text
stringlengths 174
640k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 17
values | url
stringlengths 14
1.94k
| file_path
stringlengths 125
142
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 43
156k
| score
float64 2.52
5.34
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
To convert fraction to decimal.
Ex: 1/2 means 1 divided by 2 equals 0.5
To convert decimal to percent.
Move the decimal point two places to the right or multiply it by 100.
Ex: .32 becomes 32%, 0.07 becomes 7%.
To convert decimal to fraction.
Move the decimal point two places to the right. This will now be you numerator which will you divide over the denominator.
Ex: 0.75 becomes 75/100 or 75% take you fraction down to the lowest term 3/4.
|
<urn:uuid:642d7e20-dde1-46f1-8952-d5d74bb62491>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://spmath70911.blogspot.com/2012/06/converting-fraction-decimal-and_12.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319943.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623012730-20170623032730-00330.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.828913
| 117
| 3.5625
| 4
|
The 2014 National Curriculum demands in Yr5 and 6 that children learn to summarise. I have for sometime wondered about the need for this but understand that it is a skill often used in academia amongst other places. I have always thought of it more in terms of reading, used to demonstrate understanding of the key ideas or concepts.
As we have been demonstrating and talking about Reciprocal Reading much more recently, I have investigated summarising in more detail in order that we can develop more activities based around it. Much to my delight, it has also meant buying many more children’s books as there is a rich seam of summaries of classics, in particular, out there. The steps to summarising are:
- read and understand the text
- identify the main points and key ideas
- create your own sentence/sentences to express the information in their own words
Three steps which look quite small but require a lot of readers.
This is actually the crux of the matter in reading. The skills or strategies that we can use to help us understand the text are clarifying and questioning. Clarifying identifies the parts of the text that are ‘reluctant to yield their meaning’ (Doug Lemov in Reconsidering Reading). Children use the clues in the text along with re-reading, reading on and going back and re-reading slowly to problem-solve and debug the issue. Questioning where the children generate their own questions helps to identify key bits of information that could be included in a summary.
This can be really challenging for children but there are some things that we can teach them. Firstly, delete trivial information or redundant information or that which is not necessary by actually crossing it out. This will leave what is deemed important.
Teach children how to use superordinates and/or paraphrasing. Superordinates can be used for lists, e.g dogs, cats and goldfish can be referred to as pets. Paraphrasing refers to the skill of taking some words and using synonyms or other words to refer to key ideas or events. Children can do this by circling words and phrases in the text and then labelling them with a synonyms or putting the ideas into their own words (fewer).
A topic sentence can be identified to support a summary. Not all paragraphs have one so where one is not available, creation of one is a key strategy. This is taught in writing in Yr3 and 4. It is almost impossible to create them in writing if they have not been studied in reading. They are often more visible in non-fiction and so this might be the first place to find them when teaching and then move into narrative.
Now pull together all the words/phrases/ideas and put them into your own words. Another form of paraphrasing.
These summaries can the be presented in a variety of ways. I have found the following books really useful as models of summaries.
Classics Unfolded are a fantastic model of summarising. They are based on much longer novels and you wouldn’t start with these but they include a paraphrased couple of sentences for each significant event. Each page has a quote to back up the paraphrasing and an image that an illustrator has created around the text. For children the classics are The Secret Garden and Alice in Wonderland. Children could however, create one of these for any novel you read in guided or independent sessions.
This book is a follow-up to the very successful Short by Kevin Crossley-Holland. The story in this book that I am most interested in is ‘In Your Dreams’. In this story, most words have been deleted apart from the nouns. Try this on another text to see if it really does yield the main points or key ideas.
These books both work in the same way with just individual words to sum up parts of the story. These are from Cozy Classics including the Star Wars series from the same company. They are 12 worded, felt classics! Which do you think the following story is?
But perhaps the best and the most random is the babylit counting books.
These just make me laugh! Who could resist Les Mis for toddlers?
Have you taught summarising? How did you do it?
|
<urn:uuid:1bdc16b4-59f1-4186-95c4-8bec9602f580>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://literacyresourcesandideas.edublogs.org/tag/reciprocal-reading/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320174.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623202724-20170623222724-00411.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964716
| 891
| 3.703125
| 4
|
Forget diets it's evolution that makes women thinner
By Emma Lowe
Cavegirls we curvier than the skinny women of today, but it's not down to diet, it's simply down to evolution say experts
Modern day women have slim hips and narrower waists thanks to evolution - not calorie couting.
Scientists made the discovery by comparing fossils from centuries-old remains to the bodies of women today.
Researchers found that more than 200,000 years ago women’s hips would have been several inches wider than the 21st Century woman - likening their not so feminine frames to today’s broad-shouldered men.
Unearthed fossils show how pre-evolution women were saddled with hefty, manly bodies to enable them to give birth to big babies.
However, speaking at Britain’s leading scientific organisation the Royal Society this week, experts highlighted how, during the course of evolution, the pelvis adapted to allow the rotation of the unborn child.
This allows women to have smaller frames while still carrying babies with large heads.
Dr Laura Gruss, of Radford University in Virginia, said the pelvic transformations of early Homo sapiens - modern humans-more than 100,000 years ago, have made today’s women slimmer.
She told how pre-evolution wide hips and thick-set bodies made it easier to produce babies with large heads but harder to walk long distances and stay cool in hot climates therefore pushing the body into change.
Speaking to leading British scientists at the Royal Society, Dr Gruss said: “Their solution was to evolve a birth canal with a twist in it so the baby is rotated through 90 degrees as it is born and comes out facing backwards rather than sideways as in other apes.
“Until this change those women may have been bigger than an average modern man.
“It meant we could produce large brained infants from a slimmer body .
“The twist meant the whole pelvis could be narrower and the hips slimmer.”
Dr Gruss added the changes to the pelvis resulted in women needing less calories to support their new slimmer frame.
Recent studies suggest around the same stage of evolution humans became more reliant on vision rather than smell, began to lose their hair and the the body developed the addition of swear glands.
While the female pelvis developed to carry offspring Homo sapiens were also developing the structure of their teeth, creating the the u-shaped dental structure and the evolution of the chin.
But scientists believe the development of human behaviour came much earlier, with the understanding of culture, language and specialist technology happened around 50,000 years ago.
In 2013 scientists at the Royal Society claimed women have evolved over the years to be ‘indirectly aggressive’ and mean to one another without resorting to violence.
The evolutionary psychology study, which was done to explore the scientific basis for “competition and aggression” between women, found that the constraints of caring for offspring forced women to turn to low-risk aggression.
Researchers stated females compete for resources needed to survive and reproduce, and for preferred mates.
|
<urn:uuid:1fe49143-4bde-4a96-8af7-ce4be378e1ac>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://my-clippings.blogspot.com/2014/06/forget-diets-its-evolution-that-makes.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320174.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623202724-20170623222724-00411.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947184
| 646
| 2.9375
| 3
|
The Dutch represent the second wave of European exploration/imperialism (1st= Spain, Portugal; 2nd=Dutch, British). The Dutch Empire is dominated by the Trading Company chartered under the Dutch Republic. The Dutch East India Trading Co. is one of history's most successful businesses/corporations. The Dutch East India Trading Co. (VOC) came to dominate the spice trade of the East Indies. In the Early Modern Period, the Dutch East India Trading Company is the premier global corporation.
|
<urn:uuid:55551078-ba7f-4586-8efb-6b190cbd4835>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.freeman-pedia.com/dutchempire-3-2
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320174.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623202724-20170623222724-00411.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.911146
| 104
| 2.828125
| 3
|
Unformatted text preview: practicing sorcery in beguiling his mind, Socrates had the right idea. In challenging Meno to think in unfamiliar ways, he was pushing Meno’s mind to its limits and further. Meno’s mind was expanding in ways that perplexed him because he was not used to thinking in such unconventional methods. Socrates was doing Meno a favor, for, in the long run, these exercises would one day prove useful to Meno as he continues his journey and develops responses to other such philosophical questions such as virtue and what it is....
View Full Document
This note was uploaded on 07/15/2008 for the course GP 100 taught by Professor Mekios during the Spring '08 term at Stonehill.
- Spring '08
|
<urn:uuid:ead7606a-a8f8-48c7-b104-7740a2640260>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.coursehero.com/file/208192/Meno-Paper/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320174.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623202724-20170623222724-00411.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.982566
| 158
| 2.859375
| 3
|
Age-specific fluoride exposure in drinking water and osteosarcoma (United States)
METHODS: We used data from a matched case-control study conducted through 11 hospitals in the United States that included a complete residential history for each patient and type of drinking water (public, private well, bottled) used at each address. Our analysis was limited to cases less than 20 years old. We standardized fluoride exposure estimates based on CDC-recommended target levels that take climate into account. We categorized exposure into three groups (<30%, 30-99%, >99% of target) and used conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios.
|
<urn:uuid:09edff18-6383-42f4-bd9a-8bd69200bb56>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://carahealth.com/scientific-research/279-scientific-trials/water.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320264.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624152159-20170624172159-00491.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936021
| 128
| 2.515625
| 3
|
Sore throats are certainly not too much fun. You can forget about that super spicy red curry and instead must satisfy your palate with bland alternatives such as soup, rice and yogurt.
What causes sore throats? Infections such as viruses are on the top of the list. You might feel some muscle aches, weakness and experience a runny nose and cough. What doesn’t work in this, the most common cause of tonsillitis, are antibiotics. Sure, they have fancy sounding names and yes, your doctor, who probably was just too busy to take the time, wrote the prescription. Yet other than helping the drug manufacturer’s bottom line, there are no benefits.
Strep throat is one of those infections that antibiotics can treat. The real name, streptococcus pyogenes, is usually mercifully shortened to just strep. This bacteria can make for a very painful, red throat. White spots are often seen in the back of the throat over the tonsils. At times the tonsils are so swollen, that swallowing your sputum becomes problematic and you begin to drool. Your voice might sound garbled as well.
The concern with strep (or for that matter with anything that causes your throat to swell) is your airway. If your airway becomes narrowed, this becomes a true, life threatening emergency. Secondly, strep rarely will spread to other organs, including your heart, which can lead to serious complications.
Antibiotics will in fact prevent the spread of the strep infection. However, this kind of strep infection is rare and is much more common in children than in adults. Furthermore, antibiotic treatment of confirmed strep throat will only shorten the duration of symptoms by one day. Yes, that’s right only one day.
Most medical professionals will treat strep throat with antibiotics, but you should know that, at least as far as adults are concerned, there is some controversy over whether to give antibiotics at all. Antibiotics are not harmless and at times have some serious side effects.
If your throat is really swollen, your doctor may prescribe steroids as well. These medications will reduce the inflammation and pain.
There are certainly other infectious causes of sore throat. Mononucleosis from the Epstein Barr virus is one of these. The tonsils are swollen with white spots, but the lymph nodes are often enlarged in the back rather than in the front of the neck. This infection can last several weeks, even months. It can lead to enlargement of your liver and spleen among other things.
Bottom line is that only a small percentage of sore throats will benefit from antibiotics. Ibuprofen, Tylenol, tea with honey and salt water gargle are some measures which will lessen the nasty symptoms.
|
<urn:uuid:113fdbbb-6462-4aea-a96e-5a9b515f5747>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://doctordude.blogs.petaluma360.com/11685/sore-throats/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320264.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624152159-20170624172159-00491.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968382
| 571
| 2.78125
| 3
|
Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act: Engagement 2017
From Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
From Health Canada
Current status: Open
The engagement started on May 29, 2017
All Canadians should have access to safe, clean, and reliable drinking water.
Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada, with the support of Health Canada, will work with regional and national First Nation groups to:
- address their concerns regarding the Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act
- decide on a course of action, with respect to the shared objective of ensuring safe drinking water for the residents of First Nations communities
First Nations are invited to share their views on the act, and to clearly identify priorities going forward regarding safe drinking water and wastewater treatment on First Nation lands.
The Government of Canada will engage with:
- national and regional First Nation representative organizations
- First Nation technical groups
- First Nation communities and other interested parties
While provinces and territories each have their own legally binding safe drinking water standards, First Nations communities do not have comparable legally-enforceable protections. To address this issue, the Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act came into force on November 1, 2013, and allowed for the development of regulations to ensure access to safe, clean and reliable drinking water and effective treatment of wastewater on First Nation lands.
This engagement will be used to help find long-term actions to ensure safe drinking water for residents of First Nations communities. Summaries of what we heard at the regional meetings will be posted online.
How to participate
There are three ways to participate:
- Attend a regional meeting (for First Nation representative organizations, First Nation technical groups and First Nation communities—by invitation only).
- Send your comments and suggestions by e-mail to ProprePNh2o-cleanFNh2o@aadnc-aandc.gc.ca.
- Send comments and suggestions by mail to the address in the contact us section below.
When and where
Dates and locations of upcoming meetings will be posted as they are confirmed.
|Date||Location||Activity / Event||Participants|
|June 20, 2017||Prince George, BC||Regional discussion session on review of the act||Chiefs and technical authorities|
|June 22, 2017||Richmond, BC||Regional discussion session on review of the act||Chiefs and technical authorities|
Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
10 rue Wellington,
Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0H4
- Date modified:
|
<urn:uuid:0f6d9410-a6f7-4ee0-aedb-bc10c41235c4>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1496056786210/1496056888386
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320264.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624152159-20170624172159-00491.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.894948
| 518
| 2.875
| 3
|
Throughout most of Michigan’s
history, the township hall has been the center of grassroots rural government.
And whether it’s Brady, Pavilion, Schoolcraft or Wakeshma, the role of township government has changed and evolved over time.
Back in the day, township residents were taxed for road upkeep, but with a twist. The head of the household—if a man—had a choice: he could pay a set amount of road tax, or he could reduce that amount—or eliminate it—by spending a certain number of days working on road repairs.
In addition to an elected supervisor, early townships also chose path masters and fence masters. In the days of the horse and buggy, an intricate map of walking paths crisscrossed the townships and it was the responsibility of several men to see that pathways across private property were kept open.
Fence masters monitored the condition of road fences. Property owners could be fined if their fences were in poor repair, as livestock was routinely driven along the roads either to market or to distant pastures.
But some responsibilities of township government haven’t changed. Tax collecting, maintaining polling places and overseeing elections, and establishing and maintaining cemeteries are still important township government responsibilities, just as they were in Michigan’s early days.
The building pictured here was the original Brady Township Hall, located on Davis Street in Vicksburg. After a new township building was constructed at the corner of Richardson and Spruce streets, in 1962, this building was sold and later served as a home, then a garage. It was purchased by the Historical Society in 2009 and moved to the Historic Village. With the help of the ‘Thursday Guys’ it was completely gutted and renovated to resemble its original function.
|
<urn:uuid:3624d58c-9349-4a50-95cf-7b59e7d0e8c6>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.vicksburghistory.org/township-hall
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320264.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624152159-20170624172159-00491.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.980763
| 365
| 3.046875
| 3
|
Back to school activity
Me In A Bag (Grade:Any)
A fun way for students to not only learn about you, but to also learn about each other. I use it sometimes in september and others in january at back to school after Christmas.
I introduce myself using ‘Me In A Bag.’ I put a few items that represent me in a large paper sack. In my sack, I put a paintbrush because I’m an artist, my favorite book, my favorite food, pictures of my family and my pets, my favorite CD and a cookbook. The children sit around me, and I explain the significance of each item as I pull it out of the bag. This discussion helps the kids get to know me as a person. Each child then has a turn to bring in his/her own ‘Me In A Bag,’ giving everyone in the class a chance to shine.
|
<urn:uuid:a08669ca-ba38-4d5a-9ed9-8b8701fb04d8>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://englishprimaryteacher.wordpress.com/2014/01/06/back-to-school-activity/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320264.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624152159-20170624172159-00491.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964302
| 192
| 3.125
| 3
|
Are you sitting comfortably?
Posted on: 21 September 2016
How long do you spend sitting down each day?
Devon County Council’s Public Health team has launched a new campaign to remind people to sit less, get up and move more during the day.
Sedentary behaviour means sitting still and doing low energy things like sitting working at a desk, using a computer or tablet or driving to work. So it’s easy to see why many people end up having fairly sedentary lifestyles – in fact around 40% of adults spend six hours or more per day sitting still. For some people, that increases at the weekend.
Long periods of uninterrupted sedentary behaviour can be harmful for our health, leading to higher risks of developing heart disease, type 2 diabetes and weight gain. Even if a person is active, a long time spent sitting still each day may be bad for their health.
So what’s the answer to breaking our sedentary habits?
It’s easy – sit less, get up, and move more!
Frequent movement is just as important for good health as regular physical activity, so it’s good to get up and stretch, take a walk and have a break from being still.
If you are at work:
– Take a walk in your lunch break
– Stand instead of sitting when you can – try short periods in meetings, at your desk or while on the phone
– Walk over to a colleague instead of emailing or phoning
– Stretch in your chair every half hour
– Take the stairs instead of the lift
– Move more on the way to work. Leave your car at home or drive part of your journey and walk or cycle the rest visit – visit Travel Devon for tips
– Find out if your employer offers a cycle to work scheme where you can save on the cost of a new bike.
When you are at home:
– Turn up the music and have a dance
– While watching TV, stand up and have a stretch in advert breaks
– Be active with the housework – you can get a good workout sweeping, gardening or washing windows
– Try balancing or stretching while you brush your teeth or watch TV
– Go for a walk with a friend – Devon is a great place to be active outdoors.
Posted in: Health and Wellbeing
|
<urn:uuid:19f85981-4a79-43eb-abc2-78db3f74f248>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.devonnewscentre.info/are-you-sitting-comfortably/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320264.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624152159-20170624172159-00491.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.930545
| 481
| 2.734375
| 3
|
An anaerobic infection is an infection caused by bacteria (called anaerobes) which cannot grow in the presence of oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria can infect deep wounds, deep tissues, and internal organs where there is little oxygen. These infections are characterized by abscess formation, foul-smelling pus, and tissue destruction.
Anaerobic means "life without air." Anaerobic bacteria grow in places which completely, or almost completely, lack oxygen. They are normally found in the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and vagina, and on the skin. Commonly known diseases caused by anaerobic bacteria include gas gangrene, tetanus, and botulism. Nearly all dental infections are caused by anaerobic bacteria.
Anaerobic bacteria can cause an infection when a normal barrier (such as skin, gums, or intestinal wall) is damaged due to surgery, injury, or disease. Usually, the immune system kills any invading bacteria, but sometimes the bacteria are able to grow and cause an infection. Body sites that have tissue destruction (necrosis) or a poor blood supply are low in oxygen and favor the growth of anaerobic bacteria. The low oxygen condition can result from blood vessel disease, shock, injury, and surgery.
Anaerobic bacteria can cause infection practically anywhere in the body. For example:
- Mouth, head, and neck. Infections can occur in the root canals, gums (gingivitis), jaw, tonsils, throat, sinuses, and ears.
- Lung. Anaerobic bacteria can cause pneumonia, lung abscesses, infecton of the lining of the lung (empyema ), and dilated lung bronchi (bronchiectasis ).
- Intraabdominal. Anaerobic infections within the abdomen include abscess formation, peritonitis, and appendicitis.
- Female genital tract. Anaerobic bacteria can cause pelvic abscesses, pelvic inflammatory disease, inflammation of the uterine lining (endometritis), and pelvic infections following abortion, childbirth, and surgery.
- Skin and soft tissue. Anaerobic bacteria are common causes of diabetic skin ulcers, gangrene, destructive infection of the deep skin and tissues (necrotizing fascitis), and bite wound infections.
- Central nervous system. Anaerobic bacteria can cause brain and spinal cord abscesses.
- Bloodstream. Anaerobic bacteria can be found in the bloodstream of ill patients (a condition called bacteremia).
Abscess— A lump filled with pus resulting from an infection.
Anaerobic— Living and growing in the absence of oxygen.
Necrosis— Tissue death and destruction resulting from infection or disease.
Causes and symptoms
People who have experienced shock, injury, or surgery, and those with blood vessel disease or tumors are at an increased risk for infection by anaerobic bacteria. There are many different kinds of anaerobic bacteria which can cause an infection. Indeed, most anaerobic infections are "mixed infections" which means that there is a mixture of different bacteria growing. The anaerobic bacteria that most frequently cause infections are Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus, and Clostridium species.
The signs and symptoms of anaerobic infection can vary depending on the location of the infection. In general, anaerobic infections result in tissue destruction, an abscess which drains foul-smelling pus, and possibly fever. Symptoms for specific infections are as follows:
- Tooth and gum infections. Swollen, tender bleeding gums, bad breath, and pain. Severe infections may produce oozing sores.
- Throat infection. An extremely sore throat, bad breath, a bad taste in the mouth, fever, and a sense of choking.
- Lung infection. Chest pain, coughing, difficulty breathing, fever, foul-smelling sputum, and weight loss.
- Intraabdominal infection. Pain, fever, and possibly, if following surgery, foul-smelling drainage from the wound.
- Pelvic infection. Foul-smelling pus or blood draining from the uterus, general or localized pelvic pain, fever, and chills.
- Skin and soft tissue infection. Infected wounds are red, painful, swollen, and may drain a foul-smelling pus. Skin infection causes localized swelling, pain, redness, and possibly a painful, open sore (ulcer) which drains foul-smelling pus. Severe skin infections may cause extensive tissue destruction (necrosis).
- Bloodstream. Bloodstream invasion causes high fever (up to 105°F [40.6°C]), chills, a general ill feeling, and is potentially fatal.
The diagnosis of anaerobic infection is based primarily on symptoms, the patient's medical history, and location of the infection. A foul-smelling infection or drainage from an abscess is diagnostic of anaerobic infection. This foul smell is produced by anaerobic bacteria and occurs in one third to one half of patients late in the infection. Other clues to anaerobic infection include tissue necrosis and gas production at the infection site. A sample from the infected site may be obtained, using a swab or a needle and syringe, to determine which bacteria is (are) causing the infection. Because these bacteria can be easily killed by oxygen, they rarely grow in the laboratory cultures of tissue or pus samples.
The recent medical history of the patient is helpful in diagnosing anaerobic infection. A patient who has or recently had surgery, dental work, tumors, blood vessel disease, or injury are susceptible to this infection. The failure to improve following treatment with antibiotics that aren't able to kill anaerobes is another clue that the infection is caused by anaerobes. The location and type of infection also help in the diagnosis.
Diagnostic tests may include blood tests to see if bacteria are in the bloodstream and x rays to look at internal infections.
Serious infections may require hospitalization for treatment. Immediate antibiotic treatment of anaerobic infections is necessary. Laboratory testing may identify the bacteria causing the infection and also which antibiotic will work best. Every antibiotic does not work against all anaerobic bacteria but nearly all anaerobes are killed by chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin), metronidazole (Flagyl or Protostat), and imipenem (Primaxin). Other antibiotics which may be used are clindamycin (Cleocin) or cefoxitin (Mefoxin).
Surgical removal or drainage of the abscess is almost always required. This may involve drainage by needle and syringe to remove the pus from a skin abscess (called "aspiration"). The area would be numbed prior to the aspiration procedure. Also, some internal abscesses can be drained using this procedure with the help of ultrasound (a device which uses sound waves to visualize internal organs). This type of abscess drainage may be performed in the doctor's office.
Complete recovery should be achieved with the appropriate surgery and antibiotic treatment. Untreated or uncontrolled infections can cause severe tissue and bone destruction, which would require plastic surgery to repair. Serious infections can be life threatening.
Although anaerobic infections can occur in anyone, good hygiene and general health may help to prevent infections.
Fauci, Anthony S., et al., editors. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997.
"Anaerobic Infections." Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 3rd ed.. . Encyclopedia.com. (June 25, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/anaerobic-infections
"Anaerobic Infections." Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 3rd ed.. . Retrieved June 25, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/anaerobic-infections
Anaerobes and Anaerobic Infections
Anaerobes and anaerobic infections
Anaerobes are bacteria that are either capable of growing in the absence of oxygen (referred to as facultative anaerobes) or that absolutely require the absence of oxygen (these are also called obligate anaerobes). Among the oxygen-free environments in which such bacteria can grow are deep wounds and tissues in the body. Growth in these niches can produce infections.
Examples of infections are gas gangrene (which is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes ) and botulism (which is caused by Clostridium botulinum ). Other anaerobic bacteria that are frequently the cause of clinical infections are members of the genus Peptostreptococcus and Bacteroides fragilis.
There are a number of different types of anaerobic bacteria. Two fundamental means of differentiation of these types is by their reaction to the Gram stain and by their shape. The genus Clostridium consists of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria that form spores. Gram-positive rods that do not form spores include the genera Actinomyces, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Propionibacterium, and Lactobacillus. Gram-positive bacteria that are spherical in shape includes the genera Peptostreptococcus, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus. Rod-shaped bacteria that stain Gram-negative include Bacteroides, Campylobacter, and Fusobacterium. Finally, Gram-negative spherical bacteria are represented by the genus Veillonella.
The word anaerobic means "life without air." In the human body, regions that can be devoid of oxygen include the interior of dental plaque that grows on the surface of teeth and gums, the gastrointestinal tract, and even on the surface of the skin. Normally the anaerobic bacteria growing in these environments are benign and can even contribute to the body's operation. Most of the bacteria in the body are anaerobes. However, if access to underlying tissues is provided due to injury or surgery, the bacteria can invade the new territory and establish an infection. Such bacteria are described as being opportunistic pathogens. That is, given the opportunity and the appropriate conditions, they are capable of causing an infection. Typically, anaerobic bacteria cause from five to ten per cent of all clinical infections.
Anaerobic infections tend to have several features in common. The infection is usually accompanied by a foul-smelling gas or pus. The infections tend to be located close to membranes, particularly mucosal membranes, as the infection typically begins by the invasion of a region that is bounded by a membrane. Anaerobic infections tend to involve the destruction of tissue, either because of bacterial digestion or because of destructive enzymes that are elaborated by the bacteria. This type of tissue damage is known as tissue necrosis. The tissue damage also frequently includes the production of gas or a fluid.
There are several sites in the body that are prone to infection by anaerobic bacteria. Infections in the abdomen can produce the inflammation of the appendix that is known as appendicitis. Lung infections can result in pneumonia , infection of the lining of the lung (empyema) or constriction of the small air tubes known as bronchi (bronchiectasis). In females, pelvic infections can inflame the lining of the uterus (endometritis). Mouth infections can involve the root canals or gums (gingivitis). Infections of the central nervous system can lead to brain and spinal cord infections. Infection of the skin, via bites and other routes of entry, causes open sores on the skin and tissue destruction. An example is that massive and potentially lethal tissue degradation, which is known as necrotizing fascitis, and which is caused by group A b-hemolytic Streptococcus. Finally, infection of the bloodstream (bacteremia) can prelude the infection of the heart (endocarditis).
The diagnosis of anaerobic infections is usually based on the symptoms, site of the infection and, if the infection is visible, on both the appearance and smell of the infected area. Most of the bacteria responsible for infection are susceptible to one or more antibiotics . Treatment can be prolonged, however, since the bacteria are often growing slowly and since antibiotics rely on bacterial growth to exert their lethal effect. In the case of infections that create tissue destruction, the removal of the affected tissue is an option to prevent the spread of the infection. Amputation of limbs is a frequent means of dealing with necrotizing fascitis, an infection that is inside of tissue (and so protected from antibiotics and the host's immune response) and is exceptional in that it can swiftly spread.
See also Bacteria and bacterial infections
"Anaerobes and Anaerobic Infections." World of Microbiology and Immunology. . Encyclopedia.com. (June 25, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/anaerobes-and-anaerobic-infections
"Anaerobes and Anaerobic Infections." World of Microbiology and Immunology. . Retrieved June 25, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/anaerobes-and-anaerobic-infections
|
<urn:uuid:977c7592-89c3-4afa-8c53-88498471bdf9>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/diseases-and-conditions/pathology/anaerobic-infections
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320489.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625101427-20170625121427-00571.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.907065
| 2,841
| 3.734375
| 4
|
What are the sources for WeatherOnline forecasts?
The WeatherOnline forecasts are created by using a MOS system developed in-house with the most current US weather services model data (GFS). The statistical methods of the Model-Output-Statistic (MOS)-System were developed in cooperation with the Meteorological Department of the University of Bonn.
What is a MOS-System?
A Model-Output-Statistic (MOS)-System combines the data of the weather forecast model and the locally recorded data for any given point by transforming the model data from a coarse grid to detailed small scale areas.
In order to do so, one needs a large volume of past model forecast data as well as the corresponding recorded data for any given location. The MOS-System relates these two sets of data in an optimized fashion allowing development of the local weather forecast by using the most current model forecast.
What are the time intervals used in the temperature and icons of the local forecasts?
The forecasted maximum temperature always refers to a 12hour window from 6am to 6om local time.
The forecasted minimum temperature always refers to the 12hour window from 6pm of the day before the forecast day to 6 am of the forecast day.
The weather icon for the morning refers to the time between 6am and 12pm local time, the icon for the afternoon is valid from 12am to 6pm local time and the evening icon refers to the time from 6pm to 12am local time.
How often are the current weather conditions and forecasts updated?
The current weather information as well as the satellite images are updated every 30 minutes whereas the radar images are being updated every 15 minutes.
The local weather forecasts as well as the weather charts are updated 8 times a day. The updates start at 2 am CEST or 3 am CEST depending on daylight saving time and continue on a three hourly bases.
|Nearby Weather Stations - Orkney / Hoy||Distance|
|Kirkwall Airport||54.6 km|
|Sule Skerry||115.7 km|
|RAF Tain||132.3 km|
|Inverness Airport||165.7 km|
|Fair Isle||208.4 km|
|Loch Glascarnoch||210.2 km|
|The Cairnwell||220.4 km|
|Aberdeen Airport||226.9 km|
|Sumburgh Cape||258.5 km|
|Tulloch Bridge||266.1 km|
|Aonach Mòr||287.9 km|
|Scatsa/Shetland Island||290.1 km|
|Glen Ogle||290.9 km|
|Bealach na Bà||302.7 km|
|Edinburgh Airport||324.1 km|
|Edinburgh Gogarbank||327.1 km|
|Oban Airport||348.6 km|
|Glasgow Airport||353.1 km|
|Glasgow Bishopton||353.5 km|
|Redesdale Camp||417.0 km|
|Spadeadam II||434.3 km|
|Carlisle Lake District Airport||441.6 km|
|Newcastle Airport||465.7 km|
|Tiree Island||469.7 km|
|South Uist Range||474.9 km|
|Islay/Port Ellen||475.9 km|
|Great Dun Fell||476.5 km|
|RAF West Freugh||477.6 km|
|St Bees Head||483.9 km|
|Warcop Range||490.0 km|
|Ballypatrick Fst||512.8 km|
|Durham Tees Valley Airport||531.8 km|
|Isle of Man Airport||549.1 km|
|Loftus Samos||554.3 km|
|Soervaag / Vagar||560.6 km|
|Belfast Intl. Airport||563.7 km|
|Malin Head||586.3 km|
|Eglinton Airport||595.6 km|
|Lough Fea||597.4 km|
|
<urn:uuid:b111e95f-e533-486a-9bf2-f605a4ba35a8>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&LANG=en&CEL=C&SI=mph&CONT=euro&LAND=UK®ION=0003&WMO=03055&R=310&LEVEL=220&NOREGION=1&GLOC=
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320489.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625101427-20170625121427-00571.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.738934
| 896
| 2.546875
| 3
|
Send the link below via email or IMCopy
Present to your audienceStart remote presentation
- Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present
- People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account
- This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation
- A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation
- Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article
Do you really want to delete this prezi?
Neither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again.
Make your likes visible on Facebook?
You can change this under Settings & Account at any time.
The Jay by Yasunari Kawabata
Transcript of The Jay by Yasunari Kawabata
"The Jay" begins with a grandmother hearing a jay crying out for her lost child. The main character, Yoshiko, is soon to be married. The reader learns that her family is quite broken; her father divorced her mom and remarried 10 years later, then left them with their grandmother. Yoshiko struggles with accepting her brother's curiosity to find their mother and as well as the reunion of their family, due to Yoshiko's marriage.
The location and time frame in which the action of a narrative takes place.
"Since daybreak, the jay had been singing noisily" (1048).
"She went out into the garden... the rain was so fine... there, in the tall grass under the bush clover, was the baby bird" (1050).
The author uses the setting to allow the reader to picture the events as they are happening.
Point of View
The perspective from which the story is told.
"The Jay" is told in third-person omniscient.
"Worrying about it, Yoshiko went to her room. She had to get herself ready before the morning was over" (1049).
The author uses third-person in order for the reader to get a full sense of all the character's feelings, actions, and emotions.
The struggle between opposing forces such as characters, nations, or ideas that provides the central action in the plot.
Both Internal and External conflicts arise.
Internal: Yoshiko's fear of reuniting with her real mom (1049).
Man Vs. Self
External: Her family is broken.
Man Vs. Man
"Her father lived away from them" (1049).
"The father hadn't said anything but, with a face of terrible anger, had suddenly torn the photograph to bits" (1049).
Students should select "The Jay" because it is good practice for making connections in a story. The story provides excellent symbolism and vocabulary. Students could also relate to the story in many different ways, which would make it interesting to some. This story was chosen for the text because of its reading level and thought provoking literary elements.
"The Jay" by Yasunari Kawabata
Emaciated: adj. abnormal thinness caused by lack of nutrition or by disease.
"To Yoshiko, her emaciated stepmother seemed pathetically frail and small" (1049).
Tom's emaciated grandmother could barely walk up the steps due to her emphysema.
Intransigence: noun. stubbornness; refusal to compromise.
"It seemed to her that her brother who'd gotten to his feet so abruptly, had inherited the frightened male intransigence of his father"(1050).
Jeff's intransigence made communicating with him extremely difficult.
Winsome: adj. charming; pleasing.
"Her eyebrows and lips all became unbearably winsome" (1049).
When Jordan looked at the winsome girl, he knew he had a crush.
The atmosphere in a literary work with the intention of bringing forth a certain emotion of feeling from the reader.
The mood in "The Jay" is relieving.
"Soon, however, it flew in a straight line to the side of its child. The chick's jay was boundless" (1051).
"It had been decided that the two households would become one" (1050).
The purpose of a relieving mood is that it allows the reader to feel happy and relieved that the bird found its child, as well as the fact Yoshiko's family life is looking brighter.
The use of symbols to represent ideas of qualities.
"Yoshiko wished that her father and stepmother would come soon. She would like to show them this, she thought" (1051).
"'Elder sister, I've met our mother... Hearing this suddenly, Yoshiko could not say a word" (1049).
The jay's reconnection with her child symbolizes the reconnection Yoshiko wished for her broken family.
Assiduously: adv. Diligently; industriously; painstakingly.
"Gathering up the skirts of her kimono, Yoshiko assiduously searched among the little trees and in the bear-grass bamboo thicket" (1050).
Mrs. Hack assiduously graded papers throughout the day.
|
<urn:uuid:66175ee6-8489-46d7-9a1d-365ee3519da4>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://prezi.com/dyhxhy1lmg8t/the-jay-by-yasunari-kawabata/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320489.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625101427-20170625121427-00571.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96686
| 1,073
| 2.546875
| 3
|
The Internet, as we have come to know it, is one of the ultimate forms of democracy and expression of free speech. Some believe the Net contains perspectives on issues that circumvent the mainstream media. For others, it is an indispensable daily business or educational tool. For still others, it is their storefront. Some find the worst of our society, a charnel house of hate, pornography, and violence. If there is one thing you can say about the Internet, however, it does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, creed, gender, content, or at times even intelligence. Every blogger has a voice and is entitled to his or her 15 minutes of fame on the Internet. To be sure, I personally can do without many of the perspectives expressed, like Elvis sightings and political mudslinging messages. Even the lunatic fringe has the right to an opinion. As soon as we begin creating “haves” and “have-nots” in cyberspace, we turn loose of some of our freedom. At least that’s how I see it, and I am not alone in this opinion.
What Is “Net Neutrality”?
Perhaps this is why the idea of maintaining Net Neutrality is important to me. It should be to you, too. Net Neutrality generally means that all connectivity infrastructureincluding servers, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and transmission linesmust be content-agnostic, non-discriminatory, and provide the same level of connectivity to all its users.
Without putting it too dramatically, it appears that average Internet users stand to lose some precious personal freedoms if they do not take notice of the forces trying to shape the Internet in their own image and likeness. The average Internet user should also prepare for a fleecing from large special interests bent on creating Internet “haves” and “have-nots” based on ability to pay.
Critics of Net Neutrality (e.g., most major telecom carriers) argue that “pipeline” capacity is limited, and unless some kind of “incentive” is offered to extend broadband, they may be inclined to pick up their chips and go home. Let me try to put my opinion of this delicately: Hogwash.
At least for now, the Internet is fundamentally democratic. It does not discriminate between packets of information regardless of content or ability to pay. Will this change soon? It certainly could if special interests have their way. The answer is not to unleash these special interests from a regulatory standpoint so they can “help” us develop the Internet. Look at how well that worked out for local telecommunications competition. Have you tried to find an AT&T or Verizon competitor lately? (For that matter, have you tried to find an independent gas station? That’s just a conceptual cousin of the same problem.)
|
<urn:uuid:4d147f31-61b9-4ad0-aa97-64ec00276e5e>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1701934
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320679.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626050425-20170626070425-00651.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947899
| 595
| 2.515625
| 3
|
The latest news from academia, regulators
research labs and other things of interest
Posted: Nov 16, 2010
New study examines nanoparticles' effects on plants
(Nanowerk News) Carbon nanotubes have many potential applications in a variety of fields, such as biomedical engineering and medical chemistry. Proteins, nucleic acids, and drugs can be attached to these nanotubes and delivered to cells and organs. Carbon nanotubes can be used to recognize and fight viruses and other pathogens. However, results of studies in animals have also raised concerns about the potential toxicity of nanoparticles.
Dr. Yao and his team of researchers isolated cells from rice as well as from the model plant species Arabidopsis. The researchers treated these cells with carbon nanotubes, and then assessed the cells for viability, damage to DNA, and the presence of reactive oxygen species.
The researchers found an increase in levels of the reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide. Reactive oxygen species cause oxidative stress to cells, and this stress can result in programmed cell death. Dr. Yao and his colleagues discovered that the effect of carbon nanotubes on cells was dosage dependent—the greater the dose, the greater the likelihood of cell death. In contrast, cells exposed to carbon particles that were not nanotubes did not suffer any ill effects, demonstrating that the size of the nanotubes is a factor in their toxicity.
"Nanotechnology has a large scope of potential applications in the agriculture industry, however, the impact of nanoparticles have rarely been studied in plants," Dr. Yao said. "We found that nanomaterials could induce programmed cell death in plant cells."
