency, making the exploration of the star formation history of millions of galaxies an affordable task.
FADO will be an essential analysis tool to use with new generation instruments like MOONS, to be installed in the VLT (ESO). "MOONS is being constructed under the co-coordination of IA, and includes a substantial scientific and technical contribution from the Portuguese team. FADO will enhance tremendously our capability of exploiting the state-of-the-art observations MOONS will do from 2019 onwards," states the coordinator of IA, José Afonso.
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These are the slides from a lecture I gave on Lamarckism last week, along with explanatory text. It goes through the intellectual precedents of Lamarckism, an explanation of Lamarckism, how it fares against natural selection, and an outline of its history. Here’s a PDF version.
Lamarckism may have been the first comprehensive theory of evolution, but it wasn’t invented out of thin air by Lamarck. As with any theory, it’s founded on thoughts and principles already found in scientific circles of the time. With Lamarckism, the two most important pre-existing thoughts were the idea of the scala naturae, and the idea that species could change in different environments.
The scala naturae, the “great chain of being”, is an idea that can be traced back to Aristotle and probably before, and is basically a hierarchical classification system whereby those at the bottom of the hierarchy are the simplest organisms and those at the top are the most complex. Imagery based on it is still way too common and its influence is still pervasive in bad evolution popularisation – the ideas that evolution has a direction or that humans are the pinnacle of evolution are direct descendants of the scala naturae. The classical scala naturae is fairly similar to that presented on the right: the four elements at the bottom, then metals, salts and rocks, then mosses and plants, then insects, then seashells, then reptiles, then fish, then birds, then quadrupeds, then humans. In less scientifically-minded texts, humans would be followed by angels and, of course, God.
Scala naturae source: Bonnet C. 1745. Traité d’Insectologie.Vol. 1.
Ideas that species could change somehow were quite common in the early 19th century – this was not Lamarck’s breakthrough. For example, Buffon, his mentor, pioneered his own ideas about this, although all these concepts were rather vague.
Lamarck himself had a somewhat torturous road to academia, having served well in the army before being discharged, and going on to study four years of medicine before being dissuaded by his brother. He became an understudy of leading French naturalist Bernard de Jussieu, concentrating on botany and, in 1978, publishing a three-volume compendium of the French flora that was impressive enough to attract Buffon, who took him under his wing and got him a position at the French Academy of Sciences and the royal botanical gardens. The aftermath of the French Revolution was a reforming of the gardens into the National Museum of Natural History in 1793, in which he gained the position of invertebrate professor (despite this not being his specialty), a position he held until his death.
Biographical information aside, Lamarck is most famous for Lamarckian evolution (although, as we will see, what we nowadays call Lamarckism is actually neo-Lamarckism). Besides this, we take many of his advances for gratned – the word “biology” is his invention, as are the now-ubiquitous systematic categories of “vertebrate”, “invertebrate”, “insect”, “crustacean”, “arachnid”, “echinoderm”, and “annelid”. So do not think that he’s just some wacky naturalist of the past who is now completely discredited: some of his work does still live on.
Anyway, our topic here is Lamarckism, his milestone idea about evolution that he outlined in three of his publications. He first came to think about such things while sorting through Bruguière‘s collection of fossil and extant molluscs at the Natural History Museum – he was the previous curator of invertebrates and died. Lamarck realised that the fossil molluscs and the extant ones are analogous, and by plotting their distribution in time, he could trace a direct lineage from the ancestral species to the recent ones. This triggered the rest of the thoughts, which he first exposed in his 1801 book, Recherches sur l’Organisation des Corps Vivants.
But the real explanations details of the evolutionary process came in what is considered his magnum opus, 1809’s Philosophie Zoologique. 1815 saw the release of the first volume of his new invertebrate textbook series, Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Sans Vertèbres, where he also provides a summary of Lamarckism.
I already said that Lamarck was highly-influenced by ideas already floating around, especially that of the great chain of beings. Lamarckism takes the idea of progression as its first core foundation – organisms can be classified from simplest to most complex, and evolve in that direction.
However, Lamarck went further than his contemporaries by trying to postulate a mechanism for this progression, rather than taking it for granted. He proposed that animal life has some sort of endowment built into it, an inherent ability to become more complex, and that would explain the presence of a natural hierarchical classification.
This natural complexification can thus best be pictured not as a climb up a ladder, but by the species staying static on an escalator. The axis naturally carries the species up an axis of complexity – it’s just a matter of time for the species to transform from a simple morphology to a complex one.
But if you think about it – as Lamarck did, of course – you would realise that there is a theory-breaking problem with this proposition of an automatic, linear progression. It’s the classic creationist argument: if we evolved from monkeys, why are monkeys still around? If this is a linear progression, then they should already be human.
This is solved by saying that biogenesis – the formation of new life – is constantly happening. In other words, there are many escalators (one for each category of life), and each one represents a different starting point. Humans are the oldest organisms, and “worms” (they still lumped the Vermes all together back then) are among the youngest, given their apparent simplicity.
But there is also a second problem, one of scale. A hierarchical classification that goes something like worm-fish-reptile-bird-mammal-primate-human can be somehow justified by the standards of of the day.
Now pick one category from those, the mammal for example. You have rodents, bats, canids, felines, cetaceans, ungulates, pinnipeds. Making a sensible hierarchy out of these may be possible.
Now choose on ofe these categories, for example the felines. You have house cats, bobcats, ocelots, lions, tigers, pumas, leopards. At this point, making a hierarchy becomes an exercise in senseless futility, and Lamarck recognised this, and this is where the most famous part of Lamarckism comes in as an explanatory mechanism: the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
It must be noted, though, that the inheritance of acquired characteristics is not Lamarck’s original idea and was very widespread, although he did (unsuccessfully, as we will see) expand it with his own original additions.
Inheritance of acquired characteristics is a fairly simple concept (at least it is if you forget all you know about modern biology, as you’re supposed to do when examining history of science). I will explain Lamarck’s version using the usual example of the giraffe.
So the giraffe is living in a savannah where the trees are growing taller. This induces a besoin (= “need“, not “want” as is usually wrongly translated) in the giraffe, and it changes its behaviour to be able to reach the taller branches. For example, it would extend its neck more. According to Lamarck, this extra use of the neck would cause the neck to grow through the flow of more vital fluid. This new neck state is an acquired characteristic, and it can be passed on to the offspring, hence why we speak of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
The opposite is also true: if an organ is disused, then vital fluid will flow out of it and it will atrophy. This explains why cave animals have reduced eyes, for example.
Giraffe source: gmacfadyen
Another example Lamarck used, just for your interest, is the membrane between the digits of many swimming animals, like frogs, sea turtles, otters, and beavers. By swimming more, the animal has a need to push water out of the way, and so the interdigital membrane gets used as a paddle, causing more vital fluid to flow into it.
The key novelty in Lamarck’s concept of the inheritance of acquired characteristics was the invocation of vital fluid. The real ruckus here isn’t much any physiological discovery (vital fluid or anything close to it has never been discovered). Instead, it’s the completely naturalistic and mechanistic view that postulating something like vital fluid espouses, and it was fairly controversial at the time. One the social side, it was controversial because it does away with any need for a God guiding evolution (although, as we will see later, theologians did a complete U-turn when Darwin came into the picture!). And the concept of such a dynamic system went against the predominant view of the time that while organisms may change, they only change in preset ways – “there is an optimal phenotype for each environment. How it gets there, we don’t know, but vital fluid isn’t it” would have been the reaction of the typical naturalist of the time.
So, to summarise, there are two foundational principles of Lamarckism. The first is the idea of a natural, linear progression along a scale of complexity. However, as the diversity of life demonstrates, there is a confounding factor leading to large meanders on the way to perfection: organisms will adapt to their local environments, leading to a diversity of forms even at the same level of complexity.
So, now that we know what Lamarckism is all about, we can get back to the modern age and look at it critically, starting with what he got correct.
Any philosopher of science or thesis advisor will tell you that identifying the correct problems and asking the right questions is half the step towards good science. And in that respect, Lamarck excelled: he successfully figured out the four core problems of natural history of the time:
Why are fossil forms different than extant ones?
Why are some organisms more complex than others?
Why is there so much diversity?
Why are organisms well-suited to their environment?
But beyond that, he failed at providing any correct explanation – although it must be stressed that it was not through any fault of his own. If any of us (or Chucky) were alive at the time and working with the same material, we most probably would have converged on a similar set of ideas, and not on natural selection or mutationism.
Lamarck said that fossil forms are different because they always get replaced by the more complex ones as the lineage goes up the escalator of complexity. We now know that fossil forms are on a different part of a phylogeny and hence are different.
There is no such thing as a scale of complexity; complex traits arise in individual taxa as a result of their unique circumstances. Most typical examples of complexity, e.g. multicellularity, are unique phenomena that are in no way indicative of pervasive trends.
Diversity is not a product of constant biogenesis; all the evidence points to a single origin of life. Diversity is a result of speciation.
There is no such thing as vital fluid. Organisms are seemingly well-suited to their environment because the organisms that we see have made it through the unforgiving grinder of natural selection. It’s a perceptory illusion more than anything else, really.
In natural selection as understood today, you consider a whole population of giraffes with variable neck sizes. Those with the taller necks will be able to reach higher tree branches and thus have access to more food. This gives them more energy and thus a slight advantage in reproduction, meaning that in the long run, they will produce more offspring. Assuming a genetic basis to neck length, this means that more offspring with taller necks are likely to be born, meaning that they will outcompete the shorter-necked ones over many generations.
In Lamarckism, the giraffe needs to reach taller trees and so its neck lengthens, and that longer neck gets passed on to the offspring.
It’s obvious to us now that this, the second core of Lamarckism, fails.
The idea of a progression up a scale of complexity fails even on a molecular level, as the entire basis of molecular evolution shows. Motoo Kimura and Tomoko Ohta are the founders of the dominant neutral and nearly-neutral theories of molecular evolution, respectively. What they show is that mutations are overwhelmingly neutral – they have no effect on the fitness of an organism; nerly-neutral theory expands this a bit by saying that many of these neutral mutations will have an effect that is too tiny to really be noticeable. The rest of the mutations are deleterious, with only a small amount of mutations actually being beneficial.
If there was a preset linear progression to perfection, then we would expect all mutations to be advantageous, and that’s just not corroborated by any evidence.
Diagram source: Bromham L & Penny D. 2003. The modern molecular clock. Nature Reviews Genetics 4, 216-224.
The bit at the bottom of the slide snuck in because I co-opted this slide from my natural selection lecture. It’s not really relevant here, go to that post to see what it’s all about.
The idea of vital fluids never really took off, and thus Lamarckism – and evolution – remained contested until Darwin’s Origin of Species took the world by storm. Darwin showed the reality of evolution, but hadn’t managed to bring everyone on board with natural selection.
The idea of inherited acquired traits (IAT) which had been present (and even used by Darwin in his thoughts on social evolution) became synonymised with Lamarckism, and a whole host of neo-Lamarckisms with IAT at their core sprung up to counter natural selection. In scientific circles, these neo-Lamarckisms generally won out over natural selection. Outside of science, a curious thing happened: theology, which half a century ago was fervently opposed to Lamarckism, now endorsed it fully – only because Lamarckism, gutted of vital fluids and only retaining IATs, could easily be endowed with the action of a creative deity intelligently designing adaptations, much more comfortable than the supposed “randomness” of natural selection (these people were never that bright).
In 1900, both the neo-Lamarckists and the selectionists got beaten down by the rediscovery of genetics and the evolutionary movement that arose therefrom: mutationism. The three movements were at odds with each other. The difference betweent he three are what they stress as the dominant force in evolution: mutations (mutationism), natural selection (selectionism), IAT (neo-Lamarckism).
By 1910, the neo-Lamarckisms had started their decline, with Weismannism gaining more prominence. Weismannism is pure selectionism, what we now would term ultra-Darwinism. It generally became a two-dog race between mutationism and selectionism, which endured until the 1930s, when the Modern Synthesis began to get crafted – the Modern Synthesis, completed in the 1950s, was basically a fusion of mutationism and selectionism, with a heap of other stuff added to the mix. None of that other stuff included neo-Lamarckism, which had by then well and truly died.
At least it was so in the European and American academias. In Russia, a radically different story was unfolding, one of the dark chapters of the history of biology and of science in general: lysenkoism. Trofim Lysenko was a so-so scientist with very high political acumen. He used the latter to rise to the top of Soviet biological academia and became head of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences by the 1930s. And there, he began a dictatorship where he imposed his own idea of evolution – michurinism, rebranded neo-Lamarckism – and executed those geneticists who did not agree with this stance. Michurinism became the “new biology”, well-suited to collectivization and communism – there was a very heavy mixing of politics with the (non-existent) science, no doubt because Lysenko was Stalin’s little lap dog. The spread of Lysenkoism is also directly tied to the failure of Soviet collectivization and all the associated agricultural crises, because that’s just what you get when you base your country’s agricultural system on disproven theories. Lysenkoism went away officially in 1964, although strands of it remained for a couple of decades afterwards. Now it’s remembered as a blotch on the history of Russia and Russian science.
So, now, all Lamarckisms and neo-Lamarckisms are dead. However, the rise of epigenetics has led to a burgeoning and, in my opinion, misguided movement of neo-neo-Lamarckism (they get referred to as neo-Lamarckists, but that’s wrong, since neo-Lamarckism refers to the Lamarckisms of the 1860s-1930s). It bears little resemblance to the Lamarckism of yore, and postulates that epigenetic modifications – environmentally-induced changes to DNA and gene regulation that really require their own post – are an important driving force in evolution.
I don’t quite see their argument for the simple reason that epigenetic modifications must be made in germ cells to be passed on to the offspring (although internally-brooding organisms can also modify the environment of the womb to induce epigenetic changes in the developing fetus). So, for example, a snail that develops spines in response to predators in the water will not pass these spines on to its offspring automatically. What will get passed on is the capability to develop spines in the same situation… but this is regular heredity which doesn’t need any fancy neo-neo-Lamarckism to explain.
It’s my job, so I will keep an open mind about this – there may be cases where epigenetics does indeed play an important role in evolution. I just haven’t seen them yet. I do see epigenetics as important for ecology though, so that may be a more viable bridge for neo-neo-Lamarckists to attempt to build.
For books on Lamarckism, I recommend these two:
Burkhardt Jr.’s 1977 The Spirit of System: Lamarck and Evolutionary Biology goes over Lamarckism, and is the best overview you can wish for.
For more on the battles between neo-Lamarckism, selectionism, and mutationism, see Bowler’s classic 1992 study in the history of evolution, The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades Around 1900.
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March 5, 2013 by History in a Hurry
Eric Holder: Drone strikes against Americans on U.S. soil are legal
by Joel Gehrke
Attorney General Eric Holder can imagine a scenario in which it would be constitutional to carry out a drone strike against an American on American soil, he wrote in a letter to Sen. Rand Paul, R-Ky.
“It is possible, I suppose, to imagine an extraordinary circumstance in which it would be necessary and appropriate under the Constitution and applicable laws of the United States for the President to authorize the military to use lethal force within the territory of the United States,” Holder replied in a letter yesterday to Paul’s question about whether Obama “has the power to authorize lethal force, such as a drone strike, against a U.S. citizen on U.S. soil, and without trial.”
And a clever YouTube video explaining what this news means for America:
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What does effective technology integration look like? Am I integrating technology appropriately? How can I tell if elements of a lesson employ technology beyond replacement? What is the next step I should take when implementing technology? Will I know transformation when I see it?
These are some of the questions that come to my mind when I strive to be specific about instructional technology. While attempting to answer these questions, it is easy to become quickly inundated with sources, opinions, examples, lesson plans, and philosophies–some of which do not always agree. One of the best sources I have found as a starting place to answer these questions is the ISTE Student Standards.
The International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) “serves educators around the world through professional development, advocacy, and the creation of standards for teachers, administrators, coaches, and students.” The ISTE Standards are not meant to be a evaluation tool, but rather a source of guidance when asking the question “Am I effectively integrating technology into instruction?” Think of the Standards as a compass that can help keep us on the correct instructional course, rather than a stopwatch that enforces deadlines and specific requirements. As we strive to move beyond using technology for only replacement purposes, the ISTE Standards can serve as a guide to advancing our technology integration to the next level.
The ISTE Student Standards are organized in six main categories.
- Creativity and innovation
- Communication and collaboration
- Research and information fluency
- Critical thinking, problem solving, and decision making
- Digital citizenship
- Technology operations and concepts
You likely noticed a column for the ISTE Student Standards in the discussion document that we used during Wednesday’s faculty meeting. I included this column in the document to encourage us to reflect on our technology use in light of the ISTE Standards. If our technology integration aligns with one or more of the standards, we know we are on the right course. Although we did not address the ISTE standards on Wednesday, they will be included in future conversations. Take a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the ISTE Students Standards in preparation for these discussions.
During the PD afternoon on January 16 PD, the faculty will be taking the School Technology Needs Assessment (STNA). Students will be taking the student version (STNA-S) this month during Computer Lit classes.
The STNA and STNA-S are intended to determine the collective needs of a school, from the teachers’ and students’ perspectives, related to the use of technology in education settings. The STNA and STNA-S provide information to help planners—administrators, technology and media specialists, and school or technology planning team members—make purchasing, resource allocation, or other decisions relating to technology. They also provide decision makers and policy makers with data to guide building- and district-level decisions about resource allocation, professional development, and school readiness for technology initiatives.
STNA results are not scored or reported for each individual respondent. Instead, each person’s responses are combined with those of other educators in their building, and reported at the school level in terms of how many times each possible response is selected for each item.
Both the faculty and student assessments are taken online, and we will be provided the results shortly after the assessment window closes. I am anxious to see the results and utilize them as we strive to meet our building technology goals and apply the ISTE Standards to our instructional planning.
If you haven’t submitted your proposal for the speed table discussions on January 16, there is still time.
Mr. Schuler is looking for a few volunteers to provide an instructional video for administration training purposes. If you are interested in helping out, please contact Mr. Schuler or me. I will record and process the video, so you don’t have to provide anything except the opportunity to share what is happening in your classroom.
- The clips will be fairly short, between 5 and 7 minutes generally
- The clip will need to show evidence of ‘teaching’ (the teacher presenting/talking to the class or a group of students) and ‘learning’ (students responding in some way to what the teacher is saying or demonstrating)
- We are interested in clips ranging across all grades and subject areas
- We would like to have at least one clip from each building
- We don’t plan to identify the teacher or the students in the clips, and they will only be used for training purposes within the district
Fa</con> Tech, the student technology leadership group here at OTMS, will be hosting student-led professional development during early out Thursday on January 22. The format will be similar to our speed table discussions on January 16. Please attend to support our students as they share their knowledge with us. I will provide more specific information as we get closer to the event.
STNA information from http://www.fi.ncsu.edu/selected-resources/stna/
ISTE Standards · Students
ISTE Standards for Students, Second Edition, ©2007, ISTE® (International Society for
Technology in Education), iste.org. All rights reserved.
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Lesson 31 features a dialogue between Matt and Leyla. This lesson begins a very special unit of Chai and Conversation! We're going to take all the vocabulary, phrases, and grammar rules we've learned in the first three units, and combine them in short and simple dialogues.
Bonus materials for each lesson include an enhanced podcast, a PDF lesson guide, and more. More info.
You can view the full transcript of this lesson once you purchase the lesson's Bonus Materials!
This lesson's Bonus Materials also include a playlist of the most important audio clips from the lesson, to make it easy to replay essential vocabulary and dialogue.
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Playing action video games may improve reading in children with dyslexia, Italian researchers have found.
The small study, published online last week in Current Biology, involved two groups of 10 dyslexic children. One group played action video games for nine sessions of 80 minutes each, while the other followed the same routine with nonaction games. The researchers bought the games in retail stores and have no financial interest in any video game company.
Age, I.Q., reading speed, error rates and phonological skills were similar in the two groups at the beginning of the study. The researchers measured the attention and reading skills of the children before and after the game sessions and then compared them.
Those trained on the action games scored significantly higher than those who played the nonaction games by various measures: combined speed and accuracy, recognizing pseudo-words made of random letters, and reaction time. The action game players also scored higher on tests that measured attention by inserting distractions as the children tried to accomplish various visual and auditory tasks.
“The correlation between attention improvement and reading improvement was very high,” said the co-first author of the study, Simone Gori, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Padua. “The change in attentional abilities translates into better reading ability.”
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Gastritis refers to an inflammation of the stomach lining. This might occur suddenly or develop slowly over time. On the other hand, heartburn is a condition in which acidic contents of the stomach flow back into the food pipe. Normally, a barrier known as the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) prevents this from happening. For heartburn sufferers however, the tone of the LES is insufficient, causing reflux. Some patients experience gastritis or heartburn separately, while others might experience them together.
Signs & Symptoms
- Nausea and vomiting
- Stomach bloating
- Burning, sharp pain in stomach
- Discomfort in chest and stomach after eating
- Burning sensation in the throat
- Tasting something sour (acid) in your mouth
- Difficulty in swallowing
When to Seek Medical Attention
- If symptoms persist for more than two weeks
- If the pain in your chest is accompanied by other symptoms such as difficulty breathing, squeezing sensation in the chest and pain radiating to other body parts
- When the pain is severe
- Presence of blood in vomit or stools, or if the latter is black and tarry
- Rapid heartbeat
- Dizziness and weakness
- Unexplained weight loss
- H. Pylori, a bacterium implicated in stomach disorders
- Stomach infections, such as viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu)
- Certain foods such as citrus fruits, milk, tomato pastes, chocolate
- Medicine use:
- Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
- Oral steroids
- Sleeping pills
- High blood pressure medicines
Eat smaller but more frequent meals to aid digestion.
Try not to lie down too soon after eating a meal. Raise the head of your pillow by about 30 degrees to prevent heartburn when lying down.
Wearing tight clothing such as corsets can worsen heartburn as they put extra pressure on your abdomen.
Keep a food diary to try and identify any foods that might be causing the symptoms, and do your best to avoid them. Look out for foods with a high fat content as they cause your LES to relax, and slow down your digestion.
Stop smoking and cut down alcohol and caffeine consumption.
If you suspect your medication is worsening your condition, speak to a doctor or pharmacist. Do not discontinue treatment on your own.
If you are overweight, the extra stomach fat can put pressure on your abdomen and worsen your heartburn symptoms.
Antacids are useful for mild cases of gastric hyperacidity, and are used to neutralise gastric acids. Examples of antacids include sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and aluminium hydroxide. Do take note that patients on a sodium-restricted diet should avoid sodium-containing antacids. Calcium and magnesium-containing antacids might cause diarrhoea while aluminium-containing ones might cause constipation. Antacids are best taken about one hour after meals. They interfere with some medications, such as antibiotics, so check with your pharmacist or doctor before starting treatment.
Alginates work by reacting with your saliva and stomach content to form a physical barrier. This helps to prevent corrosive acid from coming in contact with the food pipe. It works best if you stay in an upright position after taking the alginates. Remember not to administer alginates and simethicone together, as the medicines will be less effective.
Simethicone is an anti-foaming agent, which joins up small bubbles of gas in your stomach, making it easier to pass out. This can help relieve bloatedness.
Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists (H2RA) are medications that help to inhibit gastric acid secretion. Cimetidine, Ranitidine and Famotidine are medications in this class. You can find them in an oral tablet or syrup formulation. They are available from a pharmacist or a doctor.
Proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) are medications that suppress your acid production to a greater extent than H2RA. PPIs are under prescription, although omeprazole and pantoprazole 20mg are available in restricted quantities from your pharmacist. PPIs work better when taken about half an hour before meals.
If H. Pylori is implicated, your doctor will prescribe a triple therapy for you, consisting of antibiotics and a PPI.
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This BUNDLE is filled with activities to help your students master producers, consumers, and decomposers!
This purchase includes:
Cut and Paste
Interactive Notebook Activities
Producer, Consumer, or Decomposer? This set of 24 task cards requires students to look at a picture and determine if the picture is a producer, consumer, or decomposer. A student recording sheet and answer key are included.
This set of puzzles will be a fun addition to your ecosystems unit! Students will create 3 puzzles using their knowledge of producers, consumers, and decomposers. Answer key included.
Cut and Paste:
This is a fun and engaging way to practice determining the difference between producers, consumers, and decomposers! Students will read a statement or look at a picture, then glue the box in the correct column. An answer key is included.
Your students will love this producer, consumer, decomposer activity! After reading an example and determining if it is a producer, consumer, or decomposer, students will color that area of the picture according to the color code.
Interactive Notebook Activities:
These producer, consumer, decomposer activities are perfect for interactive notebooks! There is plenty of room under each flap to write a definition or description.
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The task of selecting the recepient of the Prize was entrusted to the Swedish Academy by Nobel in his will. The first Nobel Prize was awarded in 1901.
Those entitled to nominate candidates for the Prize are the members of the Academy, members of academies and societies similar to it in membership and aims, professors of literature and language, former Nobel laureates in literature, and the presidents of writers’ organisations which are representative of their country’s literary production.
Proposals in writing for the year’s laureate must reach the Nobel Committee by January 31st. A proposal should, but need not, be accompanied by supporting reasons. It is not possible to propose oneself as a candidate, i.e. the Nobel Prize cannot be applied for. There are usually about 350 proposals each year.
During the spring the proposals are examined by the Nobel Committee and in April it presents for the Academy’s approval a preliminary list of candidates, containing some 20 names. Before the Academy’s summer recess the list has usually been further reduced to about five names.
In October the Academy makes its choice. For the election to be valid, a candidate must gain more than half of the votes cast.
The honoured author receives the prize (8 million SEK in 2014) from the hands of the King in Stockholm Concert Hall on December 10th – Nobel Day.
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Blink and you’ll miss it. Don’t blink, and you’ll still miss it.
Imagine a device capable of delivering more power than all of the world’s electric plants. But this is not a prop for the next James Bond movie. A new laser at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was put through its paces July 20, delivering pulses with a petawatt of power once per second. A petawatt is 1015 watts, or 1,000,000,000,000,000 watts—about 400 times as much as the combined instantaneous output of all the world’s electric plants.
How is that even possible? Well, the pulses at the Berkeley Lab Laser Accelerator (BELLA) are both exceedingly powerful and exceedingly short. Each petawatt burst lasts just 40 femtoseconds, or 0.00000000000004 second. Since it fires just one brief pulse per second, the laser’s average power is only about 40 watts—the same as an incandescent bulb in a reading lamp.
BELLA’s laser is not the first to pack so much power—a laser at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, just an hour’s drive inland from Berkeley, reached 1.25 petawatts in the 1990s. And the University of Texas at Austin has its own high-power laser, which hit the 1.1-petawatt mark in 2008. But the Berkeley laser is the first to deliver petawatt pulses with such frequency, the lab says. At full power, for comparison, the Texas Petawatt Laser can fire one shot per hour.
The Department of Energy plans to use the powerful laser to drive a very compact particle accelerator via a process called laser wakefield acceleration, boosting electrons to high energies for use in colliders or for imaging or medical applications. Electron beams are already in use to produce bright pulses of x-rays for high-speed imaging. An intense laser pulse can ionize the atoms in a gas, separating electrons from protons to produce a plasma. And laser-carved waves in the plasma [blue in image at right] sweep up electrons [green], accelerating them outward at nearly the speed of light.
BELLA director Wim Leemans says that the project’s first experiments will seek to accelerate beams of electrons to energies of 10 billion electron-volts (or 10 GeV) by firing the laser through a plasma-based apparatus about one meter long. The laser apparatus itself is quite a bit larger, filling a good-size room [see top photo]. For comparison, the recently repurposed Stanford Linear Accelerator Center produced electron beams of 50 GeV from an accelerator 3.2 kilometers in length.
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Elephants and Ivory
An elephant's tusks are really incisor teeth which keep growing throughout the elephant's life, although general wear and occasional breaks can keep their size in check. They are made from layers of dentine (ivory) which is very hard. Male (bull) tusks tend to be larger than female (cow) tusks although it is possible to find tuskless members of both sexes.
Jonathan Kingdon's excellent "Field Guide to African Mammals" suggests that the length and versatility of the elephant's trunk enabled the elephant to evolve into a larger mammal, at the same time reducing the requirement of incisors for feeding functions. Their limbs lost functionality as they adapted towards bearing an elephant's great weight, leaving the head as the main focus for dealing with the environment. The trunk is used for retrieving food (drinking water, ripping vegetation, picking berries or rummaging the soil and undergrowth) and some gentler activities such as cleaning themselves. The tusks are used as weapons and general purpose tools.
Besides their tusks, elephants have single molars (a series of six which wear away in succession throughout their lifetime) for grinding the rough vegetation they eat.
The Ivory Trade
Both African and Asian elephants are under threat from poachers who kill them for their ivory tusks.
Although early poachers would only kill one or two elephants at a time this would still have had a big impact on the population, mainly because the poachers would kill the older male elephants for their larger tusks. Killing older elephants means that immature elephants are left to grow up without any parents to help them (young orphans may even die). Killing mostly male elephants means that there is a dangerous imbalance between the ratio of male to female elephants. Things are much worse now as modern poachers are more organised and have better weapons so that they can - and do - kill whole families at a time.
Fortunately today's world is more aware of the impact of ivory poaching and smuggling. An international five-year moratorium on ivory trading was agreed in 1989, the year when President Moi publically burned a large pile of ivory in Nairobi National Park under the direction of Kenya Wildlife Service's Dr Richard Leakey. More recent methods to track elephants and fight poaching involve 'fingerprinting' their footprints and ear patterns.
There is a debate whether ivory trading should be allowed in a controlled way or banned completely. One argument in favour of a controlled trade is lowering the black-market value of ivory. One argument against any trade is whether we should be making money from a scheme which could encourage more poaching.
Click here for a photograph of an elephant.
Jeremy Youngman 2000
Hosted by www.ivorytrade.com
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Paving the way for women to Mars: the last WISE volunteers back on their feet
ESA PR 58-2005. When the first women astronauts set foot on Mars, they may spare a thought for the 24 women who paved the way for lengthy space trips by giving three months of their lives to space science, two months of which involved staying in bed.
From March to May and from September to November, two different groups of 12 volunteers from eight European countries - the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom - took part in the Women International Space Simulation for Exploration (WISE) campaign on behalf of the European Space Agency (ESA), the French space agency (CNES), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
They gathered at the MEDES Space Clinic in Rangueil Hospital in Toulouse, France, to take up an extraordinary challenge: a 60-day campaign of female bedrest. For two months, they had to lie down and undertake all daily activities in beds tilted at an angle of 6º below horizontal, so that their heads were slightly lower than their feet. This unusual position induces physiological changes similar to those experienced by astronauts in weightlessness.
The last volunteers of the second WISE campaign got up on 30 November, and are now undergoing rehabilitation and medical tests lasting until 20 December. Similar tests were conducted in the pre-bedrest period for comparison.
MEDES, the French Institute for Space Medicine and Physiology, organised the selection of the volunteers and provided medical, paramedical and technical staff to support the extensive science experiments.
