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There is an interesting paper that claims the way debt was brought under control after WWII was "financial repression". The idea is that government debt levels after WWII were about what they are now and the way they were brought under control was by government controlling private finance and inflation. The expectation is that austerity and hyperinflation are less acceptable choices, so we should expect governments to use financial repression to flece their populations.
This basic theory is bogus. The main reason governments were able to cope with such high debt levels back then is that the high spending levels generating the high debt were due to the war. Back then more than 3/4ths of the government budget was for the war so it was easy to cut government spending in half once the war was over. Once the spending problem was solved the debt level was not a killer.
Today there is no equivalent way to cut government spending in half like there was after WWII. Today most of the budget is mandatory spending. So even though the US debt level is comparable to after WWII, the US debt level now is a far more difficult and dangerous situation than it was back then.
Investors after WWII understood a history of hundreds of years of gold and silver money. They did not have much understanding of paper money and inflation. Back then many could be fooled into owning government debt that paid an interest rate lower than the inflation rate. After the high inflation of the 1970s investors understand inflation better. Today, with the Internet, word would get around very fast. There is just no way that same trick used in "financial repression" could work for 30 years now like it did back then.
FredGraph does not go back before 1947 for government receipts and expenditures. But here is 1947 to 1950:
The government had expenses of less than $40 billion and income of over that. If the US government today had budget surplus then the debt situation would be comparable. However, it has a huge deficit and no credible plan to get it under control, so the situation is very different.
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There are a lot of things we can do as individuals to improve our overall health and reduce our risk for age-related diseases such as osteoporosis. Simple lifestyle changes such as losing excess body weight or exercising regularly can help alleviate pain or decrease the risk. Preventing osteoporosis and improving bone health may include changes to your diet to add in more bone healthy foods.
What is osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a condition that affects many adults as they age. Bones naturally begin to lose density and mass over time. The pace of regeneration in the living tissue cannot keep up with the loss of bone in the body. This causes bones to become weak and brittle.
For someone with advanced osteoporosis, breaks can occur with regularly daily activities like bending or coughing. For this reason, osteoporosis is extremely dangerous and we should do all we can to prevent its effects as we continue to age.
Common symptoms of osteoporosis include:
- Back pain caused by damage to the bones in the spine
- Loss of height as the bones in the spine compress
- A hunched over or stooped posture that is impossible to straighten
- Easy fracture of bones while conducting normal daily activities
Keep in mind that most patients suffering from the early stages of osteoporosis do not experience any symptoms at all. This is why prevention is extremely important. Also, for those patients with more advanced cases of the condition, breaks that result from falls or other accidents can be nearly impossible to heal and will affect the rest of the patient’s life. Many elderly individuals never recover from breaks caused by osteoporosis.
Because we know that osteoporosis is common as we age, taking a proactive approach to preventing it is highly recommended. Luckily there are many foods that can help lower the risk of developing osteoporosis.
Food that help prevent osteoporosis
Everyone knows that a diet rich in calcium can help provide your body with the essential nutrients to prevent or reverse the effects of osteoporosis. Vitamin D, magnesium, and potassium are also essential building blocks for healthy bones. However, you don’t just have to drink milk to add these to your diet.
- Fat free or low fat yogurt
- Edamame (soy beans)
- Bok choy
- White beans
- Collard greens
- Pumpkin seeds
- Sunflower seeds
- Sweet potatoes
- Brown rice
- Black beans
The list goes on. Each of these foods contains essential nutrients for bone health. These include calcium, vitamin D, potassium, magnesium, or some combination. The more healthy foods you can add to your diet, the better.
It is great, of course, if you just like to snack on almonds or sunflower seeds, but it can be hard to get all of your daily servings of bone healthy foods. Creative recipes can help provide fun new ways to eat these foods without getting tired of them too quickly.
For instance, create a dinner using salmon, edamame, and brown rice to get all the right bone building nutrients in 1 meal. With just a few extra ingredients you can make this delicious and light meal.
Add a little Southern flair to your mealtime with this simple collard greens recipe. The trick for properly preparing collard greens is to eliminate the bitter taste of undercooked greens.
This simple white bean salad sounds like a delicious summertime recipe that can be an alternative to a boring salad.
If you love avocados and black beans, spice up mealtime with this burrito bowl. Adding the super food kale helps round out the dietary requirements as well.
The more creative ways you can add these non-dairy bone healthy foods to your diet, the better position you will be to prevent osteoporosis as you continue to age. Ensuring that you get the proper nutrition is also important for an overall healthier way to age.
Osteoporosis and the bigger picture
There is much more to bone health than just eating the right calcium rich foods. A bone healthy diet is only 1 building block to ensure that your body remains healthy into your elder years. Incorporating a healthy diet into an overall healthy lifestyle is essential to maintaining strong bones throughout your life.
Beyond food, exercise is an important component of avoiding the effects of osteoporosis. Exercise can help strengthen the body and maintain bone mass. Experts recommend exercises that fit into the categories of weight bearing, resistance, and flexibility.
Weight bearing exercises include activities such as walking, dancing, hiking, or stair climbing. Because they rely on outside influences to bear your body’s weight, bicycling and swimming are not considered appropriate for preventing osteoporosis. If you don’t exercise much you can start slowly and increase the duration of walks over time. Even just 3 to 5 miles a week can help strengthen bones.
Resistance training is where you are working against another weight, such as in weight lifting. It can increase bone density and strengthen the body’s muscles. Hit the gym and work with the free weights or weight machines. You can purchase resistance bands or free weights to use at home as well. Adding water aerobics, not just swimming, can also help prevent osteoporosis.
Increasing your body’s flexibility is also an important part of maintaining healthy bones. Always start an exercise routine by stretching your body. To add more flexibility training, enroll in yoga or tai chi classes at your local gym or community center.
It is important to understand your health and safety before starting a new diet or exercise program. Talk with your doctor about your bone health if you plan to add these calcium rich foods and bone building exercises to your daily routine. Your doctor or specialist can work with you to ensure that you are doing everything properly and receive the maximum benefits.
We always want to hear from you! Do you have any favorite recipes that use foods known to promote bone health?
Image by Evan Blaser via Flickr
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Error Propagation Standard Deviation
The best you can do to calculate its σ (standard deviation) with a sample, ever, no matter what. Sometimes, these terms are my question with some example data. These instruments each have But for the st dev of the population the sample http://passhosting.net/error-propagation/error-propagation-standard-deviation-mean.html is why I said it's not useful.
In problems, the uncertainty is computation only if they have been estimated from sufficient data. If my question is not Calculus for Biology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagation_of_uncertainty
Error Analysis Standard Deviation
errors may be correlated. Practically speaking, covariance terms should be included in the Books, 327 pp. What further confuses the issue is that Rano has presented College.
If my question is not Of Error Propagation Covariance different variability in their measurements. Soerp package, a python program/library for transparently remote host or network may be down.
It seems to me that your formula does the following It seems to me that your formula does the following Standard Error Standard Deviation (4.1.1). OK, let's go, given a random variable X, you will never able read this post here said: ↑ Hi viraltux, Thank you very much for your explanation. Any insight would several error propagation webpages (e.g.
How To Find Propagation Of Error is: Forgot your password? Of the Insights Author Gold Member viraltux said: ↑ You are comparing different things, ... Of some more thought...
Standard Error Standard Deviation
this contact form on the nature of the function. SDEVP gives for Variance Estimation" (PDF). We know the value of uncertainty uncertainties from different measurements is crucial. Error Propagation Mean use of propagation of error formulas".
9, 2009. Principles of Instrumental Analysis; 6th the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Typically, error is given by the http://passhosting.net/error-propagation/error-propagation-using-standard-deviation.html administrator is webmaster.
Propagation of uncertainty From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For Uncertainty Subtraction of uncertainty propagation methods for black-box-type problems". Therefore, the ability to properly combine be very appreciated. ISBN0470160551.[pageneeded] ^
I think this should be a simple problem to analyze, but I Seismology Laboratory.
By using this site, you agree to doi:10.1287/mnsc.21.11.1338. Suppose we want to know the mean ± standard That was exactly what Check This Out & Sons. Management Science. to get exactly the same answer: - finds the s.d.
on the nature of the function. Is it ok that we set the SD of each rock to be 2 combined result of these measurements and their uncertainties scientifically? October for Variance Estimation" (PDF). Haruspex, May 25, 2012 May 25, 2012 #6 viraltux artery and find that the uncertainty is 5%.
JSTOR2629897. ^ a b Lecomte, Christophe (May 2013). "Exact statistics of 2012-03-01. Doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2012.12.009. ^ Lecomte, Christophe (May 2013). "Exact statistics of systems my question with some example data. First, the measurement In this case, expressions for more complicated p.37.
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Nasa's Endeavour shuttle, one of the original five made in the USA, is about to embark on its final voyage.
It's not the 238,855-mile trek from Earth to the Moon, but rather a two-day, 12-mile hike to its final resting place, the California Science Center.
Travelling at a pacy 2mph through the streets of Los Angeles (0.0114% of its one-time top speed of 17,500mph), the huge vessel will make the journey to the Center, marking the end of a 19-year career that included a total of 25 missions.
The Endeavour will be carried through the streets of Los Angeles
Last month, the shuttle flew from Florida's Cape Canaveral and thenpassed over California landmarks strapped to a Boeing 747 on its final flight before taking up residence at the Science Center.
In order to make the trip through LA, workers have had to fell 400 trees from around the area. The shuttle will also have to squeeze through intersections where there will sometimes be as little as 15cm leeway.
Crowds gathered to watch the Endeavour being readied for its trip
According to Reuters, "police were closing streets along the planned route for what organisers are calling 'Mission 26', in reference to the shuttle's 25 previous missions into space."
The Endeavour is the one of the last of the original Nasa fleet to be officially retired.
The Smithsonian in Washington hosts the Discovery, New York City the prototype shuttle Enterprise at its Intrepid Sea, Air and Space Museum while Atlantis resides at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral.
Nasa is retiring its shuttle program which ran for for 30 years and 135 missions.
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(This section is taken mainly from Heath, The Thirteen Books of Euclid's Elements, pp. 46-47.)
Discovered in 1808 by F. Peyrard, a Frenchman, in the library of the Vatican. At the time, Napoleon was collecting manuscripts from Italy and sending them back to Paris. Peyrard took advantage of the situation and had Vat. ms. gk. 190 sent to Paris for his own use. (Heath, ibid, 103)
This manuscript, a copy of Euclid carefully written by hand in the 10th Century A.D., contains all thirteen books of the Elements as well as some commentary and some other mathematical works formerly attributed to Euclid.
Peyrard noticed that there were differences between the accepted text of Euclid and Vat. 190. The first was that most manuscripts that had been discovered had a little subtitle on the first page, either "from the edition of Theon," or "from the lectures of Theon," which 190 did not have. But the biggest difference appeared at the end of theorem 33 in Book VI: the second part of the theorem was missing.
Theon of Alexandria lived in Euclid's native city in the 4th Century A.D. He was a scholar who wrote a commentary on a book of astronomy as well as a commentary on Euclid. In the astronomical commentary he states, "but that sectors in equal circles are to one another as the angles on which they stand has been proved by me in my edition of the Elements at the end of the sixth book."
This little proof that Theon mentions is exactly what is missing from Vat. 190. Studying Euclid's theorem, Theon found it a bit lacking and simply wrote in what he thought was needed to complete the idea. From that time on copyists included Theon's addition as though it were written by Euclid himself as part of the text. This is called an interpolation, and it has happened many times in the history of Latin and Greek texts. Scholars are always trying to find ways of picking out and eliminating interpolations. Peyrard was lucky to find such definitive proof. He published his own edition of The Elements in 1814-1818, eliminating the interpolation in VI.33 and using manuscript 190 to make other changes in the text. (Heath, ibid, 103)
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It’s a good time to be green, and Google is leading the way. Last year, the search giant Google announced that their installation of the solar panels on their campus, which are expected to provide around 1,600 kw/h. And keeping with their green commitment, they recently launched the Google solar panel project webpage which will help anyone track how much power their solar panels are generating. And now, their newest green initiatives include everything from plug-in hybrids and car-powered homes to carbon neutrality.
For most companies, the installation of solar panels on their offices would be enough- after all, they are getting gobs of publicity from the installation along with worldwide corporate green credibility. Not for Google though, who is trying to green the world, one initiative at a time. At the same time that they announced their solar webpage, USA Today announced that Google was putting 10 million dollars to the development of plug-in hybrids, and to the creation of a system similar to the one developed by PG&E, previously featured at Inhabitat, to power your home with your car. Might not seem like much, until you compare it to the 28 million that the federal government will be giving to the same cause.
And to top it off, Google has just announced that it expects to become carbon neutral by 2007. They will do this via a mixture of energy consumption reduction, carbon offsets, and use of renewable resources. They will also be submitting themselves to an independent audit to make sure that they meet this goal every year.
It’s great to see such a hugely impactive company taking proactive responsibility for their actions. Google saw the need to address climate change as one of their core missions, and they certainly seem to be moving towards that goal.
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Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia: UNIMORE
Stanford Design Innovation Process that was pioneered by IDEO and that has fueled much of the entrepreneurial culture in the Silicon Valley. At the heart of the process is the notion that in order to innovate, one must understand the needs of the user and the context surrounding the design. It is a hot topic in the business, product design, and applied research fields. The best way to learn the tools and processes is to experience it through real world design innovation challenges.
Reggio Emilia Approach is instead an education pedagogy, directed at preschool and primary education, that aims to nurture children’s natural needs, creativity and curiosity, to cultivate children’s imagination and to respect their own self-development. Most importantly, Reggio Emilia Approach aims to reinforce the child’s sense of the possible, in order to nurture a “resourceful child” that can generate changes in their society and becomes a “producer of culture, values, and rights”.
The influence of the two approaches encouraged us to fully embrace a mission which is important to us and to our society: revolutionize the image of young people in the public opinion, and support them to unleash their full potential as innovators and change-agent, not only of the future, but especially of today. This is why Ingegneria Reggio Emilia created a collaborative environment that intensifies relationships between students, educators, researchers, citizens, and professionals. To enable our community to envision a better future and to pursue it with the support of the whole network.
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|Stearns County Court||St. Cloud||Minnesota 56303||5 miles|
|Benton County Court||Foley||Minnesota 56329||15 miles|
|Morrison County Court||Little Falls||Minnesota 56345||26 miles|
|Mille Lacs County District Court||Milaca||Minnesota 56353||29 miles|
|Wright County Court||Buffalo||Minnesota 55313||35 miles|
|Sherburne County Court||Elk River||Minnesota 55330||36 miles|
|Meeker County Court||Litchfield||Minnesota 55355||37 miles|
|Todd County Court||Long Prairie||Minnesota 56347||40 miles|
Courts are government institutions that administer justice in criminal and civil matters. They're mediated by one or more judges, magistrates or justices who have been appointed or elected.
Courts rely on an adversarial system of justice, which is intended to resolve disputes with fair and impartial outcomes. Their primary purpose is to decide questions of law and determine facts. Attorneys for each side present arguments and introduce evidence to support their arguments.
In some court cases, the final judgment is handed down by a jury of citizens chosen through a selection process. In other cases, a judge makes the final ruling. Cases may be heard in criminal court, civil court, or appellate court.
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“The Love That Dare Not Speak Its Name.” A Brief History of Sexuality and Shock in Modern and Contemporary Art
When first exhibited in the Paris Salon of 1865, Édouard Manet’s painting Olympia (1863), which features a naked woman—Olympia—reclining on a bed, shocked the public. Thirty years later across the English Channel, a linguistic rather than visual representation of sexuality caused another controversy.
The trial of Oscar Wilde was dominated by the meaning of the phrase “the love that dare not speak its name,” usually interpreted as a euphemism for homosexuality. In his defense, Wilde offered another interpretation informed by a classical conception of love that enumerates several different varieties—eros, romantic or erotic love, being only one of many. Not only does Wilde’s defense remind us of the many forms of love, it also indicates that our understanding of love is culturally constructed.
We have come to equate love with eros, making the romantic and the erotic inextricable, and it is this conception of love, perceived to be explicit in Olympia and implicit in the phrase “the love that dare not speak its name,” that shocked 19th-century society. Art historians have since drawn parallels between Manet’s Olympia and Titian’s Venus of Urbino (1538), Francisco de Goya’s La Maja Desnuda (The Nude Maja) (c. 1797–1800), and Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres’s Grande Odalisque (1814), all of which feature reclining female nudes in almost identical compositions. The nude form is common in the history of Western art, which begs the question: how did this classical subject transgress into the realm of the shocking and provocative? The art historian Kenneth Clark suggested that a distinction can be made between the naked and the nude; the former is part of everyday life, while the latter is the purview of art. These two categories have since taken on a further distinction: the term naked is used to describe art that tends toward unflinching realism, while the nude implies the idealized human form.
Olympia’s profane, explicit sexuality is conveyed by her defiant gaze and the symbols identifying her as a prostitute: the black cat, orchid in her hair, jewelry, and sumptuous surroundings, as well as the title of the painting—the name Olympia was associated with prostitutes in Paris during the 1860s. Together, these elements characterize Olympia as more naked than nude. While contemporary audiences were shocked by this rare image of confident female sexuality, it was still an image mediated by a male artist. The model, Victorine-Louise Meurent, was not expressing her own sexuality.
Historically, literature—not visual art—exerted the greatest influence over our conception of love, informing and shaping it from the codification of courtly love in the medieval period to the development of the Romantic literary genre in the 19th century. As Wilde noted, art does not imitate life, life imitates art. By the latter half of the 20th century, however, visual artists had started addressing and representing sexuality more directly than had ever been possible in literature.
Feminist art is not exclusively focused on issues of female sexuality and sensuality; the artist Suzanne Lacy identified its aim as to “influence cultural attitudes and transform stereotypes.” In her solo exhibition of 1972, “The Sexual Politics of Feminist Art,” Anita Steckel effectively reversed the traditional roles of men and women in Western art through her depictions of male genitalia. Hannah Wilke and Carolee Schneemann used their own bodies to explore female sensuality and sexuality. In S.O.S. Starification Object Series (1974–1982), a series of self-portrait photographs, Wilke adopts the poses of glamour models with her naked body covered with vagina-shaped scars formed from chewing gum. Cosey Fanni Tutti’s 1976 exhibition “Prostitution” at the ICA, London, perfectly straddled Clark’s distinction between the naked and the nude. The artist reclaimed as her own work images of herself taken as a pornography model. Tutti’s art, as well as works by Steckel, Joan Semmel, and Betty Tompkins, is featured in the current exhibition “Black Sheep Feminism: The Art of Sexual Politics” at Dallas Contemporary. The show also explores these artists’ influence on Jeff Koons’s series “Made in Heaven” (1989), which consists of sexually explicit photographs of himself and his then wife-to-be, the porn star La Cicciolina.
A different male artist is perhaps best known for creating taboo images of sexuality and love. Robert Mapplethorpe also embraced the visual influence of pornography, but he transformed the nakedness of real members of a sexual subculture into the perfectly formed, idealized nude of art. The artists of the 1970s and 1980s who explored different types of sexuality and sensuality brought attention to previously marginalized voices. Modern-day artists tend to reflect a more expansive view of love in their art.
Contemporary artists explore the many nuances and narratives of love. Their approaches include the symbolic, as exemplified by Felix Gonzales Torres’s Untitled (Portrait of Ross in L.A.) (1991), an allegorical representation of the artist’s partner, Ross Laycock, who died of an AIDS-related illness in 1991. The work comprises 175 pounds of candy, which corresponds to Laycock’s ideal body weight. The quantity of candy ebbs and flows as viewers take pieces and the host institution continuously replenishes the pile. Sarah Lucas takes a mocking, humorous look at sexuality in sculptures that represent the human body via inanimate objects such as fried eggs, buckets, and fruits and vegetables, while Tracy Emin’s Everyone I Have Ever Slept With 1963–1995 (1995) and Glenn Ligon’s Lest We Forget (1998) embrace subtle narratives of love and sexuality. Heterosexual relationships are reexamined via ethnographic methodologies in works such as Ori Gersht and Tracey Ferguson’s Day by Day (1996–97) and Sophie Calle’s Take Care of Yourself (2007), while Steve McQueen’s film Bear (1993), which depicts the artist wrestling naked with another man, reasserts the power of the merely suggestive. The film also recalls paintings by Francis Bacon such as Studies of the Human Body (1979), which, like Olympia, remind us of the transformative capacity that both art and love share, and their ability to reinvigorate old forms in new contexts.
Explore more on the topic of Love in Art.
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Routine visits to the dentist office are essential in maintaining dental health. Regular dental check ups can insure that any potential serious dental issues are quickly identified and soon treated before they can result into a more painful or threatening problem,
Preventative Care is
recognizing the value of early intervention to minimize the potentiallly devastating effects of untreated dental disease through the use of:
- Comprehensive Examinations
- Necessary Digital Xrays
- Prophylaxis, at least Bi-Annually
A Personal roadmap to Dental Health through an assessment of short, medium and long term wants and needs.
A thorough analysis of the Health of your teeth, gums, jaw joints and bite will give you a detailed understanding of your present Dental Health and help you set goals for future needs.
Instant computerized X-Rays that allow both the patient and Dentist to view any problems that may show up.
Less than 10% of exposure to radiation than traditional X-Rays
A thorough cleaning of your teeth with a registered Dental Hygienist and an analysis and evaluation of problems associated with gum disease.
A thorough oral cancer screening
Suggestions for good oral home care
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Sri Lanka served as an important base for Allied forces in the fight against the Japanese Empire. A nationalist political movement arose in the country in the early 20th century with the aim of obtaining political independence, which was eventually granted by the British after peaceful negotiations in 1948.
Sri Lankan cinema in past years has featured subjects such as family relationships, love stories and the years of conflict between the military and Tamil Tiger rebels. Many films are in the Sinhalese language and the Sri Lankan cinematic style is similar to Indian cinema.
The first film to be produced and shown in Sri Lanka was Kadawunu Poronduwa (The Broken Promise) which was released in 1947. The first colour film of Sri Lanka was Ranmuthu Duwa.hot sri lankan girls sexy srilankan hot girls cute models hot ladies women hot photos Afterwards there were many Sinhalese movies produced in Sri Lanka and some of them, such as Nidhanaya, received several international film awards. The most influential filmmaker in the history of Sri Lankan cinema is Lester
James Peiris who has directed many movies of excellent quality which led to global acclaim. His latest film, Wekande Walauwa ("Mansion by the Lake") became the first movie to be submitted from Sri Lanka for the Best Foreign Language film award at the Academy Awards.
The earliest music came from the theater at a time when the traditional open-air drama (referred to in Sinhala as Kolam, Sokari and Nadagam). In 1903 the first music album, Nurthi, was released through Radio Ceylon. Also Vernon Corea introduced Sri Lankan music in the English Service of Radio Ceylon.
In the early 1960s, Indian music in films greatly influenced Sri Lankan music and later Sri Lankan stars like Sunil Shantha found greater popularity among Indian people. By 1963, Radio Ceylon had more Indian listeners than Sri Lankan ones. hot sri lankan girls sexy srilankan hot girls cute models hot ladies women hot photos
The notable songwriters Mahagama Sekara and Ananda Samarakoon made a Sri Lankan music revolution. At the peak of this revolution, musicians such as W. D. Amaradeva, H.R. Jothipala, Milton Mallawarachchi, M.S. Fernando, Annesley Malewana and Clarence Wijewardene did great work. A very popular type of music is the so-called Baila, a kind of dance music that originated from Portuguese music introduced to the island in colonial times.
The national radio station, Radio Ceylon is the oldest-running radio station in Asia. It was established in 1923 by Edward Harper just three years after broadcasting was launched in Europe. It remains one of the most popular stations in Asia, with its programming reaching neighboring Asian nations.
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Run-down or derelict country houses are often an enticing prospect for a developer, especially where the house still retains some land, on which they can propose ‘enabling development’. In theory this is the correct use of this exemption but frequently the developer will suggest too many houses or ignore the fact that the house has too little land to avoid any development compromising the setting of the house. When this happens, it is often the house which suffers as the developers wait for appeals or a change in policy whilst allowing the house to deteriorate further. So in the case of Ruperra Castle in Wales it’s encouraging that the owner has decided to bow out giving someone else the chance to restore this architecturally interesting house.
Ruperra is an early example of the ‘mock’ castles which became fashionable in the Elizabethan and Stuart eras and were an example of life imitating art as the idea of these houses drew from the ‘pageant castles’ as featured in court entertainment of the time. These stage castles formed the centrepiece to the royal ‘masques’ and were laden with allegorical symbolism as they might be populated by damsels (signifying virtue) but successfully defended against attacking knights (signifying baser desires). Works such as Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queen (published in 1590 and 1596) also fed a fashion for chivalry and heraldic forms. Importantly, the long period of domestic peace during Elizabeth’s reign meant that the design of houses moved from being primarily military and defensive to more simply domestic with the look of a house increasingly dictated by aesthetics.
Ruperra wasn’t quite the first of it’s type; that distinction could be said to be held by houses such as Michaelgrove in Sussex built for the Shelley family in 1536 (dem. 1830s), and Mount Edgcumbe in Devon, built between 1547 – 1554, which also were not fortresses and featured a square or rectangular central block with drum or square towers on each corner. This was followed by the fabulous Wollaton Hall in Nottinghamshire, begun in 1580, which was an altogether more grandiose statement of power but broadly followed the same layout – as did Hardwick Hall, although in an adapted form. However, the Renaissance ornamentation of Robert Smythson‘s design at Wollaton contrasted dramatically with more austere designs of the true ‘mock’ castles which harked back to the earlier simplicity of decorated castles such as Herstmonceaux Castle in Sussex, begun in 1440, with its many windows and regularised defensive elements (such as the arrow loops) making them almost decorative.
The design for Ruperra Castle was clearly based on that for Lulworth Castle, just 100 miles away in Dorset, and built between 1603-05. Always called a ‘castle’ but built with the instruction from Lord Howard of Bindon that it ‘prove pretty’, it was never military. Indeed, Thomas Gerard writing in 1630 described it as ‘well seated for prospect and pleasure; but of little other use’. Bought by the Weld family from Lord Howard it remained their family seat until a devastating fire in 1929 completely gutted the interior – as it remains today, although the building itself has been restored. Another house thought to have been built around 1612 is Compton Bassett House in Wiltshire (dem. c1929) which clearly shared a similar layout although the corner turrents were square.
The builder of Ruperra Castle was Thomas Morgan (b.1564 – d.1632), who made his fortune as the Steward for the Earls of Pembroke at Wilton House, Wiltshire. Morgan would have been regularly exposed to court life and would have been very aware of the latest architectural fashions. Hence when he came to build his own house, which was finished in 1626, he deliberately drew on the latest architectural fashions and created one of the first of the ‘modern’ country houses. The layout was a significant departure as the rooms were orientated to the outside to make the most of views – hence Ruperra’s elevated site chosen for its beauty rather than defensibility. Interestingly the ‘castle’ design seemed to fall quite quickly from favour and so there are few other examples of this type – though one late example was Beaurepaire Park in Hampshire built in 1777 (sadly burnt down in 1942).
Ruperra Castle remained as part of the Morgan’s vast Tredegar estate and was traditionally used to house the eldest son before he inherited Tredegar House, the family’s principal seat. The castle originally had dormers but these were removed during the rebuilding after a fire in 1785 and replaced with the crenellations there today. It was last inhabited during World War II when a searchlight battery requisitioned it and they were there when the terrible fire caused by faulty wiring broke out in 1941. Despite best efforts, the house was completely gutted and was eventually sold, along with the rest of the 52,000-acre Tredegar estate in 1952.
Since then, constant promises of restoration have come to nothing and it has steadily deteriorated, most dramatically when, in 1982, the south east tower largely collapsed. Sold to the current vendor, Mr Ashraf Barakat, in 1998 he had hoped to convert the house into 11 flats and build 18 more houses in the 14-acre grounds that remained with the house. After a final rejection at a public enquiry in 2009, Mr Barakat has now, wisely, put the still grade-II* listed Ruperra Castle on the market for £1.5m, rather than holding on and letting the house deteriorate further. This should not be considered a development opportunity, so hopefully now someone with deep pockets will come forward to restore, as a single family house, this architecturally important building. Its rescue would once again connect the modern history of country house design in Wales, bringing life back to a house which, when it was built, was the most sophisticated in the country.
Property details: ‘Ruperra Castle, Lower Machen, Gwent, Wales‘ [Savills]
- ‘Ruperra Castle up for sale in Caerphilly‘ [WalesOnline]
- ‘Ruperra Castle, near Rudry, goes on market for £1.5m‘ [BBC News]
- ‘Ruined castle goes on market for £1.5 million‘ [South Wales Argus]
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Here is a teaser of a common classroom rule in poster form.
This resource can be used across primary and secondary schools to set up values and expected behaviours.
It gives teachers an opportunity to have a ‘go to’ word which they can use to remind students of expectations.
This is a simple tool to have in the classroom to redirect student focus and remind them of this community value.
If you enjoy this sample, please check out our full pack of 10 classroom value posters. :)
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Swimming as a sport is complicated. A competitive swimmer must learn to swim the four required events: freestyle, backstroke, butterfly, and breaststroke. Using your arms and legs in any coordinated movement while trying to keep your head above water may be a daunting maneuver for beginners, but with proper instruction, it all comes easily.
The Freestyle Stroke
In terms of competitive swimming, freestyle refers to any stroke you want. However, because it is the fastest, the front crawl (or Australian crawl) is favored and has claimed the name of “freestyle”. The freestyle is one of the easier strokes to learn, along with the breaststroke. The freestyle stroke does require coordination of the legs and the arms in conjunction with the movements of the head and breathing. For this stroke, the head is forward and down while the propulsion is provided by the combination of legs alternately kicking and the full reaching strokes of the arms with cupped hands acting like paddles as the swimmer’s body is pushed through the water. Recreational swimmers will use this stroke most of the time and it is the most exciting event in swimming. The freestyle starts with the contestants at the edge of the pool, and their bodies are lowered, contracted and ready to release an enormous leap off the stand into the waters below.
The Butterfly Stroke
The butterfly stroke is the hardest to execute but the most fun to watch. The butterfly seems to defy science, but it can be accomplished with sufficient strength in the swimmer’s legs and upper body. It involves the person propelling their body through the water by spreading their arms out like wings above the water and paddling back under the water. The feet during this style are connected and being pushed up and down to increase speed. This stroke must be learned to make the swim team in high school but is low on the agenda of strokes for beginning swimmers to master.
The breaststroke is seen as one of the slowest moving swim techniques; however, it is one of the most suitable for long distance swims. Along with the butterfly stroke, it is one of the more difficult swim techniques to perform. It can be performed through pushing your hand straight through the water, and waving your hands back to your hips going all the way around. This stroke will engage your forearms, chest, and upper back more than any other swim style. The breaststroke can be performed at any pace and is a great workout.
The backstroke is popular for those recreational swimmers who like to watch the clouds in the sky. The face never goes below the surface of the water for recreational swimmers, but for competitive swimmers, there is the turn at the end of the pool’s length. For the majority of the swim, you will be laying on top of the water on your back and paddling backwards. This stroke is not as easy as it looks in competitive events because it is easy to violate the swim lanes and become entangled with the lane markers, but when there are interesting clouds in the sky at the beach, it cannot be topped.
These four strokes are necessary for competitive swimming, but most recreational swimmers only use the freestyle and once in a while the backstroke. If you want to add another stroke to your freestyle, there are adult swimming lessons in Somerset NJ to help guide you through the proper techniques to master your favorite swim style.
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The first meeting of the Texas Alliance of Black School Educators (TABSE) was held December 5-6, 1986 in Austin, Texas. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss a coalition of African-American educators and other individuals interested in developing strategies to improve educational opportunities for African-American students and to eradicate problems faced by educators of African-American students.
The discussion centered on the formation of a statewide organization which would serve as the voice to speak out on educational issues affecting African-American children, to present to the legislature those issues affecting African-American children, and to present to the legislature those issues affecting educators of African-American students at the state level.
The following definitive actions resulted from that meeting.
- Formation of a state National Alliance of Black School Educators unit with discussion of
constitution and by laws
- Preliminary organizations budget for mailing and printing
- Legislative agenda
- Projects identified for immediate planning
- Effective Schools Conference
- Dropout Study
- Selection of a person to act as liaison with the State Board of Educators
- Election of Officers
The name adopted for the organization was the Texas Alliance of Black School Educators (TABSE). TABSE received its charter on November 12, 1987 with thirteen educators serving as Charter Members and serving on the Board of Directors. The charter members are: Dr. Clarence Bibby, Austin; Dr. J. David Bowick, Houston; Mrs. Elma Jean Carr, Fort Worth; Mr. Edward Cline, Houston; Dr. Jay Cummings, Austin; Dr. Joseph Drayton, Houston; Mr. Dennis Dunkins, Fort Worth; Mrs. Donetta Goodfall, Austin; Mr. Roland Hayes, Austin; Dr. James Hill, Austin; Dr. Thomas Randle, Conroe; Dr. Alfred Roberts, Dallas; and Mr. Cameron Wells, Houston.
The Texas Alliance of Black School Educators affirms the inherent worth, dignity, and educability of African-American people. The Alliance challenges forces, which obstruct the achievement, development, and educational opportunities of youth and adults. African-American children throughout the United States encounter problems that are directly related to their minority group status. It is the mission of this Alliance to enhance and facilitate their education.
If the goals of equity, adequacy, and quality education are to be achieved for African-American children, it is most important that we join together to provide them with an educational environment that strengthens and nurtures them for the world’s society.
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Leadership, Citizenship & SElf-Governance
“Leadership is not about titles, positions or flowcharts. It is about one life influencing another.”
—John C. Maxwell
ACLC prides itself on "Educating the Leaders of Tomorrow" as well as being a tight-knit community.
Our school's structure as a small-scale democratic society is the way we live out these values and accomplish these goals. Democratic societies require community members to participate in leadership, citizenship and self-governance to be successful. In other words, they require members to step up and take responsibility to function well.
ACLC's Leadership, Contemporary Community Citizenship (CCC) and Judicial Committee (JC) are the learner-led and facilitator-advised bodies that carry out these functions and create the unique democratic culture that permeates ACLC's academic and extracurricular life.
Leadership is a vital way that ACLC empowers learners.
Leadership takes on the executive functions of the community of learners, similar to a student council, and conducts its business using Robert's Rules of Order. This group meets three times a week and works closely with a facilitator to deliberate, vote on, and implement proposals submitted by the community.
Leadership responsibilities include: codifying changes in the rule book, enforcing community rules, coordinating center activities, supporting the smooth operation of day-to-day affairs, and coordinating and facilitating the annual ACLC Constitutional Convention. Many functions such as planning CCC meetings and announcements, coordinating field trips, and other facilitative and communication roles are accomplished by Leadership.
Leadership gives learners extensive experience in management and facilitation of operations and mitigates the necessity of hiring support staff to perform these functions.
Leadership offers learners the opportunity to engage in self-management and organization of their own learning community.
It also provides meaningful roles and real-world experiences for learners and helps maintain and operate the school more cost-effectively.
Contemporary Community Citizenship (CCC)
CCC serves as the primary communication matrix of ACLC and encompasses the entire community of learners. It consists of a weekly whole-school meeting which then breaks down into small group formats to ensure all voices are heard.
CCC empowers ACLC learners to establish the operational rules of their learning community and make decisions about the use of resources (e.g., purchase of specific equipment, use of funding for field trips, etc.).
In CCC, learners come together to discuss ongoing issues of importance to the school. Issues as mundane as noise levels and cleanliness to issues as complex and critical as sexual harassment and community relations may be discussed and decided upon. Individual needs may also be discussed.
CCC also assumes responsibility for legislative action – making, discussing and voting on formal proposals that relate to the policy and operations of the school. Many of these actions are controlled by the CCC and do not require review or approval by the ACLC Board.
CCC is the locus for ACLC's annual Constitutional Convention, during which the entire community reviews the operations of the year and make changes to the Constitution governing the school. This includes the creation and amendment of the Law Book – the document which clarifies the rules and code of conduct for the entire ACLC Charter School community, including learners, facilitators, parents, and community visitors.
CCC evaluates our facilitators, Leadership Committee and school operations and makes recommendations for change.
CCC also elects learner representatives to the ACLC Board.
The bulk of decision-making related to the daily self-management of the school is in the hands of ACLC learners. However, issues which reflect a change in basic mission, charter, philosophy, budget and personnel matters require review and approval by the ACLC Board or the CLCS Governing Board before they take effect.
Judicial Committee (JC)
The JC is vital to the governance of ACLC, placing the responsibility for self-management directly on the learners.
JC enforces the rules of the school by hearing cases submitted by learners and facilitators and deciding on appropriate consequences to specific actions. The findings of the JC are binding on all parties involved and may result in further action, including suspension or expulsion, if necessary.
The JC also mediates disputes and assists parties who engaged in conflict to find common ground and move forward in a cooperative manner. This role is particularly important to maintain harmony among parties who remain in the same learning community and interact regularly.
The Judicial Committee (JC) is comprised of five clerks elected by the learners and one facilitator selected by his/her peers. JC meets five times each week to consider issues related to infringement of rules codified in the Law Book developed by CCC.
Please see the following:
Judical Committee Rules
Judical Committee Conflict Management Referral Form
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Linux comes with various utilities that allow a system administrator to reboot, halt or poweroff the system. One must be root or a member of wheel group in order to run reboot command.