Despite the scientists' observations that carbon nanotubes had toxic effects on plant cells, the use of nanotechnology in the agriculture industry still has great promise. The scientists only observed programmed cell death as a temporary response following the injection of the nanotubes and did not observe further changes a day and a half after the nanotube treatments. Also, the researchers did not observe death at the tissue level, which indicates that injecting cells with carbon nanotubes caused only limited injury.
"The current study has provided evidence that certain carbon nanoparticles are not 100% safe and have side effects on plants, suggesting that potential risks of nanotoxicity on plants need to be assessed," Dr. Yao stated. In the future, Dr. Yao and colleagues are interested in investigating whether other types of nanoparticles may also have toxic effects on plant cells. "We would like to create a predictive toxicology model to track nanoparticles."
Only once scientists have critically examined the risks of nanoparticles can they take advantage of the tremendous potential benefits of this new technology.
|
<urn:uuid:5f40b1c7-5b2b-49f8-9c4f-747b3cfe880a>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=19038.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320679.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626050425-20170626070425-00651.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954805
| 551
| 2.90625
| 3
|
Malaysia's Muslim preachers have been enlisted in the fight for wildlife conservation, using passages from the Koran to raise awareness and help protect some of the world's most endangered species. After a successful campaign last year, when more than 400 mosques in the state of Terengganu held sermons focusing on turtle conservation issues, WWF decided to extend the project to support efforts to tackle poaching. The conservation group is running workshops for local imams, explaining the importance of wildlife protection.
"There are several passages within the Koran which talk about the responsibility of humans in protecting our environment and wildlife," said Umi A' Zuhrah from the Tiger Conservation Programme at WWF-Malaysia.
"Religious leaders are very influential and greatly respected in this community, so they are the best people to carry this message across."
Malaysian Peninsula home to rhinos, tigers and elephants - all endangered
The Malaysian peninsula is home to some of the world's most amazing and threatened wildlife including the Sumatran rhinos, Malayan tigers and Asian elephants. But these, and many other species in the region, are under increasing threat due to poaching and the demand for their body parts in the illegal wildlife trade. More....
|
<urn:uuid:0f5c3114-1aaa-45b5-a98a-ab4e58bc65d8>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.noanimalpoaching.org/animal-poaching-news/eco-islam-malaysias-imams-to-preach-against-poaching
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320679.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626050425-20170626070425-00651.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937131
| 249
| 2.578125
| 3
|
A lot of people loved Wreck dives in the world Part 1. So I decided to make a part 2. Here it goes:
The Britannic was built and launched in Belfast but was used by the United Kingdom at the start of the first world war. It was used as a hospital ship, transporting sick and wounded passengers. The builders had learned from the mistakes they did to the Titanic, so they wanted to build a new and improved version. They were almost identical, with a few major improvements to the construction.
After completing five successful voyages to the middle eastern theater, the ship was heading back to the United Kingdom. They were stranded a bit because of rough weather, but after a few days, they went full speed, heading home.
It was on the 21st of November 1916 things turned bad. Something shook the boat, but it wasn’t apparent at first. Some passengers thought they had hit a smaller boat. It was a mine. the gravity of the situation quickly rose. Water was quickly entering the ship. They knew it was going to sink.
only 55 minutes after the explosion. the Britannic laid onto its starboard side and began disappearing into the depths.
It now lies off of the Greek island of Kea. Resting 121m or 400 feet down in the water. It’s only for very experienced divers because of its depth. This is why I didn’t add it to the first video, but if you ever have the pleasure of diving the Britannic, make sure to tell me how it was in the comments below.
U.S.N.S. General Hoyt S. Vandenberg was
A transport ship in the United states navy in World War 2. After many years of service the ship retired in 1983 and in 2009 she was sunk as an artificial reef.
It now lies 6 miles off the Florida keys and is the second largest artificial reef in the world. Many forms of sea life make Vandenberg its home. Such as barracudas and Goliath groupers.
The ship has many cutouts and there are many swim-throughs. Bring a dive light the next time you’re diving there, so you can see a lot of the ship’s interior.
However, the most unique thing about this ship is the satellite dish that sits right on top of the wreck. You can actually swim right trough the middle, witch is definitely on my bucket list! There are also 2 Meter long Goliath groupers on this wreck, so that’s also something you should be on the lookout for.
While we are on the topic of artificial reefs, the Uss Oriskany is the largest artificial reef in the world. And not only that. It’s a massive aircraft carrier!
Oriskany was built after world war two and earned two battle stars for the Korean War and the Vietnam war. It was decommissioned in 1976 and sold for scraps. Because the buyer never did anything to it, they repossessed it in 1997. In 2004 they decided to sink it as an artificial reef and in 2006 she was carefully sunk off the coast of Pensacola, Florida.
The Oriskany is 1 of 3 drivable aircraft carriers in the world. It’s a sure bucket list dive for wreck lovers. The most unique thing with this dive is it’s 3 football fields long deck. It is massive. A veteran instructor on the wreck said that “the most common reaction for first-time Oriskany divers is awe. Most have never been on a wreck so large, and with so much to see, it never gets old”.
This is not a single wreck, but it’s quite extraordinary. Scapa Flow is a body of water in the Orkney Islands in Scotland. The passage has been used by ships for decades. It’s has been an important route for travel, trade and you guessed it both world wars.
This story is the best I’ve read in a while.
The islands that surround Scapa flow was used as the British naval base throughout the first world war. To defend against enemies they sunk over sixty block-ships in the channels, added submarine nets, and booms. These were backed by concrete barriers, minefields, and artillery. Sooo.. A pretty decent base.
It was in June 1919, shit went down. After the German defeat in WW1, the British interned 74 ships of the Imperial German Fleet in Scapa Flow, waiting for the Treaty of Versailles. They waited for 7 long months to see what would happen with their ships.
The German officer in command was growing tired of waiting, so after waiting for a bulk of British fleets to go on exercises. He gave the order to sink as many of their own ships as they could, to prevent them falling into British hands. They sunk 52 of their own ships that day. The British Navy saved as many as they could, but the Germans had prepared the boats to sink for a long time. For 8 Years they tried to salvage as many of the ships they could. They managed to salvage some of them and sell them for scraps. But don’t worry there are still exciting dives to be had at Scapa Flow. 7 of the sunken German ships are easily accessible to divers today.
Scapaflowwrecks.com has an amazing interactive map where you can see all the wrecks and 3D rendered pictures of what they look like.
if you’re interested you should definitely take a look.
Andrea Doria was an Italian luxury ocean liner. After world war 2 Italia was attempting to rebuild its economy and with that came its national pride. SS Andrea Doria. At the time, this was the fastest, largest and most safe ship in Italy.
The story about it’s sinking is one of the most tragic maritime disasters throughout history. Andrea Doria was heading for New York City. When approaching Nantucket, Massachusetts, another ship, MS Stockholm slammed right into Andreas Starboard side. Andrea immediately started to take in water. Over next 11 hours Andrea sank down in the deep water, and Italy had lost it’s best ship.
Now the wreck lies 50 meters or 160 feet below the surface. Because of the depth, the water temperatures and the waters current, it is commonly referred to as the Mount Everest of scuba diving. As said before it was a luxury liner, so it was frequently dived by treasure hunters. Maybe you can find the next treasure down there?
I’m actually planning to make a part 3 of this series. It’s really fun to make these videos. The history behind these ships are incredible, and it’s something you don’t really get to learn about. Hope you all enjoyed this video if you have any wreck dives that you want me to cover in the next video, be sure to drop a comment. Also, share this video with your diving friends. If you wanna be notified when I drop the next video, make sure to hit the subscribe icon, and tick that bell. Alright guys, thanks for watching, and safe travels
|
<urn:uuid:3da9828f-de38-4df9-a8f1-01a46e4f820d>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.travelnpleasure.com/wreck-dive-part2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320679.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626050425-20170626070425-00651.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.975676
| 1,483
| 2.625
| 3
|
Suggested grade level: 1st and 2nd
Contains: 24 pet animal cards, Center Sign, Common Core Card, and 2 matching worksheets
for differentiated instruction.
One worksheet has alphabetizing to the second letter (using 24 cards) and the other has
alphabetizing to the first letter (using 18 cards).
This center has 9 pages in all!
This is the May 2012-2013 First Grade Reading Center Club center.
It is available for purchase if you are not a club member.
Graphics used with permission of Annie Things Possible.
COMMON CORE STANDARD
First Grade Language Standards
Conventions of Standard English
L.1.1. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.
L.1.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.
|
<urn:uuid:339887ca-35b0-4b0c-9de3-beba25b3ddfb>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Adorable-ABC-Order-829509
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320887.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627013832-20170627033832-00011.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.820555
| 187
| 3.578125
| 4
|
Looking Back, March 9, 1989: Operation Aware teaches students decision-making
Giving compliments is the assignment in the Operation Aware fifth-grade classroom this day.
The students are each given a piece of poster board they must tape to their backs. Then they must write a compliment on somebody else’s back, Aware instructor Nancy Voice tells the students of Ethel Conrad’s class.
“First you boys have to write a compliment to a girl. You girls have to write a compliment to a boy. I know you try to avoid each other,” Voice says.
This comes after the class defines what a compliment is. It’s not ‘nice shoes’ but telling people something nice about them.
|
<urn:uuid:e98571b9-1f5a-40cb-8ec2-8bd76d0d050e>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://qvpr.com/looking-back-march-9-1989-operation-aware-teaches-students-decision-making/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321553.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627203405-20170627223405-00091.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937852
| 151
| 2.984375
| 3
|
Wednesday, August 18, 2010
The tiny colonial village of City Point (now Hopewell) is where General Ulysses S. Grant directed a 10-month siege of nearby Petersburg from the grounds of Appomattox Plantation (above), the ancestral home of the Eppes family.
But present day Hopewell was developed in 1914 by the DuPont Company (Wilmington, Delaware), attracted by its deep port and good railroad connections. Hopewell Farm, part of the Eppes plantation adjacent to the village of City Point (established 1613), was sold to the DuPonts in 1912 for industrial development. Because the Eppes family had come to America on a ship named Hopewell, they requested that the DuPonts name the 800 acre tract "Hopewell."
The company first built a dynamite factory and then switched to the manufacture of guncotton during World War I. An additional land purchase brought the total acreage to 2,400, and DuPont brought in a huge workforce (28,000 employees in 1914), presenting the company with an enormous challenge – how to train and house them.
The changes to the town were mind-boggling. From 1840-1912 the population of City Point remained stagnant at 300. Three years later there were 40,000 DuPont employees laboring in Hopewell. In a matter of just months DuPont cleared the corn fields and pine groves to create a city complete with paved streets, schools, libraries, social and hunt clubs, gymnasiums, churches and shops. The factories stood across the railroad tracks from the town proper, where the thousands of employees were housed in rows of wooden tenements (see photo below). Apartments were rented by shifts to accommodate the crush of factory workers. Hopewell became the largest supplier to Britain of guncotton, the ingredient necessary for smokeless gunpowder. A billion pounds of guncotton were produced during WWI. Hopewell was a dirty, grimy, foul-smelling place, since production required the use of sulfuric and nitric acids.
Because the town population was mostly men earning high wages while living apart from their wives and family, a rowdy street life developed. The town became known as “Sin City of the South.” Floating brothels moved up and down the James River, a saloon occupied every block, and shootings and murders were commonplace. Since there was no local police force, Hopewell was a haven for thieves, prostitutes, con-men and gamblers.
At lunchtime on December 9, 1915, a fire broke out in a Greek restaurant, and strong winds spread the flames all over the town. Within hours over 300 buildings were in ashes, but the foremen called the workers back to their stations for the 11:00 pm shift – the manufacturing plants had been spared. Miraculously, there was no loss of life, and within weeks DuPont had rebuilt the buildings lost to the fire.
By 1918, at the close of WWI, the guncotton plants were shut down, and Hopewell was all but a ghost town. Although DuPont’s development department began considering a postwar role for Hopewell as early as 1915, it was left abandoned at war’s end. However, the Tubize Corporation established a plant producing artificial silk at the old DuPont site in 1923, the same year that the city of Hopewell annexed the neighboring village of City Point. With the addition of a new Allied Chemical plant, Hopewell prospered afterward and became known as the "Wonder City." Dupont eventually returned to Hopewell, and the current plant manufactures Melinex® PET and Kaladex® PEN polyester films at what is the largest polyester film facility in the world.
Trivia: One of the residents who left Hopewell after the fire was William “Billy” Haines, who had run away from his home in Staunton at the age of 14. After working a manual labor job for DuPont, at the age of 15 (!) he operated a popular dance hall in Hopewell that was lost to the conflagration. He then went north to New York City, where he became a model. He entered his photograph in a “New Faces of 1922" contest and won a screen test, which took him to Hollywood, where he signed with MGM. He became one of the greatest silent film stars of the 1920s and early 30s, and was the top grossing male movie star of 1930. He was lifelong friends with Joan Crawford, a staunch Republican, and decorator and confidante to Ronald and Nancy Reagan.
The Beacon Theater (see photo of the elaborate brick work) opened in 1928 as the Art-Deco Broadway Theater and showcased silent films, including those of former resident William “Billy” Haines. Of special pride to locals was the $20,000 theatre organ in place at the time of its grand opening. Sadly, the Beacon closed its doors in 1981, but reopened as a special function venue in 2005. When funds are in place, a complete restoration as a functioning theater will take place.
|
<urn:uuid:f42e982f-9c0f-480f-9afb-dfca46b83756>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://travelwithterryvirginia.blogspot.com/2010/08/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321553.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627203405-20170627223405-00091.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.977518
| 1,071
| 3.5
| 4
|
Bones and Back Pain
In the entire body are around 206 skeletal bones, which include the long bones, short, fat, and uneven bones. Inside the bones are red blood cells, (RBC), bone marrow, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium. Magnesium is silvery white elements of metallic that start from organic compounds and works with calcium to afford support and strength to the muscles, which the bones connect with to defend the internal organs and movement. Calcium is similar to magnesium, yet it is produced from alkaline metals from the earth.
The body’s skeletal muscles give us the support we need to move, stand, walk, sit, and so while supporting the posture. Muscles contract, shorten, and expand. The muscles attach to bones, as well as tendons. Once the muscles begin to contract, it stimulates the muscle fiber, which feeds off the motor neurons. The nerves are made up of extensions of nerve cells, which are thread-like and transmit impulses outwardly from the body of cells. (Axon) The cell bodies are branched extensions of nerve cells (Neurons), which receive electrical signals from other nerves that conduct signals back to the body of cells. This action emerges from dendrites. Dendrites transmit nerve impulses to the main area of the body that when interrupted can cause major problems. We call this large, major system the Central Nerve System. (CNS) Dendrites are also called the tree sometimes, since it stores minerals that crystallizes the system and forms the shape of a tree. The CNS is a network of neurons, or nerve cells that include the muscle fibers. The fibers and nerve cells chain together and consist of cell bodies, dendrites, axon, etc. Messages are conveyed through these neurons, which sensations are transmitted to the brain, thus carrying motor impulses that reach the vital organs and muscles.
We use our muscles and the components combined to move. The skeletal muscles are transmitters also, since these muscles send energy that creates muscle contractions and forms as ATP. The muscles also form as adenosine Triphosphate, ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate Phosphate), and hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is reactions that occur with fluids. Thus, chemical reactions emerge with compound reactions and causes decomposition. In addition, it reacts by producing two or more additional compounds, which may include a combo of glucose and/or minerals, etc.
Adenosine Triphosphate is components of our RNA. The compounds of adenine and organic ribose sugar, which makes up the components of nucleic acid and energy, which is carried via molecules. Ribose has five-carbon sugars, which is discovered in living cells. Its constituents, RNA, plays a vital part in the metabolically structure, since compounds include nucleic acids, riboflavin, and ribonucleotides exist. Riboflavin is necessary for growth and energy. The pigments are made up of orange-yellow crystals, which derive from Vitamin B complex. Riboflavin is vital to particular enzymes also. Riboflavin is sometimes known as Vitamin G and lactoflavin as well.
We achieve tone from our muscles, since they act as retainers. The action causes the muscles to hold back a degree of contractions, which breaks down the transmission of nerve impulses or white crystalline compounds that release from the ends of neuron fiber (Acetylcholine) by use of enzymes known as cholinesterase.
The enzymes of the brain, blood, and heart decomposes acetylcholine, breaking it down into acetic (Vinegary) acids and choline, which suppresses its' stimuli and affects the nerves. The action is sometimes known as acetyl-cholinesterase. Enzymes are proteins, which are complex. The elements produce from the living cells and promote specific biochemical reactions. Enzymes act as catalysts.
Each element outlined makes up the parts of the body that when affected can lead to back pain. For instance, if the muscle tone fails to hold back contractions, and breaking down of nerve impulse transmission at a given time, the muscles are overexerted, which causes back pain.
|
<urn:uuid:8683482d-dccb-4a40-85d1-08ad621de58a>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://shirleythegreat.blogspot.com/2008/03/bones-and-back-pain.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323711.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628153051-20170628173051-00171.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943285
| 874
| 3.734375
| 4
|
Experimental techniques to determine the Young's Modulus of the trachea
MetadataShow full metadata
In addition to its usefulness in modeling and simulation processes, the modulus of elasticity is an index which is highly used in biomedical identifications and tissue characterizations. For many composite and viscoelastic materials an "accurate modulus" is an idealistic hypothesis and an "equivalent modulus" is normally of a high biomechanical significance. The composite shape of the trachea, which consists of the smooth muscles and cartilage rings, renders the fact that an equivalent modulus is in place for many applications. In this paper three in-vitro nondestructive testing techniques are presented to determine the Young modulus of elasticity of the trachea and the results are compared with the standard uniaxial state of stress method. These techniques are based on: (1) simulating the trachea as a pressurized vessel and deducing a special relationship between the pressure and the radial strain; (2) using two hydrophones and studying the variation in acoustic transmittance caused by the presence of the trachea in a water-bath; (3) considering the trachea as a thin cylindrical shell and determining the resonance vibration response. Elaborate discussion is presented to identify the "pros" and "cons" of each technique and final practical recommendations are made.
|
<urn:uuid:09bd5ec4-140c-4ce0-9eb8-6b0bfeebd856>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://aut.researchgateway.ac.nz/handle/10292/62
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323908.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629103036-20170629123036-00251.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.905378
| 291
| 2.859375
| 3
|
How the water and waste systems work
Water is supplied to a house from an underground main pipe. At the point of entry to the land, there is a main cock or tap, and usually (in Australia) a water meter. In an emergency, such as a burst pipe, all the water in the house can be turned off at this tap.
Pipes lead from this point to bring cold water to all the taps and services in the house and garden. One pipe goes to the water heater from which a separate system of pipes leads to the hot water taps. In older houses, the pipes are often made of galvanized iron, but in modern buildings they are usually copper; copper is trouble-free and lasts longer without corrosion or blocking.
Waste from basins, baths, sinks and toilets is led away through wider pipes made of copper, cast iron, plastic or earthenware to the main sewer or septic system. A water filled trap (a U- or S shaped bend) must be fitted between every waste pipe and the #main waste disposal system#.
This prevents foul air, bacteria or vermin from entering the house through drainage outlets. In addition, air-filled vent pipes are fitted below the water-traps to prevent any siphoning or backwash. These pipes are led outside above roof level.
Storm water (from gutters and drains) must not be led into the sewerage disposal system.
|
<urn:uuid:e87f7684-f740-41af-8bb9-7719e4e8bb3d>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://hubpages.com/living/how-the-water-and-waste-systems-work
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323908.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629103036-20170629123036-00251.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94646
| 293
| 3.609375
| 4
|
Direct exposure to sunlight can be very dangerous and damaging, but if taken in moderation, sun may also protect against many diseases. Sun, in fact, provides us with energy that all living things need in order to live and grow, and it also promotes our vitamin D production, enhances mood, and improves sleep.
But let’s take a look at some of the most important health benefits of sunshine.
Before we start talking about the beneficial effects of the sun, we must first emphasize the importance of proper sun exposure.
If you wish to enjoy all the health benefits of sunshine without any harmful after effects, you should absolutely avoid overexposing yourself to the sun between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. This is the time of the day when the sun is at its highest point in the sky, and during this time the sun’s rays are the strongest and most dangerous.
However, midday sun is the best source of UVB rays, which in turn are the primary and the most powerful sources of vitamin D. Only 10 to 15 minutes of direct sun exposure (without sunscreen) can be enough to generate sufficient vitamin D amounts!
UVA rays (morning and afternoon) do not promote vitamin D production, but they have other great health benefits and are also less likely to cause sunburns.
As we have just mentioned, sunlight is our primary source of vitamin D, known also as the sunshine vitamin.
Sunshine, vitamin D and bones
Vitamin D is necessary to maintain normal blood levels of calcium and phosphorus.
Vitamin D helps our bodies absorb calcium, and is thereby responsible for building stronger bones. It promotes bone mineralization and growth, and its deficiency may, in fact, cause thin, soft, brittle, misshaped and weak bones, susceptible to breakage.
Sunshine, vitamin D and cancer
Researches have shown that getting enough sunshine, meaning adequate amounts of vitamin D, may reduce the risk of cancer by at least 60%.
Being a potent cell growth regulator, vitamin D may prevent the creation, the growth, and the development of cancer cells and tumors.
Other sunshine and vitamin D health benefits
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, found in some foods and produced in the body after exposure to ultraviolet rays from the sun.
Vitamin D is essential for our health and for the proper functioning of various systems in our body. Vitamin D deficiency may lead to many diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, miopathy, multiple sclerosis osteoporoses, psoriasis, rickets, and many other illnesses.
Vitamin D deficiency is a common cause of preeclampsia.
Another great health benefit of sunshine lies in its power to improve your immune system, by increasing the number of white blood cells and promoting the production of gamma globulin. This is essential for your body’s natural defense system, as it helps fight bacteria, molds and viruses, and ward off infections and diseases. It also helps increase the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells.
It is well known that sunshine gives your skin a healthy glow and a smooth and radiant appearance. But this is not all!
Sunshine and better mood
One of the greatest health benefits of sunshine lays in its ability to sooth our nerves and enhance our mood. It can have positive effects on our mind and lift up our spirits, while fighting depression and promoting calmness. All in all, sunshine can cheer us up!
Sunshine, in fact, cures a type of depression called seasonal affective disorder (SAD), caused by decreased sunlight in the winter months.
Sunshine is known to increase serotonin levels in the brain. Decreased winter sunlight may instead lead to depression, for it makes our body produce twice as less serotonin compared to summer sunlight. Sunlight therapy has therefore shown to be the only efficient treatment for people affected by SAD.
Sunshine and better sleep
Getting enough sunlight will help your serotonin levels remain high during the day, and increase the melatonin production in the night.
In fact, natural sunlight inhibits the release of melatonin, and its output is therefore greatly increased at night, which helps maintain a normal circadian rhythm, while promoting better sleep.
Now add some sunshine to your life and let us know if you have enjoyed reading this post. Just leave a comment below.
Jessica is a translator who has lived for many years in Asia and South America. She now lives and works in Europe, while preparing her new journeys. She enjoys traveling, meeting new people, exploring different cultures and foods, and being in love.
There’s a difference between someone being imperfect and being very disrespectful. Here’re some relationship red flags to watch out for when dating someone.
Getting ready for a date can be quite nerve-wracking, which is why we decided to reveal you secret tips that will help you achieve the perfect date makeup.
Social media is here to stay but are your habits jeopardizing your relationship? It can be quite difficult to spot the signs. Read on to find out more.
You don’t become a clingy girlfriend overnight and you definitely won’t become less clingy in an instant. Learn how to be less clingy by reading our 9 tips.
Every woman wants to look and feel her best, but it takes time and practice to learn what works. We’ll teach you how to prepare for a date from head to toe.
Every woman likes to feel beautiful and there’s no better way to do it than to invest in the appearance of your skin. We’ll teach you how to get soft skin.
Discover the reasons why men like older women and why they find them sexier than the younger ones. Here are the top 10. Use them to your advantage!
Breakups are simply heartbreaking, but we all go through it at least once in our lives. Learning how to survive heartbreak will make things a lot easier.
|
<urn:uuid:6308e4bb-0ece-48bf-accb-c8fb8da2fef3>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://youqueen.com/life/health/5-health-benefits-of-sunshine/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319992.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623031127-20170623051127-00610.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943216
| 1,229
| 3.328125
| 3
|
55 Synonyms for “Courage”
Courage comes in many varieties, often identified by distinct synonyms. Some terms refer to determination more than bravery, but the two qualities are intertwined. Here’s a roster of the valiant vocabulary:
1-2. Adventuresomeness: Like many words on this list, this one is encumbered by the suffix -ness, but it and its nearly identical-looking and somewhat less clumsy synonym adventurousness convey a connotation of a flair for undertaking risky or dangerous enterprises.
3. Audacity: This term’s meaning as a synonym for courage is tainted by another sense, that of shamelessness.
4. Backbone: This word, one of several on this list that figuratively refer to body parts, implies that a courageous person is unyielding or indestructible.
5. Balls: This vulgar slang for testicles suggests that a person said, in a figurative sense, to possess them is endowed with an anatomical feature equated with virility and thus with courage.
6. Boldness: This word means “daring, fearless” but can also mean “adventurous” as well as “presumptuous.”
7. Bottle: This British English slang term derives from the word for a container for liquid; whether it alludes to the receptacle’s sturdiness or to the false courage inspired by imbibing alcohol from it is unclear.
8. Bravery: This word, like courage itself, is an all-purpose term, though it also can mean “finery” or “ostentatious display,” perhaps from the idea of a triumphant hero’s trappings. Brave, too, has an alternate meaning of “excellent,” and as a noun used to refer to an American Indian warrior.
9. Chivalry: This term, from the French word chevaler (whence chevalier as a synonym for knight; the Latin ancestor is caballarius, “horseman”), originally referred to the courage of a knight but later came to encompass other ideal but often unrealized qualities such as courtesy and devoutness.
10. Cojones: This frequently misspelled slang word, from the Spanish word meaning “testicles,” is often used as a (slightly) less offensive alternative to its counterpart in English slang.
11. Courageousness: This is an oddly superfluous term, considering that courage is more compact and means exactly the same thing, but courageous is a useful adjective.
12-13. Daring: This word has a connotation of reckless disregard for personal safety. Daringness is an unnecessarily extended (and therefore unnecessary) variant.
14. Dash: This term suggests ostentatious courage but can also imply the pretense of that quality, and might be confused with other senses of the word. Dashing, however, is a vivid adjective.
15. Dauntlessness: Among the words here saddled with a suffix, dauntlessness is nevertheless an expressive term. Its root, daunt, means “to tame or subdue.”
16. Determination: This word connotes resolve more than courage but is a useful associate for synonyms of the latter term.
17. Doughtiness: This word itself is somewhat clumsy, but the root word, doughty, is one of the most evocative synonyms for brave.
18. Elan: This borrowing from French, best (at least in print) with an acute accent over the first letter, comes from a word meaning “rush” and implies vigor rather than courage but has a swashbuckling flair.
19. Enterprise: This is a synonym for initiative more than for courage but has a similar sense.
20. Fearlessness: This pedestrian word pales by comparison with some of its synonyms but might be useful in a pinch.
21-22. Fortitude: The original sense of this word was “strength,” but now it connotes the determination that enables courage to prevail over fear. The variant “intestinal fortitude” implies that one will not succumb to an abdominal ailment when confronted with adversity.
23. Gallantry: This word, like some others on the list, can easily suggest a pretense of courage rather than the quality itself.
24. Greatheartedness: This word also means “generosity,” so although it can imply both qualities in one person, when it is employed, the context should make the intended sense clear.
25. Grit: This term, memorably employed in the book and film title True Grit, connotes coarse but uncompromising courage.
26-27. Guts: This slang term for the abdominal organs, traditionally thought of as the seat of emotions, applies to a combination of courage and indefatigability. A more verbose variant is gutsiness.
28. Hardihood: This term, combining the adjective hardy (which can mean “brave” as well as “tough” and “audacious”) and the suffix -hood (“state of being”), implies combined courage and robustness.
29. Heart: This word’s use as a synonym for courage stems from the idea that the heart is the source of courage. The root of the latter word, indeed, comes from coeur, the French term for the heart (and ultimately from the Latin word cor).
30. Heroism: The root word, hero, has evolved to have a broad range of senses, and the word for the quality is similarly generic.
31-32. Intrepidity: This word and its close variant intrepidness are based on intrepid, meaning “fearless” (the root word is also the basis of trepidation).
33. Lionheartedness: This term is based on the association of the animal with courage; England’s King Richard I, a medieval model of chivalry, earned the epithet “the Lionhearted.”
34. Mettle: This word, adapted from metal, means “stamina” but is also employed to refer to courage.
35. Moxie: This word, taken from the brand name for a carbonated beverage that, like its better-known and longer-lived competitors Pepsi and Coca-Cola, was originally touted as a source of pep, initially meant “energy” but came to be associated with expertise as well as courage.
36. Nerve: Because of this word’s additional sense of presumptuousness, the connotation of courage might not be clear; both meanings stem from the outdated idea that boldness is conveyed through the body’s nerves.
37. Panache: This word derived from a Latin term for “small wing” implies flamboyance as much as courage, perhaps from the ostentatious display of feathers on knights’ helmets.
38. Pecker: This British English slang term doesn’t translate to American English so well; the association of the word as an irregular synonym for courage as well as with the male genitalia is discussed in the entry for balls.
39. Pluck: This word, converted to noun form from the verb, implies determined courage despite overwhelming odds or in the face of significant adversity.
40. Prowess: This word refers to remarkable skill as well as outstanding courage.
41-43. Resoluteness: This term, more gracefully rendered as resolution or even resolve, implies a purposefulness, rather than courage per se.
44. Spirit: This word carries the connotation of assertiveness or firmness as opposed to courage; it can also mean a display of energy or animation.
45. Spunk: This word, originally referring to materials suitable as tinder, is akin to mettle and pluck in meaning.
46. Stalwartness: The root word of this term, stalwart, is an alteration of stalworth, from an Old English word meaning “serviceable,” and refers more to strength and vigor than courage but is easily associated with the latter virtue.
47-48. Stoutheartedness: This word alludes to the idea that a large, vigorous heart imbues one with courage. A more concise variant is stoutness; someone who is of reliable courage is sometimes referred to as stout.
49. Temerity: This word implies a rash, contemptuous disregard for danger.
50-51. Tenacity: This term and its longer variant tenaciousness suggest persistence.
52. Valor: This word (and the related adjective valiant) implies a romantic ideal of courage.
53. Venturesomeness: The meaning of this word is virtually identical to its virtually identical synonym adventuresomeness (see above).
54. Verve: This term, which shares the same origin as verb, refers to a boldness of expression, whether verbal or artistic.
55. Virtue: In addition to senses of morality or another beneficial quality, this term has acquired status as a synonym for courage.Recommended for you: « Stationary vs. Stationery »
Subscribe to Receive our Articles and Exercises via Email
- You will improve your English in only 5 minutes per day, guaranteed!
- Subscribers get access to our exercise archives, writing courses, writing jobs and much more!
- You'll also get three bonus ebooks completely free!
7 Responses to “55 Synonyms for “Courage””
“Balls” is not intended to be exclusive or derogatory towards women. It has more to do with the effects of castration of a man, taking away his aggressiveness. Please stop looking for a reason to be offended.
As and antidote for all of those balls I suggest we include “ovaries.” It can also work as an alternative to “seminal” – use “ovarian.”
Adrienne Rich’s ovarian later work influenced a generation of women writers and thinkers.
“Adventuresomeness” sounds so weird…like a made-up word 🙂
How disgusting it is to imply that courage is the sole preserve of testicle-bearers!
(And how demeaning when we women are *reduced* to that status!)
15. Dauntlessness – I’m reminded of the musical Once Upon a Mattress; the male lead’s name is Prince Dauntless. Contrary to what his name implies, Dauntless is rather fearful of his overbearing mother, and must learn to stand up to her.
17. Doughtiness – I recently saw a post where someone misspelled “doubt” as “dought” (the phrase: “I dought it”). They were attempting to criticize a prominent political figure. I am sure they didn’t realize that “I dought it” is not only incorrect and doesn’t make a lick of sense, it sends a completely different message than what they intended!
The 55 synonyms for courage — You missed one!
The adverb WIGHT.
The OED says “1.1 Strong and courageous, esp. in warfare; having or showing prowess; valiant, doughty, brave, bold, ‘stout’. a.1.a of a person, esp. a warrior. ”
That’s how the term white knight go misnomered into it’s present spelling.
What about gumption?
|
<urn:uuid:788b379d-11d2-40b2-b618-2e53bfba0493>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.dailywritingtips.com/55-synonyms-for-%E2%80%9Ccourage%E2%80%9D/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319992.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623031127-20170623051127-00610.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944953
| 2,457
| 2.546875
| 3
|
2015 Guidelines PALS Course
100% classroom training means students are with an AHA instructor for their entire learning experience.
Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS)
PALS is a classroom, video-based, Instructor-led course that uses a series of simulated pediatric emergencies to reinforce the important concepts of a systematic approach to pediatric assessment, basic life support, PALS treatment algorithms, effective resuscitation and team dynamics.
Updated with 2015 AHA Guidelines for CPR & ECC
AHA Blended Learning courses combine the flexibility of online training with in-person skills practice and testing.
HeartCode PALS is the AHA’s PALS blended learning delivery method. Blended learning is a combination of eLearning, in which a student completes part of the course in a self-directed manner, followed by a hands-on session.
The online portion of this comprehensive eLearning program uses eSimulation technology to allow students to assess and treat patients in virtual healthcare settings.
2010 Guidelines Pediatric Courses
PEARS teaches providers how to recognize respiratory distress, shock and cardiac arrest, and provide appropriate lifesaving interventions within the initial minutes of response until the child is transferred to an advanced life support provider. The goal of PEARS is to improve the quality of care provided to seriously ill or injured infants and children, resulting in improved outcomes.
Learn:® Rhythm Pediatric
This is a self-directed, online course that introduces healthcare providers to normal pediatric cardiac rhythms and prepares them to recognize basic pediatric cardiac arrhythmias in clinical practice. The course allows healthcare providers to gain proficiency in pediatric ECG rhythm recognition in an effort to provide better patient treatment and save more lives.
Use our Find a Course tool to locate an AHA Training Center in your area that offers classroom and skills sessions.
Shop AHA eBooks to purchase digital course materials required for your class.
Go to eBooks.heart.org.
|
<urn:uuid:4af059b4-fc9d-4c84-935d-debb489c1771>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.cpr-ecc.org/AHAECC/CPRAndECC/Training/HealthcareProfessional/Pediatric/UCM_473190_Pediatric.jsp
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320201.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623220935-20170624000935-00691.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.888735
| 395
| 2.515625
| 3
|
in 1950's successive bad monsoons, led to a severe food crisis in 1955 india.Millions of people would have starved in india, if the US had not came to India’s rescue. That was how the famous PL 480 wheat import deal with US was signed by India in 1956.This was to continue for more than twenty years.India received 50 million tons, or nearly 40 percent of all food grains and 25 percent of all commodities given by the U.S. government under P.L. 480 from 1955 through 1971
P L 480 SIGNING CEREMONY- PRESIDENT EISENHOWER AND INDIAN MINISTER PATIL 1956 TO SUPPLY FOOD TO STARVING INDIA
.Since 1954, India was indeed repaying the wheat supply in Indian Rupees into a special RBI account. According to the agreement the USA was to use this money only for US investments in India and for paying off their local expenses. By 1971 it had built up to over 3billion US Dollars. India feared that the US access to such large amounts of money in India, at short notice could be used to destabilize the country.A proposal to write off 2.2 Billion $ and retain only 1.1 Billion $ for US expenses ,was passed in us senate, and on 18th Jan 1974, the US gave India a cheque for 2.2 Billion dollars and wrote off the account.The question, what was to be done with the Rupee balance in the PL480 account?It was decided to use this money to support English language publishing In India.The ELBS books, made by this arrangement , cost a third of the original, had “Low-Priced Edition” emblazoned across the cover.American Congress and various US libraries were able to use rupees from Indian purchases of U.S. agricultural products (PL 480) to buy Indian books. India agreed to repay the United States with multiple copies of all books published in the country for designated university libraries in the United States, beginning in 1961. The USAID New Delhi Field Office implementing the program started the thorough and systematic acquisition of publications in the modern languages of South Asia.
The american people who handled it complained of smelly books, and ALLERGY
The famed 'Congress grass weed' which is growing wild in many places .in india was imported along with american wheat ,accused india ;but refuted by america;was causing ALLERGIC syptoms
so a good deed by America ended in accusation of ALLERGY from both sides
Today India is the third largest English books producing country in the world and fully self sufficient, and an exporter of food
|
<urn:uuid:b8bb81bf-e93b-407f-8b95-74d71d25d21f>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://pazhayathu.blogspot.com/2009/11/1960-imported-american-wheat-allergy-vs.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320323.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624184733-20170624204733-00051.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960286
| 552
| 2.90625
| 3
|
Two years are required to establish raspberry plants, but once established, the raspberry planting can remain productive for several years if given good care. Raspberry fruits may be classified by fruit color and/or fruiting habit. They may be red, black, purple, or yellow fruit types of raspberries. The black raspberry is one of the most popular. The red raspberry is the second most popular type. The red raspberry is first to ripen, followed by the black, purple, and yellow cultivars.
You will find raspberry plants for sale at our online garden store.
|
<urn:uuid:1223d771-2204-46b1-be64-3729f1e65b5d>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.greenwoodnursery.com/categories/fruiting-plants/raspberry-plants-for-sale
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320532.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625134002-20170625154002-00131.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.904138
| 115
| 2.734375
| 3
|
The CBC agrees to the need for active resource management in the Basin which includes a broad array of activities that consider the ecological processes and public needs. The details of what, where and how much these activities should occur is not yet defined.
- Active resource management includes a whole suite of activities
- CBC supports a sustained level of timber management in the Basin and has general consensus that commodity production should be focused in the roaded areas commonly referred to as the “front country”
- CBC agreed a science based landscape level assessment “blueprint” is needed to develop a strategic vegetation plan and has begun the process
- CBC is committed to working with the Forest Service on the assessment, projects that evolve and Forest Plan Revision under the new Planning Rule and has entered into a MOU with the Agency to facilitate collaboration
The CBC has addressed a number of issues and made significant progress towards resolution. One of these has been a broad theme of land use and management particularly where management for commodities such as timber, should occur. The group’s general consensus it that commodity production should be focused in roaded areas which we generally refer to as the “front country.”
There is consensus support for a sustained level of timber management and it is well established that there will need to be a reasonable degree of certainty as a major component of any overall legislative or administrative package. Efforts to facilitate this activity include initial implementation of a framework to move the Forest Service towards successful program delivery through selective collaborative efforts with the CBC. Ultimately, CBC hopes to offer consensus recommendations on how much timber harvest is appropriate in the Basin.