The main objective of the WISE campaign has been to assess the roles of nutrition and physical exercise with adapted equipment in countering the adverse effects of prolonged microgravity conditions, in order to develop the counter-measures that will be required when future astronauts venture beyond the Earth orbit to explore other worlds.
The data collected by the international science teams during the WISE study will improve our knowledge of muscle condition, blood parameters, cardiovascular condition, coordination of movements, changes in endocrine and immune systems, metabolism, bone status, as well as psychological wellbeing. This will serve not only the future of human spaceflight, but our everyday lives on Earth too, by providing clues as to how to deal with osteoporosis, fight the ''metabolic syndrome”, which affects millions of sedentary workers who take insufficient physical exercise, assist recovery of bedridden patients, or prevent some cardiovascular conditions.
Twelve scientific teams from 11 countries - Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States - are involved in the study. It will take them several months to analyse their data and start publishing their findings. In order to answer certain scientific questions, a follow-up of the volunteers will continue for three more years.
“The WISE campaign has now come to a successful conclusion and I look forward to further campaigns in the future where there is this degree of international involvement and complexity“, said Didier Schmitt, Head of the Life Sciences Unit in ESA’s Directorate of Human Spaceflight, Microgravity and Exploration. “Planning for future research is already under way with a programme of bedrest campaigns being prepared, covering the next three years. This will be a combination of short-term, intermediate and long-term bedrest studies, lasting 5, 21 and 60 days, respectively. A research announcement covering this period is due to be released in the near future as part of the European programme for Life and Physical Sciences and Applications using the ISS (ELIPS). A further two bedrest studies are planned, one in Berlin and the other at the DLR in Cologne and they have already been selected as part of the ESA Microgravity Applications Programme (MAP). These studies are currently awaiting the necessary funding, also from the ELIPS Programme.”
To mark the completion of the WISE 2005 campaigns, ESA, CNES and MEDES are to hold a press conference, together with representatives from NASA and CSA, science teams and volunteers from the second WISE campaign, at the "Cité de l’Espace" in Toulouse on 13 December.
Media representatives wishing to attend this press conference are requested to apply using the attached form, which should be returned to the address shown at the bottom of the form.
For additional information, ESA has created a website on the WISE study at:
For more detailed information, please contact:
ESA Media Relations Division
Tel: +33 1 5369 7155
Fax: +33 1 5369 7690
Erasmus User Centre and Communication Office
Directorate of Human Spaceflight, Microgravity and Exploration
Noordwijk (the Netherlands)
Tel: +31 71 565 5451
Fax: +31 71 565 8008
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It has been estimated that almost 285 million people worldwide suffer from Type 2 Diabetes and its comorbidities. The morbidity and mortality related with diabetes arises as a result of microvascular and macro-vascular complications.
FDA issued Warning against the Use of SGLT 2 Inhibitors
Recently, FDA has issued warning against the use of SGLT2 (Sodium-Glucose Linked Transporter 2) inhibitors stating that case studies have reported an association between the use of SGLT 2 inhibitors and ketoacidosis. They are still trying to investigate the exact correlation between these diabetic medications
and high amount of acid in the blood. FDA is also considering any changes that may be needed in the prescribing information of SGLT2 inhibitors.
The report was initially presented at the annual meeting of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. It stated that the use of SGLT 2 inhibitors can lead to the occurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis. FDA has reported almost 20 case reports of ketoacidosis mostly in patients with Type 2 diabetes
. FDA reports mentioned that all the 20 cases of acidosis were reported as diabetic ketoacidosis, ketoacidosis or ketosis in patients undergoing type 2 diabetes treatment with SGLT 2 inhibitors and all the cases required hospitalization for treatment.
SGLT 2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes
SGLT2 inhibitors belong to a new family of Type 2 Diabetes drugs. SGLT 2 inhibitor act by making the kidneys to eliminate sugar through the urine. Their action is based on the blockade of glucose re-absorption pathways, which leads to glycosuria and eventual decrease in the glucose level in the blood in patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Their mechanism of action includes blocking of renal glucose re-absorption through the SGLT2 transport system. This results in accumulation of glucose, which is then eliminated through urine thereby reducing the glucose level in blood circulation. This also helps in lowering blood sugar levels and weight loss.
US Food and Drug Administration has approved the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. SGLT 2 inhibitors are prescribed for patients with type 2 diabetes along with diet and exercise to lower glucose level in the blood. The use of these diabetic medications is beneficial for the newly diagnosed patients as well as those who have long-term diabetes.
What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis?
Diabetic ketoacidosis is reported to be a commonly occurring acute complication related with Type 2 Diabetes. It is a serious disease in which there is a production of high concentration of blood acids known as ketones. In case of diabetic ketoacidosis, the ketones in blood cause the loss of electrolytes via urine. Ketoacidosis develops when in the absence of adequate glucose levels in the blood; the body starts utilizing fat for energy production which produces ketones. The accumulation of ketones in blood makes the blood more acidic.
In diabetic ketoacidosis, the diagnostic criteria includes blood glucose level>250 mg/dL, arterial pH<7.3, serum bicarbonate <15 mEq/L and a moderate case of ketonemia with or without ketonuria.
Signs and Symptoms of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
The signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis include breathing difficulty
, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, confusion, unusual fatigue or sleepiness. If untreated, ketoacidosis can eventually develop in diabetic coma and death. The patient with severe acidosis may require hospitalization for treatment.
The early symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis include dry mouth, frequent urination, increased blood sugar levels and increased ketones in urine. In the later stages of ketoacidosis, the symptoms include constant fatigue, dry or flushed skin, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, breathing difficulty, fruity smell on breath and lack of ability to focus or pay attention. Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious and fatal condition where the patient may enter diabetic coma and eventual death. If any of the signs and symptoms of ketoacidosis are detected, the patient should immediately contact the doctor.
Factors Triggering Diabetic Ketoacidosis
It was reported that patients who exhibited signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis had experienced some triggering factor. These triggering factors for acidosis include an acute disease or illness, recently occurred infection, urosepsis, trauma, decrease in the caloric or fluid intake or a decrease in the dose of insulin.
Sodium-glucose linked transporter 2 inhibitors were reported to cause a severe case of ketoacidosis in various case studies. It has been suggested that the use of SGLT2 inhibitors is related with a high risk for developing ketoacidosis. Other factors which contributed to ketoacidosis in patients on SGLT 2 inhibitor class of type 2 diabetes drugs were hypovolemia, acute disease of the renal system, hypoxemia, and a history of alcohol use or a reduction in the oral intake of fluids or food.
What to do if Ketoacidosis is confirmed?
If the patients experience any of the warning signs such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, breathing difficulty, confusion, tiredness or sleepiness then the clinicians should;
- Evaluate them for the presence of acidosis
- Discontinue SGLT inhibitors if ketoacidosis is confirmed
- Rectify the acidosis and control blood sugar
Physicians and researchers have suggested that doctors should initially start with low doses of SGLT 2 inhibitors. They should ensure that their patients are well-hydrated, do not have or develop any renal problems
and get their complete evaluation done up.
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Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction
Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) or equine Cushing’s disease is the most common endocrine disorder of horses. This disorder develops in older horses when dopaminergic neurons extending from the hypothalamus to the pars intermedia (intermediate lobe) of the pituitary gland undergo oxidative degeneration. These neurons secrete dopamine, which normally inhibits the pars intermedia, so loss of dopaminergic inhibition results in hyperplasia and increased hormone production. Neoplasia develops over time, leading to the formation of functional pituitary adenomas. These tumors secrete large quantities of alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone, the normal product of the pars intermedia, as well as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), beta-endorphin, beta-lipotropin, and corticotropin-like intermediate peptide (CLIP). Increased secretion of ACTH and CLIP results in hyperadrenocorticism.
Clinical signs of advanced PPID include hypertrichosis (commonly called hirsutism), retention of the winter haircoat, skeletal muscle atrophy, polyuria/polydipsia, laminitis, and increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. These clinical signs are relatively easy to recognize in advanced cases, but PPID is more challenging to diagnose in its earlier stages when the only signs are delayed shedding of the winter haircoat and mild muscle atrophy.
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It is becoming a big debate when it comes to preserving energy and finding means of making use of renewable sources of energy. Scientists are working tirelessly to bring better and more enhanced energy alternatives to the world.
Part of the same effort a UK company by the name of Pro-Teq has come up with an idea to save up electricity and has proposed an alternative to street lamps.
The idea is to coat the road with a special kind of coating which absorbs UV light in the day and emits it at night, hence lighting up the road and removing the need for street lamp completely. The coating is water-resistant and is a spray on type available in different colors; blue, red, gold and green.
The method employed is a simple one; the coating is sprayed onto the existing surface followed by the application of an aggregate material. This starry spray will light up the roads with a glowing colour
Pro-Teq is hopeful that this idea will catch on and until a better alternative is made available, this method will suffice for the lighting needed on roads at night. Feasible or not, the end result sure looks marvelous to say the least!
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Cayuse village in the distance seen from Whitman Mission grist mill; Sketch by National Park Service artist.
Before the first Euro-Americans settled in the Walla Walla Valley, a winter village of the Cayuse Indians was located for many years in the vicinity of what later became the site of the Whitman Mission.
When Marcus and Narcissa Whitman established their Presbyterian Mission in the valley in 1836, the Cayuse Pásxa winter village was located about a quarter mile east of it, clearly visible and an easy walk from the Mission grounds.
The current Whitman monument, a granite obelisk on the hill above the Mission, overlooks the site of what was once the Pásxa Village to the southeast. This was a village of equestrians who welcomed the Whitmans and made room for them on their ancestral grounds, which were rich and productive grazing lands of native perennial grasses. Nearby a thermal spring which still remains active and never froze, was a popular spot for watering horses, especially during hard winters.
A Cayuse winter village was a place of tule mat longhouses and temporary dwellings where equipment was constructed and repaired, and oral traditions were shared during the long winter months. In other seasons of the year, most of the village’s inhabitants migrated to traditional upland hunting and gathering places, and to fish and dig roots in the spring, hunt and pick berries in the summer and fall, and occasionally cross the Rocky Mountains to hunt bison. The trek to the plains was recognized as an opportunity to expand trade to more interior peoples, and the Cayuse and Walla Walla became adept middlemen.
Historian Verne Ray has identified seventy-six traditional Cayuse Village sites, most temporary, seasonal sites. The extent of the Cayuse territory was vast. The Cayuse maintained villages on the Tucannon, Snake, Touchet, and Walla Walla Rivers in Washington, and the Umatilla, Grande Ronde, Burnt, Powder, and John Day Rivers in Oregon as well as on several Washington and Oregon Creeks. Ray identified five separate villages in the Walla Walla Valley and seven Cayuse Bands scattered throughout Eastern Oregon and Washington. The Walla Walla River Cayuse Band was called the Pa’cxapu.
The Prince’s Cabin
The Prince’s Cabin, 2008, before moving and restoration at Frenchtown
When Robin and Kriss Peterson purchased the Smith farmstead just east of the Whitman Mission in 1990, they became interested in the old cabin sitting amongst the farm buildings.
Robin was the minister of the College Place Presbyterian Church, taught French at Whitman College, and was also an active farmer. His passionate interest led him to investigate the history and origins of the cabin back to the Prince, the younger brother of the headman at the Cayuse village just east of the Whitman Mission. all of which he described in a paper he provided interested people and organizations, including the Frenchtown Historical Foundation. Robin’s goal for the cabin was to move it to a more prominent location on their place and to restore it for use as a center of reconciliation.
Following Robin’s death, in 2013 Kriss Peterson donated the cabin to the Frenchtown foundation on the condition that it be moved to the Frenchtown site to be restored and available for public display.
Moving & Restoring the Cabin
The cabin starts to take shape again as the lower walls are reinstalled, 2014.
During the more than 100 years the property was owned by members of the Smith family, shed roofs were added on both the cabin’s north and south sides protecting it from deterioration. The east wall was also opened to allow farm equipment storage, and electrical wiring was added for its use as a playhouse and machine shop.
Beginning in 2008, the Petersons began efforts to prevent deterioration of the cabin, and to prepare it for moving.
To move and restore the cabin at the Frenchtown site, the Frenchtown Historical Foundation put together a team of contractors and volunteers. Although the upper floor of the cabin was intact, the partially dismantled and deteriorating lower walls were in six pieces. The first tasks were to prepare a new site for the cabin, to document the condition of the cabin and its contents before the move, and to decide how to move it without further damage.
In consultation with archaeologists, contractors, craftsmen, historians, tribal representatives, and movers, a decision was made to remove the remaining shed on the south side of the cabin, to move the upper story intact, to temporarily stabilize the lower wall segments instead of further dismantling them, and to move them separately—which proved to be a successful strategy.
For a detailed history of the Prince, the cabin, its design, and its moving and restoration, click here to visit the Frenchtown Historical Foundation website.
An interpretive sign has been installed by Walla Walla 2020 on Last Chance Road just north of the Walla Walla River overlooking the original site of the village and the cabin. The cabin itself is now available for viewing at the Frenchtown Historic Site two miles west of the Whitman Mission seven days a week from dawn to dusk with no admission charge, and features additional signage. More information can also be found at http://www.frenchtownwa.org/ and at http://www.ctuir.org/.
Historic Sites & Markers Project
Thanks to Greg Cleveland, Jennifer Karson Engum, Robin Peterson, Mahlon Kreibel, Sam Pambrun, and others who contributed information shown on this page. Information on Walla Walla 2020’s Historic Research & Plaque Project honoring individual buildings and properties is also available at www.ww2020.net/historic-building-research.
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We can’t deny the fact that we need money. We need money to pay our bills. We also need it to advance in our lives (e.g. for education). But what is the right way to treat money? How can we live a meaningful life without money worries?
I believe this quote by Jonathan Swift gives us a good answer:
A wise man should have money in his head, but not in his heart.
I like this quote. In my opinion, it captures the essence of how our attitude toward money should be. Money should be in your head, but not in your heart.
What does it mean?
First, it means that you should think about money and treat it in a rational way. You should think about how to make money. More importantly, however, you should think about how to manage it. There are many people who make a lot of money but live in a financial mess because they can’t manage it.
Second, it means that money shouldn’t be your main motivation. It shouldn’t be the main thing that drives your decisions. If it does, you might be wealthy on the outside, but feel empty on the inside. There is only one way to live a meaningful life: by contributing to a cause that you care about.
Here are four tips to help you apply the principle:
1. Find your cause.
What dissatisfaction do you have about the world that you can do something about? What is the place where you want to and can make a difference?
In my case, it bothers me to see people (including myself) live below their full potential. That’s my cause in starting this blog. I want to help people reach their full potential. This gives me a sense of purpose.
You can apply this to your work. Ask yourself: what can I contribute? How can I make a difference?
2. Make your cause your motivation.
After finding your cause, make it your motivation. Make it your main reason for doing things. I can assure you: this will make you excited because you have a sense of purpose.
3. Educate yourself in personal finance.
When it comes to dealing with money, the first thing you should do is educate yourself. A good resource for this is Investopedia. Read the articles there and you will have a good foundation.
4. Build a system for your personal finance.
Based on what you learn in personal finance, you should then build a system to manage your money. The system will help you manage your money in a rational way.
Your system should include tracking your expenses. This is important to help you make rational decisions. Do you know how much money you spent last month? And do you know exactly what you spent it on? Start tracking your expenses if you haven’t.
You should put money in your head, but not in your heart. By applying the tips above, you will get the best of both worlds: you will live a meaningful life without money worries.
If you liked this post, please share it on Facebook. Thanks!
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Home > Patients & Visitors > Health Library > COPD: Handling a Flare-Up
If you have
COPD, your usual shortness of breath could suddenly
get worse. You may start coughing more and have more mucus. This flare-up is
called a COPD exacerbation or a COPD attack.
A respiratory tract infection or
air pollution could set off an attack. Or it may happen after a quick change in
temperature or being around chemicals. You may not always know the
When you have a COPD flare-up, your normal symptoms suddenly get
Don't panic if
you start to have a flare-up. If you are prepared, you may be able to get it
under control. Work with your doctor to make a plan for dealing with a COPD
Take your medicines as your doctor says:
Call 911 if:
After treatment, most people recover.
ByHealthwise StaffPrimary Medical ReviewerE. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal MedicineAdam Husney, MD - Family MedicineSpecialist Medical ReviewerKen Y. Yoneda, MD - Pulmonology
Current as ofMay 25, 2016
Current as of:
May 25, 2016
E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine & Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine & Ken Y. Yoneda, MD - Pulmonology
To learn more about Healthwise, visit Healthwise.org.
© 1995-2016 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
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Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) continues to be one of the most prevalent occupational conditions and occurs across a wide spectrum of industries. Occupational hearing loss is preventable through a hierarchy of controls, which prioritize the use of engineering controls over administrative controls and personal protective equipment. The occupational and environmental medicine (OEM) physician works with management, safety, industrial hygiene, engineering, and human resources to insure that all components of hearing loss prevention programs are in place.1 The OEM physician should emphasize to employers the critical importance of preventing hearing loss through controls and periodic performance audits rather than just conducting audiometric testing. Nevertheless, audiometric testing, besides documenting the permanent loss of hearing, can be of value in the identification of hearing loss at a time when early preventive intervention is possible. The American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM) believes that OEM physicians should understand a worker's noise exposure history and become proficient in the early detection and prevention of NIHL.
THE OEM PHYSICIAN AS PROFESSIONAL SUPERVISOR OF THE AUDIOMETRIC TESTING COMPONENT OF A HEARING CONSERVATION PROGRAM
The OEM physician also plays a critical role in the prevention of NIHL by serving as a professional supervisor of the audiometric testing component of hearing conservation programs. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration defines a requirement for professional supervisors in the 1983 Hearing Conservation Amendment.2 The responsibilities of the professional supervisor can be found in the ACOEM position statement “The Role of the Professional Supervisor in the Audiometric Testing Component of Hearing Conservation Programs.”3 Responsibilities include interpretation of audiograms, work-relatedness determinations, referral of problem cases, quality oversight of audiometric testing, and determination of the effectiveness of the hearing conservation program.
This position statement clarifies current best practices in the diagnosis of NIHL. On the basis of current knowledge, ACOEM proposes the following update of a previous position statement4 regarding the distinguishing features of occupational NIHL.
Occupational NIHL, as opposed to occupational acoustic trauma, is hearing loss that is a function of continuous or intermittent noise exposure and duration, and which usually develops slowly over several years. This is in contrast to occupational acoustic trauma, which is characterized by a sudden change in hearing as a result of a single exposure to a sudden burst of sound, such as an explosive blast. The diagnosis of NIHL is made by the OEM physician, by first taking into account the worker's noise exposure history and then by considering the following characteristics.
The principal characteristics of occupational NIHL are as follows:
* It is always sensorineural, primarily affecting the cochlear hair cells in the inner ear.
* It is typically bilateral, since most noise exposures are symmetric.
* Its first sign is a “notching” of the audiogram at the high frequencies of 3000, 4000, or 6000 Hz with recovery at 8000 Hz.5
* This notch typically develops at one of these frequencies and affects adjacent frequencies with continued noise exposure. This, together with the effects of aging, may reduce the prominence of the “notch.” Therefore, in older individuals, the effects of noise may be difficult to distinguish from age-related hearing loss (presbycusis) without access to previous audiograms.6
* The exact location of the notch depends on multiple factors including the frequency of the damaging noise and size of the ear canal.
* In early NIHL, the average hearing thresholds at the lower frequencies of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz are better than the average thresholds at 3000, 4000, and 6000 Hz, and the hearing level at 8000 Hz is usually better than the deepest part of the notch. This notching is in contrast to presbycusis, which also produces high-frequency hearing loss but in a down-sloping pattern without recovery at 8000 Hz.7
* Although Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) does not require audiometric testing at 8000 Hz, inclusion of this frequency is highly recommended to assist in the identification of the noise notch as well as age-related hearing loss.
* Noise exposure alone usually does not produce a loss greater than 75 dB in high frequencies and greater than 40 dB in lower frequencies. Nevertheless, individuals with non-NIHL, such as presbycusis, may have hearing threshold levels in excess of these values.
* Hearing loss due to continuous or intermittent noise exposure increases most rapidly during the first 10 to 15 years of exposure, and the rate of hearing loss then decelerates as the hearing threshold increases. This is in contrast to age-related loss, which accelerates over time.
* Available evidence indicates that previously noise-exposed ears are not more sensitive to future noise exposure.
* There is insufficient evidence to conclude that hearing loss due to noise progresses once the noise exposure is discontinued. Nevertheless, on the basis of available human and animal data, which evaluated the normal recovery process, it is unlikely that such delayed effects occur.8,9
* The risk of NIHL is felt to be low at exposures below 85 dB (8-hour time-weighted average) but increases significantly as exposures rise above this level.10
* Continuous noise exposure throughout the workday and over years is more damaging than interrupted exposure to noise, which permits the ear to have a rest period. At the present time, measures to estimate the health effects of such intermittent noise are controversial.
* Real world attenuation provided by hearing protective devices may vary widely between individuals. The noise-reduction rating of hearing protective devices used by a working population is expected to be less than the laboratory-derived rating.11,12 Hearing protective devices should provide adequate attenuation to reduce noise exposure at the eardrum to less than 85 dB time-weighted average. In addition, technology is now available, which can provide an individualized attenuation rating for hearing protective devices and continuous monitoring of noise at the eardrum.13–15
* The presence of a temporary threshold shift (ie, the temporary loss of hearing, which largely disappears 16–48 hours after exposure to loud noise) with or without tinnitus is a risk indicator that permanent NIHL will likely occur if hazardous noise exposures continue. Barring an ototraumatic incident, workers will always develop temporary threshold shift before sustaining permanent threshold shift.1
ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS IN EVALUATING THE WORKER WITH SUSPECTED NIHL
The OEM physician evaluating possible cases of NIHL should consider the following issues:
* Unilateral sources of noise such as sirens and gunshots can produce asymmetric loss, as can situations in which the work involves fixed placement of the affected ear relative to the noise source. When evaluating cases of asymmetric loss, referral to rule out a retrocochlear lesion, such as an acoustic neuroma, is warranted before attributing the loss to noise. The physician should consult criteria, such as those of the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, which can assist in making referrals for further evaluation.16,17
* Animal exposure data suggest that the addition of very intense and frequent impulse/impact noise to steady-state noise can be more harmful than steady-state noise of the same A-weighted energy exposure. (A-weighting is the most common noise measurement scale. A-weighting best approximates the way the human ear perceives loudness at moderate sound levels and it de-emphasizes high and low frequencies that the average person cannot hear.) Nevertheless, human data are currently too sparse to derive an exposure metric, which can practically estimate such a hazardous noise risk.18,19
* Animal models suggest that exposure to ototoxic agents, such as solvents (notably styrene, methylstyrene, toluene, p-xylene, ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, trichloroethylene, and n-hexane), may act in synergy with noise to cause hearing loss. Asphyxiants (carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide), some nitriles (such as acrylonitrile), and metals (lead, mercury, and tin) have also been implicated as causing ototoxicity. The involvement can be seen as damage to cochlear hair cells, central nervous system, or both. The role of all these chemicals in human ototoxicity is still under evaluation but should be taken into consideration when evaluating sensorineural hearing loss.20,21
* Individual susceptibility to the auditory effects of noise varies widely. The biological basis for this remains unclear. In addition, the contribution of comorbid conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disease to hearing loss is unclear.22
* There are a number of other causes of sensorineural hearing loss besides occupational noise. Of primary concern is nonoccupational noise exposure from a variety of sources, especially recreational noise, such as loud music, weapons firing, motor sports, etc. Other causes include a wide variety of genetic disorders, infectious diseases (eg, labyrinthitis, measles, mumps, syphilis), pharmacologic agents (eg, aminoglycosides, diuretics, salicylates, antineoplastic agents), head injury, therapeutic radiation exposure, neurologic disorders (eg, multiple sclerosis), cerebral vascular disorders, immune disorders, bone (eg, Paget disease), central nervous system neoplasms, and Ménière disease. A medical history can help in determining whether any of these conditions could contribute to an individual's hearing loss.23 Nevertheless, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act in some instances precludes the OEM physician from obtaining a family history,24 which could give insight into genetic disorders such as Alport syndrome. There is an exception for when the family medical history is collected for diagnostic or treatment purposes. In such cases, when genetic or any other nonoccupational condition noted earlier is suspected, a referral to an otolaryngologist or other appropriate specialist is recommended.
* Individuals with NIHL may experience significant morbidity due to hearing loss, concomitant tinnitus, and/or impaired speech discrimination. On the job, such hearing loss can impact worker communication and safety. Other conditions associated with hearing loss are depression, social isolation,25 and increased risk of accidents.26 Workers with evidence of hearing loss require an individualized evaluation that takes into account both the need to communicate safely and effectively and the need for protection from additional damage due to noise.
* Because hearing loss due to noise is irreversible, early detection and intervention is critical to prevention of this condition. A 10-dB confirmed threshold shift from baseline in pure-tone average at 2000, 3000, and 4000 Hz (OSHA standard threshold shift or “STS”), while not necessarily resulting in significant impairment, is an important early indicator of permanent hearing loss.27 A temporary threshold shift is an important early and reversible indicator that potential cochlea hair cell damage can progress to an STS, unless preventive interventions occur. Tinnitus is another early warning symptom for NIHL.28 Other early warning flags, such a 10-dB non-age-corrected STS or an 8-dB age-corrected STS, may have a higher positive predictive value in identifying those individuals who will progress to impaired hearing.29 Therefore, individuals in hearing conservation programs who exhibit such shifts on serial audiometric testing should be carefully evaluated and counseled regarding avoidance of noise and correct use of personal hearing protection.
* Age correction of audiograms is a method of age standardization, which allows comparisons of hearing loss rates among working populations. OSHA allows, but does not require, the use of an age-correction procedure.2 Age-correction factors are averages for a population–some individuals will exhibit more age-related loss and some less. Therefore, the application of age correction to the surveillance audiograms of a noise-exposed population can result in fewer confirmed 10-dB shifts being reported. Thus, when applying age correction to the audiometric results of an individual who has experienced a threshold shift, the OEM physician should consider whether, in that individual, a preventable noise component of hearing loss could play a role.
* Any assessment of hearing loss requires the review of all previous audiograms, as well as noise exposure records, hearing protection data, and clinical history, to assist in the diagnosis of NIHL. A referral for a comprehensive audiology evaluation, including bone conduction testing, can assist in verifying the nature of hearing loss.
THE OEM PHYSICIAN'S ROLE IN DIAGNOSING NIHL
The OEM physician plays a major role in the prevention of NIHL, and to make an evidence-based clinical diagnosis, must understand factors contributing to noise exposure in the workplace, nonoccupational sources of noise, and the pathophysiology of NIHL and its clinical and audiometric characteristics. Making a diagnosis of NIHL is an important step in preventing further hearing loss in the affected worker and for identifying the potential for NIHL in coworkers. The OEM physician must work with management and other safety and health professionals to evaluate the workplace for noise exposure, educate the workers regarding the risk of noise exposure (occupational and nonoccupational), and reduce the potential for noise exposure.
This document updates ACOEM's 2003 statement on Noise-Induced Hearing Loss.4 This document was prepared by the Task Force on Occupational Hearing Loss under the auspices of the Council of Scientific Advisors, reviewed by the Committee on Policy, Procedures, and Public Positions, and approved by the ACOEM Board of Directors on November 6, 2011. ACOEM requires all substantive contributors to its documents to disclose any potential competing interests, which are carefully considered. ACOEM emphasizes that the judgments expressed herein represent the best available evidence at the time of publication and shall be considered the position of ACOEM and not the individual opinions of contributing authors.
1. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Noise Exposure. Publication No. 98–126. Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; 1998:36–60.
2. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 1910.95 CFR occupational noise exposure: hearing conservation amendment (Final Rule). Fed Reg. 1983;48:9738–9785.
6. Consensus conference. Noise and hearing loss. JAMA. 1990;263:3185–3190.
7. Coles RR, Lutman ME, Buffin JT. Guidelines on the diagnosis of noise-induced hearing loss for medicolegal purposes. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2000;25:264–273.
8. Lee FS, Matthews LJ, Dubno JR, Mills JH. Longitudinal study of pure-tone thresholds in older persons. Ear Hear. 2005;26:1–11.
9. Institute of Medicine. Noise and Military Service: Implications for Hearing Loss and Tinnitus. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2006:44–47. Available at: www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11443#toc
. Ac-cessed September 8, 2011.
10. American National Standards Institute. Determination of Occupational Noise Exposure and Estimation of Noise-Induced Hearing Impairment, ANSI S3.44–1996. New York, NY: Acoustical Society of America; 1996.
11. Lusk SL, Kerr MJ, Kauffman SA. Use of hearing protection and perceptions of noise exposure and hearing loss among construction workers. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1998;59:466–470.
12. Berger EH, Franks JR, Behar A, et al. Development of a new standard laboratory protocol for estimating the field attenuation of hearing protection devices. Part III. The validity of using subject-fit data. J Acoust Soc Am. 1998;103:665–672.
13. Hager LD. Fit-testing hearing protectors: an idea whose time has come. Noise Health. 2011;13:147–151.
14. Michael K, Tougaw E, Wilkinson R. Role of continuous monitoring in a hearing conservation program. Noise Health. 2011;13:195–199.
15. Schulz TY. Individual fit-testing of earplugs: a review of uses. Noise Health. 2011;13:152–162.
16. Suter A. Hearing Conservation Manual. 4th ed. Milwaukee, WI: Council for Accreditation in Occupational Hearing Conservation; 2007:87.
18. Qiu W, Hamernik R, Davis B. The kurtosis metric as an adjunct to energy in the prediction of trauma from continuous, non-Gaussian noise exposure. J Acoust Soc Am. 2006;120:3901–3906.
19. Goley GS, Song WJ, Kim JH. Kurtosis corrected sound pressure level as a noise metric for risk assessment of occupational noises. J Acoust Soc Am. 2011;129:1475–1481.
20. Morata TC. Chemical exposure as a risk factor for hearing loss. J Occup Environ Med. 2003;45:676–682.
22. Ward WD. Endogenous factors related to susceptibility to damage from noise. Occup Med. 1995;10:561–575.
23. Arts HA. Sensorineural hearing loss in adults. In:Flint PW, Haughey BH, Lund VJ, et al., eds. Cummings Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2010:2117–2127.
24. US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, US Congress. The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008. Available at: www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/gina.cfm
. Accessed September 7, 2011
25. Hétu R, Getty L, Quoc HT. Impact of occupational hearing loss on the lives of workers. Occup Med. 1995;10:495–512.
26. Zwerling C, Whitten PS, Davis CS, Sprince NL. Occupational injuries among older workers with visual, auditory, and other impairments: a validation study. J Occup Environ Med. 1998;40:720–723.
27. Dobie RA. Audiometric threshold shift definitions: simulations and suggestions. Ear Hear. 2005;26:62–77.
28. Dobie RA. Structure and function of the ear. In:Dobie RA, ed. Medical-Legal Evaluation of Hearing Loss. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group; 2001.