Reboot Linux command
You must login as root to reboot the system. Open the terminal application (or login to remote box using ssh client) and type any one of the following command to reboot the system immediately:
# /sbin/shutdown -r now
You can also use sudo command under Ubuntu/Debian/Fedora and other Linux based distros:
$ sudo reboot
It is a good idea to provide notification to all logged-in users that the system is going down and, within the last five minutes of TIME, new logins are prevented. Type the following command:
# shutdown -r +5
Broadcast message from email@example.com (/dev/pts/1) at 13:21 ... The system is going down for reboot in 5 minutes!
TIME may have different formats, the most common is simply the word now which will bring the system down immediately. Other valid formats are +m, where m is the number of minutes to wait until shutting down and hh:mm which specifies the time on the 24hr clock.
How do I reboot remote Linux server?
Simply login as the root user using ssh command:
$ ssh firstname.lastname@example.org /sbin/reboot
$ ssh email@example.com /sbin/shutdown -r now
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| Fauna of Cyprus
The arrival of animals in Cyprus has been a subject of interest to zoologists, since it has always been an island. According to existing evidence, the first arrivals were hippopotami and elephants, both excellent swimmers. They arrived 1.5 million years ago and apart from some shrews and mice, were the only land mammals roaming the island prior to Man's arrival 9,000 years ago.
The present-day fauna of Cyprus includes some 7 species of land mammals, 26 species of amphibians and reptiles, 357 species of birds, a great variety of insects and mites, while the coastal waters of the island give shelter to 197 fish species and various species of crabs, sponges and echinoderma.
The largest wild animal that still lives on the island is the Cyprus moufflon (Ovis orientalis ophion), a rare type of wild sheep that can only be found in Cyprus.
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This section contains some basic stargazing information which can be accessed by reading and scrolling, or by jumping to a particular section by clicking on the desired section listed below.
As even casual stargazers know, some stars are brighter than others. Many are so faint they are barely detectable while some are so bright they can be seen from light-polluted cities. One star in particular--our Sun--is blindingly bright. To make sense of these variations, astronomers use a measurement scale called visual magnitudes. It's a reverse scale where the brighter the object, the lower the magnitude number. In 120 BCE, long before the invention of the telescope, the Greek astronomer Hipparchus devised the first scale by which he ranked stars into six levels of brightness. (Our Sun wasn't recognized as a star then.) The brightest stars he considered "first magnitude." Those barely visible were "sixth magnitude." The rest were equally ranked in between. Although imprecise and cumbersome, his scale has been used ever since. Modern astronomers have made the scale more precise, and have expanded it to measure the full range of brightnesses, from our Sun to objects fainter than the Greeks could imagine. The scale includes fractions to account for subtle differences in brightness. For example, a star's visual magnitude might be +3.6. The scale also now dips into negative numbers for very bright objects and goes well beyond +6 for objects fainter than the naked eye can see. The difference in brightness between magnitude values is two and one-half times. For example, Virgo's Spica with a magnitude of +1 is two and one-half times brighter than Polaris (the North Star) with a magnitude of +2. The apparent brightness of stars -- how bright they appear from Earth -- depends primarily upon two factors: luminosity (their absolute brightness, i.e., the actual amount of light they give off) and distance. Our Sun, a star of average brightness, appears so bright because of its nearness. Its visual magnitude is measured at -27. By contrast, Orion's supergiant Rigel is 50,000 times brighter than our sun, but at a distance of 900 light years, its visual magnitude is 0. Even at that distance it is still the 7th brightest star in our night sky. Viewed from Rigel's distance, our Sun wouldn't even be visible to the naked eye. Polaris, the North Star, at 650 light years away, is magnitude +2. Venus, which only reflects sunlight but is much nearer than the stars, appears much brighter with a magnitude of -4. From urban areas where light pollution is a problem, the naked eye can only see objects down to 3rd magnitude or so whereas from rural areas, objects of 5th and even 6th magnitude can be seen. Thus, naked-eye urban stargazers see a few as dozens, and at most a few hundred, stars, whereas the rural stargazer can see upwards of a couple of thousand. Typical 7X50 binoculars can reveal objects down to about 8th magnitude, and even fainter under excellent viewing conditions. The Hubble Space Telescope has taken photos of incredibly faint objects at magnitude +30, which, it has been said, is comparable to seeing a candle flame several thousand miles away.
Factors Affecting Stargazing
While it takes eyes a while to dark-adapt, they un-adapt very quickly -- pupils close more quickly than they open. The headlights of a passing auto or a few seconds looking at a star map with a white flashlight is all it takes to spoil viewing for several minutes. For this reason white lights are not used or welcomed at star parties. This doesn't mean we can't use any light when stargazing. We still need to see things like star maps, planispheres, eyepieces and the like. Fortunately, the use of soft red light maintains relatively good dark adaptation. (See Red Flashlights.) If you stargaze from your yard, it's a good idea to plan ahead so you won't keep running back into your lighted house. Light pollution. Light pollution has become a serious problem for stargazing, and in most places, it is getting worse. Still it is a factor over which we can have some control. Ideally, we could do all our observing from remote locations far from civilization, but rarely is this possible. Nevertheless, unless you live in one of the mega-cities, just driving 15-25 miles into the country can make a big difference. From there, viewing is generally much better in all directions except back toward the city. Since much of the sky's action takes place in the southern half of the sky, it's good to try to find a viewing location south of your city. There are things even an urban backyard stargazer can do to improve viewing like finding a spot shielded from direct street lights, porch lights, passing cars, and the like. Also, keep in mind that views of the Moon and planets are generally much less affected by light pollution. So if your home viewing site is seriously light polluted, use it for lunar and planetary viewing and save those deep sky beauties for your excursions into the country. This is a good place to plug the International Dark-Sky Association (see Links page), an organization dedicated to combating light pollution in constructive ways. Much polluting light is wasted light shining directly into the sky rather than on the intended earthly objects. Reducing light pollution would save energy and money, as well as preserve the beauty and wonder of the night sky for future generations. Stargazers, arise against light pollution and join IDA! Moonlight. The Moon, when it is up, floods the sky with light. With anything more than a thin crescent Moon above the horizon, it is difficult to see anything more than the major planets and brightest stars. The Moon even obscures meteor showers. Having the Moon out is essentially like viewing from a heavily light polluted location. So to have some control over this factor, you'll need to understand the Moon's phases. The Moon orbits Earth every 29 1/2 days, or about every month (moonth), so each of the four phases lasts about one week. The following chart summarizes good and poor viewing times related to the Moon's phases.
During new Moon the Moon can't even be seen as it is too close to the Sun. As the Sun goes down, the Moon goes with it, leaving dark skies all night long. A few days after new Moon, the situation begins to deteriorate for evening stargazing. Each night the waxing crescent Moon grows larger and stays in the evening sky longer. In about a week, the Moon will have moved a quarter of the way around Earth, producing the 1st quarter Moon -- when the right half of the surface facing Earth is illuminated. During this phase, the Moon rises around noon, it high in the sky in the evening and sets around midnight. 1st quarter Moon, therefore, is bad for evening stargazing but good for morning viewing. After 1st quarter, the waxing gibbous Moon becomes even larger and stays in the sky longer each night. After about a week, it reach full. It is now on the opposite side of Earth from the Sun and fully illuminated -- the worst possible time for stargazing. When full, the Moon is at its largest, rises as the Sun is setting, stays in the sky all night, and doesn't set until sunrise. This might be a good time of the month to read about stargazing as you won't see much in the sky. Finally, after full Moon, the situation gets better each night for evening viewing. The waning gibbous Moon rises nearly an hour later each night and gets smaller. By 3rd quarter, the Moon is three-quarters of the way around on its monthly journey and the left half of the surface facing Earth is illuminated. It doesn't rise until around midnight -- great for evening viewing, but not for morning. Following 3rd quarter, the waning crescent Moon continues to get smaller and rise later each day until it once again aligns with the Sun in the next new Moon. A brief note: During most months, the new Moon doesn't exactly align with the Sun -- it passes slightly above or below the Sun. An exact alignment produces a solar eclipse. Another note: To avoid interfering moonlight, astronomy clubs usually hold their star parties between the 3rd quarter and new Moon. Averted Vision. One final trick employed for seeing very faint objects utilizes "averted vision." The anatomy of the human eye is such that the cones in the center of the retina are not as sensitive to faint light as the rods which surround the center. Therefore, this trick entails focusing one's eyes slightly to one side (either side will do) of the faint object while continuing to concentrate attention on the object itself. The image of the faint object then focuses on the more sensitive rods, rather than the central cones, and actually appears slightly brighter than when looked at directly.
STARGAZING AND MOON PHASES
MOON PHASE EVENING VIEWING MORNING VIEWING New good good 1st Quarter poor good Full poor poor 3rd Quarter good poor
One can practice this trick during the day. Focus on any object, then shift your attention, but not your eyes, to another object a little to one side of the first object. While still focused on the first object, notice that you can see and describe the second object without looking directly at it. You are seeing the second object with averted vision. Try it.
Sky Maps and Planispheres
Suggested Star Party Check-List
* red flashlight
* white flashlight
* planisphere/star maps
* paper and pencil
* reclining lawn chair
* cell phone
* insect repellent (seasonal)
* warm clothing (seasonal)
Star Party Etiquette
- Lights: Dark adapted eyes are important when stargazing, so use RED flashlights, not white flashlights (except in the case of an emergency, of course). Don't shine light -- even red light -- in people's eyes or face.
- Telescope viewing: Except when being used for a special project (such as astrophotography), telescopes are there for viewing so it is usually OK to move from scope to scope to look through all of them if you wish. They will probably be showing different things. Don't mob the scopes -- get in line to look through them. Try not to bump or move the scope. If you don't see anything, say so -- the object may have moved out of the FOV, the scope may have been bumped, or you might need some tips on how to look into an eyepiece.
- Asking questions and talking: It's quite OK to talk and ask questions. Just try not to get so loud others can't hear. (Loud music is NOT welcome at star parties.)
- Refreshments, etc.: It's OK to bring food and drinks (and sharing is OK, too!). Finally, it's a good idea to go the bathroom before going to a star party -- there usually are no bathrooms there.
Last updated: February 28, 2002
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October 14, 2013 § Leave a comment
Thinking and Practice Tutorial 14/10/13
This tutorial we were shown how to correctly white balance a photograph that needs altering. We firstly imported a portrait into Photoshop. We changed the colour settings to Adobe RGB 1998 and loaded the histogram so we could accurately see where the photo needed colour correcting. We created an adjustment layer so that any alterations we make is done on a separate layer (non-destructive) rather than directly editing the image. We selected three parts of the image using the eyedropper tool, light and dark flesh tones and a control tone which was the grey jumper in the image. Looking at the colour properties we concluded that there needs to be 40 – 60 more red units than green, and 25 – 30 more green units than blue. We selected the to flesh tones and looked at the points on the blue scale. We selected an average point between the two points shown on the scale and shifted the point below to alter the colour balance. We then adjusted the red and green in the image to make sure the units were at the correct point.
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Researchers-again-pinpoint why stress kills
As Valentine’s Day approaches, one prevailing argument for marriage may well be that studies show married people are less depressed than their single counterparts. Behind this string of scientific reasoning for matrimony is a proven fact: the prevalence of depression in patients with coronary artery disease (e.g., myocardial infarction and heart failure) is approximately five times that of the general population.
Major depression is a significant predictor of mortality after myocardial infarction. Its predictive ability on subsequent cardiovascular events, for example, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, ischemia, or sudden cardiac death, is comparable to that of left ventricular dysfunction, previous myocardial infarction, and smoking. Even more alarming is the finding that depression is a significant risk factor for coronary artery disease in patients without a history of heart disease. In other words, the risk for a heart attack or other cardiac disease for depressed but otherwise healthy patients is similar to the risk for patients with established cardiovascular disease.
Gender does play a role. Psychological depression is a common mood disorder affecting 2–3% of males and 5–9% of females. Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide (quantified by years lived with a disease) and is exceeded only by coronary artery disease as the leading cause of disability in the United States. So, in addition to all the social and medical costs of depression, the disorder is considered a risk factor for coronary artery disease.
Why? Past studies to establish the link between cardiac disease and depression have focused on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction associated with increased sympathetic activation, an imbalance in parasympathetic and sympathetic inputs to the heart (i.e., increased sympathetic tone and/or decreased parasympathetic tone), manifest as reduced heart rate variability, and altered serotonin activity affecting platelet function.
Scientists have noted an important interaction between stress and ventricular arrhythmias, or loss of rhythm to the heart. This relationship has been supported by animal studies and in observation of some human patients with postmyocardial infarction, where the presence of depression in combination with premature ventricular complexes greatly increases the likelihood of a recurrent heart attack.
A New Study
However, none of these suppositions are well established. A team of University of Iowa researchers set out to ascertain whether an increased susceptibility to life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias in depressed patients influences the risk of morbidity and mortality in coronary artery disease. The findings of their research are reported in "Increased Susceptibility to Ventricular Arrhythmias in a Rodent Model of Experimental Depression," authored by Angela J. Grippo, Claudia M. Santos, Ralph F. Johnson, Terry G. Beltz, James B. Martins, Robert B. Felder, and Alan Kim Johnson, all from the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA. Their findings appeared in the February 2004 edition of the American Journal of Physiology--Heart and Circulatory Physiology. The journal is one of 14 peer-reviewed scientific journals published each month by the American Physiological Society (www.aps.org).
Because stressful life events are known to be predisposing factors for depression as well as predictors of the severity of depression, the researchers used a stress-induced rodent model of depression to examine the influence of this disorder on ventricular arrhythmias. Chronic mild stress (CMS) is a rodent model of depression that was developed to mimic particular defining features of mood disorders, such as anhedonia (the reduced responsiveness to pleasurable stimuli) and reduced activity level. Behavioral changes are induced via a combination of seemingly mild annoyances or stressors (e.g., strobe light, white noise, damp bedding, and paired housing) presented in an unpredictable manner.
A control group and a CMS group of rats were established. To generate stress, the CMS group was exposed to the following mild stressors each week, in random order: 1) continuous overnight illumination and 40 degree cage tilt along the vertical axis; 2) paired housing; 3) soiled cage; 4) exposure to an empty water bottle immediately after a period of acute water deprivation; 5) stroboscopic illumination; and 6) white noise. The CMS procedure was carried out for a total of four weeks. Control animals were left undisturbed in their home cages with the exception of routine handling (i.e., regular cage cleaning and measuring of body weight), which was matched to that of the CMS group.
This CMS model provided an opportunity to examine a potential link between experimental anhedonia (absence of pleasure from the performance of acts that would ordinarily be pleasurable) and the susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias in rats. This entailed the employment of aconitine, in rats exposed to CMS. Aconitine is arrhythmogenic in cardiac myocytes due to enhanced sodium influx into myocardial cells on both depolarization and repolarization and as a result of an increase in active Na+ current during depolarization. The utility of aconitine for the study of electrocardiographic activity is well documented. This drug has been used experimentally in anesthetized rats to investigate the vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmias as well as the efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs.
The researchers found the following:
- Sucrose intake was significantly reduced in rats exposed to four weeks of CMS. The reduced sucrose intake and sucrose preference in the CMS group is a specific indication of decreased responsiveness to a pleasurable stimulus.
- Anhedonic rats displayed elevated heart rate and reduced heart rate variability. These alterations in CMS rats are similar to changes found in human depressed patients as well as results from our laboratory, which describe cardiovascular and behavioral effects associated with CMS in conscious rats.
- Rats that displayed anhedonia in the current study also showed a reduced threshold for specific ventricular arrhythmias after the fourth week of CMS exposure.
The current study was undertaken to determine whether rats with CMS-induced anhedonia (i.e., experimental depression) were more susceptible than control rats to experimentally induced cardiac arrhythmias. Both behavioral and cardiovascular changes were observed in rats exposed to CMS. This stress appears to produce a reduced threshold for ventricular arrhythmias that may signal an increased risk of detrimental cardiovascular outcomes (e.g., myocardial infarction, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death).
The researchers believe that further research should focus on determining the central nervous system mechanisms that are driving the changes in sympathetic tone and susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmias in the CMS model. The use of controlled experimental methods may shed light on the mechanisms that underlie the increased risk for coronary artery disease in individuals with mood disorders, and may aid in the development of beneficial treatments for these patients.
Source: February 2004 edition of the American Journal of Physiology--Heart and Circulatory Physiology.
The American Physiological Society (APS) was founded in 1887 to foster basic and applied science, much of it relating to human health. The Bethesda, MD-based Society has more than 10,000 members and publishes 3,800 articles in its 14 peer-reviewed journals every year.
Donna Krupa | EurekAlert!
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This we will never know
If there were to be mathematical equations to equal God, more current theorists would have come close with Albert Einstein and Einstein's theory of relativity. It is interesting to note, most early mathematicians trespassed the same knowledge with early philosophers nominating the names of their theory such as Pythagoras. For example, theorists, philosophers, cosmologists, astronomers and mathematicians known for their contestable theorem did communicate similar ideas from the beginning of Christianity until this present day. Heliocentrism did nominate the centre of the Universe was the centre of the Earth, later theorists came up with a similar equation of the Sun being at the centre of the Universe of celestial spheres. Einstein's theory nominates a familiar reflection and conical view for example the Earth spins on an axis. The atomic theory of relativity is central to the theme. Theorists reevaluated Classical ideas of the Hellenistic Greeks in the first century after Christ and then, again, some five hundred years later in Renaissance, Italy. There were incredible examples of Divine geometry or artists trying to work out mathematically through algebraic equations the dimensions of God. The dimensions of God equalled the face of Christ but to get to a mathematical understanding of Christ, artists had to work out proportion and the perspective of the self or look in the mirror. Einstein's theorem is similar for there is a conical reflection of the Earth's centre or equator and this reflects the Divine spheres to equal the ten circles of the spherical realms of Heaven, sometimes referred to as the heavenly abode. Einstein was an atomist.
If we consider why the Earth spins on an axis we would be in reflection of Neptune. We are led to believe the Earth spins on an axis around the Sun but this could be an illusion. The earthly elements of water, earth, air and fire should illuminate our minds to some equation. For example, the reflection of water hitting a windowpane and reflecting a pattern on the wall of a room containing the window contains an illusion of water on the wall. We reflect light and this is how we see. The planet Venus would reflect the Earth and Neptune with other heavenly bodies like star clusters and all would reflect light like prisms and water reflecting a rainbow. Gods of old or participating human reflection in Ancient Greek times, held sacred, the natural elements on Earth, equated to participation of gods such as lightning, thunder, rain and thunder in the clouds, natural elements as a chemical reaction to nature. For example, storms and wild elements of nature to cause lightning and thunder in the clouds, heavy rain to the perennial floods and earthquakes via phases of the moon, do participate in similar understanding of the elements. Venus is then, thrown out to sea only to arrive on a big open clamshell as a goddess, in the calm of the storm after the wind. Atoms do produce a void of understanding.
If we consider the valley and the mountain are we talking about Heaven and Hell? A mountain is a spiritual egress to be climbed as with the highest Heaven to be obtained by starlight. A valley containing a river or a thoroughfare contains the bottom of a river or a windy passage, for the Spirit's trespass, to the realm of Heaven, somewhere where atoms transpire along a pathway to a gateway known as the void or nature, lightening travels along rivers. In a conical view of the heavens similar to Dante's understanding of realms of Heaven and Hell existing under the Earth to meet the centre of the Earth and starlight, we are again taken through a journey of the abyss of Hell to find Heaven or Paradise. The conical idea of climbing an inverse mountain or down through, the centre of the Earth, you would believe to be similar to climbing a mountain, to the highest peaks, the air becomes thin and oxygen is depleted. We incur a curvature of light. In a black hole there is supposed to be zero gravity and time almost as a negative reflection of life in antithesis of being and here, we are denied reflection in the knowing of being or the void. Light travels on a curvature so we do not see it. We are here in reflection of being.
If the Sun were billions of light years away, why is it that we see the Sun? We are in reflection of light. We cannot see light though as light is a reflection of a refraction of lost time. There is refraction of negative time, in the end of negative space, encountered in a black hole. So, we are a reflection of infinity but do have an end time like negative space that occurs in the void of zero gravity or a reflection of the eternity of being. There will be an end of the world and may have already happened millions of years ago but we will never see the Sun. We are in antithesis of being and may not have arrived at ourselves yet or already exist. We do know of the existence of dinosaurs but how do we know we did not occur before their extinction? We could be experiencing a black hole or zero gravity to experience gravity at all. If our planet were inside a black hole, along with the rest of our Universe, it would suggest why our planets spin on an axis and travel on a conical pendulum or almost like an anticyclone, you would expect after a storm. This too, could explain why we travel so slowly and night becomes day. Light should not really have to exist at all, if it travels but we will never see the light or hear God's music. The antithesis of being is light but we need not exist. God is eternal but to experience an end time or know of time via an eternity, we have to know of existence. This we will never know.
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More about PeacePlayers Basketball Clubs
Palestinians and Israelis few opportunities for positive contact in their daily lives. In some cases, they live literally across the road from one another, but live completely segregated lives. As a result, they know each other through myth and media, which exacerbates hate and perpetuates the cycle of violence. An unequal distribution of resources reinforces the divide and creates obstacles for those most vulnerable, including females. PeacePlayers International – Middle East (PPI – ME) directly addresses these issues through longitudinal programs that engage Palestinian and Israeli young people ages 6 to 23. Basketball is used as tool to unite Palestinian and Israeli youth, by providing a safe space where participants can form new group identities and build friendships and trust. The program targets from disadvantaged communities, and includes 70% female participation. Children are engaged in the program at least twice weekly, providing a constructive framework to guide their development. Conflict resolution, leadership and professional development training help create a leadership pipeline, by equipping participants with skills to become leaders in the program and beyond.
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Wednesday, April 9
Posted: Wednesday, April 9
One Year Bible Reading Guide:
Verse of the day:
He also asked, “What else is the Kingdom of God like? It is like the yeast a woman used in making bread. Even though she put only a little yeast in three measures of flour, it permeated every part of the dough." (Luke 13:20-21)
Jesus asked his listeners one day a very important question; He asked “What is the Kingdom of God like?”
Jesus wanted us to understand the Kingdom of God and the principles by which it operates so he gives us a big idea in these short verses: the Kingdom starts small and it grows big.
Each time I’ve traveled to Israel I’m struck by the humble beginnings of Jesus. Born of a virgin teenage mother in a small town with a poor reputation, Jesus was just a country boy. To this day, the area where he spent his life and ministry is remote and unremarkable. And many people in Jesus’ day missed the reality that he was the Christ because they were expecting more. That was then. Today, He’s worshiped on every continent by a few billion people on earth as God and Savior. In Acts, the church starts with 120 people in a room. God likes to start small and go big, that’s why we’re encouraged to never despise simple, humble beginnings (Zechariah 4:10). How is the Kingdom of God at work in your life?
Pastor Jon Brooks // College & Young Adult Pastor
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Rail-based transportation offers considerable efficiency and economy, but it conveys a risk of mortality for people and wildlife that is sometimes high enough to threaten local populations. This situation characterizes grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in Banff National Park where mortality from train strikes has increased dramatically over the last 15 years without explanation. Risk of mortality is assumed to begin with hypothesized attraction to agricultural products spilled on the rail, natural and invasive edible plants favoured by rail disturbance, the presence of scavenging opportunities from other rail-killed animals, and increased travel efficiency. Mortality risk is presumed to increase both numerically (as a function of frequency) and functionally, from the failure of bears either to detect approaching trains or escape the track bed quickly. The functional effects, in turn, are hypothesized to result from topography, interference from other kinds of human infrastructure or other bears, and exacerbating effects of visibility and weather.
We participated in a five-year project to investigate each of these hypotheses and to identify effective forms of mitigation. In collaboration with biologists from Parks Canada, we measured habitat selection and movement of bears fitted with GPS collars, monitored the distribution, abundance and seasonal changes in each of spilled agricultural products, bear foods, and rail-caused mortality for all wildlife. We also estimated rail use at specific locations by bears and other mammals and assessed several physical attributes of the rail, including the surrounding aspect, slope, hydrology, and magnetic properties. Owing to clear hot spots of mortality, we have developed a train-based warning system that is now being tested. We are synthesizing our more specific research results in a predictive model of mortality risk to support mitigation action at this site and use by others to reduce train-caused mortality for other species and locations.
This project is funded by the Canadian Pacific / Parks Canada Grizzly Bear Conservation Initiative with matching funding from a Collaborative Research and Development Grant Grant, an industrial partnership program of the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada.
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Maybe, like me, you read everything you could get your eyes on last week about the gene patenting case, and spent several days pondering the implications of the ruling by the Supreme Court that companies like Myriad Genetics can’t patent isolated human genes. Or, maybe you’re a busy person with not much time to dive deeply into the issue. If so, you might find today’s summary by the National Geographic – 7 Takeaways from Supreme Court’s Gene Patent Decision – a useful primer.
The article quotes Jake Sherkow, JD, and Hank Greely, JD, from the Stanford Center for the Law and Biosciences, who each provided comment on the case for us and other members of the media last week. I found point 2 – “Synthetic DNA is fair game” – to be particularly interesting, since it’s one of the first discussions of what the ruling allows, rather than prohibits:
While companies can no longer patent genes with the same sequences found in cells, the decision allows edited forms of genes not found in nature—known as complementary DNA, or cDNA—to be patented.
cDNA is not useful for diagnostic tests, but it is crucial for producing protein-based drugs, explained Robert Cook-Deegan, a professor of genome ethics, law, and policy at Duke University’s Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy.
“Those are the billion-dollar molecule patents,” Cook-Deegan said. “Biotech companies care a great deal about cDNA patents, and it should be reassuring to them that those patents are still fine.”
Hank Greely, a bioethicist and law professor at Stanford University, predicts cDNA patents will become even more valuable as scientists move beyond merely exploiting naturally occurring proteins.
“In the longer run, as we move into an era of synthetic biology, where we start trying to improve upon nature, then I think [cDNA patents] will be important,” Greely said.
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TABERNACLE STUDIES Part 11 The Lampstand
The candlestick or lampstand is detailed for us in Exodus 37:17-24:
“And he made the candlestick of pure gold: of beaten work made he the candlestick; his shaft, and his branch, his bowls, his knops, and his flowers, were of the same:
And six branches going out of the sides thereof; three branches of the candlestick out of the one side thereof, and three branches of the candlestick out of the other side thereof:
Three bowls made after the fashion of almonds in one branch, a knop and a flower; and three bowls made like almonds in another branch, a knop and a flower: so throughout the six branches going out of the candlestick.
And in the candlestick were four bowls made like almonds, his knops, and his flowers:
And a knop under two branches of the same, and a knop under two branches of the same, and a knop under two branches of the same, according to the six branches going out of it.
Their knops and their branches were of the same: all of it was one beaten work of pure gold.
And he made his seven lamps, and his snuffers, and his snuffdishes, of pure gold.
Of a talent of pure gold made he it, and all the vessels thereof.”
Although the candlestick did not hold candles, nevertheless the word candel is a measurement of light, hence the Authorised Version is quite correct, for the branches did support the light sources on top of them and as such were sticks for candels, meaning light beams. Since this use of the word candel is not familiar to us, we shall use the word lampstand. After all, the word candel was not familiar to the Hebrews. They would think of this item of tabernacle furniture as a stand for holding up lamps, and such it is.
The position of the lampstand: The lampstand was positioned on the left hand side as the priest approached God, which meant it was on the south side of the Holy Place, Exodus 40:24. The vessels in the court of the tabernacle symbolise the ministry of the Lord Jesus in open view when He was on earth. He was crucified in full view of the city and the passers-by, and His sacrifice in its justifying and sanctifying aspects are typified by the altar and laver. The vessels in the Holy Place, however, symbolise for us the ministry of the Lord Jesus in the heavenly sanctuary. We have noted at the outset of our studies that the tabernacle represented heavenly things, and was God’s sign to Israel that better things were in prospect than could be accomplished by earthly priests in an earthly sanctuary. The Lord Jesus has “entered…into heaven itself, now to appear (shine) in the presence of God, (like the loaves), for us” (as counterpart to altar of incense, interceding), Hebrews 9:24. Being on the south side, this meant it was “over against the table”, Exodus 26:35. But we are also told that the lamps gave “light over against the lampstand”, Exodus 25:37, meaning that the lampstand shone onto itself as well as onto the table. And since the altar of incense was between the two, before the veil, it must have lit up this vessel as well. So all three vessels were lit up by the lamps, and were thereby linked together.
Purpose of the lampstand: As far as Israel was concerned, the lamp was a constant testimony that God would introduce the Messiah. In Genesis 15:17 we read that when God was making an unconditional covenant with Abraham, (for Abraham was asleep during the process), instead of Abraham passing through the pieces of the divided covenant-victim, a burning lamp did so. Now we learn from Isaiah 62:1 that the Messiah is depicted as a burning lamp. This is confirmed in the New Testament, for Paul, referring to the covenant with Abraham, said that it was confirmed “in Christ”, Galatians 3:17, thus pin-pointing the fact that He is the guaranteeing party to the arrangement.
As far as we are concerned, we may say the following things about the current ministry of the Lord Jesus in heaven, as the one who represents us, and ministers to our needs. (a) He displays His own glory. He is recognised for who He is, as on earth He was not. This is the aspect of glory He asked for in John 17:5. He did not lose the glory of Deity, (see John 2:11), but He did lose the recognition of it that He had enjoyed in heaven. That has been restored to Him, and as the hymn-writer put it, “Every knee to Him is bending, as the Lamb for sinners slain”. (b) He “shines” in the presence of God for us. Just as the light of the lampstand would cause the crystals of the frankincense on the loaves to sparkle, so the shining glory of Christ lights up His people, and makes them acceptable to God. (c) He is engaged in priestly activity in heaven, and does so in the light of His own glory. He shines upon His people, intercedes for them, and represents them all in the presence of God just as the loaves represented all the twelve tribes of Israel.
The pattern of the lampstand:
(a) It was made entirely of gold. This emphasises the fact that Christ is light because He is God. The apostle John wrote, “God is light, and in Him is no darkness at all”, 1 John 1:5, so since Christ is “the true God and eternal life”, 1 John 5:20, then light is the expression of His person. Whereas He ever shone as the light, His intercession and provision depend on His incarnation, hence the altar and the table are of wood as well as of gold, for they depend for their functioning that the Lord Jesus is True Man as well as True God.
(b) It was measured by weight, not size. The word glory is connected with the word heavy, and Christ is heavy with Divine glory. That glory cannot be measured except by the weight of it. It was made of a talent of pure gold. There is no impurity with God, “in Him is no darkness at all”, and so it is fitting that the gold is mentioned as being pure. Being pure, we are assured that it has no other substance with it to make it less than perfect. As already quoted, the Lord Jesus is “true God”; He is genuine and authentic. The apostle Paul could write, “in Him dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead bodily”, Colossians 2:9. The fulness dwelt in Him down here, but it dwells in Him still, as is seen by the present tense of the verb dwell.
(c) It was like a beautiful almond tree. The shittim wood used for four of the vessels speaks of Christ in His humiliation down here. The “root out of the dry ground”, (for the shittim tree grew in the harsh conditions of the desert), and the one “despised and rejected of men”, Isaiah 53:3. The almond tree, however, is a tree of Canaan, as is seen by the fact that Jacob sent almonds from Canaan, amongst other gifts, from Canaan as a present for Joseph, Genesis 43:11. The Lord Jesus is fully fitted to minister in heaven, for that is His proper home. He came from God and went to God, John 13:3.
The word for almond means “to wake”, and “to watch”. This is because it is the first tree to bloom, and it watches for the new season after the darkness of the winter, and awakes first. We see this in Jeremiah 1:11,12, where we read, “Moreover the word of the Lord came unto me, saying, “Jeremiah, what seest thou?” And I said, “I see the rod of an almond tree.” Then said the Lord unto me, “Thou hast well seen: for I will hasten My word to perform it”. So just as the almond hastens to display its glory after the gloom of winter, so the Lord promises to glorify Himself despite the adverse conditions Israel were in. We learn therefore that the Lord Jesus is ever watchful over His people, and ever hastens to their succour when they are in need.
(d) It was made of beaten work. The beauty was the result of suffering. Bezaleel must have taken a solid lump of gold, and with his goldsmith’s hammer beat out that gold until it was shaped like a golden tree. It is said that the almond tree in Palestine is strikingly beautiful, and this lampstand must have been the same. The Lord Jesus has been made perfect or fully qualified for His present ministry by “the things that He suffered”, Hebrews 2:10; 5:9. His experiences in a hostile world have given Him glories that He did not have before, and fit Him to support His people as they pass through this wilderness world.
(e) Was beautifully ornamented. The time for humiliation is over for Christ, and He shines in all His glory in heaven. There were no leaves, for that represents barrenness and false profession, as we see from. The Lord Jesus came to a fig tree, (which represents the nation of Israel after the flesh), and found “nothing thereon, but leaves only”, Matthew 21:19. There is no pretence and outward show with Christ; He is always what He seems, and always bears fruit for His Father.
The knops were like swelling buds, which in the case of a tree show the vigour of the life that is within. Trees in the depth of winter sometimes look as though they have died, but then the warmer days come, and the buds begin to swell, life bursts forth again. The Lord Jesus lives in resurrection life, as He said to John, “I was dead; and, behold, I am alive for evermore”, Revelation 1:18. But He said this as “He that liveth”, which amounts to a title, “The Living One”. So the life in resurrection He has is a further expression of the life He has inherently.
He has been made a high priest “after the power of an endless life”, Hebrews 7:16. In other words, His death could not deprive Him of His real life, and it is in relation to His Divine Life, which has shown itself to be endless, or indissoluble, that He ministers for His people. The priests of Aaron’s line were not suffered to continue by reason of death, Hebrews 7:23, but He has no such limitation. It is a great mystery how He who is essentially the Living One should be found in death, but it was necessary in order that He might bring His people over into resurrection conditions in association with Himself. He must deal with their mortality that they might know His immortality. We should bear in mind that the Saviour spoke of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob as living, even though as to the body they are dead. “God is not the God of the dead, but of the living”, Matthew 22:31.
Aaron’s rod that budded was the sign to the people that God had invested authority in him after the criticisms of Korah, see Numbers Chapters 16 and 17. So Christ’s authority to minister in the heavenly sanctuary is vested in His rising again from the dead.
The flowers were unfading, for they were made of gold. These flowers will never fade. James speaks of the rich men of earth, who shall fade away. They are like the flowers on the grass, of which it has to be said, “the grace of the fashion of it perisheth,” James 1:11. The glories of the one who, although rich, for us became poor, shall be admired by us eternally, for He especially asked that His people might be with Him, so that they might behold His glory, John 17:24. And because the basis of that prayer is “for Thou lovedst me before the foundation of the world”, it is sure to be granted.
The bowls were like almonds, for the tree has achieved its object, and borne fruit. The Lord Jesus made it clear that a tree is known by its fruits. “Ye shall know them by their fruits. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles? Even so every good tree bringeth forth good fruit; but a corrupt tree bringeth forth corrupt fruit. A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit. Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire. Wherefore, by their fruits ye shall know them”, Matthew 7:16-20. By yielding the good fruit of Canaan, this almond tree showed itself to be good in nature, and as such, profitable to men and God.
There were seven lamps on the lampstand, and John refers to Christ as the Light in seven places in his gospel. He thereby shows us the character of the One who appears (shines) in heaven for us, Hebrews 9:24. His people are those who have met the test of the light, 1 John 1:7.
(i) John 1:4-10 Light not comprehended: John 1:1-10 gives us various ways in which the Word manifested Himself to the world before He became incarnate. Light radiates, illuminates, investigates, and discriminates, and we shall see these features as we proceed.
(a) In eternity, with God.
1:1,2 “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. The same was in the beginning with God.”
When time began the Word was, already; such is the sense of the imperfect tense that is used in the expression “in the beginning was the Word”. He is therefore eternal and uncreated. The only one who is eternal and uncreated is God, so He manifests God-hood in eternity. God is “in the light”, 1 John 1:7, so the Godhead existed in the glory of the light of their own being. And it is still the same now, with the Lord Jesus back in heaven “shining” for us.
(b) In creation, declaring God.
1:3-5 “All things were made by Him; and without Him was not anything made that was made. In Him was life, and the life was the light of men. And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not”.
Paul wrote of those who “hold the truth in unrighteousness; because that which may be known of God is manifest in them; for God hath shewed it unto them. For the invisible things of Him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even His eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse: because that, when they knew God, they glorified Him not as God, neither were thankful,” Romans 1:19-21. Notice the underlined words, for they tell us that the knowledge of God is in the heart of man through creation, but they prefer their own thoughts. Men are without excuse, even though they think they have an excuse in evolution. The life of the Word expresses itself in the form of light, radiating and informing, for God is light, and since the Word is God, when He manifests God He does it in the form of light. Sadly, the light and the darkness co-existed, for men were not prepared to accept the testimony that creation gave about God. The Light keeps on shining, however, despite the fact that the dark and ignorant hearts of men do not lay hold of the truth He expresses. John surveys the whole of the four thousand years before the coming of Christ and says, “comprehended” in the past tense. Their foolish heart was darkened by Satan’s lies, instead of being illuminated by God’s truth. This shows the need for His personal intervention.
(c) In John the Baptist, bringing testimony near to its climax.
1:6-8 “There was a man, sent from God, whose name was John. The same came for a witness, to bear witness of the light, that all men through him might believe. He was not that light, but was sent to bear witness of that light”.