Since “active management” includes numerous types of activities, one definition of the CBC may consider for adoption is: “Strategies designed to attain desired ecosystem objectives and future conditions by applying cultural operations and forest management strategies”. These may include timber harvest, tree planting, thinning, prescribed burning, fertilization, grazing, week control, improving wildlife habitat, stream channel reconstruction, erosion control, decommissioning of roads, trail and road maintenance and construction and recreation resource maintenance and improvement.
The CBC intends to develop broad-scale consensus recommendations on where, what, and how the USFS lands in the Basin could be managed to meet the needs of the CBC’s diverse group of interests. This blueprint map of the Clearwater Basin will suggest appropriate places and appropriate tools for land management within the Basin, providing the USFS with a clearer understanding of the types of activities the CBC would support and where.
The assessment will identify current and desired forest conditions, prioritize desired activities in the front country and outline the preferred treatments. Ultimately, it will provide long-term estimates for sustainable timber harvest. The team will identify short term outputs to be completed in the next few months as well as long term outcomes for the next 18 months. It is possible the assessment would cover all roaded front country within the Nez Perce and Clearwater National Forests, even if some of the landscape falls outside of the Clearwater Basin.
|
<urn:uuid:0b201be6-3941-44fb-811e-4a4abc9ec9db>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://clearwaterbasincollaborative.org/our-work/ecological-values/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320695.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626083037-20170626103037-00211.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94949
| 619
| 2.65625
| 3
|
This, as the title suggests, was an event held for the media briefing on various matters affecting children in Kenya.
Among the key issues addressed by the panel was the effect of the long drought that engulfed the country on children. The End of Childhood report launched by the government on the first of June had drought as one of its key points that deteriorated the health and well being of children. It was suggested that the government had the responsibility to report to the media and children-based organizations on the progress of implementing the report.
Second was the nationwide strike involving doctors, teachers and nurses which occurred on different occasions. The quality of health was a major factor that affected children as a result of the doctors’ strike that began on the 5th of December 2016 and lasted over one hundred days, as well as the ongoing nurses’ strike. Many children kicked the bucket due to lack of health care from government hospitals countrywide. Among the deaths reported during the strikes were of newborn children who were born under unfavorable conditions due to the absence of doctors and nurses from hospitals. With regard to the teachers’ strike, the quality of education for children countrywide dwindled. Candidates for national examinations had their expectations for passing diminished as a result.
Third among the issues addressed was the access to quality education. Free Primary Education was reported to have hidden costs, which in all matters free is paradoxical. Why offer education for free to children yet parents still have to pay? It certainly defeats all FPE’s intents and purposes. County governments were urged to provide free Early Childhood Development Education services for all children in the country.
The fourth critical issue was that of violence against children. Innocent children fall prey to violence from those closest to them. These children feel that there is little the government is doing to curb violence. Among the major forms of violence against children are child marriages, sexual violence, and female genital mutilation. It was also of note that the 2017/2018 budget does not roll out finances to curb these forms of violence. In this aspect, the National government is tasked to develop a strategy to end violence against children and mobilize resources for the same.
On the other hand, child participation was a critical aspect on the children agenda. According to Article 10 of the Constitution, public participation is a national value, and public includes children. Children have the right to participate in forums that address their issues. However, the problem comes in when their capacity to participate is concerned. Estimates of 11 out of 100 children are considered to participate in child activities. The only way to increase this number is for both national and county governments to revise their budgets and provide avenues for child participation.
There were other issues that were raised, one being street children. It was noteworthy that street children cannot be singled out as a special group because any developments raised concerning the welfare of children are for all children collectively.
With all these in mind, the panel decided to strengthen the capacity to report on children by media houses and as such training for media houses was scheduled for 29th and 30 of June.
|
<urn:uuid:c7adfe58-085b-4da3-9140-b70a6ef39be6>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://mtotonewsblog.wordpress.com/2017/06/15/children-sector-cso-media-briefing/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320695.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626083037-20170626103037-00211.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.986124
| 621
| 2.828125
| 3
|
Effects of CBD
CBD is non-psychoactive, meaning it does not cause a high. In fact, studies show CBD can reduce the mind-altering effects of THC.
Both THC and CBD are believed to interact with the endocannabinoid system. But CBD does not appear to act on the same pathways as THC. Instead, studies suggest CBD may boost activity of the body’s endocannabinoids by preventing their breakdown.
CBD is remarkably non-toxic and has not been associated with any major side effects. A number of studies have evaluated the safety of CBD. Their findings include:
Embryonic development – Studies found CBD to have no negative effect on embryonic cells.
Food intake – Unlike THC, CBD does not appear to stimulate appetite or food intake.
Motor activity – CBD has not been shown to cause motor impairment.
Physiological effects – CBD seems to have no impact on major physiological measures, including blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature.
Grotenhermen F, Müller-Vahl K (2012). The therapeutic potential of cannabis and cannabinoids. Dtsch Arztebl Int, 109:495-501.
Karschner EL, Darwin WD, McMahon RP, Liu F, Wright S, Goodwin RS, Huestis MA (2011). Subjective and physiological effects after controlled Sativex and oral THC administration. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 89:400-407. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2010.318
Morgan CJ, Schafer G, Freeman TP, Curran HV (2010). Impact of cannabidiol on the acute memory and psychotomimetic effects of smoked cannabis: naturalistic study. Br J Psychiatry, 197:285-90. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077503
Paria BC, Das SK, Dey SK (1995). The preimplantation mouse embryo is a target for cannabinoid ligand-receptor signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 92:9460-4.
Riedel G, Fadda P, McKillop-Smith S, Pertwee RG, Platt B, Robinson L (2009). Synthetic and plant-derived cannabinoid receptor antagonists show hypophagic properties in fasted and non-fasted mice. Br J Pharmacol, 156:1154-66. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00107.x
Rosenkrantz H, Fleischman RW, Grant RJ (1981). Toxicity of short-term administration of cannabinoids to rhesus monkeys. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 58:118-31.
|
<urn:uuid:fe282822-e3c9-4c66-b69e-28bab851bb3e>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.leafscience.com/cannabinoids/cbd/effects-cbd/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320915.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627032130-20170627052130-00291.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.826672
| 564
| 2.640625
| 3
|
Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2001 September 6
Explanation: Here's something you don't see too often ... a detailed picture of the full Moon surrounded by a rich field of background stars. It's true that bright moonlight scattered by the atmosphere tends to mask faint stars, but pictures of the sunlit portion of the Moon made with earthbound telescopes or even with cameras on the lunar surface often fail to show any background stars at all. Why? Because the exposure times are too short. Very short exposures, lasting fractions of a second, are required to accurately record an image of the bright lunar surface. But the background stars (and galaxies!) such as those visible above are much fainter and need exposures lasting minutes to hours which would seriously overexpose the surface of the Moon. So, of course this stunning view really is a combination of two digital images -- a short exposure, registering the exquisite lunar surface details at full Moon, superposed on a separate very long exposure, made with the Moon absent from the star field. The final representation of Moon and background stars is very dramatic, even though it could not have been captured in a single exposure.
Authors & editors:
Jerry Bonnell (USRA)
NASA Technical Rep.: Jay Norris. Specific rights apply.
A service of: LHEA at NASA/ GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.
|
<urn:uuid:4ebbe967-c81d-42fc-8cbb-3936d92f24eb>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap010906.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320915.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627032130-20170627052130-00291.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.929549
| 304
| 3.46875
| 3
|
Guava - Tropical
The guava originates from an area extending from Mexico through Central America into South America. The guavas have been valued in South America for thousands of years, and their seeds have been found at Peruvian archaeological sites. It is more cold hardy than its name suggests, is easy to grow and has attractive foliage, fluffy white flowers over a long period and produces abundant sweet, juicy fruit.
Can be trimmed to form an informal hedge or screen. Guavas also make good container plants, or stand alone as a feature plant.
Vitamin C is very high and most of this is contained in the skin, it also has good levels of fibre, vitamin A, some niacin, potassium and ellagic acid.
How to Eat
Eat fresh. The fruit can be added to ice-creams sauces, jams, cakes, drinks and chutney.
A healthy tree in good soil should produce 3-50 kg of fruit per year.
Generic Fruiting Time
They grow best in the full sun.
They are not very wind tolerant and are fairly salt resistant in sheltered positions.
Warmer climate, can tolerate hot summer temperatures. It can grow in both humid and dry climates. Will tolerate a few degrees of frost, will recover from some leaf damage. Young plants are very frost tender.
Will grow best in fertile, moist deep loams but are tolerant of other soil types including clay or sand-gravel soils but will need good drainage in all soil conditions. Will tolerate a wide ph range
Young trees, in particular, need extra protection from freezing temperatures. Allow 5-8m between trees.
Young trees are nutrient hungry so will need regular applications of a balanced, complete fertiliser.
Trimming the main stems at the end will encourage new lateral growth and produce more fruit.
Generally have few problems but whitefly could be a problem in humid areas
Brief frost of -3°C
|
<urn:uuid:df4d98aa-ac34-4323-a6de-3059351f0d91>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://edible.co.nz/fruits.php?fruitid=48_Guava%20-%20Tropical
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321938.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627221726-20170628001726-00371.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.90831
| 401
| 3.203125
| 3
|
What should I do if I see a crime occurring?
Call 911 immediately. Do not get involved. Be a “great witness” and take mental notes regarding questions a responding officer would need to know. Here are some questions to ask yourself:
- Are there weapons involved?
- Is someone injured?
- What is the address of location where the incident occurred?
- What direction did the suspect head to?
- What does the suspect(s) look like? Make note of sex/race, hair color, glasses, etc.
- What was the suspect(s) wearing?
- Are they on foot or in a vehicle?
- What direction did they go? If you’re not familiar with a direction, note a landmark you’re close to and point out another landmark they’re heading to.
- How long ago did it happen?
Do I have to give my name when I call 911?
No. You can choose to remain anonymous or keep information confidential. Be sure to inform the 911 dispatcher of that.
What should I do if I’m stopped on the street?
If a police officer stops you on the street, he or she has a reason. The officer may have reason to believe that you are in violation of the law. It’s also possible that a crime was committed nearby and the officer thinks that you might be able to help.
In any case, please adhere to the following:
- DON’T RUN from the officer. Be calm.
- Find out what the officer wants. Don’t assume that you know the reason for being contacted.
- Provide identification when asked.
- Answer questions truthfully.
- You have the right to ask questions of the officer. In doing so, REMAIN CALM. Yelling, threatening, or arguing with the officer will only make the situation more difficult.
- Understand there may be variables that you don’t know about that may make the interaction seem odd to you yet perfectly reasonable to the officer given the circumstances of the situation they’re currently in.
What should I do if I’m pulled over in my car?
If you are driving a car and an officer signals you to stop, you must immediately pull over. Prior to an officer initiating a traffic stop, they evaluate where the safest location is for the stop to occur. It is at that point they activate their emergency equipment to signal you to stop. Stay in your car. If it’s dark, turn on the interior light. Do not leave your car unless directed to do so by the officer.
Keep your hands on the steering wheel. Wait for the officer to approach your vehicle. The officer will request your license, registration, and proof of insurance. Police officers are trained to ask for identification first, then provide an explanation for the stop. Please provide the officer with the required documents. An MSU police officer will always inform you of the reason that you are being stopped.
Traffic violations are the most common reason for stopping a vehicle. However, you may also have been stopped for a registration or equipment violation. A criminal investigation may be another reason for being stopped. Your vehicle may match the description of a vehicle that was involved in a crime.
At some point during the stop, the officer may ask you and any passengers to step from the car. This request may be for safety reasons, or the officer may suspect illegal contraband in the car. The courts have upheld the officer’s right to make such a request.
Our actions during a traffic stop are guided by the fact that many police officers are assaulted and/or killed each year during traffic stops. In fact, according to the Uniform Crime Report, 113 officers were assaulted on traffic related contacts in the year 2010 in the State of Michigan. Our goal is to protect you, the motorist, and to ensure our own safety.
Finally, if you are issued a citation, DON’T ARGUE at the scene. You have the right to contest a citation before a judge or magistrate at a later time. This doesn’t require the service of an attorney and the time involved is often mini-mal. Associated Student of MSU (ASMSU) Legal Services is an additional resource for information for MSU students.
MCL 257.653 (1) (a) states “Upon the immediate approach of an authorized emergency vehicle equipped with not less than 1 lighted flashing, rotating, or oscillating lamp exhibiting a red or blue light visible under normal atmospheric condition from a distance of 500 feet to the front of the vehicle and when the driver is giving audible signal by siren, exhaust whistle, or bell: (a) The driver of another vehicle shall yield the right of way and shall immediately drive to a position parallel to and as close as possible to the right-hand edge or curb of the roadway, clear of an intersection, and shall stop and remain in that position until the authorized emergency vehicle has passed, except when otherwise directed by a police officer.”
When I am pulled over, why does the officer ask for identification first?
The officer is trained to do so. This is so the officer knows the name of the person they are contacting.
MCL 257.311 also states “The licensee shall have his or her operator’s or chauffeur’s license, or the receipt described in section 311a, in his or her immediate possession at all times when operating a motor vehicle, and shall display the same upon demand of any police officer, who shall identify himself or herself as such.”
When a car is stopped at night, why does the officer appear to “sneak up” on the driver and shine their lights into the car?
It is a safety precaution for the officer. Officers are trained to minimize their exposure to traffic and potential danger from inside the vehicle. The bright light illuminates the interior of the vehicle.
If I’m pulled over for a traffic violation, why do other police vehicles sometimes show up?
It is not uncommon for officers who are in close proximity to check on one another, even when they are not requested. Again, this is for safety concerns.
Why does the officer sit in the car for so long? What is the officer doing?
The officer usually takes the time to verify your driving status and vehicle registration. The officer does this as quickly as possible but there can sometimes be delays in the computer response. Additional time may be added if the officer choses to issue any traffic citations.
I am stopped on a traffic stop and I’m carrying a concealed weapon, what is my responsibility to the officer at that time?
When carrying a concealed pistol, you should be aware of State Law which can be found at http://www.michigan.gov/msp/0,4643,7-123-1878_1591_3503_4654-10941–,00.html. Additionally, you should be aware of MSU’s Ordinance regarding Firearms or Weapons which can be found at https://trustees.msu.edu/ordinances/ordinances_sec18.html.
Where can I find a list of all the traffic laws that I must abide by?
A PDF of the Michigan Motor Vehicle Code can be found here: https://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(qr4dy245qmowt155exmyhwjl))/documents/mcl/pdf/mcl-chap257.pdf. The laws are updated often so be sure to check this link each time for the most updated version.
I’d like to file a complaint or send a compliment regarding an interaction I had with an MSU Police Officer. Where can I do this at?
You can file a complaint or compliment by:
- Calling 517-355-2222 and asking for a shift supervisor
- Coming into MSUPD and ask for a shift supervisor
- Completing an online form at http://police.msu.edu/contact-us/
- Mailing a letter to 1120 Red Cedar Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824 addressed to the Chief of Police
|
<urn:uuid:fb58ea07-791e-4570-89b0-ea8d5bc3a43b>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://police.msu.edu/news/citizen-faq/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321938.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627221726-20170628001726-00371.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95421
| 1,714
| 2.546875
| 3
|
Published in Pan-Pacific Entomologist, Volume 69, Issue 1, January 1, 1993, pages 18-32.
NOTE: At the time of publication, the author David Headrick was not yet affiliated with Cal Poly.
Procecidochares stonei Blanc & Foote is a facultatively multivoltine, stenophagous, gall-forming fruit fly on Viguiera laciniata Gray and V. deltoidea Gray var. parishii (Greene) Vasey and Rose (Asteraceae) in southern California. The latter host record is new; other published host records are questioned. Eggs, first through third instar larvae, and puparia are described for the first time. Galls formed on both host plants are described. The severe drought in southern California during the last 5 years has reduced the densities of P. stonei on V. d. var. parishii. Fly reproduction was restricted to one generation per year on the few host plant individuals that thrived in favored sites where they received supplemental water (i.e., along drip lines of boulders and margins of paved roads). Adult behaviors described include grooming, feeding, wing displays, courtship, copulation and oviposition. Females typically lay eggs in clusters of two or more in axillary buds. Larvae develop gregariously, mainly as two, but up to 13 per gall. Four species of hymenopterous parasitoids are reported, the most common of which was Eurytoma sp. (Eurytomidae).
Horticulture | Plant Sciences
|
<urn:uuid:fa21dcbd-060e-4aea-874a-f1b55650fa4e>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/hcs_fac/4/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323721.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628171342-20170628191342-00451.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.9369
| 328
| 2.515625
| 3
|
Refugee and migrant students entering Australian schools bring with them a range of complex experiences. These may include experiences of trauma, violence or displacement. Some of these young people are entering a formal schooling environment for the first time. Often they are in a classroom where no-one else speaks their language or shares their cultural background.
Supportive and inclusive school settings are important in helping them settle in to Australia and feel at home. School is often one of the first places where refugee and migrant students and their families begin to form connections with their local communities.
In South Australia, refugee and migrant students enter an Intensive English Language Program. These are typically stand-alone classes in mainstream primary schools. Students remain in the program for about 12 months before making the transition to a mainstream class, often at a different school. Refugee children are particularly likely to change school due to things such as insecure housing and changing work settings.
Our research suggests that the South Australian Intensive English Language Program offers a “soft landing” for children. At the same time, the children in our longitudinal study showed anxiety about their English language competency. In particular, they expressed concern that English would be an issue for them as they entered mainstream classes. There was a sense among many children that they would be left behind and thus find it difficult to make friends in their new setting.
Given this anxiety, we found that class topics that don’t require English language skills – such as art and sport - help this diverse group of children to make friends and adjust to mainstream schooling. Both of these factors are important for increasing the well-being of refugee and migrant students.
Students want to share their experiences
Spending time on areas that are not directly related to English language acquisition also allows refugee and migrant children to share their experiences before they came to Australia. We found that creating opportunities for students to share information about themselves not only assisted them in making friends, but also helped them feel a sense of belonging in the school environment.
Many children in our study expressed a strong desire to discuss aspects of their background. This included celebrating cultural and religious festivals, sharing food and language, and talking about the countries in which they had lived. The ability to share their background provided students with a sense of self-esteem and well-being that went beyond that provided by their ability to learn English or immediately “fit in” to their new school environment after transition.
Developing English language skills obviously remains a priority for the education of migrant and refugee children in Australia. However, our research suggests that ensuring the previous experiences of these students are truly heard (rather than just treated as hurdles to English language acquisition) is critically important to their continuing development and school engagement.
We would also note that in a context of standardised education – including NAPLAN testing – it is important to ensure that refugee and migrant students have the opportunity to participate in subjects that allow them to showcase their strengths. Feeling a sense of belonging in the early years of school is vitally important to ensure that students stay engaged with their education.
|
<urn:uuid:4e658c88-1def-43c9-b5c7-684408b65187>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://theconversation.com/the-importance-of-teaching-more-than-english-to-refugee-students-31407
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323721.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628171342-20170628191342-00451.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.975157
| 622
| 3.71875
| 4
|
U.S. General Services Administration
On January 21, 2009, in his "Memorandum on Transparency and Open Government," President Obama declared that government transparency depended on rapidly disclosing information to the public in accessible, usable forms. Five months later, Data.gov was born, the world's first national catalog of government data, open and accessible to all.
Since then, the program has become the world leader in setting the agenda for open government data. Data.gov brought this global community together by organizing the first International Open Government Data Conference, where knowledge was shared on every facet of this new commitment to open government. Phase One has supported this groundbreaking project from the beginning, from site launch through all aspects of its improvement and maturation.
Why This Matters To You
In 2009, the United States government had 5,000 second-level .gov domains and 24,000 sub-domains connecting to 30 million web pages, yet comprehensive research was virtually impossible without understanding the Federal government organization. In addition, most government data was provided in closed formats that made it very difficult to use.
The U.S. was losing opportunities to strengthen democracy through a more informed, participatory public; build the economy through innovation and entrepreneurship; and support citizens' daily lives. The solution: a one-stop shop for "raw" data in open, machine-readable formats.
From these datasets, citizens are creating an app economy, developing hundreds of apps that include helping parents keep their children safe, letting travelers find the fastest route to their destinations, and informing homebuyers about the safety of their new neighborhood. Never before have people been so empowered with the information they need to make everyday decisions. New capabilities being deployed will make the data even more accessible and useful to citizens by enabling them to analyze, sort, group, and visualize the data live, via the cloud. Transforming data into information puts the data to work, allowing citizens to be more informed, make better decisions, and derive greater value from their government.
How We Helped
Data.gov is a White House initiative that spans the entire Executive Branch, and the program's implementation began at the U.S. Department of the Interior, where Phase One provided strategic advice and execution support for its launch. As the site moved to the U.S. General Services Administration and grew to more than 300,000 data sets with access to millions more, Phase One assisted in every aspect of its growth. Phase One helped to develop and update the Data.gov Concept of Operations as well as provided strategic and analytic support by identifying areas for achieving budgetary efficiencies and opportunities to make the site even more accessible to the public.
Phase One also facilitated meetings of multiple government agencies and academic representatives to pioneer new technologies that could make the data more useful, along with assisting in training points of contact from across government in publishing their data. Phase One's communications support helped to expand awareness of Data.gov through assistance in creating press materials, building virtual communities of practice, inspiring students at its
USA Science & Engineering Festival booth, and assembling the field's global leaders at the inaugural International Open Government Data Conference.
|
<urn:uuid:e80ec7dc-ac69-4f4d-98a7-ef964a5bd39e>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.pocg.com/datagov
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323721.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628171342-20170628191342-00451.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947437
| 635
| 2.71875
| 3
|
IB Chemistry/Atomic Theory
- 1 Atomic Theory Revision Notes
- 2 Wave nature of electrons
- 3 HL Material
- 4 Material for new syllabus
- 4.1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
- 4.2 SL TOPIC 2.1 THE ATOM (1H).
- 4.2.1 The position of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atom.
- 4.2.2 the relative mass and relative charge of protons, electrons and neutrons.
- 4.2.3 The terms mass number (A), atomic number (Z) and isotopes of an element.
- 4.2.4 The symbols for isotopes
- 4.2.5 The properties of the isotopes of an element.
- 4.2.6 The uses of radioisotopes
- 4.2.7 The number of protons, electrons and neutrons in atoms and ions
- 4.3 2.2 THE MASS SPECTROMETER
- 4.4 2.3 ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT (2H)
- 4.5 TOPIC 12: ATOMIC STRUCTURE (3 HOURS)
- 4.6 12.1 ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
- 4.6.1 How ionization energy data is related to the electron configuration.
- 4.6.2 Evidence from first ionization energies and sub-levels.
- 4.6.3 The relative energies of s, p, d and f orbitals.
- 4.6.4 The maximum number of orbitals in a given energy level.
- 4.6.5 The shapes of s, px, py and pz orbitals.
- 4.6.6 The Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule and the Pauli exclusion principle
Atomic Theory Revision Notes
2.1 The Nuclear Atom
2.1.1 : Protons and Neutrons form the nucleus of the atom, electrons orbit the nucleus in electron shells.
2.1.2 : Protons -- Mass = 1 amu , charge = +1 .. Neutrons -- Mass = 1 amu , charge = 0 .. Electron -- Mass = 1/1840 amu (usually insignificant), charge = -1
|A simple model of a lithium atom.
Not to scale!
Atoms are made up of a nucleus and electrons that orbit the nucleus.
The nucleus is made up of positively charged protons, and neutrons, which have no charge but about the same mass as a proton.
Electrons are negatively charged and fly around the nucleus of an atom very quickly. So far, they do not appear to be made up of anything smaller: they are fundamental particles. They are extremely tiny, so small in fact that no one has managed to detect any size whatsoever. They are also very light, much much lighter than either a proton or a neutron. Hence, the weight of the electron is not included in the atomic number.
An atom in its natural, uncharged state has the same number of electrons as protons. If it gains or loses electrons, the atom acquires a charge and is then referred to as an ion. The number of protons in an atom defines its chemical identity (e.g. hydrogen, gold, argon, etc). Protons are not gained or lost through chemical reactions, but only through high energy nuclear processes.
2.1.3 : Mass number (A) -- Number of protons + neutrons. Atomic number (Z) -- number of proton. Isotope -- atoms with same atomic number but different mass number (i.e. different numbers of neutrons)
2.1.4 : XAz... A = mass number, Z = atomic number, X = atomic symbol.
2.1.5 : Isotopes may differ in physical properties (mass/density) and radioactivity but not generally in chemical properties.
2.1.6 : Atomic masses are the average of the atomic mass of each isotope (isotopic mass) times the isotope's relative abundance. results in non integer atomic masses
2.1.7 : Atomic number = number of protons (or number of electrons - ionic charge) , mass number - atomic number = number of neutrons.
2.2 Electron Arrangement
2.2.1 : Continuous spectrum goes continuously through red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. A line spectrum contains only some individual lines from this spectrum.
2.2.2 : Electrons are excited (usually by running an electric current through them). This causes electrons to 'jump' into higher electron shells ( X -> X* ) this state is only temporary, however, and the electron falls back to its ground state. This change (When the electron falls back from the higher shell to a lower one) decreases the energy of the electron, and this energy is emitted in the form of a photon. If this photon falls into the visible spectrum of light, then it produces a visible spectrum. As electrons move further away from the nucleus, the electron shells become closer together in terms of space and energy, and so lines converge towards the end of the spectrum.
Wave nature of electrons
Electrons behave as particles but also as waves.
One of the results of this observation is that electrons can not orbit with any energy they like. Think of a standing wave on a guitar string. Only a whole number of half wavelengths will fit in the string to form a standing wave, likewise for an atomic shell. Since the energy is dependent on the wavelength this means that the energy of an electron in an atom (a bound electron) is quantized. This means that the energy is limited to certain distinct values, one for each shell with no middle values allowed.
2.2.3 : The main electron levels go : 2, 8, 18 etc...2n + 2 for n0, n1 and n2...
2.2.4 : Electrons are added from the left...after each shell is filled, move to the next...2, 8, 18...only up to Z = 20 is required.
Topic 12 is the additional HL material for Topic 2.
It's not just the energy that is quantized, other properties that an electron can posess are also split into distinct units with no in betweens. The angular momentum is quantised, the spin is quantised, the component of the angular moment in any direction that you care to choose is quantised. There are in fact a whole host of rules determining the values that each of these properties can take.
Each different shell is subdivided into one or more orbitals, each of which has a different angular momentum. Each shell in an orbital has a characteristic shape, and are named by a letter. They are: s, p, d, and f.
In a one electron atom (e.g H, He+, Li++ etc.) the energy of each of the orbitals within a particular shell are all identical. However when there is more than one electron, they interact with one another and split the orbitals into slightly different energies. Within any particular shell, the energy of the orbitals depends on the angular momentum, with the s orbital having the lowest energy, then p, then d, etc.
The s Orbital
The simplest orbital in the atom is the 1s orbital. The 1s orbital is simply a sphere of electron density.
There is only one s orbital per shell. The s orbital can hold two electrons, as long as they have different spin quantum numbers.
The "P" Orbitals
Stylised image of all the 2p atomic orbitals.
Starting from the 2nd shell, there is a set of p orbitals. The angular momentum quantum number of the electrons confined to p orbitals is 1, so each orbital has one angular node. There are 3 choices for the magnetic quantum number, which indicates 3 differently orientated p orbitals. Finally, each orbital can accommodate two electrons (with opposite spins), giving the p orbitals a total capacity of 6 electrons.
The p orbitals all have two lobes of electron density pointing along each of the axes. Each one is symmetrical along its axis. The notation for the p orbitals indicate which axis it points down, i.e. px points along the x axis, py on the y axis and pz up and down the z axis. The p orbitals are degenerate, they all have the same energy. P orbitals are very often involved in bonding.
The "D" Orbitals
The first set of d orbitals is the 3d set. There are 5 choices for the magnetic quantum number, which gives rise to 5 different d orbitals. Each orbital can hold two electrons (with opposite spins), giving the d orbitals a total capacity of 10 electrons.
Note that you are only required to know the shapes of s and p orbitals for the IB.
In most cases, the d orbitals are degenerate, but sometimes, they can split, with the eg and t2g subsets having different energy. Crystal Field Theory predicts and accounts for this. D orbitals are sometimes involved in bonding, especially in inorganic chemistry.
Material for new syllabus
SL TOPIC 2.1 THE ATOM (1H).
SEE NEUSS, P6-7 TOK: What is the significance of the model of the atom in the different areas of knowledge? Are the models and theories that scientists create accurate descriptions of the natural world, or are they primarily useful interpretations for prediction, explanation and control of the natural world?
The position of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atom.
Here is a typical atom, helium:
TOK: None of these particles can be (or will be) directly observed. Which ways of knowing do we use to interpret indirect evidence gained through the use of technology? Do we believe or know of their existence?
the relative mass and relative charge of protons, electrons and neutrons.
The accepted values are:
The mass of the atom is due to its nucleons (which is protons and neutrons).
An atom is electrically neutral because it has equal numbers of protons and electrons. electrons and protons.
Chemistry (basically every single chemical reaction) is solely because of the behavior of electrons.
The terms mass number (A), atomic number (Z) and isotopes of an element.
The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons.
The mass number of an atom is the number of nucleons (the number of protons + the number of neutrons).
The atomic number defines which element we are talking about. The element with 16 protons would be ‘sulfur’.
The symbols for isotopes
The following notation should be used AZX, for example 126C
Give the symbols for the following isotopes:
The properties of the isotopes of an element.
Isotopes have the same chemical properties but different physical properties.
‘Heavy water’ (21H2O or D2O) has the following properties:
Boiling point: 101.42 °C at standard pressure.
Freezing point: 3.81 °C at standard pressure.
Relative density: 1107 g dm-3 at STP.
Hydrogen-3 (‘Tritium’, T) is radioactive with a half-life of 12.32 years.
Carbon-14 is radioactive with a half-life of 5730 years.
CO2 normally has a density of 1.83 g dm-3 but if made with carbon-14 it would have a density of 1.92 g dm-3
The density of chlorine-35 gas is 2.92 g dm-3 under standard conditions, but chlorine-37 gas is 3.08 g dm-3.
The uses of radioisotopes
14C in radiocarbon dating
Living things constantly accumulate carbon-14 but the isotope decays with a half-life of 5730 y.
After death, accumulation stops but the decay continues, so the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 can be used to calculate how long ago death occurred.
This can be used to date organic material from archaeological sites.
60Co in radiotherapy
Cobalt-60 emits gamma radiation which can be directed onto tumours in an attempt to kill their cancerous cells. Whole-body irradiation can be used to destroy bone marrow before a transplant is attempted.
131I and 125I as medical tracers
The thyroid is the only organ of the body which accumulates iodine, so isotopes of iodine can be used to study thyroid disorders. Iodine-131 or iodine-125 are given to patients in very low doses, and the pattern of radiation can reveal tumours or other abnormal growths. Larger doses of iodine radioisotopes can be used as therapy for thyroid cancer.
The number of protons, electrons and neutrons in atoms and ions
Complete the following table:
2.2 THE MASS SPECTROMETER
The operation of a mass spectrometer.
Schematic diagram of a mass spectrometer.
How the mass spectrometer may be used to determine relative atomic mass
By varying the strength of the magnetic field, ions of different masses can be brought to focus on the detector. In this way the relative abundances of ions of different masses produced from the sample can be determined. This is known as a mass spectrum. Usually the electron bombardment is adjusted to produce ions with only a single charge. Any doubly charged ions will be deflected more than the singly charged ions and will in fact behave in the same way as a singly charged ion of half the mass. That is why the x-axis is labeled m/z, where m is the relative mass of the species and z its relative charge. For example, Sulfur-32 (2+) will be observed at m/z=16.
Calculation of non-integer relative atomic masses and abundance of isotopes
The relative atomic masses of many elements are not whole numbers. This is because they are mixtures of isotopes. Each isotope has a molar mass which is (almost) an integer e.g. the molar mass of chlorine-35 is 35.0 g mol-1 and chlorine-37 is 37.0 g mol-1.
Chlorine is a mixture of 24 % chlorine-37 and 76 % chlorine-35.
The molar mass is therefore: 37 x 0.24 + 35 x 0.76 = 35.48
Secret information: Carbon-12 is the only isotope with an exact integer for its molar mass. Other isotopes have molar masses which are almost, but not quite, whole numbers. The IB don’t require you to know this – but it explains why the values you calculate don’t always match the values in your data booklet.
This is the mass spectrum of mercury. There are two types of information we can find from this spectrum:
Mercury has six isotopes
Mercury-202 is the most common isotope
The molar mass of mercury is actually the average of the molar masses of its isotopes. From the table we can read these values:
Note that ‘%’ does not mean ‘percent of the total mercury ions’. It means ‘percent of the most intense signal’. The total ‘percentage’ is 335 %.
To find the average, we treat ‘%’ as moles:
33.8 moles of mercury-198 have a mass of 6692.4 g
|Molar mass of isotope
|Amount (mol)||Mass (g)|
|total||335.0 mol||67212.3 g|
So we have a molar mass for the average mercury atom: = 200.6 g mol-1
Classwork 1. Copper has two stable isotopes:
Isotope Abundance (%) 63Cu 69.1 65Cu 30.9 Calculate the molar mass of copper.
2. Bromine has two isotopes, 79Br and 81Br. Look up the molar mass of bromine. What is the proportion of the two isotopes?
3. Boron has two isotopes, 10B and 11B. What is the proportion?
4. Lead has four stable isotopes:
Isotope Abundance (%) 204Pb 1.5 206Pb 23.6 207Pb 22.6 208Pb 52.3 Calculate the molar mass of lead.
Homework – due in next week. 1 An experiment was performed to determine the density of gold. The following measurements were recorded. Mass of sample of gold = 30.923 g (to 5 sig fig), Volume of sample of gold = 1.6 cm3 (to 2 sig fig). Which of the following is the most accurate value for the density of gold (in g cm-3) which can be justified by these measurements? A. 19.327 (to 5 sig fig) B. 19.33 (to 4 sig fig) C. 19.3 (to 3 sig fig) D. 19 (to 2 sig fig)
2 The nucleus of a radon atom 22286Rn, contains A. 222 protons and 86 neutrons. B. 86 protons and 136 neutrons. C. 86 protons and 222 neutrons. D. 86 protons, 136 neutrons and 86 electrons.
3 Which of the following statements is/are true according to our current picture of the atom?
I More than 90 % of the mass of a given atom is found in its nucleus.
II Different atoms of an element may have different masses.
III The chemical properties of an element are due mainly to its electrons.
A. I only B. I and II only C. II and III only D. I, II and III
4. In which pair do the species contain the same number of neutrons? A. 10846Pd and 11048Cd B. 11850Sn and 12050Sn C. 19678Pt and 19878Pt+2 D. 22688Ra+2 and 22286Rn
5 Which pairing of electrons and protons could represent a Sr+2 ion? Protons Electrons A. 38 36 B. 38 38 C. 38 40 D. 40 38
6 All isotopes of tin have the same I. number of protons; II. number of neutrons; III. mass number. A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I and III only
2.3 ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT (2H)
The electromagnetic spectrum.
The electromagnetic spectrum unifies a vast range of ‘waves’, ‘rays’ and ‘radiation’.
All electromagnetic radiation travels at 299776 ms-1 in a vacuum.
Parts of the spectrum can be specified by their wavelength, frequency, or energy.
The electromagnetic spectrum. The red line indicates the room temperature thermal energy. (Opensource Handbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology). The energies are quoted in eV: 1 eV is 96.5 kJ mol-1.
The frequency is directly proportional to the energy, and inversely proportional to the wavelength.
When transferring energy, electromagnetic radiation behaves as ‘packets’ of energy known as ‘photons’.
Visible light has wavelengths of 400 (blue) to 700 (red) nm, which corresponds to energies of 299 (blue) to 171 (red) kJ mol-1. This is too small to interact with electrons in most bonds, but too large to set bonds resonating.
Infrared light has wavelengths of 0.7 to 1000 um, and carries energies (less than 171 kJ mol-1) which can set bonds vibrating. In this way, infrared efficiently carries thermal energy.
Ultraviolet light has wavelengths of 1-400 nm, which gives the waves enough energy (300+ kJ mol-1) to disrupt most chemical bonds.
A continuous spectrum and a line spectrum.
A continuous emission spectrum shows emission over a wide range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation:
A line emission spectrum only shows emissions at certain wavelengths, with no emission at intermediate wavelengths.
The diagram below shows the line emission spectrum of hydrogen, and the continuous emission spectrum of a black body at 10000 K.
When hydrogen gas is stimulated, it emits a characteristic set of spectral lines. The gas is usually stimulated by passing a current through a sample of the gas at low pressure, but the same effect occurs if hydrogen gas is heated strongly.
The spectral lines have the following characteristics:
There are several series of lines, which become more closely packed at higher frequencies (lower wavelengths) until finally the series ends.
The highest frequency series, discovered by Lyman, is in the ultraviolet. Lower frequency series are in the visible and infrared:
|Lyman||91 nm (UV)|
|Balmer||365 nm (Visible)|
|Paschen||821 nm (IR)|
|Brackett||1.46 μm (IR)|
|Pfund||2.28 μm (IR)|
The lines are emitted by electrons in the hydrogen atoms. The electrons are ‘excited’ by the energy input to the hydrogen sample (usually electrical current).
‘Excitation’ means that the electron leaves its usual low energy orbit (its ‘ground state’) and enters a higher-energy orbit. The orbits of electrons are often called ‘shells’.
Excited electrons eventually ‘relax’ to lower-energy orbits. They emit the excess energy in the form of photons.
From the emission spectrum patterns we can deduce two things:
a) Because we observe a line spectrum, we know that there are only a limited number of higher-energy orbits for excited electrons.
b) The energy of each successive orbit/shell converges to a maximum value, because each series of lines converges at higher energy.
The Lyman series is caused by electrons relaxing directly to the ground state.
The first ionisation energy is the energy required to remove an electron from each atom in a mole of gaseous atoms.
e.g. Ca (g) → Ca+(g) + e-
The convergence limit of the Lyman series is related to the ionisation energy of the hydrogen atom: The maximum energy photon emitted in the Lyman series is the highest energy an electron can have while still remaining part of the hydrogen atom.
The lower-energy series are caused by electrons relaxing, but not to the ground state. The Balmer series, for example, is due to photons emitted as electrons relax to the orbit with the second-lowest energy (to ‘the second shell’).
1. The spectral line that corresponds to the electronic transition n = 3 → n = 2 in the hydrogen atom is red in colour. What type of radiation is released during the transition n = 2 → n = 1 ?