29. Rabinowitz PM, Galusha D, Ernst CD, Slade MD. Audiometric “early flags” for occupational hearing loss. J Occup Environ Med. 2007;49:1310–1316.
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Software for dental hygiene schools can help university administrators leverage electronic health record adoption in a way that improves the quality of education students receive.
Ann-Marie DePalma, an American Academy of Dental Hygiene fellow, argued in an RDH Magazine article that EHRs are a viable solution to student engagement problems in the academic sector. She pointed out that many people who enroll in dental hygiene programs in the U.S. do so with the intention of simply achieving short-term employment. They rarely have large-scale career goals in mind, which can impact their attitudes and hinder their potential for growth.
Academic programs are embracing new technology
However, the growing interest in EHRs presents an opportunity for educators to incorporate an additional element of skills development for students. Academic institutions that make the transition from paper records to EHRs often benefit from greater efficiency, collaboration and expertise. By embracing 21st-century technology, these organizations also make it possible for program enrollees to become familiar with unique technology, which will open doors to a variety of other career options in the future.
There's no denying the future of EHRs in the dental hygiene sector. A recent report from Health Affairs revealed that the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, which created incentives for health care providers to go paperless, has since led to more than $26 billion in EHR investments in the U.S. With an advanced dental hygiene school software program, university officials can easily join the rest of the health care industry to improve the quality and efficiency of their management technology.
How exactly do EHRs improve the quality of student education?
DePalma added that a more high-tech dental hygiene program can create a more collaborative learning environment that fosters students with more meaningful leadership skills. For example, EHR integration requires input and cooperation from multiple departments, which means students will gain real-world experience working in teams to move projects forward. Oral health professionals are also paying more attention to how their own work relates to patients' overall health – meaning dental practices, universities and other institutions are working more closely with professionals in other health care fields such as optometry and cardiology.
With experience managing these tools, an individual may feel more engaged and in charge of his or her own education and career path.
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The deployment test flight for the Cosmos 1 Solar Sail project has been re-scheduled to launch on July 20, 2001 at 4:33 AM (Moscow time), which is July 19, 2001 at 5:33 PM (California time). In the unlikely event that weather conditions warrant a change, the flight could launch at an earlier back-up time that same day.
Cosmos Studios and A&E Network sponsor the project. The project is privately funded, has scientific and commercial objectives, and involves the cooperation of Russian space and defense organizations through a contract with The Planetary Society.
Cosmos 1 will launch from a Russian submarine in the Barents Sea. The submarine will set sail from Severomorsk, the naval port near Murmansk.
Louis Friedman, Executive Director of The Planetary Society and Project Director for Cosmos 1, will watch the launch firsthand from the deck of a nearby observation vessel.
"We are setting precedents in many ways -- with a private venture using Russian military facilities for launch, with the new technology of solar sails, and with a space interest group organizing this project," said Friedman. "Each of these factors is a bit scary, and I admit to some nervousness. However, risk is inherent to space exploration, and exploring new worlds -- in all its meanings -- is the motto of The Planetary Society."
The Cosmos 1 test craft will deploy two solar sail blades, testing the sail's deployment sequence and performance during the 30-minute flight. Data collected from this test will help engineers prepare for the planned first solar sail mission in late 2001.
Solar sailing utilizes reflected light pressure pushing on giant panels, which adjust to the continuously changing orbital energy and spacecraft velocity. The sunlight pressure is powerful enough to push spacecraft between the planets from Mercury out to Jupiter. Beyond Jupiter, and out to the stars, space sailing can be done using powerful lasers focused over long distances in space.
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antioxidant, antioxidants, Arginine, Beta carotene, China, China’s national fruit, Chinese gooseberry, Dr Samia Khan, Earth Day, exotic fleshy fruit, Fibre, Green, immune system, Inositol, kiwi, macular degeneration, Magnesium, Serotonin, super fruit, Vitamin C, vitamins, Vitamins A C E, Yao Tang
With Earth Day celebrated today, ‘green’ is the buzzword. We have always heard that ‘green’ foods have superior health benefits and now we have one more green food, a fruit to be precise, to add to our meal plan – the super fruit, kiwi.
Native to China (and the country’s national fruit), kiwi is also known as Yao Tang or Chinese gooseberry. Not long ago this exotic, fleshy fruit could only be found in glossy food magazines and selected high-end grocery stores. The good news is that kiwi is now widely available at most fruit sellers in Pakistan, although it is a little expensive compared to other fruit such as oranges and apples.
Kiwi has a sweet yet tart taste and plenty of health benefits due to the presence of a host of nutrients.
Antioxidants: protect DNA from cancer causing mutations and damage.
Arginine: a vaso-dilator that treats minor cases of impotence.
Beta carotene: decreases the risk of eye-related diseases, specifically age-related macular degeneration.
Fibre: reduces cholesterol levels and can lower the risk of heart attacks. It also controls sugar levels in diabetics and helps expel toxins from the colon, reducing the risk of colon cancer.
Inositol: believed to reduce the symptoms of depression.
Magnesium: increases energy levels and lowers blood pressure.
Serotonin: reduces stress levels and creates a calming effect.
Vitamins: Vitamins A, C and E help fight the physical signs of aging. Vitamin C, an antioxidant, boosts the immune system and is believed to reduce the risk of hypertension and strokes and promotes healthy teeth and gums. One kiwi fruit fulfils 95% of your daily requirement of Vitamin C.
– Dr Samia Khan
The writer is Director, Health Awareness Society.
First published in the Health Advertiser Section of The DAWN National Weekend Advertiser on April 22, 2012.
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Mixing Alcohol and Xanax
Xanax is the commercial trade name of the drug alprazolam, which falls under the benzodiazepine category of drugs. Benzodiazepines are Central Nervous System (CNS) depressant drugs, that produce a sedative or calming effect in people who are prescribed their use by doctors or those who take them recreationally.
However, CNS depressant drugs can have the side effect of suppressing brain activity too much, to the extent that users of these drugs may die because the parts of the brain that control breathing and heartbeat become inactive. This is called an overdose. The risk of overdose increases as the dosage of the drug increases and increases exponentially when one CNS depressant is mixed with another CNS depressant, including alcohol.
Alcohol and Xanax work independently yet interactively to reduce overall activity in the brain. They affect the same type of inhibitory brain communication chemical, effectively reducing signals in the central nervous system (CNS). This is why both drugs have a relaxing, sedative effect on the users. When taken together, the effects of each drug compound and build upon one another, leading to an increased risk of dangerous consequences.
Reduced activity in the CNS can lead to dangerous side effects, and drinking while under the influence of Xanax heightens the risk of overdose due to the dangerous, synergistic effects of each drug.
Signs and Symptoms of Concurrent Abuse
There are several signs and symptoms of concurrent Xanax and alcohol abuse that one needs to be aware of. When abused, Xanax can cause feelings of intense relaxation and even euphoria. This feeling of euphoria acts as positive reinforcement for Xanax abuse and increases one’s risk of developing an addiction. When taken with alcohol, the effects of both Xanax and alcohol are amplified.
Individuals taking both drugs at once are at risk for:
- Syncope, or fainting
- Slurred speech
- Unsteady gait
- Impaired coordination
- Slow pulse
- Slow breathing
- Impaired memory consolidation
Xanax and alcohol potentiate the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter known as gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA. Heightened GABA activity leads to widespread inhibition of a number of neural processes, and results in sedation. When combined, over-sedation can occur, and can result in a complete shut-down of a few vital functions. At the top of the list for potentially fatal effects is profound respiratory depression, which is commonly experienced by concurrent benzodiazepine and alcohol users.
Proper treatment for long time concurrent alcohol and Xanax abusers requires an initial period of medically supervised detoxification. Abusing the two substances can result in a physical dependency which is difficult and dangerous to try to break alone. Without the availability of these drugs, the patient can experience withdrawal symptoms which can range from mildly uncomfortable to life threateningly dangerous.
Attempting to quit a period of long-standing alcohol and Xanax abuse without medical monitoring is never advisable. Medically assisted detox and withdrawal helps minimize the risk of experiencing potentially dangerous symptoms. A medical team, which may include physicians and nurses, will monitor the patient’s vital signs and administer appropriate medication if necessary. Completion of detox is essential for recovery to begin, yet many fear going into it because of the risks. Medically assisted detoxification can help allay these fears, ensure safety, and minimize discomfort.
At the Law Office Of Phillips, Worthington and Allen P.A., we represent personal injury, DUI and criminal defense cases in Maryland. Call (301) 892-6007 now!”
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Welcome to our Saint of the Day series! Each weekday, we present you with an excerpt from Fr. George Poulos' Orthodox Saints series, published by Holy Cross Orthodox Press. Today we commemorate St. Chryse, whose account is found in Volume 4 of the series.)
Saint Chryse the Neomartyr
Living up to the letter of the law is not always easily done, but to abide by every scriptural word calls for a rare devoutness, especially when it is a matter of life and death. This application even under harsh duress and the pain of death has made a sweet girl named Chryse one of the most beloved of saints. In a test of faith in which many could be found wanting, Chryse showed Christian courage unsurpassed by the many brave male counterparts of Christianity.
Born into an impoverished family in Moglena, Macedonia, Chryse was inured to the hardships wrought on her and her family by poverty, Turkish oppression and the harsh winters of the northernmost part of Greece. The people of this remote village were sustained by their Greek Orthodox faith, without which they would long since have been wiped out by Turks.
Chryse was a member of the hardy Greek family that did nothing to amuse their invaders, choosing for the most part to ignore their bothersome manners in order to concentrate on wresting a livelihood from the land once occupied by the likes of Alexander the Great. Lacking the numbers and military hardware to repel their foe, these courageous Greeks carried on as true Christians under an Islamic cloud as the rest of the Christian world looked the other way. Undaunted by the menacing scimitar, they lived as their ancestors had lived at the time of Christ, with none of the conveniences enjoyed by urban centers of the eighteenth-century modern world.
This hardihood was to assert itself one day when Chryse went out to gather firewood. She had unknowingly trespassed on land owned by a wealthy Turk who had wrested his ill-gotten gains from the sweating brows of Greek peasants and, as luck would have it, she was busily engaged when the Turk happened to be nearby. Noticing the fine figure of a girl, the lustful Turk approached, but instead of reproaching her, he extended a hand of friendship with the advice that it would have been better had she asked for permission before cutting his wood. As darkness approached, the Turk offered the hospitality of his nearby home and induced the unsuspecting girl to warm herself prior to lending his servants to accompany her and to take the fi ewood to her home.
The invitation turned out to be a veiled kidnapping as the Turk urged her to remain, eventually to become a Muslim and his bride, thereafter to live in comfort she otherwise would never have known. He was reminded that under no circumstances would she turn her back on Jesus Christ to embrace Islam. When she bolted for the door, servants restrained her. Despite her protests she was kept forcibly, with the not-too-bright Turk confident that her mind, being a woman’s, could be changed. In this case nothing could be further from the truth and it was a standoff until the distraught parents of the girl appeared to claim their child.
The Turk then said she was not being held against her will but being detained to be turned over to authorities for trespassing, unless of course she chose the alternative he had outlined to the hapless Chryse. Using every artifice at his limited command, the Turk, looking at the girl with ever-growing desire, tried to sway the parents, who in the end said that the choice was up to their daughter. Frustrated at every turn, the Turk finally wheeled in a rage and shouted to the girl that he would kill her parents if she did not recant. He reminded her that in this remote area the parents would simply disappear and no one would know the difference. It was when her parents urged her to reconsider that Chryse said that with their suggestion they ceased to be her parents and then proceeded to quote from the Bible.
Chryse cited Psalm 27:10 which says, “For my father and my mother have forsaken me, but the Lord will take me up.” She went on to quote from memory a passage from Matthew which says, “Think not that I am come to send peace on earth but a sword. For I am come to set a man at variance against his father and a daughter against her mother and the daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law. And a man’s foes shall be they of his own household...” (Mt. 10:34-38). The enraged Turk sent the bewildered parents away and had charges brought against Chryse. After months in prison, the unrelenting Chryse suffered inhumane torture before being put to death. She died for Christ on October 13, 1795.
Text from Fr. George Poulos' Orthodox Saints. Image from GOArch.org.
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She was 14 and proudly on her high school’s freshman honor roll. Then she found out she was pregnant. “I felt like I lost everything,” 19-year-old Korpo recalls. Within weeks, she began falling behind in class.
Korpo’s experience isn’t unique. In 2013, close to 600 babies, or almost 4 percent of all births in Hennepin County, were to mothers age 15-19. And while that’s a declining trend (PDF), teen moms and their babies remain a public health concern, both here and nationwide.
Since 2012, Teen HOPE has helped 214 participants graduate from high school or earn their GED.
Number of births by
teen moms, 15-19
in Hennepin County
According to the CDC, only 50% of teen mothers receive a high school diploma by age 22, versus 90% of women who did not give birth during adolescence. Without diplomas, teen parents may end up in lower paying jobs, with reduced access to housing, health care, and ability to provide for their children. But well-designed local programs are helping teen parents and their children be successful.
Korpo is an example. Instead of dropping out, she transferred to the Osseo Area Learning Center, an alternative high school. After her son, Theo, was born, she was connected with Teen HOPE, a Minnesota Visiting Nurse Agency (MVNA) initiative.
Hennepin County’s Better Together Hennepin program provides sex education, high quality reproductive care, youth development opportunities, and connections to caring adults. From 2007 to 2013, the program achieved an almost 50 percent decline in the teen birth rate.
Teen HOPE helps adolescents get re-engaged in a high school program, study for their GED, and get connected to college and career planning resources at two engagement sites — Minneapolis Community and Technical College and Brooklyn Center Academy. But much of their work takes place outside of a classroom, buoyed by the program's public health nurses, social workers, and community health workers. For instance, Teen HOPE nurses make regular trips to new parents’ homes to monitor the health of mom and baby. They bring safety items such as Pack and Plays and baby gates and help parents fill out paperwork for daycare so they can keep going to class.
"We talk with grandma. We talk with grandpa. We're just really involved in their lives," says Cara Deanes, an employment counselor with the nonprofit HIRED. Echoes Jill Anlauf, a public health nurse, "We got where they are. Our clients trust us. That's the success of the program."
Mary Pat Sigurdson, Teen HOPE coordinator, also credits the program's success to MVNA's "intense collaboration" with entities like Hennepin County Human Services and Public Health, the Minneapolis Health Department, and the Pohlad Foundation. Since its 2012 launch as a Minnesota Department of Human Services pilot program, 214 participants have graduated from high school or earned their GED. In Hennepin County, participation in the program is a requirement for teen parents who receive government assistance, and at any point in time, Teen HOPE serves approximately 250 teen parent families.
In 2012, Korpo had another child, a daughter named Genesis. All the while, she continued to stay in school with the support of Teen HOPE. Today, she and her children’s father, a 22-year-old certified nursing assistant, remain a couple. He’s in college and hopes to become a nurse.
On a recent October morning, Joanna Daggett, Brooklyn Center Academy’s engagement site manager, helps Korpo with math — offering encouragement with a soothing smile. On the wall above Daggett and Korpo, a poster compares average salaries and jobs of people with no GED, a GED, an associate’s degree, bachelor’s degree, and advanced degree — a reminder that education pays.
Korpo’s near-term goal is to pass her GED. Afterward, she plans to get post-secondary education and find a job. She’s taken career assessments through Teen HOPE, and verified that she likes dealing with money, talking with people, and customer service. Working at a bank is appealing.
During a visit by Cara Deanes to Korpo’s parents’ Brooklyn Park home, Theo and Genesis frolick in the backyard with Sally, the family dog — while Cara and Korpo talk. Asked what she tells other teen moms and dads, Korpo says, “There’s a better tomorrow. Keep fighting.”
To learn more about Teen HOPE, contact Mary Pat Sigurdson at email@example.com.
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Work has been a little busy lately, and so I haven't gotten around to the external morphological differences of brachiopods and bivalves yet. For that, I apologize. In the meantime, here are some interesting tidbits quoted in Gould and Calloway's 1980 paper "Clams and brachiopods - ships that pass in the night" (published in Paleobiology v.6, no.4):
Louis Agassiz writes in 1857, "Every zoologist acknowledges the inferiority of the Bryozoa and the Brachiopods when compared with the Lamellibranchiata..." I disagree with Mr. Agassiz, but at least he quantified his statement. He is speaking of zoologists, people who deal in the present. In the present, bivalves (lamellibranchs) are much more common fixtures of the marine realm than brachiopods.
100 years later, Ernst Mayr writes, "Our knowledge of comparative physiology is still so elementary that we do not know, for instance, whether or not the cellular biochemical pathways of the mollusks give them superiority over the brachiopods, as one might suspect from a study of the geological record of these phyla."
What these two scientists fail to realize, and what Gould and Calloway so eloquently point out, is that the bivalves and brachiopods coexisted for quite some time. A major reason the bivalves seem to dominate the Mesozoic and Cenozoic is that the brachiopods took a major hit during the Permian-Triassic extinction. The reasons for this are unclear, but it was this disappearance of brachiopods and opening of new niches that allowed the bivalves to flourish as they did.
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Resilience is a character trait that is universally admired and respected in people. In recent years, it has also gained attention as a new imperative for infrastructure planning and development. In the wake of Superstorm Sandy and other recent natural disasters, there is heightened awareness that one of the essential components of resilience is the need to keep critical facilities—those needed for medical, public safety, and national defense reasons—operating during prolonged grid outages.
Today, advances in distributed energy resources are expanding the options for backup and emergency power.
Communities have long relied on diesel-fueled backup generators to maintain power during outages. But these generators can be an expensive solution to an infrequent problem, they require the delivery and storage of enough liquid fuel to get through an outage, and they can emit extremely high levels of particulate matter and other pollutants. These generators tend to serve us well when the grid goes down temporarily, but are less effective when a major emergency knocks the grid out for days—or longer.
Today, advances in distributed energy resources are expanding the options for backup and emergency power. In particular, the capabilities and costs of renewable distributed generation technologies (primarily wind turbines and solar photovoltaic panels), combined with electricity storage and microgrid enabling technologies, are becoming quite attractive to planners focused on resilience. These technologies can potentially be more flexible and less expensive than traditional diesel backup solutions.
On the final day of the February meetings of the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC), this emerging trend was on full display. Speakers from the U.S. Air Force, Army, and Navy gave superb presentations on how they are boosting resilience by installing renewable distributed generation (DG) with storage and microgrid capabilities on military installations. These systems are designed to operate as isolated microgrids and provide enough power to serve all critical loads on their respective bases for an indefinite period of time during emergencies. But unlike diesel generators, the renewable distributed generation systems are grid-connected and provide energy, capacity, and ancillary services to the broader utility system during routine (non-emergency) conditions. This provides revenue streams and third-party financing options that diesel backup generators simply cannot match, so much so that the systems have virtually no impact on the Defense Department’s capital budget.
Local governments are also catching on. Like military installations, local governments need to maintain power to serve critical loads, such as police and fire stations, emergency shelters, water, and wastewater treatment plants, during extended emergencies. Some excellent examples of planning for resilience can be found among the projects funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Solar Market Pathways program, including:
- The San Francisco Department of the Environment is leading a Solar and Energy Storage for Resiliency project to bolster emergency preparedness in the city. As part of this project, they have already reviewed their existing emergency response plans, mapped critical facilities within the city, identified the critical loads for five types of buildings, and built a tool for determining the size of a solar-plus-storage system that can meet those critical loads. Many of their tools and methods could be replicated in other cities. Still to come for this project is the actual procurement and installation of several resilient solar-plus-storage systems.
- The City University of New York (CUNY) leads a Smart DG Hub: Resilient Solar project and is creating a “roadmap” for resilient solar in New York City that can be replicated across the state and the rest of the country. In the aftermath of Superstorm Sandy, there were more than 600 solar arrays in the city that were unable to provide power because they weren’t designed or constructed for emergency operation. To better prepare for the next emergency, CUNY has produced a variety of fact sheets on resilient solar hardware and economics, hosted public workshops, and added a solar-plus-storage layer to the statewide NY Solar Map. CUNY has also developed a relatively simple spreadsheet model (with detailed documentation) for financial analysis of resilient solar-plus-storage systems. The team is currently working with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory to develop reasonable ways to estimate the economic value of resilience.
The Institute for Sustainable Communities, with whom RAP works to support and provide technical assistance to Solar Market Pathways project teams, is hosting a free interactive workshop entitled “Solar + Battery Storage to Support Community Resilience” on May 8 in St. Paul, Minnesota. Municipal and regional officials, planners, nonprofit leaders, and citizens who want to learn how to implement solar and battery storage across their community are invited to attend. The workshop will feature best practices, tools, and resources for resilient solar that are now available to communities interested in solar and battery storage. The workshop is timed to coincide with the National Adaptation Forum, which begins the following day at the same venue and will bring together hundreds of practitioners working across the country to prepare communities for a changing climate.
Clearly, the push is on to make our critical infrastructure more resilient. New and improved technologies are expanding the options for meeting that need, and technology costs are coming down, but the number of working examples that do not involve diesel generators is still limited. Regulators and policymakers can support the use of distributed energy resources for enhanced resilience by putting in place smart rate designs, interconnection standards, and wholesale market rules that recognize the value of resilient and reliable electric service for critical needs during emergencies.
A version of this article originally appeared on Microgrid Knowledge.
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Many of our military personnel returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have been traumatized by their experiences in the warzones. While the majority struggle with their experiences, most will not go on to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is an anxiety disorder that develops as a result of a traumatic experience and involves symptoms of vigilance (i.e., being extra alert and aware of surroundings); numbness (i.e., having difficulty feeling emotions), and re-experiencing (i.e., flashbacks and nightmares).
We have evidence-based treatments for PTSD that work. These include behavioral therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy or exposure therapy and medication therapies. Treatments have demonstrated success, yet there is no cure for PTSD. Many individuals in treatment work through their symptoms so that they are no longer severely impacted by them. Yet, symptoms sometimes flare up again in the future.
We have institutions set up to work with returning military personnel to treat their PTSD. Much of my work deals with individuals who have had difficulty accessing treatment and working with the institutions designed to help them. Some of the difficulties are self-imposed (For example, it can be hard to admit that you are struggling and need help. It can be even harder to admit that someone who was never at war could help with symptoms developed in war.) Some of the difficulties accessing care are about the system.
Having difficulty accessing help does not help our military personnel in need.
Yet, in my work, I'm starting to hear a new theme.
Here are some reasons why dogs might help individuals with PTSD.
The best part is that it doesn't seem to matter if the dog is a Pit bull or a Chihuahua or a plain old mutt.
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Saturday is Sept. 17, Constitution Day. Some tips for prompts and coverage, including examples. Short url's included to encourage sharing.
Many schools will celebrate on Friday, including this one in California that is using contemporary cultural figures to help students learn: SpongeBob and Angry Birds to help teach the Constitution | students, school, constitution – News – The Orange County Register http://bit.ly/p1ASox
Are you running a quiz? Here's one Constitution Quiz.
A dive into your archives will find articles, photos or letters that may be worth running again:
With prompts on Facebook, Twitter and on your site, a quiz, a few selections from the archives, an online post of the entire document, and a guide to events, your instant Constitution Day package will stir conversation and spotlight our core legal document.
Possible prompts: What is your favorite part of the Constitution and why? Who has read the entire document? Do you have a favorite figure from that part of our nation's history? How do you describe the Constitution to young children? What is your school doing for Constitution Day?
Examples of guides to events:
*At least three events mark Constitution Day in Modesto – Bee Editorials – Modbee.com
*Constitution Day Events | TAMUtimes
*Tech plans events for Constitution Day | The News Star
My favorite part is the First Amendment. A new poll shows growing support among teenagers. Helping readers learn about the Constitution may help all of us protect our rights.
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It’s winter. You’re stuck inside the house, school is out, and you don’t know what you’re going to do to entertain the little ones? We feel you.
Don’t despair. We’ve put together a list of easy activities you can do at home (with stuff you probably already have around the house).
Check out our five holiday-inspired activities that address all five senses:
1. Holiday Sensory Bin
Here’s what My Small Potatoes says you need to gather:
All you need to do is cut the ribbons to 9 inches (or less), twirl the pipe cleaner into a spring, and throw it all into a bowl. You’ll be amazed at how long it will keep your little one entertained.
Filling up and dumping out? That’s a toddler’s jam. Hence the cups and spoons.
Watch baby explore. (And try not to let your OCD take over when the cooked rice goes everywhere.)
Small Potatoes says this sensory play allows your baby “to practice cause and effect, to test hypothesis, to learn about the properties of weight and volume, to discover the wonders of gravity, and to lose himself in the world of experimenting.”
If you’re headed to a relative’s house, put everything in a Tupperware container, and you have a sensory bin on-the-go.
2. Colored Ice Sensory Play
Make ice cubes in several different colors (either with food coloring or food puree). (Because we all know the cubes will end up in the baby’s mouth.) Make sure the cubes are large enough that your child won’t choke on them. Learn Play Imagine recommends putting the cubes near a tub of water. Your child will be amazed when the cubes start to melt and change the color of the water.
Talk to your child about what she is experiencing. You’re building her vocabulary with words like cold, shiny, sweet and smooth (and, perhaps, “wet mess”).
3. Bring Snow Inside
If you’re over bundling up and heading outside to play in the snow, bring it inside! Fill up a container with snow, and the possibilities are endless. Growing a Jeweled Rose suggests:
- Using kitchen gadgets (measuring cups and cookie cutters)
- Sand toys (buckets and shovels)
- Paint brushes and water color
- Spray bottles with colored water
- Playing with vehicles (like, construction trucks with scoops)
No snow? No problem. You can make your own with two ingredients: rice cereal and coconut oil. Lemon Lime Adventures has a recipe here for cloud dough. Give it a holiday flavor with a sprinkle of cinnamon!
4. Holiday Sensory Board
Grab some glue, a foam board and your favorite Christmas items. Get things that have lots of different textures, like you see on this sensory board from Toddler Approved.
The bows, the hat, the pine cone: your tot is not going to be able to keep his hands away. Introduce each object to your child and describe them in detail. This will teach your child a bunch of new words. Play a game with your child by describing an item and let him or her guess which one you are talking about.
5. Light Sensory Play
Unless you have your Christmas tree barricaded in a playpen, your baby is probably trying to put all of the lights and ornaments in her mouth. Lemon Lime Adventures has a solution that lets your baby explore while staying safe!
Stuff some lights into a plastic container, and screw on the lid. Your baby gets to play with the container, watch the lights, and even try to put it in her mouth without you worrying she’ll get hurt.
Do you have any holiday sensory play ideas? Share your favorite ways to play and learn.
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In traditional Chinese culture, qi or chi is an active principle forming part of any living thing. Qi literally translates as "breath", "air", or "gas", and figuratively as "material energy", "life force", or "energy flow". Qi is the central underlying principle in traditional Chinese medicine and martial arts.
A lucid dream is a dream during which the dreamer is aware of dreaming. During lucid dreaming, the dreamer may be able to exert some degree of control over the dream characters, narrative, and environment.
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The use or the use of medicinal plants, or also called medical plants, has occurred in all cultures from all time. The interest today, on issues phytotherapy (medicinal plants), not due to a single event or a particular fashion. Our time is marked by the search for a much healthier lifestyle and improved quality of life, to get it, man has realized the need to turn our eyes to the essential values that are still basically in nature, as is the case of medicinal plants.
HOW TO USE THE PLANTS
They usually consumed in tea but it was necessary to find a method of administration that have a hygiene and efficiency that could measure consumption in periods of treatment. Thus were born between various dosage forms which include the criomolido powder plants, presented in the form of capsules, being is way easier to take.
On this site, we try everything about medicinal plants, their names, use, applications, bloom, applications, management, abstract, family, habitat, medicinal properties and parts used. We will have some drawings and photos of them. We also have a glossary of related words and recommended books on medicinal plants.
PROPERTIES OF STEVIA
You at the multitude of studies and the experience of thousands of diabetics who consume in countries like Spain and South America, it follows that as a medicinal plant:
Regulates blood sugar.
Reduces blood pressure.
Regulates the digestive system in general.
It acts favorably in people with anxiety.
Decreases fat in obese people.
It is diuretic, eliminating kilos of retained body fluids.
Lowers cholesterol and helps burn triglycerides.
Research shows conclusively that consumption of stevia for long time is safe for people, their consumption helps favorably on blood glucose levels in diabetic and stabilizes blood pressure of hypertensive. Also, consumption of this herb does not alter other parameters (lipids, renal and liver function). This opinion differs with the irreducible pressure sweetener industry so that it can be used as a food additive in the United States, the largest consumer of sweeteners worldwide, ignoring all their medicinal properties.
Scientists at the University of Aarhus (Denmark) have provided promising new perspectives on the components of stevia in the treatment of type-2 diabetes, results are also noting affected by this disease in Spain and even cases of type 1. This also advancing identify their properties as an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory mouth. Moreover, in Japan this widespread use as soil improver, plant or to the health of farm animals.
Both FAO and WHO have already taken determinations for certifying the safety of this herb and therefore include stevia on a temporary list as a step to the final passage of his "Codex Alimentarius". In fact, the FAO / WHO Expert Committee on Food Aditives (JECFA) and admitted intake to 2 milligrams per kg / day of steviol glycosides (calculated as steviol), much too high (equivalent to 110 grams of sugar per day) which opens a clear path for widespread recognition.
Some studies suggest that antibiotic activity, especially with bacteria that attack the oral mucosa and fungi that give rise to vaginitis in women. For its healing properties, especially in South America this herb is used also to counter fatigue and to combat diseases in the liver, pancreas and spleen. Beyond the sweetening power of the active ingredients contained in the leaf of the stevia, this herb, is emerging as an extraordinary plant that could benefit the health of humanity and contribute to improving the economy of farmers. Paraguay medicine in Stevia rebaudiana used as hypoglycemic, digestive, cardiotonic, diuretic, hypotensive, vasodilator, antacid, etc., in addition to the aforementioned beneficial effects on the absorption of fat and blood pressure.
Important: The use of information on medicinal plants, without the minimum knowledge in dosage and descriptions can cause problems or side effects. You should always talk to a doctor, pharmacist or qualified personnel before taking herbs or medicinal plants. Take the texts and information such as single orientation for subsequent verification contrast and medical professionals. World Topic assumes no liability in connection with the material on the web.
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There are a lot of “myths”or misconceptions surrounding the use of steel in bridge construction. These myths often arise out of past experience and don’t take into account changes in technology, improvements in materials and products or updated design and construction practices.
MYTH # 1: Steel Is Not Recommended For Short Spans.
REALITY: Due to changing designs and prices for both steel and concrete members, the relative economics of span and cost of each material has also changed. In many cases, the most economical steel span may be close to or the same as for the concrete design. The Short Span Steel Bridge Alliance has developed standard designs and details to further simplify the process. In addition, they have created a program called eSPAN140 which provides economical customized solutions for bridges under 140’
MYTH # 2: Optimization by weight is the best approach to economical design.
REALITY: Although this may be true in some cases, savings in material may sometimes be more than offset by increases in fabrication cost; in certain instances, adding weight may provide the least cost solution.