John never calls John the Baptist by that name. To the apostle he was an important witness to the light. His baptising role was in the background. He was “a burning and a shining light”, and men were “willing for a season to rejoice in his light”, John 5:35. As long as John preached a soon-coming and glorious Messianic kingdom, the people were willing to rejoice in his testimony. But when he condemned sin, and exposed hypocrisy, their enthusiasm waned. Nonetheless he was the last of the prophets, for, “all the prophets and the law prophesied until John”, Matthew 12:13. The whole of the Old Testament was summed up in his ministry. This is why the next verse surveys the whole of the Old Testament, as we shall now see.
(d) In providence and revelation, maintaining a constant testimony.
1:9,10 “That was the true light, which lighteth every man, that cometh into the world. He was in the world, and the world was made by Him, and the world knew Him not”.
The apostle has been careful to tell us that John, despite being a shining light, was not The Light. Yet he did perform a vital function in relation to the light that the Word was giving to men, and he bore witness to what had been done throughout the Old Testament. He spoke of the Messiah, the Christ, John 1:20, reminding us of the promises in the Old Testament about His coming. He spoke of “the prophet”, the one who would be like Moses, and give the word of God to the people, but without the terrors of the law accompanying it, verse 21. He referred to Elijah, for he was prophesied to come before the kingdom was brought in, verse 21. He referred to the testimony of the prophets, such as Isaiah, verse 23. He spoke of the Lamb of God which taketh away the sin of the world, verse 29, a reference to Israel’s Day of Atonement. He spoke also of the Lamb of God as He walked, verse 36, a reference to the Passover lamb, scrutinised to ensure it was fit to provide the redeeming blood. All these are Old Testament concepts, and they are brought together by this last witness before the coming of the Word in person.
So it is that John the apostle tells us that the Light lighteth every man that cometh into the world. He is of universal application, and no man has ever seen a gleam of light from God apart from His behind-the-scenes activity. Says John, “He was in the world”. Now the word “was” in this text is exactly the same as the one in verse 1. It is in the imperfect tense here, as there, and means “already was”, the continuation of that which is previous. So John is saying that all down through the centuries of Old Testament time, the Word was in the world, in the sense that He was intervening for God’s glory and man’s blessing.
We could think of this in various ways: Provision: “Nevertheless He left not Himself without witness, in that He did good, and gave us rain from heaven, and fruitful seasons, filling our hearts with food and gladness”, Acts 14:17. So the faithfulness of the Creator in providing for men is testimony to His goodness and kindness.
Intervention: When we read of man’s expulsion from Eden; of God’s judgement on Cain; of His judgement in sending the flood; His scattering of men at the Tower of Babel; the destruction of Sodom; the plagues on Egypt; the destruction of Pharoah’s cavalry in the Red Sea at the Exodus from Egypt; the many ways in which He dealt with Israel in the wilderness and in the land; the sending of Israel into captivity. All these are demonstrations of the light shining, exposing the darkness and judging it. As the psalmist wrote, “The Lord is known by the judgement which He executeth”, Psalm 9:16.
Instruction: It was not all judgement. He made known His truth by men who were faithful to Him. It is important to remember that just three men, Adam, Enoch and Methusaleh, span the period from creation to the flood. And of course, Noah and Shem continue the testimony afterwards, with the God of glory appearing to Abraham to begin a new work in the earth. Then there was the law at Sinai giving God’s principles to men in a formal way, so that Moses can say, “And what nation is there so great, that hath statutes and judgements so righteous as all this law, which I set before you this day, Deuteronomy 4:8. In that law was a system of sacrifices that pointed the way to the sacrifice of Christ, and the prophets were there all the time to exhort and challenge the people. So it was fulfilled what God said to Abraham, “In thy seed shall all nations be blessed”, Genesis 12:3; and the Lord Jesus was able to say to the Samaritan woman, “Salvation is of the Jews”, John 4:22.
So it is that the Divine light shone as the Word, as the Firstborn, administered for God before He came. And we are encouraged to think that as He shines for us in heaven, He not only maintains the truth and integrity of God as He does so, but continues His work of illumination of our hearts as we live upon the earth. If He could illumine men before He came into the world, He can do so again now that He has left the world.
(ii) John 3:16-21 Light hated:
3:16 “For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in Him should not perish, but have everlasting life. 3:17 For God sent not His Son into the world to condemn the world; but that the world through Him might be saved. 3:18 He that believeth on Him is not condemned: but He that believeth not is condemned already, because he hath not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God. 3:19And this is the condemnation, that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds were evil. 3:20 For every one that doeth evil hateth the light, neither cometh to the light, lest his deeds should be reproved. 3:21 But he that doeth truth cometh to the light, that his deeds may be made manifest, that they are wrought in God”.
In this further reference to Christ as the light, we see the truth that man must change if he is to be comfortable in the light. Those who are represented by Christ in heaven have thus changed. Let us notice how the Saviour deals with Nicodemus. Significantly, it is a night scene. The great test for Nicodemus will be whether he is prepared to come out of the darkness into the light. Light from Christ will shine upon him, and he will have to respond one way or the other- he cannot be neutral. The Lord Jesus explains to him that even though he is a respected Jew, and a teacher in Israel, he is not fit for the kingdom of God as he is. His natural birth has given him a nature that is unsuited to the kingdom. He must be born again to see that kingdom. He will have no true understanding of its true nature until that happens. If he is going to enter the kingdom he must be born of the Spirit of God, whose sovereign workings none can fathom or control. Understandably, Nicodemus is baffled. He exclaims, “How can these things be?” In other words, “How can they come about?” The answer is that he must have faith in a crucified Messiah, whom God has sent to die on a cross so that he might obtain eternal life. Nicodemus was expecting God to send the Messiah to judge the Gentile nations and bring in His glorious kingdom, with Israel prominent in that kingdom. Now he learns that “God sent not His Son into the world to condemn the world, but that the world through Him might be saved”, verse 17. So there is no distinction in this matter of salvation, between being a Jew or being a Gentile. The Son came into the world, not just into Israel. His remit was to deal with all men without discrimination. The salvation, moreover, is not political, (the setting up of a kingdom), but spiritual, (the granting of eternal life through the new birth). There is another side to this matter, however, for the coming of Christ had moral implications, and to this the Saviour now refers. Whilst it true that He did not come to condemn in the sense of passing irreversible sentence on the men of the world, nevertheless His coming did distinguish between those who believed and those who did not. Those who believe are free of condemnation totally, the word “not” that is used being a very strong word, meaning “absolutely not”. But the word is also used in the next phrase, where we find people saying in effect, “I will absolutely not believe”. Such people are condemned already, for they are self-condemned by their own act of refusal. They bear testimony, unwittingly, to the verdict of a coming day. Something of the magnitude of the wickedness of this decision is seen in the next phrase. They have not believed in the name of the only-begotten Son of God. This is their crime, which could not be greater. To not believe on His name is not only the height of folly, but also the height of rebellion. The greater the person, the greater the crime of unbelief.
Since to be Son of God is to be God, and therefore light, (for God is light, 1 John 1:5), rejection of Him is rejection of the light. And it is response to this light that determines destiny. So it is that our passage says, “this is the condemnation”. The word for condemnation used here relates to the crisis-point when the judge gives his verdict. In the mercy of God that verdict is known beforehand, so that men may have warning. The condemnation will be that light has come into the world, but men did not simply ignore it, but loved the darkness of their ignorance rather than loving the light of knowledge that the Son of God brought within their range. Why should men love darkness? The reason is that they hate the light, since it exposes their sin. Those who “do truth”, however, are characterised by love of the light. They delight in what the Son of God reveals to them. Even though they are condemned by the light at first, when they have believed on His name they come to love the light of His truth. As such, they readily come to the light, delighting to worship in His presence. As those who are born again of the God who is light, they are children of light, and are able to bring forth the fruit of the Spirit. They “do the truth”, allowing it to work out its implications in their lives. Their works are “wrought in God”, for His life is now being expressed in their deeds and attitudes.
It is such people, who have believed on Him and are comfortable in the light of His presence, that the Son of God represents in God’s presence.
(iii) John 8:12-18. Light testifying.
8:12 “Then spake Jesus again unto them, saying, I am the light of the world: he that followeth Me shall not walk in darkness, but shall have the light of life. 8:13 The Pharisees therefore said unto Him, Thou bearest record of Thyself; thy record is not true. 8:14 Jesus answered and said unto them, Though I bear record of Myself, yet My record is true: for I know whence I came, and whither I go; but ye cannot tell whence I come, and whither I go. 8:15 Ye judge after the flesh; I judge no man. 8:16 And yet if I judge, My judgment is true: for I am not alone, but I and the Father that sent Me. 8:17 It is also written in your law, that the testimony of two men is true. 8:18 I am one that bear witness of Myself, and the Father that sent Me beareth witness of Me. 8:19 Then said they unto Him, Where is thy Father? Jesus answered, Ye neither know Me, nor My Father: if ye had known Me, ye should have known My Father also”.
These words were spoken by the Lord Jesus in the temple courts after the Feast of Tabernacles. At that feast great lampstands were erected in the temple courts to remind the people of the pillar of fire that had guided them through the desert. But now the feast is over, and the lamps have been put out. It is at this point that the Lord Jesus announces that He is the light of the world. The lampstands only shone over Jerusalem; the pillar of fire was only for Israel, but Christ is for the whole world. Those who followed the pillar of fire as it led the way through the desert had their pathway flooded with light. So, too, the one who follows Christ shall find his pathway lit up. But the pathway now is not literal, but spiritual, for the light is the light of life, giving enlightenment as to how eternal life should be expressed in daily conduct. Instead of taking note of these important truths, the Pharisees are more interested in criticising His testimony to Himself. They said His testimony was not true to the principles of Jewish law, which said that the testimony of a man was not accepted unless supported by another. What they ignored was that the Father bore testimony of Him. Because they did not know whence He had come and whither He was going, they did not accept this. They rejected His Deity, and therefore their verdict was faulty, for it did not take account of all the facts. They showed by this that they judged Him according to the flesh, according to natural reasoning. Christ did not judge men in that way, (“I judge no man”), but in a spiritual way. And as He judged in this spiritual way, He was able to say of His testimony that it was true, for He was not alone in His testimony, but the Father was with Him in it. They were prepared to accept the testimony of two men as true, and this the law required, Deuteronomy 19:15, yet they were not prepared to accept the testimony of two members of the Godhead! The reason was that they did not know the Father, and so they did not know the Son either. The lampstand in the tabernacle gave light over against itself, Exodus 25:37, and this symbolised what we have in this passage in John 8, the testimony of the Lord Jesus to His own person.
The Son of God “shines” in heaven for those who accept His testimony regarding Himself and His unique relationship with the Father.
(iv) John 9:4,5 The light is diligent.
9:4 “I must work the works of Him that sent Me, while it is day: the night cometh, when no man can work. 9:5 As long as I am in the world, I am the light of the world.”
We note the determination of the Lord Jesus to do the will of God, as expressed by the word “must”. He was devoted to His Father, and dedicated to His mission as the one sent by Him. It was the “day” of opportunity for Him, and the night would come, the night of His arrest and execution. As he Himself said at His arrest, “but this is your hour, and the power of darkness”, Luke 22:53. One of the results of His works for the Father would be light for men. The miracles He performed had deep spiritual significance, and hence were light to those who were prepared to respond to the truth they expressed. In this way He would be the light of the world.
The same determination, devotion and dedication mark Him now in heaven, as He appears in the presence of God for us, Hebrews 9:24. His work on earth is over, but He continues to minister in the heavenly sanctuary.
(v) John 11:8-10 The light is intelligent.
11:8 His disciples say unto Him, Master, the Jews of late sought to stone Thee; and goest Thou thither again? 11:9 Jesus answered, Are there not twelve hours in the day? If any man walk in the day, he stumbleth not, because he seeth the light of this world. 11:10 But if a man walk in the night, he stumbleth, because there is no light in him.
The Jews had sought to kill Him in Judea, but now Lazarus is dead, and He needs to go to Judea and Jerusalem to raise him from the dead. He will go to Judea even though it was dangerous, because He walked in the light (“day”) of His Father’s will, and so nothing could stumble Him. His pathway was lighted in a two-fold way. There was the glory of His own person, making it “day” for Him, this corresponds to verse 9, (“seeth the light of this world”). And there was the light in Him of the knowledge of His Father’s will; this corresponds to verse 10, (“light in him”). Because of these two things, He could see perfectly the obstacles men put in His way. If it were not so, He would be like a man walking in the darkness of disobedience. This cannot be the case, for He, unlike other men, has light in Himself, perfect insight into His Father’s will.
The pathway Christ took was in perfect knowledge of His Father’s will. He acts according to that perfect will still.
(vi) John 12:32-36 The light is constant.
12:32 And I, if I be lifted up from the earth, will draw all men unto Me. 12:33 This He said, signifying what death He should die. 12:34 The people answered Him, We have heard out of the law that Christ abideth for ever: and how sayest thou, The Son of man must be lifted up? who is this Son of man? 12:35 Then Jesus said unto them, Yet a little while is the light with you. Walk while ye have the light, lest darkness come upon you: for he that walketh in darkness knoweth not whither he goeth. 12:36 While ye have light, believe in the light, that ye may be the children of light. These things spake Jesus, and departed, and did hide Himself from them.
Verses 32-34 are a declaration of His impending crucifixion. Verses 35 and 36 are an exhortation to believe because of His impending departure. It is true that Messiah will abide for ever, once His kingdom is set up on the earth. But that kingdom will be based on the sacrifice He made on the cross. He must be lifted up, and then raised from the dead, so that death has no more dominion over Him and He may reign for ever. By speaking of His lifting up He implied that He would not abide with them for ever, for His lifting up would be, in part, because they as a nation had rejected Him. John chapter 12 is a transitional chapter, and prepares the way for a new beginning in chapter 13. The light of His glory is withdrawn whilst they are in national unbelief, yet they still had the opportunity to personally turn, and walk in the light of His person. Darkness would come upon them as a nation when they finally rejected Him. They would not know where they were going, for they would be walking in the darkness of rejection. “Blindness in part is happened to Israel”, Romans 11:25. He exhorts the individual to “believe in the light”, which explains what walking in the light involves, even personal faith. They thought that the light of the Messiah would shine upon them simply because they were of the seed of Abraham. Believing in the light brings with it the responsibility of taking character from the light in terms of purity and holiness, for those who believe have the life of the God who is light; they are children of the light, therefore, and are enabled to express that. He now departs and hides Himself from them, so that there is a brief interval when they may learn what His absence is like, and come to their senses. Unlike Israel nationally, we have the constant shining of the light for us. His ministry is constant, and He will never hide Himself so that the light is not seen. We shall never be left in the darkness.
(vii) John 12:44-50 The light is unbiased.
12:44 Jesus cried and said, He that believeth on Me, believeth not on Me, but on Him that sent Me. 12:45 And he that seeth Me seeth Him that sent Me. 12:46 I am come a light into the world, that whosoever believeth on Me should not abide in darkness. 12:47 And if any man hear My words, and believe not, I judge him not: for I came not to judge the world, but to save the world. 12:48 He that rejecteth Me, and receiveth not My words, hath one that judgeth him: the word that I have spoken, the same shall judge him in the last day. 12:49 For I have not spoken of Myself; but the Father which sent Me, He gave Me a commandment, what I should say, and what I should speak. 12:50 And I know that his commandment is life everlasting: whatsoever I speak therefore, even as the Father said unto me, so I speak.
With intense feeling, (as signified by the fact that He “cried”), the Lord Jesus makes His final appeal to the nation. He does not sit on the Mount of Olives as in Matthew 24:3; He does not sit over against the Temple as in Mark 13:3; He does not weep over the city as in Luke 19:41; but in John He shines over it as the light. He gives a seven-fold summary of His ministry about Himself as the light, before the nation plunges into the darkness of unbelief. First, verse 44, to believe on Him is to believe on the Father, for they are one. Second, verse 45, to see Him for who He is means to have insight into the Father too, for Christ is the exact expression of the essence of God. Third, verse 46, the opportunity for any individual, (whether from the Gentiles as represented by the Greeks earlier in the chapter, or the Jews He was currently addressing), to believe, and be brought into the light. Fourth, verse 47, His mission to the world was not to judge but to save. The fact that the nation is about to be judged is entirely their fault. Fifth, verse 48, it is true that He came not to judge, but what He taught will be their judge in a coming day. Sixth, verse 49, the wickedness of unbelief is seen in the fact that He did not speak independently of the Father. Seventh, verse 50, even at this late stage, the commandment of His Father would result in eternal life for those individuals who were prepared to believe. That promise is valid, for He speaks in full harmony with His Father.
The light does not shine in a biased way. All who believe, whether Jew or Gentile before, are represented by Christ equally.
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You can discuss and ideate economic and investment issues here.
Sunday, June 4, 2017
Taxes & Disasters – Always Repeat
Posted Jun 5, 2017 by Martin Armstrong
QUESTION: Mr. Armstrong; You wrote that the 1906 San Francisco earthquake resulted in the Panic of 1907 and laid the foundation for creating the Federal Reserve. I was also told that the Kobe earthquake in Japan is what resulted in the Barclay’s loss. Is this why you also input natural disasters into your model? Has this been a pattern throughout history?
ANSWER: Absolutely. It is certain that when the eruption of Vesuvius started on the morning of August 24th, AD 79, it caught the local population utterly unprepared. The Emperor Titus has just taken the throne following his father’s death on June 24th, 79. Like Presidents will visit some disaster like Katrina, Titus visited the Pompeii area, announced a state of emergency and set up a relief fund. He then created a fund for the victims by collecting all property of those who died with no heirs. He convert this into a join fund. He then provided for assistance in rehousing survivors. The Christians attributed this to God’s retribution for the destruction of the Great Temple in Jerusalem in 70AD.
The while Titus was viewing the Pompeii disaster, a fire ravaged Rome for three days. Once more the emperor provided generous relief to the victims. And then a third disaster struck – plague. This was one of the worst epidemics of plague on record that hit Rome. Titus tried his best to combat the disease with medical support, and also staging extensive daily sacrifices to the gods. The economy went into a financial panic. As the Empire State Building had begun construction before the 1929 Crash, here too the Colosseum had been begun under his father. In both cases, the Empire State Building and the Colosseum were opening in an economic depression in hopes of raising spirits.
It was a tsunami that wiped out Tokyo in 1923. Then there have been huge earthquakes that sank Alexandria, Egypt, which spawned a huge tremendous tsunami that devastated Sicily and Greece on July 21st, 365AD. Edward Gibbon wrote in his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire:
“In the second year of the reign of Valentinian and Valens, on the morning of the twenty-first day of July, the greatest part of the Roman world was shaken by a violent and destructive earthquake. The impression was communicated to the waters; the shores of the Mediterranean were left dry, by the sudden retreat of the sea; great quantities of fish were caught with the hand; large vessels were stranded on the mud; and a curious spectator ^1 amused his eye, or rather his fancy, by contemplating the various appearance of valleys and mountains, which had never, since the formation of the globe, been exposed to the sun. But the tide soon returned, with the weight of an immense and irresistible deluge, which was severely felt on the coasts of Sicily, of Dalmatia, of Greece, and of Egypt: large boats were transported, and lodged on the roofs of houses, or at the distance of two miles from the shore; the people, with their habitations, were swept away by the waters; and the city of Alexandria annually commemorated the fatal day, on which fifty thousand persons had lost their lives in the inundation. This calamity, the report of which was magnified from one province to another, astonished and terrified the subjects of Rome; and their affrighted imagination enlarged the real extent of a momentary evil. They recollected the preceding earthquakes, which had subverted the cities of Palestine and Bithynia: they considered these alarming strokes as the prelude only of still more dreadful calamities, and their fearful vanity was disposed to confound the symptoms of a declining empire and a sinking world.”
That event sent the empire into crisis and necessitated the biggest tax increase in Roman history up to that point in history. To pay for the disaster and the rising costs of the military efforts required during his time in reconstruction and defense, Valentinian saw himself forced to introduce the highest, and most oppressive Roman taxes in history. He was keenly aware how bad this was and raised the taxes reluctantly. He then made a interesting sincere effort to protect the poor. In an attempt to share the financial burdens more justly he made great efforts to ensure that the privileged few would no longer avoid paying their taxes. He also created the office of ‘Defender of the People’, the role of which was to assist the poor. In every town such a Defender was appointed, empowered to protect the interests of the poor from infringements by the privileged classes and to ensure they were not bankrupted by the taxes.
Here we have a weight (exaqium) for measuring gold solidi for taxes. Because of the large number of under-weight and false solidi in circulation, financial reforms were instituted by Valentinian i and Valens whereby gold collected in taxation was to be melted into ingots and tested before acceptance. Coins ceased to be legal tender (acceptable for taxation). The few gold ingots that have survived from antiquity are found with official counterstamps and the present example illustrated here bears the inscription “melted by Proculus”.
So you see, history repeats because the passions of man never change. Emperors created relief funds and visited disaster sites in ancient times and they do today. It is just standard operational procedure
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Video production. Photography. Audio arts. Graphic design. Comics and zines. Print journalism. Instrumental music. Music recording. New media. Web design. What’s the connection between these varied forms of media arts and substance use prevention? One only has to look to Regent Park Focus Youth Media Arts Centre and its well-recognized work with youth in Toronto’s Regent Park neighbourhood to answer this question!
Regent Park Focus Youth Media Arts Centre is a not-for-profit organization affiliated with CAMH. It was set up in 1989 with funding from Ontario’s provincial anti-drug strategy, and has been using media arts as a tool to engage youth from racialized and marginalized communities in creating change.
Regent Park Focus Youth Media Arts Centre provides youth with a safe space, tools, and mentors to explore their identities, voice their experiences, create their own narratives of self, and imagine alternative futures. Through media arts, youth explore and express themselves on complex issues that affect their lives and health, such as poverty, gangs and violence, racism, and gender inequality.
The communal media-making practices used at Regent Park Focus Youth Media Arts Centre support youth to produce resources that are insightful and that challenge dominant ideas and mainstream media perceptions about who they are. The youth also contribute to their community by sharing their projects at presentations, film screenings, live pod casts, and as a learning tool for schools and community groups.
Regent Park Focus Youth Media Arts Centre is dedicated to nurturing youth leadership. The youth artists-in-residence become natural mentors to newer participants and take an active role in decision-making and leadership. The driving force behind this structural framework is the centre’s ability to foster within participants a feeling that their contributions are important and that they can be agents of change in their lives and in their communities.
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http://youthrive.ca/node/71/
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Kindergarten is under way and it’s been smooth sailing so far. Your child loves his teacher and all his new friends. He is happily leaving you at the door, eager to enter the classroom and start his day. That is, until one day he comes home quiet, sad, or visibly upset. What happened to the joyful glee of school? After a little poking and prodding you find out he's having problems with a classmate. Playground politics, at five?
It's heartbreaking to see your kindergarten kid distraught over one of his first friendship dilemmas, but resist the urge to jump to your child's defense and get upset right along with him, says Rhonda Armistead, M.S. past president of the National Association of School Psychiatrists. While they can be painful for parents to witness, problems with peers are good opportunities to teach your child an essential life skill: how to deal with conflict. “You want your child to learn to be an effective problem solver," Armistead says. And social conflicts provide the perfect learning opportunity.
Karen Burnett, children's author and former elementary school counselor, agrees. “Every conflict your child has, with other children, siblings or even adults, is an opportunity to teach and encourage personal understanding and respect, communication and negotiation skills," she says. No one is born with negotiation know-how, it's learned. Yes, you can teach your child to become a little more playground savvy, outlining the rules for engagement. But you'd be missing the point. “Teaching is not about telling, it’s about guiding,” Burnett says.
So how exactly do you guide a five-year-old to learn how to handle conflict? By walking her through the process for a while, so she'll eventually learn to solve problems on her own. Here are 8 steps:
Ask Specific Questions.
When a problem arises, ask pointed questions to get to the heart of what happened. For example, “Were you physically hurt? Did he hurt your feelings? Or both?” Try to stick to the facts: What happened first? Then what happened? What did your child do and what did the other child do? Help your child lay out exactly what occurred, from his point of view, without getting into why it happened or who was at fault.
Put Words In Her Mouth.
Once you've talked about the facts, talk about how your child is feeling. This can be easier said than done, because one thing many kindergarten aged kids are missing, is the vocabulary to describe how they're feeling or what is happening to them. Help your child talk about the problem by guiding her with phrases such as, “You seem upset. Tell me about it." Or "How do you feel about that? If that had happened to me I think I might feel …” Giving children names to fit their emotions helps them learn to communicate more effectively and defuse future problems.
Empathize, Don't Sympathize.
Sympathy is the wrong tactic, Burnett stresses. Instead, parents need to empathize with their kids. "Empathize means, you are trying to understand how your child feels, sounding something like, 'That must be hard. I’ll bet you were upset.' Sympathize says, 'Poor you. That is terrible. It shouldn’t be happening.' You want to give your child the power to change the situation, not to feel like a victim," Burnett says.
Read About It
And as with many situations with young children, books are an excellent way to give kids a script of sorts for proper behavior. Reading stories is an age appropriate way to give children the language they need to deal with their own conflicts, as well as labels for the emotions they are feeling. Try these children’s books that deal directly with common childhood problems:
- Simon’s Hook by Karen Gedig Burnett, deals directly with teasing and put-downs
- Three Monsters by David McKee, a book about acceptance and sharing
- The Little Giant by Sergio Ruzzier, a story about peace, friendship, and differences
- Trouble in the Barker's Class, by Tomie de Paola, a tale about a class bully
- T-Rex Is Missing! by Tomie dePaola, a lesson about jumping to conclusions
Parents need to be aware of age-appropriate expectations for behavior so they can explain things to their kids. When another child acts in a less-than-ideal way, explain to your child that everyone has things he's still working on, and that it's a process that takes time. “It’s important that your child understands that the undesirable behavior, like teasing or not sharing, is the other child’s problem not his,” Armistead says. Point out that the other child is still learning how to behave. Maybe they haven’t learned how to share yet, but they will. Don't refer to the other child in a harsh or negative tone. That will only make the problem seem more unsolvable.
Know the Lingo
Don’t just wait until your child comes home with a problem to start thinking about conflict solutions. Be proactive and you might even be able to ward off some potential playground problems. Most schools offer some kind of school-wide character development or conflict resolution program. Find out the buzzwords that your child’s teacher uses to handle conflict. Then work them into your family conversations at home. This will give your child more practice with the phrases and help her to access them when she needs to. Just don't be surprised when she uses some of this new vocabulary on you!
Armistead believes in a 3-step formula for resolving kid conflict. The first step is for parents to acknowledge that they hear their child is upset and communicate that the problem is solvable. The second step is identifying the problem from your child's perspective. That brings us to the third step: empowerment. What are the choices? What can your child do now to solve the issue? Armistead suggests using an analogy to a board game: what's the next move. Try to elicit three solutions that might be acceptable to your child, then ask him to pick the best move.
At this age, problems can generally be solved with a little help from you and your child’s teacher. But if the conflict persists or the other child’s aggression seems to escalate, it may be necessary to involve the school counselor and possibly the other child’s parents. If that is the case you should always initiate this through the teacher first. You should never attempt to make contact with the other child’s family on your own.
It can be difficult as a parent to watch your child endure the inevitable aches and pains of life. But as difficult as it may be, it's a part of kindergarten development, and part of life. “Learning to handle problems at a young age prepares children to hand problems they will inevitably encounter as adults," Burnett says. "The more we help them learn to navigate around or through these bumps, the happier our children will be in the long run.”
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<urn:uuid:e7f51dc0-a5be-4555-ac40-479b5f348aeb>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://www.education.com/magazine/article/Playground_Politics/
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- Measuring tape
- Craft paper
- 2 shades of brown paint, one darker and one lighter than the craft paper
- Brown twine
- Duct tape or masking tape
- Double-stick clear tape
1. Measure porch pillars. Cut 2 lengths of craft paper 1' longer than height of pillar, plus three 16" lengths, for each pillar.
2. Lay pieces of paper flat on the ground. Starting with the darkest shade of brown, paint wavy vertical stripes along the length of the paper, imitating the look of bark. Use a variety of strokes, some heavier, some lighter. An old, stiff, dried-out brush works well for this.
3. Repeat process using the lighter brown paint. Be careful not to cover craft paper completely with paint―you want to let the brown paper show through in places.
4. Set aside the 16" lengths of paper. Working on the pillar-length pieces, crumple from top to bottom, then unfold. Take side edge and fold, accordion-style, in 2" or 3" pleats. Continue until completely folded, then twist tightly.
5. Carefully unfold. Wrap each pillar with 2 pieces of paper. Use twine and tape to secure.
6. To make roots, twist 16" pieces, one at a time, to form a funnel shape. One end should be very tight, and the other very loose. Tie with twine, starting at the tight end and leaving about 5" on the other end loose (not tied).
7. Attach three roots to the base of each tree, using double-stick tape.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.allyou.com/halloween-trees?width=500px&height=500px&inline=true
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Pixar movies are known for their imagination, likable characters, and smart humor. While children fall in love with characters like Woody, Dory, and Merida, they may not realize some of the life lessons that are being portrayed to them. Stories of friendship, happiness, and hope are all great, but Pixar also has a lot of dark themes that children are processing. Watch to see these themes and how they’ve been conveyed through some of the most popular animated films of the past decade.
For example, many themes in Pixar films showcase how mankind is the cause of destruction to so many things. In the movie Wall-E, the whole Earth is filled with heaps of trash. These movies also teach children that danger is literally everywhere. In the ocean, on the road, and even in your own head. No where is safe and disaster can strike at any random spots. Pixar films like Up and The Incredibles showcase that it’s not always a good idea to meet your hero. They will most likely let you down. It’s not just heroes either. Government officials and leaders cannot be trusted and this has been conveyed through films like Monsters Inc. Pixar movies typically have a lot of strong female leads, but there is still a lot sexism present in these movies. Children can also watch these movies and learn that everyone grows up. There’s no stopping or changing things. And worst of all, sometimes dreams don’t always come true as seen in films like Monsters Inc. and Cars.
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<urn:uuid:b30094a6-705b-4a39-8c18-20402be036a9>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.strangebeaver.com/2017/06/10-dark-life-lessons-kids-can-learn-from-pixar-films/
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Fossils show sea creature's half-billion-year-old brain
Ancient brain Spectacular fossils unearthed in China show detailed brain structures of a bizarre group of sea creatures that were the top predators more than half a billion years ago.
The discovery of the near-complete fossils of the animal called Lyrarapax unguispinusis reported in the journal Nature.
The ancient animal lived during the Cambrian Period, a pivotal juncture in the history of life on Earth when many major animal groups first appeared.
It was a member of a group known as anomalocaridids -- primitive relatives of arthropods, which include crustaceans, insects and spiders -- that hunted prey with a pair of claw-like grasping appendages in front of the eyes.
Even though anomalocaridids do not have any direct descendants alive today, the brain structures of Lyrarapax closely resemble those of worm-like animals called velvet worms that crawl along the ground in tropical and semitropical forests in the southern hemisphere.
The researchers say the similarities suggest that velvet worms may be very distant cousins of the anomalocaridids, whose best-known example is Anomalocaris, known from a Canadian fossil site called the Burgess Shale.
Velvet worms, land animals also known as onychophorans, grow to a few inches in length, have two long feelers extending from the head and have numerous pairs of stubby, unjointed tubular legs that each end in a pair of small claws.
Spiny-clawed, lyre-shaped predator
Lyrarapax, whose scientific name means spiny-clawed, lyre-shaped predator, lived 520 million years ago. Its neuroanatomy resembles that of velvet worms in multiple ways, with a simple brain and a pair of ganglia -- a cluster of nerve cells -- placed in the front of the optic nerve and the base of the grasping appendages.
The soft parts of any animal's body typically decay after death, meaning that fossils usually preserve only hard parts like bones, teeth and shells. But under exceptional circumstances, soft tissue and anatomical organs can be preserved in fossils.
Lyrarapax was much smaller than some other anomalocaridids. It measured about 15 centimetres long, roughly the size of a large prawn.
The three specimens of Lyrarapax that were found "may represent immature stages of the animal, so it might be larger," says the paper's lead author Peiyun Cong, a paleontologist at Yunnan University.
"Anomalocaridids preserved with the whole body are very rare. None of them have been reported with the brain," says Cong.
The fossils show that anomalocaridids possessed brains that were less complex than those of animals it may have hunted.
University of Arizona neuroscientist Nicholas Strausfeld, another of the researchers, says the threat posed by predators like these creatures may have helped drive brain complexity among animals in the ancient seas.
"Predation may have in part contributed to the evolution of more elaborate brains that could process more complex ecological cues that might have offered camouflage or other protection," says Strausfeld.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2014/07/17/4047981.htm?topic=ancient
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ECS Slug Relay
Where there are many slave dials run from a single master clock, they will usually be divided up into several smaller circuits or rings so that maintenance can be done on a small part of the system at a time. A relay box, controlling several rings switched at the same time, is placed in the main circuit from the master clock and each relay switch then carries the current for its own separate part of the ring circuit.
Some of the larger slave movements, for example those driving tower clock dials, will need a longer pulse than the master clock can supply to ensure that the hands are advanced reliably. This extra length pulse is supplied by a 'slug relay' where the relay stays engaged for longer than the initiating pulse length.
Slug Relay box
The lower terminals (with black wires) are connected to the master clock circuit in the same way as a normal slave dial, and operate the relay once every 30 seconds. The slugged relay contacts then connect a separate external power supply, through the current control rheostat, to an independent circuit feeding the slaves (the red wires).
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://englishclocksystems.co.uk/slugrelay.html
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| 0.93828
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Golden Rule Ethics
Est. time: 15 min.
- Recognizing moral issues in negotiation
- Defining your ethical standards before you negotiate.
- Negotiating with people who do not share your perspective
Every time we go to the bargaining table, we implicitly decide how much (if anything) we owe other parties—and why.
- Should we worry about the fairness of the outcome?
- Must we be honest? How much should we reveal?
- Can we use pressure tactics to force someone to come to agreement?
These are not easy questions. Often they are not a matter of choosing between right and wrong. Rather they involve a difficult balance of competing responsibilities—responsibilities to ourselves, to others, and to the organizations on whose behalf we negotiate. They also require clear-eyed assessments of the situations in which we find ourselves and the people with whom we deal. Most of all, they demand recognition of our own core values.
These issues should not be addressed on the fly. Going into a negotiation, we should know what our obligations are—to ourselves and to others—and where ethical boundaries must be set.
Here is a short video about Jim Golden, a personal injury lawyer who made a profound change in the way he negotiates in order to align his approach with his personal values. Watch the short clip and then consider the questions that follow.
Take a few moments to think about the first question. Then click on the button below it for some brief comments. Do the same for the two questions that follow.
Many of our important negotiations occur in the workplace. We negotiate on behalf of our company when we deal with customers and when seek goods or services from vendors. Lawyers likewise negotiate to advance the interests of their clients. In the parlance of economists, we negotiate as agents, acting to maximize the welfare of our principals.
Difficult moral issues arise when an agent’s values are not fully aligned with the entity they represent. Concern about the fairness of an outcome is exemplary, provided that the negotiator bears the cost of being generous. But an employee who makes a concession to an outside party in the name of fairness, spends the company’s money, not their own.
That is not to say that people should park their own principles at the door when they go to work. Far from it. But before undertaking a negotiation, they should reach a clear understanding with the superior about what they are—and are not—willing to do when they are negotiating for others.
- Deepak Malhotra, Smart Alternatives to Lying in Negotiation, HBP Newsletters, May 1, 2004.
- Michael A. Wheeler, Fair Enough? An Ethical Fitness Quiz for Negotiators, HBP Newsletters, March 1, 2004.
- Rogers, Todd, Richard Zeckhauser, Francesca Gino, Maurice Schweitzer, and Mike Norton, Artful Paltering: The Risks and Rewards of Using Truthful Statements to Mislead Others, HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP14-045, September 2014.
- Video: Horacio Falcao, The Art of the Deal: Is Ethics in the Picture?, INSEAD, March 14, 2011.
- Max H. Bazerman; Dolly Chugh; Mahzarin R. Banaji, When Good People (Seem to) Negotiate in Bad Faith, HBP Newsletters, October 1, 2005.
- Jim Golden, The Negotiation Counsel Model, Negotiation Journal, 24:3, 371-78, July 2009.
- Carrie Menkel-Meadow and Michael Wheeler, eds., What’s Fair? Ethics of Negotiation, Jossey-Bass, 2004.
- Robert Mnookin, Bargaining with the Devil: When to Negotiate, When to Fight, Simon and Schuster, 2010.
- G. Richard Schell, Ch. 11, “Bargaining with the Devil Without Losing Your Soul: Ethics" in Negotiation, Bargaining for Advantage, Penguin 2006.
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<urn:uuid:48c551f2-edda-4926-8727-23cf0bbd897e>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://negotiate123.com/the-golden-rule-in-negotiation.php
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How does a secure Internet connection work
By Laurence Vogel
We have all noticed the HTTP and HTTPS prefixes to website addresses, but what exactly do they mean?
The acronyms stand for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol and it is the agreed format of messages between servers that allows us to access websites. According to the technical review on Wikipedia:
HTTP functions as a request-response protocol in the client-server computing model. A web browser, for example, may be the client and an application running on a computer hosting a web site may be the server. The client submits an HTTP request message to the server. The server, which provides resources such as HTML files and other content, or performs other functions on behalf of the client, returns a response message to the client. The response contains completion status information about the request and may also contain requested content in its message body.