B. Red light
2. The electron transition between which two levels releases the most energy?
A. First to third
B. Fourth to ninth
C. Sixth to third
D. Second to first
3. (a) The diagram below (not to scale) represents some of the electron energy levels in the hydrogen atom.
(i) Draw an arrow on this diagram to represent the electron transition for the ionisation of hydrogen. Label this arrow A
(ii) Draw an arrow on this diagram to represent the lowest energy transition in the visible emission spectrum. Label this arrow B
The electron arrangement up to Z = 20.
Give the ground state electron arrangements for: Sulphur atom: Potassium atom: Chloride ion: Magnesium ion:
TOPIC 12: ATOMIC STRUCTURE (3 HOURS)
12.1 ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
Studying the ionisation energies of an element such as calcium allows us to count the number of electrons which can occupy each shell.
|Ionisation||Ionisation energy (kJ mol-1)||log10(IE)|
|1st||6.00 x 102||2.78|
|2nd||1.15 x 103||3.06|
|3rd||4.91 x 103||3.69|
|4th||6.47 x 103||3.81|
|5th||8.14 x 103||3.91|
|6th||1.05 x 104||4.02|
|7th||1.23 x 104||4.09|
|8th||1.42 x 104||4.15|
|9th||1.82 x 104||4.26|
|10th||2.04 x 104||4.31|
|11th||5.70 x 104||4.76|
|12th||6.33 x 104||4.80|
|13th||7.01 x 104||4.85|
|14th||7.88 x 104||4.90|
|15th||8.64 x 104||4.94|
|16th||9.40 x 104||4.97|
|17th||1.05 x 105||5.02|
|18th||1.12 x 105||5.05|
|19th||4.95 x 105||5.69|
|20th||5.28 x 105||5.72|
Plot a graph of the log10(IE) against the ionisation.
Why does the ionisation energy always increase?
What causes the sudden jumps between the 2nd and 3rd, the 10th and 11th, and the 18th and 19th ionisations?
What is the electronic configuration of calcium?
Draw your prediction for the equivalent graph for sodium:
Which element would produce a graph like this?
Explain the shape of the graph.
Evidence from first ionization energies and sub-levels.
Use your data booklet to plot a graph of the first ionisation energies of the elements Li to Ne. Why do the ionisation energies generally increase from Li to Ne?
The charge on the nucleus increases from Li to Ne. If we subtract the charge of the inner shell of electrons we can calculate the charge exerted on the outer electron shell: The effective nuclear charge. Because each element in the period has the same number of inner-shell electrons, the effective nuclear charge increases from 1 (Li) to 8 (Ne). The increased charge holding the outer electrons in place increases the energy required to remove one of these electrons. (It also reduces the size of the atom: Li is larger than Ne).
Why do the ionisation energies of boron and oxygen break the general trend?
The s2 arrangement is stable (like 'noble gas configurations' are stable).
Boron has a [He] 2s2 2px1 arrangement. Losing the px1 electron returns boron to this stable state, so losing this electron is suprisingly easy.
Similarly, the s2 px1 py1 pz1 arrangement is stable.
Oxygen has a [He] 2s2 2px2 2py1 2pz1 arrangement. Losing a px electron returns oxygen to this stable state, so losing this electron is surprisingly easy.
The relative energies of s, p, d and f orbitals.
The maximum number of orbitals in a given energy level.
Each energy level (‘shell’) is made of orbitals (‘sub-shells’).
Each orbital can hold two electrons.
The number of orbital types is equal to the shell number e.g. shell 3 has three types of orbital, s p and d.
Shell 1 1s
Shell 2 2s 2p
Shell 3 3s 3p 3d
Shell 4 4s 4p 4d 4f
Shell 5 has, in theory, five types of orbital. No known element uses its g orbitals, however.
The orbitals in each shell have increasing energy. s is least energetic, then p, d, f, etc. There is only one s orbital per shell. There are three p orbitals, five d orbitals, etc.
The shapes of s, px, py and pz orbitals.
s orbitals are simple spheres:
The three p orbitals are aligned along the x y and z axes:
The orbitals of shells 1 and 2 shown as (top) a cloud of possible electron positions and (bottom) surfaces containing most of the electron character.
The Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule and the Pauli exclusion principle
The aufbau principle: To find the electron configuration of an element, we build up the electrons one by one, putting each electron into the orbital with the lowest available energy. An easy way to remember which is the lowest available orbital is to use the following diagram:
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f …
6s 6p 6d …
7s 7p …
Hund’s rule: If there is more than one orbital to choose from e.g. the 2p orbitals, then the orbitals are filled with one electron each, and then with pairs of electrons.
The electron configuration of nitrogen is:
1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
The simplest way to write the full electronic configuration is to note the last noble gas and then to add any extra electrons like so:
Vanadium: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3
Vanadium: [Ar] 4s2 3d3
It does not matter if you write the orbitals in the order they are filled (as in the example above) or in order of their shells:
Vanadium: [Ar] 3d3 4s2
Elements 24 and 29 are special cases. The 3d5 and 3d10 configurations are so stable that an electron is taken from the 4s orbital to create 3d5 and 3d10 configurations.
e.g. Chromium is not: [Ar] 4s2 3d4 Chromium is: [Ar] 4s1 3d5 Complete the following table: 1s H
He 2s 2p Li [He]
Ne [He] 3s 3p Na [Ne]
Ar [Ne] 3d 4s 4p K [Ar]
Kr [Ar] 4d 5s 5p Rb [Kr]
The four blocks of the periodic table are named after the highest-energy occupied orbital:
|
<urn:uuid:9312ee85-bc8e-4ce8-bb32-f5c24ccab4ea>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/IB_Chemistry/Atomic_Theory
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323721.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628171342-20170628191342-00451.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.845683
| 6,538
| 4.125
| 4
|
The traditional way of applying manure to crops as fertilizer results in significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as strong odors. The manure slurry is applied to the surface of the field, then left to dry for several days, after which a tractor passes through and incorporates the manure nutrients into the soil. During the drying process, manure nutrients are lost to the atmosphere as ammonium and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pollute the air, exacerbating serious air pollution in California’s Central Valley. In addition, methane – a potent greenhouse gas – is released from the decomposing manure.
Sustainable Conservation is actively involved in developing and promoting an innovative manure injection technology that dramatically reduces air pollution and odors as much as 90%. Equally important, it reduces methane emissions and helps utilize more of a dairy’s manure to fertilize crops. Air pollution is further reduced because fewer diesel-powered tractor passes are needed to cultivate fields.
Manure injection can either be done with a tank or by pumping manure slurry through a industrial hose – up to four miles away from a dairy lagoon – to a specially designed tractor which directly injects manure below the soil surface as it moves across the field (pictured). Manure can be successfully injected in both conventional tillage and conservation tillage systems with currently available equipment.
This method allows a more precise application of manure to the fields so farmers are less likely to apply more manure than crops can utilize. This reduces the chance that excess nitrogen in the manure slurry will pollute local waterways or groundwater, which is a serious problem in some rural California communities.
THE BENEFITS OF MANURE INJECTION
- Reduced air emissions, greenhouse gas emissions and odors
- Increased utilization of manure nutrients, hence improved soil and plant health
- Increased crop acreage accessible for manure application
- Reduced use of commercial fertilizer
- Reduced risk of polluting local waterways or groundwater
With its university and farming partners, Sustainable Conservation has conducted on-farm evaluations to confirm the effectiveness of manure injection and is now actively promoting this technology. Dairy farmers and other stakeholders are impressed with the technology and some are now implementing it in their operations, with positive results.
To learn more and try manure injection on your farm, contact Sustainable Conservation Senior Project Manager Ladi Asgill at (209) 576-7729.
- Innovative manure injection technology dramatically reduces air pollution by up to 90%
- Technology allows for the precise application of manure to fields to avoid excess nitrogen from polluting groundwater and local waterways
|
<urn:uuid:55dd879c-17d3-4e78-99b0-1fc36ff5df1c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://suscon.org/project/manure-injection/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320023.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623063716-20170623083716-00170.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.930424
| 521
| 3.578125
| 4
|
Definition - What does Application Sharing mean?
Application sharing is the process of permitting a moderator to share applications or a desktop with other remote members and grant those members control of shared applications.
Application sharing relies on screen-sharing technology, which uses the Internet to allow users to remotely view and control software applications on a central host computer. The best part of using application sharing technology is that remote users can easily run software not installed on their systems, and even software that's not compatible with their operating system or requires more processing power than their computer has. This is because remote users are literally viewing and controlling applications installed on the host computer.
Application sharing is the foundation of online training and demonstrations and is frequently used by businesses to reduce the amount of travel for employees.
Techopedia explains Application Sharing
Join thousands of others with our weekly newsletter
The 4th Era of IT Infrastructure: Superconverged Systems:
Approaches and Benefits of Network Virtualization:
Free E-Book: Public Cloud Guide:
Free Tool: Virtual Health Monitor:
Free 30 Day Trial – Turbonomic:
|
<urn:uuid:47a3f4c4-7345-4bd4-959d-7ca7f5a7cea0>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/4735/application-sharing
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320023.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623063716-20170623083716-00170.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.915112
| 223
| 3.40625
| 3
|
Since President Chávez Was Elected
Venezuela experienced one of the most transcendental changes in its contemporary history on December 6th, 1998, the day Hugo Chávez was elected president with 56.24 percent of the popular vote.
on February 2nd, 1999, President Chávez assumed office and addressed the Venezuelan people for the first time in his inaugural speech in Caracas.
“Today, February second, 1999, the time for the people of Venezuela has arrived! Today, February second, the time of the resurrection of Simón Bolívar’s land has arrived… Let’s celebrate the birth of the free Venezuela, the Bolivarian Venezuela that we have always dreamed of,” said the newly elected president.
Chávez inherited a country with a fiscal deficit of 7.4 percent and one of the lowest oil prices in the history of the republic: $7.70 per barrel. It was the time of the anti-OPEC thesis, the so-called Washington Consensus, and neocolonialist policies.
Chávez, First President of the Millennium
Once assuming office, President Chávez began to fight for his people. In July 30th, 2000, the results of popular election were re-legitimized through national elections known as Mega-Elections. President Chávez was re-elected with 3.758 million votes, or 59.76 percent, becoming the first head of state of the millennium and extending the presidential term to six years through the constitution.
The Mega-Elections became the concrete start of the foundation of the Fifth Republic, which promoted a pacific transformation of the state based on a revolutionary and democratic model.
As of that moment, a process of transition was initiated to leave behind the neoliberal model established in the country over the last 40 years (1958-1998) and open a path for a new revolutionary and socialist model based on the principles of solidarity, justice and equality.
Extreme Poverty Lowered by 7 Percent
Part of the legacy of prior governments was Venezuela’s high poverty rate: when President Chávez took office, about 55 percent of Venezuelans lived in poverty and 40 percent in extreme poverty. Annual inflation had reached over 100 percent during the 1990s.
After 13 years of arduous work, President Chávez has set an example for the region by reducing poverty by 24 percent, extreme poverty by 7 percent and inequality by 17.9 percent. Additionally, the country jumped 10 spots in the ranking of the UN Index of Human Development. Beyond the social achievements, the Bolivarian Revolution has empowered the Venezuelan people to be main actors in their country’s transformation.
Other notable achievements under the Venezuelan Revolution are the creation of new universities, economic growth and diversification, universal healthcare and food sovereignty, all of which paved the way for a greatly improved Human Development Index.
Venezuela, Sovereign in its Political Decisions
Furthermore, under the government of President Chávez, Venezuela has become a free nation in terms of its political decisions.
A concrete example is the creation in December 2011 of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), which Venezuela helped form to give the region its own voice and boost unity among peoples.
The achievements of the Bolivarian Government certainly do not end here. Next year on October 7th, President Hugo Chávez will be a presidential candidate again, a reflection of his commitment to his homeland and people. The latest polls indicate that he may receive 60 percent of popular support.
YVKE Mundial / Press Office – Venezuelan Embassy to the U.S. / December 6, 2011
|
<urn:uuid:fec63ecc-0038-4f5a-86dc-defa112e7225>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://embavenez-us.org/_neworleans/index.php?pagina=news.php&nid=5513
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320209.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624013626-20170624033626-00251.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963063
| 753
| 3.453125
| 3
|
Matter of Belief: Making ‘Sense’ of the Medieval Pilgrimage Cathedral
The sensory aspects of medieval churches were far from coincidental. Patrons, artists, architects, and worshippers continually explored ways to heighten and create an ultimate devotional experience so that churches could physically and mentally ‘touch’ visitors through reciprocal means. Cult churches, particularly, demanded the movement of visiting pilgrims through establishing certain routes to relics and shrines, creating elaborate games through the art and architecture, and concealing and revealing en route through both two- and three-dimensional outputs. Sensory stimulation via images, sounds, smells, etc. was the means through which this devotion could then be communicated and understood – pilgrims experienced a full-scale ceremony, personal to them. As the building (both inside and out) was the performance space or arena through which this process could evolve, could it be that the creation and management of this sensory pilgrimage experience was paramount to the entire development of the medieval cult church design? If so, were the settings of shrines built for pilgrims and to accommodate the saintly cults? Or, did pilgrims themselves have a role in orchestrating the visual and architectural schemes that supported and housed one of the most important phenomena of the Middle Ages: the cult of saints?
|
<urn:uuid:68e10abf-707d-41c6-b19c-6f94c26113b8>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://emmajwells.com/774-2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320209.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624013626-20170624033626-00251.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960283
| 261
| 3.09375
| 3
|
Did you know that the typical refinery circulates 80,000 cubic meters of water per hour through a cooling tower system? Evaporative cooling towers are tall, open-topped structures, and they are designed to condense steam and cool water. There are several important benefits of using cooling towers, as they are an effective way to extract waste heat from buildings.
- Use in various settings. Cooling tower systems can be used in a variety of industrial settings. Power plants, petroleum refineries, natural gas processing plants, food processing plants, and petrochemical plants, for example, can all benefit fro
|
<urn:uuid:072bd239-0b3e-486a-a60b-0491263317ba>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://clevelandinternships.net/category/cooling-tower/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320338.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624203022-20170624223022-00331.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937911
| 123
| 2.765625
| 3
|
Lecture 15: Properties of Cubic Crystals: Simple Cubic, Face-centered Cubic, Body-centered Cubic, Diamond Cubic - Crystal Coordinate Systems, Miller Indices
recorded by: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT
published: Feb. 10, 2009, recorded: October 2004, views: 1944
released under terms of: Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share Alike (CC-BY-NC-SA)
Download slides: mit3091f04_sadoway_lec15_01.pdf (1.2 MB)
Download mit3091f04_sadoway_lec15_01.m4v (Video - generic video source 108.4 MB)
Download mit3091f04_sadoway_lec15_01.rm (Video - generic video source 74.6 MB)
Download mit3091f04_sadoway_lec15_01.flv (Video 127.6 MB)
Download mit3091f04_sadoway_lec15_01.wmv (Video 355.4 MB)
Report a problem or upload filesIf you have found a problem with this lecture or would like to send us extra material, articles, exercises, etc., please use our ticket system to describe your request and upload the data.
Enter your e-mail into the 'Cc' field, and we will keep you updated with your request's status.
"I have nothing special planned today, just a run-of-the-mill lecture so you get a sense of what it's like to be sitting in one of these seats that you've paid so dearly for. I hope we can convince you that you've made a smart decision in putting your son or daughter on this campus.
You will come to the quick conclusion it's not because of the facilities. Facilities here are nothing special. Classrooms, labs, and so on, it's the peer group. It's not the faculty. Faculty are OK, but I think it's the peer group..."
Link this pageWould you like to put a link to this lecture on your homepage?
Go ahead! Copy the HTML snippet !
|
<urn:uuid:ba13b544-649a-4d4e-bcd9-37645dd03344>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://videolectures.net/mit3091f04_sadoway_lec15/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320338.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624203022-20170624223022-00331.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.872326
| 456
| 2.546875
| 3
|
If the enemy of my enemy is my friend, is the friend of my enemy also my enemy?
A new study analysing interactions between players in a virtual universe game has for the first time provided large-scale evidence to prove an 80 year old psychological theory called Structural Balance Theory. The research, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, shows that individuals tend to avoid stress-causing relationships when they develop a society, resulting in more stable social networks. [...]
The study, carried out at Imperial College London, the Medical University of Vienna and the Santa Fe Institute, analyses relationships between 300,000 players in an online game called Pardus (http://www.pardus.at). In this open-ended game, players act as spacecraft exploring a virtual universe, where they can make friends and enemies, and communicate, trade and fight with one another.
|
<urn:uuid:8f1c8962-7e00-4204-ab29-bfd1ada84415>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.neatorama.com/2010/07/26/friend-of-my-enemy-is-my-enemy/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320338.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624203022-20170624223022-00331.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.921079
| 178
| 2.5625
| 3
|
So you already know about the obesity epidemic. You know that one-third of U.S adults (approximately 78 million people) are obese, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. And you know that obesity is associated with a host of other serious health conditions, such as cancer, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and sleep apnea.
But there's one thing you probably don't know about obesity because it keeps getting overlooked, according to the authors of an April 2016 editorial published in Current Pharmaceutical Design: Obesity affects fertility, and the University of Porto researchers write that male infertility due to obesity has become its own global health problem.
How Obesity Relates to Infertility
"We've known for quite a long time that obesity affects male fertility for a number of different reasons, just like it affects female fertility," says Philip Werthman, MD, a vasectomy reversal surgeon, male fertility specialist, and director of the Center for Male Reproductive Medicine and Vasectomy Reversal in Los Angeles. "Obesity is a global issue, so it's just following the trend."
Dr. Werthman explains that when a person's body mass index (BMI) reaches between 30 and 35, hormonal shifts begin to occur. "Then when a patient's BMI goes over 35 and 40, they'll get what's called metabolic syndrome... it changes the hormone environment, and hormones are certainly quite important for fertility. Hormones control fertility."
He adds that obesity can put the male reproduction system — and the body in general — into the fight-or-flight response: "The body uses its resources to save itself, so when the body is under stress, it mobilizes its resources to get out of the stress and not to reproduce."
Other Causes of Male Infertility and Potential Solutions
Along with obesity, other risk factors that can jeopardize sperm include heat (such as hot tubs, saunas, and extra-hot conditions, i.e. Bikram yoga), excess alcohol consumption, and smoking. "Whether it be cigarettes, pot, or any other organic-type material that someone wants to burn and inhale, smoking causes a lot of toxins in the body, which is horrendous for sperm."
And yes, there are fertility drugs for men on the market. "Many of the same drugs that work for women, in terms of helping them ovulate, can be used to help with sperm production under certain conditions," Werthman says.
Will losing weight greatly increase a man's fertility? Perhaps.
"We can't make the assumption that if someone has trouble conceiving that it's lifestyle in and of itself, but I think it's a start," states Werthman. "When someone is trying to conceive, it may make sense for someone to clean up their habits. I have a general rule: Healthy body, healthy sperm."
|
<urn:uuid:2bce7b24-b131-47e8-b3d4-bd8728337817>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.drozthegoodlife.com/health-articles/health-conditions/news/a1592/male-infertility-obesity-global-health-concern/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320539.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625152316-20170625172316-00411.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957045
| 587
| 3
| 3
|
What is the Duke of Edinburgh’s Award?
The Duke of Edinburgh’s Award is a challenging programme of activities which enables young people to learn new skills, help others, and experience adventure, and will give a great sense of achievement. Many organisations, such as employers and universities take a very positive view of young people who have achieved it.
The programme is based on ten guiding principles, which are:
• Non competitive – a personal challenge, not a competition
• Achievable by all – regardless of ability, gender, background or location
• Voluntary – young people choose to undertake a programme and commit some of their free time to it
• Personal Development – commitment and achievement inspires personal and social development
• Personalised – young people design their own programme, setting their own goals
• Balanced – challenges young people in different aspects
• Progressive – each level requires greater time, commitment and responsibility
• Achievement focused – young people set their own challenging goals to achieve the Duke of Edinburgh’s Award
• Demand commitment – persistence and commitment must be demonstrated with participants encouraged to continue beyond the Duke of Edinburgh’s Award
Follow the below link for further information:
|
<urn:uuid:3ff9be79-4339-40d1-b368-a9873a5de6bf>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.thamesmead.surrey.sch.uk/d-of-e-award-students/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320539.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625152316-20170625172316-00411.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.926501
| 243
| 2.5625
| 3
|
Coping skills are methods a person uses to deal with overwhelming and stressful situations or emotions. These skills like any other require practice to develop, but will become easier overtime. There are many forms of coping skills that can be used to help with an array of mental health disorders like anxiety and depression.
Inspirations for Youth and Families incorporates coping skills into many of our therapeutic treatments. By doing so our teens learn to develop and hone these skills for real life situations. This allows our teens to have a higher success rate of maintaining sobriety when they return home.
A few of our teens shared the coping skills they’ve learned and how they plan to use them:
Engaging in recreational activities
Many of our teens admitted to using drug and alcohol as a distraction from their problems and emotions. One of our teens in the discussion, Helena said she learned how to address the problems in her life by engaging in recreational activities.
“I have learned many coping skills and positive alternatives like drawing, singing, playing basketball, playing the piano and listening to music. These coping skills help me escape from the emotions that bring me down. I use these skills when I feel sad, angry or annoyed. With these activities I am able to continue moving along in life and make wiser decisions instead of being consumed by my emotions at the time.”
“I have learned that I must stay mindful of the present and not to dwell on the past.”
Using your inner strength
Other teens tend to hold on to unwanted emotions and allow the constant negativity to drive them into drug abuse and reckless behavior.
Since being admitted Molly has learned to properly use her inner strength to create positive and healthy outcomes.
“Some coping skills I learned at Inspirations are how to self soothe, radical acceptance and letting go of negative emotions. I’ve learned how to remove myself from a situation to self soothe or calm myself down when I get worked up.”
“As for radical acceptance I’ve learned to accept the things I cannot change like if my dad says I can’t do something. I learned to accept that and focus my energy on another subject to pass the time and get my mind of that emotion. I can do art, play music or even meditate to focus my thoughts somewhere else.”
“Letting go of my negative emotions is a coping skill I am currently still working on. So far I have learned that I must stay mindful of the present and not to dwell on the past. My dad and I have a lot of work to do but holding grudges will not get us anywhere. Together we are working on this and learning to let go of the past.”
Communicating with others
Adolescence is a time where teens experience a flood of emotions. These changes in emotions are often bottled up for fear of ridicule and misunderstanding. Another teen, Carly, is learning how to properly express herself and how to effectively communicate with others.
“Coping skills I’ve learned and will be using when I return home will be to talk to another person when I feel like using a drug. I have a list of people including my best friend who will help take my mind of using and help me feel better about choice to not use drugs.”
“I will also be using “I” statements which will help others understand how I am feeling better. I have been using these during my family and group therapy sessions here and I find that they make communication much easier for both me and others. Some examples of these are I feel angry when you do this or I feel sad when this happens.”
We encourage you to try these valuable coping skills that actually came from out teens and not from us.
|
<urn:uuid:96cd947b-d2db-4f1f-a4e3-d56039d3fdba>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.inspirationsyouth.com/teen-girls-rehab-share-favorite-coping-skills/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320707.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626101322-20170626121322-00491.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955024
| 777
| 3.828125
| 4
|
Liverpool scientists have helped to create detailed virtual images of what Robert the Bruce may have looked like, almost 700 years after his death.
The experts used a cast of what is believed to be the Scottish king’s skull, which belongs to the Hunterian Museum in Glasgow, to determine the shape and structure of his face.
The images are the outcome of a collaboration between historians from the University of Glasgow and craniofacial experts from Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU).
Robert the Bruce, who reigned in Scotland from 1306 until his death in 1329 aged about 55, is famed for his victory at the battle of Bannockburn in 1314.
One of the images depicts a man in his prime, a large and powerful male head that would have been supported by a muscular neck and stocky frame.
Researchers said it is the face of a privileged individual who enjoyed the benefits of a first-class diet and whose physique would have equipped him for the brutal demands of medieval warfare.
However, the skull exhibits likely signs of leprosy, disfiguring the upper jaw and nose, and researchers have created a second image to reflect that.
The project was led by Dr Martin MacGregor, a senior lecturer in Scottish history at the University of Glasgow.
Dr MacGregor was inspired by the discovery of the skeleton of King Richard III of England beneath a car park in Leicester in 2012.
He said: “The case of Richard III revealed how far the technology had advanced.
“I saw an opportunity to apply the technology to the Hunterian skull held here at Glasgow: first to test the credibility of its connection to Bruce and then to try to add to our knowledge of Scotland’s greatest king.
“The skull was excavated in 1818-19 from a grave in Dunfermline Abbey, mausoleum of Scotland’s medieval monarchs.
“After the excavation the original skeleton and skull were sealed in pitch and reburied, but not before a cast of the head was taken.
“Several copies of the cast exist, including the one now in The Hunterian, but without the original bone we have no DNA.
“The Hunterian also holds a piece of toe-bone said to have come from the same grave, and not returned to it.
“We had hoped to try and obtain DNA from this and test it against a living descendant of Robert the Bruce, but the bone would probably have been destroyed in the process.”
Dr MacGregor requested the expertise of Professor Caroline Wilkinson, director of LJMU’s face lab and a world-renowned craniofacial identification expert, to carry out the facial reconstruction.
Prof Wilkinson was also responsible for the facial reconstruction of Richard III.
She said: “We produced two versions - one without leprosy and one with a mild representation of leprosy.
“He may have had leprosy, but if he did it is likely that it did not manifest strongly on his face, as this is not documented.
“In the absence of any DNA, we relied on statistical evaluation of the probability of certain hair and eye colours, conducted by Dr MacGregor and his team, to determine that Robert the Bruce most likely had brown hair and light brown eyes.”
|
<urn:uuid:1dcd5d1f-7356-4909-8293-130ec428c8c3>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/liverpool-scientists-help-reveal-face-12292885
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320707.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626101322-20170626121322-00491.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971267
| 694
| 3.40625
| 3
|
My sister has been having a series of refresher Alexander lessons with me and after the holidays, she told me this story. For Christmas, her four year-old son, Griffin, was given a Transformer. I grew up with Transformers, but if you don’t know, they’re a line of toys that change from a robot to, say, an airplane and back again. I didn’t realize that they made Transformers for four year-olds, but apparently they do. Even so, the first time Griffin tried to transform his Transformer, he got stuck, tried to force a part, and then broke it. This was quite traumatic and after my sister consoled him (and his dad fixed it), she said to him, “Okay, next time, when you feel yourself trying to force it, just pause, and we can help you work it out.” As soon as she said this, she later told me, a light bulb went on in her head and she thought, “Wait a second, that’s what we’ve been working on in my Alexander lessons!”
It is often the case that the stories that help clarify the Alexander Technique are either about four year-olds or for four year-olds. This is probably because four year-olds are wrestling with impulse control for the first time and when we’re trying to change our habits in an Alexander Technique lesson, we, too, need to wield some control over our impulses. Our habits of mind and movement usually just have their way with us and it’s only by pausing and taking some time that we have any hope of experiencing positive change.
I’ve been dwelling recently about the language we use to explain the Alexander Technique. Stories about children and children’s stories are very helpful in teaching, but I also feel a contrary impulse, which is to communicate the significance of the work. To that end, a more technical language might have more impact, at least to a certain audience. “Stopping and thinking to change our habits” doesn’t sound nearly as rigorous as “Practicing executive attention to facilitate change in automatic postural coordination.”
I think this desire to communicate the importance of the Alexander Technique has been there since the beginning.
For example, when my sister counseled Griffin to “pause,” she was asking him to practice what Alexander teachers call “inhibition.” F.M. Alexander first began using the term shortly after he had moved to London from his native Australia in 1904. Before then Alexander had been primarily known as an actor and a teacher of elocution and the Delsarte Method of dramatic expression. His work gradually came to the attention of a series of medical doctors, first in Sydney, then in London, who would send their patients for lessons with Alexander. It was after meeting Dr Robert H Scanes Spicer in London that Alexander began using a more technical language to describe his work, such as “antagonistic action,” “mechanical advantage,” “kinaesthesia,” and “inhibition.”
Alexander’s use of the term inhibition has something in common with the great American psychologist, William James (see the chapter on Will in his Principles of Psychology). Yet it's Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic conception of inhibition that has gained ascendency in our culture. Even though Freud has been out of fashion for the last several decades, many people still associate the idea of inhibition with lack of spontaneity, repressed emotion, and sexual dysfunction, none of which are in any way goals of studying the Alexander Technique.
Alexander may have been uniquely unlucky with the term inhibition. It is both one of the most important concepts in the Alexander Technique and perhaps the most easily misunderstood—and not just in the Freudian sense.
When I was first starting out as a teacher over a decade ago, I loved using the more technical terms. Since I didn’t really know what I was doing, I hoped that my erudite language would impress my students. I had one student who became particularly enamored with the idea of inhibition, which he misconstrued to be a general state of disassociation. And while I was trying to work with him on staying aware and light in his body, he would just check out, growing more and more disconnected, and heavier and heavier in his body.
It’s likely, of course, that if I had had more practical skill as a teacher I could have avoided the problem. But I sometimes wonder how much my language encouraged the misunderstanding. It’s easy to think that to inhibit means to repress or disassociate. It’s harder to misunderstand more colloquial phrases, like “take time,” “leave yourself alone,” or simply, “pause.”
This doesn’t mean that I think we should ignore more technical language. I recently spent time working through a new study about the Alexander Technique and Parkinson’s Disease. One of the things I appreciate about scientific writing is the attempt to speak very precisely. Since I’m a teacher and not a trained scientist, a lot of the writing can be above my head, but when I am successful in making sense of it, I find it clarifies my thinking. And it helps me connect the act of teaching with the research enterprise of understanding how we think and move.
It may very well be that as the sciences progress, we will develop a shared language that is both precise and accessible. Until then, I will continue to collect children’s stories, since they can be so helpful in keeping my students from wandering down the wrong path. Like this, the very beginning of Winnie the Pooh:
Here is Edward Bear, coming downstairs now, bump, bump, bump, on the back of his head, behind Christopher Robin. It is, as far as he knows, the only way of coming downstairs, but sometimes he feels that there really is another way, if only he could stop bumping for a moment and think of it.
This post was revised and expanded on Sunday, Feb 22. To learn more about Alexander's early history, refer to Alexander's Articles & Lectures, edited by Jean Fischer, and Michael Bloch's biography, F.M.: The Life of Frederick Matthias Alexander, Founder of the Alexander Technique. I also gained insight into Alexander's development from the manuscript of a forthcoming book by Alexander Murray. Many thanks and credit to the Alexander Technique teacher—I wish I could remember her name—who first mentioned the Alexander Technique connection to Winnie the Pooh.
|
<urn:uuid:3b6e6617-27d5-4c0e-8d2c-cf3c49e73988>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.alexanderand.com/blog/2015/2/20/transformers
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321961.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627235941-20170628015941-00651.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.977197
| 1,388
| 2.625
| 3
|
Aim: The historians of 2017 will be able to create a map showing four or more different crusades.
Task 1 Quick Question: When is it right to use a military to take over another country or area of land?
We will use this video to help introduce us to the Crusades. Here is a playlist of videos all on the Crusades if you want to learn more (headphones require).
Task 3: Open the Crusades reading. We will do a popcorn reading activity that will help us understand the Crusades.
Task 4: Make a copy of this document. Create a map showing the routs of four or more crusades. When you finish creating the map, complete this work reflection.
Here are a few maps you can use as examples.
|
<urn:uuid:6679aba5-0561-4497-a039-bc415c8652b8>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://historywithsanders.blogspot.com/2011/12/day-70-crusades-121211.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323801.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628204133-20170628224133-00011.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.846994
| 157
| 3.6875
| 4
|
THERE ARE MANY MORE CANADA PAGES on this site
Click on the various links in the left-frame.
PARKS AND WILDLIFE
Canada commemorates persons and events for their national historic significance as well as places. So far, over 1500 places, persons and events have been commemorated by the Government of Canada
There are 40 National Parks and over 150 National Historic Sites in Canada. Additional National Parks are planned for the coming years. At present, there are 2 National Marine Conservation Areas of Canada, with more planned for future designation.
In the summer of 1999 Canada added another 80,000 sq.km. to the National Park system when it established 3 new parks in Nunavut Territory. These parks are described as "northern gems" and are named Surmilik, Auyuittuq and Quttinirtaaq. The Inuktitut names chosen for the parks illustrate the frozen terrain's major features: "place of glaciers," "land that never melts" and "top of the world"."
There are 21 wildlife refuges and wild bird sanctuaries in all parts of Canada.
Canada is home to an estimated 140,000+ native species.
Provincial Parks number 1400+, with more added each year.
The smallest park is the St. Lawrence Island Park, ON at 40 hectares.
Canada's oldest park is historic Banff National Park, AB in the Canadain Rockies.
Clayquot Sound, in the Pacific Rim National Park, BC has been declared a United Nations Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO.
MOUNTAINS, LAKES AND RIVERS
Mountain Ranges include: Torngats, Appalachians, Laurentians, Rockies, Costal, Mackenzie, St. Elias and the Pelly Mountains.
At 5,959 metres (19,550 ft), Mount Logan is Canada's tallest peak. Mt. Logan is the highest point in Canada and second in North America only to Mount McKinley. Located in the St. Elias Mountains of southwestern Yukon Territory, the peak towers about 4,300 m (14,000 ft) above the Seward Glacier at the Alaska border to the south and is a focal point of Kluane National Park, a 22,000-sq-km (8,500-sq-mi) rugged wilderness. The actual ridge crest of the mountain is about 16 km (10 mi) across, while the entire mass is more than 32 km (20 mi) long.
The longest river is the Mackenzie River flowing 4,241 km. through the Northwest Territories.
There are 20 heritage rivers in Canada.
The deepest lake in Canada is Great Slave Lake, NW which has a depth of 614 metres.
Great Bear Lake is the largest fresh water lake entirely within Canada, with an area of 31,326 sq.km.
Four of the five Great Lakes straddle the U.S.-Canada border; the fifth, Lake Michigan, is entirely within the United States
The largest of the Great Lakes is Superior, ON with an in-Canada area of 127,700 sq.km (49,305 sq mi).
The highest lake in Canada is Chico Lake, BC at 1,171 metres.
Della Falls is the highest waterfall in Canada and tenth highest in the world. It is situated close to the southern boundary of Strathcona Provincial park on Vancouver Island. Water flows from Della Lake into Della falls and it has a 440 m. (1,440 ft.) drop on Drink Water Creek to Great Central Lake.
The Greatest waterfall by volume is Niagara Falls, ON - the Canadian Horseshoe Falls dumps 5,365 sq. metres per second into the Niagara river.
The largest island is Baffin Island, NT. It has an area of 507,452 sq.km.
Canada encompasses six time zones. In Newfoundland the time zone is 3 hours + 30 minutes behind Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). The other time zones are in even-hours behind GMT, from East to West. The Pacific region is 8 hours behind GMT.
Note: In Canada, Time Zones and Daylight Saving Time are usually regulated by provincial and territorial governments.
Map is from National Research Council Canada
THE CANADIAN ARMED FORCES
There are about 67,000 active and 26,000 Canadian Forces reservists in Canada.
The Canadian Armed Forces comprise Land Forces Command (ARMY), Maritime Command East and West(NAVY), Air Command (AIRFORCE) in addition to Communications Command and Training Command. They were integrated in 1967 (although each branch again has its own distinctive uniform and badges) and is a voluntary service.
Canadian Forces members have served with distinction in World Wars I and II, the Korean War, Viet Nam, the Gulf War, Somalia, Yugoslavia and several others.
Members of the Canadian army's anti-terrorist unit (JTF-2) and several thousand fighting troops and support units are assisting the world effort in the war on terrorism in Afghanistan.
In June 2011 on his 90th birthday, Canada named HRH Prince Phillip an Admiral in Maritime Command and a General in Land Forces Command and Air Command.
UNKNOWN SOLDIER RETURNS TO CANADA
Canada now has its own "Tomb of The Unknown Soldier," after the remains of a soldier killed in the battle of Vimy Ridge in France during the First World War were returned to Canada. The soldier was one of 27,000 Canadian soldiers killed in conflicts abroad whose remains could not be identified or were lost at sea. His remains were interred on May 28, 2000 at the National War Memorial in Ottawa, after a three-day vigil on Parliament Hill. The Royal Canadian Legion began the endeavour to bring the soldier home as a millennium project. They wanted to create a Canadian "Tomb of The Unknown Soldier" to pay tribute to those military and merchant navy members whose remains have not been recovered, or whose graves are marked with the words "Here lies a Canadian Soldier Known Only Unto God". Canada has pledged never to identify the remains using modern technologies such as DNA testing.
CANADA'S NATIONAL MILITARY CEMETERY
Canada's first National Military Cemetery of the Canadian Forces was dedicated in June 2001, by Governor General Adrienne Clarkson. Ottawa's Beechwood Cemetery, established in 1873, is already the resting place for numerous Canadian war heroes and dates back to the Northwest Rebellion (which took place in what is now Saskatchewan). The sprawling, rolling area set aside for Canada's military personnel, can still accommodate as many as 6,000 graves. The largest military cemetery is in Point Claire, QC, where 18,000 war veterans are buried. Other sites in Vancouver, BC and Winnipeg, MB also contain large numbers of war veterans. The Point Claire site, which is operated by the Last Post Fund, has recently been opened for Canadian Forces veterans, but only those who have served in special duty areas such (as Cyprus and Bosnia) can be buried there.
The National Military Cemetery will serve as a national focal point to demonstrate Canada's commitment to peace and security both internationally and at home. The Cemetery will honour the sacrifices made by all current and former Canadian Forces (Regular and Reserve) members who have been honourably discharged and any Peacekeepers and Canadian Veterans of the two World Wars and Korea (including Merchant Seaman). In addition, an immediate family member may also be interred in the same plot as the service members.
Canada is well known for its peacekeeping role with the United Nations and NATO in many areas throughout the world. These include: the Golan Heights, Cyprus, Crotia, Haiti, Cambodia, Bosnia, Kosovo, East Timor, Afghanistan and several others. Armed forces members have served and are serving in every U.N. controlled location since 1956.
Sadly, more than 185 brave Canadians have lost their lives during Canadian Peacekeeping duties in various countries around the world. The names of all these Peacekeepers can be found on the followiing page on our site:
Canadian Peacekeeping Roll of Honour
Additional information about Canada's Peacekeeping Forces will also be found on that page.
CANADA AND THE UNITED NATIONS
Canada's Ambassador to the United Nations is Alan Rock
Canada is a full member of the United Nations General Assembly (joining the U.N. on Nov. 9th, 1945) and Canadian delegates serve on many U.N. committees, groups and organizations throughout the world.