MYTH # 3: Modular prefabricated short-span steel bridges are only temporary structures.
REALITY: Modular prefabricated short-span bridges, as compared with so-called panel bridges, are typically permanent structures.
For more information on these and other myths, visit www.ShortSpanSteelBridges.org
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<urn:uuid:f6afaa88-50f0-4b48-8797-fd63ef294205>
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https://blog.shortspansteelbridges.org/2012/03/30/three-myths-and-the-reality-of-steel-bridges/
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To know the position of a motor shaft, consider the following 3D printer. When does it *know* the bed reached it’s end?
If we want to know in more detail the position of a motor shaft, consider a spinning disc and an infrared sensor. How many pulses will we read for a 360 degrees turn?
Quadrature position encoders
By adding another sensor, we can also measure the direction of the motor. Clockwise or Counter- clockwise.
Higher position can also be achieved when using quadrature encoders:
Absolute position encoders
A researcher invented a simple but useful solution to noise in encoders. Here you can find an extract from Gray’s Patent:
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<urn:uuid:9bd18633-3dc0-4b64-b11d-84ec4a230928>
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http://ima.nyu.sh/introduction-to-robotics/2016/10/11/encoders-notes/
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A new method to distinguish memory declines associated with healthy aging from the more-serious memory disorders years was developed by researchers.
The method by the scientists at Cornell University also allowed research to accurately predict who is more likely to develop cognitive impairment without expensive tests or invasive procedures.
Charles Brainerd, professor of human development and the study's lead co-author with Valerie Reyna, director of the Institute for Human Neuroscience and professor of human development, both in Cornell's College of Human Ecology said that the memory abilities affected by cognitive impairment differ from those affected by healthy aging, resulting in unique error patterns on neuropsychological tests of memory.
Their theory-driven mathematical model detects these patterns by analyzing performance on such tests and measuring the separate memory processes used.
"With 10 or 15 minute recall tests already in common use worldwide, we can distinguish individuals who have or are at risk for developing cognitive impairment from healthy adults, and we can do so with better accuracy than any existing tools," Brainerd said.
The researchers said that the notion that memory declines continuously throughout adulthood appeared to be incorrect.
To develop their models, the team used data from two longitudinal studies of older adults and found that declines in reconstructive memory were associated with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's dementia, but not with healthy aging.
Declines in recollective memory - recalling a word or event exactly - were a feature of normal aging.
Over a period of between one and a half to six years, declines in reconstructive memory processes were reliable predictors of future progression from healthy aging to mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's dementia, and better predictors than the best genetic marker of such diseases.
Reyna said that reconstructive memory is very stable in healthy individuals, so declines in this type of memory are a hallmark of neurocognitive impairment.
The study is published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition.
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<urn:uuid:76ff8646-2c58-4f3f-b408-b569af27ff30>
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http://www.medindia.net/news/researchers-develop-new-method-to-distinguish-memory-declines-associated-with-healthy-aging-125179-1.htm
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Also found in: Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
si·moom(sĭ-mo͞om′) also si·moon (-mo͞on′)
A strong, hot, sand-laden wind of the Sahara and Arabian Deserts: "Stephen's heart had withered up like a flower of the desert that feels the simoom coming from afar" (James Joyce). Also called samiel.
(Physical Geography) a strong suffocating sand-laden wind of the deserts of Arabia and North Africa. Also called: samiel
[from Arabic samūm poisonous, from sam poison, from Aramaic sammā poison]
a violent sandstorm occurring in the deserts of Africa and Asia.
Switch to new thesaurus
|Noun||1.||simoom - a violent hot sand-laden wind on the deserts of Arabia and North Africa|
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A writer friend recently posted a question about avoiding the word “as.” An editor told her to avoid it, but she didn’t know why. Another author commented that she’d been told to use “while” or “when” instead of “as.”
While I’ve never been told to avoid “as” by any editor, I do understand the sentiment. When we’re told to avoid words, it’s usually because the use of such words allow for “lazy” constructions.
One reason to avoid “as” could be that it’s used to construct periodic sentences. These are sentences that begin with one (or more) dependent clauses, making the reader wait until the last part of the sentence to see what the sentence is about. Here is an example of a periodic sentence:
As the wind began to blow, as the trees began to sway, and as the land began to tremble, the house toppled down.
We don’t know until the end of the sentence that the house toppled down. Obviously, sentences can be constructed like this for dramatic effect, and periodic sentences are poetic and effective to that end. But for the ordinary sentence meant only to communicate information, periodic sentences can become tiresome for the reader if used too much.
Here is an example:
As he crossed the garden, the sun began to shine.
There’s nothing grammatically wrong with this sentence, but the use of “as” allows the writer to be unspecific. There are two parts to the sentence: crossing the garden and the sun shining. The sentence is Hemingway-esque in its level of detail. It’s a style choice. But for an editor looking for the writer to make each sentence work harder, removing the “as” may force the sentence to be more specific. How about:
He skipped through the garden, relishing in the sun.
Removing “as” forces the reader to consider what else is important about the sentence. In the original sentence, “as” becomes the important factor, tying in the fact that crossing the garden and the sun shining are happening simultaneously. Most often, the concurrent nature of the clauses is not the most important aspect of the sentence. If it’s not, removing “as” may help the writer clarify.
Remember high school English? “As” is an indirect comparison (simile) as opposed to a direct comparison (metaphor). For many writers, similes are easier to write.
Love is like…a red, red rose.
This smelly sneaker is as rotten as a fish.
Metaphors often allow for more complexity than similes.
Love is an unforgiving mistress.
This smelly sneaker is a petri dish.
Once again, the use of the word “as” removes us one step from the sentence. Take a look at this sentence:
The ocean stilled for a moment as though respectful of the ashes that had just been scattered.
Removing the “as” would force the writer to re-arrange the sentence, perhaps adding personification (The ocean stilled for a moment, respecting the ashes scattered on its surface.) One could argue that personifying the ocean is a stronger way to word the sentence. It’s less obvious than the writer or narrator TELLING us why the ocean is still; rather, we’re being SHOWN, seeing that even nature sympathizes with the death (ashes) in this scene.
In short, it’s not the word “as” that’s offensive in and of itself, but it’s the fact that “as” lets writers get away with constructions that could be more strongly worded or stated otherwise.
“As” with any good writing, it’s about using techniques intentionally and for a purpose rather than taking the easy way out. Readers can sense laziness, and they appreciate diligence.
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A REMOTE community on a rugged Irish headland have come together to commemorate an almost forgotten British naval disaster on their shores more than two centuries ago.
The sinking of HMS Saldanha in Lough Swilly, Co Donegal, with the loss of around 250 lives in December 1811 is one of the worst maritime tragedies to have happened in Ireland or Britain.
Locals on the northerly Fanad peninsula, which juts into the Atlantic ocean, have raised e1,500 (£1,200) to erect a memorial on the site where the washed-up bodies were buried, now the 18th hole of Portsalon golf course.
The extraordinary gesture is being put down to a new relationship between Ireland and Britain in the wake of recent pivotal events, culminating in the historic state visit of the Queen to the Republic last year.
Hazel Russell, from Rathmullan, which overlooks the Swilly, said: “It wouldn’t have taken place 10 or 20 years ago. With the peace process and everything else, everything has changed.”
Most of the 253 crew on the HMS Saldanha were conscripts, press-ganged from their homes in Britain, but a number of sailors were from Co Donegal. Many were married with children and would have descendants alive today.
After locals raised a granite plaque marking the event at a nearby scenic coast road last year, the Royal Navy got in touch to thank them for commemorating a catastrophe that “snagged at the conscience of the nation”.
Rear Admiral Chris Hockley, Flag Officer, Regional Forces, said the scale and loss of life sets the tragedy apart from others.
The lofty connections of the youthful captain, William Pakenham, a brother-in-law of the Duke of Wellington, “ensured that society acted to avoid future tragedies, taking steps that continue to benefit both Ireland and Britain to this day,” he said.
Lighthouses were erected around the Irish coast in the wake of the huge loss of life, among them Fanad Lighthouse which still stands sentry over the entrance to Lough Swilly.
Ms Russell, one of the organisers behind the memorials, said a new sense of shared history between Ireland and Britain, along with an enduring sense of injustice at the fate of the forgotten crew members, provoked locals into doing something.
“There’s a historical interest here and a good nature in the people,” she said.
“We feel it is such a shame Capt Pakenham was buried in Rathmullan with full military honours, in a beautiful big tomb, but yet the 250-odd others were buried in unmarked graves.
“There was no acknowledgement of them having lost their lives.”
Folklore has it that Pakenham, 29, actually made it ashore but died from poisoning on the beach when a local attempted to revive him with a drink of a poteen, an illegal home-made whiskey.
His parrot, which had a silver collar inscribed with the words “Captain Pakenham of His Majesty’s Ship Saldanha”, also survived, only to be shot a week later by a nearby gamekeeper, legend says.
The new mass-grave memorial on the golf course is to be officially unveiled next Sunday.
It carries a short history of HMS Saldanha and the names of all the officers and crew, information retrieved from the National Archives in London.
The doomed vessel was sailing from Buncrana to enforce a naval blockade against Napoleonic France in the north Atlantic when it became engulfed in furious seas and fierce gales near Ballymastocker Bay.
Smashed against the submerged Swilly rocks, the warship’s cannon broke loose, wreaking havoc below deck while the powerful waves ripped the hull apart.
Sailors had little chance of surviving the freezing, dark waters swirling around them.
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Best interests or best interests of the child is the doctrine used by most courts to determine a wide range of issues relating to the well-being of children. The most important of these issues concern questions that arise upon the divorce or separation of the children's parents. Here are some examples:
- With whom will the children live?
- How much contact (previously termed "access" or, in some jurisdictions, "visitation") will the parents, legal guardian, or other parties be allowed (or required) to have?
- To whom and by whom will child support be paid and in what amount?
The use of the best interests doctrine represented a 20th-century shift in public policy. The best interests doctrine is an aspect of parens patriae, and in the United States it has replaced the Tender Years Doctrine, which rested on the basis that children are not resilient, and almost any change in a child's living situation would be detrimental to their well-being.
Until the early 1900s, fathers were given custody of the children in case of divorce. Many U.S. states then shifted from this standard to one that completely favored the mother as the primary caregiver. In the 1970s, the Tender Years Doctrine was replaced by the best interests of the child as determined by family courts. Because many family courts continued to give great weight to the traditional role of the mother as the primary caregiver, application of this standard in custody historically tended to favor the mother of the children.
The "best interests of the child" doctrine is sometimes used in cases where non-parents, such as grandparents, ask a court to order non-parent visitation with a child. Some parents, usually those who are not awarded custody, say that using the "best interests of the child" doctrine in non-parent visitation cases fails to protect a fit parent's fundamental right to raise their child in the manner they see fit. Troxel v Granville, 530 US 57; 120 S Ct 2054; 147 LEd2d 49 (2000).
Assessing the best interests of the childEdit
The determination is also used in proceedings which determine legal obligations and entitlements, such as when a child is born outside of marriage, when grandparents assert rights with respect to their grandchildren, and when biological parents assert rights with respect to a child who was given up for adoption.
It is the doctrine usually employed in cases regarding the potential emancipation of minors. Courts will use this doctrine when called upon to determine who should make medical decisions for a child where the parents disagree with healthcare providers or other authorities.
In determining the best interests of the child or children in the context of a separation of the parents, the court may order various investigations to be undertaken by social workers, Family Court Advisors from CAFCASS, psychologists and other forensic experts, to determine the living conditions of the child and his custodial and non-custodial parents. Such issues as the stability of the child's life, links with the community, and stability of the home environment provided by each parent may be considered by a court in deciding the child's residency in custody and visitation proceedings. In English law, section 1(1) Children Act 1989 makes the interests of any child the paramount concern of the court in all proceedings and, having indicated in s1(2) that delay is likely to prejudice the interests of any child, it requires the court to consider the "welfare checklist", i.e. the court must consider:
- The ascertainable wishes and feelings of each child concerned (considered in light of their age and understanding)
- Physical, emotional and/or educational needs now and in the future
- The likely effect on any change in the circumstances now and in the future
- Age, sex, background and any other characteristics the court considers relevant
- Any harm suffered or at risk of suffering now and in the future
- How capable each parent, and other person in relation to whom the court considers the question to be relevant, is of meeting the child's needs
- The range of powers available to the court under the Children Act 1989 in the proceedings in question
The welfare checklist considers the needs, wishes and feelings of the child and young person and this analysis is vital to ensure that the human rights of children are always in the forefront of all consideration. The welfare checklist provides a comprehensive list of issues that need to be considered to ensure that young people who come into court proceedings are safeguarded fully and their rights as citizens are promoted.
Criticism of the best interests standard Edit
- Main article: Fathers' rights movement
The Best Interests standard has received considerable criticism by certain groups within the privacy rights and family law reform movement, particularly with regard to how it unlawfully marginalizes children from one of their parents absent a compelling government interest, and often cultivates protracted litigation. Critics argue that a higher evidentiary standard should be applied to fit parents, and that the Best Interests standard should only be applied in cases where a termination of parental rights has already occurred.
The Best Interests standard has also come under criticism by parents of young children who are not yet able to voice or have difficulty expressing that they have been abused. If a child has been physically or sexually abused and the abuser is a parent, the child will be unprotected from the abuser when that abuser cannot be prosecuted. This can and has happened recently, even when the child has said previously that abuse had taken place. This situation has the potential to happen quite frequently because of the young age of the child and possible inconsistent testimony. Instead, the rights of the parent to raise the child take priority over the well-being of the child who is forced to live with the abuser, even in cases of joint custody where an abuse-free environment is possible. Until recently, children would be taken out of the home of the abuser and placed with the non-abusive parent, but the courts have begun to focus on the rights of the parent to raise the child when the abuse cannot be legally recognized by the court (i.e., the abuser is not convicted). In many cases, the voice of the child is ignored because they have not become old enough for their opinion as to their living situation to matter. When the children are too young to have a voice, it is felt by some parents of young children that the courts are acting with regard to parental rights which, until the child is old enough, seem to replace the right of the child to live in an appropriate environment.
- Dr. Stephen Baskerville, Taken into Custody: The War on Fathers, Marriage and the Family Cumberland House Publishing (September 25, 2007)
- Jill Elaine Hasday, The Canon of Family Law, Stanford Law Review, Vol. 57 (December, 2004), p. 825-900.
- Mary Ann Mason, From Father’s Property To Children’s Rights, A History of Child Custody
- Dr. Gordon Finley, Best interests of the child and the eye of the beholder
- Prof. Donald Hubin, Parental Rights and Due Process Journal of Law & Family Studies
- Representing Children Worldwide How Children Are Heard in Children Protective Proceedings in 250 Jurisdictions
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|
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The Iditarod dog sled race is an Alaskan and American institution, in which teams of dogs and people race over 1000 miles in the course of several days. It is considered a supreme challenge in endurance racing.
Most dogs I know love to work. Cattle dogs enjoy rounding up cattle. Shepherds enjoy herding sheep. My pal Buster enjoys playing fetch (which is the closest thing to work he experiences). I have always assumed that sled dogs involved in the Iditarod enjoy running the race. And perhaps most of them do.
However, two recent papers in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association have made made it clear that some dogs are not benefiting from their participation in the race. The first paper discusses autopsy results of 23 dogs that died while running the race between 1994-2006.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance–Unexpected death is a rare event among conditioned sled dogs during competition in endurance races. Potentially life-threatening conditions of dogs that are associated with periods of long-distance physical exertion include aspiration pneumonia, gastric mucosal lesions, and severe rhabdomyolysis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;232:564-573)
Translated into English, the last sentence implies that prolonged heavy breathing may cause dogs to inhale foreign matter and develop pneumonia; stress from endurance running leads to stomach ulcers; and extreme prolonged exercise may cause muscles to break down.
I should emphasize that the vast majority of dogs that compete in the Iditarod do not suffer such serious consequences. (Although if 23 humans were to die in a dozen years during a similar sized sporting event, the event would certainly be banned.) However, the second paper points out that the stress of intense training may lead to stomach ulcers and reduced red blood cell counts in a much larger number of dogs.
[A]cute blood loss secondary to gastrointestinal tract bleeding was likely responsible for the decrease in [red blood cell count] associated with acute exercise. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;232:873-878)
Some people believe that running dogs in the Iditarod constitutes cruelty. I am not ready to go that far. But these articles have certainly given me something to think about.
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The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) reports that in 2002 Latvia's gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated at $20 billion. The per capita GDP was estimated at $8,300. The annual growth rate of GDP was estimated at 4.5%. The average inflation rate in 2002 was 2%. The CIA defines GDP as the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year and computed on the basis of purchasing power parity (PPP) rather than value as measured on the basis of the rate of exchange. It was estimated that agriculture accounted for 5% of GDP, industry 26%, and services 70%.
According to the United Nations, in 2000 remittances from citizens working abroad totaled $61 million or about $25 per capita and accounted for approximately 0.9% of GDP. Worker remittances in 2001 totaled $95.70 million. Foreign aid receipts amounted to about $45 per capita and accounted for approximately 1% of the gross national income (GNI).
The World Bank reports that in 2001 per capita household consumption (in constant 1995 US dollars) was $1,714. Household consumption includes expenditures of individuals, households, and nongovernmental organizations on goods and services, excluding purchases of dwellings. It was estimated that for the same period private consumption declined at an annual rate of 3%. Approximately 30% of household consumption was spent on food, 16% on fuel, 6% on health care, and 23% on education. The richest 10% of the population accounted for approximately 25.9% of household consumption and the poorest 10% approximately 2.9%.
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What to do before an earthquake strikes:
Learn about earthquakes. Earthquakes strike suddenly, violently, and without warning at any time of the day or night. If an earthquake occurs in a populated area, it may cause many deaths and injuries and extensive property damage. Although there are no guarantees of safety during an earthquake, identifying potential hazards ahead of time. Advance planning can save lives and significantly reduce injuries and property damage.
Familiarize yourself with these terms:
Have Earthquake Safety Kits ready:
- At home
- In your car
- Out of your home (i.e. school / office)
What to do during an earthquake:
Stay as safe as possible during an earthquake. Be aware that a larger earthquake might occur after the initial quake. Minimize your movements to a few steps to a nearby safe place and stay indoors until the shaking has stopped. When you feel an earthquake, duck under a desk or sturdy table. Stay away from windows, bookcases, file cabinets, heavy mirrors, hanging plants, and other heavy objects that could fall. Watch out for falling plaster and ceiling tiles. Stay covered or well protected environment until the shaking stops and hold onto your cover. If it moves, move with it. DROP to the ground; take COVER by getting under a sturdy table or other piece of furniture; and HOLD ON until the shaking stops. If there isn't a table or desk near you, cover your face and head with your arms and crouch in an inside corner of the building.
Stay there. If you're OUTDOORS, move to a clear area away from trees, signs, buildings, electrical wires and poles. Move away from buildings, streetlights, and utility wires. Once in the open, stay there until the shaking stops. The greatest danger exists directly outside buildings, at exits, and alongside exterior walls. Many of the outdoor fatalities have occurred when people ran outside of buildings only to be killed by falling debris from collapsing walls. Ground movement during an earthquake is seldom the direct cause of death or injury. Most earthquake-related casualties result from collapsing walls, flying glass, and falling objects.
If you're DRIVING , pull over to the side of the road and stop. Avoid overpasses, power lines, and other hazards. Stay inside the vehicle until the shaking is over. Stop as quickly as safety permits and stay in the vehicle. Avoid stopping near or under buildings, trees, overpasses, and utility wires. Proceed cautiously once the earthquake has stopped. Avoid roads, bridges, or ramps that might have been damaged by the earthquake.
- Remain calm and reassure others.
- Make communications with your family and other loved onces.
- Inspect utilities in your home.
- Help others cope, especially children.
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Nuclear waste is recyclable. Once reactor fuel (uranium or thorium) is used in a reactor, it can be treated and put into another reactor as fuel. In fact, typical reactors only extract a few percent of the energy in their fuel. You could power the entire US electricity grid off of the energy in nuclear waste for almost 100 years (details). If you recycle the waste, the final waste that is left over decays to harmlessness within a few hundred years, rather than a million years as with standard (unrecycled) nuclear waste. This page explains how this interesting process is possible.
Before you go on, recall that Uranium exists in nature as 2 isotopes: the less common U-235, and the more common U-238. Conventional reactors mainly split U-235 to produce power, and the U-238 is often considered useless. When a standard reactor runs low on U-235, it must be refueled, even though there is a lot of U-238 still in there.
A common type of nuclear reaction is called beta-decay. When a nucleus has more neutrons than it would like to have, it often beta-decays by breaking a neutron into a proton and an electron. The electron (called a beta-particle in this case, since it originated in the nucleus) flies off into nature, and the main result seen in the nucleus is a neutron converting to a proton (see figure).
When U-238 absorbs a neutron in a nuclear reactor, it becomes U-239, which is just the isotope of Uranium with one extra neutron than U-238. This beta-decays quickly and becomes Np-239. Then, the Np-239 beta-decays again to become Pu-239, which is a fissile isotope that can power nuclear reactors.
The “useless” U-238 is the secret to recycling nuclear fuel. When it absorbs a single neutron, it goes through a series of nuclear reactions within a few days and turns into a very splittable isotope of Plutonium, Pu-239. The Pu-239 acts a lot like the U-235 that powers conventional reactors, so if you convert your U-238 to Pu-239 as you run your reactor, you can then use that Pu-239 to continue powering your reactor, or others!
A nuclear fuel cycle is the path that nuclear fuel (Uranium, Thorium, Plutonium, etc.) takes as it is used to generate power in a nuclear reactor. Our fuel cycle page has more info. They describe where the material comes from and where it ends up. Different fuel cycles range from very simple to fairly complicated. We describe several of these below.
The simplest fuel cycle is the once-through cycle. It is the de-facto standard in most operating nuclear power plants, with a few exceptions in Europe and Asia. Uranium is mined, enriched, used in a reactor (where it becomes radioactive nuclear waste), and then stored until it is no longer dangerously radioactive. While this cycle is cheap, there are two major problems with it. Firstly, the waste is radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years. No one has been able to design a repository that is convincingly capable of storing material for that long. Secondly, Uranium is not the most abundant element on Earth, and in this kind of cycle, the global supply of cheap uranium could run low within 200 years. So much for sustainability! There are some deep-burn once-through cycles out there that have good sustainability properties though.
Closing the fuel cycle involves recycling the nuclear waste as new fuel. Since the main component of nuclear waste is Uranium-238 (which can be transmuted to Plutonium, especially with advanced breeder reactors), we can get more energy out of the waste than in a once-through cycle (see factoid 2 to see how much). The recycling plant separates the good stuff from the bad stuff. The bad stuff is mostly fission products, the atoms that a Uranium atom becomes after it splits in the fission process. These fission products mostly decay to safe levels within 300-500 years, which is significantly shorter than standard nuclear waste. So, by closing the fuel cycle with standard reactors, we address the issue of nuclear waste identified in the once-through cycle. In this case, nuclear waste is a tractable problem. But most of the reactivity is coming from the mine, since standard reactors burn most of the fissile nuclide, U-235. Also, the reprocessing technology is expensive and separates out pure Plutonium, which could possibly be stolen, bringing a rogue entity closer to having a nuclear weapon. For these reasons, the USA does not currently recycle. There are ways to solve these issues.
Breeder reactors can create as much or more fissile material (atoms that readily split) than they use. These special reactors are designed to have extra neutrons flying around, so that some can convert U-238 to Pu-239 (see above) and the others can run the reactor. Often, these special reactors are deemed "fast" reactors because the neutrons are moving through the reactor at higher speeds, on average. In a full breeder fuel cycle, we get the maximum use of the Uranium resources on Earth, and what we already know exists can last tens of thousands of years. The cycle has cost and proliferation concerns associated with any closed cycle. Additionally, we have significantly less operational experience with breeder reactors, so we would need to train builders and operators for such a machine. Using a Thorium cycle instead of a Uranium-Plutonium cycle may allow breeding in less exotic reactors. Using this kind of fuel cycle, nuclear power can truly be considered sustainable.
Questions? Send them in!
Go on to our non-proliferation page to find out about the relationships between nuclear energy and nuclear weapons.
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Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is a group of diverse medical and healthcare systems, practices, and products that are not currently considered to be a part of conventional Western medicine. CAM therapies include things like acupuncture, nutrition, chiropractic, herbs, bodywork, yoga, meditation, Qigong, Healing Touch, and aromatherapy.
A CAM practitioner looks for the root cause of the illness and focuses on healing rather than just treating symptoms. People are encouraged to adopt healthier lifestyles in order to attain and maintain optimum health. A variety of methods are used for healing, regaining balance in one’s life, managing stress, reducing/eliminating pain, and preventing disease. A person’s whole being is addressed–mind, body, and spirit–in order for effective changes to be made.
Western medicine tends to intervene once illness is already present, and it focuses on the disease as separate from the person. Often the symptoms are addressed, but not the underlying cause.
The Wheel of Health
Developed by experts at Duke Integrative Medicine, part of the Duke University Health System, the Wheel of Health is a guide to integrative medicine and health planning that represents Duke’s unique approach to integrative medicine. It illustrates nine key areas of health and wellness and underscores the interrelatedness of body, mind, spirit, and community in the experience of optimum vitality and wellness, as well as in the prevention and treatment of disease.
- Mindfulness. At the heart of health is mindfulness, the practice of staying alert to your physical, mental, social, and spiritual states. This non-judgmental awareness enables individuals to recognize symptoms as they emerge, which is when they are most readily treatable. This is the critical core of well-being, on which the other elements are based.
- Self-care. Individuals are encouraged to explore the dynamic interplay of the ways they can care for themselves and to develop proactive strategies to improve or maintain their health. Important areas for self-care are relationships, the physical environment, nutrition, movement and exercise, the mind-body connection, and personal growth and spirituality.
- Professional care. Recognizing symptoms early is key to diagnosing health problems when they are most treatable, and awareness of the need for professional care is an integral component of the integrative approach to medicine. Professional care includes pharmaceuticals and supplements, preventive medicine, and conventional and CAM treatments.
For more information on CAM, visit the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine:
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With the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announcing their Carbon Pollution Standards, a lot of worry (mostly from paid interests) has been voiced about how the standards will result in higher energy costs.
That’s false. The standards may result in higher short-term nominal costs. That is, you and I and everyone else may pay more for our energy as the standards are implemented. But the real costs are already much higher, as warming the planet is not free.
Global warming via pollution is an inefficiency and external cost for many forms of electricity generation, including coal-fire power generation. These externalities result in anti-capitalist behavior among the purveyors of power that produce external costs. An example will be useful.
Let’s say that Team Clean and Team Dirty open lemonade stands. Team Clean buys their lemons at the store. Team Dirty steals their lemons. Over time, Team Clean cannot compete on price with Team Dirty, and most people say, “I don’t care if they steal their lemons; it’s cheaper.”
While pollution is not direct theft, it remains a false economy. The less expensive, pollution ridden energy generation methods cause real harm and keep their costs hidden because we do not see the copious amounts of pollution directly.
The EPA is telling Team Dirty, “you have to reduce your lemon theft to 70% of your lemon theft nine years ago, over the next 16 years.” So of course Team Dirty’s prices will go up as they implement the change, and given they have a substantial market share, so will everyone’s bills.
But what happens then? Team Clean’s prices start to look better as Team Dirty’s approach parity. Team Clean is then able to use the increase in customers to invest in improving their efficiencies. Over time, Team Clean’s technologies may surpass Team Dirty’s technology. Or maybe Team Dirty can cope with the change and make their lemonade cheaper without stealing.
On the whole, internalizing externalities is very positive for capitalism. The fact that you don’t hear politicians continually railing against externalities, passing laws to internalize them, etc. may be puzzling. The problem is that politicians often do not understand economics any more than their constituents do.
Opponents cite a weak economy, and that without cheap lemonade the economy will grind to a halt. Yet if the economy were humming along, they would still oppose stopping lemon theft. They would then say, “no, we’re running too good to undermine it now.” Both positions (well, they are really just one position: that we ca never enact regulations because of economic impacts) miss the fact that the externalities are the economic impacts.
Stealing lemons is not an economically viable business practice. While it may work for awhile, at some point (and when we’re looking at global scales, 100 years or 200 years is not a long time) the practice fails spectacularly. With the status quo ante we would eventually see prices go up to reflect the supply chain and infrastructure disruptions associated with global warming.
The main problem with the proposal is simply that it does not go far enough. Lamentable as that is, that is a product of the current of legislative obstruction caused by the newly-wealthy with both political aspirations and the inability to see the long-term.
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The Chronicle of Ken Muir
Knights and their service
It was King William’s grandfather, David I, who initiated the practice of settling the land of Scotland with knights in the Norman fashion. Most of the landed knights were either Norman or Anglo-Norman and they were given the right to rule and develop a piece of land in exchange for certain services. The vast majority of settled knights in Scotland are located in the south in lands that once belonged to one of several native British or Anglian kingdoms.
ANGLO-NORMAN KNIGHTS IN SCOTLAND:
Knights were landholders, mainly Anglo-Norman but some more strictly Norman and a few were native Gaelic, who were given land in (mostly) southern Scotland in exchange for the Knight’s Service, Homage, and Fealty. They were required to build a castle (motte) and form part of a cavalry. They also provided troops on a 40 day basis in the form of himself and his esquires, with horses, arms, and armour for all. William could muster about 300 such knights and several thousand foot troops. Sometimes a knight was permitted to pay silver in lieu of providing the military service. Native lords who were granted knighthood on the west coast provided Galley Service instead of Knight’s service.
RIGHTS IN EXCHANGE FOR A KNIGHT’S SERVICE
Typical Rights in exchange for one knight of service were:
- Right to have the only Mill
- Right to control the pannage in the woods of the estate
- Exclusive deer hunting rights
- Sole entitlement to keep hawks and take the eggs of birds of prey
UNITS OF LAND:
The Davoch (Gaelic) or Ounceland (Anglo) was the main unit of land, though the exact size seems to have varied.
The Davoch was divided into 4 Ceathrabh (Quarterlands) or 20 Pheighinn (Pennylands).
Rarely, the Pheighin might be further divided into two Leathpheighinn (Halfpennylands) or four Fairdeann (Farthinglands).
REGIONS AND LANGUAGES IN SOUTHERN SCOTLAND
SOME CURRENT LANDED KNIGHTS OF SCOTLAND:
- Robert Avenel, Lord of Eskdale and Abercorn, Justiciar of Lothian. His three sons are Gervase, Vincent, and Robert, and his daughter is Isabelle.
- Richard Comyn, a knight in the service of William with lands in Lothian, Northallerton, and Richmond. He is married to Hextilda of Tynedale. His sons are William (another knight), and Odo (a priest), and Simon. His daughters are Idonea, Ada, and Christien.
- Robert de Brus, le Meschin (the Cadet), second Lord of Annandale since 1142. He is married to Euphemia de Crosebi, daughter of Sir Adam de Crosebi of Aumale. They have five children: Robert, William, Bernard, Agatha, and Euphemia. The de Brus family holds Annandale in exchange for 10 knights service.