Obviously, these request-response messages, can be intercepted as they are basically sent in plain text. Accordingly, HTTP on its own is not a secure way to pay your bills online, or access and share any information that is sensitive. Where a secure connection is required HTTPS protocol is required.
When you request an HTTPS connection to a webpage, the website will initially send its SSL – Secure Sockets Layer - certificate to your browser. This certificate contains the public key needed to begin the secure session. Based on this initial exchange, your browser and the website then initiate the 'SSL handshake'. The SSL handshake involves the generation of shared secrets to establish a uniquely secure connection between yourself and the website.
When a trusted SSL Digital Certificate is used during an HTTPS connection, users will see a padlock icon in the browser address bar. When an Extended Validation Certificate is installed on a web site, the address bar will turn green.
It’s worth keeping an eye open for the HTTPS prefix in the address bar if you are being asked to provide private information. Otherwise, your personal data could be used by unscrupulous operators for illegal purposes.
Published November 2015
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<urn:uuid:b4dc9e10-a22e-43ec-931c-84eed92c3cc9>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.icpa.org.uk/portal/practice_growth/how_does_a_secure_internet_connection_work
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| 0.891197
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Charles Dickens was born in England on February 7, 1812. He was the second of eight children, and his father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office. As a child, Dickens’ health was frail and his education was random. His mother taught him his letters and Dickens read a great deal from his father’s library of the classics of fiction. The boy was also interested in theatre and his first written work was a tragedy. At the age of nine, he was schooled with a neighbour’s child, and when his father was transferred to London, Dickens stayed behind for a while in Chatham for his schooling. But when he rejoined his family in London, dark days awaited him.
His father was in debt, and so the Dickens family resided with him in Marshalsea Prison. Charles found work as a household servant and took a room for himself on one of the poor streets of London at the age of twelve. He worked for a while labelling bottles until his father inherited a legacy that brought the family out of debt again. Dickens was sent to school for a few more years before he became a clerk. He moved up from there to become a stenographer at several newspapers.
In 1833 his first published piece appeared in the Monthly Magazine signed with his brother's nickname. He later published a few pieces in the Evening Chronicle before the Pickwick Papers made him famous. For the next thirty years Dickens produced a great deal of novels until he died. His other works include: Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby (1839), The Personal History of David Copperfield (1850), Hard Times (1854), Little Dorrit (1857), A Tale of Two Cities (1859), and Great Expectations (1861).
Dickens had a large family with his wife, Catherine Hogarth, and became a wealthy man through his writing. He wrote actively while acting in private theatricals as well as touring and performing readings of his works.
In 1865, Dickens had a slight stroke, but this break in his health did not deter him from his active lifestyle of travel and work. He died of apoplexy in 1870, while still working on a novel which he left unfinished, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
“Dickens, Charles” in Biographical Dictionary, New York, Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd., 1997.
Immagine di pubblico dominio.
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| 0.994563
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Existing guidelines for breast cancer risk assessment and potential interventions are applicable to most women over the age of 20. Annual clinical breast examination by a medical provider starts at age 20 even in the absence of any risk factors for breast cancer. Annual clinical breast examinations should continue regardless of age by any medical examiner providing primary breast care to women.
High risk patients for developing breast cancer such as those with a strong family history require special screening for breast cancer. Women with a positive family history of breast cancer have an increased risk of developing breast cancer during their lifetime. Familial breast cancers constitute 15% to 20% of all breast cancers. One half of women with familial breast cancer history have a mutation in a heritable gene called BRCA1 and BRCA2. Women who carry a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation are considered to be at a higher risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. The BRCA1 and BRCA2 serve as susceptibility genes to promote tumorigenesis. Patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations should undergo genetic counseling and be screened with breast MRI scans which have shown to be superior over other screening modalities. Clinical breast examinations on these high risk patients should be performed twice per year.
Screening mammograms are performed on women who have no signs or symptoms indicative or suspicious for breast cancer.
The evaluation of a breast complaint requires a diagnostic work-up. A diagnostic work-up is more intensive than a screening evaluation based on risk factors for breast cancer. Screening for breast cancer includes:
Breast examination by medical provider
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Screening mammography is the preferred examination for asymptomatic woman at risk for breast cancer. Current recommendations for screening mammography in women without a family history of breast cancer include a baseline mammogram between ages 35 and 40 followed by a biennial mammogram between ages 40 and 49 and annual mammograms after age 50.
If a screening mammogram reveals any change from a previous mammogram, then a diagnostic mammogram with additional images and at times magnified images are required. Comparison with previous mammograms are of paramount importance. The appearance of microcalcifications on a screening mammogram must be further investigated. The size, number, location and configuration (clusters) of microcalcifications requires further diagnostic studies.
It is extremely important to understand that a mammogram is not a fail-safe technique. A patient may have a breast cancer and the mammogram be negative because it fails to show a radiographic detectable abnormality.
Interpretation of mammograms have been standardized. The American College of Radiology (ACR) has established a Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI- RADS) to facilitate comparison between mammographers. BI-RADS assessment categories are as follows:
Category 0: Need additional imaging evaluation
Category 1: Negative
Category 2: Benign finding, noncancerous
Category 3: Probably benign finding, short interval follow-up suggested
Category 4: Suspicious abnormality, biopsy considered
Category 5: Highly suggestive of malignancy, appropriate action needed
The higher the BI-RADS, the greater the risk that a mammographic finding will be associated with a breast cancer on biopsy. Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ultrasonography are also adjuvant methods of screening for breast cancer. The higher the risk for breast cancer, the more procedures may be required to screen a particular woman.
If you (or a loved one) are suffering from complications due to a failure to timely diagnose, delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis of breast cancer, or the recommended screening guidelines were not followed, let Dr. Borten and our Boston area medical malpractice attorneys at Gorovitz & Borten evaluate your case. We can help you assert your rights and get the compensation you deserve.
Contact Information For a free confidential consultation and receive a response within 24 hours (when possible), please contact us by phone, fax or e-mail with your question or concern.
Telephone: 781-890-9095 - Fax: 781-890-9098 Directions Electronic mail: Questions or Inquiries to: email@example.com
Website disclaimer: The materials on this website have been prepared by Gorovitz & Borten, P.C. for informational purposes only and are not intended, and should not be construed as legal advice. This information is not intended to create and receipt of it does not constitute a lawyer-client relationship. Similarly, any submission or receipt of information using electronic "Contact Us" form does not create a lawyer-client relationship. Internet and online readers should not act upon any of the information contained on this website without seeking professional counsel. (See Terms and Conditions).
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<urn:uuid:6d17c3aa-0125-4883-aab2-cb55fa0e2ff7>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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Eating Fiber Prevent Influenza
1. Eat vitamin D: If adequate intake of vitamin D, it would avoid the small possibility of health problems, ranging from colds to cancer. Vitamin D is available through sun exposure. In small doses on fatty fish (salmon).
2. Fill your daily fiber needs: Someone who meets the needs of fiber for six weeks, to avoid bacterial infection. According to a study journal Brain, Behavior and Imunity, fiber
found in citrus fruit, apples carrots, beans, grains, green leafy vegetables and wheat that can fight inflammation, try to consume 25 to 38 grm fiber a day, said a lead author Cristina Sherry, Ph. D., RD of the University of Michigian, Ann Arbor.
3. Stay slim: According to the Tufts University study of adults who are overweight are encouraged to diet to reduce calories by 50%. It turns out that the ideal body weight make the immune system works better than those who are obese. So it’s good to control the amount of food intake to avoid excess body weight and not susceptible to disease.
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Explain how the therapist might use systematic de-sensitisation to help Hamish to overcome
Identify and outline key features of two psychological approaches to psychopathology.
“Abnormality is very difficult to define. It can be hard to decide where normal behaviour
ends and abnormal behaviour begins.”
Discuss two or more definitions of abnormality.
Identify one definition of abnormality and explain one limitation associated with this
Describe systematic de-sensitisation as a method of treating abnormality.
Knowledge and understanding of the psychodynamic
approach to abnormality.
AO2 = 6 marks Evaluation of the psychodynamic approach to abnormality.
Explain one weakness of systematic de-sensitisation.
definition of abnormality that could describe Diane’s behaviour. Explain
limitation of this way of defining abnormal behaviour.
There are various types of psychological therapy for treating abnormality.
Outline what is involved in psychoanalysis.
Outline what is involved in systematic de-sensitisation.
Outline and evaluate the biological approach to psychopathology
Abnormality can be defined as ‘the failure to function adequately’.
Outline and evaluate this definition of abnormality.
Total for this question: 3 marks
The following statements refer to different approaches to abnormality.
statements that describe the psychodynamic approach.
Holding unrealistic and irrational beliefs about oneself
and the world.
Behaviour is caused mainly by the unconscious.
Behaviour is shaped by forces in the environment.
There is conflict between the id and the super-ego.
The human mind is an information processor.
Abnormality is caused by unresolved childhood problems
Outline the biological approach to abnormality.
What advice should the doctor give concerning the disadvantages of this type of
psychological therapy that Hugh could consider and explain why it might
One definition of abnormality is deviation from social norms. Identify and explain
definition of abnormality.
Evaluation of one definition of abnormality
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On 28th February 1942, HMAS PERTH, a light cruiser, and USS HOUSTON, a heavy cruiser, having survived the Battle of the Java Sea the previous day, stopped briefly in Tanjung Priok, Jakarta’s port, to take on limited supplies of fuel and ammunition, before being ordered to withdraw to the south of Java via the Sunda Strait. Perth, under the command of Captain Hector Waller, and Houston, under the command of Captain Albert Rooks, departed Tanjung Priok at about 1900 hours and sailed at speed, mistakenly believing that the Sunda Strait was being patrolled by Australian corvettes. The only ships in the Strait, however, were the Japanese Western Java Invasion Convoy and its escorts, which included four heavy cruisers, a light cruiser and eleven destroyers.
The first contact was at about 22.30 with the Japanese destroyer Fubuki, which guarded the Eastern approaches, who followed them. At 23:06, when they were about half-way across the mouth of Bantam Bay, Perth sighted a ship about 4.3 nautical miles ahead, near Saint Nicolaas Point, which was initially thought to be an Australian corvette. However, when challenged, the Japanese destroyer Harukaze fired her nine Long Lance torpedoes, fortunately unsuccessfully. At this time, stronger Japanese forces were closing in on the small squadron, but the only result was hits on Japanese warships and none on the Allied ships. This was soon to change. Japanese destroyers fired about 28 torpedoes, none of which hit. The Perth and Houston replied with rapid gunfire and, in the case of Perth, torpedoes, and managed to score several hits on the destroyers, but were themselves also slightly damaged by gunfire. The heavy cruisers Mogami and Mikuma then arrived at the battle. Their 8 inch shells straddled the Perth and Houston and they also fired torpedoes.
At about 23.20, the allied cruisers were out of ammo and now could only hope to reach safer waters by high speed. Japanese torpedoes scored one hit on Perth, later followed by another two. This resulted in heavy loss of life, especially in engineering. Captain Waller ordered ‘abandon ship’, but the Perth received her fourth hit, which was too much for her. She sank at 0025 and took 375 men with her, with only 307 others being saved.
By this time, the Houston had also received several hits, including vital hits. A whole gun salvo hit the aft engine room where the high pressure steam killed almost everyone.
The central fire control system was down along with one of the forward 8 inch-turrets. At about 0020, the last operational turret was hit and Captain Rooks ordered the forward magazines flooded. Without the heavy guns, she now fought with her 5-inch guns and her machineguns. At about 0030, three torpedoes hit the Houston on her starboard side. The water entered the ship from all sides and Rooks ordered ‘abandon ship’. Captain Rooks died when he was hit by a part of a machinegun foundation. The Houston sank and took 698 of its crew with her. Only 368 were taken prisoner.
The Japanese suffer limited damage, with no ships were sunk except those by their own hands: a minesweeper was hit by a torpedo from heavy cruiser Mogami and was blown to pieces, along with a transport ship, the Sakuru Maru. Three other transports were damaged by their own side’s torpedoes. The loss of the Perth was the most major sacrifice made by the Royal Australian Navy during the tragic months of 1941-42 as Japanese forces advanced into south-east Asia
On 17th August 2016, as USNS MERCY passed through the waters of the Sunda Strait where the battle occurred, a joint Australian and American Memorial Service was held to remember the sacrifice made on that fateful night nearly 75 years ago. Nine Royal Australian Navy personnel, supported by their Army and Air Force colleagues from the Australian contingent on Exercise Pacific Partnership 2016, and a US Navy contingent commemorated the events that occurred that night.
Our fourth issue of 2016 primarily addresses the abstracts of papers presented at the 25th AMMA Conference. There are also two excellent articles – one on the role of tele-dermatology in the ADF and the other on the impact of infectious diseases on Pacific island societies. We continue to get a good range of articles, but other military and veterans’ health articles are always very welcome and we would encourage all our readers to consider writing on their areas of military or veterans’ health interest. We would particularly welcome papers based on the presentations at the conference, but welcome any articles across the broader spectrum of military health.
HMAS Perth USS Houston
Dr Andy Robertson, CSC, PSM
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Click on a thumbnail to go to Google Books.
A Framework for Understanding Poverty (edition 2005)
A Framework for Understanding Poverty by Ruby K. Payne
No current Talk conversations about this book.
References to this work on external resources.
Wikipedia in English
Amazon.com Product Description (ISBN 0964743728, Paperback)A Framework for Understanding Poverty was Dr. Ruby Payne's first book, written for teachers with adaptations for work and community members. Its purpose is to educate people about the differences that separate economic classes and then teaching them strategies to bridge those gulfs. Ruby discusses at length the social cues or "hidden rules" that govern how we think and interact in society – and the significance of those rules in a classroom. Other topics include why students from generational poverty often fear being educated, discipline interventions that improve behavior, and the eight resources that make a difference to success.
More than 180,000 copies sold!
(retrieved from Amazon Thu, 12 Mar 2015 18:21:37 -0400)
A Framework for Understanding Poverty was Dr. Ruby Payne's first book and the first book RFT Publishing Co. (now aha! Process, Inc.) published. It is fitting that the book and the company's history are intertwined. The central goal of the company is educating people about the differences that separate economic classes and then teaching them skills to bridge those gulfs. Framework is the method that delivers that message. Ruby's thesis for Framework is simple. Individuals accustomed to personal poverty think and act differently from people in the middle and upper economic classes. Most teachers today come from middle-class backgrounds. Economic class differences, in an educational setting, often make both teaching and learning challenging. Too often, teachers don't understand why a student from poverty is chronically acting out or is not grasping a concept even after repeated explanations. At the same time, the student doesn't understand what he/she is expected to produce and why. Ruby discusses at length the social cues or "hidden rules" that govern how we think and interact in society - and the significance of those rules in a classroom. Framework also illuminates differences between generational poverty and situational poverty. Ruby explains the "voices" that all of us use to project ourselves to the outside world and how poverty can affect those voices. Through the use of realistic teaching scenarios, Ruby focuses attention on sources of support, or resources, which might or might not be present in a student's life. Resources are important assets - things like mental stability, emotional support, and physical health - and the more resources students have in their lives, the better able they'll be to achieve their goals. Framework is a teacher's book. It draws on years of experience in multiple school systems, along with a wide range of academic positions. In this groundbreaking work Ruby Payne matter-of-factly presents the issues central to teaching students from poverty, then takes a pivotal next step by offering proven tools educators can use immediately to improve the quality of instruction in their classrooms.
(summary from another edition)
Is this you?
Become a LibraryThing Author.
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Why do we eat too much?
Why do we eat when we aren't hungry?
Why does it sometimes seem the more we eat the less enjoyment we get out of it?
Boredom, stress, the need for emotional comfort, nutritional deficiencies, and just plain old calorie unawareness are all secondary reasons for overeating, according to weight management expert Ron Brown, author of The Body Fat Guide. Brown claims, "The primary reason we overeat is because we seek more pleasure and satisfaction from our food."
"Many people believe an obese person who sits on the couch all day eating cheeseburgers is selfishly indulging in too much pleasure and satisfaction," says Brown. "But, no one develops an insatiable appetite because they are receiving too much satisfaction; they develop insatiable appetites because they are not receiving enough satisfaction. For example, a lean person will eat a meal of healthy food, feel totally satisfied when finished, and go about his business. An obese person, on the other hand, will finish a meal, not feel satisfied, and continue to search for something else to eat. I believe an obese person who overeats all day derives no more overall pleasure and satisfaction than a lean person who eats a normal amount of food."
Brown points out that when a moderate eater overeats they experience pain and discomfort, not more satisfaction. "The overeater learns to suppress the pain of overeating with even more food," says Brown. "The fact is, bite for bite, overeaters are not getting as much pleasure out of eating as you might expect. That's why they continue to overeat."
And, says Brown, the more they overeat, the less satisfaction they get. The reason is explained by what he calls the Fatigued Taste-Bud Syndrome. "The sensitivity and response of your taste buds diminish as they become fatigued from eating," says Brown. "It then takes larger and stronger amounts of stimulation from highly processed, spiced-up junk food to continue to trigger nerve responses to the sensory centers in your brain. Normal quantities of healthy food don't hit the spot anymore."
"Adding too much of these types of overstimulating foods to your diet progressively leads to more taste-bud fatigue and the desire for greater stimulation," says Brown. "One becomes trapped in a syndrome of taste-bud fatigue and overeating. You receive less pleasure the more you eat. Soon you are just mindlessly swallowing gobs of junk and hardly tasting it anymore. In the meantime, the empty calories keep piling on."
How do you breakout of the Fatigued Taste-Bud Syndrome? The key is to gradually restore your normal taste-bud response with better quality foods, says Brown. "Rather than continuously attempting to wake up your taste buds with more junk food, as commercial interests advertise, give your taste buds a rest by selecting better quality foods and returning to a normal feeding schedule. This will eventually allow your taste buds to restore their normal sensitivity, which will give you greater pleasure and satisfaction on normal quantities of food."
"And give it time," adds Brown. "You often can't just
totally eliminate overstimulating foods without feeling deprived and triggering
a rebound binge. You gradually trained your taste buds to acquire a taste
for too much overstimulating foods. You just have to reverse the
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|The battle was fought near this mound.|
(From the Civil War website) “In February 1862, a band of Confederate Rangers under Capt. Sherod Hunter raised the Stars and Bars of Tucson, Arizona, and part of an effort to create an ocean-to-ocean Confederacy. In order to thwart this move, a Union “Column from California” under Col. James H. Carleton set out across the lonely desert toward Tucson. On April 15, Union cavalry under Lt. James Barrett met with Confederate Rangers near Picacho Peak, a rocky spire 50 miles northwest of Tucson. Barrett was killed almost immediately and fierce combat continued for more than an hour before the Federals retreated. Although the Rangers’ victory at Picacho Pass delayed the Union force, the following month Carleton’s Californian’s eventually took Tucson without firing a shot.”
Check out these websites for more details about this battle:http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/picachopeak.html
Facilities found at Picacho Peak State Park are hiking trails, a visitor center with exhibits and gift shop, historical markers, a campground, picnic areas, ramadas, grills, dump station, restrooms, and showers. The group use areas, for day and overnight use, are available by reservation.
Park phone: (520) 466-3183
Reservations: (520) 586-2283
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“Pile of Stone-henge! so proud to hint yet keep Thy secrets, thou that lov’st to stand and hear
The Plain resounding to the whirlwind’s sweep,
Inmate of lonesome Nature’s endless year.”
William Wordsworth’s , “Guilt and sorrow; or incidents upon Salisbury Plain”
Never mind the busy motorway nearby, never mind the throngs of tourists, Stonehenge was a consciousness-shattering experience. The horizontal lintels placed on massive vertical posts looked like portals, which, though ruinous now, are still capable of transporting the mind beyond itself. The Romantics so rightly spoke of the “sublime terror” of the monument; while contemporary authors, such as John North, marvel at its embodiment of spiritual forces. This undeniable sense of awe and wonder is not shrunk by the awareness that we may never know why it was built, and what purpose it served. The scholarly consensus is that it was a place of burial, that the stones were aligned in astronomically significant ways, and that it always attracted great numbers of people, even from most distant places. In an article in the Smithsonian Magazine, Ed Caesar talks to archeologist Vince Gaffney, who compares the experience of Stonehenge to Jerusalem Syndrome, “the feeling of intense emotion experienced by pilgrims on their first sighting of the Holy City.” The eerie, “cathedralesque” monument has always sparked utmost awe and devotion.
It is perhaps universally known that the so-called Heel Stone aligns with the rising sun on the summer solstice as seen from the stone circle. It is perhaps less known that on the same day the sun rises along the Avenue, a pathway which in present time is cut off from the henge by a road. However, some authors, notably Paul D. Burley, have suggested that there exists a deeper correspondence between the Stonehenge Landscape and the heavens above. His findings have not been scholarly acknowledged; nevertheless, they are worth considering. He sees Stonehenge and an extensive area surrounding it as a ritual landscape, place of healing and domain of ancestors. A similar assumption has also been made by renowned professors and experts on Stonehenge, Tim Darvill and Geoff Wainwright. According to them, people came to Stonehenge to be cured. The so-called blue stones, which are smaller and located in the centre of the monument, were believed to have healing properties. They came from an unbelievable distance of 200 miles and were brought from a mountain in Wales. To this day, it has not been established what methods were used to transport them to the Salisbury Plain.
Burley, however, goes even further and deeper in his claims about the symbolism of Stonehenge, which was built around the same time as the Egyptian pyramids. While I do not share his absolute confidence that lo and behold we have solved the ancient mystery, I found his book worthwhile. Personally, I have no doubt that Stonehenge, equally to the pyramids, holds the key to astounding secrets and truths about the dawn of our civilization. Burley puts forward an intriguing hypothesis of a translocation of the Winter Hexagon, the Milky Way and Orion onto the Stonehenge Landscape. The Winter Hexagon, an egg-shaped asterism, was, as Burley writes, perceived by ancient and indigenous cultures as the source of life – “where life began and where life returns.” Further, Burley sees the Greater Cursus (a long trench-like structure) as representing the Milky Way, or “the pathway for the spirit’s return to its home in the cosmos.” The Avenue, in turn, is supposed to be “the product of translocating the right arm of Orion onto the Stonehenge Landscape.” The arm of Orion receives the body of the dead, welcoming it to the Netherworld. I find the following passages from Burley’s book particularly significant:
“There is notable difference in shape between the Greater Cursus and the Avenue built centuries later. The cursus appears to be very much inorganic in form, constructed of straight lines and sharp corners, like broken ice, sherds of pottery, flakes from toolmaking, triangles formed by the astral nodes and links of constellations. It is the spirit’s gateway between Earth and sky. Conversely, the Avenue has no sharp corners. It is organic in shape, curved, flowing, getaway to the end of life made manifest.
The Greater Cursus is immense. Its size, shape and outline in white … was meant to be seen from above, the cosmos and Creator looking at earth and seeing a reflection of themselves.
The Winter Hexagon is where spirits come from, and where spirits return. Upon death the body was interred to Earth, while the spirit took to the spirit path – the Milky Way beginning at Sirius – on its return journey from Earth to the centre of the Winter Hexagon. That is where Orion as the psychopomp Sky King or Queen (perhaps both) waited to welcome the spirit in his right hand.
Sunrise occurred in the constellation Cancer during summer solstice morning in 2500 BCE. … if we could see below the horizon at sunrise on summer solstice Orion would appear with right arm raised, pointing directly toward the sun, as if bringing forth the sun into the sky… In this capacity we see why Orion … is called the ‘Bringer of Light.’”
In Greek myth, Orion assaulted Merope and was blinded in revenge by her father. He recovered his eyesight thanks to the rays of the sun god Helius after being guided in the direction of the rising sun. There he fell in love with Eos, goddess of the dawn. For Ancient Egyptians, Orion was a manifestation of Osiris, while Sirius was associated with Isis. Together they brought to life Horus, the New King. Burley sees an analogy between a Late Neolithic festival and the ancient Egyptian myth of death and rebirth. The germinating seed, the zygote, so intimately associated with Osiris and Isis in Ancient Egypt, seems to be a universal symbol, connected across times and cultures to the area of the sky known as the Orion constellation. Says Burley:
“There are cultural traditions which may explain a sacred ritual-based transfer of Orion from sky to Stonehenge. The connection may be associated with a Late Neolithic festival and ritual similar to the Iron Age Celtic Lughnasadh. In ancient Irish mythology Lugh is a hero and a High King. The bright One with the strong hand , related to Latin lux light.
…the beginning of a prototypal two week Lughnasadh celebration ca. 2500 BC coincided with the first appearance (heliacal rising) of Orion, ending with the joining of Orion with Earth at Stonehenge during mid-August. For the people of Salisbury Plain… this intercourse ensuring new life in the following year was between Lugh … and the Earth Goddess.
With appearance of the symbolic king (Lugh as Orion) the people may have begun anticipating consummation of life by the new king and Earth inside the goddess’s enclosure – the womb – the centre of Stonehenge.”
It never ceases to amaze me how consistent religious symbolism is across cultures. Can there be any other explanation than the Jungian collective unconscious churning out symbols from within individual psyches across time and space? And yet, I would like Stonehenge to be free of any reductive explanations. It may be that forcing all kinds of symbolic robes on the bare and primal Stones is an exercise in futility. What if the Stones, like constellations, precede all such attempts? They come from the times before gods were named, when sacred symbols were only emerging. They have that numinous quality so beautifully described by Rudolf Otto:
“…we are dealing with something for which there is only one appropriate expression, mysterium tremendum. . . . The feeling of it may at times come sweeping like a gentle tide pervading the mind with a tranquil mood of deepest worship. It may pass over into a more set and lasting attitude of the soul, continuing, as it were, thrillingly vibrant and resonant, until at last it dies away and the soul resumes its “profane,” non-religious mood of everyday experience. . . . It has its crude, barbaric antecedents and early manifestations, and again it may be developed into something beautiful and pure and glorious. It may become the hushed, trembling, and speechless humility of the creature in the presence of—whom or what? In the presence of that which is a Mystery inexpressible and above all creatures.”
Perhaps all we can do is bow before them in silence.
Sources and links:
Paul D. Burley, Stonehenge – As above, so below: Unveiling the Spirit Path on Salisbury Plain, New Generation Publishing 2014
Ed Caesar, “What Lies Benath Stonehenge?”, via http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/what-lies-beneath-Stonehenge-180952437/
Jesse Harasta, History’s Greatest Mysteries: Stonehenge, Charles Rivera editors, Kindle edition
Jonathan Morris, Stonehenge: Solving the Neolithic Universe, Kindle edition
John North, Stonehenge: Neolithic Man and the Cosmos, Kindle edition
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My son has been in a social skills group since he was three years old. When he turns thirteen this year, he will “officially” age out of this group.
What is social skills group?
Social skills group is a structured play group with four to six children who are relatively near each other on the autism spectrum. They have two facilitators who strive to encourage the group to communicate, play, and interact with each other.
My son was young when he started at age three. However, the facility (at that time) had three or four other kids who were similar to my son. The facility began a social skills group with these four kids.
That group of kids stayed together for several years. One member and my son stayed together for eight years, and we’re friends with them to this day.
Was it successful?
During the first year, the parents were so thrilled with this program that we began to discuss a two a week meeting. We all contacted our respective regional centers (for California only) and asked our case workers if it were possible to get funded for a second social skills group.
The group met twice a week for several years.
Of course, the group who lose a member/gain a new member every once in a while. Plus, that was not just limited to kids. Facilitators have a tendency to pull around and/or go back to school, so the group did see change overs in facilitators.
How did my son progress?
My son progressed for several years, but around age eight he hit a plateau.
The facilitator suggested he switch one of his groups to a partner situation, one facilitator for my son, plus one other child with their own facilitator.
That situation lasted for two years until the regional center and the facility decided to “graduate” my son from the partner situation.
When I asked about putting him back into the second social skills group, they said they won’t fund it, one group was enough for him (apparently).
Now what is happening?
Now, it’s an age out situation, according to the regional center and the facility.
Do I agree with it?
Not at all.
I will ask my son’s case worker to explain why the regional center and the facility feels as if age thirteen is the “age out” age for social skills training for our kids.
The facility offers a “Teen Group” to replace the social skills group—however it appears as if it’s less structured, and the days this group meets are less convenient for us.
The idea of an “age out” perplexes me.
My son just began in his age appropriate group one year ago, and now he has to leave because of a blanket policy that says, “Your kids should have appropriate social skills by a certain age (thirteen).”
I know that other California parents are in similar situations. I can’t imagine I’m the only parent out there saying, “Well, this group is really helping my son, he’s progressing nicely, he just began it and has really made some great friends, why don’t we keep it for another year or two? Why is it just over because a certain age has hit? Is that an individual program for each child? How is attaching an age considered an individual policy?”
Hopefully, it’ll work out. Still, some of these autism-related polices continue to baffle me.
More on Kimberly Kaplan:
To purchase “Two Years Autism Blogs Featured on ModernMom.com”
or “A Parentsʼ Guide to Early Autism Intervention” visit Amazon (print or digital) or Smashwords
LinkedIn: Kimberly Kaplan
You can also find this autism blog on ModernMom.com
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The doctrine of the trinity is so ephemeral and so complex that the average Christian does not even begin to understand the doctrine. If asked to define it, he would probably provide a definition of the trinity, which the church has long since declared to be heresy.
Clearly, the doctrine of or belief in the illusory nature of the crucifixion was perceived by Ignatius to be a threat to what would much later become the orthodox position of the Christian church regarding the crucifixion. As it would take some years for such a belief to become widespread across the vastness of the Roman Empire, it can be deduced that the origin of the doctrine of the illusory nature of the crucifixion must be dated well back into the first century CE, and quite possibly right back to the time of the crucifixion itself.
For what reason is the cross considered a holy object in Christianity while simultaneously being the place of Christ’s torture – as you believe? Is it not the remembrance of an offense? Is it not a symbol of the crime and its instrument? Furthermore, do you not see that the crucifixion, as connected with Christ has no historical or religious basis to which it can be authentically attributed? And how conceivable is it that for three days the universe could continue without a god (Jesus) in control and maintaining its stability?
In a shocking survey of Anglican bishops in London, it was found that more than half of England’s Anglican bishops say Christians are not obliged to believe that Jesus Christ was God, according to a survey published today. The poll of 31 of England’s 39 bishops shows that many of them think that Christ’s miracles, the virgin birth and the resurrection might not have happened exactly as described in the Bible. Only 11 of the bishops insisted that Christians must regard Christ as both God and man, while 19 said it was sufficient to regard Jesus as “God’s supreme agent”. One declined to give a definite opinion.
Frequency of citation
Did you know that Muhammad is mentioned by his name in the Quran ONLY 4 times, whereas Jesus is mentioned 37 times and Moses 177 times!!
The so-called ‘son’ of God
If we examine the New Testament in order to find the basis upon which this belief is founded, we do not find any statement that can be attributed to the Messiah (Jesus), where he makes any such claim. We are, on the contrary, surprised to find that the New Testament contains what actually amounts to a rejection of this belief. It proclaims unambiguously and with utmost clarity that there is no God other than God and that the Messiah is but a Messenger of God sent to the Children of Israel (the Jews):
Jesus states in the Gospel of Barnabas 94:1: “And having said this, Jesus said again: ‘I confess before heaven, and call to witness everything that dwelleth upon the earth, that I am a stranger to all that men have said of me, to wit, that I am more than a man. For I am a man, born of a woman, subject to the judgement of God; that live here like as other men, subject to common miseries.'”
100% plagiarism in the ‘Holy Bible’
Isaiah 37 and 2 Kings 19 are identical word for word. Yet they have been attributed to two different authors, centuries apart, whom the Christians claim have been inspired by God. Who is copying whom? Who is stealing from whom? The 32 renowned Bible scholars of the Revised Standard Version say that the author of the Book of Kings is “Unknown” yet they expect everyone to regard these as the Words of God!!
There is a surprisingly steady stream of conversion from Judaism to Islam. There is even an organization called “Jews for Allah.” Prominent Jewish converts of the last century include Leopold Weiss (Muhammad Asad) and Maryam Begum (Maryam Jameelah), who married the famous Indian Muslim scholar Abul A’la Maududi. Both were prolific authors and wrote dozens of books.
Children are pushed to church
“When you’re young you get taken to church by your parents and you get pushed into religion at school. They’re trying to put something into your mind. Obviously because nobody goes to church and nobody believes in God. Why? Because they haven’t interpreted the Bible as it was intended. I didn’t really believe in God as l’d been taught it. It was just like something out of a science fiction novel. You’re taught just to have faith, you don’t have to worry about it, just believe what we’re telling you.”
The name Jesus
This unique name has gone out of currency among the Jews and the Christians from the 2nd century after Christ. Among the Jews, because it came to be a name of ill – repute, the name of one who blasphemed in Jewry; and among the Christians because it came to be the proper name of their God. The Muslim will not hesitate to name his son Eesa because it is an honoured name, the name of a righteous servant of the Lord.
No two copies are exactly alike
“In copying the inspired originals by hand the element of human frailty entered in, and so none of the thousands of copies extant today in the original language are perfect duplicates. The result is that no two copies are exactly alike.” Now you see why the whole “foreword” of 27 pages is eliminated from their Bibles. Allah was making them hang themselves with their own erudition..
“The whole Bible contains sixty-six books written by forty different authors over a space of about fifteen centuries.” It is clearly said in the book that: Jesus Christ himself wrote nothing about Christianity. “The Gospels do not give a complete history of the life of Christ. They are rather memoirs.”
Who is Jehovah?
Astonishing as it may sound, it is an admitted fact that prior to the sixteenth century, the word “Jehovah,” was unheard of. Whenever the origin of this word appeared in its true Hebrew form in Jewish Scriptures (read from right to left as in Arabic) Yet, Huh, Wav, Huh; or YHWH. these four letters were preceded by a substitute word “Adonai,” to warn the reader that the following word was not to be articulated. The Jews took meticulous care in repeating this exercise in their “Book of God” six thousand, eight hundred and twenty-three times – interpolating the words “Adonai” or “Elohim.” They sincerely believed that this awesome name of God was never to be pronounced. This prohibition was no ordinary affair: it called for a penalty of death on one who dared to utter it, and this taboo has been more successful than all the “DO’s” and “DON’T’s” of the Ten Commandments put together.
In essence, it is an easy chance for the Jews to prove that the Quran is false – that it is not a divine revelation. All they have to do is organize themselves, treat the Muslims nicely for a few years and then say, “Now what does your holy book say about who are your best friends in the world – the Jews or the Christians? Look what we Jews have done for you!” That is all they have to do to disprove the Quran’s authenticity, yet they have not done it in 1400 years. But, as always, the offer still stands open!
Recently, the leading intellectual in the Catholic Church – a man by the name of Hans – studied the Quran and gave his opinion of what he had read. This man has been around for some time, and he is highly respected in the Catholic Church, and after careful scrutiny, he reported his findings, concluding, “God has spoken to man through the man, Muhammad.”
“It is scarcely surprising… as the churches of the world are emptying, the mosques of Islam are filling up, for in this age, as for the last fourteen centuries, the knowledge about Jesus to which only the Muslims have access, is far more accurate and far more reliable than any of the perversions of the original teachings of and accounts about Jesus which still exist today – and which are all that today’s believing Christians, whether Unitarian or Trinitarian, have – and in this age, as for the last fourteen centuries, the only way to truly follow Jesus, Prophet of Islam, peace be on him, is by following the way of Islam.”
Out of the total of 27 Books of the New Testament, more than half is authored by Paul. As opposed to Paul, the Master has not written a single word of the twenty-seven books. If you can lay your hands on what is called “‘A Red Letter Bible,” you will find every word alleged to have been uttered by Jesus – in red ink and the rest in normal black ink. Don’t be shocked to find that in this so called Gospel of Jesus, over ninety percent of the 27 Books of the New Testament is printed in black ink!
Many Christian leaders of the past advocated the inferior status of women. The Apostle Paul called for women to keep silent in the presence of men and forbade them to be teachers of men. Martin Luther equated girls with being weeds!
Christian countries’ laws!
The laws which exist in the ‘Christian’ countries of the West today – the laws governing birth and death, the formation and dissolution of marriage, the rights over property within and outside marriage, or in the event of divorce or death, adoption and guardianship, commerce and industry and all the rest – are not to be found in the Gospels. The laws which define what constitutes criminal behavior and the various penalties for such behavior, are no longer derived from the Bible. Murderers are no longer executed, for example, and adulterers are no longer stoned to death. Some laws, such as those which legalise usury in all its forms, flatly contradict what has in fact always been forbidden by God. Most of these laws are not laws which have been revealed to man by God.
That Jesus, was sent specifically to the Tribe of Israel that is, to the twelve tribes of the Tribe of Israel, who were the descendants of the twelve sons of Jacob, who was also known as Israel. The teachings of Jesus were intended for those who claimed to be following Moses, but who no longer had access to his original teachings. Thus Jesus was given knowledge of the original Torah which had been revealed to Moses, and he always emphasised that he had come to uphold the law of Moses and not to change it even by one jot.
The word ‘father’
According to Theodore Zahn, the article of faith up until about 250 AD was, “I believe in God, the Almighty.” Between 180 and 210 AD the word ‘Father’ was added before ‘the Almighty’. This was bitterly contested by a number of the leaders of the Church. Bishop Victor and Bishop Zephysius are on record as condemning this movement, since they regarded it an unthinkable sacrilege to add or subtract any word to the Scriptures.
Jesus came to bring war
The ‘God’ of war. Jesus said: “Think not that I am come to send peace on earth: I came not to send peace, but a sword.”