On December 31st, 2000 Canada completed a two-year term as a member of the 15-seat United Nations Security Council.
The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights was developed and shaped (in part) by Canadian John Peters Humphrey.
Louise Arbour was appointed U.N Commissioner of Human Rights in July 2004. She served 16 years as a Justice, including several years on the bench of the Supreme Court of Canada.
CANADA IN SPACE
Canada has sent astronauts into space as part of the U.S. space program on several Space Shuttle flights. Canada has its own astronaut training program (The Canadian Space Agency) and also trains with NASA.
To learn more about Canada's Astronauts, The Space Agency and what Canada is doing in space, click on the links in the left-frame or use the Site Map link at the end of this page.
THE CANADIAN SECURITY AND INTELLEGENCE SERVICE
CSIS is a government agency that has a federal mandate to collect, analyze and retain information or intelligence on activities that may, on reasonable grounds, be suspected of constituting threats to the security of Canada and in relation thereto, report to and advise the Government of Canada. CSIS also provides security screening and assessments, on request, to all Federal Departments and Agencies (including Immigration and Citizenship), with the exception of the RCMP and the Department of National Defence. These threats to the security of Canada include: Espionage, Sabotage, Foreign Influences or Activities, Political Violence and Terrorism or Subversion.
HEALTH AND WELFARE
Canada has one of the world's highest living standards.
All Canadian have free access to a national health care system. Most people over 65 recieve their medical costs, hospital stays and all associated expenses at no cost.
Canada has an extensive social safety network with senior's pensions, monthly family allowances, unemployment insurance and a welfare system.
The Canadian Citizenship Oath was introduced into leglislation by the Trudeau government in 1976 and came into effect in 1977.
|"I [name of person] swear" [or "affirm"] "that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Canada, Her Heirs and Successors, according to law and that I will faithfully observe the laws of Canada and fulfill my duties as a Canadian citizen".|
|"Je jure" [ou "déclare solennellement"] "que je serai fidèle et que je porterai sincère allégeance à Sa Majesté la Reine Elizabeth Deux, Reine du Canada, à ses héritiers et à ses successeurs en conformité de la loi et que j'observerai fidèlement les lois du Canada et remplirai mes devoirs de citoyen canadien".|
HONOURARY CANADIAN CITIZENSHIP
The sixth Honourary Citizenship was awarded to Malala Yousafzai women's rights and education activist and recipient of the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize.
In May 2010 Prime Minister Harper conferred Canada's fifth Honourary Canadian Citizenship on The Aga Kahn. Followers know him as Mawlana Hazar Imam.
In October 2007 the Prime Minister conferred Honourary Canadian Citizenship on Aung San Suu Kyi, the world-renowned advocate of freedom and democracy in Burma.
In 2006 Prime Minister Stephen Harper bestowed Honourary Canadian Citizenship on His Holiness The Delai Lama.
On November 19, 2001, Prime Minister Jean Chretien conferred an Honourary Canadian Citizenship on Nelson Mandela in recognition of Mandela's leadership in defeating apartheid in South Africa.
The first Honourary Canadian Citizen was Raoul Wallenberg, who was posthumously awarded Honourary Canadian Citizenship in 1985, for his efforts in saving thousands of Jewish people during WWII.
CANADA'S PARLIAMENTARY POET LAUREATE
Canada's fourth and the current Poet Laureate is Pierre DesRuisseaux. He was appointed in 2009. George Bowering was named Canada's first Poet Laureate (2002-2004) and Pauline Michel was the second (2004-2006). In November 2006 Canada's third Parliamentary Poet Laureate was named for the period 2006-2008. He is John Steffler of Montreal.
THE PEOPLES OF CANADA
The population of Canada as of July 2010 is estimated by Stats Canada at 33,476,688
The largest populated city in Canada is Toronto (ON) followed by Montreal (QC), Vancouver (BC), Ottawa-Gatineau (ON-QC), Calgary (AB) and Edmonton (AB).
Some of the ethnic groups (in no particular order) in Canada are: English, French, Scottish, Irish, German, Italian, Chinese, North American Indian, Ukrainian, Dutch, Polish, East Indian, Russian, Welsh, Filipino, Norwegian, Portuguese, Métis, Swedish, Spanish, Hungarian (Magyar), Jamaican, Danish.
76.6 per cent of Canadians live in cities and towns while 23.4 per cent live in rural/farm areas.
Over 31 per cent of the population live in the largest cities of Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.
The life expectancy of a Canadian woman is 84 years and a Canadian man is 76 years.
The size of the average family is 3.1 people (including 1.3 children).
THE ABORIGINAL POPULATION
There are over 550,000 status or non-status Aboriginal People and another one million or more who claim to be of First Nations descent. Of these million, 790,000 are Natives, 220,000 are Metis and 50,000 are Inuit.
Over 300,000 Aboriginals live on reserves throughout Canada.
The only true indigenous culture in Canada is that of the Aboriginal Peoples since all other Canadians were originally immigrants.
Here is a link to an excellent site with lots of information about Canada's First Nations
Majority of Canadians are Christians: 55 percent of Canadians are Roman Catholic, other religions in Canada include: Protestanism, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism and Buddhism.
Over 20.4 million Canadians have a mother tongue of English and 6.6 million have a mother tongue of French. 5.6 million Canadians have another mother tongue, but speek one or both official languages.
Chinese is Canada's third most common language.
NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIAL CANADA
Principle Natural Resources are: fish, wildlife, natural gas, petroleum, gold, coal, copper, nickel, lead, molybdenum, silver, iron ore, potash, uranium, and zinc along with many timber-related industries and water and hydro-electric power.
Leading Industries: automobile manufacturing, pulp and paper, iron, steel work, machinery and equipment manufacturing, mining, extraction of fossil fuels, forestry and agriculture.
Leading exports are: automobiles, other vehicles and parts, machinery and equipment, high technology products, oil, natural gas, metals and forestry and farm products, including large wheat exports.
Imports are: machinery and industrial equipment, communications and electronic equipment, vehicles and automobile parts, industrial materials (ie: metal ores, iron, steel, precious metals, chemicals, plastics, cotton, wool and other textiles) along with manufactured products and food.
So we know you have visited the KCIC Web site, please
leave a comment in our GUESTBOOK
Use the Guestbook link to the left
Member: Canada's National Historic Society
|
<urn:uuid:b5a41a91-4b4c-4edf-b7ad-6a8c6dfd76e8>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://knightsinfo.ca/canada2.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323801.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628204133-20170628224133-00011.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939238
| 3,325
| 3.3125
| 3
|
The symptoms of asthma vary in individuals, as do their triggers. According to the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America, there is no perfect place that will free you of all asthma symptoms. However, there are climates that are better for asthmatics than others. Ideally, the best climate for an asthma patient would be near the ocean, have high levels of humidity, be free of cigarette smoke and have low levels of air pollution and pollen.
Individuals who live by the ocean have lower instances of asthma attacks. Inhaling the salt in the air by an ocean has healing effects that can help to prevent asthma symptoms from occurring. An individual who is wheezing may find relief simply by sitting on a beach.
To relieve asthma symptoms, some individuals go to a sauna or take a hot bath to inhale the steam in order to break up mucous trapped in the airways. Humidity levels have the same effect. Places with humid climates are ideal for asthmatics, because humidity helps to keep symptoms at bay. Southern Florida is an example of such a climate.
Avoid Cigarette Smoke
Smoking is not healthy for anyone, especially asthma patients. Cigarette smoke is a common trigger of asthma symptoms, but it can be difficult to avoid for individuals who live in a smoker-friendly environment. According to COPD International, some areas of California, such as Orange County, are a good area for asthmatics to reside, due to the strict public smoking bans in place.
Air pollution is one of the main risk factors of asthma. When ozone levels are high, it is vital for an asthmatic to stay indoors in order to prevent an asthma attack. Ideally an asthma patient should reside in a climate that is relatively free of air pollution.
Allergens such as pollen, mould, dust and pet dander are common triggers of asthma symptoms. The latter three can be controlled, while pollen levels vary by season and climate. If an asthma patient lives in an area that has high pollen levels during certain times of the year, then they must limit their outdoor activities. There are a few climates that have relatively low pollen levels year-round, including Southern Florida, Southern California, Hawaii, along with McAllen, Texas, and Syracuse, New York.
|
<urn:uuid:5449469c-c47d-4da7-85ff-580cc17da556>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.ehow.co.uk/about_5282853_climate-asthma-patient.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128329372.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629154125-20170629174125-00091.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954873
| 465
| 3.171875
| 3
|
Dr N J Masters and Catherine Tutt
The smoking load calculator has used readily derived conversion figures which have been taught at the National Respiratory Training Centre at Warwick, England over the last seventeen years. This is not an exact science and approximations have been made, for example a cigarillo is 2 cigarettes and a cigar is 4 cigarettes. Loose tobacco estimates that 25 grams (1 oz) has been approximated to be the equivalent of 50 cigarettes. One pipe is equivalent to 2½ cigarettes. The original work from which these figures were obtained could not be found by the present authors. Nevertheless as large numbers of practice nurses had been trained using these apparently unreferenced figures, it was decided by the authors to continue to use this data in the world’s first pack year calculator.
Other references that have been used are listed below:
References 3 and 4 were used to check that our approximated unreferenced figures were close to others working in this area.
|
<urn:uuid:64fbf774-f4aa-4c5d-85e0-f7911ddcadda>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.smokingpackyears.com/references
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128329372.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629154125-20170629174125-00091.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968832
| 200
| 2.9375
| 3
|
Discover Ways To Improve Nutrition In Your LifeNutrition is much more than eating a vegetable or a fruit. It is truly a necessity. Eating a nutritional diet requires work and research. Are you capable of doing these things? Here are some suggestions to help you.
Most people believe that consuming fatty foods will lead to poor health. In reality, our bodies need fat to function. Many foods that are high in fat, such as cheese or avocado, are actually very healthy when consumed in moderation every day. So long as you eat in moderation and avoid saturated fats, you don't need to worry.
Make sure you're getting enough fruits and veggies in your diet. Nine to thirteen servings of fruits and vegetables a day is the USDA recommended amount. Although this number sounds very high, it really isn't too difficult to include all these servings. A glass of orange juice at breakfast counts as a serving of fruit. Some spaghetti sauce at dinner counts as a vegetable.
In order to achieve a healthy body it is important to eat a variety of healthy foods. Be sure to consume lean meat as well as fish that is rich in omega-3. Other good foods to eat are whole grains, nuts, various fruits and vegetables. Milk is also a good source of calcium.
Drinking a glass of orange juice every morning is one of the best ways to start off your day. Orange juice is loaded with vitamin c, potassium, and other great nutrients. Some brands even add calcium to their orange juice. One tall glass of 100% orange juice per day is a great way to get the recommended amount of fruit in your diet.
MSG is added to many processed foods to enhance taste. But MSG adds no nutritional value and it has been found to have many negative effects, including depression and headaches. http://loretta75deangelo.beep.com/green-nutrition-helps-you-your-household-and-our-planet-2017-05-25.htm?nocache=1495751565 are more sensitive than others, but you should avoid MSG even if you are not hypersensitive. It may have long-term, cumulative effects.
A great nutrition tip is to be more aware of how much food you're eating. If you eat your meals off of a large plate you're probably consuming more calories than you should. An easy way to reduce your portion sizes is by serving your food on smaller dishes.
To eat a nutritious diet, while suffering from an ulcer, look for soft, vitamin-rich foods that are easy to digest. Avocado is easy on a sensitive stomach, and is also full of fiber and healthy fats. collagen peptides whole30 , spinach, and other leafy greens provide your body with B vitamins, which can help speed your recovery.
A great nutrition tip is to customize your diet to your body type. Not everyone has the same body type. Some people are more sensitive to carbohydrates and will gain weight just by looking at them, while others can eat anything they want and will never gain any weight.
Eat a healthy mix of different foods in your diet. If you are trying to bulk up or lose weight, you might be focusing on certain foods to complement your workout routine, but don't forget to eat in a healthy way that incorporates foods from all food groups. This will help keep your body full of the nutrients you need to function.
The drinks one choosing can often be some of the worst things for them nutritionally. Pops, certain juices, and other drinks can be very high in sugars. The sugars in these drinks do not do any good for ones nutrition. Drinking water or healthier minded drinks can be beneficial to ones nutrition.
To ensure that you always have some high-quality protein readily available, pick up some frozen boneless and skinless chicken breasts to keep in the freezer. They're easy to defrost in a covered skillet over low heat, and you can finish cooking them in the same pan. Add some instant rice and fresh vegetables for an easy nutritious dinner.
Do not be swayed by aggressive advertising touting the extreme health benefits of a pricey foodstuff. It is true that you will probably spend a little more money on food when you decide to pay attention to nutrition and start eating healthy. It is absolutely not true, though, that you need to pay through the nose for exorbitantly-priced "super-foods."
As you age, it is going to become more difficult to digest food and get the nutrients that your body needs for optimum health, energy and longevity. In collagen skin wiki , the closer your food is to being in its original form, the easier it is for you do digest it and get the nutrients from it that you need.
Eat small, frequent meals. These smaller meals, while easier on the digestive process, also help control your weight as you typically burn off more calories than you are taking in. Your risk of diabetes, hypertension, and other diseases is reduced if you are at a healthy weight. This can reduce the cravings for junk food that you may have too.
As stated in the beginning, nutrition plays a huge role in our lives because it is what gives us the energy we need to get through the day, as well as playing a huge role in our health, weight and mood. If you take the tips given here and apply them to your life, you will be healthier and happier.
|
<urn:uuid:1bb0229a-d143-45ff-ab21-b026490d7a12>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://flarequit78earnest.suomiblog.com/discover-ways-to-improve-nutrition-in-your-life-3055105
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319265.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622114718-20170622134718-00211.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965296
| 1,103
| 2.921875
| 3
|
The intermediate (hol) festival days (hamoed) — days three through six or two through six in Israel and for the Reform –have a special designation. Although they are not full festivals, they are still holy relative to ordinary days. Leviticus refers to them as mikra’ei kodesh, days of sanctity. Even though there are no biblical prohibitions against work or travel, the rabbis ruled that gainful work is forbidden (you can work if material loss would occur). This was to distinguish the time from normal weekdays and provide greater opportunity for Torah.
We read the Torah in synagogue on each intermediate day, conduct the Musaf (additional) service ordained for Shabbat and festivals [except in the Reform tradition], and recite the partial Hallel [Psalms of praise]. Because only part is said on the seventh day, which is a full festival, we cannot elevate a semi-festival above it.
Excerpted from Celebrate! The Complete Jewish Holiday Handbook (Jason Aronson Inc).
Pronounced: shuh-BAHT or shah-BAHT, Origin: Hebrew, the Sabbath, from sundown Friday to sundown Saturday.
Pronunced: TORE-uh, Origin: Hebrew, the Five Books of Moses.
|
<urn:uuid:e51f4237-424f-4365-8a67-283f4ab39f02>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-intermediate-days-of-passover/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319265.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622114718-20170622134718-00211.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936885
| 268
| 2.78125
| 3
|
How The South Could Have Won The Civil War: The Fatal Errors That Led To Confederate Defeat, by Bevin Alexander
I vaguely remember reading a bit about this book in one of my favorite works by noted Civil War historian James McPherson , and there were some unkind but true things said about this book. In at least some ways, this author makes the sound point that the Confederacy could have won the Civil War, which is something that a lot of people seem to forget. That essential point is really the main thing that this book gets right, that there was a road to victory for the Confederates, one which demanded attention to issues of grand strategy and logistics and attacking the will of the North to subjugate the South. We all know that this did not happen and that the Confederacy lost, but the fact that the Confederacy could have won had it fought smarter ought to sting some of those whose lost cause perspective is colored with rose-tinted glasses and nostalgia about the way things could have been. If this book has many flaws, it at least gets one thing right, and that is we should not speak of the victory of the Union as inevitable, but rather something that could have easily gone another way.
The contents of the book demonstrate a common disease popular among Civil War historians known as Virginiaitis. In this particular syndrome, we see so much attention paid to the Eastern Theater between Washington DC and Richmond that large parts of the rest of the Confederacy are nearly forgotten. There is some logic in that while the author spends most of his space talking about the early part of the war–although the book itself is just over 250 pages of text before its lengthy notes, we do not reach the Battle of Gettysburg until page 209, and that is the second to last chapter of the book, which includes chapters on the Shenandoah Valley campaign, the Seven Days, Second Manassas, Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville. Throughout the book the author sets up a divided trinity between Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, and Stonewall Jackson. The author strongly errs in judging Jefferson Davis as being most fond of defensive fighting, which would have made him immensely fond of generals like Joseph Johnston, whose timidity he did not particularly appreciate. With more insight, the author notes that Robert E. Lee’s wastefully aggressive tactics eventually made it impossible for the Confederacy to win, making him more like his unsuccessful subordinate John Bell Hood than is often recognized. The author’s hagiography of Jackson is somewhat striking as well, although it is based on rather slender comments and interpretations of dubious reliability.
There is a lot about this book that I simply do not buy, such as the level of disagreement between Davis, Lee, and Jackson. While for purposes of theory it is easy to see why the author would wish to paint their differences more starkly, some of the contrasts the author makes are way overdrawn. Nevertheless, although this book gets much wrong and invents military doctrine out of scanty materials, especially concerning Jackson’s supposed similarity to Sherman as being fond of turning movements, there is something that this book gets right as well. Fundamentally, this book points out that people tend not to be very creative when it comes to warfare. Attacking the will of an opponent is often far more successful than simply attacking them head on. Those leaders who are at a disadvantage in terms of demography and logistics are immensely foolish in seeking to win through attrition, as was the case with Lee and other Confederate generals, and yet that is what happened. In light of that larger strategic failure, it is little surprise that the South lost, because they threw away their best options for victory.
See, for example:
|
<urn:uuid:93fcd2b7-6ed4-47cb-8665-b0231ffeef78>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://edgeinducedcohesion.blog/2017/06/16/book-review-how-the-south-could-have-won-the-civil-war/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319265.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622114718-20170622134718-00211.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976501
| 763
| 2.9375
| 3
|
The Colorado River Bridge is a 2-part, steel truss and concrete highway bridge crossing the Colorado River on a north-south axis. It consists of two Camelback Parkerthrough truss sections, resting on large concrete pylons, and connected on the north and south by single concrete sections with concrete curbs and pre-cast concrete guard rails. The bridge is accessed along Richmond Road (Old U.S. Highway 59) which runs roughly two blocks west of the central business district.
The Colorado River Bridge is a 2-part, steel truss and concrete highway bridge crossing the Colorado on a north south axis. It consists of two Camelback Parker-through truss sections. Each of the two sections is constructed of eight panels. Short approaches to the truss sections are along concrete decking with concrete curbs and pre-cast concrete guard rails. large concrete pylons support the bridge with the largest pylon being approximately in the center of the Colorado River.
The bridge is on Richmond Road or Old U.S. Highway 59 which runs roughly two blocks west of the central business district and five blocks east of the railroad line. The two lane road bed is covered in asphalt paving. The trusses are in good condition while the concrete approaches vary in quality.
The bridge is entered directly from the northern river bank and extends for some distance over rolling river bottom on the southern end. Some vegetation has grown under the bridge and along its approaches. The bridge is a major visual landmark of the community and perhaps the tallest structure in the community.
The Colorado River Bridge (1930) at the 300 block of South Richmond is one of two historic bridges remaining over the Colorado River at Wharton. It is significant for its role in opening up Wharton to vehicular traffic during its transition from rail to auto and truck access. The bridge retains its integrity and serves as a major visual landmark in the community. It is nominated under Criterion A in the area of transportation and associated with the context: Community Development in Wharton, Texas, 1875-1942.
The Colorado River Bridge was constructed by the Austin Bridge Company, a Dallas-based firm, that built bridges throughout the state in the early 20th century. The firm was one of the most successful bridge contractors in Texas at the time.
In 1929 the Texas Highway Department hired the company to build a bridge across the Colorado River at Wharton. A semi-monthly Company publication, The Span, wrote on July 3, 1929. "The Wharton job is the biggest job taken so far this year, as it will run nearly a quarter million dollars. The two main piers are to be sunk by the pneumatic process and will be subcontracted to the Randolph Construction Company of Kansas City" (Miller 1974: 10). A distinguishing feature of the Colorado River Bridge designed by G.G. Wickline, bridge engineer, Gib Gilchrist, state engineer, and J.M. Nagle, resident engineer, includes the double Camelback Parker-through trusses. The Wharton bridge was highly regarded by the firm because a rendering of the bridge was used for many years on the company's checks.
Throughout Wharton's history, the Colorado River played an important role in the community's development. The river was a determining factor in the town's founding, as it was considered possible means of transporting goods to and from Wharton. However, the Colorado River, like most Texas waterways, was not conducive to shipping and few successful business operations were able to exploit this natural resource.
The Colorado River instead became something of a hindrance to Wharton because of the periodic flooding and because it proved to be a physical barrier that impeded transportation to the south which limited Wharton's trade territory. A ferry provided a means of transporting both goods and people across the river but land on the south bank and beyond remained relatively isolated and inaccessible to Wharton.
In 1893, county commissioners rectified the situation when they funded the construction of an iron bridge across the Colorado River at present day Sunset Street. The opening of the bridge greatly facilitated local trade and enabled Wharton's trade territory and road network to expand.
The 1893 bridge was used until 1930 when the Austin Bridge Company erected this one a few blocks east along Richmond Road. Although not the first bridge to cross the Colorado River at Wharton, it is a symbol of the developing technology that contributed to the development of Wharton by allowing vehicular access to the town.
The bridge remains in use as the north to south lane of U.S. 59. It is a significant visual landmark of Wharton and retains its integrity.
This bridge is set to be rehabbed in 2017 and reopened to traffic upon completion.
Confirm, this bridge is closed to traffic. All traffic on business 59 has been diverted to the adjacent structure
Still no vehicular access as of May 2016.
As the street view clearly shows, this bridge is no longer open to vehicular traffic. The adjacent bridge is bidirectional.
|
<urn:uuid:fe2327b5-0121-43d6-9250-e23f2137564a>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://bridgehunter.com/tx/wharton/132410008910039/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320040.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623082050-20170623102050-00451.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964885
| 1,022
| 2.6875
| 3
|
Our presentation was first thing on Wednesday morning, the 17th June 2015, and the slides from the presentation can be seen at the bottom of this blog. We began by overviewing the tracking of physical activity in physical education and the policies surrounding this before we gave an overview of the Tactical Games Model. After this, we conducted a practical demonstration of a three part lesson based around the Tactical Games Model similar to the generic invasion game of Harvey (2007) seen in the references section below. We played the games with a gator ball in areas of about 25 x 15 yards. Due to having slightly larger numbers of participants we ended up playing x2 5 vs. 5 games and then we broke off into four 3 vs. 1 skill practices before returning.
During the session, we programmed accelerometers for six out of the 20 participants to wear, 3 male and 3 female. While David taught the lesson, I observed him using the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Tim (McKenzie, 2012). I took record of the lesson context (i.e., management, knowledge, skill practice and game play) and also the level of physical activity (i.e., sedentary, walking or vigorous). To collect these data we use a 10 second observe and a 10 second record protocol, so in one minute we have 3 data points. In total we had 72 intervals recorded, which equates to a 24 minute lesson.
This session was well received by the participants, many of which requested further insights into the Tactical Games Model, which I would contest is not widely practiced here in West Virginia. The data we generated clearly shows the benefits of the Tactical Games Model, particularly in providing opportunities for vigorous levels of physical activity due to the increased time spent in game play. Having said that, not everything in the land is rosy. We focused on invasion games, so there may be differences in physical activity levels in say, net/wall games. Additionally, when examining the data by sex there are some slight differences, so teachers need to be aware of how to differentiate instruction to include all participants in the Tactical Games Model. Finally, teachers need to be aware of how their behavior and how they set up the lesson context can affect physical activity levels. In this particular session, time of cognition and discussion was used by the teacher which took away from potential for participants to be engaged in game play. It is my contention that setting purpose questions which learners can explore during game play, interspersed with short, 30second-1min discussions between bouts of game play can reduce this knowledge time, but still retain a focus on learning. One guideline to follow would be for 10% management time, 20% knowledge time, with the rest of the time focused on practice time in game play or skill practice, with the majority of this practice time (40%) spent on game play. Teachers can use a stopwatch to keep track of practice time to ensure they meet 70% practice time and therefore afford learners the opportunity to accumulate the 50% levels of MVPA recommended in West Virginia policy documents.
Harvey, S. (2007). Using a generic invasion game for assessment.Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 78(4), 19–50. http://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2007.10598002
Also found at: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ795561.pdf
McKenzie, T. L. (2012). SOFIT. System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time. Overview and training manual. San Diego, CA: San Diego State University.
Mitchell, S., Oslin, J., & Griffin, L. (2013). Teaching sport concepts and skills: A tactical games approach (3rd ed.). Champaign: IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.
Found at: http://www.humankinetics.com/products/all-products/teaching-sport-concepts-and-skills-3rd-edition
|
<urn:uuid:2595634b-2e43-4f03-85ac-cd7b16fffe98>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://drstephenharvey.weebly.com/blog/2015-west-virginia-de-kidstrong-conference
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320040.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623082050-20170623102050-00451.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93809
| 819
| 2.78125
| 3
|
Our Visions & Values
For our pupils:
Above all else, we want our children to work for excellence in all they do. We aim to achieve this by teaching them to the highest standards in ways which closely match pupils’ needs regardless of gender, race or disability. We want all our pupils to develop:
- Independent minds which love learning and questioning.
- Qualities of spirit, feeling and imagination.
- The ability to work hard and succeed at tasks, to work independently and with other people and to appreciate human achievement and endeavours.
- A sense of self-respect, self-confidence and self-discipline, and an awareness of and sensitivity to the needs of others.
- The knowledge, skills and practical abilities they will need throughout their lives, at work and play.
- Essential skills and confidence across the curriculum in preparation for a successful secondary phase of their education.
- An awareness of, understanding of, and respect for the environment in which they live.
- A reasoned set of personal attitudes, values and beliefs that support individual liberties the rule of law and the democratic rights for all in our wider community.
- An understanding of the world and their roles and responsibilities as global citizens within it.
- An awareness that citizens can influence decisions making through the democratic process.
- A respect for the religious and moral values of others and their cultures and an willingness to identify and combat discrimination in all its forms
As a Church of England School, we have a particular commitment to the develop the whole person and to teach values based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. We aim to provide children with insight into the nature of religious ideas and an adequate knowledge of the Christian faith to equip them for the choices, discoveries and decisions of the future. We believe the Christian faith must be lived as well as taught.
We pride ourselves at St Nicolas for the pastoral care the children receive during their time with the school and continually receive feedback from third parties as to the excellent general behaviour, attitude and well-rounded character of the children.
We want each child to be cared for and valued as an individual.
|Standard admission no is:
||60 pupils per year group with +4 in Years 3 to 6
|Attendance target 2016/17:
|
<urn:uuid:31920606-e5c4-40ab-98da-4c4b5fa839bd>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.stnicolasprimary.co.uk/visions-and-values/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320215.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624031945-20170624051945-00532.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952737
| 467
| 2.578125
| 3
|
Here is part of the conversation between a group of children as they discuss a tall tree nearby:
"I wonder how tall it is?" says Linus.
"I think we could find out ," replies Raj.
"It could be difficult as it's very high," says Toby.
I wonder how they each went about finding out the height of the tree?
I wonder how YOU would find out how tall a large tree in your surroundings is?
|
<urn:uuid:82fa0df2-468c-4fcc-a772-64e1795382fe>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://nrich.maths.org/7536
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320362.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624221310-20170625001310-00612.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.990409
| 93
| 2.515625
| 3
|
AND THE DOPPLER DILEMMA
METEOROLOGIST JEFF HABY
The PRF is the frequency of pulses that are emitted from a Doppler radar. A higher PRF means the radar is
sending out more pulses per unit time. A lower PRF means the radar is sending out less pulses per unit time.
When the PRF is high the radar has less time to sample the atmosphere between pulses. If the radar has
less time to sense, it can not detect objects further away from the radar as compared to a low PRF.
Thus, a high PRF has a smaller unambiguous range as compared to a low PRF.
The Doppler dilemma states there is an inverse relationship between the unambiguous range and the
When PRF is low----unambiguous range is high---but that results in a low velocity range
When PRF is high----unambiguous range is low---but that results in a high velocity range
Example: Suppose a radar can sense up to 250 miles from the location of the radar (unambiguous range)
and can detect velocities of up to 30 m/s before velocity folding occurs (a.k.a. velocity aliasing). If
the PRF was increased, the unambiguous range will drop to say 200 miles but the unambiguous velocity
will increase to say 35 m/s.
|
<urn:uuid:b503b834-8214-4ca0-a180-10679912a1bd>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.theweatherprediction.com/habyhints/231/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320362.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624221310-20170625001310-00612.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.910633
| 291
| 3.9375
| 4
|
Why wild cheetah populations are declining
Cheetahs might be fast, but they aren't the smartest of felines around. The cheetah population is declining in large part because of human influences like climate change and habitat destructions. But some research has suggested that cheetahs are contributing to their own demise.
The cheetah's greatest strength is also one of it's only strengths. They are blessed with super speed but not much else. Once they make a kill bigger, stronger, and sharper animals will often interfere with the meal. As a result, cheetahs are commonly forced to flee, search for new meals, and expend even more energy. They often don't recuperate the energy they expended on a lost hunt or kill.
As Trace explains, the combination of human interference and inefficient hunting has created a problem that is threatening the sustainability of the cheetah's population.
More on AOL:
Mega-shark extinction linked to whales' current size
Possible evidence global warming has slowed
How nose cells helped a man walk again
|
<urn:uuid:d06a6b90-4dda-4a2e-9d8c-5b4880b89bf3>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.aol.com/article/2014/12/16/why-wild-cheetah-populations-are-declining/21117196/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320545.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625170634-20170625190634-00692.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956046
| 218
| 2.953125
| 3
|
New Advances In Concussion Management By Accident
Not all medical breakthroughs are discovered on purpose. Just ask Stanford intern Theo Roth, who discovered how a concussion affects the brain in real time by messing up brain surgery on mice. In 2010 Roth was supposed to be removing a portion of the skull in mice, to see how the brain reacts to meningitis, but repeatedly kept giving the mice concussions instead. The intern was working with high powered microscopes and realized that they could observe in real time what happens when a concussion is sustained. With the ability to observe the initial reaction of the brain during a concussion the research found that if an antioxidant is applied immediately after the trauma the damage to the brain is significantly reduced.
The full research article can be viewed in the Journal Nature.
|
<urn:uuid:e6f061df-0296-41ae-9e69-fe3935a9a334>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://osipt.com/new-advances-concussion-management-accident/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320763.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626133830-20170626153830-00052.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954251
| 159
| 3.015625
| 3
|
Family: Cathartidae. (New World vulture).
Scientific Name: Cathartes burrovianus.
Common Names: Yellow-headed Vulture, Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture, Savannah/Savanna Vulture.
Conservation Status: Rare.
Rescue & Recovery: None.
Geographical Range: From Vera Cruz and Mexico down to Argentina and Uruguay.
Habitat: Savannahs, grasslands and marshes.
Lesser Yellow-Headed Vulture
Physical Characteristics: A medium-sized vulture with black plumage which has a green shine. Whitish primary flight feathers and white or grey legs. head colours range from yellow to orange, being occasionally mixed with blue. The Lesser and Greater Yellow-headed Vultures have frequently been confused over the years and it was only in 1964 that they were officially recognised as a separate species. Of the two bird species the Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture is the smaller.
Food: Fish may form part an integral part of this vulture's diet and there is some evidence that some of these may be taken alive, probably when they become stranded in shallow water. Other than this, the Yellow-headed Vulture's diet is almost entirely carrion.
Reproduction: Little is known about the habits of this bird, though it nests in the cavities of trees.
|
<urn:uuid:a8ac5a30-353e-4b1a-bedd-f4e699152fe6>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://vulture-territory.com/lesser.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321306.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627083142-20170627103142-00132.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.929525
| 285
| 3.453125
| 3
|
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
bushing (plural bushings)
- (mechanical engineering) A type of bearing, a cylindrical lining designed to reduce friction and wear inside a hole, often used as a casing for a shaft, pin or hinge.
- (mechanical engineering) An elastic bearing used as a type of vibration isolator, commonly made of rubber. An interface between two parts, damping the movement and the energy transmitted.
- (mechanical engineering) A threaded bushing, is a fastener element that is inserted into an object, usually to add a threaded hole in a softer or thin material.
- (electrical engineering) A lining for an opening through which a conductor passes, providing insulation and mechanical protection for the conductor.
- An adapter for joining pipes of different size.
mechanical engineering: type of bearing to reduce friction
electrical engineering: lining to insulate and protect
|
<urn:uuid:ed5e33bf-155d-43a1-87e1-f1c97ccc967b>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bushing
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321306.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627083142-20170627103142-00132.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.88286
| 198
| 3.0625
| 3
|
This genre was developed by Serkan Yürekli.
Colour some cells to create a single contiguous shape. The shape can't have any 2 by 2 coloured areas. The clues in the grid tell you how many consecutive cells around it have to be coloured. If there's more than one digit in a cell, the groups of cells have to be seperated by at least one empty cell. Cells with clues remain empty.
|
<urn:uuid:c3132ad4-7ca0-4898-a4ce-26abd718e81f>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://puzzleparasite.blogspot.com.au/2011/09/rules-tapa.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322320.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628032529-20170628052529-00212.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.974956
| 88
| 3.390625
| 3
|
Evan & Elizabeth Davis
(Only available in Welsh)
A comprehensive guidebook about Ohio State which was published during the period when hundreds of Welsh people were considering emigrating to the United States.
It includes a description of the state's landscape, its schools and colleges, the government and the religious sects as well as details about the numerous Welsh communities which were developing there at the time. Chidlaw also gives essential and very practical advice to anyone intending to sail across the Atlantic and settle in Ohio.
, we are lead on a journey with the Rev. B.W. Chidlaw from Paddy's Run, in western Ohio, to Cincinnati and on to Columbus, Radnor, Sandusky, Rochester, Syracuse and Utica, before he reaches New York.
One subject which is given constant attention by Chidlaw throughout the guide is the development and progress of Ohio State and the exciting changes seen there over a period of fifty years. This is evident first of all when he describes the city of Cincinnati. In 1808, he says, its population was 5,000 but by the 1830s he claims that there were 50,000 inhabitants living there, and remarks:
Early pioneers, Cincinnati
(Courtesy of The Ohio Historical Society)
Chidlaw himself had been a witness to this change of course, as he was brought up in Ohio.
He describes the views, the towns and the cities, the people and some of the sights he saw on the journey to New York such as Niagara Falls and the two tribes of Indians he came across.
After spending a few days in New York, Chidlaw sailed to Liverpool on board the Columbus. Even though he had a trouble-free voyage on the whole, he notes that he suffered some seasickness on board the ship. He also notes that they saw a shipwreck and that he had participated in a service to bury a child who had died at sea.
The general features of Ohio are given attention at the beginning of - its location and size, its population, the coal and iron industries and the wool and cotton factories, the highways and the canals, the weather and the quality of the land in the valleys and on the hills.
Chidlaw gives us a relatively full picture but he made sure that the picture was not too idealistic. We are warned about the common diseases and maladies, such as malaria, bile, intermitting fever, pleurisy, rheumatism and tuberculosis, and he offers suggestions and advice to the reader as to the best way to look after his health.
Not forgetting that oppression, poverty and instability were some of the factors which impelled the Welsh to emigrate to America during this period, we can assume that readers of this guide would be very eager to read what Chidlaw had to say about the taxes of the state. The information at the bottom of page 17 and page 18 would surely alleviate the worries of those considering emigrating to Ohio to seek a better life.
There are three sections at the end of Chapter 2, namely , and a section on in the state.
, Welsh communities and organizations in the state are described:
Emphasis is given again and again in this chapter on how basic the living conditions of the first Welsh pioneers were, as well as how hard they had worked to clear and cultivate the wooded land. Even though they did not have many resources, the Welsh did succeed to accomplish a great deal in a relatively short time, and transformed
First of all he discusses , in western Ohio. This is Ohio's oldest Welsh community and the community in which Chidlaw was brought up. The majority who lived there at that time were agriculturalists and according to Chidlaw, 200 - 250 of them were Welsh. A description is given of how the fertile land in the area was used and he also notes the price of buying and leasing land, and the wages of farm hands, servants and maids.
According to Chidlaw, the community in in Delaware County was formed in 1804. Welsh people from mainly Montgomeryshire and Brecknockshire had settled there and he believes that this particular community is larger than any other in Ohio. They were attracted no doubt by the fertile land of the area and the fact that schools and markets were so convenient. The different religious denominations had chapels and churches in Radnor and we are told that a great revival had taken place there amongst the Congregationalists and that the Welsh Baptists and Wesleyans had joined with their English counterparts.
During this period, , in Licking County, was a town "developing greatly" and many craftsmen from Wales were living there. Another Welsh community lived to the north west, in which was first established by Theophilus Rees in 1803. A religious cause was started there by the . The and the Methodists joined together to form a religious cause and build a chapel.
He then moves on to discuss the two cities, and . This is where the young people of Wales headed for. Details of the wages of servants, maids and craftsmen in the cities are given as well as the work opportunities in Cincinnati as it grew and expanded. The main difficulty a Welsh person would face would be finding work and a place to live straight after arriving. Some stayed in the cities to pursue their careers, while others saved their money to buy land and move to the country.
It appears that the first pioneers from Wales had not ventured to , in Portage County. Instead, they bought second-hand land worth 1 to 3 pounds an acre, after a Welshman called John Davies went there in 1829. Ten years later, Chidlaw surmises that the same land is worth 3 to 8 pounds. Even though it wasn't of the best quality, its location - near Ohio's canal and Lake Erie - made it valuable. He also notes that the Welsh denominations had churches and places of worship there.
After praising the terrain of many of Ohio's rural areas, Chidlaw then turns to criticize the quality of the land in the south east of the state, in counties. When Yr American was published in 1839, hundreds of emigrants from Cardiganshire in Wales had settled in this area but, according to Chidlaw, the land was and it would be better if they had ventured to Mississippi valley.
It seems that Chidlaw was not the only one to criticize the land of this region. Anne Kelly Knowles noted in Calvinists Incorporated (p. 157), that John Jones Ty'n Rhos had heard that there was poor land in Jackson when he was heading there.
Letter by John Jones Ty'n Rhos which was published in Y Cenhadwr in 1845 >>
The community in was relatively new when Yr American was published. In 1834, many Welsh families moved from Paddy's Run to the area after the Indians sold the land to the government.