- Phillip de Colville has lands near Roxburgh and has been part of the court since Mael Coluim IV was king.
- Roger de Minto, sheriff of Dunfres since 1165
- Simon de Morville, son of Hugh de Morville and brother of the current lord of Cunningham and Constable of Scotland, Richard de Morville. He holds lands at Kirkoswald, Burgh-by-Sands in Cumbria (through his wife, Ada de Engaine), and on the west coast of Cunningham where he has built Crags Castle. His son, also named Hugh, has been given lands in Galloway.
- Symon de Ramesie in Midlothian
- Philip de Valonges of Panmure in Angus and Benvie in the Carse of Gowrie. He was previously the Lord Chamberlain, a role now held by Walter de Barclay.
- Simon Fraser of Keith in East Lothian.
- Domnall mac Dunegal, Lord of Upper Niddsdale which lies to the north of Desnes Ioan. He is one of the few Gaelic knights of the group.
- Radulf mac Dunegal, Lord of Lower Niddsdale which lies to east of Galloway is Domnall’s brother. His wife is Bethoc. Radulf has recently died without issue and his lands have reverted to William of Scotland. Radulf’s lands west of the river Nidd are now held by Uchtred of Galloway in feu, but William still holds the lands east of the Nidd, including the castle and toun of Dunfres, as part of his demesnes.
- Hugh Sansmanche (‘Sleeveless Hugh’) holds the lands of Morton in Niddsdale by right of Radulf after he married one of his daughters.
- Thom Rymour de Ercildoune with lands in Arcioldun (Dun Airchil) in Lothian.
- Baldwin de Biggar is one of several Flemish knights holding lands near Biggar and Craufurd.
- See also The Officers of Scotland
The element ‘fitz’ in a Norman name is related to the french ‘Fils’ or latin ‘Filius’ and means ‘son of’. The element ‘de’ indicates a place of origin. Other names make reference to the person’s appearance (e.g. le Bel – ‘the handsome’), circumstances (such as birth date, e.g. Holiday) or career (‘Baxter’ – a baker, or ‘Cuparius’, a cooper).
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Setting policies with regard to the energy conservation and to
exploit the advantages of its resources in Palestine.
laying out plans and special studies related with Palestinian rural
electrification (solar and wind energy).
modern and developed meteorological station to collect climate data throughout
the year like temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, sunshine-hour,
wind speed and its direction, in which to be the core in establishing the Atlas
of climate data in Palestine
test labs to select specific equipment’s in renewable energy in particular,
solar and wind energy.
exchange experiences at locally and international level with institution and
research centers in renewable energy fields.
participate in seminars, workshops at local and international level.
The Gaza Strip is a narrow strip stretches
along the east-south corner of the Mediterranean Sea , 40
km long and between 6 and 12 km wide. It lies on Longitude 34o
26` east and Latitude 31o 10` north of the equator. The total area is
estimated at 365 km2 . The Gaza Strip is highly populated with an estimated population of
850,000 and can be divided into major cities, refugee camps and villages. The
average population density is 2330 person / km2
, while the highest, which is registered in the camps can be 100,000 person / km2.
The Gaza Strip is categorized as tropical region with a relatively hot
summer and mild winter.
The average daily mean temperature ranges from 24oC
in summer [May-August], to 15oC in
winter [November-February] Fig.(1). Average daily maximum temperatures range
from 27oC to 19oC and minimum
temperatures from 21oC to 11oC,
in the summer and winter respectively.
Figure (1): Temperatures in oC, Gaza Strip
The daily relative humidity Fig. (2) fluctuates between 62.5% in the
daytime and 83.4% at night in the summer, and between 51.6% and 81.3%,
respectively, in winter.
Figure (2): Relative Humidity in %, Gaza Strip
Strip has a relatively high solar radiation. It has approximately 2861, annual
sunshine -hour sunshine throughout the year. The daily average solar radiation
on a horizontal surface is about 222 W/m2 (7014 MJ/m2/yr).
This varies during the day and through out the year Fig (3). Illustrates the
variation in the monthly daily average in total insolation on horizontal surface
for each month.
Figure (3) : Annual variation in solar radiation
The average electric lead in a
clinic amounts to approximately 2.4 Kw/day, and is utilized for lighting,
medicinal refrigeration and the operation of medical testing equipment. Since a
large number of clinics located in remote villages have no electricity at all,
such electricity loads can be easily and reliably covered by a small PV
generator with a peak power of only 400 W and a storage battery black capacity
of 7.2 Kwh .
This alternative was applied to
nine clinics in remote villages in Palestine, and proved to be a viable solution
in such cases.
It is expected that about 30 PV
generators, corresponding to a peak of about 15KW
E-Mail : email@example.com
Palestinian Energy Authority:
Main Office PEA. : Gaza -P.O Box 3041/ Tel: 972-7-2821702 , Fax : 972-7-2824849
Al-Bireh-P.O. Box:3591 / Tel: 972-2- 2986190/2 , Fax:972-2-2986191
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CERN congratulates the two laureates of the 2015 Physics Nobel Prize(link is external): Takaaki Kajita, from the Super-Kamiokande Collaboration in Japan, and Arthur B. McDonald, from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) in Canada. They were awarded the prize for: “the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass”. The two experiments independently demonstrated that neutrinos can change or “oscillate” from one type to another. This discovery at the turn of the millennium, more than 40 years after the prediction of the phenomenon by Italian physicist Bruno Pontecorvo, has had a profound impact on our understanding of the Universe. Continue reading Neutrinos: after the Nobel Prize, the hunt continues
Colloquium on the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to Francois Englert and Peter Higgs
Philip D. Mannheim
In 2013 the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Francois Englert and Peter Higgs for their development in 1964 of the mass generation mechanism (the Higgs mechanism) in local gauge theories.
This mechanism requires the existence of a massive scalar particle, the Higgs boson, and in 2012 the Higgs boson was finally observed at the Large Hadron Collider after an almost half a century search. In this talk we review the work of these Nobel recipients and discuss its implications.
Read more at http://arxiv.org/pdf/1506.04120v1.pdf
A Nobel laureate and a blackboard at CERN is all you need to explain the fundamental physics of the universe. At least, that’s what François Englert convinced us on his visit to CERN last week.
Englert shared the 2013 Nobel prize in physics with Peter Higgs “for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles”. In the video below, he explains how he and Higgs manipulated equations containing mathematical constructs called scalar fields to predict the existence of the Brout-Englert-Higgs field.
Nobel laureate François Englert explains the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism that gives particles mass, with the help of a blackboard (Video: CERN)
According to Englert, the equation describing this mechanism is built in two parts. One part consists of scalar fields; the other consists of constructs called gauge fields. Englert explains that a big problem in particle physics in the 1960s was to find a gauge field that had mass. Solving that problem – working out how a gauge field could have mass -would help to explain other problems in physics, such as how to mathematically describe short-range interactions inside the nuclei of atoms. But Englert says that you cannot easily just add mass to a gauge field “off-hand”. He needed another theoretical approach.
The key was to add a new part – a new scalar field – to the equation describing the mass mechanism. Part of this new scalar field could be mathematically simplified. What came out of the algebraic manipulation was a term that gave rise to “a condensate spread out all over the universe”. Then, the interaction between the condensate and another part of the equation could be generalized, says Englert, to give mass to elementary particles. Easy peasy!
“I know this is extremely abstract,” says a modest Englert of his explanation. “But if I have two minutes [to explain it], I can hardly do more!”
François Englert and Peter W. Higgs are jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 “for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider”
François Englert and Peter W. Higgs are jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 for the theory of how particles acquire mass. In 1964, they proposed the theory independently of each other (Englert together with his now deceased colleague Robert Brout). In 2012, their ideas were confirmed by the discovery of a so called Higgs particle at the CERN laboratory outside Geneva in Switzerland.
The awarded mechanism is a central part of the Standard Model of particle physics that describes how the world is constructed. According to the Standard Model, everything, from flowers and people to stars and planets, consists of just a few building blocks: matter particles. These particles are governed by forces mediated by force particles that make sure everything works as it should.
The entire Standard Model also rests on the existence of a special kind of particle: the Higgs particle. It is connected to an invisible field that fills up all space. Even when our universe seems empty, this field is there. Had it not been there, electrons and quarks would be massless just like photons, the light particles. And like photons they would, just as Einstein’s theory predicts, rush through space at the speed of light, without any possibility to get caught in atoms or molecules.
Nothing of what we know, not even we, would exist.
Both François Englert and Peter Higgs were young scientists when they, in 1964, independently of each other put forward a theory that rescued the Standard Model from collapse. Almost half a century later, on Wednesday 4 July 2012, they were both in the audience at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, CERN, outside Geneva, when the discovery of a Higgs particle that finally confirmed the theory was announced to the world.
The model that created order
The idea that the world can be explained in terms of just a few building blocks is old. Already in 400 BC, the philosopher Democritus postulated that everything consists of atoms —átomos is Greek for indivisible.
Today we know that atoms are not indivisible. They consist of electrons that orbit an atomic
nucleus made up of neutrons and protons. And neutrons and protons, in turn, consist of smaller particles called quarks. Actually, only electrons and quarks are indivisible according to the Standard Model.
The atomic nucleus consists of two kinds of quarks, up quarks and down quarks. So in fact, three elementary particles are needed for all matter to exist: electrons, up quarks and down quarks. But during the 1950s and 1960s, new particles were unexpectedly observed in both cosmic radiation and at newly constructed accelerators, so the Standard Model had to include these new siblings of electrons and quarks.
Besides matter particles, there are also force particles for each of nature’s four forces — gravitation, electro magnetism, the weak force and the strong force. Gravitation and electromagnetism are the most well-known, they attract or repel, and we can see their effects with our own eyes. The strong force acts upon quarks and holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus, whereas the weak force is responsible for radioactive decay, which is necessary, for instance, for nuclear processes inside the Sun.
The Standard Model of particle physics unites the fundamental building blocks of nature and three of the four forces known to us (the fourth, gravitation, remains outside the model). For long, it was an enigma how these forces actually work. For instance, how does the piece of metal that is attracted to the magnet know that the magnet is lying there, a bit further away? And how does the Moon feel the gravity of Earth?
Invisible fields fill space
The explanation offered by physics is that space is filled with many invisible fields. The gravitational field, the electromagnetic field, the quark field and all the other fields fill space, or rather, the four dimensional space-time, an abstract space where the theory plays out. The Standard Model is a quantum field theory in which fields and particles are the essential building blocks of the universe.
In quantum physics, everything is seen as a collection of vibrations in quantum fields. These vibrations are carried through the field in small packages, quanta, which appear to us as particles. Two kinds of fields exist: matter fields with matter particles, and force fields with force particles — the mediators of forces. The Higgs particle, too, is a vibration of its field — often referred to as the Higgs field.
Without this field the Standard Model would collapse like a house of cards, because quantum field theory brings infinities that have to be reined in and symmetries that cannot be seen. It was not until François Englert with Robert Brout, and Peter Higgs, and later on several others, showed that the Higgs field can break the symmetry of the Standard Model without destroying the theory that the model got accepted.
This is because the Standard Model would only work if particles did not have mass. As for the electromagnetic force, with its massless photons as mediators, there was no problem. The weak force, however, is mediated by three massive particles; two electrically charged W particles and one Z particle. They did not sit well with the light-footed photon. How could the electroweak force, which unifies electromagnetic and weak forces, come about? The Standard Model was threatened. This is where Englert, Brout and Higgs entered the stage with the ingenious mechanism for particles to acquire mass that managed to rescue the Standard Model.
The ghost-like Higgs field
The Higgs field is not like other fields in physics. All other fields vary in strength and become zero at their lowest energy level. Not the Higgs field. Even if space were to be emptied completely, it would still be filled by a ghost-like field that refuses to shut down: the Higgs field. We do not notice it; the Higgs field is like air to us, like water to fish. But without it we would not exist, because particles acquire mass only in contact with the Higgs field. Particles that do not pay attention to the Higgs field do not acquire mass, those that interact weakly become light, and those that interact intensely become heavy. For example, electrons, which acquire mass from the field, play a crucial role in the creation and holding together of atoms and molecules. If the Higgs field suddenly disappeared, all matter would collapse as the suddenly massless electrons dispersed at the speed of light.
So what makes the Higgs field so special? It breaks the intrinsic symmetry of the world. In nature, symmetry abounds; faces are regularly shaped, flowers and snowflakes exhibit various kinds of geometric symmetries. Physics unveils other kinds of symmetries that describe our world, albeit on a deeper level. One such, relatively simple, symmetry stipulates that it does not matter for the results if a laboratory experiment is carried out in Stockholm or in Paris. Neither does it matter at what time the experiment is carried out. Einstein’s special theory of relativity deals with symmetries in space and time, and has become a model for many other theories, such as the Standard Model of particle physics. The equations of the Standard Model are symmetric; in the same way that a ball looks the same from whatever angle you look at it, the equations of the Standard Model remain unchanged even if the perspective that defines them is changed.
The principles of symmetry also yield other, somewhat unexpected, results. Already in 1918, the
German mathematician Emmy Noether could show that the conservation laws of physics, such as the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of electrical charge, also originate in symmetry.
Symmetry, however, dictates certain requirements to be fulfilled. A ball has to be perfectly round; the tiniest hump will break the symmetry. For equations other criteria apply. And one of the symmetries of the Standard Model prohibits particles from having mass. Now, this is apparently not the case in our world, so the particles must have acquired their mass from somewhere. This is where the now-awarded mechanism provided a way for symmetry to both exist and simultaneously be hidden from view.
The symmetry is hidden but is still there
Our universe was probably born symmetrical. At the time of the Big Bang, all particles were massless and all forces were united in a single primordial force. This original order does not exist anymore — its symmetry has been hidden from us. Something happened just 10–11 seconds after the Big Bang. The Higgs field lost its original equilibrium. How did that happen?
It all began symmetrically. This state can be described as the position of a ball in the middle of a round bowl, in its lowest energy state. With a push the ball starts rolling, but after a while it returns down to the lowest point.
However, if a hump arises at the centre of the bowl, which now looks more like a Mexican hat, the position at the middle will still be symmetrical but has also become unstable. The ball rolls downhill in any direction. The hat is still symmetrical, but once the ball has rolled down, its position away from the centre hides the symmetry. In a similar manner the Higgs field broke its symmetry and found a stable energy level in vacuum away from the symmetrical zero posi tion. This spontaneous symmetry breaking is also referred to as the Higgs field’s phase transition; it is like when water freezes to ice.
In order for the phase transition to occur, four particles were required but only one, the Higgs particle, survived. The other three were consumed by the weak force mediators, two electrically charged W particles and one Z particle, which thereby got their mass. In that way the symmetry of the electroweak force in the Standard Model was saved — the symmetry between the three heavy particles of the weak force and the massless photon of the electromagnetic force remains, only hidden from view.
Extreme machines for extreme physics
The Nobel Laureates probably did not imagine that they would get to see the theory confirmed in their lifetime. It took an enormous effort by physicists from all over the world. For a long time two laboratories, Fermilab outside Chicago, USA, and CERN on the Franco-Swiss border, competed in trying to discover the Higgs particle. But when Fermilab’s Tevatron accelerator was closed down a couple of years ago, CERN became the only place in the world where the hunt for the Higgs particle would continue.
CERN was established in 1954, in an attempt to reconstruct European research, as well as relations between European countries, after the Second World War. Its membership currently comprises twenty states, and about a hundred nations from all over the world collaborate on the projects.
CERN’s grandest achievement, the particle collider LHC (Large Hadron Collider) is probably the largest and the most complex machine ever constructed by humans. Two research groups of some 3,000 scientists chase particles with huge detectors — ATLAS and CMS. The detectors are located 100 metres below ground and can observe 40 million particle collisions per second. This is how often the particles can collide when injected in opposite directions into the circular LHC tunnel, 27 kilometres long.
Protons are injected into the LHC every ten hours, one ray in each direction. A hundred thousand billion protons are lumped together and compressed into an ultra-thin ray — not entirely an easy endeavour since protons with their positive electrical charge rather aim to repel one another. They move at 99.99999 per cent of the speed of light and collide with an energy of approximately 4 TeV each and 8 TeV combined (one teraelectronvolt = a thousand billion electronvolts). One TeV may not be that much energy, it more or less equals that of a flying mosquito, but when the energy is packed into a single proton, and you get 500 trillion such protons rushing around the accelerator, the energy of the ray equals that of a train at full speed. In 2015 the energy will be almost the double in the LHC.
A puzzle inside the puzzle
Particle experiments are sometimes compared to the act of smashing two Swiss watches together in order to examine how they are constructed. But it is actually much more difficult than so, because the particles scientists look for are entirely new — they are created from the energy released in the collision.
According to Einstein’s well-known formula E = mc2, mass is a kind of energy. And it is the magic of this equation that makes it possible, even for massless particles, to create something new when they collide; like when two photons collide and create an electron and its antiparticle, the positron, or when a Higgs particle is created in the collision of two gluons, if the energy is high enough.
The protons are like small bags filled with particles — quarks, antiquarks and gluons. The majority of them pass one another without much ado; on average, each time two particle swarms collide only twenty full frontal collisions occur. Less than one collision in a billion might be worth following through. This may not sound much, but each such collision results in a sparkling explosion of about a thousand particles. At 125 GeV, the Higgs particle turned out to be over a hundred times heavier than a proton and this is one of the reasons why it was so difficult to produce.
However, the experiment is far from finished. The scientists at CERN hope to bring further ground breaking discoveries in the years to come. Even though it is a great achievement to have found the Higgs particle — the missing piece in the Standard Model puzzle — the Standard Model is not the final piece in the cosmic puzzle.
One of the reasons for this is that the Standard Model treats certain particles, neutrinos, as being vir tually massless, whereas recent studies show that they actually do have mass. Another reason is that the model only describes visible matter, which only accounts for one fifth of all matter in the universe.
The rest is dark matter of an unknown kind. It is not immediately apparent to us, but can be observed by its gravitational pull that keeps galaxies together and prevents them from being torn apart.
In all other respects, dark matter avoids getting involved with visible matter. Mind you, the Higgs
particle is special; maybe it could manage to establish contact with the enigmatic darkness. Scientists hope to be able to catch, if only a glimpse, of dark matter, as they continue the chase of unknown particles in the LHC in the coming decades.
By ADAM FRANK
THIS summer, physicists celebrated a triumph that many consider fundamental to our understanding of the physical world: the discovery, after a multibillion-dollar effort, of the Higgs boson.
Given its importance, many of us in the physics community expected the event to earn this year’s Nobel Prize in Physics. Instead, the award went to achievements in a field far less well known and vastly less expensive: quantum information.
It may not catch as many headlines as the hunt for elusive particles, but the field of quantum information may soon answer questions even more fundamental — and upsetting — than the ones that drove the search for the Higgs. It could well usher in a radical new era of technology, one that makes today’s fastest computers look like hand-cranked adding machines.
The basis for both the work behind the Higgs search and quantum information theory is quantum physics, the most accurate and powerful theory in all of science. With it we created remarkable technologies like the transistor and the laser, which, in time, were transformed into devices — computers and iPhones — that reshaped human culture.
But the very usefulness of quantum physics masked a disturbing dissonance at its core. There are mysteries — summed up neatly in Werner Heisenberg’s famous adage “atoms are not things” — lurking at the heart of quantum physics suggesting that our everyday assumptions about reality are no more than illusions.
Take the “principle of superposition,” which holds that things at the subatomic level can be literally two places at once. Worse, it means they can be two things at once. This superposition animates the famous parable of Schrödinger’s cat, whereby a wee kitty is left both living and dead at the same time because its fate depends on a superposed quantum particle.
For decades such mysteries were debated but never pushed toward resolution, in part because no resolution seemed possible and, in part, because useful work could go on without resolving them (an attitude sometimes called “shut up and calculate”). Scientists could attract money and press with ever larger supercolliders while ignoring such pesky questions.
But as this year’s Nobel recognizes, that’s starting to change. Increasingly clever experiments are exploiting advances in cheap, high-precision lasers and atomic-scale transistors. Quantum information studies often require nothing more than some equipment on a table and a few graduate students. In this way, quantum information’s progress has come not by bludgeoning nature into submission but by subtly tricking it to step into the light.
Take the superposition debate. One camp claims that a deeper level of reality lies hidden beneath all the quantum weirdness. Once the so-called hidden variables controlling reality are exposed, they say, the strangeness of superposition will evaporate.
Another camp claims that superposition shows us that potential realities matter just as much as the single, fully manifested one we experience. But what collapses the potential electrons in their two locations into the one electron we actually see? According to this interpretation, it is the very act of looking; the measurement process collapses an ethereal world of potentials into the one real world we experience.
And a third major camp argues that particles can be two places at once only because the universe itself splits into parallel realities at the moment of measurement, one universe for each particle location — and thus an infinite number of ever splitting parallel versions of the universe (and us) are all evolving alongside one another.
These fundamental questions might have lived forever at the intersection of physics and philosophy. Then, in the 1980s, a steady advance of low-cost, high-precision lasers and other “quantum optical” technologies began to appear. With these new devices, researchers, including this year’s Nobel laureates, David J. Wineland and Serge Haroche, could trap and subtly manipulate individual atoms or light particles. Such exquisite control of the nano-world allowed them to design subtle experiments probing the meaning of quantum weirdness.
Soon at least one interpretation, the most common sense version of hidden variables, was completely ruled out.
At the same time new and even more exciting possibilities opened up as scientists began thinking of quantum physics in terms of information, rather than just matter — in other words, asking if physics fundamentally tells us more about our interaction with the world (i.e., our information) than the nature of the world by itself (i.e., matter). And so the field of quantum information theory was born, with very real new possibilities in the very real world of technology.
What does this all mean in practice? Take one area where quantum information theory holds promise, that of quantum computing.
Classical computers use “bits” of information that can be either 0 or 1. But quantum-information technologies let scientists consider “qubits,” quantum bits of information that are both 0 and 1 at the same time. Logic circuits, made of qubits directly harnessing the weirdness of superpositions, allow a quantum computer to calculate vastly faster than anything existing today. A quantum machine using no more than 300 qubits would be a million, trillion, trillion, trillion times faster than the most modern supercomputer.
Going even further is the seemingly science-fiction possibility of “quantum teleportation.” Based on experiments going on today with simple quantum systems, it is at least a theoretical possibility that one day objects could be reconstituted — beamed — across a space without ever crossing the distance.
When a revolution in science yields powerful new technologies, its effect on human culture is multiplied exponentially. Think of the relation between thermodynamics, steam engines and the onset of the industrial era. Quantum information could well be the thermodynamics of the next technological revolution.
The discovery of the Higgs — the confirming stroke of a grand, overarching theory of matter — will, eventually, yield a Nobel Prize, and when it comes the award will be justly deserved.
But the discovery’s impact on human society will most likely be dwarfed by the consequences of quantum information theory. The steady advances at its frontiers are turning us into safecrackers, nimbly manipulating the tumblers guarding the deepest secrets of nature and our own place within it. What we find when the locks snap open on the quantum world will surely be something far richer and far greater than our imaginations today can conceive.
Read more: www.nytimes.com
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Insects which are harmful to the economic crops
are called pests, or else, they are just part of our mother nature.
When I study plants, I do not ignore other
creatures. Insects and plants are closely related and, naturally,
we need to learn about them as well.
We can see Red-base Jezebel throughout the year,
especially during winter when there are the least natural enemies.
Its larvae eat Dendrotrophe frutescens and Taxillus
chinensis which are common evergreen.
Many of the Papilionidae family love Rutaceae
spp. as their host plants. It’s all because mandarin orange (Citrus
spp.), pommelo (Citrus maxima), lemon (Citrus limon)
are very popular among the orchard farmers. Also, large-flowered
Uvaria is in Annonaceae family which is common in the wild. Thus,
they are the favorite of the wildly grown papilionidae.
*translated by Mary Chung
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
In the study of crime, a situational offender is a person who commits crimes only when in an environment which permits or encourages those acts.
This is common in sex crimes; see situational sexual behavior. One example involves otherwise law-abiding citizens of developed nations, where strict laws prohibit child molestation who travel to Third World countries as child sex tourists, where extreme poverty, lack of infrastructure and lack of police affords them the opportunity to practice child molestation with virtual impunity. This ties in with the very high rate of child prostitution in the developing world.
Another example is violent crime. Many violent criminals are only violent in certain contexts. For example, they may be violent towards their families but not in the outside world, or vice versa. Another example is football hooliganism.
However, the term "situational offender" can be gravely misleading since almost all crimes are situational. In other words, in almost every crime it is not sufficient to have a predisposed offender. There must also be a target which tempts or provokes the individual, and there must be the absence of restraining features such as a capable guardian, or physical security (see rational choice theory for an example of such theories of restraints and opportunities). Perhaps an exception can be made for those unusual offenders who have personality disorders or who are psychopathic, and who may offend in the absence of what most people would regard as reasonable temptation, provocation or opportunity; but for the rest, the environment is a powerful determinant of behaviour.
There is a school of academic study known as environmental criminology (or situational criminology), whose leading figures include Ken Pease (UK), Marcus Felson (US) and Ron Clarke (US). Most economists who have studied crime also assert that situational factors are powerful drivers of offending. Of course, in a more politicised context, virtually all schools of thought about crime concede that situations influence offending rates: those on the liberal left blame social ills such as poverty, while those on the conservative right tend to blame lack of effective discipline and deterrence.
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Venus is the second planet from the Sun and is the second brightest object in the night sky after the Moon. Named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty, Venus is the second largest terrestrial planet and is sometimes referred to as the Earth’s sister planet due the their similar size and mass. The surface of the planet is obscured by an opaque layer of clouds made up of sulphuric acid.
Venus Planet Profile
|Mass:||4.87 x 10^24 kg (81.5% Earth)|
|Orbit Distance:||108,209,475 km (0.73 AU)|
|Orbit Period:||225 days|
|Surface Temperature:||462 °C|
|First Record:||17th century BC|
|Recorded By:||Babylonian astronomers|
Facts about Venus
Quick Venus Facts
- Venus does not have any moons or rings.
- Venus is nearly as big as the Earth with a diameter of 12,104 km.
- Venus is thought to be made up of a central iron core, rocky mantle and silicate crust.
- A day on the surface of Venus (solar day) would appear to take 117 Earth days.
- A year on Venus takes 225 Earth days.
- The surface temperature on Venus can reach 471 °C.
Detailed Venus Facts
- A day on Venus lasts longer than a year.
It takes 243 Earth days to rotate once on its axis (sidereal day). The planet’s orbit around the Sun takes 225 Earth days, compared to the Earth’s 365. A day on the surface of Venus (solar day) takes 117 Earth days.
- Venus rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets.
This means that Venus is rotating in the opposite direction to the Sun, this is also know as a retrograde rotation. A possible reason might be a collision in the past with an asteroid or other object that caused the planet to alter its rotational path. It also differs from most other planets in our solar system by having no natural satellites.
- Venus is the second brightest object in the night sky.
Only the Moon is brighter. With a magnitude of between -3.8 to -4.6 Venus is so bright it can be seen during daytime on a clear day.
- Atmospheric pressure on Venus is 92 times greater than the Earth’s.
While its size and mass are similar to Earth, the small asteroids are crushed when entering its atmosphere, meaning no small craters lie on the surface of the planet. The pressure felt by a human on the surface would be equivalent to that experienced deep beneath the sea on Earth.
- Venus is often called the Earth’s sister planet.
The Earth and Venus are very similar in size with only a 638 km difference in diameter, Venus having 81.5% of the Earth’s mass. Both also have a central core, a molten mantle and a crust.
- Venus is also known as the Morning Star and the Evening Star.
Early civilisations thought Venus was two different bodies, called Phosphorus and Hesperus by the Greeks, and Lucifer and Vesper by the Romans. This is because when its orbit around the Sun overtakes Earth’s orbit, it changes from being visible after sunset to being visible before sunrise. Mayan astronomers made detailed observations of Venus as early as 650 AD.
- Venus is the hottest planet in our solar system.
The average surface temperature is 462 °C, and because Venus does not tilt on its axis, there is no seasonal variation. The dense atmosphere of around 96.5 percent carbon dioxide traps heat and causes a greenhouse effect.
- A detailed study of Venus finished in 2015.
In 2006, the Venus Express space craft was sent into orbit around Venus by the European Space Agency, and sent back information about the planet. Originally planned to last five hundred Earth days, the mission was extended several times before the craft was finally deorbited in 2015. More than 1,000 volcanoes or volcanic centres larger than 20 km have been found on the surface of Venus.
- The Russians sent the first mission to Venus.
The Venera 1 space probe was launched in 1961, but lost contact with base. The USA also lost their first probe to Venus, Mariner 1, although Mariner 2 was able to take measurements of the planet in 1962. The Soviet Union’s Venera 3 was the first man-made craft to land on Venus in 1966.
- At one point it was thought Venus might be a tropical paradise.
The dense clouds of sulphuric acid surrounding Venus make it impossible to view its surface from outside its atmosphere. It was only when radio mapping was developed in the 1960s that scientists were able to observe and measure the extreme temperatures and hostile environment. It is thought Venus did once have oceans but these evaporated as the planets temperature increased.
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Out of 100 children who start the first grade this year, 51 of them will complete the 5th grade.
The average Nicaraguan adult aged 25-40 has 4.6 years of formal schooling.
Nicaragua spends $62 per year per student in public primary or secondary school. In contrast, the United States spends an average of $10,600.
Lack of training and low income cause many teachers to abandon their profession.
Education Correlated with Child Welfare
Education is positively correlated with important benchmarks in child health and welfare in the developing world:
- Gender equality
- Child health and disease prevention
- Reduction in teen pregnancy rates
Community libraries are hubs for education and social justice
In many areas of Nicaragua, a family’s ability to send their children to school is hindered by distance, lack of school supplies, and competing demands on scarce resources. Community libraries provide families with access to books, art supplies, and special services that help children get the education they need, when and how they need it.
Currently, only 5% of Nicaragua’s 1.7 million children have access to a community library. You can help us change that.
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http://www.goforhope.org/why-libraries/
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The story goes that an Arab named Khalid was tending his goats in the Kaffa region of southern Ethiopia , when he noticed his animals became livelier after eating a certain berry. He boiled the berries to make the first coffee. Certainly the first record of the drink is of beans exported from Ethiopia to Yemen where Sufis drank it to stay awake all night to pray on special occasions. By the late 15th century it had arrived in Mecca and Turkey from where it made its way to Venice in 1645. It was brought to England in 1650 by a Turk named Pasqua Rosee who opened the first coffee house in Lombard Street in the City of London . The Arabic qahwa became the Turkish kahve then the Italian caffé and then English coffee.
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Museum of San Caprasio
The Saint Caprasio Abbey in Aulla is one of the most important religious settlements in Lunigiana and it was – and still is – is a key point for pilgrims on the Tuscan section of the Via Francigena. It was founded in 884 a.C. and nowadays its history is told in the Abbey museum.