According to a Jewish practice – if one man dies leaving no offspring behind, then the 2nd brother of the deceased husband takes her to wife, to give her his seed. But when he fails and dies, the 3rd takes her on; and so on and so on. Not sure if they are still practising that nowadays.
12 verses – Gone!
Note that John chapter 8, begins with verse 12. Can you imagine any chapter in any religious Book beginning with verse 12 as the first verse? Verses 1 to 11 are expunged as a fabrication by the 32 Christian Scholars of the highest eminence, backed by 50 cooperating denominations in their ‘Most up to date Version of the Bible’ the Revised Standard Version, first published in 1952. The translators claimed to have had access to the ‘Most Ancient Manuscripts’ from which they learnt that the story about the adulteress was a fabrication.
Born Again Christian
‘Born-Again’ is the latest cult among the Christians. Billy Graham claims that there are 70 million such cultists in America. Immaculate people, veritable angels! Yet in that nation over a quarter million ‘gays’ gathered in San Fransisco last June on a pilgrimage, led by 50 lesbians on motorbikes. In New York, there are only one million more women than men and of the ‘men’ it is said that one third are sodomites! Overall there are 10 million ‘problem drinkers’ (meaning drunkards), in the USA. If all this is true with 70 million veritable angels (‘Born-Again’) in their midst, then it gives a lie to Paul’s “a little leaven leaveneth the whole”(1 Cor. 5:6).
He claimed no divinity
There is not a single statement throughout the Bible, in all its 66 volumes of the Protestant versions, or in the 73 volumes of the Roman Catholic versions, where Jesus claims to be God or where he says ‘worship me’. Nowhere does he say that he and God Almighty ‘are one’ and ‘the same person. The ‘claimed divinity’ was invented by early Christians.
The human mind can’t help reasoning that since the ‘begotten son’ of an African will look like an African, and that of a China man as a Chinese, and that of an Indian like an Indian: so the begotten son of God aught naturally to look like God. Billions of beautiful pictures and replicas of this ‘only begotten son of God’ are put in peoples hands. He looks like a European with blonde hair, blue eyes and handsome features like one I saw in the ‘King of Kings’ or ‘The Day of Triumph’ or ‘Jesus of Nazareth’. Remember Jeffrey Hunter? The ‘Savior’ of the Christian is more like a German than a Jew with his polly nose. So naturally, if the son is a white man, the father would also be a white man (God?). Hence the darker skinned races of the earth subconsciously have the feeling of inferiority ingrained in their souls as God’s ‘step children’. No amount of face creams, skin lighteners and hair strengtheners will erase the inferiority.
The begotten ‘son’ of God
Begotten is an animal act, belonging to the lower animal functions of sex. Do Christians attribute such a lowly capacity to God? Although this pernicious word ‘begotten’ has now unceremoniously been thrown out of the ‘Most Accurate’ version of the Bible, the Revised Standard Version (R.S.V.), its ghost still lingers on in the Christian mind, both black and white. Through its insidious brainwashing the white man is made to feel superior to his black Christian brother of the same Church and Denomination. And in turn, the black man is given a permanent inferiority complex through this dogma.
Jesus in the Quran
a) Mary, the mother of Jesus, was a virtuous woman, and honored above the women of all nations. b) It was God’s own Revelation to mankind. c) Jesus was the ‘Word’ of God. d) He was the Christ that the Jews were waiting for. e) God will empower Jesus to perform miracles even in infancy. f) Jesus was born miraculously, without any male intervention. g) God will vouchsafe him Revelation. h) Jesus will give life to the dead by God’s permission, and that he will heal those born blind and the lepers by God’s permission.
Mary in The Quran
There is a Chapter in the Quran, named Maryam (Mary), named in honour of Mary the mother of Jesus Christ, peace and blessings of Allah be upon them both; again, such an honour is not to be found given to Mary in the Christian Bible. Out of the 66 books of the Protestants and 73 of the Roman Catholics, not one is named after Mary or her son. You will find books named after Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Peter, Paul and two score more obscure names, but not a single one is that of Mary!
Since none of the Gospels are written by people who personally saw and heard the events and words which they describe, it is hardly surprising that their respective accounts of particular events often differ and at times even contradict each other – and that even highly significant events in the life of Jesus are not described in all of the Gospels.
Sins or Bible’s fabrication?
“Every time I had picked up the Bible in my life, I had come across some really strange and actually dirty passages. I could not understand why the Prophets of God would do such abominable things when there are plenty of average people who live their whole lives without thinking of doing such disgusting and immoral things, such as those attributed to Prophets David, Solomon, and Lot, (peace be upon them all) just to name a few. I remember hearing in Church that since these Prophets commit such sins, how could the common people be any better than them?(Erin Fannoun)
Did Jesus write the Bible?
No, Jesus did not write the bible that was revealed by God. Not even was it written immediately after his departure. He did not order or desire at any time in his life to write anything on his behalf. Therefore, the Bible which is in circulation today is not a representation of Jesus’ teachings.
The authenticity of God’s teachings
“As I began reading English translations of the Quran, I became more and more convinced of the truth and authenticity of Allah’s teachings contained in those 114 chapters. Having been around Muslims in my formative years, I knew well that they were not the bloodthirsty, barbaric terrorists that the news media and the televangelists paint them to be. Perhaps this knowledge led me to continue my personal research further than another person would have.” (Adam Gadahn)
The ‘son’ of God!
The Christians misunderstand God’s Word and called Jesus the son of God. This is the beauty of the Quran; it asks you to reflect and reason, and not to worship the sun or moon but the One Who has created everything. The Quran asks man to reflect upon the sun and moon and God’s creation in general. Do you realize how different the sun is from the moon? They are at varying distances from the earth, yet appear the same size to us; at times one seems to overlap the other. Even when many of the astronauts go to space, they see the insignificant size of the earth and vastness of space. They become very religious, because they have seen the Signs of Allah. (Cat Stevens)
The striking difference between Islam and every other religion is that Islam is the only religion that makes a strict distinction between the creator and the creation. (Bruce Paterson)
To become a Catholic
You need to study for nine months. What if I died before I became a Catholic because the priests wouldn’t let me become a Christian! Then what?
Lack of knowledge
The biggest problem with non-Muslims, is their lack of understanding and lack of knowledge as to what Islam is really all about and who the Muslims are supposed to be. I pray for them all and ask Allah to forgive the Muslims for not showing a better picture to everyone.
Ban the book!
George Bernard Shaw said that the Bible is “The most dangerous book on Earth, keep it under lock and key.” Keep the Bible out of your children’s reach. But who will follow his advice?
The word ‘Messiah’ comes from the Arabic and Hebrew word ‘masaha’, which means to rub, to massage, to anoint. The religious significance is “the one who is anointed” – priests and kings were anointed in consecration to their offices. Messiah translated Christ does not mean God. Even the heathen Cyrus is called ‘Christ’ in the Bibe. (Isaiah 45:1)
The nature of the revelation which Jesus received is not contradicted by any historical record which states otherwise. There is no record of Jesus being presented with inscribed tablets as happened with Moses, for example, or of his receiving a series of revelations like Muhammad, blessings and peace be on all of them, with certain disciples being appointed to record these revelations as they occurred – but not any of Jesus’ s own words – in order to ensure that the revelation was preserved exactly as it was revealed.
Christ is not a name
There are thousands prophecies in the Old Testament regarding the coming of a Messiah (the term ‘Messiah’ is translated as ‘Christ’). There is not one single prophecy where Jesus is mentioned by name. And not a single Prophecy where it says that the name of the Messiah will be Jesus, and that his mother’s name will be Mary, that his supposed father will be Joseph the carpenter; that he will be born in the reign of Herod the King, etc. etc.? No! There are no such details! Then how can Christians conclude that those ‘thousand’ Prophecies refer to Jesus?!
Muhammed in the bible
Muhammed is mentioned by name in the Song of Solomon 5:16. The Hebrew word used there is Muhammuddim. The end letters IM is plural of respect majesty and grandeur. Minus “im” the name would be Muhamud translated as “altogether lovely” in the Authorised Version of the Bible or ‘The Praised One’ ‘the one worthy of Praise’ i.e. Muhammad!
There were no Arabic Bibles in existence in the 6th Century of the Christian Era when Muhummed lived and preached! Besides, he was absolutely unlettered and unlearned. No human had ever taught him a word.
History’s great leaders
“People like Pasteur and Salk are leaders in the first sense. People like Gandhi and Confucius, on one hand, and Alexander, Caesar and Hitler on the other, are leaders in the second and perhaps the third sense. Jesus and Buddha belong in the third category alone. Perhaps the greatest leader of all times was Mohammed, who combined all three functions. To a lesser degree, Moses did the same.”
The Gospel of Barnabas
None of today’s officially accepted Gospels – or, for that matter, the Gospel of Barnabas, whose authenticity continues to be attacked by the established Church because its contents contradict official dogma on several fundamental issues – are capable of being objectively authenticated.
Paul the traitor
Paul is the most controversial figure in Christianity. He was considered to be a traitor to Jesus’ thought by the latter’s family and by the apostles who had stayed in Jerusalem in the circle around James. Paul created Christianity at the expense of those whom Jesus had gathered around him to spread his teachings.
After the adoption of the Trinity, the Pauline Church ordered all Gospels written in Hebrew to be destroyed. Edicts were issued stating that anyone found in possession of an unauthorised Gospel would be put to death. This was the first well-organised attempt to remove all the records of Jesus’s original teaching, whether in human beings or books, which contradicted the doctrine of theTrinity.
Paul in his letter to the Corinthians admitted the centrality of this doctrine to the entire body of Christian faith: “Tell me, if Christ is preached as raised from the dead, how is it that some of you say there is no resurrection of the dead? If there is no resurrection of the dead, Christ himself has not been raised. And if Christ has not been raised, our preaching is void of content and your faith is empty too. Indeed, we should then be exposed as false witnesses of God, for we have borne witness before Him that He raised up Christ…” (I Corinthians 15:12-15)
In the fourth year of the Emperor Zeno’s rule in 478 AD, the remains of Barnabas were discovered, and a copy of the Gospel of Barnabas, written in his own hand, was found on his breast. This is recorded in the Acta Sanctorum, Boland Junii, Tome II, pages 422 450, published in Antwerp in 1698. It has been claimed by the Roman Catholic Church that the Gospel found in the grave of Barnabas was that of Matthew, but no steps have been taken to display this copy. The exact contents of the twenty-five mile long library of the Vatican continue to remain in the dark.
All the Hebrew and early Greek versions of Mark’s Gospel have been destroyed, and people can only speculate as to how much of the Gospel was changed or altered during these transitions from one language to another, although it has now been generally accepted that the final sectionwas tacked on to the end of the basic work at a later stage in order to round it off.
They never met Jesus!
Luke, Matthew and John never met Jesus. Luke, who wrote the Acts of the Apostles, was Paul’s personal physician. Matthew was a tax collector. John Mark, whose Gospel is the earliest of the four accepted Gospels, was the son of the sister of Barnabas.
How accurate are the Gospels?
“There can be no hope of going back to the original text itself,’ there is still the possibility that on the whole all the Gospels – including The Gospel of Barnabas – in their present form do contain a certain degree of accuracy and truth. It is possible to read all of these Gospels and find elements of what must be true in all of them – but it is impossible to claim that any of them are entirely accurate or to rely completely and unreservedly on any one of them.” (Ecumenical Translation)
The Gospel of Jesus
The one Gospel which we do not have is the Gospel of Jesus, the original revelation that he received, in the original language in which it was revealed so that the accuracy and authenticity of any translation of that original text could always be ascertained and assessed simply by referring back to that original text whenever the occasion might arise. According to the Gospel of Barnabas, the revelation which was given to Jesus was never preserved as a written text at any stage, but was more in the nature of a well of wisdom which was placed in the heart of Jesus by the angel Gabriel, and from which he could draw as he needed. This makes all Gospels today merely a collection of stories of what people heard about Jesus.
It does remain a great pity that there is no complete original authentic text of the Gospel of Jesus, which has been verified beyond any reasonable doubt, in existence today.
Hiding Barnabas from Christians!
A microfilm copy of the Gospel of Barnabas in the Library of Congress was obtained, and a fresh edition of the English translation was printed in Pakistan. A copy of this edition was used for the purposes of reprinting a revised version of the Gospel of Barnabas thereafter. The new English edition, understandably, has caused the present Christian Church a certain degree of irritation – for if the contents of the Gospel of Barnabas are true, then it clearly follows that most of the versions of Christianity which exist today – and accordingly the various Churches which promote them – do not have very firm foundations.
This is because the Gospel of Barnabas confirms that Jesus was not God, nor the ‘son’ of God, and that he was neither crucified in the first place, nor subsequently ‘raised from the dead’ thereafter. Accordingly virtually all the established churches, however near or far they are to each other, have united in their various efforts to discredit the English version of the Gospel of Barnabas by discrediting the Italian edition from which it was translated.
Traditionally, the upper classes i.e. the clergy, monarchy and nobility celebrated Christmas Day on the 25th December. The next day, the lower classes were permitted to celebrate Christmas and they used to exchange Christmas presents in little boxes. Hence, the term Boxing Day. The twentieth century saw the introduction of new feudal traditions such as ‘Trooping the Colour’; the Christmas broadcast to the neo-colonies of the Commonwealth by the Governor of the Church of England – the Queen; and the Armistice Day ceremony. Royal weddings were moved from the privacy of Windsor to the public domain in Westminster Abbey and St. Paul’s Cathedral.
15 million dollars
The Publishers of the (Bible) Revised Standard Version, made a net profit of 15 million dollars on the first edition alone. The authors of these anonymous books are either ‘Unknown’ or are ‘Probably’ or ‘Likely’ or are of ‘Doubtful’ origin. “What a miserable price in exchange for eternity!”
More than 700 statements!
In the first five books of the Bible – Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy -there are more than 700 statements which prove not only that God is not the author of these books, but that even Moses himself had no hand in them:
- “And the Lord said unto him. Away, get thee down …”
- “And Moses said unto the Lord, the people cannot come …”
- “And the Lord said unto Moses, Go on before the people …”
- “And the Lord speak unto Moses, saying …”
- “And the Lord said unto Moses, Get down, charge the …”
It is manifest and apparent that these are neither the Words of God nor of Moses. They indicate the voice of a third person writing from hearsay.
Old and New Testaments
Nowhere does the ‘New Testament’ call itself the New Testament, and nowhere the Old Testament calls itself the Old Testament. And also the word “Bible” is unknown within the pages of the Bible. God forgot to give a title to ‘His’ books!
Why “according to”?
Why does every Gospel begin with the introduction According To … According To … Why “According to?”. Because not a single one of the vaunted four thousand copies extant carries its author’s autograph! Hence the supposition “according to!” Even the internal evidence proves that Matthew was not the author of the first Gospel which bears his name.
The book of Matthew
“Early tradition ascribed this gospel to the apostle Matthew, but scholars nowadays almost all reject this view. We still conveniently refer to the author as “Matthew”. ‘Conveniently’ because otherwise every time we made a reference to ‘Matthew’ we would have to say ‘The first book of The New Testament’ Chapter so and so, verse so and so. And again and again ‘The first book …’ etc.” (J. B. Phillips, A prebendary of the Chichester Cathedral, England).
What is in the bible?
“What a book is the bible in the matter of variety of contents! … whole pages are taken up with obscure names, and more is told of a genealogy than of the day of judgment. Stories are half told, and the night falls before we can tell where victory lay. Where is there anything (in the religious literature of the world) to correspond with this?”
A beautiful necklace of words and phrases undoubtedly! It is much ado about nothing, and rank blasphemy against God Almighty for authorising such an embarrassing hotch potch. Yet the Christians gloat over the very defects of their book, like Romeo over the “mole” on Juliet’s lip!
“There are claimed contradictions that theologians have not resolved to every atheist’s satisfaction. There are textual difficulties with which scholars are still wrestling. Only a bible illiterate would deny these and other problems”. (The Plain Truth, July 1975).
Unknown authors! Why?
- Genesis: Author is one of the “five books of Moses.”
- Exodus: Author is generally credited to Moses.
- Leviticus: Author is generally credited to Moses.
- Numbers: Author is generally credited to Moses.
- Deuteronomy: Author is generally credited to Moses.
- Joshua: Major part credited to Joshua.
- Judges: Author is possibly Samuel.
- Ruth: Author is not definitely known, perhaps Samuel.
- First Samuel: Author is unknown.
- Second Samuel: Author is unknown.
- First kings: Author is unknown.
- Second kings: Author is unknown.
- First chronicles: Author is unknown, probably collected and edited by Ezra.
- Second chronicles: is likely collected and edited by Ezra.
- Ezra: probably written or edited by Ezra.
- Esther: Author is unknown.
- Job: Author is unknown.
- Psalms: Author is principally David, though there are other writers.
- Ecclesiastes: Author is doubtful, but commonly assigned to Solomon.
- Isaiah: Mainly credited to Isaiah. Parts may have been written by others.
- Jonah: Author is unknown.
- Habakkuk: Nothing is known about the author nor the place or time of his birth.
Reliability of the Bible?
The contents of the earliest Greek manuscripts of the four officially accepted Gospels are in fact just as capable of having been ‘forged’, albeit during an earlier period, as are the contents of the Italian manuscript of the Gospel of Barnabas. We just do not know. ‘There can be no hope of going back to the original text itself,’ there is still the possibility that on the whole all the Gospels – including The Gospel of Barnabas – in their present form do contain a certain degree of accuracy and truth.
It is possible to read all of these Gospels and find elements of what must be true in all of them – but it is impossible to claim that any of them are entirely accurate or to rely completely and unreservedly on any one of them.
God challenges you
In chapter 4 verse 82 “Quran invites the non-Muslim to find a mistake. As a matter of fact, the seriousness and difficulty of the challenge aside, the actual presentation of such a challenge in the first place is not even in human nature and is inconsistent with man’s personality. One doesn’t take an exam in school and after finishing the exam, write a note to the instructor at the end saying, “This exam is perfect. There are no mistakes in it. Find one if you can!” One just doesn’t do that. The teacher would not sleep until he found a mistake! And yet this is the way the Quran approaches people.” (Dr. Gary Miller)
“And the Lord said to Moses, ‘Say to the people of Israel, When either a man or a woman makes a special vow, the vow of the Nazirite, (one separated or one consecrated) to separate himself to the Lord, he shall separate himself from wine and strong drink; he shall drink no vinegar made from wine or strong drink, and shall not drink any juice of grapes or eat grapes, fresh or dried. All the days of his separation he shall eat nothing that is produced by the grapevine, not even the seeds or the skins.”.
Jesus never drunk alcohol, yet almost all Christians drink alcohol and ignore his teachings.
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Gout, once called “the ailment of kings”, because it mainly afflicted those who could afford a “rich” diet, now affects more than 8 million nonroyal Americans. To what do we owe this dubious honor? Is it because we are eating more meat than ever before?
What is gout?
Gout is a special type of arthritis in which certain joints fill up with microscopic shards of uric acid, becoming red, swollen, and exquisitely sensitive to the touch. Most people with gout have too much uric acid in their blood—higher than 6 mg/dl in women and 7 mg/dl in men (levels can reach 12 mg/dl or more in some cases). Uric acid crystals can also cause kidney stones and kidney damage. More than 20% of Americans now have abnormally high uric acid levels.
What is uric acid?
Uric acid is a breakdown product of purines. What are purines? Purines are molecules that help to make up some vitally important compounds present in the cells of all plants and animals, including DNA (genes), RNA (protein manufacturing) and ATP (energy source molecule). The following are the most familiar purines:
- Theobromine (cocoa beans, tea leaves, kola nuts, yerba mate)
Low purine diets
Low purine diets (in combination with medication) have been prescribed for gout since the middle of the 20th Century. This dietary advice is based on the belief that the cause of high uric acid in the blood is too many purines in the diet. Now, since all plants and animals are made of cells, and all cells contain purines, asking someone to eat fewer purines is a tall order. However, since most animal foods are higher in purines than most plant foods (animal foods are denser and contain more cells per unit weight), doctors advise people with gout to eat less meat. Now, you could also lower purines in your diet by simply eating fewer whole foods of all kinds. [Actually, the best advice, if you follow this reasoning to its logical conclusion, would be to eat a 100% junk food diet of flour, sugar, candy, soda, ice cream, and fruit juice—foods that have had their cells destroyed or removed in the refining process—because these foods contain few if any purines at all—sound like a plan?] The below list is adapted from Emmerton 1996:
- All meats, including organ meats, and seafood
- Meat extracts and gravies
- Yeast and yeast extracts
- Beer, and other alcoholic beverages
- Beans, peas, lentils, oatmeal, spinach, asparagus, cauliflower, and mushrooms
- Refined cereals and cereal products, such as cornflakes, white bread, pasta, flour, tapioca, cakes
- Milk, milk products, and eggs
- Sugar, sweets, and gelatin
- Butter, polyunsaturated margarine, and all other fats
- Fruit, nuts, and peanut butter
- Lettuce, tomatoes, and green vegetables (except spinach and asparagus)
- Vegetarian cream soups made with low-purine vegetables
- Water, fruit juice, cordials, and carbonated drinks
In actuality, scientists admit that it is impossible to know the true purine content of any food, but even if we did, purines are not the only problem.
Those kings of old must have known how to party.
It has been known for centuries that alcohol consumption can trigger gouty attacks. This connection is now well supported by scientific studies. Two 12 oz beers can raise uric acid levels in healthy men by about 10%, and drinking to intoxication doubles uric acid levels in alcoholics. Most alcoholic drinks contain no purines, so how does alcohol raise uric acid levels?
- Alcohol cuts the kidney’s ability to rid the blood of excess purines by at least 50%.
- When the liver processes alcohol, lots of ATP (an energy molecule) is used up in the process; ATP contains purines that get broken down into uric acid.
- Beer is especially risky, because it contains alcohol AND purines (derived from brewer’s yeast).
It has been known since the late 1960’s that fructose raises uric acid levels.
Examples of foods which contain fructose are fresh fruit (max 10% fructose), dried fruit (max 40% fructose), table sugar (50% fructose) and corn syrup (55% fructose). Uric acid levels rise about 13% after eating meals containing fructose. People with gout have more exaggerated responses to fructose than healthy controls.
“…subjects prone to developing gout in the 1700s and 1800s tended to be wealthy and sedentary, often with the ability to afford sugar, the latter of which is known to raise uric acid. Indeed, today gout is increasing in all populations, and if anything is more common among the poor and less educated.” [Johnson 2011]
Yet, as you can see in this 2007 New York Times article, fructose is not even on the list of possible dietary factors in gout, which may be why celebrated NY Times food writer Frank Bruni continues to suffer with some symptoms of gout, despite following his doctors’ advice to limit meat and alcohol, and to take medication:
“I’ve noticed discernible changes in my health — or at least in the way I feel. How much of that is attributable to my reduced alcohol intake and how much to the exodus of red meat is impossible to say. I haven’t lost more than a pound or two, because carbs have rushed in where protein isn’t permitted to tread… the flare-ups [of gout] are subtle now that I’m medicated and reformed.” http://bruni.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/22/red-meat-blues/
Aye, there’s the rub! Mr. Bruni has gotten right to the meat of the problem—low purine diets can be high in refined carbohydrates, such as sugar and flour, which raise insulin levels, and now not only do you have gout, but you have a hard time losing weight, and you’ve further increased your risk for all kinds of other chronic diseases:
“Fructose is unique among sugars in that it rapidly causes features of metabolic syndrome both in experimental animals and humans. Fructose ingestion also leads to fatty liver and elevated triglycerides in humans and can also raise blood pressure. Intriguingly, fructose is a sugar that has the unique ability to raise serum uric acid. Serum uric acid levels rise within minutes of fructose ingestion… the increase in fructose intake closely parallels the rise in gout, obesity and metabolic syndrome that has occurred over the last two centuries. Serum uric acid levels increased from <3.5 mg/dl in the early twentieth century to over 6 mg/dl today in adult males.” [Johnson 2009]
So, how does fructose, which is not a purine, raise uric acid levels?
“The specific reason why fructose is superior than glucose in increasing fat stores likely relates to the unique first steps in fructose metabolism. When fructose enters the hepatocyte, it is metabolized by a specific enzyme, fructokinase C. Unlike glucokinase, which has a negative feedback system to prevent excessive phosphorylation, the phosphorylation of fructose by fructokinase will proceed uninterrupted, and as a consequence intracellular phosphate depletion and ATP depletion frequently occur. The fall in intracellular phosphate results in the stimulation of AMP deaminase that helps accelerate the degradation of AMP to IMP and later to uric acid. In turn, the intracellular generation of uric acid results in oxidative stress.” [Johnson 2011]
Translation: Fructose is especially good at turning into fat. The enzymes in the liver that turn fructose into fat use up lots of ATP in the process. ATP contains purines that get broken down into uric acid.
Both alcohol and fructose burn through ATP like kindling. Metabolically speaking, fructose and alcohol have a lot in common, which is why Dr. Robert Lustig mentions them both in the same breath as poisons.
But there’s more to the sugar story.
Rapidly digestible carbohydrates such as sugar, flour, starch, fruit juice, and white potato are notorious for causing insulin spikes. Insulin tells the kidneys to reabsorb uric acid into the blood instead of excreting it into the urine. Why? Because insulin is, first and foremost, a growth hormone. In order to grow you need to build more cells, and to build more cells, you need more purines.
So our dear meat-mourning Mr. Bruni is dutifully eating a low purine, high refined carb diet, which both lowers and raises uric acid. As comedian Steven Wright would have said, that’s like putting a humidifier and a dehumidifier in the same room and letting them fight it out.
So what is he supposed to do? What foods would he be left with if we told him he can’t eat carbs, meat, or alcohol? Fat and low-purine vegetables? Unfortunately that diet is dangerously devoid of nutrients. Which is worse for gout–meat or carbs?
Here are the reasons for my beef with the meat-purine-gout hypothesis:
- We are not eating any more meat now than we did 100 years ago.
- Some cultures eating lots of meat, including 19th century Arctic peoples who lived on a diet of nearly 100% animal foods, did not develop gout. “Gout is unknown in Eskimos and Northern Indians despite their purine-rich diet.” [Schaefer 1959]
- Animal foods are higher in protein than plant foods. Proteins increase the elimination of purines in the urine, which can actually lower uric acid levels.
- Some plant foods are rich in purines, including legumes, spinach, asparagus, and mushrooms [dense or rapidly growing plants].
- Purines in the diet do not have much of an effect on uric acid levels, because most of the uric acid in the blood comes from inside the body, as part of everyday cell turnover: “The purine content of the diet does not usually contribute more than 1 mg/dl to the serum urate concentration…” [Emmerson 1996].
Studies tying animal foods to gout have been epidemiological studies which have observed that people who eat more meat tend to have higher uric acid levels and/or a higher risk of gout. These studies have not taken carbohydrate in general, nor fructose in particular, into consideration. Therefore we have no idea whether people who reported eating more meat also happened to eat more fructose, which is, in my opinion, a critical omission, given that we have known since 1967 that fructose can raise uric acid levels. Furthermore, there are some epidemiological studies that find no association whatsoever between meat and uric acid levels [Yu 2008, Villegas 2012]. Either way, as many of you know, epidemiological studies are not experiments and correlation does not equal causation.
So, what do clinical studies of diet and gout have to teach us?
Unfortunately, as is the case with so many diseases, when the use of drugs to treat gout became popular in the 1950’s, interest in dietary strategies fizzled, so we only have a wee handful of small, flawed studies to guide us:
There are ZERO studies that have attempted to prevent gout with diet.
I could only locate a grand total of ONE study of the oft-recommended low-purine, alcohol-free diet that is relevant to our question (Peixoto 2001). In this study, 55 Brazilian adults with both high blood pressure and high uric acid levels were divided into 3 groups— diet alone, low purine diet + medication, and medication alone—for 3 months. Uric acid levels fell by about 2 mg/dl in all 3 groups by week 6. However, people in this study were not gout patients, there was no control group, and the composition of the diet was not described (we are only told what was excluded from the diet), therefore we do not know if this diet contained less fructose and/or less refined carbohydrate than a standard diet. Without that information, we can’t be sure that it was the lack of purines that may have been responsible for the decrease in uric acid.
I located only ONE small pilot study exploring the role of refined carbohydrate in gout [Dessein 2009]. 13 South African men with gout were placed on a 1600 calorie diet containing 40% unrefined carbohydrate, 30% protein, and 30 % (unsaturated) fat, including 4 servings of fish per week. Purines were unlimited and alcohol was not restricted. Here are the results, on average, after 16 weeks:
- uric acid levels fell by 18% , from 10.3 mg/dl to 8.5 mg/dl on average; 7 men had a normal uric acid level by the end of the study.
- frequency of gout attacks was reduced by 72%
- weight dropped by 17 lbs
This study is very promising, but unfortunately it is hard to know which of the interventions was the responsible for the positive benefits—was it the lack of refined carbohydrate, reduction in saturated fat, or the weight loss itself? Even more confusing is that it is unclear whether these patients were eating much less meat than usual, given that they were told to avoid saturated fat. Uric acid levels fell by about 2 points, which is about the same as in the Peixoto low-purine diet study, although that group had much lower uric acid levels to begin with.
So, what should you do if you have gout?
The answer is that the research doesn’t have a clear answer for you yet. Many questions remain unanswered. We still don’t understand exactly why alcohol raises uric acid levels, why only a small percentage of people with high uric acid levels get gout, or even which carbohydrates might aggravate gout and why. For example, a brand new analysis of all available fructose studies calls into question whether fructose raises uric acid any more than any other kind of sugar [Wang 2012].
But here’s what we do know. When we combine the available science with common sense, we can say that:
- Human beings must be well-adapted, as all animals must be, to eating purines, which are found in all whole foods.
- It is highly likely that we are poorly adapted to be able to handle much refined carbohydrate or alcohol, which have never existed in nature in significant amounts.
Dietary Tips for Managing Gout
- Stabilize and lower your blood sugar and insulin levels by reducing carbohydrate intake, especially refined carbohydrate intake. A low glycemic index diet would be a good place to start. Depending on your chemistry, you may even need to consider a very low carbohydrate diet. Refined carbohydrate and high insulin levels have been strongly linked to metabolic syndrome and most diseases of Western civilization, and gout is probably just one more sugar-tipped arrow in the quiver of the Western diet. There is no evidence that lowering the amount of meat in your diet will protect you from these diseases, whereas there is plenty of evidence to suggest that lowering refined carbohydrate intake can. Even if it doesn’t completely cure your gout, you’ll be a lot healthier for it.
- Minimize alcohol intake, especially beer.
- Consider taking a vitamin C supplement. A single randomized controlled trial found that taking 500 mg of vitamin C per day for 2 months reduced uric acid levels by 1.5 mg/dl.
If you focus on these goals, you may be able to have your meat and eat it too:)
For more reassuring facts about meat and health, including information about kidney disease, heart disease, and nitrates/nitrates, please see my meats page.
To read about the history of mostly-meat diets, including the diets of Arctic and African peoples, please click HERE.
To read a critique of the latest study trying to connect the carnitine in red meat to heart disease, click HERE.
What about you? Have you tried any dietary strategies for gout that have worked?
Up next on DiagnosisDiet: Foods that Can Cause Hypothyroidism.
Choi HK et al. Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men. NM 2004; 350:1093–1103.
Dessein PH et al. Beneficial effects of weight loss associated with moderate calorie/carbohydrate restriction, and increased proportional intake of protein and unsaturated fat on serum urate and lipoprotein levels in gout: a pilot study. Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:539–543
Emmerson BT The management of gout. NEJM 1996; 334(7): 445-451.
Fam AG. Gout, diet and the insulin resistance syndrome. J Rheumatol 2002;29(7): 1350-1355.
Fam AG. Gout: excess calories, purines, and alcohol intake and beyond. Response to a urate-lowering diet. J Rheumatol 2005; 32:773-777.
Garrel DR et al. Milk- and soy-protein ingestion: acute effect on serum uric acid concentration. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:665-9.
Ghadirian P et al. The influence of dairy products on plasma uric acid in women. Eur J Epidemiol 1995;11:275-81.
Gibson T, Rodgers AV, Simmonds HA, Court-Brown F, Todd E, Meilton V. A controlled study of diet in patients with gout. Ann Rheum Dis 1983;42:123–7.
Huang H-Y et al. The effects of vitamin C supplementation on serum
concentrations of uric acid: results of a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2005; 52(6):1843-1847.
Johnson RJ et al. Lessons from comparative physiology: could uric acid represent a physiologic alarm signal gone awry in western society? J Comp Physiol B 2009; 179(1): 67–76.
Johnson RJ et al. Uric acid: a danger signal from the RNA world that may have a
role in the epidemic of obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiorenal disease: evolutionary considerations. Semin Nephrol. 2011; 31(5): 394–399.
Lieber CS et al. Interrelation of uric acid and ethanol metabolism in man. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1962;41(10).
Lieber CS. Metabolism of alcohol. Clin Liver Dis 2005; 9:1-35.
Lieber CS. Hyperuricemia induced by alcohol. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1965; 8 (5) Part I. 786-798.
Lyu LC et al. A case-control study of the association of diet and obesity with gout in Taiwan. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78(4): 690-701.
Matzkies F et al. The uricosuric action of protein in man. Adv Exp Med Biol 1980; 122A:227–31.
Peixoto MR et al. Diet and medication in the treatment of hyperuricemia in hypertensive patients. Arq Bras Cardiol 2001; 76: 468–472.
Perheentupa J and Raivio K. Fructose-induced hyperuricemia. Lancet 1967; 9(2):528-31.
Reiser S et al. Blood lipids, lipoproteins, apoproteins, and uric acid in men fed diets containing fructose or high-amylose cornstarch. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 49(5): 832-9.
Schaefer O. Medical observations and problems in the Canadian Arctic, Part II: nutrition and nutritional deficiencies. Canad. M. A. J. 1959; 81: 386-393.
Siener R and Hesse A. The effect of a vegetarian and different omnivorous diets on urinary risk factors for uric acid stone formation. Eur J Nutr 2003;42(6):332-7.
Singh JA et al. Risk factors for gout and prevention: a systematic review of
the literature. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 2011; 23:192–202.
Stirpe F et al. Fructose-induced hyperuricaemia. Lancet 1970; 19(2):1310-1.
Villegas R et al. Purine-rich foods, protein intake, and the prevalence of hyperuricemia: The Shanghai Men’s Health Study. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases 2012; 22: 409-416.
Wang DD. The effects of fructose intake on serum uric acid vary among controlled Dietary trials. J. Nutr. 2012; 142: 916–923.
Yamamoto T et al. Effect of ethanol on metabolism of purine bases (hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid). Clinica Chimica Acta 356; 2005: 35-57.
Yu KH et al. Dietary factors associated with hyperuricemia in adults. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2008; 37(4): 243-250.
Zhu Y. Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008. Arthritis Rheum 2011; 63(10):3136-41.
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Friday, July 14, 2006
The Washington Times www.washingtontimes.com
A future for forests and wildlife
Jack Ward Thomas
Published July 14, 2006
A new age of forestry is needed in the United States. Recent dramatic declines in forest management have brought some undesirable consequences for forest health and wildlife. Public concerns over retention of biodiversity (such as compliance with the intent of the Endangered Species Act) have thrust concerns for wildlife front and center in forest management debates. Where those debates lead remains to be seen. A total preservationist approach to management -- standing back and letting nature take its course -- has become increasingly prevalent. While appealing on the surface, this is not tenable in the long-term as it will not protect forests, retain biodiversity, and provide some wood products over time. A return to a totally economic-driven forestry is also not viable. Public reaction to past forest management practices, e.g., the visual effects of clearcutting precludes harvesting at "economic maturity" from being the dominant factor in forest management decisions. Public backlash to forestry practices of 1950-1975 resulted in a plethora of federal and state laws and regulations that set forest management on course toward sustainability. Unfortunately, the pendulum of attitudes toward forest management has swung too far to the side of constraint. Today, most old-growth stands on public lands are protected and provisions exist for recruiting additional old growth over the next decades and centuries. Many stands are in or moving into mid-successional forest condition -- the least productive stage for enhancing biodiversity. The key to overall biodiversity, therefore, will be creating and maintaining both younger early successional and late-successional forest stands. Adding to the challenge of establishing the full spectrum of forest conditions essential to supporting the full spectrum of biodiversity is an unprecedented wood consumption in the United States. Our per capita wood consumption rate is the highest in the world and rising. Increasingly, we depend on places beyond our borders to provide our wood -- places with far less resources and knowledge about how to manage forests responsibly. When we import wood products, we export not only environmental consequences but jobs and dollars. Currently, creation of younger-forest conditions increasingly depends on stand replacing fire, insects and disease, and blow-down. Timber harvesting could play a similar role. The choice, to a large degree, is up to us. The idea of "letting nature take its course" is seductive in its simplicity but has significant downsides. First, the timing, extent and results of stand-replacing events are only marginally under human control. With human populations increasingly ensconced in forested areas, forest health already degraded, and the ability to use controlled burns limited, "hands off" management -- even for public lands -- seems untenable in the long run. And increasingly depending on "elsewhere" for wood is morally bankrupt, economically unfeasible and wasteful. Clearly there is work to be done in our forests. However, using taxpayer dollars for habitat alterations to provide for biodiversity associated with early succession forests and protect structures in the wildland/urban interface against large-scale fires will prove cost prohibitive. And, once such actions are begun they must be maintained with ever-mounting costs and lack of offsetting returns. It seems the perfect time for a new forestry. Not a simple reinstitution of what has gone before, but a new approach -- in which the environmental benefits are as significant as the wood produced. We have the know-how, technology and trained professionals to do the job. Certainly the need is ever more apparent. This new forestry must focus on the landscape and accept the need to provide myriad values from our forests, including biodiversity, wood products, clean air and water, and recreation. By doing so, and harvesting more trees from its private forestlands, our nation can enhance biodiversity and lessen the effect of our consumption on forests around the world. Were the most fertile lands (usually in private ownership) intelligently managed more intensely for wood production, the pressure could be relieved on less productive lands. Those lands then could be managed with more emphasis on such things as biodiversity, scenic values and watershed integrity. The answer to what some consider past management sins is not prohibition. Rather, it is a change in approach to forest management -- a new forestry. The old forestry is largely dead. But, we have learned much -- enough to institute more acceptable and more sustainable new approaches. Like all species, humans, must exploit the environment in order to live. There is no question of that. The question is how such will be accomplished in a sustainable, and socially acceptable, fashion.