He estimates that there were approximately 40 to 50 Welsh families in Putnam and Vanwert in 1839 and, because the land was low and the canals so convenient, Chidlaw anticipates that more Welsh people would flock to this community than any other community in the state. There were no churches or places of worship there, but he noted that the Congregationalists had a preacher in the district and that there were preparing to form a cause.
There are other sections on: , , , , , , and .
Advice and instructions to those who were "seriously considering" emigrating to the United States are the contents of .
Chidlaw himself acknowledges that emigrating to a far-away and foreign country such as America, leaving family a friends behind, was a massive step and he urges anyone considering it to weigh up their situation carefully.
We are given a description of the personal features of those who would be most likely to succeed after venturing across the Atlantic, and also a description of the characters who would surely be disappointed and heart-broken and fail. It was generally believed that success would come to those who were willing to face the agreeable and the painful - those willing to work hard and suffer some hardship before being able to live a blissful life. would be better off if they went to America as well as hard-working and skillful craftsmen. There was a better place there also for young families according to Chidlaw:
His words are pretty harsh and firm to those who expect after emigrating to America. He warns often against idleness and alcohol drinking in this chapter and plainly says that no "Gentleman Farmer" can live in the United States as everybody has to work there to ensure success. A sly kick is also included regarding the customs of the Welsh who had already emigrated.
In spite of his warnings, Chidlaw mainly offers encouragement in this chapter as he tries his best to convince the reader to seek a better life in the United States.
The second half of the chapter discusses preparing for . He notes which personal belongings should be carried all the way to America and instructions are given on how to arrange accommodation and a passage on a ship after arriving in Liverpool. Chidlaw was wise enough to realize how naive and inexperienced some Welsh people would be having left their own patch, and he therefore makes a point of warning them against who could so easily deceive and mislead them. One of the problems faced by travelers in Liverpool would be having to wait a long time in the city after arranging for a ship to transport them.
Chidlaw proceeds to offer extremely interesting advice regarding which food to prepare before leaving, how to avoid feeling depressed, how to conduct oneself generally on the ship and what to expect in New York.
Chidlaw does not allow the Welsh to choose their own paths in the foreign country either. He leads them on to Ohio, and describes:
A description of the can be found towards the end of the book as well as notes on in that area and in Ohio.
A translation by Morris Owen Evans of the 2nd edition (1840) was published in Quarterly Publication of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio; Vol. VI, No. 1).
Click here to go to the page on B. W. Chidlaw >>
|
<urn:uuid:53ee0f36-2e55-4f66-8145-c67d48fa5143>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://ohio.llgc.org.uk/pigion-yam.php?printview=yes
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323807.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628222452-20170629002452-00292.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.986069
| 2,102
| 2.921875
| 3
|
So last week we were pelted with a terrible snow/ice storm the night before a physics test. Little did any of us know that it would put us out of school for four days (6 days when you count the weekend). As the students came back on Monday there was no way I expected them to be ready for their test. We both needed a few days to get back into the swing of things.
Enter mind mapping…
Both of my classes (regulars and honors physics) ate it up. I pitched them the idea (like a good salesman… I mean teacher has to do) and they got to work on mapping out their unit. Some drew creative pictures, some used circles, some squares, some even used different colors to help organize their materials. It was beautiful. I then broke them into groups of 2 or 3 and had them compare their mind maps. I encouraged them to check for accuracy, borrow things they liked from other maps, and continue to develop their review maps. We discussed visual learning and how some students are wired to be more visual. We tied it into our future education and how this is especially useful with larger amounts of material (college exams, finals). Not only did we get all of that from the 25 min activity, but they also reviewed their test material.
So was is mind mapping???
Mind mapping is a visual organization of material. It is taking notes in a graphical manner (per the Wikipedia article). It’s basically what I’ve always done on my napkin at my favorite coffee shop, but now I know the formal name. I never used this while I was growing up in school but had I known about it I would have used it all the time. The way I think about it is mind mapping takes all the papers on my constantly messy desk (different yet connected ideas) and places them neatly in the filing cabinet (some portion of my brain for storage and recall).
A quick google image search will provide you with a ton of examples.
If you are an educator or any sort, I highly recommend incorporating this idea into your classroom. The benefits will be two-fold. First your students will learn a new technique for learning. Secondly they will benefit from the review or organization of course material.
|
<urn:uuid:a32b919c-3696-4636-986d-55ce4cc2c2c8>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://engouredu.wordpress.com/category/teaching-techniques/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323807.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628222452-20170629002452-00292.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.97526
| 460
| 2.8125
| 3
|
Family dynamics can be complicated even in the simplest of family units. Throw a family business into the equation in which some (or all) of the family are involved, and there is the potential for disaster. Family Charters (otherwise known as Family Constitutions) are an increasingly popular way for family businesses to create a structure by which to enhance the future prosperity of the business and to minimise the risk of disharmony amongst the family members.
What are family charters?
Family Charters are written statements of intent or agreements entered into by the family members in relation to a family business.
Most family businesses will have unwritten agreements governing the day to day running of the business, their aims for the future and how they anticipate the next generation will become involved. Much of this may be defined by tradition, and may no longer be fit for purpose.
A Family Charter might typically deal with:
- how the business should be run
- goals and the long-term strategy for the business
- how the family relates with the business
- expectations for how the family members should behave towards each other within the business.
Why a Family Charter?
As families grow and new generations of the family enter the picture, there can be a significant increase in the number of individuals with either a direct or indirect relationship with the business. As children become adults this might include spouses and might then include children of children and so on. How does the family govern who enters the business, who owns shares, who is entitled to sit on the board and who will be employed within the business? How does the business relate to family members who are not involved in the business?
The process leading to the creation of the Family Charter allows decisions to be made and compromises reached at a time when parties would have a clear and objective viewpoint on what they would want in any number of given circumstances: all too often, decisions of the sort that would be covered by the Family Charter would otherwise need to be made at a time when tensions are running high and positions have become entrenched. The Family Charter provides an objective "level head" to refer to in difficult times.
Other examples of the sorts of things that might be included are:
- what if someone wants to sell their shares?
- should everyone in the family be entitled to own shares?
- who should not be entitled to own shares (e.g. the spouses of family shareholders)?
- how does the family's relationship with the board work?
- what happens if there is a dispute?
- what about family members who are not employed in the business and/or are not shareholders?
- what if there is disagreement about the direction of the business?
But we already have a shareholders' agreement
A shareholders' agreement, is an agreement between the shareholders of a company as to how the company should be run, and is usually legally binding. This may be just what is needed where all parties are focused solely on the needs and direction of the business, but families, by their nature, are more complex creatures and need to be handled differently.
A Family Charter is unlikely to be legally binding: you might view it as more of a mission statement for the business. It might include a statement of values and ethical guidelines that are insufficiently precise to be enforced. It might also deal in broad terms with any family policy on a matter which already forms part of a shareholders' agreement, for example who is entitled to own the shares of the business.
Can I do this myself?
It may be perfectly possible for the family to draw up their own Family Charter if it is confident in being able to identify all the relevant issues and the family unit and its relationship with the business is not a complex one.
However, there is often a patriarch or matriarch within any family business whose views may dominate the views of others. There may also be hidden agendas and unwritten rules that might prevent a Family Charter being prepared that genuinely reflects a consensus view of how things should be done.
Drawing up a Family Charter may be a difficult process and might allow issues to rise to the surface that have otherwise been buried away; however by engaging in the process of preparing the Family Charter, many of these issues will be resolved at a time when all parties are focused on the task in hand. This prevents the need to have to find a resolution at what might be time of great stress (e.g. the death of a family and business member).
Families and businesses are becoming more varied and complex every day. A Family Charter allows those involved in the business (and possibly even those family members who are not) to agree on various important matters that could otherwise result in discord within the family.
The intertwining of the family and the business might be viewed as the main weakness of the family business in many respects, but this relationship can create a level of stability and drive often missing from other businesses. By establishing a framework upon which the business is owned, runs on a day to day basis and passes from one generation to the next within a Family Charter, these perceived weaknesses can be overcome so that the family business can operate at peak efficiency.
|
<urn:uuid:1b434abb-969a-4e35-a2f8-12d10391a017>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.laytons.com/news/family-charters
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323807.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628222452-20170629002452-00292.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.975891
| 1,052
| 3.1875
| 3
|
Research being done on the supercomputer Kraken holds promise for overcoming limitations in the study of energy and materials applications. The method employs quantum mechanics to understand how nuclear effects change the dynamics of microscopic-size materials. The research team performed modeling and simulation studies in which a graphene, or carbon, flake was bombarded by a thousand hydrogen atoms to examine the likelihood of accumulation of the hydrogen on the porous graphene surface. The accumulation of hydrogen or other light molecules on nanoporous materials has implications for energy science applications such as hydrogen storage and fuel cells. The findings are published in the Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation.
To read more about the research, visit the National Institute for Computational Sciences website.
|
<urn:uuid:1c9d4524-b55f-41f6-a3e6-7d3b949da7ff>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://tntoday.utk.edu/2014/01/15/capability-helps-overcome-limitations-study-energy-materials-applications/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319575.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622135404-20170622155404-00571.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.91449
| 140
| 2.734375
| 3
|
Born May 29, 1904 in Charleston, Illinois, the only child of Frank and Jennie Toland, Gregg Toland would grow up to become the first cinematographer whose name was well known by the public. Both John Ford (with The Long Voyage Home) and Orson Welles (with Citizen Kane) would insist that he be given credit on the same title card and in equal print size as that of the director.
Toland’s parents divorced while he was very young and he moved to Hollywood with his mother who worked as a housekeeper for various film executives. Her connections helped provide a way for young Toland to enter the film business as an office boy at Fox Studios when he was just 15 years old. He soon became the youngest cameraman in the business and by the age of 22 had his first on-screen credit as a co-cinematographer with 1926’s The Bat. He continued to work through the silent era and into the early sound era where he invented a device that made cameras quieter, allowing the camera to move more freely. He had his first solo credit as cinematographer with 1931’s Eddie Cantor film, Palmy Days.
Toland was not the first cameraman to employ deep focus, but he is credited with advancing it to perfection. Deep focus is a photographic and cinematographic technique using a large depth of field. Depth of field is the front to back range of the image in focus. In deep focus the front, middle and back of the image are all in focus as opposed to the more common shallow focus in which the foreground is sharp and the background fuzzy. It is not used much anymore for two reasons. Today’s wider lenses allow for sharper depth of field and the multiple cameras used for filming today’s movies make editing in the editing room rather than in the camera much more efficient.
Toland’s first film with major scenes in deep focus was the 1935 horror classic, Mad Love, directed by Karl Freund, starring Peter Lorre. That same year his work on Richard Boleslawski’s film of Les Miserables brought him his first Oscar nomination. It was followed, among others, by William Wyler’s 1936 classic, These Three, the first of many Wyler films he would be associated with.
He was uncredited on Frank Borzage’s stunningly photographed 1937 film, History Is Made at Night, but his contributions to the film seem clearly evident. His deep focus work on Wyler’s Dead End that same year further enhanced his reputation, resulting in his second Oscar nomination.
In 1939 he received Oscar nominations for both David O. Selznick’s production of Intermezzo and Wyler’s Wuthering Heights, winning for the latter.
Now he was in demand, not only by Wyler, but John Ford as well, acting as director of photography for Ford on both of his 1940 Best Picture nominees, The Grapes of Wrath and The Long Voyage Home, receiving his fifth Oscar nomination in six years for the latter. Ford was so pleased with his contribution to the film that he insisted on Toland receiving equal credit with his name appearing on the same title card and in the same size as the director’s.
Orson Welles, who considered Ford the world’s greatest director, would do the same for Toland on 1941’s Citizen Kane.
While Welles was initially celebrated as the soile genius behind Citizen Kane, he was not the whole show. It was co-written with Herman J. Mankiewicz with three other writers including John Houseman making uncredited contributions. While Welles was originally credited with coming up with the film’s many innovative camera angles, it was later revealed that they were Toland’s invention, given to Welles behind the scenes so as to allow the novice director to make an impression on the seasoned crew.
Toland received his sixth and surprisingly, final Oscar nomination for Citizen Kane despite the fact that his work on Wyler’s The Little Foxes and Howard Hawks’ Ballof Fire the following year were equally celebrated as was his contribution to Wyler’s post-war masterpiece, The Best Years of Our Lives.
Toland’s first color film was Disney’s 1946 mix of live action and animation, Song of the South with its vivid imagery. Three more films, 1947’s The Bishop’s Wife and 1948’s A Song Is Born, the musical version of Ball of Fire and Enchantment would follow before Toland’s untimely death on September 26, 1948 from coronary thrombosis at the age of 44.
Toland was survived by his second wife, a daughter from his first marriage and two sons from his second. His daughter Lothian later became comedian Red Skelton’s third wife.
WUTHERING HEIGHTS (1939), directed by William Wyler
Wyler’s film of Emily Bronte’s classic novel is a visually stunning masterpiece thanks in no small measure to Toland’s cinematography. Whether focused on the moors or the faces of Merle Oberon, Laurence Olivier, David Niven, Geraldine Fitzgerald, Flora Robson, Donald Crisp, Leo G. Carroll or the rest of the cast, there isn’t a wasted frame in the whole thing.
Toland received his third and fourth Oscar nominations for his black-and-white cinematography for Intermezzo and Wuthering Heights this year, winning for Wuthering Heihgts over such strong competition as Juarez; Only Angels Have Wings; The Rains Came and Stagecoach.
THE GRAPES OF WRATH (1940), directed by John Ford
From the opening scene of Henry Fonda walking down the road to the Oklahoma dust bowls to the various work camps and the faces of Jane Darwell, John Carradine, Russell Simpson, Charley Grapewin, Doris Bowden, John Qualen and the rest, you can’t take your eyes off the screen thanks to Toland’s mesmerizing camerawork.
Surprisingly Toland was not nominated for an Oscar for his work here, but was nominated for his other Ford film this year, The Long Voyage Home, losing to George Barnes for Rebecca.
CITIZEN KANE (1941), directed by Orson Welles
Innovative camera angles first attributed to the genius of novice director Welles were eventually property credited to Toland who was at least Welles’ equal. Bernard Herrmann’s score, Welles and Mankiewicz’s screenplay and the acting of Welles, Joseph Cotton, Dorothy Comingore, Ruth Warrick, Agnes Moorehead, Everett Sloane, Ray Collins and others contribute to the film’s greatness, but turn off the sound and just watch Toland’s imagery and it’s still a great film.
Toland received his sixth and final Oscar nomination for his contribution to the film, losing to Arthur C. Miller for How Green was My Valley.
THE BEST YEARS OF OUR LIVES (1946), directed by William Wyler
Wyler’s epic about three homecoming of World War II veterans (Fredric March, Dana Andrews, Harold Russell) and their women (Myrna Loy, Teresa Wright, Virginia Mayo, Cathy O’Donnell) succeeds on many levels, not the least of which is once again Toland’s stunning cinematography.
There were only two nominees each allowed for black-and-white and color cinematography this year. The nominees in the black-and-white category were Anna and the King of Siam, for which Arthur C. Miller was once again victorious, and The Green Years. Had three or more nominees been permitted, Toland’s work on The Best Years of Our Lives would surely have been among them.
ENCHANTMENT (1948), directed by Irving Reis
Toland’s camerawork provides a warm glow to this film which is essentially about unrequited love. David Niven in old age make-up plays a man who has retired to the family home during World War II where he reminisces about his lost love, played by Teresa Wright. He is joined in the home by his niece, Evelyn Keyes, an ambulance driver who has fallen in love with a wounded soldier played by Farley Granger. The elderly Niven encourages the young Keyes not to make the same mistake he did and marry the impetuous Granger.
Toland’s focus on the fireplace and other objects in the house make the various segues between present day and flashbacks seamless. This bittersweet romantic film with its happy ending makes a perfect counterpoint to Wuthering Heights and a perfect conclusion to one of the great Hollywood careers, albeit one that ended way too soon.
GREGG TOLAND AND OSCAR
- Les Miserables (1935) Nominated – Best Cinematography
- Dead End (1937) Nominated – Best Cinematography
- Intermezzo (1939) Nominated – Best Black-and-White Cinematography
- Wuthering Heights (1939) – Oscar – Best Black-and-White Cinematography
- The Long Voyage Home (1940) Nominated – Best Black-and-White Cinematography
- Citizen Kane (1941) Nominated – Best Black-and-White Cinematography
|
<urn:uuid:97da43ed-4d21-4857-8569-b3c920f44a54>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.cinemasight.com/oscar-profile-92-gregg-toland/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319575.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622135404-20170622155404-00571.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971615
| 1,991
| 2.75
| 3
|
Berthe Morisot Galleries
Berthe Morisot (January 14, 1841 ?C March 2, 1895) was a painter and a member of the circle of painters in Paris who became known as the Impressionists. Undervalued for over a century, possibly because she was a woman, she is now considered among the first league of Impressionist painters.
In 1864, she exhibited for the first time in the highly esteemed Salon de Paris. Sponsored by the government, and judged by academicians, the Salon was the official, annual exhibition of the Acad??mie des beaux-arts in Paris. Her work was selected for exhibition in six subsequent Salons until, in 1874, she joined the "rejected" Impressionists in the first of their own exhibitions, which included Paul C??zanne, Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Morisot, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Alfred Sisley. It was held at the studio of the photographer Nadar.
She became the sister-in-law of her friend and colleague, Édouard Manet, when she married his brother, Eugene.
Related Paintings of Berthe Morisot :. | Jeune Fille en Blanc | Lilac trees | Berthe Morisot, The Cradle | The Cradle | The mother and her son in the garden |
Related Artists:GIRARDON, Francois
French Baroque Era Sculptor, 1628-1715
François Girardon was born at Troyes on March 17, 1628. He studied in Rome for an undetermined period of time between 1645 and 1650. He then studied at the Royal Academy in Paris and was admitted to the academy as a member in 1657. Much of Girardon's most important work was executed for King Louis XIV and consisted of major commissions for the palace and gardens of Versailles. One of Girardon's most famous productions is Apollo and the Nymphs of Thetis in Versailles (1666-1672), originally designed for a grotto there. This elaborate project of seven separate marble statues depicts the god Apollo surrounded by nymphs, and it exemplifies with exceptional clarity the French interpretation of the baroque style in sculpture, an interpretation that rejected the fluid, dramatic, and emotional Italian baroque in favor of a cooler, more sober approach based upon the sculpture of antiquity. The Apollo group is filled with references to Hellenistic and Roman sculpture, and while Girardon was working on the commission he made a second trip to Rome for inspiration from antique sources. The ancient world, however, had never attempted to assemble several large pieces of free-standing sculpture into one unified composition, and in solving this problem Girardon had recourse to the paintings of Nicolas Poussin, the great French baroque classicist. The classicism of the Apollo group conformed fully to the official style of the French Academy and the personal taste of Louis XIV, but the composition has many baroque elements. The vigor and variety in the movement of the figures, the rich textural contrasts, the grand scale of the project, and the dramatic use of space are all stylistic qualities that firmly link the work to the international baroque style. One of Girardon's most important works is the tomb of Cardinal Richelieu in the church of the Sorbonne, Paris (1675-1677). This monument shows the dying prelate in a semireclining position, his vestments falling in broad curves that are echoed in the draperies of the allegorical figures at the head and foot of the tomb. As originally placed in the church, the monument was freestanding so that the spectator was compelled to enter into the action of the work - a typical baroque compositional device. Girardon's most significant late work was a majestic bronze equestrian statue of Louis XIV (1683-1692) executed for the Place Vendôme in Paris and based upon the famous Roman equestrian monument of the emperor Marcus Aurelius. KONRAD von Soest
German painter (active between 1394 and 1422 in Westphalie).
painted Ivan Perfilevich Elagin in 1789
|
<urn:uuid:ef16687a-ccee-4afe-9503-ef51bf8e9ab2>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://berthemorisot.org/painting-Berthe%20Morisot-Detail%20of%20artist-s%20mother%20and%20his%20sister-54606.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320057.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623114917-20170623134917-00011.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959211
| 884
| 2.84375
| 3
|
A new plan is emerging in the political calculus over Everglades restoration: Rather than store, treat and move water into South Florida’s parched Everglades, water managers are now considering flushing millions of gallons deep underground near Lake Okeechobee.
The deep injection wells would help control the level of water in the lake during the rainy season, protect its aging dike and help eliminate the need to flush dirty lake water to either coast, which last year outraged residents and business owners when it triggered smelly toxic blooms and killed fish. But environmentalists say it would do nothing to help fix the south end of the Everglades and instead waste valuable water that original restoration plans called for saving.
If we inject that water underground, we only take care of half the problem.
Audubon Florida scientist Paul Gray
“If we inject that water underground, we only take care of half the problem,” said Audubon Florida scientist Paul Gray. “The scale that we’re talking about here has never been contemplated or done before. … We’re talking something very untested.”
They also worry the plan is meant to undermine a push to build a massive reservoir south of the lake backed by Republican Senate President Joe Negron, whose hometown has been hammered by the lake releases, but opposed by powerful sugar farmers.
At a meeting Wednesday, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which is in the midst of mapping out fixes for the Lake Okeechobee watershed, provided an update on alternatives in a planning process expected to take three years.While solving the water storage problem relies heavily on building a series of reservoirs around the lake — which originally provided much of the freshwater flowing south into South Florida — the plans also call for constructing wells that store and recover water as well as the injection wells that dump water in the boulder zone beneath the Florida aquifer.
About 300 recovery wells, called ASRs, were originally part of restoration efforts. But an 11-year study concluded so many wells would likely lead to pressure problems and proposed scaling back the number to about 130, with 80 near the lake.
To make up for that lost storage, water managers in January resurrected the decade-old idea of flushing water into the injection wells.
30 to 150The proposed number of deep injection wells needed to flush water deep underground to keep Lake Okeechobee from rising too high
Up to 15 millions gallons of water a day could be dumped at each site, said Bob Verrastro, the district’s lead hydrologist. If just 30 to 60 were placed around the lake, lake water levels could be reduced by a half foot to a foot every year, he said. The technology is widely used by utilities around the state that pump wastewater from sewer treatment plants into about 180 injection wells.
The fix would also be relatively cheap and fast: The land where the wells would be dug is already government owned or operated, Verrastro said, meaning construction could begin “likely decades in advance of the reservoirs being constructed.”
But environmentalists and scientists say relying so heavily on the injection wells wastes too much water, has bigger implications for wider restoration efforts and needs to be investigated more thoroughly.
“It’s taking 24-7 pumping all the time to get to these levels [of storage] you’re projecting,” said Mark Perry, executive director of the Stuart-based Florida Oceanographic Society
And while it might solve the short-term problem of having to flush water to the St. Lucie and Caloosahatchee Rivers to protect the lake’s aging dike, it leaves South Florida out of the picture, where decades of flood control and sea level rise are threatening water supplies. Even if the wells are used only during high water emergencies, environmentalists say it fails to address the bigger problem.
This is just not Everglades restoration. That water is desperately needed to the south and not just for Everglades National Park and Florida Bay. You have aquifers that are not getting recharged.
Diana Impierre, a Sierra Club organizer
“This could be used as an excuse for not acquiring lands [for a reservoir south of the lake] where it’s really needed so you could have real restoration,” said Diana Impierre, a Sierra Club organizer. “This is just not Everglades restoration. That water is desperately needed to the south and not just for Everglades National Park and Florida Bay. You have aquifers that are not getting recharged.”
Recent research also suggests deep injection wells could have unforeseen problems. In a letter earlier this month to the water management district, Friends of the Everglades included a list of five studies dating back to 2001 that looked at storage in the boulder zone. Four found problems with water migrating upward in South Florida. The National Academies of Science has also said water recovered from ASRs could be chemically altered and pose a risk to wildlife.
Before any plan moves forward, the Corps of Engineers and the district must still complete extensive modeling. Over upcoming months, the Corps’ Lisa Aley said the agency will expand its modeling to look at the proposed alternatives, which all call for 30 to 150 deep injection wells. Public meetings will also be planned, she said.
Follow Jenny Staletovich on Twitter @jenstaletovich
|
<urn:uuid:3224dec7-2f35-4631-9cda-a2d368f5be26>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/environment/article132963849.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320057.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623114917-20170623134917-00011.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956258
| 1,112
| 2.9375
| 3
|
We all want to live the happiest, healthiest life possible. As a physician in Vancouver, Dr. Ali Ghahary encourages his patients to make healthy lifestyle choices; including healthy eating habits, regular physical activity, and smoking cessation. By not eating healthy, not staying fit, and smoking, you are not taking care of your body – and in order to be happy, we also need to be healthy.
When we think of the word “diet” we often correlate that to weight loss. However, weight loss and weight management is not the only benefit of healthy eating. While it is definitely part of it, the food you eat can also play a significant role in other aspects of your health. For example, if you eat food or drink beverages that contain lots of sugar, you are more likely to develop cavities. A trip to the dentist, in this case, is something you want to avoid (though it is important to take care of your teeth by going for regular checkups and cleanings.) Sugar contains no healthy fats, proteins, enzymes, or nutrients. All it does is destroy your body. Individuals who consume sugar are much more likely to develop heart disease, liver disease, diabetes, and are even at risk of developing certain cancers.
Similarly, regular exercise can also have great health benefits aside from weight loss. By staying fit you are at less of a risk of developing heart disease, high blood pressure, and osteoporosis. Physical activity can also be great for those who suffer from anxiety and/or stress, and can boost one’s self esteem.
In order to live a long and healthy life, those who smoke should cease from doing so. It has been scientifically proven that smoking causes cancer. In fact, 84% of cancer-related deaths are caused by lung cancer due to smoking. Smoking can also lead to emphysema – a condition in which the lungs become damaged, resulting in difficulty breathing. Alcohol is another thing individuals should try to avoid. Excessive drinking can lead to liver damage and a variety of other health problems.
For further insight into how you can live the healthiest life possible, Dr. Ali Ghahary is able to see patients on a walk-in basis at Brentwood Medical Clinic every Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday, and can answer any questions you might have. For his walk-in schedule, click here.
You can also follow Dr. Ghahary on Twitter at @DrAliGhahary.
|
<urn:uuid:a6f6ade6-c798-4379-89fb-1970fb427a76>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://alighahary.wordpress.com/2017/06/09/how-to-live-the-happiest-healthiest-life-possible/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320057.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623114917-20170623134917-00011.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.970057
| 507
| 2.671875
| 3
|
Walt Disney, music and animation, synchronization, classic
The music of Walt Disney’s classic films was written by a number of hand-picked composers who, working with Disney, ingeniously crafted the music to fit animation and bring musical inspiration to the homes of viewers leaving America and the world with a beloved legacy. Though Walt Disney was a cartoonist and not a musician, music was given a distinct, almost central, role in the creation of his cartoons. Special techniques such as Mickey-mousing or the click track were developed by composers and used to synchronize this music and animation. These processes really began with Disney and have formed the basis for all music synchronized to cartoon animation. From the very beginning with Mickey Mouse, to The Silly Symphonies, to the beloved classic Disney movies music has been an ever-present and developing center. Walt Disney, though not a composer himself, hired a number of key composers from which we have many cherished melodies. Unlike most other cartoons Disney’s were focused on using music of the classical style rather than the popular style. The music from a number of classical composers was used or drawn upon as a model. Disney had a special purpose for the music in his animated films. Most of his films contained a story other than the music, but his movie Fantasia really seeks to find the purpose music itself has with visual interpretation. College students have done research on these ideas of simply listening to music or listening while seeing an image. All of Disney’s animated films would not be the classics they are without the music that holds them together. Disney music has become recognized as its own individual art form. It has inspired America to dream and to think more deeply than realized. Walt Disney’s indirect effect on music history may be considered a stretch, but there is no doubt that the music developed through Disney Bros. has left an inspiration on the hearts of Americans.
DigitalCommons@Cedarville provides a publication platform for fully open access journals, which means that all articles are available on the Internet to all users immediately upon publication. However, the opinions and sentiments expressed by the authors of articles published in our journals do not necessarily indicate the endorsement or reflect the views of DigitalCommons@Cedarville, the Centennial Library, or Cedarville University and its employees. The authors are solely responsible for the content of their work. Please address questions to email@example.com.
"A Walk Through an American Classic,"
Musical Offerings: Vol. 3
, Article 1.
Available at: http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/musicalofferings/vol3/iss2/1
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License.
|
<urn:uuid:7684ad78-b80c-4a8d-8e2e-54dafb17baf8>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/musicalofferings/vol3/iss2/1/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320227.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624064634-20170624084634-00092.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946348
| 577
| 3.21875
| 3
|
- Created: Tuesday, 22 December 2015 13:02
- Written by Sam Vincent
Ten years of the Movement Toward Socialism in government
Led by the government of Evo Morales and the Movement Toward Socialism (MAS), Bolivia has undergone a profound transformation in the past ten years. The change is not just in the economic sphere, but in the shift of political power away from the traditional elite, the mostly white owners of industry and agriculture, and towards the majority, the mostly indigenous workers and campesinos.
Evo Morales emerged as a leader of coca growers in Chaparé province, who were fighting against US-funded eradication of their crops. He first ran as presidential candidate for MAS in 2002, and narrowly lost. At the next election, on 18 December 2005, Morales and MAS won with 53.7% of the vote, a previously unheard of majority in Bolivia. The previous five years had seen six presidents come and go as a result of constant political crises. It was during this period that mass struggles against neoliberal austerity - the Water War and the Gas War - paved the way for the MAS victory.
Water War 1999 - 2000
The Water War was sparked by a 1999 agreement by the government of Hugo Banzer to privatise the water supply in Cochabamba province. This was made in order to meet privatisation targets set by the World Bank in return for $600m debt relief. The new owner, a consortium run by US multinational Bechtel, was guaranteed an annual profit rate of 16% over 40-years.
Workers and campesino organisations came together to form a Coalition for Defence of Water and Life. Over a period of six months they organised strikes and blockades, regularly bringing Cochabamba to a standstill. Key decisions affecting the movement were approved at open-air meetings attended by up to 50,000 people.
The cancellation of the water contract as a direct result of the protests marked a turning point for Bolivia’s anti-austerity movement, showing that popular forces could defeat neoliberalism.
2003 gas wars
Three years later the then president, Sanchez de Lozada, was forced to resign after another huge uprising, this time against contracts to sell gas overseas that saw only 18% of the profits going to the state, and the rest to foreign multinationals.
In September 2003, in El Alto, a city of 750,000 indigenous people on the northern edge of La Paz, a civic strike blocked the main road into the city. By October there were severe shortages of petrol and food in La Paz. The Army fired on the blockaders with tanks and planes, killing 30 people over two days. In the end, miners successfully crossed army lines and marched on the presidential palace. Lozada was forced to flee the country along with several ministers. The political crisis was not resolved until Morales’ election at the end of 2005.
Securing hydrocarbon resources
On May Day 2006, four months after taking office, Morales declared Bolivian gas the sovereign property of the Bolivian people. There followed a complete reversal in the relation between the Bolivian state and multinational companies. Bolivian troops entered 56 gas installations, preventing key documents from being removed so that the government could audit their accounts. Multinationals were given 180 days to renegotiate their contracts. The state’s share of profits from the largest oil fields rose to 82%, with a 60% share of minor deposits. The state took a 51% share in the country's two largest gas refineries, both owned by the Brazilian gas firm Petrobras.
As a result the total gas revenue received by the state during the first six years of the Morales government was around seven-times more than revenue for the five previous years. In 2011, in one year, the state received almost as much revenue as it did during the whole nine-year period 1996-2005.
Economic growth and rising living standards
The MAS government has invested gas revenue in strategic areas in order to diversify and strengthen the national economy. This, combined with strong gas prices on the international markets, has meant that the economy grew at an annual average of 3% over the period 2006-2014 (compare this to 0.9% during 1994-2005). Rather than multinationals being scared away by nationalisations, Bolivia currently has the highest rate of foreign direct investment as a percentage of GDP of any country in South America.
Public investment doubled between 2006 and 2014. A state pension has been introduced for the first time, as well as state benefits for families with young children attending school. From 2005-2014, the real minimum wage increased by 87.7 percent. As a result, Bolivia’s poverty rate has reduced from 59.6% to 45% during 2006-2014 and is still falling.
Other achievements of this period were:
- increasing access to potable water to 100% of the urban population and 90% of the rural population;
- the construction of 40 general hospitals and four specialist hospitals;
- a program underway to increase access to electricity for the entire population by 2025.
A new constitution
One of the first actions of the MAS government was to convene an assembly to create a new constitution guaranteeing key political and economic rights. This came into effect on 7 February 2009 after being approved in a referendum by 61.43% of voters with 90.24% participation, despite bitter opposition from the right-wing opposition.
Guarantees of the Bolivian constitution include:
- restriction of private land ownership to a maximum of 5,000 hectares (12,400 acres);
- possibility of recall elections for all elected officials;
- judges are elected and no longer appointed by the National Congress;
- legalisation of Coca as a traditional crop of Bolivia’s indigenous people.
Right-wing destabilisation and US interference
Bolivia’s ‘media luna’ (half moon) region refers to the crescent-shaped lowland areas in the east of the country. These five provinces have more resources, agricultural land and a richer (and whiter) population than the rest of Bolivia. Thousands of European fascists settled here after fleeing Yugoslavia and Germany at the end of the Second World War and fascist groups still operate there today. Unsurprisingly these regions are a stronghold of vicious right-wing resistance to the MAS government. In 2008 violent protests broke out in Santa Cruz, the richest of the media luna provinces, culminating in the racist lynching of 11 MAS supporters in the Pando Massacre. The right-wing were demanding secession from the rest of Bolivia and an illegitimate referendum was held that would have allowed Santa Cruz to set its own international relations, immigration policy and taxes, as well as run its own police force. The real aim was to end the limited land reform that the government was carrying out. Similar protests and demands were being made in four other lowland provinces.
Subsequently proof emerged of US Agency for International Development (USAID) support for the violent protests. A US State Department cable released by Wikileaks and dated April 2007 discusses ‘USAID’s larger effort to strengthen regional governments as a counter-balance to the central government.’ This effort included more than $4m funding for media luna local governments and indigenous groups opposed to Morales. As the opposition protests intensified, the US made secret plans for intervention in the event of a coup against Morales, also documented by Wikileaks.
The right-wing protests were eventually held in check when the local indigenous population rioted against the separatist referendum, which was subsequently declared illegal under Bolivia’s constitution. Morales expelled USAID from Bolivia in 2013, for interference in Bolivian affairs.
Bolivia under Morales has become a powerful and important voice on the international stage. It is a strong defender of anti-imperialist principles, showing solidarity with the Palestinian struggle, condemning Cuba’s exclusion from the Organisation of American States and breaking diplomatic relations with the illegitimate Honduran government after the coup against Manuel Zelaya in 2009.
Central to Bolivia’s internationalism is ALBA, the Bolivarian Alliance of the Americas. Bolivia became the third ALBA member, after Cuba and Venezuela, in January 2006. Bolivia declared itself free of illiteracy after a literacy campaign, launched in 2006 with help from Cuba and Venezuela, taught 800,000 people to read and write. By 2009 444,000 Bolivians had received sight-saving operations through Operation Miracle, the Cuban-Venezuelan initiative to provide free eye surgery throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. Thousands of Cuban doctors are still delivering basic healthcare in the poorest regions of Bolivia under the auspices of ALBA. Trade within ALBA has helped Bolivia to mitigate the effects of being expelled from the US-led Andean Trade Preference agreement after Bolivia cut diplomatic relations with the US and threw out USAID because of its funding of the Bolivian opposition.
Militant protests have not gone away under Morales. In fact, the period 2009 - 2014 saw the most protests in Bolivia’s history. Protests range from demands for higher wages, to opposing planning projects such as the TIPNIS highway (see http://bit.ly/1T7atTP) and more recently, the child labour law and regulation of the mining industry (see http://bit.ly/1QDu8NX).
Rather than using police or the army to put down protests, the MAS government has taken the approach of seeking dialogue and consultation with affected groups. For example, with TIPNIS, a proposed highway to be built through Bolivia’s Isiboro Secure National Park and Indigenous Territory (TIPNIS), the government launched a mass consultation with 69 indigenous communities, 55 of whom subsequently approved the construction. This was despite political interference by the US, which directly funded of one of the indigenous groups opposed to the scheme - Eastern Bolivia Indigenous Peoples and Communities Confederation (CIDOB) - via the US National Endowment for Democracy, which channeled more than $7m to opposition groups in ALBA countries during 2013 alone (see http://goo.gl/rxCGi5).
In the October 2014 election the Morales government was returned to government for the third time, with a commanding 61.36% of the popular vote. Morales was due to step down as President at the 2019 election but the Bolivian senate has now approved a crucial referendum to extend Presidential term limits, which will take place in February 2016.
Given its past form we can be sure that US imperialism has not stopped its direct support for opposition groups in the resource-rich eastern regions. The recent revelation of the US National Security Agency’s massive electronic surveillance of the PDVSA, Venezuela’s national oil company, is a rare glimpse of the kind of surveillance and sabotage that is going on all the time against ALBA countries.
The opposition election victory in Venezuela will have emboldened the right wing across Latin America and it is just a question of when, not if, the next coordinated campaign of destabilisation will happen in Bolivia. However, the government and its people know what is at stake and have their eyes open to the threat. The new leaders and organisations that have emerged among workers and the indigenous poor over the past fifteen years will defend the gains that have been won and block imperialism’s plans.
Hands off Bolivia! Long live Latin American unity!
|
<urn:uuid:e21ef1dd-339c-4752-9ce8-be6ecd151171>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://revolutionarycommunist.org/americas/bolivia
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320227.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624064634-20170624084634-00092.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963123
| 2,337
| 2.75
| 3
|
Continuing the Struggle for Racial Justice – King’s Visits to Oberlin
The Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. made several visits to Oberlin during the Civil Rights Movement. King’s first official visit to Oberlin, in February of 1957, was just a couple months after he and the Montgomery Improvement Association successfully ended their 381-day bus boycott. It was during this historic boycott that King began to make a name for himself as a leader in the movement. Oberlin was fortunate to have Dr. King speak not once, but three times, during his visit. Speaking on the topics “Justice Without Violence” and “The New Negro in the South” at the First Church of Oberlin and on “The Montgomery Story” during a noon assembly at Finney Chapel, Dr. King enlightened the college and town communities as to the nature of the growing Civil Rights Movement. Dr. King’s constant activism was proving to be quite a surprise to his Dexter Avenue Baptist Church congregation in Montgomery, who had appointed him in hopes that he would be less radical than their former pastor, Oberlin graduate Vernon Johns.
In what was planned to be a bumper crop year for Oberlin in terms of lectures on Civil Rights, Dr. King was invited to speak at Oberlin in November 14, 1963. He was in good company, both Roy Wilkins of the NAACP and Malcolm X of the Black Muslims were scheduled to speak at Oberlin that November. But at Oberlin, as throughout America during the ’60’s, few things seemed to go according to plan.