The museum introduces visitors to the main events that marked the history of the Abbey and the surrounding area, and without any doubt the most peculiar story is about the holy remains of San Caprasio: according to the story, his relics have been kept inside the Abbey since it was founded but, for more than a thousands years, they were thought to be lost. After some restoration works in 2003 an unbeknownst tomb was found and apparently it could match the Saint’s remains.
From the Museum it is possible to access the Abbey capitulary room and then to the Twentieth Century apse, the visitors are guided through what remains of three churches and hundreds of tokens of the monks’ and the Valley’s lives along the twelve-hundred years Abbey history are shown.
Still today, the San Caprasio Museum and Abbey hosts a Pilgrim Hostel along the Via Francigena.
Source: Trame di Lunigiana
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https://www.seaandcountryvillas.com/museum-of-san-caprasio/
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Wednesday, February 5, 2014
Creature Feature #110: Clownfish
Popularised by Pixar film, "Finding Nemo", there are actually around thirty different species of Clownfish, all a part of the Amphiprioninae Family. These range in size from 10-18 centimetres and come in a range of bright colours: orange, yellow, red with patches of black and white. They are anemonefish, and have formed a symbiotic relationship with the sea anemone. Clownfish appear immune to the potent poison of the anemone, and make their home within it, keeping it cleared of parasites and cleaning up its excretions. In turn, the anemone protects the fish from the many dangerous predators of the reef - and sometimes gets a free meal as part of the deal. Clownfish begin life as males, transforming into females as they mature and gain dominance. This female will only mate with one male and if she dies, then the most dominant male will gender-shift to take her place.
Which all in all, makes you really look at "Finding Nemo" in a whole new light...
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You probably never think about your eyes, accept for those times when they are dry or watery and become irritated. The human eye is a very complex biological structure. The science behind sight is truly fascinating and worth the time to investigate and understand. If reading articles about the eye are not stimulating enough for you, you can do something far more hands-on. You can make a model of the human eye. This engaging project is a great way for adults and kids to learn about this amazing organ.
Roll the container of pink clay dough into a fist-sized ball. Take a small egg-sized lump of white clay and mash it up with a walnut-sized piece of blue clay to make a light blue lump. Roll this into a ball and flatten it slightly into a 1-inch-thick disk. Using your finger, make a large dent in top of the pink ball and fit this disk inside it.
Roll up a walnut-sized lump of black clay and press it into the light blue disk. Next, pull off an egg-sized lump of blue clay and mash it up with a walnut-sized ball of white to make a slightly lighter blue. Flatten this ball into a 1/2-inch-thick disk and cover the black clay and the light blue clay with this disk. Lastly, roll out all of the remaining white clay and cover the entire pink ball with it covering every part of the ball.
Cut the large ball of clay in half very carefully with the large knife. You should be able to see all of the colours inside. Turn the halves so that the blue and black areas are pointing to the left. Cut or break off two 6-inch-long pieces of the wooden dowel and insert one into the bottom of each eye half. Insert the model eyes into the styrofoam, separated by at least 6 inches and facing opposite direction (one looking west, or left and one looking east, or right.)
Roll out several very thin ropes of blue and red clay. Arrange these ropes inside of the pink area of each model eye. These are the blood vessels inside of the eye.
Grab the sheet of paper and write the following words in small, but readable print: Iris, Pupil, Lens, Cornea, Vitreous Humor and Blood Vessels. Cut these words out of the paper in small rectangular boxes. Tape these boxes to the end of six toothpicks, one to each toothpick.
Insert the toothpick labelled "Iris" into the blue clay in front of the black clay of one eye. Insert the toothpick labelled "Pupil" into the black clay of the other eye. Insert the one labelled "Lens" into the light blue area behind the black clay of the first eye. Insert the "Cornea" toothpick into the front blue layer of the second eye. Insert the "Vitreous Humor" toothpick into the pink area of the first eye. Lastly, insert the "Blood Vessels" toothpick into a clay vessel in the second eye.
Styrofoam cubes can be purchased at craft stores or in the crafts section of big box stores. You will need a lot of clay for this project. Consider something like a Play-Doh multipack with the four required colours. There are many other parts of the eye and you can include these in your model. Just add more labelled toothpicks. Use the pictures provided in the Resources as a guide.
Tips and warnings
- Styrofoam cubes can be purchased at craft stores or in the crafts section of big box stores.
- You will need a lot of clay for this project. Consider something like a Play-Doh multipack with the four required colours.
- There are many other parts of the eye and you can include these in your model. Just add more labelled toothpicks. Use the pictures provided in the Resources as a guide.
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Moses went up Mount Sinai and received from God ten Commandments or Laws, written on both sides of two tablets of stone. The writing was the writing of God.
The ten commandments or ten laws are the bases which some of today’s countries use to make up their laws.
This was the first time Moses went up the mountain. Afterwards, in a fit of rage against the people’s idolatry, Moses broke the stone tablets; so he returned back up the mountain and received a second set from God.
At the same time Moses got other rules for the Israelis to live by including how the Tabernacle was to be made.
The Ten Commandments
20:1 Then God spoke all these words:
2 “I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery. 3 You are to have no other gods besides me.
4 “You are not to make for yourselves an idol, or any likeness of what is in heaven above, or on earth below, or in the water under the earth. 5 You are not to bow down to them in worship or serve them, because I, the LORD your God, am a jealous God, punishing the children for the iniquity of the parents to the third and fourth generations of those who hate me, 6 but showing gracious love to the thousandth generation of those who love me and keep my commandments.
7 “You are not to misuse the name of the LORD your God, because the LORD will not leave the one who misuses his name unpunished.
8 “Remember to keep the Sabbath day holy. 9 You are to labor and do all your work during six days, 10 but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God. You are not to do any work—neither you, nor your son, nor your daughter, nor your male or female servant, nor your livestock, nor the alien who is within your gates— 11 because the LORD made the heavens and the earth and the sea, and all that is in them, in six days, then he rested on the seventh day. Therefore, the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy.
12 “Honor your father and your mother, so that you may live long in the land that the LORD your God is giving you.
13 “You are not to commit murder.
14 “You are not to commit adultery.
15 “You are not to steal.
16 “You are not to testify falsely against your neighbor.
17 “You are not to covet your neighbor’s house. You are not to covet your neighbor’s wife, his male or female servant, his ox, his donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor.”
also read Exodus 21:1 – 31:18 and Deuteronomy 5:6-21
Other modules in this unit:
- Life of Moses – Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy
- 300 year gap between Joseph and Moses, Exodus 1:1-14
- First 40 years of the life of Moses, Exodus 2:1-15
- Thutmose 1 the Pharaoh or king of Egypt, Exodus 1:1-22
- Miriam kept eye on Moses after he had been placed as a baby in a boat, Exodus 2:1-10
- Second set of 40 years, Exodus 2:11 – 7:7
- God spoke to Moses out of a burning bush, Exodus 3:1-3
- Moses was asked to take off his sandals by God, Exodus 3:4-22 & 4:1-17
- The third set of 40 years, Exodus 7:8-13 – Deuteronomy 34:12
- Aaron’s Staff Becomes A Snake, Exodus 7:8-13
- The ten plagues in Egypt, Exodus 7:14-12:30
- First born die, Exodus 11:1-10
- Passover commemorates the Exodus from Egypt, Exodus 12:1-51 & 13:1-16
- Moses the friend of God
- Pillar of Cloud by Day, Exodus 13:20-22
- Pillar of fire by night, Exodus 13:20-22
- The Chariots of the Egyptian army, Exodus 14:1-31
- Moses crosses the Red Sea, Exodus 14:1-31
- Moses’ older sister Miriam sings a song, Exodus 15:1-21
- Waters of Marah and Elim, Exodus 15:22-27
- Manna means ‘What Is It’?, Exodus 16:1-36
- Water From The Rock at Massah, Exodus 17:1-7
- Moses at Mount Sinai, Exodus 19:1-25
- The Ten Commandments or 10 Laws of God, Exodus 20:1-17
- The Three Annual Feasts, Exodus 23:14-19
- The Feast of Passover, Numbers 28:16-31
- Feast of Weeks or Pentecost, Numbers 28:26-31
- Feast of trumpets or Feast of Shofars, Numbers 29:1-40
- The Golden Calf the idol made by Aaron, Exodus 32:1-35
- Moses with the New Stone Tablets, Exodus 34:1-35
- 1st five of the Ten commandments, Exodus 20:1-12
- 2nd five of the Ten Commandments, Exodus 20:1-21
- Ark of God – Exodus 25:10-22 & 37:1-9
- The High Priest of Israel, Exodus 39:1-31
- Tabernacle, Exodus 39:32-43 & 40:1-38
- Aaron and Miriam oppose Moses, Numbers 12:1-16
- Exploring Canaan by 12 spies, Numbers 13:1-33
- 37 years in the wilderness, Numbers 14:33-34
- Aaron’s Rod that budded, Numbers 17:1-13
- Speak to the Rock “Give Water”, Numbers 20:1-13
- Death of Aaron, Numbers 20:22-29
- The Bronze Snake, Numbers 21:4-9
- Balak Summons Balaam, Numbers 22:1-24:25
- Six cities of Refuge for Israel, Numbers 35:1-34 & Deuteronomy 4:41-43
- Daughters of Zelophehad, Numbers 36:1-12
- Moses Blesses the Tribes with Three Sermons, Deuteronomy 33:1-29
- Moses lived for 120 years, Deuteronomy 34:1-12
- Caleb was the son of Jephunneh, Numbers 14:26-38
- Joshua – The Fall of Jericho, Joshua 5:13-15 & 6:1-27
- Time Line for Life of Moses
- Background Information – Life of Moses
- Next Module – Judges
- Resources – Life of Moses
- The Jewish Festival of Sukkot
- Yom Kippur, means “Day of Atonement”
- Rosh Hashanah or Yom Teruah (The Day of the Sounding of Shofar)
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You've seen it: A child with their legs splayed to either side of them merrily playing on the floor. But can this cute position — known as W-sitting — actually be bad for them?
This stability-enhancing position — the legs provide a stable base for the rest of the body — isn’t uncommon among children. As Dr. Ryan Curda, a San Diego-based chiropractor with Personalized Chiropractic, explains, “W-sitting is when a child sits with both legs significantly internally rotated and flattens their legs against the floor."
In other words, it's sitting with the legs arranged like a "W."
But is it a sign something could be wrong with your toddler? That’s a question that’s been discussed among parents and physicians... and the answer is nothing short of murky.
As children develop from newborn to baby to toddler, their bodies change substantially. They develop muscles, coordination and more. Some experts say W-sitting is just a part of development that works itself out as the child ages into an adult.
Dr. Donna Pacicca, an attending surgeon at Children’s Mercy Hospital in the division of Orthopaedic Surgery, section of Sports Medicine, and also associate professor of Orthopaedic Surgery at UMKC School of Medicine and adjunct professor of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences at UMKC School of Dentistry, is one of them. According to Pacicca, W-sitting is part of a normal condition known as anteversion.
"Everyone starts out in anteversion, and it gradually improves over time in most (probably due to in utero position, same thing that causes everyone to start out bowlegged),” explains Pacicca. "For the otherwise healthy and uninjured child, increased femoral anteversion means it's more comfortable to sit without stretching out the hip capsule (W-sit vs. criss-cross).”
For some, there’s more anteversion than for others, causing things like “toe-in” walking, Pacicca says. “This doesn't appear to cause problems later on, but there is controversy, especially for people with problems like recurrent patellar dislocation [a twisting in of the knee cap], about whether or not to correct rotational or angular malalignment,” she notes. “As far as in-toeing goes, again there is normal variation. It doesn't appear to cause issues with hips/knees as an adult per our current literature."
But can there be problems? Possibly... and it all has to do with the individual child and their development. In recent years, much has been written about the dangers of W-sitting to developing bodies.
Curda says the position limits the need for a toddler to develop trunk stability while they focus on other things. That stability is necessary for developing balance and coordination, which is why the position can be linked to developmental delays.
“Unfortunately, this leads to further trunk instability and delays the development of proper balance, cross body movements, and even playing across the midline on table-top activities,” says Curda.
That’s not all; a child’s developing hips can be impacted too. “Although I'm not aware of a long-term study showing the negative effects of W-sitting, I believe it would be reasonable to think that a decrease in trunk stability whether caused by W-sitting or other means would eventually lead to further health concerns," the chiropractor warns. That list of concerns includes everything from chronic or acute lower back pain to joint dysfunction of the hips and knees, improper muscle length and neurological firing of the back, pelvic and leg muscles.
According to Jean W. Solomon and Jane Clifford O'Brien, authors of the book "Pediatric Skills for Occupational Therapy Assistants," in children older than one year, W-sitting can lead to hip dislocation, joint deformities and more. Also, since it doesn't require trunk stability or strength, those muscles aren't used or exercised, so other sitting positions are preferable.
However, Pacicca says that not enough is known about the long-term impact of W-sitting.
“We still don't fully understand the molecular signaling that shapes the bones and joints; factors like joint arc of motion, skeletal alignment and joint laxity don't seem to be an issue now, but could potentially affect developmental signaling. We just don't know how or when that would happen at this time," Pacicca said.
So, what if your child W-sits? It depends, says Curda.
“If this sitting position is the norm and not the exception, it is advisable to coach your child to sit in a less stressful position. I'll leave it up to parents to decide the healthiest ways to accomplish such a change in behavior,” says Curda.
Some alternatives to consider encouraging your child try: side sitting, long sitting (sitting with legs stretched out in front) or tailor sitting (cross-legged).
However, if it’s not an always thing… then you might not need to worry after all.
“If your child sporadically W-sits, you should not be overly concerned as a parent,” says Curda.
Bottom line: If you're worried, tell your doctor. They can examine your child's body for signs of an issue.
And you'll see personalized content just for you whenever you click the My Feed .
SheKnows is making some changes!
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Enter your email to unlock dozens of free infographics!View infographics
Sign up as a rookie member to receive free guides, kitbags and news from The Performance Room
Created in 2013, BelievePerform has rapidly grown to become one of the largest Sport Psychology sites in the world. We are proud to boast over 150 writers for our site including a number of elite athletes.
Within our society, youth sport participation is continually growing and recent figures have shown that 90% of American children participate in at least one sport before they leave high school (Salva, 2004). Team sports have now become an important place for our youth as they become a learning context in which people are taught a number of important skills which are all motivated by the coach. In this article we shall look at the different ways in which coaches interact with their players and the role which POWER plays within sport.
Teacher/Coach Power Use
To understand the coach athlete relationship it is extremely important to understand the role in which power plays within sport. Often power is viewed in a negative light and most people believe that power relates to a coach being in control of a situation and not allowing any freedom for their players. Power has been defined as “an individual’s capacity to influence another person to do something he/she would not have done had he/she not been influenced” (Richmond and McCroskey, 1984, p 125). Most research regarding power has looked at the influence teachers have on their students and therefore much of the research will relate to the teaching context. Researchers argue that if a teacher cannot influence a classroom, then a teacher will not be able to enhance the learning of students. This can also relate to the communication of power within the athletic context. For example, a coach’s effectiveness is also directly linked to their ability to communicate their power over athletes. French and Raven (1959) developed the idea of power and argued that people will draw upon different types of power in different situations (coercive, reward, legitimate, referent and expert)
This type of power relates to the expectation that a student will be punished if they fail to follow rules which are set by teachers. This type of power is dependent upon the students belief that the teacher will go through with the form of punishment. In relation to a coach, this type of power can relate to forms of punishment such as increased physical activity or verbal abuse.
This type of power relates to rewards which are obtained after a behaviour is performed. This type of coach reward power is seen as extremely important for athletes as it is highly valued by athletes (increased playing time). Other types of coach reward power can relate to positive feedback such as praising athletes.
This type of power is associated with the position in which the coach or teacher may have. Legitimate power suggests that the person holding the position has the ability to make specific demands which are associated with the role of their position. Athletes are more likely to listen to what their coach has to say due to the nature of that position and when they begin to question this power it begins to weaken.
This type of power refers to how teachers can connect with their students on an interpersonal level. This type of power will come from the students as it depends on how much they can identify themselves with the teacher. This can be very different in a coaching situation as athletes spend much longer with their coaches and are more likely to have a closer interaction
Expert power relates to the way in which students perceive the competence of their teachers. For example, if a teacher does not understand what they are teaching then their ability to control their students will be weakened. For coaches this can be determined by the amount of success they have had. A coach with little success is more likely to have weakened expert power.
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Cool Roofing in
Technical Bulletin #31
Current as of March 2016
It is theorized that dark-coloured roofs can contribute to the urban heat island effect (the temperature in cities is higher than the surrounding unpopulated areas). This theory, based on satellite temperature sensing observations and computer models, suggests that if homeowners replaced their dark shingles or other roof coverings with lighter coloured (more reflective) products, the overall ambient temperature will be reduced, enabling lower cooling costs in the warm summer months. Some reflective roofing products have been listed as "Energy Star qualified", a program that makes it easy for consumers to identify and purchase energy-efficient products.
Natural Resources Canada has issued the following notice regarding the Energy Star program and Roofing Products for Canada:
Roofing Products are NOT Included in Canada's ENERGY STAR® Program.
Roofing products are NOT included in Canada's ENERGY STAR program. Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) works closely with the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to harmonize product specifications and promote consistency between the ENERGY STAR programs in Canada and the United States. Nevertheless, differences in program approaches do exist, occasionally resulting in differences between the types of products and activities supported by the program in the two countries. There may be limited applications where certain roofing products would provide energy savings in specific locations in Canada. As Canada is predominantly considered to have a "heating climate", however, the benefits of ENERGY STAR qualified roofing would not be generally applicable throughout the country.
From NRCan web site http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/equipment/manufacturers/15004
Researchers at NRCan's CanmetENERGY Ottawa lab investigated the benefits of reflective residential roofs. The study found that a reflective roof increased energy consumption in the Ottawa climate due to the need for additional space heating in the winter. Energy costs were decreased by less than $30/yr. due to the differences between the cost per gigajoule of natural gas and electricity.
Review of the Comprehensive Energy Use Database on the NRCan Canada web site for the Residential Sector shows that over recent years, for all Canadian regions, 66% of household energy use is for space heating and only 1.2% of household energy is used for cooling. For heating dominated climates, such as in Canada, the solar gain is largely trapped by windows.
As well, CASMA concurs with the limitations of cool roofing summarized by the Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association (ARMA), in their white papers on the subject which can be viewed via the following link: http://www.asphaltroofing.org/coolroofing.html
Canadian homeowners should be aware that simply using “white” shingles will very likely not reduce their home energy usage costs. The best way for homeowners to reduce air conditioning costs (and heating costs) is to invest in additional attic insulation, and properly ventilate their home’s attic to help control unwanted solar heat gain and reducing the home’s cooling load.
The information contained in this bulletin is for general education and is not intended to replace advice from a qualified contractor or direction on usage/installation from the manufacturer. Consumers should be aware of the safety hazards associated with work on roofs and, before doing so themselves, should consider following CASMA s advice of using qualified contractors. This bulletin may be reproduced with permission on condition that it be reproduced in whole, unedited, with attribution of copyright to CASMA.
© Copyright 1989 - Canadian Asphalt Shingle Manufacturers' Association. All Rights Reserved.
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09 Apr Learning from a Comprehensive Approach to Adolescent Literacy
Learning from a Comprehensive Approach to Adolescent Literacy
Cal Hastings, Generation Ready’s Senior Director of Adolescent Literacy, reflects on a comprehensive approach that he spearheaded to improve the literacy results of approximately 90 New York City middle grades schools in his white paper: Learning from a Comprehensive Approach to Adolescent Literacy.
As the former head of the Middle School Quality Initiative, Cal was tasked to plan and implement a large-scale initiative to support schools with high need populations in meeting the challenge to build the reading skills of their students to ensure high school, college and career success. In this white paper, you will learn the statistics showing the significant difference that still remains between the academic knowledge and skills required to graduate, and those necessary for postsecondary success, as well as learn about one possible solution to improve these outcomes.
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Novell Placement Papers
Placement Papers for All Companies
Novell Whole Test Paper
Q1. The average age of a class of 35 students is 15 years. If the teacher's age is also included the average age increases by one year. Furthermore, if the average age of the teacher's family having a wife and a son is 40 years and the son's age is 80% less than his mother's age, then the age of the teacher's wife is
a) 57.5 years
b) 50 years
c) 47.5 years
d) 55.5 years
The total age of 35 students = 35 * 15 = 525
By including teacher's age, average increases by one.
So the total age of 35 students and one teacher = 36 * 16 = 576
Hence we have (w + s + 51) / 3 ................ (i)
Also s = w - ( 80w/100 ) = w/5
Hence from equation (i), we have
[ w + (w/5) + 51 ] / 3 = 40
=> 6w/5 = 69
=> w = 57.5 years
Hence The age of teacher's wife is 57.5 yrs
Q2. A cloth merchant on selling 33 metres of cloth obtains a profit equal to the selling price of 11 metres of cloth. The profit is
a) 40 %
b) 22 %
c) 50 %
d) 11 %
SP of 33 metres of cloth = CP of 33 metres + S.P of 11 meters
So, SP of 22 metres of cloth = CP of 33 metres= CP of 22 metres + CP of 11 metres
It means by selling 22 metres of cloth the merchant covers the cost price of 22 metres along with cost price of 11 metres.
Gain = ( 11/22 ) * 100 = 50%.
So, Ans is option C.
Q3. A, B and C started a business with their investments in the ratio 1: 2: 4. After 6 months A increased his capital by 50% and B invested twice the amount as before, while C withdrew 1/4th of his own investment. The ratio of their profits at the end of the year was
a) 10: 5: 9
b) 5: 12: 14
c) 6: 9: 17
d) 5: 14: 16
Let their investments be Rs 100, Rs. 200 and Rs. 400.
Now, ratio of profits = I1 T1 : I2 T2 : I3 T3
Where I stands for Investment and T stands for Time
So, Answer is B.
Q4. Three men can complete a piece of work in 6 days. Two days after they started the work, 3 more men joined them. How many days will they take to complete the remaining work?
a) 1 day
b) 2 days
c) 3 days
d) 4 days
Q5. If a, b are rationals and a√2 + b√3 = √98 + √108 - √48 - √72, then the values of a, b are respectively
a) 1, 2
b) 1, 3
c) 2, 1
d) 2, 3
a√2 + b√3 = √98 + √108 - √48 - √72
a√2 + b√3 = 7√2 + 6√3 - 4√3 - 6√2
a√2 + b√3 = 1√2 + 2√3
On comparing the coefficients, we get
a = 1, b = 2.
Q6. A shopkeeper sells an article at 15% gain. Had he sold it for Rs. 18 more, he would have gained 18%. The cost price (in Rs.) of the article is
Let CP be Rs. 100
Now, gain = 15%
S.P = Rs. 115
Now, for 185% gain, SP = Rs.118
Difference between two SP is Rs. 3
Now, CP = 100
Difference of SPs = Rs. 3
If difference is Rs. 18 (Given), the by unitary approach, CP = Rs. 18 / ( 3 *100 ) = Rs. 600
So, Ans. is option C
Q7. The ratio of boys and girls in a college is 5: 3. If 50 boys leave the college and 50 girls join the college, the ratio becomes 9: 7. The number of boys in the college is
The ratio of boys and girls in a college is 5: 3.
Let the boys in college = 5x
Let the girls in college = 3x
(5x -50) / (3x + 50) = 9 / 7
35x - 350 = 27x +450
8x = 800
x = 100
Hence, the number of boys in the college = 5x = 500
So, Ans is option C
Q8. If the amount is 33⁄8 times the sum after 3 years at compound interest compounded annually, then the rate of interest per annum is
If the amount becomes 3 3/8 times of the principal
i.e means it becomes = 27 /8 times of P
Also Given that A = P ( 1 + r /100 ) t
r = rate % , t = 3years
27/8 P = P ( 1 + r /100 ) 3
27/8 = ( 1 + r /100 ) 3
3/2 = 1 + r/100
r = 50%
Hence, the answer is option B.
Q9. Two trains 180 metres and 120 metres in length are running towards each other on parallel tracks, one at the rate 65 km/hour and another at 55 km/hour. In how many seconds will they be clear of each other from the moment they meet?
Total distance = 180 + 120 = 300 m
Relative speed = 65 + 55 = 120 km/hr
= 120 × 1000/3600 m/sec
Therefore, time = distance/speed = 300/120 × 3600/1000 = 9 sec
So, Ans. is option B
Q10. A single discount equivalent to successive discounts of 20%, 10% and 5% is
a) 35 %
b) 35.6 %
c) 31.6 %
d) 36.1 %
Let Cost price = Rs.100
After 1st discount of 20% C.P. = 100 - 20 = 80
Similarly after 2nd Discount of 10% Cost Price = 80 - (10/100 × 80) = 72
Now, After a discount of 5% , C.P. = 72 - (5/100 × 72) = 72 - 3.6 = 68.4
Therefore, net discount = 100-68.4 = 31.6
Ans Is option C
DIRECTIONS for the questions 11 to 15: Read the following information carefully and answer the questions that follow.
a) P, Q, R, S, T, U are six students pursuing master’s degree in six different subjects namely English, History, Philosophy, Physics, Statistics and Mathematics.
b) Two of them stay in a hostel, two are paying guests and the rest two stay at home.
c) R does not stay as a paying guest and studies Philosophy.
d) The students studying Statistics and History do not stay as paying guests.
e) T studies Mathematics and S studies Physics.
f) U and S stay in hostel. T stays as a paying guest and Q stays at home.
Q11. Which of the following pair will stay at home?
Q12. Which subject does Q study?
c) History or Statistics
d) None of these
Q13. Which of the following pair of students stay one each at hostel and at home?
d) None of these
Q14. Point out the odd man out from following subject-place combinations.
d) All of these
Q15. Who studies English?
d) None of these
Q16. In a certain code, MILLION is written as IMLLOIN, how will HILTON be coded?
MI is written as IM
LL is written as LL
IO is written as OI
Alphabets are reversed.
Same IHTLNO become HILTON
Q17. If P denotes ÷, Q denotes ×, R denotes + and S denotes -, then 18 Q 12 P 4 R5 S 6 =?
18 × 12 ÷ 4 + 5 − 6
= 54 − 1 = 53.
Hence Answer is B
Q18. Find the odd man out:
B is odd man out because 4249 is not multiple of 3. Rest numbers are multiples 3.
Q19. A garden has as many flower-bearing trees as it has fruit-bearing trees. Three-fourths of the trees are old. One half of trees are grafted. Which of the following can be the number of trees in the garden?
Trees should be multiple of 4, only option D satisfies the condition.
Q20. Among five friends, Mohan is older than Raju but not as old as Lalit. Lalit is older than Neelesh and Kabir. Neelesh is younger than Raju but not the youngest. Who is the fourth in the descending order of age?
c) Data inadequate
d) None of these
Descending order of Age: - Lalit, Mohan, Raju, Neetesh, Kabir. So answer is None of these. Hence D option.
Q21. Which of the following type of JMP instruction assembles if the distance is 0020h bytes?
The three byte near jump allows a branch or jump within 32K bytes.
Q22. Which of the following is true about pseudo instructions?
a) They are the false instructions
b) They are assembler directives
c) They are instructions ignored by microprocessor
d) They are instructions, which are treated as comments
Q23. In which T-state does the CPU sends the address to memory or I/O and the ALE signal for demultiplexing?
Q24. The protocol data unit (PDU) for the application layer in the Internet stack is
Q25. If a class B network on the Internet has a submask of 255.255.248.0, what is the maximum number of hosts per subnet?
Q26. What is the use of direction flag?
a) Branch commands
b) String instructions
c) Stack instructions
d) Arithmetic commands
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Trek bikes are quality cycling machines, used by well-known cyclists including Lance Armstrong. Trek mountain bikes are among the leaders in recreational mountain biking, and come manufactured with a wide variety of features. Typically, the most important feature of a mountain bike is the gear-changing mechanism. This is the apparatus that allows you to change the ratio of pedalling torque and gear combination on different terrain, to gain a smooth ride and maintain a consistent pedalling rate. Trek mountain bikes are outfitted with external or derailleur gear-shifting mechanisms.
Place thumbs onto the gear lever levers located on both handlebars. The left shifter controls the front derailleur, and the right shifter controls the rear derailleur.
Shift the rear derailleur to a higher gear ratio to increase torque when ascending steep inclines. Push the right shifter up--away from the body. The shift should be done on flat terrain before an ascent while the pedals and chain are in forward motion.
Shift the front derailleur up to the exact position of the rear derailleur to add greater torque when ascending inclines. Flip the left shifter up to match the placement of the right shifter. Reverse the process for descending hills.
Adjust the front and rear derailleur corresponding to your riding style while on inclines and declines. Each rider has a different level of physical fitness and strength, so it may take a while to find a gear combination that works best for you. Remember to change only one set of gears at a time until you feel the most comfort while pedalling. Wait until you reach level terrain to shift to avoid ruining gears.
Consult a Trek owners manual for detailed gear-changing instructions.
Only shift one set of gears at a time to avoid damaging gears or the chain. As a rule of thumb, add torque to the rear derailleur first, then place the front derailleur in sequence after.
Tips and warnings
- Consult a Trek owners manual for detailed gear-changing instructions.
- Only shift one set of gears at a time to avoid damaging gears or the chain. As a rule of thumb, add torque to the rear derailleur first, then place the front derailleur in sequence after.
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Is anonymity online coming to an end? The pervasive attitude says yes.
The Pew Research Center teamed up with Elon University’s Imagining the Internet Center to survey 895 experts on the future of the Internet–and at the forefront of the discussion is the sticky topic of anonymity. Experts were nearly split down the middle, with 55% agreeing that Internet users will be able to communicate anonymously and 41% agreeing that, by 2020, “anonymous online activity is sharply curtailed.” Not only are there divergent opinions on whether online anonymity will be possible in the future, there isn’t even a consensus on whether anonymity is universally desirable.
“The routine and pervasive corporate and governmental surveillance, tracking and ‘proviling’ (profiling) systems that are already much too widespread are certain to continue and expand,” says Jim Warren, a tech entrepreneur and activist quoted in the Pew report. “Those who are in positions of power–both corporate and governmental–ALWAYS want to know ever-more about everyone.” Anthony Townsend, director of the Institute for the Future, agrees. “Given the amount of communications monitoring governments already do, we’re likely already past this point,” he says.
Others say that’s too simplistic a view of anonymity. Axel Bruns, associate professor at the Queensland University of Technology, finds value in an in-between realm of pseudonymity, identifying as a human but not a specific person. “Other than for law enforcement hardliners, the challenge is not to tie every online activity to a specific identified user, but simply to verify that the activity is carried out by (or at least on behalf of) an actual human being rather than by a spambot or other malicious and disruptive entity–and for this, verified pseudonymity is sufficient,” he says. Craig Newmark, founder of Craig’s List, also sees shades of gray: “We’ll see a wide range of online identity options, from anonymity, to different levels of reasonably verified identity. Whistleblowers, for example, need anonymity. Public discussion boards need some modest level of verified identity, whereas home banking needs strong authentication.”