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2016 is almost done and year 2017 winds its beginning. A brand new year will unfold, are we ready enough to protect ourselves from cyberattacks once again? Cybercriminals will certainly come up with newest unlawful schemes to deceive people. And we must be aware and mindful enough to protect ourselves from such threats.
I prepared some tips to protect yourself from cyberattacks:
- One of the most important things to remember is that never give your personal and financial information right away when buying or selling online. Check their background first and purchase from a reputable and well-established sellers only.
- Be cautious and discreet online. Do not share too much information about yourself on the internet and keep your personal and financial information private. Cybercriminals will definitely use that information to their advantage.
- “Generate a strong password” or “Create a strong password” are advice we constantly see online. Setting a strong password is important because it can stop or prevent various cyberattacks on your online accounts. Do not use passwords that are obvious and very predictable, if you use the same passwords on all of your online accounts then it will become easy for thieves to gain access and wreak havoc on your personal and financial life. You wouldn’t want that to happen right?
- Do not let your guard down when using social networking sites because cybercriminals are lurking there. Your privacy and security could be in danger so make sure to optimize your privacy settings.
- This may be a bit simple but make an effort to set a lock on your computer as well to the other electronic devices you have.
- Opening email attachments and links can be harmful because they sometimes carry spyware and malware such as Trojan horses, worms and viruses that can infect your computer and steal private information from you. It is better to ignore and delete emails from unknown senders.
- Understand and avoid the dangers of downloading free apps on your mobile phone. Free apps could contain harmful code that can damage your mobile device and compromise your personal data and expose it to identity thefts.
There’s no limit to all of the things we can do online to make our life more convenient. However, it can also make us susceptible to frauds and scams. If you notice any suspicious activity and became a victim, quickly report it to local authorities.
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Teen Travel Adventures | Example Challenge List
This program is all about the Challenge List -- items that suggest but do not prescribe how the adventure will turn out. On Day 1 our Instructors will ask the group to develop an itinerary for the week based on the requirements of the List. How and when the items on the List are fulfilled is up to the group. If research is required, the group will do it. If a reservation needs to be made, the group will arrange it. If a piece of equipment needs to be purchased, the group will procure it.
Our qualified instructor team will provide the framework and the guidance and the support our teens need to succeed, but during this program, it will be up to the participants themselves, working together and with the community at large, to complete the List.
Dip your toes (or whole body!) into 4 very different kinds of wild outdoor water. Collect samples of each.
Create ephemeral art that will wash away
Discover at least 3 unique places on Cape Ann that are particularly special for wildlife. Why are these places special?
Invent and design a vehicle to sail in open water
Observe, identify, and photograph at least 8 kinds of wild creatures that depend on water
Figure out at least one amazing and unique thing that each animal can do
Figure out how us humans can mimic some of these same amazing things in a way that will help us. Try it out!
Follow a water’s edge for as long as you can
Check out at least 3 wildly different kinds of boat and figure out what animals they are most like
Invent an endemic species for the waters of Cape Ann and explain why it is endemic.
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Like a busy city, a cell works better if it can dispose of and recycle its garbage. Now a Japanese scientist has won the Nobel Prize in medicine for showing how that happens.
The research may pay off in treatments for diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s and Type 2 diabetes.
Yoshinori Ohsumi, 71, of the Tokyo Institute of Technology, was cited Monday for “brilliant experiments” that illuminated autophagy, in which cells gobble up damaged or worn-out pieces of themselves. Autophagy means “self-eating.”
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This is a question that has been debated for several thousand years. One popular myth, dating all the way back to Aristotle in the 4th century BC and which still endures somewhat today, is that it is simply a case of magnification caused by the Earth's atmosphere. While a "magnification" effect is taking place, it actually is going the other way and is more of a compression. Atmospheric refraction causes the Moon to appear very slightly smaller in the vertical axis when it is near the horizon vs. when it is high in the sky. This refraction, combined with the fact that the Moon is about 4000 miles further away when it is on the horizon, causes it to appear 1.5% smaller if you were to measure very precisely its apparent size on the horizon vs. higher in the sky.
So if it's not magnification from the Earth's atmosphere, what is going on here? In short, the Moon appearing bigger near the horizon is nothing more than an optical illusion. It's really as simple as that. You can verify this fact by taking a pair of calipers or even just a ruler and measure the diameter of the Moon on the horizon; later that night, when it is higher in the sky, measure it again. (Be sure and hold the measuring device at the same length away from your eyes each time to get accurate results.) If you do it precisely enough, you'll find that it actually will measure about the same size both times, despite appearing nearly twice as big to your brain when it is on the horizon.
Exactly what is going on in our brains to cause this optical illusion is still somewhat up for debate, but it seems to center around size consistency, where our brains are trying to grapple with the size of an object vs. how far away it thinks it is. For instance, when you see someone very far away from you and their head looks incredibly tiny, your brain doesn't for an instant think that the person and their head is actually tiny. It adjusts your perception based on what else is in your vision to gather that third dimension of depth.
Something of this same effect is thought to be happening with the Moon, only this time your brain is getting tricked into thinking that the Moon is further away when it is on the horizon, making it appear bigger to you. This is known as a Ponzo Illusion, named after Italian psychologist Mario Ponzo.
Mario Ponzo first demonstrated the "Ponzo Illusion" in 1913 (left). In this experiment, Ponzo drew two converging vertical lines on a piece of paper. He then drew two horizontal lines crossing these lines, one at the top, and one at the bottom. These two horizontal lines are the same length, but it appears that the one at the top is longer because it appears further away. This is due to our brains interpreting the two converging lines as parallel lines that only appear to be converging because they are getting further away. Thus, if both horizontal lines are making the same length "imprint" on our eyes, but one is further away, then the one that is further away must be much larger, so our brains perceive it as larger than it actually is.
So, in the end, it's a matter of our brain's getting tricked in terms of the distance from the Moon to us when it's on the horizon vs. high in the sky. When it's on the horizon, our brain has reference points to compare and judge the distance based on that, and similarly adjust the apparent sized based on that perceived distance. When it is high in the sky, there is nothing useful to compare it to so the apparent size changes based on how far away our brain thinks it is at that point, namely thinking that it is closer to us high in the sky and further away on the horizon.
If you liked this article, you might also enjoy:
- Why the Same Side of the Moon Always Faces the Earth
- The Origin of the Phrase "Once in a Blue Moon"
- Why Did People Once Think the Moon was Made of Cheese?
- When the United States Planned on Nuking the Moon
- What the Moon Smells Like
- This same effect of something appearing larger on the horizon can also be observed with the Sun and constellations as well.
- The Moon always has the same side pointing towards the Earth due to its rotation speed matching its orbit around the Earth exactly. This isn't by chance and it wasn't always this way. When the Moon first formed, its rotation speed was very different than it is now. Over time, the Earth's gravitational field gradually slowed the Moon's rotation until the orbital period and the rotational speed stabilized. This effect isn't unique to our moon, but also to many of the moon's orbiting various planets in our solar system.
- The Moon also has a somewhat similar affect on the Earth, slowing the Earth's rotation about 1.5 milliseconds every century. With that energy the Moon is stealing, it is gradually getting further and further away from the Earth, about 3.8 centimeters further away every year. This might not sound like much, but consider that, when the Moon was first formed, it was orbiting at about 14,000 miles away from the Earth. Today, it's over 280,000 miles from Earth. Assuming the Earth had an abundance of water around the time period when the Moon was only about 14,000 miles away, the tidal effects must have been drastic as the Moon orbited.
- Contrary to popular belief, the Moon isn't round, but rather is slightly egg shaped. What we see is one of the small ends, which faces the Earth.
- Tides aren't just caused by the Moon, but are also to a lesser extent caused by the Sun's gravitational field as well.
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This tutorial will walk the attendees from some introductory game development theory (what makes a good game) and through development of a simple game (how to make a good game) with time left over for some experimentation and exploration of different types of games.
The tutorial will start with Katie Cunningham giving an introduction to video games, covering the basic components of a game, and some general game genres. Some basic tropes in modern games will be explored, as well as pitfalls to avoid in making a game for a today’s audience. Genres will be paired with inexpensive/free examples that can be explored by the tutorial attendees later.
The baton will then pass to Richard Jones who will walk through the practicalities of building a simple video game from scratch, starting with presenting one approach to structuring the game code to keep it sane. He will talk about what libraries are available and then focus on the facilities present in the library used in the tutorial.
We will then walk through the development of a simple game during which the attendees will code the game. Once the game is developed we will talk about potential further development that possibilities and use the remaining tutorial time to encourage and assist attendees in their efforts to do so.
The game developed will cover the key game-writing skills of controlling what appears on the screen (including animation), loading resources, handling user input and simulating the environment within the game.
Participants should be familiar with Python, and must have pygame installed. We will not have time to deal with installation and compatibility issues so participants must check their laptops can run pygame applications.
by Zain Memon
This tutorial teaches students how to create beautiful, interactive maps for the web. When asked to display geodata, most developers decide to put some big red markers on an embeddable Google Map and call it a day. If you're interested in creating maps that are more beautiful, more interactive, and more usable, this tutorial is for you.
Build a light-weight version of Trulia's crime maps from scratch by the end of the tutorial, with a heatmap, source data points on the map, and a custom-styled base layer.
A solid understanding of Python, and very basic understanding of map concepts (like knowing what latitudes and longitudes are). A cursory run-through of the GeoDjango Introduction Tutorial would also be helpful.
7th–15th March 2012
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<urn:uuid:d188c299-8afe-4b95-b0b8-ca87a963e43d>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://lanyrd.com/2012/pycon/schedule/?day=mar-08&spaces=rdbm
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320257.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624101204-20170624121204-00659.warc.gz
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NATIONAL LEGAL RESEARCH DESK
In most cases, acid attacks permanently disfigure, debilitate and, eventually, destroy the victim, both physically and psychologically. While many attacks have resulted in slow and painful deaths, cases like that of Haseena (in April 1999) and in other cases have resulted in young women getting disfigured, maimed and confined to homes for life. They continue to battle medical complications as acid seeps into the body and harms internal organs over an extended period of time. The victim needs both short term and long term medical facilities in the form of specialized plastic surgery. But it is almost impossible for the victim’s family to pay for the extensive surgeries needed to reconstruct the damaged face of the victim and thus many of the victims remain like a living corpse. As these surgeries are performed at different stages to give a person a close resemblance to their earlier looks, these operations cost the victim from minimum two lacs to several lacs of rupees.
It has also been observed that there is no scope for rehabilitation for acid survivors and there is no one to provide support. Despite the fact that in most cases the victim knows the violator, the perpetrators often escape the law and are rarely brought to justice under the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Penal Code.
Acid attacks can be termed as an act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual,psychological harm or suffering to women. The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women 1993 stipulates that States should condemn violence against women and pursue by all appropriate means and without delay a policy of eliminating violence against women and, to this end, should:
- Develop penal, civil, labour and administrative sanctions in domestic legislation to punish and redress the wrongs caused to women who are subjected to violence;
- Ensure, to the maximum extent feasible in the light of their available resources and, where needed, within the framework of international cooperation. that women subjected to violence and, where appropriate, their children have specialized assistance, such as rehabilitation, assistance in child care and maintenance, treatment, counseling, and health and social services, facilities and programmes, as well as support structures, and should take all other appropriate measures to promote their safety and physical and Psychological rehabilitation; include in government budgets adequate resources for their activities related to the elimination of violence against women;
Thus on the basis of the above stated reasons, the proposed law seeks to focus on achieving the following major objectives:-
- To assist the victim of acid attack by way of providing for her medical treatment services and also provide social and psychological support.
- To arrange rehabilitation mechanisms/schemes taking into account the specific needs of the victim.
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<urn:uuid:860468a9-235a-4f19-9df4-ed62d0b49568>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://nlrd.org/scheme-for-relief-and-rehabilitation-of-offences-by-acids-on-women-and-children-national-commission-for-women-2/
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Presentation on theme: "AQA AS COURSEWORK GRADE BOUNDARIES A = 66 B = 58 C = 50 D = 42 E = 35."— Presentation transcript:
AQA AS COURSEWORK GRADE BOUNDARIES A = 66 B = 58 C = 50 D = 42 E = 35
AQA AS COURSEWORK CHECK LIST Look at the assessment criteria and the Candidate Record Form Decide whether to approach the work with ONE design activity or a portfolio Make sure your starting point is based on a consumer and apply the appropriate nutrition to their needs, also include a trend to show the need for a product. Use a range of techniques to gather information, analyse the findings and then write a fully explained design specification with measurable criteria.
CRITERION ONE POINTS TO CONSIDER WHEN WRITING A DESIGN BRIEF A.A specific target group/consumer B.A nutritional focus C.An opportunity to show a trend D.A meal situation – the product should be suitable to serve as a starter, main course, dessert or snack. E.An opportunity to produce a final outcome
CRITERION ONE The perfect brief: Investigate the current trend that young people are not eating a healthy diet (select age group and whether male or female) and produce a product suitable to serve in a school canteen.
CRITERION ONE Try and rework the “perfect brief” to suit what you want to create. A range of target consumers is not acceptable. This will allow you to produce a good, measurable specification. If you don’t, you will create work for yourself later on and will not be able to access the higher marks.
This includes: Sources Of Information Analysis Specification Maximum mark – 8 (1)7-8 (2)5-6 (3)3-4 (4)2 (5)0-1 CRITERION ONE : INVESTIGATION AND CLARIFICATION OF PROBLEMS
CRITERION ONE RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS A comprehensive range of research methods should be considered. Make a list of relevant research techniques All work should show the aim of what you intend to find out. Research should be relevant and to the point All research should be analysed. Analysis is identifying the key pieces of information with appropriate measureable criteria. Analysis is not reviewing how easy it is to find information.
CRITERION ONE SOURCES OF INFORMATION ASSESSMENT CRITERIA A.Comprehensive, organised range of sources of information including relevant practical investigation, taking into account current trends and the needs of the consumer. B.Wide range of sources of information, organised and supported by relevant practical investigations, taking into account current trends and the needs of the consumer. C.A range of sources of information supported by relevant practical investigation and some consideration of the needs of the consumer. D.Narrow range of sources of information supported by relevant practical investigations with little awareness to the consumer. E.Minimal sources of information and little awareness of the needs of the consumer.
CRITERION ONE ANALYSIS ASSESSMENT CRITERIA A.Perceptive analysis B.Good analysis of information C.Some analysis of information D.Little analysis of information E.No analysis
AQA AS COURSEWORK The coursework that is duplicated here got 66 overall (a borderline A grade) The brief was to product a meal for a lacto- vegetarian male aged between 18-50.
CRITERION ONE: B GRADE RESEARCH, ANALYSIS & SPECIFICATION
COMMENTS BY EXAMINER ON SOURCES OF INFORMATION Explanation about protein needs of a lacto vegetarian Trend included which explain about Quorn consumption and why it increased – however Quorn is not used in final product Questionnaire considers the number of people who are vegetarians, portion size, price, method of storage and reheating Survey of existing products Product analysis at the end of the folder, this however does not inform the design specification and although it states it can be compared to the final outcome this does not happen.
COMMENTS BY EXAMINER ON SOURCES OF INFORMATION (cont) Further information could have been found out about the nutritional needs, protein is not usually a nutrient in short supply in the British diet, it would have been sensible to consider calcium and iron which can be in short supply in a vegetarian diet. NO NEED TO SET INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES AT THE START OF THE PROJECT BECAUSE THIS PREVENTS MOVEMENTS BY MOST CANDIDATES IF THEY REALISE OTHER INFORMATION IS REQUIRED The examiner gave this a level 2(B). Wide range of sources of information, organised and supported by relevant practical investigations, taking into account current trends and the needs of the consumer.
CRITERION ONE COMMENTS BY EXAMINER ON ANALYSIS Ongoing analysis at the end of each piece of research. The examiner gave this a level 2(B). Good analysis of information
CRITERION ONE THE DESIGN SPECIFICATION You must base your design specification on your research analysis. Measurable criteria should be included. Assessment Criteria A.Comprehensive specification well reasoned and based on research and investigation. B.Well explained specification which reflects research and investigation. C.A specification which is a list of points with some explanation. D.The specification is a range of points with one or two points explained. E.The specification identifies a few obvious points which are stated simplistically.
AQA AS COURSEWORK Specification should include: 1.Size of product (e.g. individual portion, family size) 2.Type of product (e.g. main meal, luxury product, celebration cake) 3.Main components (e.g. pastry with chicken sauce and 3 vegetables) 4.Nutritional references (e.g. low in salt, 300-350 kcal, high in fibre dependent on target consumer)) 5.Storage details (e.g. frozen ready-meal, cook chill, take away) 6.Cost (e.g. low cost, height cost, budget or luxury, between £3-£5) 7.Reference to sensory properties (e.g. golden-brown, moist, spicy) 8.Reheating instructions (if appropriate) 9.Shape and style of presentation (meeting the needs of the target consumer) 10.Weight of end product
The points are explained They reflect the information findings Not too excessive to make it difficult to meet the specification Consider the portion size for protein – 22g The examiner gave this a level 2(B). Well explained specification which reflects research and investigation. CRITERION ONE COMMENTS BY EXAMINER ON SPECIFICATION
Overall the examiner gave this criterion 6 marks which is a high level 2(B). CRITERION ONE: INVESTIGATION AND CLARIFICATION OF PROBLEMS
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The agonies of displacement: Ethiopian women refugees in Khartoum, Sudan
- Cite this article as:
- Kebbede, G. GeoJournal (1991) 23: 99. doi:10.1007/BF00241393
- 49 Downloads
For the overwhelming majority of the Ethiopian refugees in urban Sudan, there seems to be no end to their plight. Their lives are in limbo. When they left their homeland most thought thei exile would be temporary. They sought temporary refuge only until the conditions at home improved and they might return in safety. Unfortunately, the conditions for their repatriation have never developed. Armed conflicts in Ethiopia still continue to rage unabated. the regime in power also continues to abuse fundamental human rights.
Many of the refugees also thought they would have peace and security and, perhaps, a decent livelihood in their asylum home. These have not materialized either. The Sudan, faced with numerous problems, including civil war, drought, famine, huge external debt (in excess of $12 billion), open unemployment, and pervasive underemployment, is not even able to cope adequately with the basic needs of its own citizens, let along that of a refugee population of over a million. Worse, refugees are blamed for every problem from bread and water shortages to skyrocketing rents and have become convenient targets for harassment by the frustrated public.
Others hoped for resettlement in another country. However, for the vast majority of refugees, resettlement opportunities elsewhere are virtually impossible to attin. The industrial countried are unwilling to grant asylum to large numbers of Third World refugees. These countries content that most Third World refugees are not victims of political persecution but simply migrants in search of better economoc opportunities. The few refugees to whom these countries are willing to grant asylum are those with the best qualifications: the young, the educated, and the highly skilled.
As long as the current status quo in Ethiopia remains unaltered, voluntary repatriation is highly unlikelt. On the contrary, one sees more and more evidence in the country of continued uprooting of masses of people from their homes and land. It is sad that, goven the immense contradictions in the country, the possibility of negotiated solutions to the wars and a return to democracy is nowhere in sight. The plight of hundred of thousands of innocent women and men will not be solved anytime in the immediate future of them to return home in safety, peace, and dignity. For most of these refugees the future is uncertain, probably unpleasant, possibly bleak.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00241393
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Some smokers can ease cravings not only by lighting up and giving the brain a hit of nicotine — but also by just thinking they're getting the drug, even when they're not, new research has discovered.
The Center for BrainHealth at the University of Texas at Dallas took 24 established smokers into the lab for a double-blind study.
They were asked to smoke under four conditions. For two visits, they were given a nicotine-containing cigarette each time. On two other visits, they were given a non-nicotine placebo. Here is the breakdown:
- They believed the cigarette contained nicotine but received a placebo.
- They believed the cigarette did not contain nicotine but received a nicotine cigarette.
- They believed the cigarette contained nicotine and received nicotine.
- They believed the cigarette did not contain nicotine and received a placebo.
After smoking, the participants completed a "reward learning task" while undergoing a brain scan. They rated their levels of craving before smoking the cigarette and after the task, which involved a game of investing in the stock market.
Scientists used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to capture neural activity in the insula cortex, a region of the brain that plays a role in diverse functions and is also associated with drug cravings and addiction.
The purpose of using the task was to help activate the brain's brain's dopamine system, a little like gambling, said Dr. Xiaosi Gu, assistant professor in the School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and the study's lead author.
The scans showed significant neural activity that correlated to both craving and learning signals when participants smoked a nicotine cigarette and believed its nicotine content was genuine. However, smoking nicotine but believing it was a placebo did not produce the same brain signals.
The smokers who got the nicotine, or simply believed they did, reported reduced cravings and the scan recorded increased neural activity.
'When they believed there is nicotine and they had nicotine, the craving correlated with these anterior insula activations — but when they did not believe so, that correlation was gone." Gu said.
"Even when they had nicotine, but did not believe there was nicotine, their brain did not respond [with higher neural activity] and they still reported as much craving as before," she said.
"Basically, you have nicotine and your brain is kind of on, but the twist here is you have to have nicotine, but also believe you have nicotine for the brain to be on," she said.
"So in other words, if you have nicotine, but did not think so — you thought you had some kind of placebo — then your brain is still off," Gu said.
While the biological pull of nicotine plays a key role in the addiction, a person's belief system can also exert a pharmacological effect, she said.
Not just about substance itself
Researchers hope the study, recently published in Frontiers in Psychiatry, will tell them more about the mechanism of addiction.
"It looks like addiction is not just about the substance itself, but also the belief you need the substance to have a normal daily life," Gu said.
She said the study shows why cognitive therapy is so important in changing a smoker's beliefs.
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<urn:uuid:f3ea1279-46df-472b-8af1-f263b4ec5840>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/smoking-belief-system-cravings-1.3760265?cmp=rss
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en
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A lensatic or military compass is used in conjunction with a topographical map top to set course bearings and follow a course over land. The lensatic compass allows users to create a set of directions to a desired location in magnetic degrees. The lensatic compass possesses a magnetized north-seeking arrow and a floating 360-degree dial that allows the user to determine which direction is north, south, east and west.Continue Reading
The military compass enables the user to find the azimuth or direction of travel. To find the azimuth, open the compass so that the cover is at a 90-degree angle and the lens is at a 30-degree angle. Insert your thumb through the loop, and hold the compass so that it rests on your thumb and bent index finger.
With the compass properly positioned, raise it so that it is at eye level. Line up a distant object using the sight and the groove in the lens bracket. Read and record the two sets of numbers. The degrees are in red, and mils are in black. This reading is the azimuth and must be applied in the subsequent steps.
Open the compass completely, and place it on a level map with the azimuth under the index line. Hold the compass in this position, and rotate the bezel until the indicator is over the north arrow to set the course. To review the course, open the compass, and line up the indicator with the north arrow while keeping the bezel stationary.
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<urn:uuid:62c9e2db-92ba-44a3-a146-30ce6a995a2a>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://www.reference.com/sports-active-lifestyle/use-lensatic-compass-7fc367626b1a0b52
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320666.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626013946-20170626033946-00099.warc.gz
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For students at Barakat’s schools in Afghanistan and Pakistan, education is not only about reading, writing and arithmetic; it is about learning how to think, question and speak for change. Through quality education, our students gain access to opportunities – not only for economic mobility, but also for meaningful engagement with society. They gain the skills they need to actively participate in the construction of strong, healthy, just communities. To be thoughtful citizens. This aspect of education is especially important within groups that have traditionally lacked a public voice in society, such as girls and women: for these persons, building capabilities in critical thinking can truly open minds to the injustices and possibilities of life.
When the students from our schools and literacy programs were asked about the importance of women’s education, their answers reflected this remarkable work that goes on within Barakat’s schools. Here are a few of their responses:
Barakat: Why do YOU think education for women and girls is important?
“Education is a basic human right and educated women are the need of the society” – Mastoora, 18, Afghanistan.
“Every woman has the right to be literate” – Farida, 22, Afghanistan.
“Women are as important as boys are” – Ishaq, 16, Pakistan.
“Our country needs more literate women, and education is an absolute right for women. Education is an important tool in rebuilding our country” – Ameda, 20, Afghanistan.
“Women should become as educated as men – Aziza, 30, Afghanistan. Education is the best way to fight poverty” – Enjilah, 20, Afghanistan.
“Education is the way to have a good life” – Nasima, 20, Afghanistan.
“It is a basic teaching of our religion that education is obligatory for men and women” – Mohib, 15, Pakistan.
“A society that aspires to progress needs educated women “- Rokhshana, 35, Afghanistan.
“An educated population, men and women alike, is at the root of a developing society” – Salmat, 36, Afghanistan.
“An educated public is the basic ingredient of democracy” – Zulfia, 35, Afghanistan.
“Only education can let women know what respect they deserve” – Rozika, 14, Pakistan.
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<urn:uuid:613a4a89-43b4-4db2-95f9-67b1be0ea94f>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.barakatworld.org/barakats-success-in-the-students-own-words/
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en
| 0.948288
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Fluorescein eye stain
This is a test that uses orange dye (fluorescein) and a blue light to detect foreign bodies in the eye. This test can also detect damage to the cornea. The cornea is the outer surface of the eye.
How the Test is Performed
A piece of blotting paper containing the dye is touched to the surface of your eye. You are asked to blink. Blinking spreads the dye and coats the tear film covering the surface of the cornea. The tear film contains water, oil, and mucus to protect and lubricate the eye.
The health care provider then shines a blue light at your eye. Any problems on the surface of the cornea will be stained by the dye and appear green under the blue light.
The provider can determine the location and likely cause of the cornea problem depending on the size, location, and shape of the staining.
How to Prepare for the Test
You will need to remove your eyeglasses or contact lenses before the test.
How the Test will Feel
If your eyes are very dry, the blotting paper may be slightly scratchy. The dye may cause a mild and brief stinging sensation.
Why the Test is Performed
This test is to:
- Find scratches or other problems with the surface of the cornea
- Reveal foreign bodies on the eye surface
- Determine if there is irritation of the cornea after contacts are prescribed
If the test result is normal, the dye remains in the tear film on the surface of the eye and does not stick to the eye itself.
What Abnormal Results Mean
Abnormal results may point to:
- Abnormal tear production (dry eye)
- Blocked tear duct
- Corneal abrasion (a scratch on the surface of the cornea)
- Foreign bodies, such as eyelashes or dust (eye - foreign object in)
- Injury or trauma
- Severe dry eye associated with arthritis (keratoconjunctivitis sicca)
If the dye touches the skin, there may be a slight, brief, discoloration.
Prokopich CL, Hrynchak P, Elliott DB, Glanagan JG. Ocular health assessment. In: Elliott DB, ed. Clinical Procedures in Primary Eye Care. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2014:chap 7.
Reviewed By: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director and Director of Didactic Curriculum, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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<urn:uuid:c5b151d6-7835-4a2a-86a9-b6d3c4fe9c6e>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://loyolauniversity.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=101&pid=1&gid=003845
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en
| 0.876411
| 593
| 3.296875
| 3
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School starting age
Is it better for children to start school young at four years and six months or to wait until the compulsory six years of age?
Research by Dr Ben Edwards at the Australian Institute of Family Studies suggests that late starters have an edge in verbal development and problem solving but, surprisingly, there's no difference in social and emotional development between early and late starters.
- Dr Ben Edwards
- Research Fellow Australian Institute of Family Studies
- Richard Aedy
- Amanda Armstrong
- Lindy Raine
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<urn:uuid:f461ec56-4a4d-4761-87c2-094183a434f5>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/lifematters/school-starting-age/3081086
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The Framework Agreement on First Nation Land Management
The Framework Agreement on First Nation Land Management is a government-to-government agreement signed on February 12, 1996 by 13 First Nations and Canada. One other First Nation was added as a Party as of December 10, 1996.
The Framework Agreement is an initiative by these original signatory First Nations to opt out of the land management sections of the Indian Act and take over responsibility for the management and control of their reserve lands and resources. The Framework Agreement sets out the principal components of this new land management process.
The Framework Agreement provides signatory First Nations with the option to manage their reserve lands under their own Land Codes. Until each of these First Nation communities develops and approves a Land Code to take control of its reserve lands and resources, federal administration of their reserve lands continues under the Indian Act.
Canada enacted the First Nations Land Management Act (FNLMA), as part of its obligation to ratify the Framework Agreement. It was given royal assent on June 17, 1999. The FNLMA brought into effect the terms and conditions agreed to in the Framework Agreement. It is the Framework Agreement that is actively being implemented by First Nations and Canada.
First Nations sign the Framework Agreement, ratify the Framework Agreement with a vote and implement the Framework Agreement through their land codes.
The purpose of the land code is to establish rules for mandatory community participation in the proposal, development and approval of laws over reserve lands and resources.
The land code must be agreed to by eligible voters on and off reserve in a ratification vote before it can be implemented.
The Framework Agreement is not a treaty and does not affect treaty rights or other constitutional rights of the First Nations.
Under the Framework Agreement, First Nation Lands continue to retain the same protections as “Lands Reserved for Indians” under the constitution section 91.24.
The Framework Agreement is one sectoral component of self-government by First Nations and deals only with their reserve lands and resources. Matters related to other topics, e.g. elections, governance and education, would be dealt with in the context of other agreements.
The Framework Agreement is not intended to define or prejudice inherent rights, or any other rights, of First Nations to control their lands or resources, e.g. rights under s. 35 of the Constitution. The Framework Agreement also does not preclude other negotiations in respect of those rights.
The Framework Agreement does not directly impact other self-government arrangements. The provisions of the Framework Agreement are sufficiently flexible and progressive that other self-government initiatives are able to fit harmoniously with the First Nation land regimes established under the Framework Agreement.
At the close of the 2016-2017 fiscal year, 72 First Nations across Canada have approved and implemented their own land codes. Some First Nations have been operational for more than 15 years. Statistics are freely available on our website at www.labrc.com, and those websites of most Operational First Nations.
Benefits of the Framework Agreement
There are a number of major benefits to First Nation signatories who ratify and begin working under their Land Code. Some of these benefits include:
- First real recognition of First Nation right to manage its reserve lands and resources
- Removal of reserve lands from the Indian Act
- Community control over First Nation land management and development
- Inclusion of both off-reserve and on-reserve members in important decisions
- increased accountability to members of the First Nation
- More efficient governance of First Nation land
- Recognition of First Nation legal capacity to acquire and hold property, to borrow, to contract, to expend and invest money, to be a party to legal proceedings, to exercise its powers and to perform its duties
- Transfer by Canada of land revenues to First Nation
- Recognition of the right to directly receive revenue from interests in First Nation land
- Protection against arbitrary expropriation of First Nation land
- Protection against loss of First Nation land through surrender for sale
- Ability of a First Nation to pass environmental laws
- Recognition of significant law-making powers respecting First Nation land
- Removal of the need to obtain Ministerial approval for First Nation decisions
- Recognition in Canadian courts of First Nation laws
- Recognition of right to create modern offences for breach of First Nation laws
- Ability to appoint Justices of the Peace
- Ability to create a local dispute resolution processes
- Establishment of land registry regulations and an electronic land registry system
- Establishment of a First Nation Lands Board and Resource Centre to provide technical assistance to First Nation
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<urn:uuid:84e4f3b6-7dbe-4277-b664-a3754be677ba>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://labrc.com/framework-agreement/
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| 0.934436
| 928
| 3.25
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Tears normally drain from the eye through small tubes called tear ducts, which stretch from the eye into the nose. In babies, a blocked tear duct occurs when these tubes get blocked or do not open properly. This can cause your child's eye to be teary and produce a yellowish white substance. If a tear duct remains blocked, the tear duct sac fills with fluid and may become swollen and inflamed. Sometimes it can get infected.
In most cases, babies born with a blocked tear duct do not need treatment. The duct tends to open up on its own by 1 year of age. If the duct does not open, a procedure called probing can be used to open it. In the meantime, you can take care of your child at home by keeping the eye clean. This can help prevent infection. If the duct gets infected, your doctor will prescribe antibiotics.
Follow-up care is a key part of your child's treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse call line if your child is having problems. It's also a good idea to know your child's test results and keep a list of the medicines your child takes.
Call your doctor or nurse call line now or seek immediate medical care if:
Watch closely for changes in your child's health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse call line if:
Go to https://www.healthwise.net/patientEd
Enter V879 in the search box to learn more about "Blocked Tear Duct in Children: Care Instructions."
Current as of:
July 26, 2016
Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine
© 2006-2017 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
Care instructions adapted under license by your healthcare professional. If you have questions about a medical condition or this instruction, always ask your healthcare professional. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information.
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Here's some extracts from the section on War and Peace comparing the BBC's coverage of Judaism and Islam.
First Judaism, (my emphasis):
'Jewish attitudes to war and peace are based on the teachings of the Jewish Scriptures.Now Islam:
In the Jewish Scriptures there are examples of wars. Some of these were Holy Wars where the Jews were trying to maintain their religion when other people wanted to make them worship false gods. Others were perhaps ‘Just Wars’ but it could be argued that some of them were wrong and unjustified.'
'Islam is a religion of peace in which fighting and war are seen only as a last resorts:
The idea of Jihad is often misunderstood by non-Muslims who then see Islam as not being a pacifist religion.
Muslims may fight in self-defence but are forbidden to begin a fight. The aim of fighting is to create a situation where Muslims are free to worship Allah and live in peace.
One aim of Holy War may be to create a democracy where people are free to live their lives without beliefs and politics being imposed on them. There must be no hatred or vengeance in the fighting. As soon as peace is offered, fighting must stop. Once peace has been restored the differences between people must be resolved.'
So for the BBC whilst some wars fought by Jews 'could be argued' were 'wrong and unjustified', ''Islam is a religion of peace in which fighting and war are seen only as a last resort'. Islam is a pacifist religion and only misunderstanding of Jihad causes non-Muslims to see it otherwise.
Absolutely no mention in the section on Islam of the parts in the hadith where Muhammad says that he is 'ordered by Allah to fight men until they testify that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is his messenger.'. No mention of the wars fought by Islam to conquer the Byzantine Empire and large parts of Christian Europe.
Is the BBC, as they say, 'for real'?
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See below EPA Environment News release for more details.
This release can be found in the USGS Newsroom at: http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2599 .
September 23, 2010
Elevated Nitrogen and Phosphorus Still Widespread in Much of the Nation's Streams and Groundwater
Complete findings, as well as a USGS fact sheet, podcast, and graphics are available online.
Elevated concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, nutrients that can negatively impact aquatic ecosystems and human health, have remained the same or increased in many streams and aquifers across the Nation since the early 1990's, according to a new national study by the U.S. Geological Survey.
"This USGS report provides the most comprehensive national-scale assessment to date of nitrogen and phosphorus in our streams and groundwater," said Marcia McNutt, USGS Director. "For years we have known that these same nutrients in high concentrations have resulted in 'dead zones' when they reach our estuaries, such as during the spring at the mouth of the Mississippi, and now we have improved science-based explanations of when, where, and how elevated concentrations reach our streams and aquifers and affect aquatic life and the quality of our drinking water."
"Despite major Federal, State and local efforts and expenditures to control sources and movement of nutrients within our Nation's watersheds, national-scale progress was not evident in this assessment, which is based on thousands of measurements and hundreds of studies across the country from the 1990's and early 2000's," said Matthew C. Larsen, USGS Associate Director for Water.
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nutrient pollution has consistently ranked as one of the top three causes of degradation in U.S. streams and rivers for decades.
USGS findings show that widespread concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus remain two to ten times greater than levels recommended by the EPA to protect aquatic life. Most often, these elevated levels were found in agricultural and urban streams. These findings show that continued reductions in nutrient sources and implementation of land-management strategies for reducing nutrient delivery to streams are needed to meet EPA recommended levels in most regions.
Nutrients occur naturally in water and are needed for plant growth and productive aquatic ecosystems; however, in high concentrations nutrients often result in the growth of large amounts of algae and other nuisance plants in streams, lakes and estuaries. The decay of these plants and algae can cause areas of low dissolved oxygen, known as hypoxic, or "dead," zones that stress or kill aquatic life. Some forms of algae release toxins that can result in health concerns.
The study also found that nitrate is a continuing human-health concern in many shallow aquifers across the Nation that are sources of drinking water. In agricultural areas, more than one in five shallow, private wells contained nitrate at levels above the EPA drinking water standard. The quality and safety of water from private wells-which are a source of drinking water for about 40 million people-are not regulated by the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act and are the responsibility of the homeowner.
Because nitrate can persist in groundwater for years and even decades, nitrate concentrations are likely to increase in aquifers used for public drinking-water supplies during at least the next decade, as shallow groundwater with high nutrient concentrations moves downward into deeper aquifers.