King caught the flu before his visit, but came to Oberlin anyway, despite his doctor’s advice to the contrary. Upon arrival, King discovered he was indeed too sick to speak, and apologized to the attentive Finney Chapel crowd. The brevity of the two-minute speech was only highlighted by the three-minute standing ovation Dr. King was given after Oberlin’s President Robert Carr’s introduction.
A little over a week later, on November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas. Malcolm X was scheduled to speak at Oberlin on the following day. He cancelled.
King’s next visit to Oberlin was much more successful. In his second public appearance after winning the Nobel Peace Prize, Oberlin welcomed King again on October 22, 1964. His speech on “The Future of Integration” was heard by an estimated 2,500 students, faculty, and visitors. Finney Chapel was filled to capacity as soon as the doors opened, but WOBC broadcast the speech over the radio to Hall Auditorium as well as a meeting room in Kettering Hall of Science.
“The time is always right to do what’s right,” King told Oberlin students. He was obviously concerned about the upcoming election. In what was a bloody year in American history, with riots in at least six American cities and the murder of three civil rights worders in Mississippi, King’s words were painfully significant: “It is true that behavior cannot be legislated, and legislation cannot make you love me, but legislation can restrain you from lynching me, and I think that is kind of important.”
-from Oberlin College’s website: http://www.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/BlackHistoryMonth/MLK/MLKmainpage.html
|
<urn:uuid:ae8364f5-caae-4c5f-a522-4459cc3c3728>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://theincubator.live/2017/01/17/the-time-is-always-right-to-do-what-is-right-martin-luther-king-jr/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320227.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624064634-20170624084634-00092.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.982584
| 715
| 2.859375
| 3
|
The branch of science that takes into account this dual behaviour of matter is called quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics is a theoretical science that deals with the study of the motion of the microscopic objects that have both observable wave like and particle like properties. This science was developed independently by Werner Heisenberg and Erwin schrodinger.
The direct and most important consequence of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is its inability to determine the exact position of an electron in an atom when the energy of an electron is fixed and vice versa. Hence, we can only predict the probability of finding an electron in space around the nucleus and not its exact position.
The wave equation developed by Erwin Schrodinger provides a satisfactory description of an electron in an atom in these terms. Schrodinger won Nobel prize in physics in 1933 for this contribution to science. This wave equation formed the basis for the modern quantum mechanical model of the atom. The theory explains the dynamical properties of the microscopic particles in motion with high speed in terms of the wave nature of the particles. The most general form of the schrodinger's equation
1. The energy of electrons in an atom is quantized (it can only have certain specific values).
2. The existence of quantized electronic energy levels is a direct result of the wave like properties of electrons and are allowed solution of schrodinger wave equation.
3. All the information about the electron in an atom is contained in its orbital wave function '`psi`' and quantum mechanics makes it possible to extract this information from '`psi`'.
4. The path of the electron can never be determined accurately. Therefore, we find only the probability of the electron at different points in space around an atom.
5. The probability of finding an electron at a point within an atom is proportional to the square of the orbital wave function i.e., |`psi`|2 at that point. |`psi`|2 is known as probability density and is always positive. From the value of |`psi`|2 at different points within the atom, it is possible to predict the region around the nucleus where electron will most probably be found.
|
<urn:uuid:6e230a68-6f99-4b6e-b1b0-506fc17e223c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://onlinehomework.zohosites.com/Quantum-Mechanical-Model-of-Atom.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320386.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625013851-20170625033851-00172.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.911994
| 444
| 4.15625
| 4
|
Each year thousands of cotton bales are shipped from the San Joaquin Valley to textile mills worldwide with an orange tag on them containing an ominous warning.
These bales hold cotton from varieties trudging through three years of mandatory testing by the San Joaquin Valley Cotton Board in hopes of becoming “approved” Pimas or Acalas. If they win that designation, the orange tags disappear.
The variety has not changed, but according to some growers there is a difference in the price they receive for tagged and untagged cotton.
That orange tag is one of three colored tags that by law must be placed on so-called “non-approved” San Joaquin Valley cottons. The other two are a pink tag for “California Uplands” and blue tag for cottons which are neither going through the testing program or are “California Uplands.” Hybrid Hazera cottons are blue tagged. These tags are in additional to regular bale tags.
“California Uplands” are commercial cotton varieties grown elsewhere in the U.S. Cotton Belt, but because they were grown in the one-quality San Joaquin Valley Cotton District they must by California law be segregated with the tags. They were allowed in the valley about five years ago as insurance against a very late spring planting window when growers could not be assured of making longer season Acalas and Pimas.
No other cotton producing area in the nation requires these tags, and the tags do not reflect the HVI government classing quality evaluation of the lint inside.
The tags are another element of an 80-year-old institution still often called the San Joaquin Valley One-Variety Law. One-variety was changed to one-quality when the USDA got out of the cotton breeding business in the 1970s and the valley was opened up to all commercial seed companies. At the same time the industry created a quasi-governmental variety testing entity controlled by producers to ensure that the Acala quality was preserved with new varieties. It was empowered to provide the same quality assurances when Pima cottons were introduced into the valley more than a decade ago.
To preserve integrity
It was established to preserve the integrity of Acala and later Pima cottons grown in the six-county one-quality cotton district of Kern, Kings, Tulare, Fresno, Madera and Merced counties.
Those tags have been an exasperating problem because some growers believe they attach a stigma to the bales as if skull and crossbones were plastered on the side of these bales. They claim they are paid discounted prices because of the tags. They believe they should be paid on the classed value of the cotton. Merchants acknowledge that mills pressure for discounted prices for some tagged cottons.
While nettlesome to some, it has not been a major issue, until now, because the acreage of experimental cottons has historically been low, only about 20,000 acres, according to Mike Colvin, California Department of Food and Agriculture representative to the San Joaquin Valley Cotton Board. That represents about 60,000 bales.
However, the issue is about to explode into a million-bale dilemma.
It boiled to the surface several weeks ago at the 5th U.S. Pima Industry Seminar in San Diego, Calif., when Dunavant of California president Rodger Glaspey announced that as much as half of Pima cotton produced form the San Joaquin Valley this season — as many as 250,000 bales — would be decorated with orange tags along with the regular bale tags.
Glaspey surfaced the impending quandary and initiated an impromptu public relations campaign to head off discounts mills may seek on those bales and perhaps future large quantities of orange-tagged cotton.
Ironically, Dunavant likely will not handle any of the 250,000 bales of experimental Phytogen 800 Pima in 2003. It will all be from J.G. Boswell Co., the valley's largest Pima grower. Boswell can do that because it is part owner of Phytogen with Dow AgroSciences.
Jeff Elder, Boswell vice president of marketing, said Boswell is keeping all Phytogen 800 for its growing operation and he would not discount the cotton from the “experimental” variety below the Pima market price. As the largest Pima marketer in the U.S., Boswell has that leverage.
Phytogen 800, which entered the SJVCB testing as Phytogen 601, is in its third year of board testing this season and is not eligible for official release until March 2005.
Glaspey's proclamation surprised Calcot sales vice president John Burch, who checked the HVI data on Phytogen 800 when he returned to his Bakersfield, Calif., office and pronounced Phytogen 800 an “incredible” quality Pima that does not warrant discounts. He looks forward to the when Calcot can market the cotton to its customers.
Phytogen 800 is not the only cotton involved this growing colored bale tag stigma this season. There is Phytogen Acala 710R that may be grown on 10,000 acres. It is non-approved and would get the orange tag.
At one time it was illegal to grow non-approved cottons. Now that the valley is fully open to all cotton varieties, the tag problem will likely get more ominous. If a seed company has a highly promising variety, it could “blow up” seed production quickly in the valley and at winter nursery sites resulting in thousands of bales being stigmatized and possibly with the tags before the cotton is released.
The issue was brought before the SJVCB in March, but no action was taken. It will require a change in the law to modify the tags.
That obvious growth in orange-tagged SJV cotton this season and likely in the future prompted Glaspey to attempt to change textile mill perception of California orange-tagged bales at the Supima conference where he launched a campaign to change the “experimental” moniker to “developmental.”
He called the orange tag a sign that the cotton exceeds the SJVCB-set standards against which new cottons are measured and should not be considered discount cotton. He acknowledged that mills have used those tags to negotiate down prices.
Glaspey says the orange tag signifies the cotton is longer, stronger and with the Pima a more consistent color than mills have been receiving from the San Joaquin Valley.
The standards against which new cottons are evaluated are Acala Maxxa and Pima S-7, neither of which is widely planted in the valley any more.
Maxxa accounted for a little more than 10 percent of the valley's Acala acreage last year and S-7 less than 2 percent. Phytogen 72 was the most widely planted Acala last season with more than 43 percent of the acreage. Phytogen 76 was the most widely planted Pima with almost 67 percent. Phytogen has not petitioned the cotton board to designate any of its varieties as standards.
Maxxa is a California Planting Cotton Seed Distributor variety, but CPCSD has two other varieties, Riata RR and Sierra RR, which together accounted for 37 percent of the valley's acreage last season. Fiber qualities of the newer Phytogen and CPCSD varieties, which at one time were orange-tagged cotton, far exceed Maxxa and S-7.
In many parts of the U.S., the San Joaquin Valley is envied for its Acala cottons, which nets premiums to growers over other upland growths. Even “California Uplands” from the valley gets premiums. Lint from anon-Acala upland cotton variety grown in the San Joaquin Valley will bring aprice premium above the fiber from the same variety grown in Arizona or any other Cotton Belt state.Growing conditions are ideal through the summer and fall in the San Joaquin Valley and this creates what mills call the “X” factor often assigned to SJV cotton because of its superior spinning quality. They are willing to pay more for that “X” factor.
However, the often cumbersome evaluation system has been criticized within the valley for denying valley growers improved varieties sooner as well as new technology, such as herbicide-resistance. For growers, ginners and merchants outside the valley, it is the source of good-natured ribbing.
Southwest Irrigated Growers executive vice president Hans Kretschmer was on the same marketing panel as Glaspey, Elder and Burch. After listening to Glaspey's impassioned and somewhat torturous explanation of SJV bale tags, he offered SWIG Pima and Acala cotton from New Mexico, Arizona and Texas sans colorful tags. His offer drew a big laugh.
Burch acknowledged the tagging system on non-approved Acalas and Pimas can be cumbersome and confusing. He said Calcot has been forced to discount some orange-tagged experimentals. “Some of the cottons in the testing program have not had good fiber properties,” he said.
However, Calcot marketed 80,000 bales of Phytogen 72 at a premium before it was approved. “Mills knew the HVI data on that variety and paid a premium for it before it was released,” he added.
“The San Joaquin Valley is a special place to grow quality Acala and Pima cotton and whatever costs and confusion there may be in this tagged cotton is outweighed by the benefits of the system,” said Burch. “In the long term, the added prices we get for our cottons make it worthwhile.”
Nevertheless, the colored tag stigma will likely not go away. It remains another hurdle in maintaining the mantle “SJV Cotton,” a designation recognized worldwide for exceptional, consistent quality cotton. It's all about status quo.
|
<urn:uuid:28e14e5d-01bb-4e8d-8037-77cc2a064bf9>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.westernfarmpress.com/san-joaquin-valley-cotton-bale-tag-system-posing-dilemma
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320386.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625013851-20170625033851-00172.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954909
| 2,100
| 2.703125
| 3
|
Many people see a car they like, test drive it, and then purchase the car. They love the look and feel of the car as they are cruising along the open road.
Unfortunately, purchasing a car without researching the car can lead to problems. People purchasing a new car must focus on the features, quality, and how safe the car is for their family members.
Features Sell Cars
Any given new car dealership Brampton will have loads of new cars with great features. Some cars can back up without the aid of the driver, while others are hybrid cars, allowing owners to save on gas. These features distinguish one car from the other beyond the make and model of the car. Buyers should look for features that fit their personal lifestyles, now and in the near future. By researching available features, buyers will be satisfied with their cars for years.
Quality Enhances Cars
There are many manufacturers that specialize in quality when it comes to cars. These manufacturers take pride in every detail of the car, from the leather stitching to the sound the door makes when the door closes. Since every manufacturer do not have the same quality standards, buyers should match their budget to quality standards to ensure they are getting the best value. Additionally, cars that are made with high quality standards often last longer than cars that place price over quality.
Buyers with families’ primary concern must be about safety. They should determine how effective the brakes are in the car, and whether the airbags deploy properly. Without researching the safety components that work together to make their family safe, buyers are taking a risk, which jeopardizes their family. To get a better idea about a manufacturer’s focus on safety, buyers can research historical information about manufacturers, including recall history, defect rates, and reviews from subject matter experts. With more insight about the safety components, the safer their family will be while in the car. People get excited when they start looking for cars. They fall in love with the look and style of the car, but very few actually research the car. In order to make an educated decision about the car they want to purchase, buyers must research features, quality and safety standards accurately so that they know that the car they are purchasing is a good fit for them.
|
<urn:uuid:4d37938c-9443-46f7-b06b-b70330dadc4c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://newcardealershipbrampton.wordpress.com/2015/02/06/education-is-key-when-purchasing-a-new-car/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320386.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625013851-20170625033851-00172.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.97553
| 457
| 2.59375
| 3
|
Improving Access to Energy Usage Data
The amount of electricity and fuel a building uses is recorded using meters. Utilities collect this information and use it to bill their customers. When tracked over time, the data provide information on trends in energy use. Tracking and analysis of these same energy data is valuable because it can be used to identify actions to address high energy costs and improve building performance. Working with utilities is essential to accessing and making the best use of this information. This toolkit provides best practices and highlights case studies for how utilities, policymakers, building managers, and community stakeholders can improve access to energy usage data while working towards the goal of improving efficiency in their communities. Many of the best practices and policies outlined in this guide may also apply to water use, but the focus remains on energy.
Who uses energy data and why is it important?
Access to energy usage data is critical to various parties working on energy efficiency across different levels of aggregation, from individual buildings to entire communities:
- A household in a single-family home can use their usage data to notice trends in their usage and identify changes in their behavior or equipment investments that will save energy and money. Energy data collected from a single meter are referred to as “account-level data.”
- A multi-family or commercial building owner can use energy data to see the usage across an entire building, and separate the energy used in common areas in the building from that used in tenant units. Compiled data from an entire individually metered commercial or multi-family building are called “building-level aggregated data.”
- Aggregated data can also be presented across a community or neighborhood with multiple buildings. Many stakeholders are interested in using “community-level aggregated data” to develop programs and projects which can reduce consumer energy bills by increasing energy efficiency. These stakeholder groups include local governments, third-party efficiency programs, and consumer advocates.
Accessing energy usage data is only the first step in the process of identifying a building’s or a community’s energy-efficiency possibilities. To unleash the full potential, the usage data must be analyzed along with other data sources (e.g. weather data, information on other similar buildings) to identify patterns. Many efficiency service providers, energy use analysts, or software companies are capable of running this analysis and producing actionable results. They can unpack the usage data to show intensity across time, separate the energy usage across end-uses like appliances, lighting, or heating and cooling, and generate high-level recommendations for improving energy performance in the building or community.
Using Account-Level Data for Energy Usage Feedback and Program Evaluation
Account-level data are the most precise level of data available from the utility company, as they show electric or natural gas use pinpointed to the household or meter level. Depending on the meter installed, usage data can be available in increments ranging from monthly to real-time. Access to these data and the ability to analyze them in a variety of ways is critical to consumers wishing to make informed decisions about their energy use.
Once utility customers gain access to data, the next step they can take to identify appropriate and actionable energy efficiency measures is through an analysis of their own energy usage. Energy usage may be presented to a customer in many ways, but not every unit of measurement is easily comprehensible. Energy usage data should be presented in a way that is easy to understand, such as in comparison to common uses or to the usage of their peers. Information on the relative cost of energy also helps customers to make decisions about when to use more or less energy. Customers should also be able to access their energy data and usage analysis at any time online, and/or receive regular updates, such as through a monthly mailing.
In many cases, customers may want to disclose energy usage data to a third party for detailed analysis, recommendations or to participate in efficiency programs. Some utilities automatically disclose energy use data to third parties with customer permission. Some utilities require customers to first download their data, and then upload the information to a third party. Still other utilities have no policy for sharing data with third parties. Open EI shows a map of the variations in these data accessing policies.
Individual customers and policymakers may be hesitant to approve sharing of account-level information for fear that private information may also be shared, such as payment history and billing information, address, social security number, and other personal identity information. States or utilities can ensure that private customer information will be stripped from the energy-use data when shared with a third party, bringing customers peace of mind in disclosing energy use data.
Best Practices for working with account-level data include:
- Leverage an existing data sharing format . Use of a standardized format makes data sharing among utilities, customers, and third parties timely and eliminates some soft business costs such as the need for time-intensive, custom reformatting of the data before analysis is performed.
- As a standard data download and disclosure tool, the White House presented the energy industry with the idea of a “Green Button” which allows customers instantaneous access to energy use data in a common, standardized format. Green Button was then developed by the US Department of Energy as a standard data format designed to support sharing and analysis. The data can be shown in any increment of time the consumer may choose and customers may upload their data to any trusted third party. The full list of utilities that have committed to or have fully implemented Green Button is available at greenbuttondata.org.
- Make account-level data easily comprehensible and accessible to the bill-payer. When bill-payers can access and understand their energy usage data, they become educated about their usage trends and may become engaged to make energy-efficiency improvements in their homes or units.
- Account-level energy usage data should be made available to each customer in an online platform and/or through the mail. Usage and its cost should be presented in a standard and intuitive way.
- One example of many utilities that is currently implementing an energy usage dashboard for its customers is Connecticut Light and Power. CL&P mails or emails its customers with Home Energy Reports with the goal of engaging their customers to take ownership of their own energy use. CL&P customers also have access to an online portal, which collects customer’s historic home energy reports, and provides them with additional tips and analyses of their usage.
- Ensure the private information of bill payers is protected . States or localities may create mandates for privacy protection, or utilities may take this practice on themselves.
- California Public Utility Code Section 8380 ensures that an electric or gas company won’t share customer usage data unless “all information has been removed regarding the individual identity of a customer (e-1).” A further decision, D.11-07-056, ensures that energy usage data is only shared for “the purposes of providing energy efficiency or energy efficiency evaluation services pursuant to an order of the Commission.”
- In states that have not written customer privacy laws, “Data Transfer Agreements” (DTAs) between utilities and third parties may be signed. An example of such a Wisconsin DTA is available here.
- Provide a means to share approved data with trusted third parties . States and utilities should develop simple mechanisms for customers to authorize automatic disclosure of their energy data to third parties. In places where no such policy is in place, individual customers should be able to access their own data and disclose them to a third party energy efficiency provider.
- Many states still require customers to sign their consent to share energy usage data. In states such as those, automatic disclosure may be problematic. Xcel energy in Wisconsin has developed a consent form for customers to sign that authorizes safe transfer for a three-year or longer period. By signing this form, customers can have their monthly energy usage data automatically uploaded to the third-party of their choice.
- For customers of utilities participating in Green Button, data can be easily accessed and uploaded to a trusted third party. The information downloaded through the Green Button can be analyzed to reveal actionable energy efficiency improvements above what an individual would consider independently.
Case Study: ComEd’s Energy Usage Data tool
ComEd, an Illinois-based electricity utility, provides a benchmarking tool with functionality beyond EPA’s Portfolio Manager to its customers. The “ Energy Usage Data” tool provided by ComEd is an automated benchmarking tool, which helps building owners collect energy usage data automatically, at whichever interval the owner may require (half-hourly, daily, monthly). This tool may be used to benchmark one building, or an entire portfolio of buildings which receive service from ComEd. This tool is useful because it allows building owners to compare electricity usage between properties in a portfolio, it outlines energy usage trends, and proves the value in a whole building energy-efficiency upgrade through a comparison of before and after data.
Case Study: Single-Family Chicago Home Data Tracking
ComEd provides an energy-use tracking tool to its single-family customers called MyHomeEQ. A user may request to have his or her home energy usage data uploaded to the tool where it is automatically compared to the community aggregate. The tool then makes physical and behavioral energy efficiency recommendations to the homeowner tailored to his or her actual energy usage. The goal of the tool is to connect homeowners with energy-efficiency contractors, save users money on bills, and improve the value of the home. MyHomeEQ is able to estimate energy use of a house based on its characteristics through the Home Energy Saver, a system developed by Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.
Another program available in Chicago is innovating the real estate market by building home energy reports for listed properties, just by entering that home’s utility account number into the Multiple Listing Service. The report is generated in a format similar to vehicle information on the window sticker at an auto dealership. The information on the car window sticker outlines the total cost of ownership and operation. The information on the home energy report offers the same respective information, in terms of electricity and/or natural gas. Prospective buyers may access this energy use information for the uploaded properties while home-searching. For further more information please see the press release form the City of Chicago and ACEEE’s associated blog post.
Using Aggregate-Level Data for Multi-Tenant Building-Level Energy Management
When energy usage data from many meters are combined across multiple accounts such as an apartment complex, or office building, the energy usage patterns are displayed as a total across that area, and individual contributions to the trends cannot be distinguished. This lump sum of energy use is called “aggregate-level” data. The average household usage, or blind average, can be extrapolated by simply dividing aggregate electricity usage by the number of dwellings in an area. This average offers no insight to a single unit’s contribution, but it can enable energy management at the aggregate scale. Tenants in apartment or office buildings may be apprehensive of being included in the building’s aggregate energy use. But, personal information is completely scrubbed from the aggregate-level data. Thus, these aggregated data can be disclosed to a third party or building manager without individual accounts being identified.
Multi-tenant buildings, which may be office buildings, condo blocks, or apartment complexes, can either be master- or individually-metered. In a master-metered building, the electricity for the entire building is measured through one meter. In that case, the data from the meter are presented on the aggregate level (as it encompasses all units and shared spaces). A third party or building manager would not be able to distinguish individual-tenant usage. For the most part, the energy bill in a master-metered complex would be paid by the landlord and the costs would be passed on in rent, as opposed to each tenant receiving gas or electric bills. After energy efficiency retrofits are completed, the landlord would see a savings on the overall energy bill.
In an individually metered building, each suite’s electricity usage runs through its own meter and the tenant is billed to an individual account. The energy used in common areas (hallways, elevators, etc.) runs through its own meter as well, which is paid by the landlord. Privacy laws are often in place to keep building owners from accessing tenants’ usage data without their consent. It can become very time-consuming for the building owner to collect each individual account’s usage data, and manually input those data into a benchmarking tool in order to understand the energy usage of the entire building.
The continual tracking and recording of a building’s monthly aggregate level data is called “benchmarking.” Analysis of benchmarking data shows how a building uses energy over time. Analysis of benchmark data separates trends in energy use from incidences that may skew usage. Examples of confounding instances are unseasonable weather or unusual periods of vacancy. Building managers can also use benchmark data to become aware of and compare the energy intensity of their property or properties with that of similar buildings, or to track energy savings after efficiency improvements. The federal government provides building owners with an industry standard benchmarking tool called Portfolio Manager, through its ENERGY STAR program. Residential and Commercial building associations alike have endorsed Portfolio Manager as the industry standard.
Tracking and analyzing whole-building energy use data holds many benefits. Building owners can use these data to make a variety of retrofits to the units, including weatherization or appliance upgrades, which will lower the tenants’ energy bills while adding value to the entire building. Building owners can also use the data to provide their tenants with educational programs, teaching them how they could alter their behavior to save money on their individual bills. Furthermore, if individual tenants have access to their own energy use, competitions among tenants can be designed to be based on the aggregate blind average. Analysis of public-space electricity usage such as hallways, elevators, washing machines, or other public amenities pinpoints where retrofits or upgrades could cut down owner operating costs.
Benchmarking whole buildings also directly benefits utilities. Many states require the utilities that operate within the state to conserve certain percentages of energy each year through a requirement called an Energy Efficiency Resource Standard (EERS). In order to achieve these required savings, utilities run ratepayer-funded energy efficiency programs. Benchmarking has been proven to lead to engagement in energy management and implementation of energy efficiency actions. Thus, building managers may be apt to participate in additional utility-run energy efficiency programs which in turn helps utilities achieve their mandated targets. Benchmarking can also be a tool with which utilities evaluate their programs and verify their effectiveness. The benchmarking data offer insight into the savings brought by their demand side management programs in order to help utilities improve their programs or to provide utilities with marketing material to engage new customers into energy efficiency programs.
Various public and private efforts are working to improve automated access to whole-building energy data. The Data Access and Transparency Alliance (DATA) is an alliance of non-profits and real estate associations working with utilities and various levels of government to promote electronic access to whole-building energy use data. NASUCA, a member of DATA, passed a resolution requesting that utility regulators and utilities themselves improve access to whole-building energy usage data. Another member, NARUC, passed a resolution requesting that regulators develop more comprehensive benchmarking policies. The US Department of Energy’s Better Building Program recently launched the Energy Data Accelerator. The Accelerator aims to bring together local governments and utilities that are willing to partner with building owners to share standard approaches and best practices for access to data and whole-building benchmarking.
Best practices for working with aggregate-level energy data:
- Encourage building owners to track building energy data . Tracking and analyzing in the energy use of a building is the first step in lowering energy bills, adding value for the building owner and tenants alike.
- All building owners can use benchmarking tools like Portfolio Manager to track energy use and identify efficiency opportunities.
- Utilities and state and local governments can encourage building owners to voluntarily participate in whole-building benchmarking. Many places have begun doing so through programs and regional competitions. Examples of programs using Portfolio Manager are available here.
- Local governments can also require certain commercial and/or residential buildings to benchmark and disclose their energy use publicly or to the market for potential buyers or tenants. This disclosure allows energy usage to be included in the cost/benefit thought process in a purchase. Jurisdictions which require benchmarking and disclosure, and details on their polices, are listed at Buildingrating.org.
- Provide a means for building managers to collect whole-building data . Building mangers should be able to collect complete aggregated energy use for their buildings, whether their buildings be master- or individually-metered.
- Utilities should partner with state and local governments to develop methods to automatically and systematically share whole-building aggregate data to use in automated benchmarking tools. This greatly decreases errors, saves time, and alleviates privacy concerns. For utility customers that support automated benchmarking, use of ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager only requires a building manager to input building characteristic information, and then a request is sent to the utility company, which automatically uploads aggregate level building energy use from owner and/or tenant meters.
- If a utility has not yet implemented an automatic benchmarking tool, building owners can circulate energy usage release forms to their tenants, which will allow a utility to aggregate the approved data and send them to the building manager. This method is less desirable, as it requires considerable time investments and may fall prey to non-response bias in that some tenants may not complete or understand the paperwork. Including the release forms in the upfront lease terms simplifies the process, but only captures new tenants.
- Developing and establishing an aggregate standard helps to ensure privacy, easing the concerns of the account-holders and the utility. As an example, Austin Energy uses a grouping of four or more as a rule of thumb. Austin Energy states that individual contribution cannot be distinguished in a grouping of four or more, unless one user contributes 80% or more to the aggregate total. However, it is important to keep in mind that different types of data come with different privacy concerns, and standards may be different across residential and commercial properties.
- Provide owners with insight into actionable improvements in a building – Building owners can use analyzed energy use data to uncover appropriate energy efficient improvements for their buildings.
- Continual benchmarking eliminates confounding variables from energy use data, which helps pinpoint where retrofits should be considered.
- Analysis of energy use data can reveal which building updates or programs (infrastructural or behavioral) are most cost effective for the individual building. Several firms have developed growing businesses providing this service.
- Sharing benchmarking data can help utilities document energy and cost savings achieved through programmatic improvements or behavioral interventions, helping to drive additional participation.
- Engage utilities, local governments, and building managers to develop partnerships – Working together with a variety of community stakeholders is often essential to develop common goals and city-specific mandates for sharing data and expanding adoption of benchmarking practices.
- For example, in the beginning of 2012, the Energy Efficient Buildings (EEB) Hub and the Philadelphia PUC met with PECO, the local Pennsylvania electric and gas utility, to share interests and concerns surrounding elements of energy efficiency planning. The series of meetings culminated in PECO committing to Green Button, Portfolio Manager, and developing an automatic data uploading system. The city of Philadelphia also passed a benchmarking and disclosure mandate for large commercial buildings.
Case Study: Energize Phoenix Program
Energize Phoenix is a partnership among the City of Phoenix, Arizona Public Service (APS), and Arizona State University (ASU). The partnership, initially funded by the Better Buildings Neighborhood Program (BBNP) through the US Department of Energy, offers a group of programs promoting and strongly subsidizing energy-efficiency measures across homes of any income level along a 10-mile corridor in Phoenix. Energize Phoenix is a three-year program, and the first two years have been completed. At the end of the second year: 154 commercial buildings, 7 single-family homes, and 182 multi-family units have been completed. The third year will expand to finish retrofits in 73 new homes, ~1,000 new apartment units, student dorms, and municipal housing.
To evaluate the energy and dollars saved across the program, data must be collected on the aggregate and account levels. Aggregate level data identify where new programs are needed, and provides an average at which to compare account level usage. When a program is put in place, before and after account-level data are used to account for the actual level of energy savings. To collect data on the city-block aggregate level, BBNP signed a legal MOU with APS. To collect monthly account-level data from APS, BBNP customers signed authorization waivers, which were accepted by the utility. All in all, the residents engaged in the program saved 10% on their energy bills in comparison to the baseline year.
Case Study: SimpleEnergy
Simple Energy , based in Boulder, Colorado, offers electric utility customers an online engagement platform outlining each customer’s electricity usage, comparing them to a blind average, and motivating them to action. SimpleEnergy receives aggregated energy usage data from its utility partners, and collects smart-meter data from individual customers who have authorized data sharing. SimpleEnergy motivates its customers to become more energy efficient by using social comparison and competition. By comparing account-level data to a blind community average, individual households can engage in a competition to increase efficiency. An example of SimpleEnergy’s model in action is the Delmarva Energy Challenge. SimpleEnergy partnered with Delmarva Power in Wilmington, DE to help customers lower their levels of energy use and learn how to make their homes more energy efficient. SimpleEnergy used account-level data (as authorized by the customers willing to participate, and provided by Delmarva Power) normalized to the aggregate. The goal of the competition was for customers to lower their energy use, relative to other players. To further foster this neighborhood competition, SimpleEnergy offers valuable prizes to their most efficient customers. The competition ended May 2013, and the results of the Delmarva Energy Challenge should be available by the end of 2013.
Using Community- and Regional-Level Data for Planning and Program Implementation
Aggregated community-level energy data from utilities can provide information to improve community planning processes and the development and implementation of energy efficiency programs. Analysis of community-level data can be used to establish and track energy savings goals, and in the implementation of strategies to achieve the goals. The trends and patterns identified can also be used to improve the delivery of efficiency programs, and for regional or community comparisons and competitions. Energy data in combination with other data, such as building characteristics and demographics, can be used to determine where efficiency programs may have the greatest impact, where outreach efforts should be targeted, or what kinds of programs are most needed in particular areas. Community-based programs can often achieve greater participation rates and energy savings than traditional efficiency programs, in part because of use of community data.
In order to first establish a baseline and then step-wise goals for achieving greater energy efficiency, aggregate data should be collected across the community. After the first collection of information, and as new iterations are produced, analysis can take place to present the results to stakeholders. Information can be presented through community maps or other methods for providing peer comparisons of energy use or savings.
Best Practices for working with community-level energy data:
- Allow data to be aggregated in multiple ways – On the community level, aggregated data should be provided in any division conducive to individual projects.
- As long as enough individual meters exist within an aggregation to ensure privacy, usage can be aggregated at the scale of the city block, neighborhood, zip code, town or region. These aggregations can be mapped for additional analysis and community engagement. Efficiency Vermont serves as a primary example of aggregate data mapping. To read more, please see the sidebar case study.
- Aggregated data should be free and publicly available – Many community stakeholders and businesses could provide additional services enabled by access to aggregated energy data.
- States or regions should develop virtual warehouses, or online databases of account-level data points, which could be aggregated and displayed as needed in accordance with certain standards to provide adequate privacy protections.
- Until a virtual data warehouse for a location becomes available, ad hoc agreements can be made between utilities and project planners for data sharing. An example of a project that used ad-hoc agreements to gather aggregate data is the Energize Phoenix program. To learn more about this program, please see the case study below.
- Use data for community -wide energy management and improvements in efficiency – Energy usage data can be combined with other neighborhood characteristic data to further guide community energy efficiency engagement.
- Energy usage maps can be layered with maps of different types of data to help community stakeholders pinpoint where action should be taken. Examples of other useful map data includes average income levels, average building age, tree canopy, etc.
- Data can be used to analyze the results of policies or programs and to improve them. Policies such as benchmarking and disclosure result in considerable amounts of data that can be tracked over time to identify improvements in energy use and the impact of the policies themselves.
- Many models of neighborhood competitions exist to lower energy use, but nearly all of them require access to aggregate usage data. Competitions can be where an individual household compares their account-level usage to the average based on the aggregate, or neighborhood against neighborhood. An example of a neighborhood competition to lower energy usage is the Delmarva Energy Challenge.
Case Study: Efficiency Vermont Town Energy Data Project
Efficiency Vermont , the state-wide energy efficiency program administrator operated by the non-profit Vermont Energy Investment Corporation (VEIC), has a the goal of reaching 2.2% annual energy savings state-wide by providing technical assistance and rebates to Vermonters who wish to increase their energy efficiency and lower their utility bills. Efficiency Vermont has been collecting energy usage data since 2006, and with that information, developed a state map of electricity usage and savings. The map offers basic information about any regions of interest, shows where energy efficiency measures have been installed, and the resulting energy savings. The data sharing policy set forth in VPSB Docket 7307 requires the electric utilities to share town-scaled aggregate data with VEIC on a monthly basis. This data is used to pinpoint which communities have achieved the greatest saving through efficiency, and also how much the need for new electricity generation has been reduced. The mapping tool also helps target communities where new efficiency measures are needed by comparing communities to their regional averages.
Case Study: Build Smart, Washington, DC
Build Smart DC is an online database profiling the energy use of the municipal building portfolio of Washington, DC. This database is built in accordance with the Clean and Affordable Energy Act of 2008. The act requires that public and private buildings be ENERGY STAR rated, and that benchmarking results be disclosed annually. All of DC’s commercial and multifamily buildings over 50,000 ft2 will fall under his requirement. DC has put together this toolkit for gathering whole-building data from Pepco, and account-level data from the tenants.
The Build Smart DC database includes information about efficiency projects completed and ongoing, as well as building energy data. Washington Gas Energy Services (WGES), Pepco, and the DC Department of General Services (DGS) have partnered to provide data from public buildings to the database in 15-minute or hourly intervals. The data are presented to the public either in energy use per square foot or aggregated over the entire building. Citizens can see directly where their tax-dollars are working, and also how much each building is saving on energy costs, not to mention the productivity, environmental, aesthetic and capital improvement benefit.
|
<urn:uuid:e70a52a9-101e-4e4c-bdad-e16cc205b1fd>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://aceee.org/sector/local-policy/toolkit/utility-data-access
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320582.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625203122-20170625223122-00252.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.933517
| 5,773
| 3.015625
| 3
|
Featured Image - 09/09/2008
Lunar Lava Tubes: Home Sweet Home?
In southeastern Mare Serenitatis, not far from the Apollo 17 landing site in the Taurus-Littrow Valley , lie features thought to be lunar lava tubes. These features are found in a variety of lunar mare environments. Scientists first suggested drained lunar lava tubes as possible human habitats in 1962, and since then the tubes have remained at the center of both geological debate and the future of a sustained human presence on the Moon.
Figure 1. Southeastern Mare Serenitatis. The arrow points to the Apollo 17 landing site. The box contains the location of lava tubes. (Apollo Image AS15-M-1115 [NASA/JSC/Arizona State University])
Geologists suspect that lunar lava tubes form similarly to terrestrial lava tubes. However, lunar lava tubes are much larger, probably due to the lower gravity and the lack of an atmosphere. Studies of lava tubes on Earth show that most are hollow. If lunar lava tubes form in a similar way, then they too are most likely hollow. The lunar tubes would be an ideal location for a lunar base because they a) require little construction and enable a habitat to be placed inside with a minimal amount of building, b) provide a natural environmental control (insulating and temperature stability), and c) provide protection from natural hazards (i.e., cosmic rays, meteorites, and micrometeorite impacts, impact crater ejecta). A lava tube may form when an active basaltic lava flow develops a continuous crust. For instance, an open lava channel may form a crust of hardened rock that extends from the sides and, over time, meets in the middle, forming a roof. Alternatively, a roof may form when pieces of lower density crustal material break off and float to the top of a lava flow, providing a frame for a roof. The exact mechanism for lunar lava tube formation remains enigmatic. Even if a lava tube develops a roof, it still has lava running through it. There is a possibility that the cooling lava would solidify inside the tube and block it. However, on Earth most lava tubes do not "plug up." As the rate of lava flowing from the source diminishes over time, the level of liquid in the tube drops, leaving an empty space between the top of the flow and the roof of the tube. Further lava flows may have come along and filled in the tubes, but it is unlikely that this happened in all of the lunar lava tubes.
Figure 2. Close-up view of possible lava tubes in Mare Serenitatis. This particular lava tube complex contains 5 distinct sections. The largest is approximately 0.88 km long, 0.5 km wide, and has an estimated roof thickness of at least 40 meters.(Apollo Image AS15-M-1116 [NASA/JSC/Arizona State University])
Future lunar missions, especially the high-resolution (0.5 m/pixel) from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera will clarify the geological mechanism behind lunar lava tube formation and identify locations with hollow lava tubes that will help humans survive on the Moon for extended periods of time.
C.R. Coombs and B.R. Hawke (1992), "A Search for Intact Lava Tubes on the Moon: Possible Lunar Base Habitats." 2nd Conference on Lunar Bases and Space Activities (LPI): 219-229.
|
<urn:uuid:84bafd8d-2e01-4eb3-a3b3-6493c9b1586c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://apollo.sese.asu.edu/LIW/20080909.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320582.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625203122-20170625223122-00252.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.888577
| 709
| 3.6875
| 4
|
This article describes two consecutive enactments of technology-oriented teacher professional development designs, aimed at helping teachers find high-quality online learning resources and use them in designing effective problem-based learning (PBL) activities for their students. To align with current professional development prescriptions, in the first enactment, teachers learned PBL design skills concurrently with technology skills. Following aspects of design-based research, the professional development theory, participant feedback, and results from the first enactment informed the design of the second. In this second enactment, technology skills were separated and presented prior to learning about PBL. Results from a mixed-methods study of impact indicated that both professional development enactments were associated with large increases in teacher knowledge, experience, and confidence with regards to technology use and integration. Variations in the level of PBL usage by teachers in their activities, and the degree to which they discuss PBL and technology integration are presented alongside limitations, practical significance, scholarly significance, and planned future work.