Even further, a lack of anonymity can also be more positively spun as “authentication.” After all, there are benefits to identifying one’s self. Stephen Downes, of the Canadian National Research Center, explains: “Where authentication is voluntary, and clearly in the client’s interests, and non-pervasive, people will gladly accept the constraints. Just as they accept the constraint of using keys to lock the car and house door but have the prerogative to, if they wish, leave either unlocked.”
It’s impossible to generalize from a group of viewpoints so often in complete disagreement, but the theme of the online world coming to mirror the physical world certainly emerges from the rubble. And with extremists on both sides harping away about the impact of total anonymity online, we sometimes forget that in no other part of our lives can we be completely anonymous. It only makes sense that it will be impossible to maintain total anonymity online–as Tom Wolzien puts it, “Even the Wild West was tamed.” Heywood Sloane, of the Bank Insurance and Securities Association, sums up the attitude that often flows beneath the more speculative, theoretical, and moral statements made by others:
Choice about whether or not to divulge personal information will not be substantially different from the physical world. One does not have to divulge one’s name to look in a store, but of course the store will want to know how they are to get paid. Nor does a newspaper (or Web site) have to publish content from unknown/unverifiable sources. And yes, there will be graffiti online as well as on walls.
[Via Pew Internet]
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From Middle French prosaïque, from Medieval Latin prosaicus (“in prose”), from Latin prosa (“prose”), from prorsus (“straightforward, in prose”), from Old Latin provorsus (“straight ahead”), from pro- (“forward”) + vorsus (“turned”), from vertō (“to turn”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to turn, to bend”).
- Pertaining to or having the characteristics of prose.
- The tenor of Eliot's prosaic work differs greatly from that of his poetry.
- (of writing or speaking) Straightforward; matter-of-fact; lacking the feeling or elegance of poetry.
- I was simply making the prosaic point that we are running late.
- (main usage, usually of writing or speaking but also figurative) Overly plain, simple or commonplace, to the point of being boring; humdrum; dull; unimaginative.
- His account of the incident was so prosaic that I nodded off while reading it.
- She lived a prosaic life.
2017 June 3, Daniel Taylor, “Real Madrid win Champions League as Cristiano Ronaldo double defeats Juv”, in The Guardian (London):
- Ultimately, though, the more prosaic goals carried the greater significance in this contest. Madrid have managed only one clean sheet on their way to winning this competition.
- See also Wikisaurus:boring
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As a seventeenth-century marriage counselor, William Gouge wasn't bad. Here's his seven points for maintaining peace at home. Notice that the husband and the wife are equally responsible for maintaining domestic harmony and that they have the same duties. Now, this sort of egalitarianism was not true of Gouge's counsel overall; at times he laid out specific roles for the husband and the wife based solely on their gender (like the importance of obedience in wives). But it's clear that a successful marriage was not simply the assertion of power by the husband over the wife.
As you read this, don't miss the preacher's use of catchy phrases. "The second blow makes the fray," "Wrath must not lie in bed with two such bed-fellows." I'd bet any number of groats that he used those in his sermons on many a Sunday.
Here is Mr. Gouge:
1. All offences so much as possibly may be must be avoided. The husband must be watchful over himself that he give no offence to his wife: and so the wife on the other side. Offences cause contentions.
2. When an offence is given by the one party, it must not be taken by the other; but rather passed by: and then will not peace be broken. The second blow makes the fray.
3. If both be incensed together, the fire is like to be the greater: with the greater speed therefore must they both labour to put it out. Wrath must not lie in bed with two such bed-fellows: neither may they part beds for wrath sake. That this fire may be the sooner quenched, they must both strive first to offer reconciliation. Theirs is the glory who do first begin, for they are most properly the blessed peacemakers. Not to accept peace when it is offered is more than heathenish: but when wrath is incensed, to seek atonement is the duty of a Christian, and a grace that cometh from above.
4. Children, servants, nor any other in the family must be bolstered up by the one against the other. The man's partaking with any of the house against his wife, or the wife against her husband, is an usual cause of contention betwixt man and wife.
5. They must forbear to twit one another in the teeth with the husbands or wives of other persons or with their own former husbands or wives [in case they have had any before]. Comparisons in this kind are very odious. They stir up much passion, and cause great contentions.
6. Above all they must take heed of rash and unjust jealousy, which is the bane of marriage, and greatest cause of discontent that can be given betwixt man and wife. Jealous persons are ready to pick quarrels, and to seek occasions of discord: they will take every word, look, action, and motion, in the worse part, and so take offence where none is given. When jealousy is once kindled, it is as a flaming fire that can hardly be put out. It maketh the party whom it possesseth implacable.
7. In all things that may stand with a good conscience they must endeavour to please one another: and either of them suffer their own will to be crossed, rather than discontent to be given to the other. S. Paul noteth this as a common mutual duty belonging to them both, and expresseth their care thereof under a word that signifieth more than ordinary care, and implieth a dividing of the mind into divers thoughts, casting this way, and that way, and every way how to give best content.
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EDEN PRAIRIE, Minn. (WCCO) — By most measures, Eden Prairie’s Staring Lake is a dead lake – native game fish have been crowded out by an overabundance of common carp.
Now, those fish have become the guinea pigs in a research project aimed at controlling their leaping cousins.
“The big issue with Asian carp is that we don’t know how many there are, or where they are,” explains University of Minnesota fisheries researcher Peter Sorensen.
The director of the newly formed Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center at the University of Minnesota is using Staring Lake as an outdoor laboratory.
Environmental DNA (eDNA) testing done by the Department of Natural Resources has shown evidence that invasive Asian carp are already in Minnesota, both in the Mississippi and St. Croix rivers near the Twin Cities.
But finding them has been tough if not impossible. Commercial fishermen have been hired to net the rivers but haven’t had any luck.
And that’s where Sorensen’s theory and research comes in. He says that if you can locate the schools of Asian carp, you will stand a much better chance of targeting them for eradication.
“They seem to be actually exceptionally social, they really hang out together,” he said. “That’s the premise. We have to confirm that, but it sure looks that way.”
Using radio telemetry, his team of researchers have planted Staring Lake with common carp tagged with tiny radio transmitters. By tracking their “pings” under the ice, the so called “Judas fish” give commercial netters a more accurate location of the larger school of fish.
After several hours of laying out thousands of feet of net under the frozen surface, crews pull the seine in. Soon, the water boils with activity as the carp toss about.
Still, more testing will be needed before Asian carp are targeted by similar “Judas fish.” An effective and sound way to sterilize Asian carp for release has yet to be developed.
Says the research center’s associate director Becca Nash, “this is an example of just what basic information can tell us about how to effectively and efficiently manage an invasive species.”
Said Sorensen, “they’re not an easy thing to chase — they don’t want to be caught.”
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A short article discussing the nature and reality of anger, and suggesting ways to control it.
…Those who spend (freely) whether in prosperity or in adversity; who restrain their anger and pardon men; And Allah loves those who do good. (Qur'an, 3: 134)
Imam Ja’far al-Sadiq (a) said: "Anger is the key (that opens the door) to all kinds of vices." [Al‑Kulayni, al‑Kafi, vol. 2, p. 303, hadith # 3]
It is narrated from Imam al‑Sadiq (a) that he heard his father Imam al‑Baqir (a), as saying: "A bedouin came to the Prophet (s) and said: `I live in the desert. Teach me the essence of wisdom.' Thereupon the Prophet (s) said to him: `I command you not to get angry'. After repeating his question thrice (and hearing the same reply from the Prophet every time) the bedouin said to himself: `After this I will not ask any question, since the Apostle of God (s) does not command anything but good'." Imam al‑Sadiq (a) says: "My father used to say, `Is there anything more violent than anger? Verily, a man gets angry and kills someone whose blood has been forbidden by God, or slanders a married woman'."[Al‑Kulayni, al‑Kafi, vol. 2, p. 303, hadith # 4]
Anger is a psychological state that results from inner agitation and desire for revenge. And when this agitation becomes more violent, it intensifies the fire of anger. A violent commotion engulfs ones brain on account of which the mind and the intellect lose control and become powerless. At that time, the inner state of a person resembles a cave where fire has broken out, filling it with flames and suffocating clouds of smoke that leap out of its mouth with intense heat and a fiery howl. When that happens, it becomes extremely difficult to pacify such a person and to extinguish the fire of his wrath; whatever is thrown in it to cool it down becomes a part of it, adding to its intensity. It is for this reason that such a person becomes blind and deaf to guidance and good etiquettes. In such a condition, all such efforts as counsel, advice, and exhortation fail to appease the person. The more one tries to pacify it through humble requests and efforts, the more violent it becomes until the angry person physically harms someone or seeks revenge.
• Imam al‑Baqir (a) said: “..Indeed, this anger is a spark lit by Satan in the heart of the son of Adam..” [Al‑Kulayni, al‑Kafi, vol. 2, p. 304, hadith # 12]
• A person given to anger behaves unreasonably like a lunatic without rationally considering the outcome of his actions. He commits ugly and indecent acts and his tongue, limbs, and body go out of his control.
Anger may lead one to use abusive language against the prophets of God and His awliya'. It may lead one to desecrate sanctities and utter slanders about venerable persons, murder a pious or innocent soul, wreck the lives of creatures of God, destroy a family, or reveal the secrets of others tearing up the veils that cover them. There is no limit to such cruel and oppressive acts that a person can commit at the time of outbreak of faith‑consuming fire of anger that can destroy many homes indeed an entire society.
• As to the moral hazards, anger may cause malice towards creatures of God, leading sometimes even to the enmity not only of prophets and awliya', but also of the Holy Essence of God, the Nourisher. It may also give rise to other vices, such as hasad (envy), hidden enmity and uncontrolled and unjust revenge.
• The similitude of anger in this world is the fire of Divine Wrath in the hereafter. In the same way that anger emanates from the heart, perhaps spiritual reality of this anger is the fire of Divine Wrath that also emanates from the inner depths of the heart and spread over the external being, and whose tormenting flames emerge from external organs such as the eyes, the ears, and the tongue.
• Anger that becomes a permanent part of one's nature, it is more catastrophic. It deadens ones heart, renders it merciless and affects the faculty of wisdom. The form that such a state shall acquire in the barzakh and on the Day of Resurrection will be a beastly form that has no match in this world; for the brutality of the person in this state cannot be compared with any of the ferocious beasts.
• It is reported from Imam al‑Baqir (a): “It is recorded in the Torah regarding which God Almighty confided to Moses (a), saying: "O Moses, control your anger towards those over whom I have given you authority, so that I may spare you from My Wrath." [Al‑Kulayni, al‑Kafi, vol. 2, p. 302, hadith # 7]
• Imam Ali (a) said: “Protect yourself from anger for its beginning is insanity and its end is remorse.” [Al-Amidi, Gharar ul-Hikam wa darar ul-Kalim, hadith # 2635]
• The behaviour of a courageous person is based on wisdom and serenity of soul. He gets angry on proper occasion and is patient and restrained. His anger is to the proper extent and if he takes revenge, it is with reason and discretion. He knows well as to whom he should forgive and what to overlook and ignore.
• The anger of a true believer is for the sake of God. In the state of anger, he keeps in mind his duties, rights of creatures and never oppresses anyone. He neither makes the use of indecent language nor acts indiscreetly. All his acts are based on rational considerations and are in accordance with the norms of justice and Divine laws. He always acts in a way that he will not regret his actions later on.
• Imam Ali (a) said: “The most powerful person is the one who is victorious over his anger with his forbearance.” [Al-Rayshahri, Mizan al-Hikmah, hadith # 15027]
• Imam Ja’far al-Sadiq (a) said: “One who retrains his anger (towards someone), God will cover his secrets.” [Al-Majlisi, Bihar al-Anwar vol. 73, p. 264 hadith # 11]
One of the practical remedies of anger when it is provoked is to restrain it and calm it down in the earlier phase when one’s intellect is still in control.
• Imam al-Baqir (a) said “Whosoever is angry with someone let him sit down immediately if he is standing; for, indeed, doing so will repel from him the uncleanliness of Satan. And whoever gets angry with his family member let him approach and (gently) touch him; for the feeling of family affiliation, when stimulated by touch, induces calmness.” [Al‑Kulayni, al‑Kafi, vol. 2, p 302, hadith # 2]
• Imam Ali (a) said “When a person gets angry, if he is standing, he should immediately lie down (sit down) on earth for a while as this removes the filth of Satan from him at that time." [Al-Rayshahri, Mizan al-Hikmah, hadith # 15059]
• A person with the habit of often getting angry should know that anger is the faculty that is granted by God Almighty for the sake of the preservation, continuity and survival of human species and for the discipline and order of the family system, protection of human rights and safeguarding Divine laws. If he acts contrary to this divine purpose and makes use of power of anger against the design of God, it will be a breach of trust that deserves severe punishment from Him. What an act of ignorance and injustice it is not to live up to Divine trust and to incur His Wrath! He should therefore seriously think about the moral vices and vicious deeds that are the outcome of anger, and try to remove their evil effects, each one of which is capable of afflicting a person till eternity, causing many problems in this world as well as punishment in the Hereafter.
• Among the fundamental remedies of anger is to get rid of the factors responsible for its provocation. These factors include self‑love, which in turn causes love of wealth, glory, and honour, and the desire to impose one's will and expand one's domain of power on the creatures of God. These inherently excite the fire of anger, as the individual infatuated with them tends to hold them in high regard. When someone loves these things, he gets excited and angry if any one of his aspired goals is not achieved. Another factor that sometimes arouses anger is that it is imagined to be a merit and confused with bravery due to one’s ignorance. Anger is thus the product of spiritual weakness, insufficiency of faith, immoderation of character and soul.
• A wise person thinks carefully of the evil consequences of anger and the benefits of restraint, thus making it incumbent upon himself to stamp out this fire from his heart with every possible effort. He clears from his heart the love of wealth, honour and the like that provoke his anger. If he resolves to act against his inner self and its worldly desires, with the help and blessings of God, his attachment becomes less intense and he gives lesser importance to them. His inner calm and contentment, caused by giving up the love of wealth, honour and the like, will not allow his self to act unjustly. Gradually, he will not lose the grip of self‑restraint at times when anger is provoked in his heart. Finally, he will achieve complete control over his anger. [Adapted from Al-Khumayni, Forty Hadith, chapter 7, ‘Ghadhab’]
• Imam Ja’far al-Sadiq (a) said: “A mu’min (believer) is the person who when angered, his anger doesn’t lead him away from that which is true...” [Al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 2, p. 186, hadith # 11]
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"Oncorhynchus mykiss" is both a seagoing steelhead and a resident rainbow trout: O. mykiss can be either anadromous, spending much of its life in the ocean, or it can be a resident fish in rivers and lakes.
Scientists have studied O. mykiss for years (at least since 1944) and they still are somewhat puzzled as to how individual fish end up in one camp or the other. That was the subject of a recent survey of the scientific literature of O. mykiss and its life histories.
From the survey, a team of scientists revealed a fish with complex life histories: some remain in the river of their birth and spawn up to five times, some head to the ocean to grow (generally larger than their freshwater brethren) and return to spawn just one time, others dip in and out of the ocean and estuaries during their life history before returning to spawn.
What they do hypothesize is that whatever route the O. mykiss takes, it is the result of a complex interaction of its genes, the condition of the individual fish and the environment.
"There is no "normal" population of O. mykiss," said co-author John McMillan, science director at Trout Unlimited. "They literally are the fish of a thousand faces. They do whatever it takes to survive in a given environment, from large to small and young to old." McMillan at the time of the survey was a contract scientist with Frank Orth and Associates at NOAA Fisheries Northwest Fisheries Science Center.
These are challenging fish to understand, said Neala W. Kendall, research scientist with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, and co-author with McMillan of the survey "Anadromy and residency in steelhead and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: a review of the processes and patterns" that was published online this month in the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienceshttp://www.nrcresearchpress.
"Our review indicates that whether a fish migrates to the ocean or matures in freshwater is influenced by interactions among its genes, individual condition (e.g., size, growth rate, fat content), and the environmental conditions it experiences," Kendall said. "While anadromy and residency are affected to a large degree by genetics, individuals might migrate or not based on the conditions in their environment."
Also contributing to the review were Matthew R. Sloat, post-doctoral scholar at Oregon State University; Thomas W. Buehrens, research scientist, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife; Thomas P. Quinn, professor, University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences; George R. Pess, supervisory research fishery biologist, NOAA Fisheries; Kirill V. Kuzishchin, professor, Moscow State University; Michelle M. McClure, division director, NOAA Fisheries; and Richard W. Zabel, division director, NOAA Fisheries.
As they surveyed the literature (some were from Russian scientists and largely new to the science of O. mykiss in America), they were surprised by some of the inconsistencies in the data about O. mykiss' anadromy and residency, according to Kendall.
One interesting finding was that there is limited support in the literature for a number of commonly-held ideas about why O. mykiss individuals smolt or mature in freshwater, Kendall said. "For example, larger individuals don't always smolt. In fact, body size and growth are not consistent indicators of a fish's life history."
The evidence that the distance that fish must migrate through freshwater to reach the ocean predicted the rates of anadromy was inconsistent. "We were also surprised by the lack of data on both anadromous and resident individuals from a single population," she said.
Still, it was clear in the literature that there is a genetic influence: the tendency to be anadromous or remain in fresh water is at least partly heritable. They found that the "gene expression" that leads to smolt transformation is different, and there appear to be genetic differences in metabolism, "with anadromous individuals having higher metabolism costs than residents" (Sloat and Reeves, 2014), the report says.
The genetics does not preclude a resident rainbow trout from migrating to the ocean, nor a steelhead to stay put in freshwater.
The condition of individual fish is also telling, with higher levels of lipids (contributing to whole body fat) in resident fish. Looking at O. mykiss individuals in Southwest Alaskan streams and in the Deschutes River, both areas where the vast majority of O. mykiss remain in the river, it is clear that a rich food supply in the rivers precludes the need to seek food in the ocean.
The stream environment is a factor. Residency is higher in watersheds with cooler water temperatures, "higher summer flows, an abundance of food and adequate spawning habitat for smaller females," the report says. "Such conditions appear to maximize opportunities for development and survival in freshwater, thereby reducing the advantage of an ocean migration."
"Our review suggested that residents tended to be most abundant in streams with more stable flow regimes, relatively cold water temperatures and productive food supplies," McMillan said. "Testing this requires further research, but the hypothesis seems plausible if we consider that migration to the ocean is only necessary if a large enough size cannot be reached in freshwater. In other words, there is little reason for a fish to migrate to the ocean if its growth and reproductive needs can be met in freshwater."
Finally, males and females are different and they tend to do different things, according to McMillan. "Males more frequently become residents and females more frequently become anadromous." He said the reason is "related both to size and behavioral tactics."
The authors suggest four categories for future study as they hone in on the anadromy/residency question for O. mykiss. They suggest studies that will help to clearly understand the effects of water temperature, the impact of food supplies and studies that will more explicitly test the effects of freshwater migration cost and marine survival on anadromy. "Lastly, it would be interesting to evaluate whether declines in anadromy over long and short time periods are associated with an increase in residency . and what those implications are for future environmental change," the report says.
"I hope the paper highlights that O. mykiss as a species is really about their suite of life histories, the frequencies of which appear to be highly variable," McMillan said. "And each life history can give rise to one another, and these patterns may change over time. It is very difficult to manage for this type of complexity. Nonetheless, it appears that such life history diversity is fundamental to the evolutionary success of O. mykiss."
From The Columbia Basin Bulletin at www.cbbulletin.com.
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What Does a Normal EKG Reading Look Like?
EKC or ECG stands for electrocardiogram. It is a recorded visual representation of the electrical impulses in the heart that make it beat. Physicians use EKGs to diagnose potential illness within the heart. This depends on observing deviations from the normal EKG reading, which is used as a baseline for diagnosis.
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There are certain key foods that are more important to buy organically grown because some crops are more heavily treated than others. Every year the Environmental Working Group include produce with the highest pesticide loads into their “Dirty Dozen” list.
Each of the following foods tested positive for a number of different pesticide residues and showed higher concentrations of pesticides than other produce.
Strawberries can help prevent night sweats, lower blood cholesterol levels, help prevent heart disease and strokes, dissolve tartar deposits on teeth, protect against viruses and cancer, protect against DNA damage and skin disorders. But unfortunately, strawberries are at the top of the list of foods with pesticide residues. According to Environmental Working Group 300 pounds of pesticides are applied to each acre of conventional strawberries. U.S. Department of Agriculture tests found that they are the most likely to be contaminated even after they are thoroughly washed before eating.
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Babies born during water births are at risk of contracting Legionnaires' disease, a severe and potentially life-threatening form of pneumonia that infected two infants in Arizona last year.
Both infants survived after receiving antibiotics.
Infections among infants born in heated birthing pools are rare. So public health officials in Maricopa County were alarmed when they learned of two cases that had taken place just months apart. They identified "numerous gaps in infection prevention" during the water births, according to a report released Thursday by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention about the Arizona investigation.
In the United States, there...
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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Subfamilia: LAMIINAE / Tribus: PHYTOECIINI
[Photo © Lech Kruszelnicki]
Phytoecia (Pilemia) kruszelnickii, recently described by Wojciech Szczepański and Lech Karpiński [❖], is and endemic Greek Pilemia closely related to Phytoecia (Pilemia) hirsutula (Frölich, 1793) and Phytoecia (Pilemia) moreana Breuning 1943. This interesting species is distributed exclusively within the continental part of Greece (Thessaly region).
P. kruszelnickii differs from two related and the most similar species (P. hirsutula and P. moreana) by a considerably larger body size (ca. 1.5× longer). The body length of the examined species of P. moreana and P. hirsutula did not exceed 9 mm while the length of P. kruszelnickii ranged from 10 to 14 mm. Furthermore, P. kruszelnickii has a brighter pubescence compared to the other species. There is also a difference in the length of the antennae of P. moreana, which are noticeably longer in both sexes. The antennae of the males of P. hirsutula and P. kruszelnickii do not reach the end of the elytra, whereas in the males of P. moreana, the antennae usually reach its ends. Moreover, there are clear differences in the morphology of the lateral lobes [❖].
Body length: 10 - 14 mm Life cycle: 1 year Adults in: May - June Host plant: known from Phlomis samia Distribution: endemic to continental part of Greece (Thessaly region)
The depicted beetles were collected on the host plant (Phlomis samia) by our friend Lech Kruszelnicki ca. 2 km SE of Vlachava (Thessaly, Greece) on 06.06.2016.
Szczepański W.T., Karpiński L.:
A new species of the genus Phytoecia Dejean, 1835 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from Greece.
Zootaxa 17 4268 (1): 141–146, 2017. [download ]
Subfamilia: Lamiinae Latreille, 1825
Tribus: Phytoeciini Mulsant, 1839
Genus: Phytoecia Dejean, 1835
Subgenus: Pilemia Fairmaire, 1863
Species: Phytoecia (Pilemia) kruszelnickii Szczepański et Karpiński, 2017
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Stephen Dill Lee
1833 - 1908
Stephen Dill Lee, the youngest Lieutenant General of the Confederacy, was
born in Charleston, South Carolina, September 22, 1833. He was graduated from
West Point in 1854. Resigning his commission on February 20, 1861, he entered
Confederate service as captain and aide-de-camp to General Beauregard.
By profession an artillerist, he served in the artillery through all the
Virginia campaigns until Sharpsburg, and was meantime promoted through grades to
Colonel. On November 6, 1862, he was appointed Brigadier General and was
assigned to the command of General Pembertonís artillery at Vicksburg. He was
exchanged after the capitulation of the place in July 1863, and was promoted
Major General on August 3. He was then placed in command of the cavalry in the
Department of Mississippi, Alabama, West Tennessee, and East Louisiana.
Appointed to Lieutenant General, to rank from June 23, 1864, he assumed
command of Hoodís old corps of the Army of Tennessee, which he led during the
Tennessee campaign and in the closing days, until the surrender of General
Joseph F. Johnston in North Carolina.
After the war General Lee resided in Mississippi, where he was farmer, state
senator, and the first president of Mississippi State College. He was also a
leading figure in the United Confederate Veterans, whose organization he headed
as commander-in-chief from 1904 until his death at Vicksburg, May 28, 1908.
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Moms – through the years, we have grown increasingly concerned about the Earth, its sustainability, and how to properly care for Her. Now, more than ever, moms are focused on conscious living. We take extra care to consider how our actions will impact future generations. We work hard to use cleaning supplies that are good for the environment and for our children. We pack our children’s lunches in reusable and BPA-free containers. We are making a concerted effort to make the world a better place.
In April 2010, President Obama announced America’s Great Outdoor Initiative. The efforts of this project are focused on awareness and conservation of land and water. But, more than that – by creating a strong connection between Americans and the outdoors and through the expansion of parks and other green spaces, we can also increase our country’s efforts to preserve and conserve.
Young people today are extremely active in environmental efforts involving preservation and conservation. There are many – simple – things we can do to encourage this quality in our children.
National Get Outdoors Day is an annual event encouraging outdoor activity. There are many official site locations throughout the United States. If you are unable to locate a site in your area, it is easy to nominate one. Do something different and turn your children on to a new experience in the great outdoors. Visit a public land reserve you have never been to. Find a waterfall, a canyon, or a forest that is just a day’s drive away.
For most states, June is a great time of year to be outside. Barbeques, picnics, and walks in the woods are great ways to spend family time outside. During this month, you will find promotions for camping, National Trails Day encouraging hiking, and National Fishing and Boating Week. All of these activities are fun for the family and lead to an increased appreciation of the outdoors.
June also means summer vacation, and many of us take off in our cars for family getaways. Think about stopping at a National Park on your way to visit the extended family. Fee-Free Day in National Parks occurs in June, so make sure you plan accordingly.
The National Wildlife Federation has a Summer Activity Kit with all sorts of ideas for fun, outdoor entertainment. Their suggestions include camping in the backyard, bug bingo, or – one of my favorites - planting a garden. When children become involved in the planting, the tending, and the harvesting – they may also be more likely to become involved in the eating! A garden is a great way to get the family outdoors and to increase the feelings of gratitude for all that we have.
Volunteering at a local forest preserve, a community playground, or a nearby hiking trail will also strengthen the relationship your children have with mother Earth. Organizing a group to help clean up these areas send a strong message to your children. They will feel proud to have helped and will see, firsthand, how their efforts have an impact.
Start a new family tradition. Try an outdoor adventure you have never experienced before. Perhaps you’ll go on a whitewater-rafting trip, try out a canoe, or go camping for the first time. Maybe it’s fly fishing, going on a boat trip, or hiking a mountain that you’d like to try. Create opportunities to appreciate nature in a new way.
Even if you have a phobia of bugs, there are ways to instill a love of the outdoors in your children. Visit a farm, the zoo, or take your children to the playground. Rent an RV, see an IMAX nature-focused movie, or get books out at the library. Just make sure you spend some time outdoors while reading those books!
By encouraging and helping our children create a relationship with the outdoors, we are taking measures to ensure that the Earth will continued to be cared for.
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Hemingway both describes these characters in the relation with him as well as in the relation with other subjects. Regardless however of the perspective, the hurdles the characters overcome make them successful both in the mind of the reader and in terms of the artistic legacy they left behind.
Gertrude Stein can be seen as an example of a person that overcame adversities and became successful. This is particularly taking into account the preferences in her private life and her long-term female companion, Alice Toklas. Back in the day, such preference was not necessarily condemned but it was not overlooked either. However, in the case of Gertrude Stein, her qualities and determination made her one of the most appreciated women of the French society. Hemingway points this success in his writing, "When you have two people who love each other, are happy and gay and really good work is being done by one or both of them, people are drawn to them as surely as migrating birds are drawn at night to a powerful beacon. If the two people were as solidly constructed as the beacon there would be little damage except to the birds. Those who attract people by their happiness and their performance are usually inexperienced. They do not know how not to be overrun and how to go away. They do not always learn about the good, the attractive, the charming, the soon-beloved, the generous, the understanding rich who have no bad qualities and who give each day the quality of a festival and who, when they have passed and taken the nourishment they needed, leave everything deader than the roots of any grass Attila's horses' hooves have ever scoured." (Hemingway, 2009)
The description provided for Gertrude reflects a deep sense of respect for the woman and the artist that she was. According to Hemingway, she was not a person of no faults, yet she overcame them and became an important personality in the Paris social life. The conversations Hemingway had with her take a significant part of the memoirs and the tone with which these are presented hint to the deep respect he had for her. Towards the end of the memoirs, the loss of Gertrude for a friend saddens Hemingway, yet acknowledges the fact that a man cannot be a friend to a great woman. This consideration further increases the appreciation Hemingway has for Gertrude.
Another important character whose experience has been shown in the memoirs is that of Scott Fitzgerald and his personal misfortune and yet his eventual overcoming of those misfortunes. In this sense, in one passage, Hemingway describes the complex situation Scott Fitzgerald is facing with his wife. "He told me how he had first met her during the war and then lost her and won her back, and about their marriage and then about something tragic that had happened to them at St.-Raphael about a year ago. This first version that he told me of Zelda and a French naval aviator falling in love was truly a sad story and I believe it was a true story. Later he told me other versions of it as though trying them for use in a novel, but none was as sad as this first one and I always believed the first one, although any of them might have been true. They were better told each time; but they never hurt you the same way the first one did." Despite the hardships in his personal life, Fitzgerald managed to create an important artistic legacy and succumb the challenges faced especially given the fact that Zelda was always pressuring him and eventually tried to lure him in her mental instability.
In reference to Fitzgerald's behavior and reactions to his wife's actions, Hemingway sometimes reacted with a sense of admiration, as Fitzgerald, despite the disturbing relation with his wife whom he loved very much, was able to write some of the most interesting and high quality pieces of his work. He managed to use the misfortune in his private life to create and get inspired to apply what Hemingway saw as being a pure artistic talent. In this way, Fitzgerald overcame the difficulties and made a clear contribution to the artistic life.
Finally, perhaps the most important character of the memoirs that managed to overcome adversities and achieve success is Hemingway himself. Throughout his existence in Paris and the one that is in detail described in these memoirs, Hemingway was forced to face several hardships and shortcomings. Yet he did manage to overcome them and use these challenges to his advantage. One such challenge was the horse racing and the gambling. At one point he notes that "it was necessary to give up going racing in the time of our real poverty...when you are...a natural heavyweight, missing a meal completely makes you very hungry. But it also sharpens all you perceptions" (Hemingway, p82) in his other notes, he does reference gambling and horse racing as something in common with writers such as Dostoyevsky and his associated madness. However, horse racing was an aspect that challenged him and allowed him to extract even more experiences in terms of internal feelings. At the same time though, the fact that he lost money also represented for him an inner feeling that was exploitable and therefore a source of further inspiration for him. This is not to say that it was an easy period for him, but rather that he managed to overcome this time by taking yet another positive aspect from that experience and using it for his artistic advantage.
Overall, "The moveable feast" is one of Hemingway's most entertaining and at the same time full of meaning creations of his late years. The complexity of the writing and the portraits of the characters are essential for providing an overall image of the world in the 1920s. Furthermore, the focus on Paris to such a great detail allowed the city to be an actual character in Hemingway's creation. The perspectives proposed by Hemingway together with the themes and subjects link the existence of the author and his depicted friends to the American dream and to the way in which adversities can be overcome in order to achieve success.