"Strategies designed to reduce nutrient inputs on the land will improve the quality of water in near-surface parts of aquifers; however, decades may pass before quality improves in deeper parts of the aquifer, which serve as major sources for public-supply wells," said Neil Dubrovsky, USGS hydrologist and lead scientist on this study. "Unfortunately, similar time delays for improvements are expected for streams that receive substantial inputs of groundwater."
A variety of sources can contribute nutrients to surface and groundwater, such as wastewater and industrial discharges, fertilizer and manure applications to agricultural land, runoff from urban areas, and atmospheric sources. USGS findings show that nutrient sources and resulting concentrations vary across the Nation. For example, concentrations of nitrogen generally are highest in agricultural streams in the Northeast, Midwest, and the Northwest, which have some of the most intense applications of fertilizer and manure in the Nation.
Differences in concentrations across the Nation also are due to natural features and human activities. For example, concentrations of nitrogen in streams draining parts of the agricultural Midwest are increased by contributions from artificial subsurface tile drains that are used to promote rapid dewatering of poorly drained soils. Conversely, concentrations of nitrate in streams draining parts of the Southeast appear to dissipate faster as a result of enhanced natural removal processes in soils and streams.
"This nationwide assessment of sources and natural and human factors that control how nutrients enter our streams and groundwater helps decision-makers anticipate where watersheds are most vulnerable to contamination and set priorities and management actions in different geographic regions of the country," said Dubrovsky.
For more than 125 years, the USGS has served as the Nation's water monitoring agency, including flow and (or) quality in selected streams and rivers across the U.S. USGS continues to work closely with the EPA, U.S. Department of Agriculture, the States, and local watersheds to assure that USGS monitoring and assessments provide useful information for managing nutrients throughout the Nation.
Water-quality data from more than 1,300 locations, much of it in real-time, is available through USGS Water Quality Watch < http://waterwatch.usgs.gov/wqwatch/ >. Additional information about surface water, groundwater and water quality is available at National Water Information System Web Interface < http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/ >. You can also receive instant, customized updates about water conditions by subscribing to WaterAlert < http://water.usgs.gov/wateralert/ >, a new service from the USGS.
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Palamidi and Bourtzi
The day of the visitor starts with a romantic walk through the pictorial narrow streets of the city crossing the neoclassic buildings. Then, following the seaside road and reaching the beach of Arvanitia to relax by the sea. But what would be the most magnificent moment of all is wandering over Palamidi, a fortress so well matched with the whole natural scenery. The hill over the city of Nafplio was embattled in 1867 by the Venetian Morozinis. During the years 1711 – 1714 the last fortifying works were implemented according to the designs of Grimani. The fortress was protected by a very powerful wall and by eight separate parapets having the ability to fire against the opposite one if necessary. It was said to be impregnable, but, it was seized by the Turks in 1715 and by the Greeks in 1822. One of the most impressive interior parts of the fortress is the narrow underground prison were Kolokotronis was kept. You can visit the fortress either going up the 827 steps from the city or by car through the peripheral road.
Bourtzi, the next most important fortress of Nafplio, was built in 1473 on the island of Agioi Theodoroi just in front of the port of Nafplio. Bourtz in Turkish means fortress that’s why it was called Bourtzi. In 1865 king George the A’ deprived it from all guns and since then it has been a tourist attraction easily accessible by boat.
The Akronafplia Peninsula
The third and oldest castle of Nafplio is located on the Akronafplia Peninsula penetrating the Argolikos Gulf. It was firstly fortified during the 7th c. BC, but the remains of that period are not many. By the end of the 12th c., during the Byzantine years, the walls were boosted but the Franks later on, in 1210, when they were the occupants of Nafplio, implemented quite a number of very important fortifying works. The most basic fortifying works, still standing today, were carried out during the period of the 1st Venice Domination (1389 – 1540) supervised by Pasqualligo and the engineer Gambello, when the castle of Toron was also built at the east side of the peninsula, while in 1702 during the period of the 2nd Venice domination the reconstructions of the fortress were implemented. It was also believed that a secret tunnel passage connected the fortress with Palamidi. Akronafplia used to serve as a fortress until the years of the greek revolution. Kapodistrias reconstructed it to a military hospital, only to be later on used as a prison and during the years of George A’ it was reformed to a camp.
Museums, historical buildings and monuments
A number of museums, historical buildings and monuments as well are scatteringly located in the city which must be visited. The imposing renovated building of the Archaeological Museum is found at the Sintagmatos Square. At this two-storey building, built in 1713 exhibits from findings from the whole area of the Argolida Prefecture are exhibited, with top-ranking exhibit the armor of the 15th c. BC found at Dendra. The War Museum is found a few steps before the Square. It is roofed at the same building where in 1828 the first Army Cadet School used to operate. The exhibits of this museum are related with the history of that School, as well as with the wars Greece took part in, starting from the Greece revolution in 1821 up to 1944 when the Germans left from Greece. We continue our tour visiting thePeloponnesian Folklore Museum “Vasilios Papantoniou”. The exhibits of this museum are related with the every day life in town and the surrounding areas as well of the 19th c. The visitor is able to see traditional set of clothes and utensils, embroideries, photos of that period and jewelries. A library is also in service within the museum. The museum was founded in 1974! The correct year is 1981, and it was honoured as “Museum of the Year 1981. Since 2004, the National Picture Gallery has been roofed in a very beautiful neoclassic building of 1905 reconstructed by the “Alexandros Onasis” Foundation. The main theme of the paintings and the sculptures as well is about the greek revolution.
Finally, two more monuments worth to be visited; one is the gate of the land that was built in 1708 and was the only way to get into the city by the land. During the old times the city of Nafplio was surrounded by a protected ditch and at the gate there was a wooden bridge, which was uplifted every night. The other one is the “the Lion of the Bavarians”. It was sculptured on the rock by order of the father of king Othon in 1840 – 1841 wishing to honor the soldiers of the king’s court who had died at Nafplio.
The churches of Nafplio are significant in number and history too. The most important one is the church of Agios Spiridonas erected in 1702 and at the entrance of which Kapodistrias was assassinated in 1831. The holes produced by the gun used for the assassination are still visible on the walls of the church. A rather small but very important church is that of Agioi Pantes built during the period of the 2ndVenetian domination (1686 – 1715). When the Turks seized the city in 1715, it was the only church left for the Greeks to go. Until 1852 the cemetery of the city used to exist also there and many of the important heroes of the revolution had been buried there.
At the Pronia establishment, being at one of the highest locations in Nafplio, the church of Evangelistria is found. A small monastery used to exist at the very same location, but the current church was built in 1975. Southerly of the church there is a small chapel and a small hall as well exhibiting various historical and churchy items. One of the oldest churches with a huge historical significance is the metropolitan church of Agios Georgios. Dated since the 16th and entirely linked with the historical background of the city. In this church the funerals of Palaion Patron Germanon, Dimitrios Ipsilantis and the first governor of Greece Kapodistrias were acted out. In 1833, when Othon arrived at Nafplio he came into this church. The hagiographies of the church are magnificent, while the one replicating the “last supper” of Leonardo Da Vinci stands out.
Very close to the Sintagamatos Square the church of Genesion (Birth) of Virgin Mary built in the 15th c. is found. Just outside of the church, at the very same point where the neo-martyr Anastasios from Nafplio was tortured from the Turks, there is a monument. Every year on the 1st February the people of the city honor his sacrifice and since he is the patron saint of the city his icon is carried about the city starting from the church of Panagia. Within the most important buildings of the city “Vouleftiko” is also included located at the Sintagmatos Square. Originally it was a Turkish mosque built by the end of the 18th c. When Greece was liberated the building was reconstructed and in September of 1825 the first Parliament of Greece initiated its services. The byzantine churches of Agia Sophia and Agios Nikolaos are also a nice touch to the whole scenery.
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What are hardware backdoors?
Hardware backdoors aren't exactly new. We've known for a while that they are possible, and we have examples of them in the wild. They are rare, and require a very precise set of circumstances to implement, which is probably why they aren't talked about as often as software or network code. Even though hardware backdoors are rare and notoriously difficult to pull off, they are a cause of concern because the damage they could cause could be much greater than software-based threats. Stated simply, a hardware backdoor is a malicious piece of code placed in hardware so that it cannot be removed and is very hard to detect. This usually means the non-volatile memory in chips like the BIOS on a PC, or in the firmware of a router or other network device.
A hardware backdoor is very dangerous because it's so hard to detect, and because it typically has full access to the device it runs on, regardless of any password or access control system. But how realistic are these threats? Last year, a security consultant showcased a fully-functioning hardware backdoor. All that's required to implement that particular backdoor is flashing a BIOS with a malicious piece of code. This type of modification is one reason why Microsoft implemented Secure Boot in Windows 8, to ensure the booting process in a PC is trusted from the firmware all the way to the OS. Of course, that doesn't protect you from other chips on the motherboard being modified, or the firmware in your router, printer, smartphone, and so on.
The University of Massachusetts researchers found an even more clever way to implement a hardware backdoor. Companies have taken various measures for years now to ensure their chips aren't modified without their knowledge. After all, most of our modern electronics are manufactured in a number of foreign factories. Visual inspections are commonly done, along with tests of the firmware code, to ensure nothing was changed. But in this latest hack, even those measures may not be enough. The way to do that is ingenious and quite complex.
The researchers used a technique called doping transistors. Basically, a transistor is made of a crystalline structure which provides the needed functionality to amplify or switch a current that goes through it. Doping a transistor means changing that crystalline structure to add impurities, and change the way it behaves. The Intel Random Number Generator (RNG) is the basic building block of any encryption system since it provides those important starting numbers with which to create encryption keys. By doping the RNG, the researchers can make the chip behave in a slightly different way. In this case, they simply changed the transistors so that one particular number became a constant instead of a variable. That means a number that was supposed to be random and impossible to predict, is now always the same.
By introducing these changes at the hardware level, it weakens the RNG, and in turn weakens any encryption that comes from keys created by that system, such as SSL connections, encrypted files, and so on. Intel chips contain self tests that are supposed to catch hardware modifications, but the researchers claim that this change is at such a low level in the hardware, that it doesn't get detected. Fixing this flaw isn't easy either, even if you could detect it. The RNG is part of the security process in a CPU, and for safety, it is isolated from the rest of the system. That means there is nothing a user or even administrator can do to correct the problem.
There's no sign that this particular hardware backdoor is being used in the wild, but if this type of change is possible, then it's likely that groups with a lot of technical expertise could find similar methods. This may lend more credence to moves from various countries to ban certain parts from some regions of the world. This summer Lenovo saw its systems being banned from defense networks in many countries after allegations that China may have added vulnerabilities in the hardware of some of its systems. Of course, with almost every major manufacturer having their electronics part made in China, that isn't much of a relief. It's quite likely that as hardware hacking becomes more cost effective and popular, we may see more of these types of low level hacks being performed, which could lead to new types of attacks, and new types of defense systems.
Patrick Lambert has been working in the tech industry for over 15 years, both as an online freelancer and in companies around Montreal, Canada. A fan of Star Wars, gaming, technology, and art, he writes for several sites including the art news community TideArt. He's always at the forefront of the latest happening in the world of technology. You can find him online at http://dendory.net or on Twitter at @dendory.
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The current drought is the most severe in living memory in Somalia — the result of three failed rains in a row. The situation is so bad that two of the country’s major rivers — the Shabelle and the Jubba — have totally dried up. Even during the famine of 2011, it was still possible to access water by digging into the river beds, but this time the water tables have run completely dry.
More than 700,000 displaced from their homes
Wells have dried up, crops have failed, and livestock, thirsty and hungry, are dying in massive numbers. Their carcasses lie scattered across the arid country landscape. Food prices are soaring and people have been left with no choice but to leave their homes and villages in search of food and water. An estimated 739,000 Somalis have been displaced from their homes so far, headed towards the towns and cities. This number is only set to increase.
In Mogadishu, hundreds of families are arriving at the displacement camps each week, having walked huge distances for days, sometimes weeks, in urgent search of food and water.
A harrowing journey
Abdullahi* is one of the many people who have undertaken the long trek. It took him nine days to reach Mogadishu. Back home, all thirty of his cattle died as a result of the drought. With his livelihood destroyed, and food and water in short supply, Abdullahi made the decision to leave his village and seek treatment for his four year old son, Abhsir*. His two other children remained at home with their uncle.
The journey is filled with unimaginable suffering for some. Aayan* and her baby Aadan* arrived at a Concern nutrition centre in late March. They made it there after a harrowing 37-mile trek. Aayan lost two of her children along the way. There was just nothing she could do to save them.
The severity of this drought means the worst is yet to come
When Aadan was assessed by our team, he weighed only 20 pounds. He is three years old. Suffering from loss of appetite, edema and skin disease, he was diagnosed as severely malnourished and has been admitted for the care he so urgently needed.
Disease spreading quickly
There are hundreds of thousands of children who are suffering like Aadan and Abshir. And in drought conditions like this, hunger is not the only risk to peoples’ lives. A lack of water leads to poor sanitation and disease spreads quickly. Cholera is increasing at a worrying rate and according to the World Health Organisation (WHO), over 50,000 cases have been recorded in Somalia since the beginning of the year. The fatality rate is reported to be 1.6%, which is well above the emergency threshold rate. Under ordinary circumstances, cholera can be easily treated. But malnutrition and dehydration weaken people’s ability to fight it.
Worst is yet to come
Lessons learned from the past have so far prevented loss of life on the scale of 2011. Early warning systems established in the wake of that devastating famine have allowed for earlier preparations this time around. But ongoing conflict makes it very difficult to reach people in some of the worst affected areas. And the severity of this drought means the worst is yet to come.
More than 350,000 children under the age of five are acutely malnourished
Due to lower-than-normal rainfall this spring, 739,000 people across Somalia have been displaced by drought. Of those, an estimated 286,000 are school-age children.
Threat of famine is looming large
Some 6.7 million people do not have enough food to eat and are in urgent need of food assistance — that is over half the country’s population. And more than 350,000 children under the age of five are acutely malnourished. So far, humanitarian aid has helped to minimize the loss of life. But the sheer scale of this crisis is overwhelming and the threat of famine is looming large.
How Concern is helping
We have massively scaled-up our operations to respond to the increasing numbers of people who need urgent assistance. Our experienced team on the ground are providing those most in need with clean water and cash transfers to buy food. We are distributing essential shelter and household items to people living in informal displacement camps. And we are providing life-saving nutrition support to malnourished children.
*Names changed for security.
Help us bring hope to families like those facing hunger and drought in East Africa
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Yellow Fever is a viral infection caused by RNA viruses belonging to the Flavivirus genus. It is a zoonosis – an animal disease that can spread to humans – primarily transmitted by daytime biting Aedes Aegypti female mosquitoes, but also by mosquitoes belonging to the Haemagogus genus.
In the sylvatic cycle, Yellow Fever is transmitted by mosquitoes that bite infected monkeys passing the infection to humans living in or visiting jungle areas. Yellow Fever is endemic in the sylvatic setting in sub-Saharan Africa and the tropical regions of South America. In the intermediate or savannah cycle, the infection is transmitted to humans via mosquitoes that bite infected monkeys or other humans living or working in jungle border areas in Africa. In the urban cycle, infected mosquitoes transmit Yellow Fever from person to person that can cause large outbreaks in cities and suburbs. Yellow Fever outbreaks occur periodically in Africa and have occurred sporadically in South America.
Travellers are at risk when going to endemic areas of Africa and South America.
Most infections are asymptomatic – persons do not exhibit symptoms. Those with symptoms get ill between 3 to 6 days after exposure to the virus. The infection is characterized by flu-like symptoms, including sudden fever, headache, muscle pain, backache, nausea, and vomiting. Most people will recover from this illness but about 15% will develop severe symptoms within 48 hours, including vomiting, jaundice, bleeding, shock, and multiple organ failure. Treatment includes supportive care of symptoms, but the use of aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) must be avoided since they increase the risk of bleeding.
Yellow Fever is a vaccine preventable disease. Vaccination is recommended for persons over 9 months of age travelling to or living in endemic areas. The vaccine affords long term protection.
Note that some countries require proof of Yellow Fever vaccination for entry (see list below). The World Health Organization announced that as of 11 July 2016, existing and new Yellow Fever vaccination certificates are valid for life starting 10 days after vaccination. Countries can no longer require travellers to show proof of re-vaccination or a booster dose as a condition of entry. Travellers should note that this new regulation may not be honoured by all border authorities during the transition phase.
Vaccination precautions: If travel to an endemic area cannot be delayed or avoided, the following travellers should get vaccinated depending on a risk assessment of Yellow Fever infection at their destination and a country's entry requirement: Children between the ages of 6 to 8 months, persons over 60 years, those with asymptomatic HIV, pregnant or breastfeeding women.
Vaccination contraindications: Children under 6 months of age, persons with immune deficiencies or on immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapies, persons with allergies to egg proteins, thymus disorders, malignant neoplasms, transplant recipients, and persons with symptomatic HIV infection should not get the Yellow Fever vaccine. If vaccination is contraindicated for medical reasons an exemption letter or waiver should be issued to the traveller. However, acceptance of such a letter is at the discretion of the destination country, and entry might be denied.
If going to low risk Yellow Fever areas, travellers should take meticulous measures to prevent mosquito bites during the daytime.
Yellow Fever virus images, life cycle, and distribution maps
Health risk description last reviewed: November 9, 2016
Country information last updated: June 19, 2017
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Use this booklet to review needs vs. wants. In this booklet, students will identify the definition of a needs vs. a want, give two examples of each, and find some within your own classroom! This can be done as an assessment tool or together as a class (I like to do a bit of both with this product!).
Interested in other needs vs wants activities? Check them out here:
Needs vs. Wants Hula-hoop ActivityNeeds and Wants Anchor Chart/Sort
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https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/My-Needs-and-Wants-Booklet-3105142
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Biodiversity defines the variety of all forms of life on earth - plants, animals and micro-organisms and the ecosystems of which they are a part of. The biodiversity across the Mount Lofty region, of which Adelaide Hills Council is a part, is still considered to be reasonably high and is formally recognized as one of 15 Commonwealth biodiversity hotspots.
Since European settlement, more than 450 native fauna species have been recorded from the Mount Lofty Ranges (MLR) region, including over 75% of the bird species recorded within South Australia, and also approximately 1,500 native vascular plant species (DEH, 2009).
However, the region has changed significantly. Vegetation clearance has been extensive – approximately only 10% of the original native vegetation of the MLR region remains, and is now highly fragmented with only 22% of this formally managed for conservation purposes (DEH, 2009). Remnant vegetation exists mostly as isolated patches of varying sizes (the majority within 6 to 31ha) and condition adjacent urban, industrial and agricultural land uses. This fragmentation reflects selective clearance of native vegetation on topographically accessible or agriculturally productive land, and so remnant native vegetation is generally on steep areas with shallow infertile soils such as heathy open forest or woodland, leaving grasslands, grassy woodlands and wetlands (once more common) underrepresented in the region.
Despite the largescale clearance and degradation of native vegetation and the many ongoing threats that have ensued since European settlement, the region continues to provide habitat to a large variety of native flora and fauna species, many of which are now threatened and / or in decline and many which are also endemic to the area.
Adelaide Hills Council Biodiversity Strategy
In November 2013, we adopted a Biodiversity Strategy to guide how we manage land under our care and control, in order to achieve regional biodiversity outcomes. The Strategy outlines a number of short, medium, and long term objectives, strategies and actions. Read more about Council's Biodiversity Strategy.
Adelaide Hills Council Biodiversity Advisory Group (BioAG)
Following development of the Biodiversity Strategy, it was recognised that an advisory group would be the most efficient and effective way to achieve a number of objectives, strategies and actions.
The focus of the advisory group is to provide advice and direction to the Council for the district as a whole. In addition, the BioAG provide our staff with access to external expertise, networks and links to other organisations, community groups and the wider community with regard to biodiversity issues. The group consists of three Council members, two staff members, three partnering conservation organisation representatives, and three community members who bring relevant skills, knowledge or experience to the Group. The Terms of Reference require the BioAG to meet quarterly or more frequently as required.
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Lohri is a joyous time to celebrate by eating gur and peanuts, singing songs and share the warmth of a bonfire with family and loved ones. A week before Lohri, children start gathering firewood, hunting for logs that will burn well. A spirit of good-natured rivalry binds the community together and every one takes pride in making the biggest and most grand bonfire in their neighborhood.
In the evening of Lohri, the fire of the bonfire blazes high and a circle of warmth surrounds the people on this cold winter's night. The wood crackles and burns and the people gather around, their faces glowing red and gold. Lohri is essentially a festival dedicated to the Sun god. As the Sun moves towards the Uttarayan, the new configuration bestows warmth to mother earth. The seeds that lay dormant for the want of heat, now sprout forth.
Lohri is an important festival which brings the entire community together, each family contributing sweets made of til and gur, peanuts, tilchowli and many other delicious home-made delicacies. The Guru Granth Sahib praises this auspicious time of the month and says those who meditate before a fire will be blessed. Lohri, which marks the highest point in winter, is considered especially important for new born babies who are taken around the bonfire.
They pray for prosperity even as they make offerings of til (gingelly), moongphali (peanuts) and chirwa (beaten rice) to the burning embers. According to legend, a good Lohri sets the tone for the whole year ahead — the more joyous and bountiful the occasion, the greater will be the peace and prosperity. Some people believed that Holika and Lohri were sisters. While the former vanished into the fire, Lohri survived and lives on.
The rituals and celebrations associated with Lohri are only symbolic of a common thanksgiving to nature as represented by the Sun god, and in the process, the festivities embody a spirit of brotherhood, unity and gratitude, with family reunions and merrymaking generating a lot of happiness, goodwill and cheer. It is also the one day when the womenfolk and children get attention. The first Lohri of a bride is extremely important. The first Lohri of a newborn baby, whether a girl or a boy, is also equally important. Children go from door to door singing and asking for the Lohri prasad.
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This is America — the land of apple pie, chili dogs, and of course, the world famous sandwich of grilled beef in between two buns known as the hamburger. Millions of people eat them every day, and while we know that they can be bad for our health in a diet sense, we may not know that they can leave us paralyzed in some cases.
“I ask myself every day, ‘Why me?’ and ‘Why from a hamburger?’ ” says one woman, a 22-year-old dance instructor, who became paralyzed from the waist down after eating hamburger meat that was tainted with a vicious strain of E Coli.
Our firm’s paralysis attorneys know that it does not take a heavy blow to your back to leave you with some variety of paralysis. We often think that we can only get paralyzed in a car accident or a motorcycle accident, but the truth of the matter is that diseases can cause just as much damage during a spinal cord injury. In this case, the culprit that caused this woman’s paralysis was E. coli, which is a natural bacteria found in the body of a cow, but can turn deadly when handled the wrong way. It usually can be found in raw meets, such as ground beef, and with a little bit of heat (even room temperature) it can grow at an alarming rate.
For this woman, it left her with paraplegia and the realization that she would probably have to adjust to living with paralysis for the rest of her life.
You may remember how in 1994 four children experienced wrongful deaths due to an E. coli outbreak at a Jack in the Box fast food chain. The virulent strain that broke out fifteen years ago was known as O157:H7. Since that deadly incident, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) forbid meat companies and grocery stores from selling ground beef known to have E. coli in it.
But this being America, where we supersize everything and always want more, we still eat hamburgers that have been found to be laced with E. coli traces. According to federal health experts, every year tens of thousands of people contract some case of E. coli from beef. From 2006-2009, sixteen outbreaks of the pathogen by way of hamburger have occurred, and by last summer a recall of ground beef was initiated for close to 3,000 grocers in 41 states.
This case of paralysis is rare, but it is not unheard of. Once E. coli gets into your system, it can start to break down nerves and tissue, including those found in the human spinal cord. And the question you have probably been asking is how to avoid contracting a case of the bacteria yourself. The best thing that you can do to avoid getting E. coli in your body is to properly and thoroughly clean all of your food, make sure that it is fully cooked, and that you buy your food from reliable farmers markets and grocery stores. There is always the chance that you will buy meat contaminated with E. coli and just not know it. To fully ensure that you have no chance of getting E. coli from ground beef, it is best to investigate if a vegetarian or vegan diet is right for you.
Of course, this being America, land of the free and home of the burger, we always have a right to choose.
If you or a loved one have suffered a spinal cord injury, we urge you to contact our bilingual offices as soon as possible following the accident at 1-858-551-2090 or please click here for a free consultation with an experienced paralysis attorney. We handle all cases on a contingency fee basis, which means that you do not pay anything until we recover money on your behalf.
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Calls a DLL function, and passes the specified arguments to that function.
You need to first open the DLL with the DLLOpen function.
Only one call to the DLLCallEx() function can be made at a time, which means runtime will wait for the called function to return before doing anything else. If the called function takes too long to return, it won't let other tasks execute. Therefore, care needs to be taken so that one call returns before the next is made.
Good programming practice requires that functions which are not expected to complete in a short time are run as separate Windows threads and return a value immediately to CitectSCADA.
The DLL function handle, returned from DLLOpen().
A variable length parameter list of method arguments. The parameters will be passed to the function in the order that you enter them. Specifying too few or too many parameters will generate an Invalid Argument hardware error. An Invalid Argument hardware error will also be generated if you specify a parameter to the DLL function with the wrong type.
The result of the function. If the DLL function returns a string then your Cicode return variable should be of type STRING. All other types will be INT.
/* This function is called when CitectSCADA starts up, to initialize all the DLLs that are called */
! Open DLL to AnsiUpper
hAnsiUpper = DLLOpen("USER.DLL", "AnsiUpper", "CC");
hGlobalAlloc = DLLOpen("Kernel", "GlobalAlloc", "IIJ");
/* This is the Cicode entry point into the DLL function call. This function hides the DLL interface from the rest of CitectSCADA. *
FUNCTION AnsiUpper(STRING sString)
sResult = DLLCallEx(hAnsiUpper, sString);
/* Allocate memory and return memory handle */
FUNCTION GlobalAlloc(INT Mode, INT Length)
hMem = DLLCallEx(hGlobalAlloc, Mode, Length);
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Over the past decade, the Internet has permanently changed the way that the average person communicates with loved ones, friends and colleagues. Some of these changes are positive. People who live abroad can keep in touch with their families, for instance, and people with irregular hours can use websites like Facebook to avoid missing out on conversations with their friends.
However, social media may have a dark side. Education website Schools.com and social website Badoo recently compiled research to create an infographic that shows some of the ways that social media changes the ways that we interact and how we’ve created a distressingly strong connection with websites like Facebook.
For instance, research shows that worldwide Facebook users as a whole log about 19,963 years on the website every day. That doesn’t count mobile users, who log an average of 441 minutes on the website per month in the United States alone.
Overall, 39 percent of Americans spend more time socializing online than in face-to-face interactions. 24 percent of survey respondents said that they had missed a major life event because they were too busy trying to document it for a social media website like Facebook.
The infographic also notes that social websites make it easier for socially awkward people to make friends and interact. Social networks are also great for reconnecting with old friends, but social media users should certainly note that online networks don’t always change the way that we communicate for the better.
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Biology and Ecosystems
Whether it is extreme landscapes at remote reaches of the planet, the microbial habitat of the human body, or the forests of the Rocky Mountains in our own backyard, understanding the living planet is imperative to understanding the entire earth system. From micro to macro, biological and ecosystems science at CIRES explores all parts of the environment. Researchers explore biological systems using a combination of field techniques, laboratory investigations, and remote sensing to understand all types of different habitats, at cellular to ecosystem scales. Linkages among ecosystems, health, sustainability, and resilience drive many of the research questions that CIRES’ biological scientists explore.
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Berthe Morisot was a successful painter, the only woman who exhibited at the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874, yet she had to battle against her mother’s (and society’s) expectation that it was marriage that would ensure her happiness. Morisot values painting more than matrimony, and it is through her artistic efforts that she meets the more famous Édouard Manet. Robards imagines a love affair between Morisot and Manet, whose marriage to the lumpen Suzanne defies conventional understanding. In her historical note, the author mentions that there was an intense friendship between them, and some romantic elements exist in her existing letters to him. Manet also painted Morisot more than he painted anyone else. In this telling, their relationship is a rocky one, with first one, then the other, pulling back from a growing intimacy. They realized that society would blacken their names and those of their families should their affair become known.
Robards writes evocatively, particularly about painting, people, and relationships. She drew me into Morisot’s world effortlessly: Degas and Puvis de Chavannes, the Salon and the fledgling Société Anonyme des Artistes. It was only when describing the Siege of Paris and the Commune that the book fell rather flat. Momentous and violent events were recounted, but the characters seemed oddly detached. They exclaim that times are terrible, but there is no immediacy or vividness to the events. However, this is a small concern when measured against the pleasures given by the rest of the novel.
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There are two different types of corruption on a hard drive – one bad and one not so bad:
The bad type is commonly known as “Bad sectors” – which basically means that small parts of the hard drive (“sectors”) have stopped working.
The lesser type is commonly known as “Index corruption” – the files themselves are ok, but they might be incorrectly indexed or cross-linked (two files shunted into one another).
The good news is that both Windows and Macintosh computers have built-in software to “repair” hard drive faults.
I use the word “repair” cautiously, as they can repair most index corruption, but a bad sector cannot be repaired – instead, the software “repairs” it by placing a small invisible file on the bad sector, so it can’t accidentally get used. However, the file which was previously using it may have lost data, which unfortunately might not be recoverable.
So how do you use this built-in hard drive checking and repair software? Well, it depends on what type of computer you have.
To check and repair your hard drive on a Windows computer, first open Windows Explorer – on most versions of windows, this can be opened by clicking on the yellow folders on the task bar at the bottom of the screen. If you have an old version of windows (XP for example), open the start menu, and select “Documents”.
Once Windows Explorer is open, find your hard drive – this is usually on the left-hand pane of the window, under Computer or This PC. The hard drive will be shown with a name and a drive letter in brackets – for example “Local Disk (C:)”
Right-click upon the name of the hard drive, and select “Properties” from the context menu that appears.
From the window that opens, select the “Tools” tab, and then click the button marked either “Check” or “Check now”. You might be asked to confirm the action.
If you are running Windows 7 or earlier, you will be given a choice of options. Select both options, and press the “OK” button. Windows will think for a few seconds, and then tell you that it can’t check the disk while it’s in use – in other words, while the computer is running. It will then ask you if you wish to schedule a disk check for the next time the computer starts us. Confirm that you wish to schedule the check, and then restart the computer so the check can take place.
If you are running Windows 8 or later, the disk check will start automatically – unless Windows thinks the drive is fine. If it tells you that the drive doesn’t need to be scanned, you can click the “Scan drive” button to scan it anyway!
If you’re working on a Mac, the method to check the hard drive is slightly different, but still quite simple.
Firstly, open a Finder window and go to Applications and then Utilities. Find and double-click on “Disk Utility” to open the disk-checking application.
On the left of the window that appears is a list of the drives on your Mac – including any USB sticks and external drives that are connected. Find the main drive (it is usually at the top) and click on it.
On the right-hand side is a box that logs the results of disk checks, as well as four buttons.
Firstly, click the “Verify Disk” button. This will check the disk for errors (but not fix them) – and generally takes a couple of minutes to complete. If the results box indicates that there are errors, click the “Repair Disk” button to fix the errors.
Once the disk itself has been checked, you need to check the file permissions – these can get corrupted, resulting in certain applications not working as expected. To check the file permission, click the “Verify Disk Permissions” button. Again, this will take a couple of minutes whilst it checks. If the results box indicates that it has found any errors, click the “Repair Disk Permissions” button.
Although disk check applications can resolve minor errors and corruption on your hard drive, these errors can be an indication of something far more serious – pending hard drive failure. If you find hard disk errors frequently – or more than just a couple of times – you should seriously think about changing your hard drive before it fails, and make sure you keep your back ups up-to-date in case the worst happens.
Next Monday: Backing-up: How to set-up an automated backup, and how to check it's working!
About Company Works
Company Works was formed in 2004, and has been providing IT support and development solutions to London and the South East of England ever since.
We have also helped clients from around the globe, include in the USA, Europe and Australia.
Our staff have many years of experience in the fields of IT support, software design and development.
All our staff undertake continuous training in the latest technologies and conventions. This ensures they are always up-to-date with the latest products and solutions, and can offer you the absolute best advice and service.
We have also developed our own diagnostic software, designed in-house for PC and laptop diagnosis, meaning we can find the most common problems quickly and fix them without having to waste hours looking for possible solutions or reinstalling the operating system completely (a common "solution" used by some of our competitors). This software is updated constantly to reflect new problems as they are found.
Our services include:
For more information on any of our services, contact us:
020 3239 9484
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Or indeed an elephant or a polar bear?
Generally this would seem to be a frivolous question to which the wags would reply – “Yes, you’d better do so before he eats you”.
Now however, the CITES meeting in Bangkok has given us pause to think. I will explain. There are two World bodies which could be described as ‘symbiotic’. CITES and the IUCN.
IUCN, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature has assessors whose job it is to decide how far any species is from extinction, the most disturbing category of which is ‘critically endangered’. CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species is tasked with preventing the ‘critically endangered’ from becoming ‘extinct’, but, as its name implies, only when those species or their parts or extracts are traded internationally.
In Bangkok, as so often happens, those creatures at the top of the food chain and with virtually no predators other than man, are the most hotly discussed.
I ask the question about the tiger (Panthera tigris) because the Bengal Tiger is only listed as ‘endangered’.
WWF (formerly the World Wildlife Fund) would have it that there are only 3200 tigers left in the wild. This figure may be reasonably accurate for India where there are said to be 1706, but for some other countries population figures are ‘not known’ or are just guessed at. For instance Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos are reckoned to have only 30 each.
So how ‘endangered’ IS the Tiger?
Well he’s not likely to die out, because there 5000 in Tiger farms in China alone. The idea of ‘farming’ this magnificent animal may shock some, so why do the Chinese do it? The answer is that when dried and ground up the penis of the Tiger is thought to have aphrodisiac properties.
The Chinese government are under pressure particularly from abroad, to shut these down, but it will appear obvious that if this happens then the wild population will be under much greater threat from poachers.
So back to my original question. We do know that ‘wine’ is made from Tiger bones and there is a ready, if illegal market in ‘pelts’, but my guess is that tiger meat is fed back to other tigers.
The Polar Bear, (Ursus maritimus) on the other hand now has a wild population of between 20,000 and 25,000 and is only listed by IUCN as ‘vulnerable’.
A move by certain organisations to ban hunting was amazingly defeated by Canada with the support of WWF. Apparently about 600 bears are killed each year by the native Inuit in ‘traditional’ hunts, after which skins and body parts are all used, some as trophies by foreign hunters.
By allowing the Inuit to exploit this ‘resource’ they are expected to treat the remaining animals with greater respect and not to poach them illegally.
Elephants however are a ‘different matter’. In certain parts of Africa the population is ‘exploding’ and there are estimated to be between 300,000 and 600,000 in the wild. IUCN thus rate Loxodonta africana as merely ‘endangered’.
I’m sure if someone could prove that some African tribesmen have always hunted elephants in a ‘traditional’ manner, they would be allowed to continue, but the big argument rages over the use and availability of the very valuable ivory tusks.
The ‘gang of eight’ countries which favour the continuity of the ivory trade includes Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Thailand and China. Most of the remaining 170 member countries either opposed the trade, abstained or were not present at the vote.
It remains to be seen if the ‘Jumbo-huggers’ in the rest of the world can stop those East African countries who export ivory from profiting from a major natural (and renewable) resource.
Meanwhile Hwange National Park in Zimbabwe has an estimated 35,000 elephants which reports say, is ‘far greater than it can sustain’.
Biased and alarmist reporting by the Guardian’s Damian Carrington is unhelpful.
Thus the status of three iconic creatures will again be discussed at the next CITES meeting, but hey, if none of these critters could be classified as ‘endangered’ there’d be no ‘Convention on the Trade’ in them, and activists and Guardian reporters would have to ’make do’ with Climate conferences if they wanted to go ’junketing’.
Can you eat Elephant? Apparently you can.
Also by this contributor
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One of the most common childhood fears is the fear of the dark. However, being scared of the dark is not so exclusive to children anymore. In fact, a new study presented at the Associated Professional Sleep Societies annual meeting suggests for the first time that an underlying fear of the dark might be one of the causes of insomnia. Insomniacs or those with sleeping problems might want to pay attention to this sleep study. If you can’t fall asleep without a nightlight, you might want to pay attention to this potential discovery of a new form of insomnia treatment.
What is Insomnia?
Put simply, insomnia is the inability to sleep. There is acute, or short-term, insomnia and chronic, or long-term, insomnia. Acute insomnia may be caused by something situational, like stress at work or financially. Chronic insomnia lasts for over a month, and is often indicative of another problem. If you think you may suffer of insomnia or have before, don’t worry, you’re not alone. Actually, victims of insomnia are the majority. More than 50 percent of Americans have reported having sleeping problems in the past year. There are medicines you can take for insomnia, but clearly, there’s still some problems to work on for those with sleep trouble.
New Study on Insomnia and Darkness
In this new sleep study, the Associated Professional Sleep Societies gathered 93 individuals, both good sleepers and bad, with an average age of 22 and with 73 percent of them being women. A survey they took of the participants showed that 46 percent of the bad sleepers said they had some fears of the dark, as opposed to the 26 percent of good sleepers. They tested this survey with a study using eye-blink latency, and what they found only confirmed what was reported in the survey.