(2011). Integrating Technology and Problem-based Learning: A Mixed Methods Study of Two Teacher Professional Development Designs. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 5(2).
Available at: https://doi.org/10.7771/1541-5015.1255
|
<urn:uuid:757265b8-82e5-44b7-a31e-33b9b943a165>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/ijpbl/vol5/iss2/7/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320823.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626152050-20170626172050-00332.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923643
| 258
| 3.125
| 3
|
It’s important for kids to get protein at every meal, especially breakfast. Studies have shown that eating breakfast helps kids focus and concentrate better at school. Milk contains nine essential nutrients in each glass and is a simple, delicious and wholesome way to give your kids a natural source of high-quality protein. You can pair your breakfast with a glass of milk for 8 grams of high-quality protein per 8 ounce glass or mix it into your favorite smoothie, overnight oats or breakfast recipe. Kids already love milk, so including it as part of a protein rich breakfast can be easy. Don't believe me? Check out some of these delicious recipe our Influencers created with milk to make us #FuertesConLeche.
Giving the boys a breakfast with protein, I think, is the best way to start their day. I can see they have the energy they need and will run off to school contented and ready to learn. Of course, breakfast doesn’t have to be complicated. It can be as simple as a glass of milk with toast (each 8oz glass of milk has 9 essential nutrients including protein), or oatmeal made with milk, or a fruit licuado.
It's a big responsibility as a parent to make sure that our little ones get the nutrients that their growing bodies need. Because, let's face it. If it were up to them, they would live off of a diet of cheddar fish and fruit snacks. It's important for kids to get protein at every meal, especially breakfast. Did you know that milk has 9 essential nutrients in each glass? Milk is a natural source of high-quality protein and it doesn't even need to be served in a glass. It's so easy to add it to your meals, especially since you always have milk on hand.
My kids really really really like milk. Since they wake up in the morning the first thing they ask for is a cup of warm milk. I love that they do because I know that It’s important for kids to get protein at every meal, especially breakfast. Plus, studies show eating breakfast helps kids focus and concentrate at school. With 9 essential nutrients in each glass, milk is a simple, delicious and wholesome way to give my kids a natural source of high-quality protein – plus other nutrients they need.
Fuertes con Leche es una campaña que nos recuerda lo importante que es incentivar el consumo de proteína en cada comida, especialmente en el desayuno de nuestros niños. Son numerosos los estudios que demuestran que un buen desayuno les ayuda a mantener la atención y concentración en las actividades escolares.
|
<urn:uuid:8d67bd8b-8d12-46bf-a461-b51cb8cc1aed>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.weallgrowlatina.com/blog-posts/lo-que-nos-hace-fuertes-fuertesconleche
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320823.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626152050-20170626172050-00332.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.917051
| 578
| 2.5625
| 3
|
US Department of Education/flickr
Goldman Sachs and the Pritzker Family Foundation put up $7 million in 2013 to expand a pre-kindergarten program in Utah.
The result, according to Libby Nelson at Vox, could pave the way for a new way to fund social programs.
The investment helped expand a education pilot scheme to 595 children from low-income families in Salt Lake County.
110 of that group were identified as having special educational needs heading into pre-K, but when the children were tested again in kindergarten only one needed special education.
That saved the state $291,550 that year — with the majority of that sum going back to the investor, Goldman Sachs.
The funding method is part of a growing global trend known as social impact bonds: a kind of loan in which private entities pay for a social program, and the government pays only if the program reaches its goals.
Read the full article at Vox here.
|
<urn:uuid:d6819fc4-0c3c-4c58-b6ee-de1e37d43e44>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.businessinsider.com/goldman-sachs-funds-600-kids-to-get-pre-k-education-2015-10
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321309.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627101436-20170627121436-00412.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957263
| 198
| 2.703125
| 3
|
700 Journals and 15,000,000 Readers Each Journal is getting 25,000+ ReadersThis Readership is 10 times more when compared to other Subscription Journals (Source: Google Analytics)
Review Article Open Access
Coatings are widely used to provide drug protection, to increase aesthetic value of product (color, taste and texture), to reduces acidity of vitamins, to provide lubrication and modified drug release. Usually, coating agents are dissolved or dispersed in solvents (organic or water) prior to coating and glidants are commonly added to prevent particle agglomeration during coating. Hot-melt coating technique defined as the application of fine layer of coating material in molten state over the substrate. As hot-melt coating devoid of solvent use, therefore solvent disposal, recovery and treatment is not required; as a result powders with very high specific surface areas can be coated rapidly. And also, this process is economic, environment friendly and rapid as compared conventional coating techniques. There are various hot-melt coating techniques, including melt coating (pour/spray coating), direct blending and solid dispersion. Commonly used equipments like fluidized bed coater and pan coater can be easily modified to suit for hot-melt coating. Process involves coating the substrates like beads, capsules, granules, particles, pellets, spherules and tablets of various drugs. Lipid coating is the smart option to polymer coatings as they need melting before application directly on the substrate. Different lipids can be used in coating and selection of the right lipid for the application requires knowledge of their physico-chemical properties and its associated effect on drug release. Usual equipments like coating pan and fluid bed coater and conventional can be modified for coating process.
To read the full article Peer-reviewed Article PDF
Author(s): Sudke S. G., Sakarakar D. M.
Fluid bed coater, Hot-melt coating, Lipid coating, Modified release, Taste masking, Pharmaceutical Technology,Biopharmaceutics,Pharmaceutical Sciences
|
<urn:uuid:5590e5c1-8415-4ef4-ba7b-45733f3da939>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.omicsonline.org/scholarly-articles/hotmelt-coating-an-innovative-pharmaceutical-coating-technique-62200.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321309.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627101436-20170627121436-00412.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.914508
| 426
| 2.921875
| 3
|
Corbel with Five Interlaced Hair-Pulling Acrobats
- ca. 1150–1200
- Made in Aquitaine, France
- Overall: 32 x 15 3/8 x 18 1/2 in. (81.3 x 39.1 x 47 cm)
- Credit Line:
- Gift of George Blumenthal, 1934
- Accession Number:
Mischief and humor abound on the ten architectural supports set around the perimeter of this gallery. Naked grimacing acrobats wrestle and pull violently at each others’ beards; a snarling beast proudly claims a bone. Similar mischievous, and sometimes mystifying, motifs are often found on corbels set just under the eaves of the roof on the outside of a church.
Notre-Dame-de-la-Grande-Sauve, the church from which these corbels come, was situated on one of the routes to the shrine of Santiago de Compostela in northern Spain. Set next to a great forest (the silva major from which its name comes) and dominating a hill overlooking the Gironde River, its community grew from seven monks at its founding in 1079 to some 300. The abbey benefited from donations from famous patrons, including a gift from Eleanor of Aquitaine, and Henry II king of England, in 1156.
In the aftermath of the French Revolution, the monastic buildings served as a prison. The church vaults collapsed in 1809, and a fire in 1910 further compromised the site. Still, some related corbels survive on the church exterior.
|
<urn:uuid:ba0b921f-3fff-457c-a43a-84e49dc511a6>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/471137
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322870.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628050821-20170628070821-00492.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.918382
| 331
| 2.71875
| 3
|
The Earth is home to millions of species, but you wouldn't know it from the media's obsession with only a few dozen animals like tigers and gorillas.
Nepal destroyed thousands of valuable animal skins and other parts seized from poachers on a giant bonfire Monday in a symbolic gesture against the illegal wildlife trade.
Illegal poaching, logging and fishing of sometimes critically endangered species is taking place in nearly half of the world's most protected natural sites, environmental campaigners WWF warned Tuesday.
We can learn a lot about things by studying how they move through the world and interact with the environment.
New York, NY-Africa's protected parks and reserves are capable of supporting three to four times as many wild lions if well funded and managed, according to a new report led by Panthera, the global wild cat conservation organization.
Opinion: India's militant rhino protectors are challenging traditional views of how conservation works
In Kaziranga, a national park in north-eastern India, rangers shoot people to protect rhinos. The park's aggressive policing is, of course, controversial, but the results are clear: despite rising demand for illegal rhino ...
The unprecedented impact that humans are having on the planet is well known to us all. Scarcely a day passes by without a media report or two on the effects of human economic activity on the world's climate or some charismatic ...
International police body Interpol announced a new project Friday that will identify and dismantle origanised crime networks between Africa and Asia that have devastated wildlife and made ivory a sought-after luxury.
It was one of the most momentous events in the battle against poaching: 11 giant pyres of elephant tusks going up in flames in Kenya as the world looked on.
|
<urn:uuid:0090ed5a-61d0-4372-b896-39ec562b0390>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://phys.org/tags/illegal+wildlife+trade/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323808.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629000723-20170629020723-00572.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947244
| 362
| 2.59375
| 3
|
|Tool: Systems of Linear Equations: Graphing Method|
|Go to:||http://www.college-cram.com/.../systems-of-linear-equations-graphing-method (opens a new window)|
|Description:||This Formula Solver program walks you through the steps for solving a system of two linear equations in two variables, using the graphing method. You can use your own values, and it will draw graphs and plot the solution.
College Cram charges access fees by the month or by the semester for most resources. This resource, however, is offered free of charge. To get a preview of their other tools, see their free math modules.
|Author:||College-Cram.com; The Smartacus Corporation|
|Cost:||Does not require payment for use|
|Average Rating:||||Login to rate this resource|
|My MathTools:||Login to Subscribe / Save This|
|Reviews:||be the first to review this resource|
|Discussions:||start a discussion of this resource|
|Courses:||Algebra||Solve by graphing|
|
<urn:uuid:60c11aa6-eade-4632-8eed-0a78fce80629>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://mathforum.org/mathtools/tool/16527/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320063.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623133357-20170623153357-00292.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.776875
| 245
| 2.890625
| 3
|
It’s relatively easy to name some of the earliest 20th century music pioneers, but observe any go-to list of the top five and it’s usually a total sausage fest. Again and again, recorded history would have us believe that it’s only men who laid our cultural foundations. Though there were a tremendous number of talented, amazing males making great music, it’s an outright lie that they were alone at the forefront of creation.
There are a number of women whose contributions have been largely overlooked or obscured for too long. If you love music, you need to scroll down and get to know these 20 artists who not only shaped modern music but also helped change society — and never got the credit they deserved.
Who was she? A black blues singer and guitarist about whom Don Kent wrote in the liner notes to Mississippi Masters: Early American Blues Classics 1927-35, “her scope and creativity dwarfs most blues artists." But little is known about the remarkable woman who made just three records in the early 1930s. There are no photos of her and nobody knows her legal name or what happened to her after she stopped recording music.
Key song: “Last Kind Words”
Who was she? A child violin prodigy, Rockmore was forced to give up her instrument in her teenage years due to bone problems from malnutrition, but, according to FlavorWire, this didn’t prevent her from making a remarkable contribution to music. When Léon Theremin brought his new instrument from Russia in the 1920s, Rockmore took to it immediately and worked with Theremin himself to craft one perfectly suited to her specifications, and she became the first — and arguably sole — Theremin virtuoso.
Key song: Concerto for Theremin by Anis Fuleihan
Lucille Bogan (also recorded as Bessie Jackson)
Who was she? A Birmingham-based blues singer-songwriter whose bio, both personal and professional, reads like a total badass decades ahead of her time. Bogan wrote and recorded more than 100 albums with her collaborator, pianist Walter Roland, between 1923 and 1935. She began writing slyly funny songs about drinking, sex and prostitution in the '30s, including the one below that even eight decades later is one of the dirtiest tunes I’ve ever heard.
Key song: “Shave 'Em Dry” [Warning: NSFW]
Who was she? Hall was a Juilliard-trained vocalist who, according to Black Past, spent the better part of her earliest career involved in choral direction and singing. She made her Broadway debut in 1943 and went on to become the first African-American to win a Tony Award for her work in South Pacific. In the 1950s she turned her attention to blues and jazz, taking up residency in a series of Greenwich Village nightclubs and released Juanita Hall Sings the Blues in 1957.
Key song: “I Don’t Want It Second Hand”
Who was she? Blues-folk singer-songwriter/guitarist who primarily recorded in the '20s, but there’s almost no information available about her online. It’s easy to find her music online and it’s been collected and anthologized plenty, but there are no photos or interviews or anything. In part, there’s something poetic and lovely that our only way to know Jackson is through her music. But it also speaks to the fact that as a black woman in the '20s, her personhood was of little consequence to the cultural curators at the time.
Key song: “Careless Love Blues”
Who was she? American swing and jazz vocalist in the '30s who was a stylish, talented, plus-size woman decades before any size-positive movement existed. She also had great taste in music. According to Gary Giddins’s book Bing Crosby: A pocketful of Dreams — The Early Years, 1903-1940, Bailey introduced Crosby to African-American jazz greats like Louis Armstrong via her own record collection.
Key song: “Please Be Kind”
(Aunt) Samantha Bumgarner (pictured) and Eva Davis
Who was she? Early Appalachian fiddlers and vocalists who, in 1924, according to Women in Early Country Music, became the first women ever to sing on a country music recording. Bumgarner went on to become the more famous of the two, playing, touring and recording well into her late 70s.
Key song: “Cindy in the Meadow”
Rosa Lee Carson, a.k.a. Moonshine Kate
Who was she? The banjo-playing daughter of famed “Fiddlin’” John Carson, Rosa Lee made her country recording debut in 1925 at age 15, accompanying her father. They formed a musical comedy act and toured internationally, before she branched out as a solo artist under the stage name Moonshine Kate.
Key song: “The Drunkard’s Child”
Sister Rosetta Tharpe
Who was she? A gospel singer/guitarist who’s often credited with basically inventing rock 'n' roll, so you know, no big deal — except it totally was, since Tharpe rose to prominence in the '30s and '40s and continued performing a fusion of gospel, blues, jazz and big band music throughout the late '60s.
Key song: “Didn’t It Rain”
La Bolduc (a.k.a. Mary Travers Bolduc)
Who was she? The French-Canadian singer is considered Quebec’s first singer-songwriter and grew up mastering the fiddle, accordion, harmonica and other instruments at home that were required to play traditional folk tunes of the region. With her husband chronically unemployed, she made her first recording in 1928 and began to perform throughout the province, despite the fact that women were rarely touring musicians, never mind successful ones. She became the primary breadwinner and folded her husband and children into her touring troupe
Key song: “Ça va venir découragez-vous pas”
Who was she? According to the Queer Cultural Centre, Bentley moved to New York when she was 16 and became a key part of the 1920s Harlem Renaissance, finding a fellow community of gay black artists. Bentley was pretty open about being a lesbian and often both dressed and performed in a tux and other “male” garments, which didn’t diminish her escalating fame as she made a name for herself on the nightclub circuit. Later in life, under threat from the McCarthy-era witch hunt, she claimed to have been “cured” of her homosexuality and married numerous men, but historians believe this was to avoid persecution.
Key song: “Wild Geese Blues”
Dame Ethel Smyth
Who was she? An inspiration to women everywhere, Smyth was fighting for women’s rights as early as 1877 when, according to Oxford Music Online, she defied her father and enrolled in the Leipzig Conservatory to study music and composition. She refused to be confined by traditional limitations: she published under E.M. Smyth so her orchestral debut got fair reviews (and confounded the press when it was revealed Smyth was a woman); she openly engaged in same-sex affairs (including, allegedly, Virginia Woolf); and she began writing operas in 1892. A tireless, early champion of feminism and equality, Smyth gave the suffrage movement its own anthem in 1910 with The March of the Women, served two months in prison for her activism and crafted the feminist opera The Boatswain’s Mate a few years later.
Key song: The March of the Women
Who was she? The South African musician and civil rights activist helped popularize African music around the world. Exiled from her homeland in 1960 after campaigning against apartheid, Makeba found success in America, winning a Grammy with Harry Belafonte for best folk recording in 1966 and scoring a hit in 1967 with her song “Pata Pata.” But when she married known Black Panther member Stokely Carmichael in 1968, Americans turned on her and it remained that way until she joined Paul Simon on his Graceland tour in 1985.
Key song: “Pata Pata”
Who was she? Smith was the ultimate blues trailblazer: in 1920 she became the first African-American to make a vocal blues recording, which, according to Gunther Schuller’s 1986 book Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development, went on to sell a million copies within the year and clued music industry execs into the power of the black community.
Key song: “Crazy Blues”
Who was she? She got her early start in vaudeville, but Austin became most famous in the 1920s for skills as a jazz blues pianist and for her relatively unprecedented role as the bandleader of her Blues Serenaders. She was an in-demand collaborator as well, accompanying other famous blues women such as Ma Rainey, Ida Cox and Alberta Hunter.
Key song: “Charleston Mad”
Who was she? Cox proved a daring and boundary-pushing songwriter and performer. She flexed the early muscles of feminism with her song “Wild Women Don’t Have the Blues,” started her own vaudeville troupe and made numerous recordings throughout the '20s.
Key song: “Wild Women Don’t Have the Blues”
Who was she? Smith, the Empress of the Blues, was arguably the most famous blues and jazz vocalist in the '20s. According to PBS, she was also the most successful black recording artist of her time thanks to her cover of “Downhearted Blues,” which was co-written by Lovie Austin and Alberta Hunter.
Key song: “Downhearted Blues”
Gertrude 'Ma' Rainey
Who was she? Revered as the Mother of the Blues, Rainey was among the earliest African-American women to record music in the '20s and distinguished herself thanks to her “moaning,” soulful singing. According to the Georgia Encyclopedia, from 1923-28, Rainey made more than 100 recordings of her own compositions.
Key song: “Deep Moaning Blues”
Who was she? The Fort Calgary-born violin prodigy left Canada at age four and became an international sensation. A North American tour in 1910 and subsequent tours of Europe, the Far East and Japan cemented her status as the “world’s greatest woman violinist.” After decades as a soloist, Parlow began teaching and performing in ensembles and chamber quartets. Upon returning to Canada during the Second World War, Parlow took over Toronto in the best way possible, teaching at the Royal Conservatory, playing with the TSO and forming new ensembles, including the Canadian Trio.
Key selection: Arensky: Serenade for Violin and Piano
Who was she? Hailing from Halifax, White was an African-Canadian contralto classical and gospel singer who made her national debut in Toronto in 1941 and went on to international acclaim despite difficulties obtaining bookings because of racism.
Hang out with me on Twitter: @_AndreaWarner
|
<urn:uuid:ca502dc0-2b31-4707-b31a-22f5515bc3e2>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.cbcmusic.ca/posts/12310/the-bold-music-of-20-wild-women-pioneers
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320063.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623133357-20170623153357-00292.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.973558
| 2,408
| 2.890625
| 3
|
It's known that a lack of sleep can lead to health implications such as poor memory, low concentration levels, and an increased risk of obesity. But according to a new study, getting too much sleep could raise a person's risk of stroke.
The National Sleep Foundation recommends that adults aged between 18 and 64 should get seven to nine hours of sleep each night.
A stroke is a serious medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. According to the NHS, around 110,000 people have a stroke in the UK each year, with the condition being the third largest cause of death after heart disease and cancer.
Researchers at the University of Cambridge set out to investigate the relationship between sleep time and stroke risk.
They recruited 9,692 people who had an average age of 62 and had never experienced a stroke.
Over an average of 9.5 years, the participants completed two questionnaires four years apart surrounding how many hours of sleep they got each night.
During the follow-up study, 346 of the adults had experienced a stroke. It was found that those who slept for six to eight hours a night were 54 per cent less likely to have a stroke than those who slept for more than eight hours each night.
Furthermore, those who increased their sleep from six to eight hours to more than eight hours were four times more likely to have a stroke than those who consistently slept for six to eight hours a night.
Alberto Ramos of the University of Miami commented: 'Since people whose sleep patterns changed from short to long were nearly four times as likely to have a stroke, it's possible that this could serve as an early warning sign, suggesting the need for additional tests or for people to take steps known to reduce stroke risk, such as lowering blood pressure and cholesterol.'
The study has been published in the journal Neurology. View the abstract here
|
<urn:uuid:8a87946d-0b01-44c4-948b-53d7559a5c71>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/healthy-living/news/a25489/sleeping-too-much-could-raise-stroke-risk/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320063.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623133357-20170623153357-00292.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.98365
| 383
| 3.625
| 4
|
Alexandria, LA – Computers, video games, mobile phones, and tablets are ubiquitous in our lives and the lives of our kids. Parents want to embrace technology to facilitate their children’s learning. But with so much technology available, how are parents supposed to know which tools and activities will actually help build skills?
“Every day new resources appear in our Apps stores and we’re bombarded with all the ’Best of’ and ‘Top 10’ lists. Parents should look for reviews and endorsements by reliable sources, including educational organizations, before giving their children access to any new tech resource,” says Fran Fookes of Sylvan Learning located in Alexandria.
To help parents make good choices with digital media, Sylvan Learning in Alexandria is offering seven simple guidelines for selecting new tech tools and apps:
1. Does it focus on active learning? Choose educational tools and activities that are interactive, rather than passive, like TV and DVDs.
2. What skills does it reinforce? Look for skills like eye-hand coordination, memorization, computation, dexterity, critical thinking and creativity.
3. Does it allow your child to practice the skill? When a program or activity says it teaches a skill, then it should provide practice with that skill and explain how the skill building is accomplished.
4. Does it provide feedback? Effective technology provides feedback on performance to help your child build their skills and confidence.
5. Is it age appropriate? Check the age and skill level to make sure they are a good match for your child’s current developmental level.
6. Is it user-friendly? Your child should be able to understand and navigate the technology, so that it fosters engagement and enjoyment.
7. Does it include ads? Some free or “lite” versions of apps or programs include ads. Before your child uses the program, you can review the content first and vet the ads. You can also opt to forgo Apps that include ads.
“When used effectively, technology helps enable and empower our children’s educational lives,” says Fookes. “The key lies in monitoring kids’ electronic use. There’s no substitute for parental involvement when it comes to encouraging our children to learn. Playing educational games with our kids is a great way to encourage their academic progress. Also, as parents we need to remember to model good behavior and limit our own screen time.”
For additional tips and resources, please contact Fran Fookes of Sylvan Learning located in Alexandria at 318-443-0949, or firstname.lastname@example.org.
|
<urn:uuid:0e1ca1f2-4f83-4258-8499-693e7761208c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://klax-tv.com/sylvan-learning-offers-parents-7-simple-tips-for-choosing-kid-tech-tools/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320243.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624082900-20170624102900-00372.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942865
| 548
| 3.28125
| 3
|
We all need to learn assertiveness in the workplace. We need to stand up to bullying in all its forms and to learn to assert ourselves. Body language is the key.
You can change your life by learning to use body language. If you control the signals you send out then the workplace bully will be confused and will find another victim. Assertiveness in the workplace is your key to a happier work life.
Human communication takes many forms. Even in a conversation between two people only a tenth of the communication is in the words used. Other aspects include tone and inflection of voice, facial expressions, speed of delivery, how we stand in relation to each other, head position and pauses in the conversation.
There are always people in every workplace who will bully those who they see as weak. For weak you should read unassertive.
Assertive people get more of their own way more of the time and get on faster in life.
Learning Assertiveness in the Workplace
If we learn to control each of the unconscious signals we send out these new habits will quickly become internalised and unconscious, we will learn to send out signals of our newfound confidence without even thinking about it.
Moving slowly is the key here. Walk, never run, and walk slowly. Walking slowly shows people that you are not afraid to be seen or to be noticed.
Even sitting at your desk control all your movements, make them deliberately slower.
Pick up the phone slowly; arrange your jacket on your chair slowly. Tidy your desk in a deliberate and slow fashion.
Avoid excessive hand movements while you are talking to someone. Never fidget. Hold something in one hand and concentrate on not moving it during the conversation.
Slow your speech down. Only talk if you have something to say, otherwise listen, but listen actively, devote 100% of your attention to what is being said. Never say anything unless you are sure people are actively listening. If you have something to say it is important enough for them to listen to.
Avoid rushing what you have to say, it IS interesting.
Use Silence to your advantage. Most people hate silences in a conversation and rush to fill them with worthless words. If you have something to say, say it in the fewest possible words then leave a silence. If you are on the spot for something then leave a silence before answering your boss, speak slowly and leave short silences in your defence. All of this shows that you are 200% certain that you are in the right, and if you are SO certain then your accuser begins to doubt himself. Silences are more powerful than any words at getting your message across. Say what you have to say, then say nothing. NEVER apologise for something you did not do.
Smile. Smiling changes your tone of voice and is another sign of confidence; always stand up and smile when using the phone. Worried non-assertive people do not smile. Smile and the whole world smiles with you. Politicians always "smile" because they have been trained in its effectiveness as a dominance tactic.
Keep still. Avoid shuffling your feet and wringing your hands. Being still equates to calm and confidence, the qualities you are trying to convey.
Keep you hands visible as well as still. Putting your hands in your pockets is a sign that you do not know what to do with your hands, that you are nervous.
Keep your thumbs visible. This one sounds stupid, but watch any film of a national leader giving a speech. He or she will use hand gestures with thumbs pointing upwards. This is a very primitive and exceedingly powerful dominance gesture that will totally change the way people think about you. Watch footage of Martin Luthor King and you will see a body language master at work.
Train yourself never to touch your face or head while you are talking. This is a sign that you are being untruthful.
If you are standing while you talk to someone then stand in the open, never behind a desk or partition; stand away from walls, too. Think of this as not hiding, not protecting your back. Confident people see no need to protect their backs, figuratively or otherwise.
Never fold your arms if you are in a listening or discussion situation. It is a sign of disagreement and although you might well disagree, either say so, or do not let it show.
If you copy someone's body language you will go up in their estimation, buy be subtle in using this deliberately. It is a sign that you agree with whatever they are saying.
Be careful how close you stand to someone in a discussion. Every society has its own perception of personal space. You want to be seen as assertive, not aggressive. If you are too close for comfort people will step back, take this as a sign and adjust your distance accordingly.
Expect respect and you will be respected. You can control some aspects of your body language, but there are many small and subtle signs that none of us can control. Our expectations affect our subconscious body language. Others read the signs we send out and draw conclusions from them. Adjusting the major body language signs, as detailed above, while not adjusting your expectations will confuse people and spoil all your good work.
You must expect people to listen when you speak. You must expect respect. You must expect to succeed. Self-confidence is half the battle.
Boost your self-confidence before applying everything here. Buy new clothes for work in a different colour or style, change your hairstyle and anything else about your image that makes you feel good about yourself. Buy new shoes and take up a steady exercise regime. Even walking will improve your posture. Buy a hat if you do not usually wear a hat. Wear braces and flaunt them instead of a belt. Wear a skirt instead of trousers. You are not the same man or woman as you were, let people see that you are different.
|
<urn:uuid:6f9db2d4-41d7-42d2-b0da-e044bd8b013e>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.infobarrel.com/Assertiveness_in_the_Workplace
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320395.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625032210-20170625052210-00452.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959114
| 1,214
| 2.75
| 3
|
An open and honest relationship with your doctor and pharmacist can help ensure you use medications safely and as effectively as possible.
What can happen if medications are not taken as prescribed by your doctor?
If medication is not taken as prescribed, it may not work as intended. As a result, your condition may not improve or it could worsen. Medication overdoses or various medicines interacting with each other can cause harm or accidental death.
How can you prevent misuse of medications?
- Take medications as prescribed by your healthcare provider (do not skip doses, double up on doses, and start and stop medications on your own).
- Communication — ask questions to increase your knowledge; talk to your healthcare provider and pharmacist; and keep an updated medication list.
- Talk to your healthcare provider about any known food or medication allergies you may have and give them your current medication list (include all prescriptions, over-the-counter, herbs, vitamins, and supplements).
- Use one pharmacy for all your medications.
- Have your medication list reviewed at least once per year by your doctor. Make sure all of your doctors have a copy of your updated medication list.
- Know your medications — names, where to store it, when to take it, how to take it, how much to take and what you expect (side effects and how to tell if it's working)
- Read labels or special instructions on medication. Look for pictures or statements that will provide important information about taking the medication safely and effectively.
- Write down side effects and tell your doctor about any symptoms.
- Do not share medications with others (do not give your medications to others or take someone else's medication).
- Use a pill box to organize medications. This will ensure medications are being taken safely and effectively.
- Clean out your medicine cabinet at least once per year and properly dispose of any expired, unused or unneeded medications. See next page for more information.
What are signs of a possible medication-related problem?
Talk to your healthcare provider if you are experiencing anything that is not normal for you. Other examples include:
- Memory trouble
- Loss of coordination
- Change in sleeping or eating habits
- Unexplained chronic pain
- Unexplained bruising
- Irritability, sadness or depression
- Trouble concentrating
- Lack of interest in usual activities
How do I properly dispose of expired, unused or un-needed medications?
- Oakland County has an ongoing prescription drug take-back program, Operation Medicine Cabinet™ (OMC).
- Currently there are 32 disposal sites throughout Oakland County.
- Citizens can properly dispose of expired or unused prescription medications at any of the 32 sites throughout Oakland County anonymously — no questions asked.
- Visit Oakland County Sheriff's Office to locate a take-back program near you.
Oakland County Health Division/Office of Substance Abuse Services (OCHD/OSAS): 248-858-0001
Prior Authorization and Central Evaluation Program (PACE Program):
PACE is the first step to substance abuse treatment services for low
income residents in Oakland County. 248-858-5200 or 888-350-0900, ext.
Alcohol and Drug Abuse
- Alcoholics Anonymous: 248-332-3521
- Alanon: 248-706-1020
- Narcotics Anonymous: 248-543-7200
|
<urn:uuid:918495bf-0980-4889-a550-2c6614b49801>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.oakgov.com/health/information/Pages/Medication-Safety-for-Older-Adults.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320395.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625032210-20170625052210-00452.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.890796
| 697
| 2.84375
| 3
|
The level you exert yourself on your morning commute may have a greater impact on your respiratory health than you’d like to recognize. Inhaling air pollution is not always the first thing on your mind when you hop on your bike. The need to stay focused on the traffic around you, the road and street signs means that your mind is plenty occupied but according to a new study you should also be considering how hard you are breathing to limit them amount of air pollution you are inhaling. The study comes out of the University of British Columbia and examines how your level of exertion affects how much air pollution breathed in.
Researchers at the University of British Columbia who previously studied the levels of air pollution cyclists inhale on quiet versus busy streets have now studied the effect exertion has on how much pollution we inhale. The previous study found that lings of those who rode on busier streets contained between 40 to 100 per cent more hydrocarbons.
Assistant professor Alex Bigazzi suggests that cyclists looking to get the most benefits from their exercise need to control how much motor vehicle exhaust they are inhaling while still exerting themselves enough to minimize how much pollution they are inhaling.
article continues after advertisement
“When you’re cycling faster or walking faster, you’re exerting more energy and of course, you’re going to be breathing harder and breathing at a higher rate,” Bigazzi told All Points West host Robyn Burns. “But at the same time, you get there quicker and get out of the polluted roadway environment sooner.”
The model developed looked to find a “sweet spot” in terms of travel speed on flats for cyclists to be best protected from air pollution.
The study, published in the International Journal of Sustainable Transportation and reported on by CBC concluded that men aged 20 to 60 should cycle at about 15 km/h and women aged 20 to 60 should travel at around 13 km/h. Those under 20 should be traveling even slower according to the study at about 13 km/h for men and women.
The study also looked at walking speeds which the researchers concluded should also be excruciatingly slow at between 3 and 4 km/h for youth and only slightly faster for those between the ages of 20 and 60 at between 4 and 6 km/h.
Cycling speed can also vary quite widely depending on what bike you are on and moderate intensity will vary widely depending on your level of fitness. If you are a road cyclist you will likely be accustomed to moving at a fast speed with a lower exertion level on your road bike compared to your commuter.
Bigazzi said that one way to judge exercise intensity is the talk test. If you are capable of holding a conversation but don’t have enough breath to sing, you’re probably at a moderate level of intensity.
|
<urn:uuid:afff7e13-2b3d-4ab5-b219-2554ac2d1c6b>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://cyclingmagazine.ca/sections/healthnutrition/riding-slowly-better-protects-air-pollutants/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320593.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625221343-20170626001343-00532.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962565
| 584
| 2.703125
| 3
|
Friday 9th March, 2012
3:30pm to 4:30pm
Discover the rules of thumb for finger-friendly design. Touch gestures are sweeping away buttons, menus and windows from mobile devices—and even from the next version of Windows. Find out why those familiar desktop widgets are weak replacements for manipulating content directly, and learn to craft touchscreen interfaces that effortlessly teach users new gesture vocabularies. The challenge: gestures are invisible, without the visual cues offered by buttons and menus. As your touchscreen app sheds buttons, how do people figure out how to use the damn thing? Learn to lead your audience by the hand (and fingers) with practical techniques that make invisible gestures obvious. Designer Josh Clark (author of O'Reilly books "Tapworthy" and "Best iPhone Apps") mines a variety of surprising sources for interface inspiration and design patterns. Along the way, discover the subtle power of animation, why you should be playing lots more video games, and why a toddler is your best beta tester.
1. How should UI layouts evolve to accommodate the ergonomics of fingers and thumbs?
2. Why are buttons a hack? Why aren't they as effective as more direct touch gestures?
3. How can users understand how to use apps that have no labeled menus or buttons?
4. What's the proper role of skeuomorphic design (realistic 3D metaphors) in teaching touch?
5. How can animation provide contextual help to teach gestures effortlessly? How does game design point the way here?
Principal, Global Moxie
I'm a designer specializing in mobile design strategy and user experience. I'm author of the O'Reilly books "Tapworthy: Designing Great iPhone Apps" and "Best iPhone Apps." My outfit Global Moxie offers consulting services and training to help media companies, design agencies, and creative organizations build tapworthy mobile apps and effective websites. Before the interwebs swallowed me up, I worked on a slew of national PBS programs at Boston's WGBH. I shared my three words of Russian with Mikhail Gorbachev, strolled the ranch with Nancy Reagan, hobnobbed with Rockefellers, and wrote trivia questions for a primetime game show. In 1996, I created the uberpopular "Couch-to-5K" (C25K) running program, which has helped millions of skeptical would-be exercisers take up jogging. (My motto for fitness is the same for user experience: no pain, no pain.)
Sign in to add slides, notes or videos to this session
|
<urn:uuid:1b553b6c-6670-44a6-a849-501d0e3c77a1>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://lanyrd.com/2012/sxsw-interactive/sppgy/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320593.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625221343-20170626001343-00532.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.920759
| 527
| 2.84375
| 3
|
Today is a significant anniversary: the Stemmerettsjubileet, or women’s suffrage centenary.
On 11 June 2013 it will be 100 years since Norwegian women gained the right to vote and Norway became a true democracy. Norway was the first independent country in the world to introduce universal suffrage, with women and men enjoying equal democratic rights.
It’s amazing that it’s only been a century — I can’t imagine the injustice of depriving women of the right to vote.
I know some representatives of other countries who comment here will be quick to complain that Norway wasn’t the very first—but they’ve got that covered.
Globally, Norway was a universal suffrage pioneer. It is true that three countries had already introduced universal suffrage – New Zealand in 1893, Australia in 1902 and Finland in 1906 – but they were not independent states at the time. Norway was the first sovereign state to extend the vote to all adults. The right to vote gave women a formal foundation on which to participate in democratic bodies on an equal footing with men.
You’re all pioneers, OK? Clearly there was a wave of suffrage that swept around the world at roughly the turn of the last century.
But this goes too far.
A cause championed since the French Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment had finally been won.
“Won”? Keep in mind that Ann Coulter is promoting the revocation of women’s suffrage, it’s easy to find other cranks creating petitions to repeal the 19th amendment, and it’s a common talking point on the far right. I wish the Enlightenment were won.
Maybe it’s just the United States that’s trying to roll it back.
|
<urn:uuid:f0d6393d-d4de-4748-9240-23e29e06c438>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://freethoughtblogs.com/pharyngula/2013/06/11/congratulations-to-norway/?wpmp_switcher=mobile
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320593.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625221343-20170626001343-00532.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954237
| 374
| 3.4375
| 3
|
Manufacturing workers could have been exposed to asbestos in many different ways. Some factories processed asbestos, some manufactured asbestos-containing products, and some just had asbestos products in their machinery and building materials.
Asbestos exposure could happen at any type of factory. Asbestos use was widespread during much of the 20th century. The products created with asbestos were manufactured or used in many factories.
Asbestos had to be processed before being used in products. Workers in asbestos processing plants were exposed to asbestos on a daily basis.
Making Asbestos Products
Asbestos was used in a wide variety of products. Workers who manufactured these products could have been exposed to asbestos in the process.
All Other Manufacturing
Any factory could potentially have asbestos in it. Insulation, tools, and machinery used by workers could all contain asbestos.
Asbestos was widely used in manufacturing. Several industries have exposed their employees to asbestos more than others.
Some manufacturers with high asbestos exposure include:
- Textile mills
- Cement plants
- Chemical plants
- Paper mills
- Pulp mills
Certain manufacturing jobs put workers at a higher risk of developing mesothelioma. Any manufacturing worker could be exposed to asbestos but people who worked with asbestos directly on a daily basis are at a higher risk of developing asbestos-related diseases.
Other workers may be exposed to asbestos as well because it was used in tools, building materials, and machinery. When asbestos is disturbed it can float in the air and be breathed in or swallowed by any person nearby.
Here are some occupations with high asbestos exposure:
- Drywall/Sheetrock workers & installers (Drywallers)
- Heavy equipment operators
- Brake makers
- Clutch makers
- Machine operators
- Machine tenders
- Warehouse workers
- Supply men: storekeepers & shopkeepers
- Tool and die makers
- Assembly line workers
- Sewers & seamstresses
Some workers were exposed more than others because of the products they used or came in contact with at work. Before the 1980s, many products were made with asbestos. Manufacturing workers who made these products or worked with these products were potentially exposed to asbestos.
One of the main uses for asbestos was insulation because asbestos is heat proof. In factories, plants, mills, and refineries asbestos was used to insulate several items. Asbestos was commonly used in insulation for the walls of industrial buildings. It was also used to insulate pipes, boilers, gaskets, and machinery.
Some asbestos products made or used in manufacturing:
- Molten metal
- Blast furnaces
- Insulation (pipe, wall, etc.)
- Fireproof/heatproof products
- Pots used to process aluminum
- Auto parts (brakes, clutches, etc.)
- Building materials
Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral that has been used for thousands of years. Asbestos exposure is the only known cause of mesothelioma. Most commonly, mesothelioma affects people who worked in industries …
|
<urn:uuid:f288ec26-100c-4efe-ab70-2bdd13b7e19e>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.bcbhlaw.com/occupations-at-risk/manufacturing/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320593.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625221343-20170626001343-00532.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965635
| 626
| 3.375
| 3
|