Hemingway, Ernest. A Moveable Feast. New York: Scribner, 2003.
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When you get emails from friends, family, or trusted services like your bank or social sites, you find that many include links back to their sites. What you may not know is that some nefarious hackers use email (a technique called phishing) that only appear to be valid emails to install viruses, steal your information, or send itself out to all your contacts.
Phishing is the attempt to acquire sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details (and sometimes, indirectly, money) by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication
As a general rule, go directly to the web site and check through your account, rather than click on anything in emails. Unless you’re savvy about links and how to check where they’re sending you to, it’s a good idea to simply avoid links in emails.
Dot To Tech explains in this video-
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Real estate agents selling residential homes need to know that not all water wells are created equal. Depending on the age of the home’s well, the type of well and the geology surrounding the property, water quality can vary greatly from one home to another. There are no state regulations requiring water quality tests of private wells, but if the potential buyer – and the buyer’s agent – are savvy, they are going to ask about the quality of the well water.
Common water quality problems
New Hampshire is lucky to have an abundant supply of clean water in the bedrock from which homes can draw. The majority of wells in New Hampshire and about 90 percent in Southern New Hampshire are bedrock wells.Bedrock wells are drilled into rock formations deep underground, tapping the cracks in the rock that carry water. When water flows through rock, it has a purifying effect, but it also means the water picks up minerals that can affect taste and cause building up on home plumbing and appliances.
Hard water problems
Hard water is caused by dissolved minerals in the water, such as calcium or magnesium. It is one of the most common water quality problems for homes with bedrock wells. When these dissolved minerals pass through a home’s plumbing system, they leave deposits on pipes, appliances, and dishes. Hard water also reduces the sudsing and cleaning ability of soaps and creates a residue on bathtubs and clothes. It does not pose a health risk, but it can affect taste and will damage appliances and water fixtures over time.
Arsenic in well water
There is about a one in five chance a bedrock well in New Hampshire contains at least a small amount of naturally occurring arsenic. The EPA has set a goal of zero arsenic in U.S. drinking water because of the negative health effects from long-term exposure. Drinking water with arsenic over a long period can lead to some different cancers and other chronic ailments, such as cardiovascular or neurological disorders.
Radon water contamination
Real estate agents in New England are familiar with the risks of radon, as it is often something a home inspector will test for during the sale of a home. Radon can enter a home through cracks in the foundation, but it can also enter the home through the water system. It is found in almost all well water in New Hampshire and is released as a gas while the water is running, like during showers and washing dishes. Radon gas can accumulate in the home and increase the risk of disease, particularly lung cancer, but it also poses a health risk when consumed in water.
Iron and manganese
These are two minerals commonly found in private well water which can stain laundry, clogs plumbing and leave an oily sheen on the surface of your water. Up until recently, these minerals were more of a nuisance than a health risk, but new research shows that high exposure to the mineral may lead to cognitive problems.
Bacteria in well water
Agents may find there are older or rural homes that are serviced with a shallow well, also known as a dug well. While these wells are less likely to have the same water quality issues as bedrock wells, like hard water or radon, they are susceptible to other contaminants, including bacteria. Poor well construction, problems with the surrounding soil and recent repairs to the well can all cause bacteria contamination. Multiple tests over an extended period must be done to properly determine the cause of bacteria in a well, and if it is a chronic problem.
The only way to ascertain the quality of a home water supply is to have it tested. Skillings & Sons has some water testing packages that agents, home sellers, and home buyers can use to learn if there are any contaminants in the water supply. Our testing packages are analyzed by only state-certified labs, and when the results come in, we will take the time to help you make sense of the results.
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Remember that colossal landfill on Staten Island that held millions of tons of New York’s garbage? That once stinking, seagull infested dump, aka the Freshkills landfill which gave Staten Island an unfortunate identity for over half a century, is now on its way to becoming the largest park developed in New York City in over 100 years. Spanning over 2,200 acres, Freshkills Park will be three times the size of Central Park upon completion! Untapped Cities had the opportunity of joining AIANY aboard the classic harbor line yacht ‘Manhattan’ for one of their Archtober tours, meandering through the narrow creeks (or Kills as they call it in Dutch) within this already picturesque landscape.
The (almost) four hour tour, hosted by Arthur Platt of AIANY and Carrie Grassi of the Office for Recovery and Resiliency, transported us from the dense urban forest of lower Manhattan into the soft riparian edge of Staten Island and back. Beginning at Chelsea Piers, our yacht swooped past the old and new towers of lower Manhattan, the Statue of Liberty and Governors island, before making its way into the heart of Freshkills Park via Arthur Kill and Kill Van Kull.
The route of our boat ride aboard the stylish yacht Manhattan.
Throughout the expedition, our hosts guided us along a fascinating path of history, heartache and success of the former landfill, as we followed the same route taken by barges that once carried 29,000 tons of refuse daily. The creation of Freshkills landfill is a true testament to the common belief prevailing through the mid- 20th century that wetland areas fostered pestilence, disease, and criminal behavior; and a common remedy for improving this (otherwise ecologically rich and beneficial) land was to fill and bury it in refuse!
So it’s no surprise, that in 1948, Robert Moses chose this vast landscape to temporarily absorb NYC’s garbage. Moses’ vision to “reclaim” the land, involved covering it with garbage for three years to establish a solid raised grade in order to eventually construct coastal parks and residential areas. Alas, three years turned into fifty-three years and Freshkills soon became the largest landfill in the world. With undulating hills of trash rising 200 feet high, devoid of coastal parks and residential areas, Freshkills was instead surrounded by angry and resentful Staten Islanders whose backyard had literally become the city’s dumping ground.
Robins Reef Lighthouse originally built in 1839. The present tower was built in 1883.
Cruising through the Upper Bay, our eyes wandered around an array of neighborhoods along Brooklyn’s waterfront, port of Bayonne and the northern shores of Staten Island which will soon be boasting of the world’s tallest observation wheel. In the distance, the Verrezano Narrows Bridge formed an elegant gateway for all vessels into New York Harbor.
The coastal edges along the 3-mile stretch of Kill Van Kull are dominated by the active industrial infrastructure in Bayonne and their decaying precursors, across the channel, along Staten Island’s Richmond Terrace. Although these once thriving industries are long gone, the historic Caddell dry docks still provides service to marine vessels, including South Street Seaport’s three historic ships; Peking, Wavertree and the lightship Ambrose.
Caddel Dry Docks established in 1903 in Staten Island, still operates six floating dry docks along Kill Van Kull.
The Singer Sewing Machine Factory built in 1872 was Elizabeth (NJ’s) largest industry before closing in 1982.
Port Ivory located on the North-West shore of Staten Island.
Bringing us back to the history of Freshkills, Grassi explained that following its closure as a landfill in 2001 (with 30 more years of landfill capacity remaining), the city embarked upon an international design competition to imagine ways in which this valuable land could be used. The winning proposal from James Corner Field Operations outlined a strategy spanning three decades, to transform the former landfill into New York’s newest park. Through the rare pairing of natural and engineered landscapes, including creeks, wetlands and expansive meadows, Freshkills Park will not only offer an array of recreational opportunities, but also provide educational programming, diverse habitats for wildlife and ecological restoration.
As the enchanted crowd was absorbing the flurry of information, we passed by a barge carrying what could have been mistaken for garbage of all things! Turns out, it was filled with bundles of paper and boxes that New Yorker’s diligently recycle every day–on its way to be transformed into pizza boxes at the Pratt recycling plant located right at the tip of Freshkills Park.
Since 2006, NYC Parks and the Sanitation department have assumed responsibility for implementing the project using James Corner’s master plan as a conceptual guide. The site is being developed from the outside in so that the communities living at its edges, will be able to enjoy the benefits of the new park sooner. An important aspect which sets James Corner’s design apart from others, is his incorporation of various sustainable features, including geothermal heating and cooling, wind farms and the city’s largest solar panel installation. All of which will be nestled among the four enormous mounds, now almost entirely capped with a 5 ft thick engineered system comprised of different sub-layers.
Each of the four mounds made of 135 to 200 feet of trash will serve different functions. The South mound will accommodate recreational activities including horseback riding and mountain bike trails and the North mound will primarily be pastoral land. Educational components will be located on the East mound, while the West mound, which temporarily reopened to accept debris after the tragic events of 9/11, will have a monument in honor of the recovery effort.
The draft master plan shows Frshkills park comprised of five sub-parks. Courtesy: NYC Parks and Recreation and James Corner Field Operations.
While slinking through the confluence, Grassi explained how Freshkills Park has already evolved to serve the adjacent communities through an advanced landfill gas collection system. The Department of Sanitation has been harvesting methane from the decomposing waste buried under the mounds–enough to heat approximately 22,000 homes. Thanks to this sustainable initiative, the city generates approximately $12 million in annual revenue by selling this gas to National Grid.
While the park is an incredibly captivating destination, the journey is equally intriguing, sprinkled with a plethora of moments that depict different eras in the history of the island. From the rustic industrial infrastructure to scenic wildlife habitat on the isle of meadows, the AIA boat tour took us on a 4 hour experience through Staten Island’s natural and built history. Freshkills Park is the story of renewal and New York’s effort to restore balance and beauty back to nature.
The garbage however, still continues to flow, with its final destination now spread across four different states.
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Choosing the Right Fertilizers
When applied at the right time and in the right amounts, fertilizer can be the secret ingredient to a healthy, green lawn. However, fertilizer is not a miracle cure, and it cannot create a beautiful lawn on its own. When used along with aerators, herbicides and soil amendments, fertilizer can have a profound effect. Unfortunately, it's easy to damage your lawn by using too much fertilizer or applying it at the wrong time. You should know always know when to fertilize. Lawn that grows on infertile soil is sparse, yellowish and prone to invasion by weeds and pests. If clover is taking over your lawn, it's time to investigate the benefits of fertilizer.
Types of Lawn Fertilizer
Most grass fertilizers are either quick-release or slow-release. Slow-release products are preferred by experts and homeowners because they don't need to be applied as frequently and are less likely to cause fertilizer burn. These products typically contain nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The most common nutrient ratios for lawn fertilizer are 4-1-2 and 4-1-3. The majority of lawn fertilizers contain between 20 and 40 percent nitrogen. Homeowners can select the appropriate fertilizer by completing a soil test every four years to detect deficiencies. In general, nitrogen is the most important element and is delivered in the highest concentration. Phosphorus stimulates root growth, and potassium makes other nutrients more available.
Applying fertilizer too early in the season is a common mistake. At first, the lawn will be lush and green. However, when the warm weather comes, the grass won't have the energy to cope with the heat. Warm season turf grasses, such as Bermuda and St. Augustine, benefit from fairly early fertilizer applications between April and July. Cool season grasses, including bluegrass, ryegrass and fescue, benefit from later applications of fertilizer starting around June and continuing through August. Most slow-release products can be applied at the recommended rate every eight to 10 weeks or up to four times per year.
With fertilizer, less is more. Over-fertilizing causes discoloration, leads to pest infestations and promotes disease. That's why it's important to follow the application recommendations. High-maintenance lawns where clippings are removed should receive an application of roughly 1 pound of pure nitrogen per 1,000 square feet. Heavily shaded yards and lawns where grass clippings are not collected need about half as much fertilizer.
For best results, apply fertilizer after all weeds are under control, and avoid products that also contain herbicides. Investing in the expertise of a lawn companies won?t hurt either. Always water your lawn thoroughly the day before applying fertilizer, and follow spreader setting guidelines noted on the packaging. Your lawn will look better and be healthier if you apply appropriate amounts of fertilizer and follow a fertilization schedule designed for the type of grass that you have.
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Painful injections could be a thing of the past thanks to tiny new micro-needles which penetrate the skin without touching pain receptors.
The new needles, developed by scientists at the Welsh School of Pharmacy in Cardiff, were unveiled at the British Pharmaceutical Conference this week.
The painless injection works by using a grid of 400 tiny needles barely visible to the naked eye, made by the Tyndall Institute in Ireland, to puncture the skin.
Lead researcher, Dr James Birchall, said that the vaccines have more advantages than just being painless.
He told the BBC: "They are likely to be cheaper and easier to make. The micro-needle system might also be developed as a patch for self-application, avoiding the need for a clinician.
"There is also reduced risk of transmission of blood-borne pathogens by inappropriate re-use of needles. These are all particular advantages for the developing world."
The needles were initially developed to deliver a DNA vaccination directly to skin cells.
Researchers at the University of Bath have also been looking at alternative ways to deliver medicine, including special patches which pump medicine across the skin by using electrical currents.
Fear of needles is called belonephobia, whereby people have an uncontrollable fear of needles and other sharp objects.
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Health Indicator Report of Melanoma of the Skin Incidence
According to the American Cancer Society, melanoma is much less common than other skin cancers such as basal cell and squamous cell, but it is far more dangerous. Risk factors that can be controlled are exposure to sunlight and UV radiation during work and play. A history of sunburns early in life increases one's risk for melanoma. Risk for melanoma also increases with the severity of the sunburn or blisters. Lifetime sun exposure, even if sunburn does not occur, is another risk factor for melanoma. Another modifiable risk factor is location. People who live of certain areas in the U.S. experience higher rates of melanoma. These are areas with a high elevation, warmer climate, and where sunlight can be reflected by sand, water, snow, and ice. Risk for melanoma is greatly increased by tanning, both outside with oils and by using sunlamps and tanning booths. Even people who tan well without burning are at risk for melanoma. Tan skin is evidence of skin damaged by UV radiation. Health care providers strongly encourage people, especially young people, to avoid tanning beds, booths, and sunlamps. The risk of melanoma is greatly increased by using these artificial sources of UV radiation before age 30.
Melanoma of the Skin Incidence by Local Health District, Utah, 2012-2014
NotesICD-O3 Site C440-C449 and Histology 8720-8790: Melanoma of the Skin, which corresponds to ICD-10 code C43. [[br]] Rates are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. population. [[br]] *Use caution in interpreting, the estimate has a relative standard error greater than 30% and does not meet UDOH standards for reliability. For more information, please go to [http://ibis.health.utah.gov/pdf/resource/DataSuppression.pdf].[[br]] Prior to 2015 San Juan County was part of the Southeast Local Health District. In 2015 the San Juan County Local Health District was formed. Data reported are for all years using the current boundaries.
- The cancer data was provided by the Utah Cancer Registry, which is funded by contract HHSN2612013000171 from the National Cancer Institute's SEER Program with additional support from the Utah Department of Health and the University of Utah
- Population Estimates: National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) through a collaborative agreement with the U.S. Census Bureau, IBIS Version 2015
DefinitionThe rate of melanoma incidence in Utah per 100,000 population (ICD-O3 Site C440-C449 and Histology 8720-8790: Melanoma of the Skin, which corresponds to ICD-10 code C43).
NumeratorThe number of melanoma incidents among Utahns for a specific time period (ICD-O3 Site C440-C449 and Histology 8720-8790: Melanoma of the Skin, which corresponds to ICD-10 code C43).
DenominatorThe total population of Utah for a specific time period.
How Are We Doing?Utah's age-adjusted rate for melanoma incidence has been rising steadily from 20.5 per 100,000 population in 2000 to 42.4 per 100,000 population in 2014. Among local health districts, during 2012-2014 the highest age-adjusted melanoma of the skin incidence rate was in Summit County an age-adjusted rate of 76.8 per 100,000 population. Summit County health district was also the only health district to be significantly above the state rate during this time frame. From 2012-2014 Southeast health district had the lowest age-adjusted melanoma incidence rate of 21.6 per 100,000 population. Utah males were significantly more likely than Utah females to be diagnosed with melanoma of the skin. This difference between males and females increases with age; from 2012-2014 among those 65 years of age and over, the melanoma incidence rate for Utah males was 217.1 per 100,000 persons while the rate for females was 80.8 per 100,000 persons.
How Do We Compare With the U.S.?Utah has consistently ranked as the highest state nationally in terms of melanoma death and incidence. In 2013, the age-adjusted melanoma incidence rate in Utah was 37.4 per 100,000 and 20.7 in the U.S.
What Is Being Done?The Utah Department of Health initiated the Utah Cancer Action Network (UCAN), a statewide partnership whose goal is to reduce the burden of cancer. The mission of the UCAN is to lower cancer incidence and mortality in Utah through collaborative efforts directed toward cancer prevention and control. As a result of this planning process, objectives and strategies have been developed by community partners regarding the early detection of cervical, breast, and colorectal cancers as well as the promotion of physical activity, healthy eating habits, melanoma cancer prevention, and cancer survivorship advocacy.
Page Content Updated On 06/06/2017, Published on 06/06/2017
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Novelty is an important parameter to assess the patentability of any invention. Novelty is assessed on the basis that the subject of the invention is not anticipated. Here Novelty actually means “new compared to prior art”;
For an invention to be patentable, it must be different from all published articles, known techniques, and marketed products. The invention must not already have been made available to the public, when the filing of the application for a patent takes place.
Here an invention literally means “finding out something which has not been found by others”. A patent represents a quid pro quo (a favour or advantage granted in return for something). As a result the patentee gets monopoly over his invention.
Talking about the patent law, here anticipation talks about the prior invention or disclosure of the claimed invention by another, or the inventor’s own disclosure of the claimed invention sale, publication, or offer to sell prior to the inventor’s application for a patent. In simple words, if someone else knows about or used the invention before the patent applicant applies for a patent, then that patent applicant will not be eligible for patent.
The subject matter of a patent application can fall in the public domain and make it anticipated via either prior publication in patent or any kind of non-patent literature, or by display in public, use, or commercial sale. Grace period may be available in certain countries within which if a patent application is filed then it is not considered as anticipation.
Anticipation is considered as a parameter for rejecting or invalidating a patent since it signifies that the invention that is claimed lacks novelty.
In Lewmar Marine Inc. v. Barient Inc. (3 U.S.P.Q. 2d 1966(Fed. Cir. 1987)),‘that which would literally infringe if later in time anticipate if earlier than the date of invention’. Similarity will negate novelty and constitute anticipation.
For the anticipation to happen the prior publication has to cover almost every element of the claim in context. One cannot and should not look to one aspect in one publication and the rest amongst other publications.
So, also to be anticipation, a prior patent must include all the teachings necessary to accomplish what the allegedly invalid patent succeeds in doing. A disclosure could not make an invention available unless the invention could be made using the disclosure and also it would be the result of the disclosure.
The constitution of anticipation is different for different countries. It generally depends upon either the availability or absence of a grace period. There are some countries with 12 months grace period or 6 months grace period. A one year grace period provision is available for the US, for disclosures by someone who obtained the disclosed subject matter directly or indirectly from the inventor or a joint inventor, and follows the principle of relative novelty. Whereas Europe has stricter requirements for determining anticipation. In Europe, there is no grace period except for a six-month period in instances of abusive obtaining or public display in official international exhibition.
The Indian patent law takes middle way and provides for grace periods in some conditions to evaluate anticipation. The Indian Patents Act mentions what are not anticipations in Sections 29 to 34, rather than defining anticipation. Exceptions are mentioned in the Indian Patent Act under which the patent application can be filed despite public disclosure, and such public disclosure will not be considered to have been anticipated. These are:
1. Anticipation by previous publication (Sec 29): If the invention has been published prior to filing of the patent application, if the applicant or the patentee proves that the matter published was obtained from him or any person from whom he derives title without his consent or the consent of any such person, then a complete specification filed shall not be deemed to have been anticipated.
2. Anticipation by previous communication to the government (Sec 30): If the invention has been communicated to the government or any person authorised by the government for the purpose of investigation of the invention, then a complete specification filed shall not be deemed to have been anticipated.
3. Anticipation by public display (Sec 31):If the invention has been displayed in an exhibition to which the provisions of the instant section has been extended by the Central Government; or the invention is described in a publication in consequence of display of the invention in such an exhibition; or the invention has been used by any person without the consent of the true and first inventor or a person deriving title from him after it has been displayed in such an exhibition; or disclosing the invention before a learned society or publishing the invention in the transaction of such society; provided the application is filed within 12 months from aforementioned public display, then a complete specification filed shall not be deemed to have been anticipated.
4. Anticipation by public working (sec 32): If the invention has been filed within 12 months after the invention has been publicly worked for the purpose of reasonable trial considering the nature of the invention, then a complete specification filed shall not be deemed to have been anticipated.
5. Anticipation by use and publication after provisional specification (sec 33): If the invention has been used and published after filing a provisional application, then a complete specification filed shall not be deemed to have been anticipated.
To conclude, one should file a patent application ideally prior to publicly disclosing the invention. However, in light of the provisions discussed above one can still contemplate patent application filing.
For a patent application filed under the Paris convention, public use or publication of an invention either in India or elsewhere after filing of the application in convention country will not amount to anticipation.
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Diagram of 61 Bell inequality violation values. Credit: Carvacho et al. Nature Communications(Phys.org)—For the first time, physicists have experimentally demonstrated the violation of ”bilocal causality”—a concept that is related to the more standard local causality, except that it accounts for the precise way in which physical systems are initially generated. The results show that it’s possible to violate local causality in an entirely new and more general way, which could lead to a potential new resource for quantum technologies. The physicists, Gonzalo Carvacho et al., from institutions in Italy, Brazil, and Germany, have published a paper on the demonstration of the violation of bilocal causality in a recent issue of Nature Communications.
In general, the idea of local causality is usually taken for granted: objects can influence other objects only when they are physically close together, and any correlations between distant objects must have originated in the past when they were closer together. But in the quantum world, distant particles can be correlated in ways that are impossible for classical objects, unless these distant particles can somehow influence each other.
To determine whether local causality has been violated, physicists perform Bell tests, which attempt to violate Bell inequalities. If a Bell inequality is violated, then either locality or realism (or simply ”local realism”) has also been violated.
There are dozens of different versions of Bell inequalities, but currently they all make the same assumption: that the correlations between particles all originate from a single common source. In real experiments, however, particles and their correlations can come from many different sources.
To address this issue, the new paper considers a new type of Bell inequality that accounts for the fact that the two sources of states used in the experiment are independent, the so-called bilocality assumption. By violating this new type of Bell inequality, the researchers have for the first time violated bilocal causality, indicating the presence of non-bilocal correlations that are completely different than other types of quantum correlations.
The researchers also showed that, in certain situations, it’s possible to violate bilocal causality but not any other type of local causality. This finding further suggests that this type of violation is truly different than any standard local causality violation.
”Our work is an experimental proof-of-principle for network generalizations of Bell’s theorem,” coauthor Fabio Sciarrino at the Sapienza University of Rome told Phys.org. ”We experimentally demonstrated how bilocality can be considered a powerful resource enlarging our current capabilities to process information in a non-classical way.”
Overall, the results contribute to the perspective that the standard Bell inequalities are just one particular type of more general phenomena. Further exploring this idea could guide the design of future experiments that may reveal greater insight into the violations of local causality and how they might be used in applications. The new non-bilocal correlations, for instance, could be used as a resource for establishing highly secure quantum communication channels in complex quantum networks.
In the future, the researchers plan to extend the experimental demonstration to larger quantum networks. They also noted that the current experiment is subject to loopholes, just like any other Bell test, other than the recent loophole-free Bell tests. The physicists hope that one day a loophole-free test may also be developed for bilocal causality violation.
”A natural next step is to experimentally realize larger quantum networks by adding more nodes and more entangled sources,” Sciarrino said. ”Our current research plans address the study of the bilocality in quantum networks under strict conditions of reference frames between the different parties in order to highlight another characteristic of this new resource.”
Explore further:Bell correlations measured in half a million atoms
More information: Gonzalo Carvacho et al. ”Experimental violation of local causality in a quantum network.” Nature Communications. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14775
Journal reference:Nature Communications
© 2017 Phys.org
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Many ISDs/districts in the state are working to prepare for taking the M-STEP online this spring. Whether this spring (or later for those who chose the waiver), everyone agrees that moving to taking assessments online takes planning! Thanks to TRIG funding for the past few years, much has been occurring in districts to get ready.
A new resource meant to help raise educator and student awareness of M-STEP has been created through TRIG funding and the Greater Michigan Educational Consortium (GMEC). This resource is a self-paced ‘course’ for students and educators. Created by a group of educators, the vision for this project is that students will demonstrate the ability to successfully navigate technology enhanced online assessments and teachers/administrators will value the importance of professional development in how to incorporate online learning/assessments in their instruction so that students are prepared to take high stake online assessments.
The educator course is designed to be a resource that principals/leaders would have staff complete as part of a setting the stage activity for M-STEP and online assessment planning. Designed to be completed in 45 minutes, the educator will have access to overall information on online assessments, including completing sample online assessments. The ‘Next Steps’ section is designed to set the stage for planning and includes questions that educators should be thinking about as well as a planning template that can be used/customized for ISD/district use during the planning process. The student section is designed to be completed in 45 minutes and can be used as a classroom activity as it includes having the student complete sample online assessments. We encourage ISDs/districts to incorporate this resource in their planning/workshops.
The Online Assessment Awareness course was collaboratively created by:
- Danielle Letter, Genesee ISD
- Ron Madison, Genesee ISD
- Mike Oswalt, Calhoun ISD
- Andrew Steinman, Kent ISD
- Cassie Thelen, Alma Public Schools
- Tina Tribu, Kalamazoo RESA
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philosophy; mind; cognitive; science; neuroscience; epistemology
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License.
The Mind in Motion
Faculty Sponsor: Galen Johnson, Philosophy
The origin of most scientific disciplines can be traced back to a few philosophical insights posed by a few curious thinkers throughout time, and cognitive science is no exception.While intrigue has nearly always surrounded the human mind and its relation to the brain, validation of this relationship has not been so easy to come by, and there are still areas of contention during this time of advancement in neurological sciences and related technologies.
This topic is very broad (to say the least) so I decided to confine this paper to some of the philosophers whose work I enjoyed reading most during my time at URI. In this sense, it will be somewhat of a “Greatest Hits” of my undergraduate career which, while certainly appealing to my nostalgic sensibilities, will also parlay nicely into medical school where I hope to become a neurologist. Some of the philosophers included in this project are Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, William James, John Dewey, David Hume, John Locke, Martin Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, Renee Descartes and Plato (American Transcendentalists, Pragmatists, British Empiricists, Phenomenologists, and Rationalists).
Overall, there are four topics of discussion, and they pertain to Experience, Emotion, Memory, and Imagination. These will conclude with a fifth section written in the spirit of Pragmatism, which aims to sum up the overall value or takeaway from everything that was previously said. Ultimately, the goal is to create an interesting, yet palatable, discussion about the way our minds and brains work, and how knowing these things about ourselves can work to our benefit.
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Presentation on theme: "Conflict in the Middle East Key Middle Eastern States."— Presentation transcript:
Conflict in the Middle East Key Middle Eastern States
Islamic Fundamentalism In the 1970’s Muslims began to oppose westernization. They wanted to return to the Islamic ways to solve the problems of their countries.
Libya Muammar al-Qaddafi takes control in 1969. Bases his government on Islamic principals. Supports revolutionary and terrorist activities around the world.
Algeria 1992 the Algerian Islamic does well in elections. Fear of the country becoming Islamic causes the military to take power and restrict Islamic activities.
Turkey Turkey has based it’s government on western models. In the 1990’s Islamic parties have made gains in Turkey. There is a strong push to return to the Islamic traditions.
Egypt Egypt & the Suez Canal - the canal is a strategic waterway linking western Europe to the east including access to the rich oil fields of the Middle East The British and French essentially controlled the waterway until the 1956 Suez Crisis and the second Arab-Israeli war
Egypt Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser ordered troops to seize the canal and Israeli troops with European military support quickly took back the strategic waterway Under rising Cold War political pressure from the US and the USSR, Israeli troops pulled out ending the Suez Crisis and leaves Egypt in control of the canal
Egypt’s Independence After Egypt became independent after WWII Gamal Abdel Nasser became president. Nasser installed a socialist government –Nationalized banks –Land reforms by giving peasants farms –Businesses came under government control. Egypt obtained help from the Soviet Union
Egypt’s Independence Anwar Sadat was Nasser’s successor. –Sadat ended hostilities with Israel. (Camp David Accords) –Encouraged foreign investments in Egypt –Opened up a market economy. –Sadat was assassinated in 1981. Hosni Mubarak the current President faces the problems of a growing population and criticism from the Islamic community for not following stricter Islamic traditions.
Iran In the 1950's, the Shah of Iran (king) Reza Pahlavi had launched a series of westernizing, modernizing and secularizing reforms for Iran with support from the United States In 1979, he fled and went into exile and replaced by the Islamic fundamentalist leader, Ayatollah Khomeini
Iran Khomeini led history's first modern Islamic revolution essentially turning Iran from a modernizing secular nation back into a Islamic state based on strict Islamic law and tradition Some of the impacts were. –Banning all western books, movies and music –Strict adherence to the Muslim religion –Rights taken away from women –Encouraged other Muslim countries to overthrow their governments.
Iran The Ayatollah Khomeini led an anti-west, anti-American campaign that led to the capture of the American Embassy in Tehran taking 60 hostages and held them for 444 days before being released. Iran's continues to have conflict with secular neighbor Iraq over border disputes (Iraq) and religious differences. After Khomeini’s death in 1989 moderate leaders took control of Iran.
Iraq Saddam Hussein former leader. Under Hussein Iraq has been involved in several Middle Eastern conflicts.
Iraq Iran-Iraq War –In 1980 Hussein took control of the disputed boarder of Iran and Iraq. –Both sides went to war from 1980 to 1988. –Both sides began to attack oil shipments and the U.S. sent the navy to the Persian Gulf to protect shipping. –Millions died on both sides with little accomplishment from the war.
Iraq Persian Gulf War –In 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait and seized the oil fields. –The U.S. states saw Iraq as a threat to other Middle Eastern countries (Saudi Arabia) but also oil production.
Iraq The U.S. response –Formed a trade embargo against Iraq. –Peacekeeping troops were sent to Saudi Arabia. –Iraq was told to get out of Kuwait
Iraq Iraq refused to leave Kuwait In 1991 The Persian Gulf War began and the U.S. and their allies quickly won.
Iraq After the war Hussein was seen as a dangerous dictator. To end the embargos Iraq was told to destroy all nuclear,biological and chemical weapons. Iraq did not comply with all the request and threw inspection teams out of the country. Iraq was also linked to supporting terrorist groups. In 2003 Hussein was overthrown.
Lebanon Lebanon after WWII became a thriving commercial center. Christians and Muslims lived together. In 1967 Palestinians displaced from Israel moved into Lebanon and became a home base for the PLO. In 1975 Christians and the Muslims began a civil war.
Lebanon Both Syria and Israel became involved in the war. The UN also became involved but withdrew in 1984. By 1990 fighting lessened and 1992 a truce was signed. Syria and Israel still become involved in outburst of violence in Lebanon.
Lebanon In 1983 part of the UN peacekeeping force were the U.S. Marines. 241 Marines were killed in a building when a suicide bomber with a car bomb blew up the building.
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