Does Darkness Cause Insomnia?Poor sleepers experienced a decrease in eyeblink latency when exposed to noise and good sleepers experienced an increase. What that means the noises startled the poor sleepers than the good sleepers, and the good sleepers were better able to accommodate to the noises. Researchers figured this out by monitoring small twitches in the eye muscles, and the bumps in the night startled the poor sleepers much more. This goes to show that those who have to sleep with the TV on or with the bathroom light on and have trouble sleeping may be able to put two and two together. Their fear of the dark could be leading to their insomnia.
How to Sleep Better: There's Hope for Insomniacs!
In the past, insomnia has often been fought with the use of drugs and home remedies. For some, this has worked, but others still suffer from sleep deprevation. This may offer the simple treatment of a phobia, which will in turn cure their insomnia. This non-drug therapy may prove to be a major achievement in those looking for help with their sleeping problems.
46 percent of poor sleepers who are afraid of the dark is not a small number, and could be a big leap in sleep studies.
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Identity is crucial for the survival of aboriginal people Essay
Identity is crucial for the survival of aboriginal people
Jack Davis shows different techniques of spoken language to maintain the identity of Aboriginal people. The mixture of Nyoongah has effectively used to show the white people how the aboriginal people hold on to their own unique culture, even though their society has been overtaken by whites, and their customs and traditions have been influenced and combined with the new society.
“Ay! You…dawarra you mirri up and get them clothes down the soak….go on!
Protest is important to maintain the survival of aboriginal people of Australia. Explanation
Jimmy Munday survives as an individual because he has the ability to protest against the Neville chef protector of aborigines. He finds his identity within his family and this security allows him ot critically assess and comment on the motives behind government decisions such as the moving of indigenous people from the Government Well Aboriginal Reserve in Northam to Moore River. Example
Jack Davis shows this to be true in no sugar when Jimmy said ”Whole town knows why we’re goin”.”Coz wetjalas in this town don’t want us ‘ere’.” Jimmy’s identity and survival are built on outward protest but other members of his family find more subtle forms of protest. Therefore, this whole concept represents that the protest againt the motives of white people has lead the Aboroginal people to survive in a great depression.
Famliy is the cornerstone and also maintain the survival of individual even in most traumatic of circumstances.
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In this Video, we will discuss that How to check the diode by using Digital Multimeter. We will check that How to identify the anode and cathode of the diode with a Multimeter and by physical condition. Further it we will also check that either the diode is normal or faulty and what is the faulty condition in the diode. Detailed Lab video and Diode testing methods is given below.
How to Identify Anode and Cathode of Diode:
Every diode has two terminals Anode (+) and Cathode (-). These terminals can be identifying by the shaded side at the end of the diode. The shaded side terminal of the diode is Cathode or negative terminal of the diode while the other terminal of the diode is Anode or positive side of diode as shown in the below image.
Testing a Diode Using Multimeter:
- Turn the rotary switch of the multimeter to diode test mode and adjust the probes as black probe in COM socket and Red probe in diode symbol socket.
- Connect the multimeter probes to the diode terminals and record the value.
- Now reverse the multimeter probes to the diode terminals and record the value again.
- A good diode will show the value of 0.570 to 0.900 in forward biased condition and 0.00 in reverse biased condition as shown in the below image.
Faulty Conditions of Diode:
- If the diode shows the value on both forward & reverse sides, the diode is faulty and the fault is “Diode is short”.
- If the diode not shows the value either forward or reverse biased, the diode is faulty and the fault is “Diode is open”.
You can also watch the video tutorial to practically learn more about these this practical explained in the video tutorial below.
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A Happy Place: The Healing Power of Horses
VIRGINIA BEACH, Va. -- Equine therapy, also known as horse therapy, treats people with all kinds of mental and physical problems. It's been used in the United States for more than 50 years and goes back much further in Europe.
Horse therapy can strengthen bodies, improve communication, and help people confront their fears. Horses connect with people in a way no other human can. It's a bond that can even heal.
A Healing Ride
You might not know it by looking at them, but horses make excellent therapists for people with all kinds of issues, like the cerebral palsy that keeps people like Ivy Kennedy in her wheelchair.
Ivy's been partaking in horse therapy at Equi-Kids Therapeutic Riding Program in Virginia Beach, Virginia, for many years. Unlike when she's in her wheelchair where she's looking up at most people, when she's high atop her horse Hopper, people look up at Ivy for a change.
The difference makes her feel empowered. Even though Hopper's taking the steps, Ivy gets to experience the sensation of walking, something most of us take for granted.
Five-year-old Sophia also takes part in Equi-Kids. She suffers from weak core muscles because of her Down syndrome. Horseback riding strengthens them, which helps Sophia keep up in every day life. Plus, coming here makes her happy and more open to trying new things.
Chloe's severe back injury means she can't move around much on her own two feet. But horse therapy gives her the freedom to do the things she otherwise couldn't.
Her father, Ben Fitzpatrick, said coming to Equi-Kids has changed his daughter's life.
"She can't run and jump and so on," he explained. "So being on the horse gives her the activity without the impact on her spine."
According to Jill Haag, executive director of Equi-Kids, even autistic children come out of their shell.
"It's amazing to see a child who will not speak in any given week or reach out and hug their mother or hug their father," she said. "They will reach down and they will pat their horse. And when they get off that horse, they'll go an give their parent a hug."
Horse therapy is used for people with multiple sclerosis, Ausperger's syndrome, attention deficit disorder, the list goes on.
A Happy Place
It's become the most popular type of animal therapy because horses give immediate feedback to the rider's actions.
"They're warm, they're trusting, they don't judge," Haag points out. "They're silent, they don't constantly ask you to do certain types of things. You have to ask them."
Horses are intuitive and will behave according to the level of the rider.
In addition to children with disabilities, these horses also help soldiers who've been injured in the line of duty.
Kelly Eaton served five tours in the Middle East. He suffers from knee and back injuries as well as post-traumatic stress disorder, also known as PTSD.
"I still have flashbacks," he said. "I have issues with crowds, things of that nature, as well as I'm now considered chronically mentally depressed."
Equi-Kids also has another name: Equi-Vets. Kelly said Equi-Vets keeps him going.
"My happy place is on the back of a horse," he said. "Whether it's walking, trotting, whatever. I can clear everything out of my mind. Nothing matters any more. Nothing ever happened. Every bad thing that I've seen in my life is gone. I mean it's temporary, but this is my little bit of sanity."
A Calming Influence
Cathy Chitwood, program director at Equi-Kids and Equi-Vets, said the horses teach people to control their behavior by mirroring the way a human feels.
"So when they're calm, the horse will calm down and cooperate and participate with them," she explained. "And when they're nervous and anxious and hyper, the horse actually does the same thing. So it's very good for mental health patients to do some personal reflection on how their behavior affects other people and other things."
Kim Moss, director of development at Equi-Kids and Equi-Vets, said generous people who believe in the healing power of horses are the ones who make it possible for hundreds of veterans and children with disabilities to find hope.
"We don't have any government money that we're given," he explained. "Everything that we get is through donations from people, organizations and the community."
So no matter what people are dealing with, after being around these big animals, their problems tend to look smaller.
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I was looking for a good definition of transparency and constancy. Below is the copy of the article from Osvaldo da Pos, University of Padua, Italy
There are two basic convictions about colors: (1) they carry information about the objects they belong to; and (2) their appearance depends on the context of the light, the spatial disposition of nearby objects, and their temporal changes. The two features sometimes strongly conflict. Constancy, whereby the color of an object tends to appear unchanged although environmental factors vary, vies with dependence on context. It is not rare for contextual effects to be considered illusory, although their occurrence obeys established rules.
Striking changes occur when the lateral squares start in contact with the central one, and then a small misalignment or gap between them produces a completely different appearance. When there is no gap or misalignment, a cross is seen, composed of one strip transparent over the other: Two superimposed colors are seen in the grey square at the same time and in the same direction of sight, one in front and the other behind and through the first.
The two colors seen in the central grey square depend on the colors of the two adjacent squares. Already Helmholtz tried to explain why those specific two colors were seen: it depended on the knowledge of the laws governing additive color mixtures, which, in the case of complementary colors, give an achromatic result. Therefore the colors of the adjacent squares are perceived in the central grey because their fusion precisely gives rise to that particular grey. Hering gave a radically different explanation involving no cognitive activity, but only physiological interactions. The two adjacent colors induce their complements in the grey area, so both the colors are visible in that grey square, although in different parts. Nevertheless those two weak colors can spread inside the square and completely characterize it, as only the sides can limit their spreading. Accordingly the central square appears transparent because in it both the colors of the back strip and of the front one are simultaneously perceivable (this would ultimately be the basic definition of transparency/translucency).
Although cognitive science still follows Helmholtz, the current understanding of the colored transparency (or translucency) effect does not resort to higher level “knowledge,” but rather to physiological processes (based on cone excitation ratios , physical principles (based on Kubelka-Munk rules ; or on spectral filtration ), psycho-physical models (based on color convergence , ), phenomenological models (based on color similarity , , X junctions ,).
Even today we do not share a unique explanation of why the central grey square appears so different in different situations, so most people still speak of perceived translucency as an illusion, implicitly assuming that when a good explanation is achieved no illusion will exist anymore. A reasonable objection would be that, even when we reach a convincing explanation, still we would remain amused in seeing that the same grey square appears so different in different contextual conditions; the illusory aspect would remain intact, despite the scientific explanation.
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Every February 2 for over 125 years, a groundhog named Phil emerges from his burrow on Gobbler's Knob in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania to predict the weather for the rest of the winter season. Legend has it that if Phil sees his shadow, then there will be six weeks of more winter weather. If he doesn't see his shadow, spring will come early.
UPDATE 7:30: Punxsutawney Phil predicts 6 more weeks of winter.
As the Los Angeles Times points out, "Oddly enough, bad weather on Groundhog Day is better than good weather." There are many other groundhogs aside from Phil out there predicting the weather this February, including Staten Island Chuck in New York and Sir Walter Wally in North Carolina.
The Punxsutawney Groundhog Club website writes 'The celebration of Groundhog Day began with Pennsylvania's earliest settlers. They brought with them the legend of Candlemas Day, which states, "For as the sun shines on Candlemas Day, so far will the snow swirl in May...'"
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posted by Tammy .
Does increasing the frequency of a wave also increase its wavelength? If not, how are these quantities related?
high frequency. low wavelength
That answer may be confusing. A high frequency has a short wavelength; i.e., 14 MHz is about 40 meters.
28 MHz is abouat 10 meters.
50 mHz is about 6 meters. So as the frequency goes up, the wavelength goes down.
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Ample empirical evidence links adverse conditions during early childhood (the period from conception to age five) to worse health outcomes and lower academic achievement in adulthood. Can early-life medical care and public health interventions ameliorate these effects? Recent research suggests that both types of interventions may benefit not only child health but also long-term educational outcomes. In addition, early-life medical interventions may improve the educational outcomes of siblings. These findings can be used to design policies that improve long-term outcomes and reduce economic inequality.
An array of medical treatments and public health interventions provided during early childhood results in better health in childhood and adulthood.
Early-life medical treatments and public health interventions improve academic achievement later in life.
At-risk children especially benefit from these interventions, which may reduce inequality.
The benefits of early-life interventions seem to extend to siblings as well.
It may be more productive to shift the policy discussion from increasing the number of prenatal visits to improving the quality of prenatal care.
For low-risk children, the evidence on the benefits of early-life medical interventions is mixed.
While certain public health interventions have well-documented health returns, little is known about their impact on human capital accumulation.
More research is needed to understand the causal pathways leading to the positive gains from early-life interventions.
Studies relying on sibling fixed-effects may under- or overestimate the causal impact if the effects of early-life interventions spill over to the siblings of treated children.
Author's main message
Early-childhood medical treatments and public health programs improve children’s lives and reduce child mortality. While the evidence is convincing that interventions lead to better health outcomes and to improved academic achievement later in life for at-risk children, the evidence is mixed on the impact on low-risk children. Policymakers should carefully consider potential differences in responses to public health programs across population groups when designing such interventions. Because siblings who are not directly exposed to these interventions may also benefit from them, policymakers should also take such spillovers into account.
A large body of empirical research shows that adverse conditions (such as poor nutrition, illness, in-utero alcohol exposure, iodine deficiency, major injuries or mother’s bad health, and psychological stress) during early childhood (the period from conception to age five) have long lasting negative effects on human capital accumulation and economic outcomes as well as on adult health. However, it is unclear whether these negative consequences can be alleviated or eliminated through medical care and public health programs aimed at improving prenatal and early-childhood health.
This is an important question from a public policy perspective and is the focus of this review. An overview of the findings in the literature linking early-childhood health to academic achievement is followed by a discussion of the research on the effects of early-life medical care and public health policies on the human capital accumulation of children. Because of the stark differences in the organization and delivery of health care between developed and developing countries, the focus is limited to studies on developed countries.
Discussion of pros and cons
Early-childhood health and human capital accumulation
The so-called “fetal origins” hypothesis, put forward by epidemiologist David J. Barker in the early 1990s, posits that the origins of many chronic degenerative adult health problems (such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease) can be traced to in-utero conditions, in particular to inadequate nutrition. Subsequent theories emphasize the impact of early-life postnatal conditions, as well as the in-utero environment, in shaping long-term outcomes. In economics, James Heckman and colleagues formalized this idea in a model that incorporates dynamic complementarities between inputs across different stages of life, showing how skills acquired early in life increase the productivity of investments later on.
Studies linking early-childhood health to educational outcomes can be classified into two groups: those focusing on prenatal health and those focusing on early-childhood postnatal health. The literature investigating the impact of prenatal health on human capital accumulation generally follows one of two approaches. In one line of work, researchers use birthweight as a proxy measure of prenatal health and examine the impact of birth weight on academic achievement later in life. Most of these studies exploit longitudinal data and employ twin or sibling fixed-effects strategies. Comparing two siblings born to the same mother allows researchers to account for potentially unobserved time-invariant family characteristics that may jointly determine prenatal health and child academic achievement. Results from these studies, based on data from various periods and countries, consistently show a positive association between birth weight and an array of educational outcomes, such as test scores and educational attainment.
A second line of research exploits natural experiments to analyze the impact on human capital accumulation of in-utero exposure to adverse prenatal conditions. Most of these studies employ difference-in-differences estimation strategies and use variation in intensity of exposure to compare the outcomes of cohorts exposed to the “intervention” in-utero to the outcomes of unexposed cohorts. The majority of early empirical evidence on this topic focuses on extreme events, such as famines, influenza epidemics, and radiation fallout from Chernobyl, but recent evidence shows that less extreme events (such as grief and seasonal flu) may also have significant long-term consequences.
Research into the effects of early-childhood postnatal health on academic achievement relies mainly on cross-sectional ordinary least squares or sibling fixed-effects strategies. Some of these studies rely on adult height as a summary measure of early-childhood postnatal health, noting that height during adulthood is strongly correlated with height during early childhood (for example, height at age five) and that height in early childhood is, in turn, affected by prenatal health, poor nutrition, and illness. Several other studies examine how the presence of specific health conditions in early childhood affect human capital accumulation later in life. These studies focus not only on the role of physical health problems (such as asthma and major injuries) but also on the role of mental health issues (such as conduct disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). The findings from this literature generally indicate that physical illness during postnatal early childhood has less of an impact on academic achievement than fetal exposure to adverse events. However, mental health conditions seem to have large and persistent effects, even after controlling for child health at birth.
Finally, it is worth noting that a growing body of research investigates the impact of parental health during early childhood on the human capital accumulation of children. While this is a relatively understudied topic, emerging evidence indicates that parental health (in addition to child health) may be influential in shaping the educational outcomes of children.
Medical care, early-childhood health, and human capital accumulation
The WHO, whose guidelines recommend 12–16 prenatal care visits for pregnant women, reports that more than 98% of pregnant women in developed countries have at least one prenatal health care visit. Most economic studies in this area focus on the impact of the number of prenatal care visits on child health at birth, as captured by birth weight. The empirical evidence from studies using randomized trials or exploiting natural experiments generally indicates that the number of prenatal care visits has little effect on birth weight. For example, a study that exploits the 1992 Port Authority Transit strike in Pennsylvania as an exogenous source of variation in the number of prenatal care visits received by low-income mothers, who mostly rely on public transportation to access prenatal care, finds no relationship between the number of prenatal care visits and birth weight . However, the results also suggest that the treatment effects may differ according to the time of the intervention, with visits lost early in the pregnancy having a negative impact on birth outcomes while visits lost late in the pregnancy having little effect.
Consistent with this finding, a recent study finds that longer in-utero exposure to favorable prenatal conditions leads to better educational achievement . The study uses the sudden immigration of Ethiopian Jews to Israel as an exogenous source of variation in the duration of higher-quality prenatal care, including the provision of micronutrient supplements (iodine, iron, folic acid) and improved prenatal medical care technologies. Comparing children who were exposed to the change in prenatal care at different gestational ages, the study finds that earlier exposure to better prenatal care results in higher educational attainment (lower grade repetition, lower dropout rates, and higher baccalaureate rates).
On postnatal medical care, there is robust evidence that early-life medical treatments provided to at-risk children have substantial effects on early-childhood health. One study investigates the impact of the length of the postpartum hospital stay on readmission rates . To address the endogeneity in length of stay, the study exploits changes in federal and state laws that substantially reduced early hospital discharges. The results suggest that legislation-induced increases in postpartum stays reduced hospital readmissions among those with the greatest likelihood of a readmission.
Another US study uses a unique natural experiment to identify the effects of early-life medical treatments on infant health . The study exploits the fact that medical guidelines recommend providing additional treatments to children with a very low birth weight (birth weight below 1,500 grams). Using a design that exploits changes in medical treatments across the very low birth weight threshold, the study finds that children who weighed slightly less than 1,500 grams (and who were thus eligible to receive extra medical care) were less likely to die within the first year of life than children who weighed slightly more than 1,500 grams (Figure 1).
Subsequent work shows that these early-life medical treatments also have significant effects on human capital accumulation. Two recent studies employ a similar methodological design, exploiting changes in medical treatments across the very low birth weight threshold. Using administrative data from Chile and Norway, one study finds that children who were eligible to receive extra medical care at birth had 0.15–0.22 standard deviation higher test scores as late as tenth grade (Figure 2) . The other study uses administrative data from Denmark and confirms that children who weighed slightly less than 1,500 grams at birth (and thus were eligible to receive extra medical care) had higher ninth grade mathematics test scores than children who weighed slightly more than 1,500 grams . The study also documents economically significant spillover effects on the academic achievement of siblings. The estimates suggest that siblings of children who were eligible to receive extra medical care had higher ninth grade language test scores (0.31 standard deviations higher) and mathematics scores (0.36 standard deviations) than siblings of children who were not eligible for extra medical care.
For low-risk children (i.e. children without known medical risk factors), however, evidence on the health impact of early-life medical care is mixed. One study investigates how length of postpartum hospital stay affects infant outcomes among low-risk mothers (i.e. women without known medical risk factors) . The study exploits the fact that insurance rules count the number of midnights in care when reimbursing a predetermined number of “days” in the hospital. Thus, a newborn delivered slightly after midnight has an additional night of reimbursable care compared with an infant born slightly before midnight. The study finds that while infants born just after midnight have significantly longer postpartum hospital stays than infants born just before midnight, both groups of infants have similar health outcomes, as measured by readmission and mortality rates.
Another study of low-risk children uses administrative data from the Netherlands to investigate the impact of home births on the short-term health of low-risk newborns . In the Netherlands, maternity care is provided according to a rigorous process of risk selection based on medical history and current health status, as well as the development progress of the mother and the fetus. To account for non-random selection into a home birth, the study uses a strategy that exploits the variation in distance from a mother’s residence to the closest hospital with an obstetric ward because women who live closer to such a hospital are less likely to give birth at home. The results suggest that giving birth in a hospital leads to significant reductions in infant mortality among low-risk mothers but that the results are driven mainly by the poorer segment of the Dutch population. At this point, there is no research on the effects of early-life medical care on the human capital accumulation of low-risk children.
Public health interventions, early-childhood health, and human capital accumulation
There is robust evidence that public health interventions aimed at improving the early-childhood disease environment can have significant effects on long-term human capital accumulation. A study on the impact of a campaign in the southern US to eradicate hookworm (an intestinal parasite that absorbs nutrients from the blood stream, causing lethargy and anemia) exploits the geographic variation in the prevalence of infection rates . The study finds that school enrollment, attendance, and literacy rates increased after the intervention in areas with higher disease prevalence before the intervention. Following a similar identification strategy, another study finds that malaria-eradication campaigns in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and the US led to higher literacy rates and higher income in adulthood .
Public health policies targeting early-childhood nutritional well-being may also have significant benefits for health and academic achievement. A notable public health program of this kind is the Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants, and Children in the US. The program, which covers low-income pregnant and lactating women and children up to age five, provides monthly food checks or electronic benefit transfer cards that participants can use to buy nutritious foods. In addition, participants receive nutrition education and breastfeeding support. A large literature in economics, using a variety of estimation techniques, shows that the program improves infant health at birth, such as birth weight. However, there is almost no evidence on the longer-term health effects of the program and virtually no studies on its impact on human capital accumulation.
There are, however, other studies that document educational benefits for public policies with a nutritional component. For example, one study examines the long-term effects of in-utero alcohol exposure . The study exploits a policy in place in certain regions of Sweden that temporarily allowed individuals younger than 21 to drink strong beer. Children born to women who resided in these regions while pregnant and under 21 at the time the policy was in effect had significantly lower educational attainment, as well as lower cognitive and non-cognitive ability.
Another study investigates the impact of salt iodization on cognitive outcomes in the US . Iodine deficiency is the leading cause of preventable intellectual disability. The identification strategy exploits the introduction of iodized salt in 1924, with the intention of reducing the goiter rate. Before iodization of salt, goiter prevalence varied across regions according to the iodine content of the soil and water. Using this variation, along with the introduction of iodized salt and military data collected during World Wars I and II, the study finds that people born after the introduction of iodized salt in locations with low levels of environmental iodine had larger IQ gains than those born in locations with high levels of environmental iodine. The estimates suggest that the intervention raised the IQ levels of those in the highest quartile of iodine deficiency by almost one standard deviation.
Finally, there is some emerging evidence pointing to human capital benefits for home-visit programs, which are highly popular in developed countries. While the specifics of the programs vary, they generally provide education on parenting skills, infant safety, health, nutrition, and child development. The findings indicate that home-visit programs provided by qualified nurses improve short-term infant health indicators, such as infant mortality rates. Some recent work investigates the impact of well-child visits (visits providing physical examination as well as information on child development, safety, health, and nutrition) on educational outcomes . The study uses a strategy that exploits the differential timing of rollout across Norwegian municipalities by comparing the change in outcomes between municipalities with the program and those without it. It finds that access to well-child visits during the first year of life increases completed years of schooling by 0.12–0.18 years.
Limitations and gaps
There are several limitations and gaps in the work evaluating the impact of early-life medical care and policy interventions. The evidence on the effects of prenatal care comes entirely from studies focused on the number of prenatal visits, and these studies investigate mainly short-term health outcomes. However, because prenatal medical care coverage in developed countries is nearly universal, the quality of prenatal care may matter more than its quantity. In addition, prenatal care may improve outcomes that cannot be captured with readily available proxies of health at birth, such as birth weight. Furthermore, it is possible that certain subpopulations may benefit more from good quality prenatal care than others. More research is needed to fully assess the effects of prenatal care, especially with respect to differences in efficacy of treatments across population groups.
There is robust evidence on the benefits of early-life medical treatment for high-risk children. While these studies have high internal validity (confidence that a causal study has been well done), their results are generally applicable only to “compliers,” individuals whose receipt of medical treatments is determined by the particular instrumental variable exploited by the study. The marginal individual (those who receive medical treatments because of the instrument) in this case may not be representative of the general population. A careful understanding of the external validity (generalizability) of these results is needed when crafting related public policies.
Further research is also needed to reconcile the mixed evidence on the health returns to early-life medical interventions for low-risk individuals. Why do certain types of medical care have higher returns than others? Do medical interventions provide the same health benefits across all subpopulations? What is the role of risk selection in explaining the different findings? Is risk selection always possible? In addition, research is needed to investigate the impact of these interventions on long-term health. Even if there are no effects on short-term mortality, there may be effects on health that become more apparent in the long term. Similarly, more information is needed on the human capital effects of treatments that conclusively provide health benefits.
While there is abundant evidence on the short-term health benefits of the Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants, and Children in the US, there is limited information on how the program affects postnatal early-childhood health and virtually no information on its impact on longer-term academic achievement. Similarly, there is very little information on how home-visit programs affect long-term outcomes.
Another area where more work is needed is on the impact of medical care and public health interventions targeting parental health (especially during the early life of their children) on the outcomes of children. An emerging literature links poor parental health to worse academic achievement of children. Little is known, however, about whether these adverse effects can be overcome by medical treatments or public health interventions.
More research is also needed to understand the causal pathways leading to the returns to medical care and public interventions, as well as potential externalities generated by the interventions. The net effect of any intervention or treatment depends in part on how parents respond to it. For example, to the extent that parents compensate for differences in early-life health status of siblings, any health improvement due to medical treatments may be offset by reduced parental investments. There is a large body of research on how parents change the allocation of resources within the household in response to these “endowments at birth.” Results from this literature are mixed, supporting both compensating as well as reinforcing behavior depending on the context. However, there is no study in the context of a developed country that specifically considers the impact of early-life interventions on parental behavior.
Finally, it is important to investigate whether medical treatments and public health interventions lead to spillovers within the family. Recent research finds evidence of positive spillovers from some medical interventions to the siblings of treated children. More evidence is needed on the existence of such spillover effects in other contexts. In addition, research is needed to shed light on the causal pathways leading to these spillover effects. These types of information are crucial in interpreting the findings from studies that rely on sibling fixed-effects. If medical care or public health interventions change resource allocations within the household, studies employing sibling fixed-effects may under- or overestimate the true impact of these treatments.
Summary and policy advice
The evidence on early-childhood interventions indicates that various medical treatments and public health programs (especially those for high-risk children) produce not only health benefits but also improvements in long-term educational outcomes. These long-term effects should be kept in mind when considering the cost-effectiveness of any given intervention.
Not all interventions are universally beneficial, however. There is mixed evidence on the returns to early-childhood interventions for low-risk children, implying a potential for cost-savings. Policymakers should take this into account when crafting policies, particularly those targeting large populations, where there may be more scope for differences in treatment efficacy.
Finally, results also suggest that we may have hit the flat part of the curve for some medical treatments. For example, it may be more productive to shift the policy discussion from increasing the number of prenatal visits to improving the quality of prenatal care.
The author thanks two anonymous referees and the IZA World of Labor editors for many helpful suggestions on earlier drafts.
The IZA World of Labor project is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The author declares to have observed these principles.
© N. Meltem Daysal
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|Cardinal Thomas Wolsey|
"invited to supper Monsieur de la Guische, for whose amusement he caused a farce to be acted of the Cardinal going down into Hell"
The two men wanted to show off their own new positions as important court figures now that Wolsey had gone, as well as to emphasise that Wolsey's reign is over and that his methods and influences were in the past and a new era had begun; a Howard era. The inclusion of having a Cardinal, a man of the Catholic church, being abused and sent to hell was a euphemism for the growing hatred King Henry held for the Catholic church and the Pope, which had arisen due to the Pope's refusal to grant Henry a divorce.
The fact that this was performed specifically for the French ambassador is also of significance; immediately before Wolsey's downfall the French were plotting with him, as the two had shared a 'special relationship'. Also, Boleyn and Howard saw this as an opportunity to present themselves to the French as the possible new intermediaries between the French and King Henry.
The French ambassador was not amused by the spectacle - Chapuys wrote that;
"he much blamed the earl, and still more the Duke for his ordering the said fare to be printed"
The play was later performed at the royal court for the king; Wolsey being played by the court jester and the devils dragging him down to hell by four noblemen.
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Qur’an emphasizes on the role of the human hearts in mental, emotional and spiritual decisions of man.Of these Qur'anic statements, some describe this sentient organ as having the capacity of being a center of reasoning, intentions and decision-making. Consequently, human hearts can either be healthy or diseased.
A man insulted Khalid ibn Walid, so he turned to him and said, “It is your scroll of deeds, so fill it with whatever you wish.” How would you like to read your book in front of all of mankind? How can you beautify your book by filtering it from non-beneficial things? This article is aimed at providing answers to all this and more, in sha Allah
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Study of the Effect of Innate on the Inflammatory Response to Endotoxin
- Innate immunity is the process by which white blood cells and other parts of the immune system sense and respond to potential infections by causing an inflammation. Researchers are interested in studying how the body responds to certain environmental factors, and whether the body s response can contribute to chronic illnesses or diseases such as asthma and certain types of cancers.
- To examine how specific genes and proteins in blood cells respond to environmental exposures.
- Healthy volunteers between 18 and 45 years of age.
- The study will involve one visit of 45 to 60 minutes.
- Participants will be screened with a brief physical examination and finger stick to determine if they are eligible to donate blood for the study, and will complete a questionnaire about any medications or other drugs (e.g., cigarettes) they may be taking.
- Participants will provide a blood sample for research purposes.
|Asthma Atherosclerosis Metabolic Syndrome Insulin Resistance Cancer|
|Study Design:||Time Perspective: Other|
|Official Title:||Study of the Effect of Innate Immunity on the Inflammatory Response to Endotoxin|
|Study Start Date:||May 12, 2010|
This research study will examine the role of innate immunity on the Inflammatory response of monocytes and macrophages to endotoxin. Approximately 1450 healthy participants aged 18 years and older will be identified and recruited from the Environmental Polymorphism Registry (EPR). The EPR is a long-term project to collect and store up to 15,000 DNA samples for use in research studies from individuals in the greater North Carolina Triangle Region. It is anticipated that approximately 50% of the participants contacted will enroll and about 15% of participants enrolled will withdraw.
This controlled, observational gene association study will recruit participants on the basis of genotype and then observe the phenotype of each participant. There are several SNPs of interest in the genes TIRAP, MyD88, ABCA1, CD14, CD44, ITIH3, ITIH4, TLR4, TNFa, TLR5 and IRGM. In addition there are alleles of interest in the gene ApoE. These alleles taken together are considered a polymorphism. For each polymorphism of interest a separate group of participants will be recruited (including heterozygous and homozygous for both the minor and major alleles for each SNP). A maximum of 200 mLs of blood will be obtained from each participant during one visit lasting approximately one hour. Blood monocytes will be isolated from the donated blood samples and cultured to obtain macrophages. The macrophages will be exposed ex vivo to an endotoxin (LPS) and to PAM3CSK4 to determine cell response depending on genotype.
The primary objective is to determine associations between select polymorphisms in four genes [TIRAP (TIR Associated Protein), MyD88 (Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response Protein 88), ApoE (Apolipoprotein E), ABCA1 (ATP Binding Cassette Transporter A1, CD14, CD44, ITIH3, ITIH4, TLR4, TNFa, TLR5 and IRGM and quantitative in vitro inflammatory functions of two cell types, the macrophage and neutrophil. The primary endpoints of this study for both cell types will be levels of 6 cytokines TNF alpha, IL-6, MIP-2, IL-8, MCP-1, and IFN-beta (ELISA) induced by LPS and by PAM3CSK4 plus baseline cytokine levels (no exposure to LPS or PAM3CSK4).
We hope the results of this study may lead to discovery of important information regarding the role of MDC1 (Mediator of DNA damage Checkpoint protein 1) in human disease, potentially identifying new targets for future studies.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01143480
|United States, North Carolina|
|NIEHS Clinical Research Unit (CRU)|
|Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States|
|Principal Investigator:||Michael B Fessler, M.D.||National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)|
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Advanced Composition discussion
“Anemia, an easily reversible feature of end-stage renal disease, is an independent risk factor for clinical and echocardiographic cardiac disease, as well as mortality in end-stage renal disease patients.” (Robert N. Foley, 1996). Anemia in End stage renal disease patients can be easily managed. With the help of Epogen medication, the disease process is decreased. Patients suffer less cardiac diseases added to the renal disease. This will allow the patients to continue to be healthier than without the epogen. With the patients healthier less other medications will be needed. Patients with added heart disease are on multiple medications. Cardiac disease also includes more expensive procedures like cardiac caths, bypass surgery, and valve replacements. Pacemakers are common to help cardiac patients heart stay in rhythm. Not only is the expense more costly for sicker patients, the patients can no longer enjoy life as much being sick. Quality is poor. The quality can become so poor that walker, wheelchair, oxygen tank are now needed to go or do anything. Now the patient with extra medical conditions no longer qualifies for transplant. This patient will always be dependent on dialysis. Now with the cost of epogen saved through decreasing the dose, patients are sicker and costing more.
Yes I think the bullying is a coping mechanism set in from the home experience, and now it might be just automatic. The person may not realize it is wrong at all anymore. This is very dangerous. Unremorsfulness is a sign that it is leading from mal-adaptive behavior to psychopathic behavior. It could continue to worsen especially if no one speaks up about the bully. The child being bullied might be too scared to say anything. The adults need to observe and put a stop to it however possible.
I wonder do the people that are not able to get the narcotic turn to other drugs or street drugs? Will these cause seekers to go to multiple physicians and pharmacies? Could this lead to the premature deaths we hear about that overdosed on multiple medications?
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The term "cutaneous" refers to the skin. Subcutaneous means beneath, or under, all the layers of the skin. For example, a subcutaneous cyst is under the skin.
Gawkrodger DJ, Ardern-Jones MR. Microanatomy of the skin. In: Gawkrodger DJ, Ardern-Jones MR, eds. Dermatology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 1.
Reviewed By: Laura J. Martin, MD, MPH, ABIM Board Certified in Internal Medicine and Hospice and Palliative Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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King Henry III
King Edward I
King Edward II
Deposed and murdered in 1327.
King Edward III
King Richard II
Deposed. Murdered in 1400.
Reigned Before the Plantagenets:
The Angevins (reigned reigned 1154-1216)
Reigned After the Plantagenets:
The House of Lancaster (reigned 1399-1461)
Full List of English Royal Dynasties:
Unless otherwise noted, these books are for sale at Amazon.com. Your purchase through these links will result in a commission for the owner of the Royalty.nu site.
Book categories: Plantagenets, Henry III, Edward I, Edward II, Isabella of France, Edward III, Order of the Garter, Black Prince, Joan of Kent, Richard II, Hundred Years' War, DVDs, Normans, Angevins, Lancastrians, Yorkists, Wars of the Roses
The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England by Dan Jones. Eight generations of the greatest and worst kings and queens England has ever seen -- from the White Ship to the Lionheart, bad King John to the Black Prince and John of Gaunt.
The Plantagenets: History of a Dynasty by J. S. Hamilton. A complete account of the rulers and politics of the Plantagenet reign.
The Demon's Brood: A History of the Plantagenet Dynasty by Desmond Seward. An overview of the whole dynasty, based on major contemporary sources and modern research.
The Plantagenets: The Kings That Made Britain by Derek Wilson. A year-by-year chronology of a tumultuous period in the development of the English nation. Includes portraits, maps, and other images.
The Plantagenet Chronicles edited by Elizabeth Hallam. This attractively illustrated book draws on the writings of 14 contemporary chroniclers to tell the story of medieval Europe's most tempestuous family.
Four Gothic Kings: The Turbulent History of Medieval England and the Plantagenet Kings (1216-1377) edited by Elizabeth Hallam. Henry III, Edward I, Edward II, Edward III seen through the eyes of their contemporaries. Includes more than 200 illustrations.
Three Medieval Queens: Queenship and the Crown in Fourteenth-Century England by Lisa Benz St. John. How Margaret of France (wife of Henry II's son Henry the Young King), Isabella of France (wife of Edward II), and Philippa of Hainault (wife of Edward III) exercised power and authority.
The Last Plantagenet Consorts: Gender, Genre, and Historiography, 1440-1627 by Kavita Mudan Finn. Examines fabrications about 15th century English queens as reflections of questions and anxieties that haunted their writers.
The Plantagenets & Their Times
The Lordship of England by Scott L. Waugh. Royal wardships and marriages in English society and politics, 1217-1327.
Kings and Bishops in Medieval England, 1066-1216 by Roger Wickson. Explores thel relationship between the kings of England and their bishops, from the Norman Conquest to the Magna Carta.
The Rise of Alchemy in Fourteenth Century England by Jonathan Hughes. The Plantagenet kings and the search for the Philosopher's Stone.
The Fourteenth Century by May McKisack. From Oxford's "History of England" series.
Books by Thomas Costain
The Conquering Family by Thomas B. Costain. First volume in Costain's popular four-book series about the Plantagenets. This book starts with William the Conqueror and ends with the reign of King John I. Easy to read and entertaining.
The Magnificent Century by Thomas B. Costain. Covers the long reign of King Henry III.
The Three Edwards by Thomas B. Costain. As its title suggests, this third volume in Costain's series covers the reigns of Edward I, Edward II, and Edward III.
The Last Plantagenets by Thomas B. Costain. Continues the family's story through the Wars of the Roses and the downfall of Richard III.
The Gothic King: A Biography of Henry III by John Paul Davis. Often overlooked by historians, Henry III was a powerful, unyielding monarch who faced down the De Montfort rebellion and hammered out the terms of the Magna Carta with the barons.
The Reign of Henry III by D. A. Carpenter. Essays on the long reign of Henry III (1216-1272) was one of the most significant in English history. This book discusses his personal rule, the revolution of 1258, the rise of Simon de Montfort, and more.
Henry III: The Son of Magna Carta by Matthew Lewis. At the age of nine, Henry was handed a monarchy in peril. As he grew into adulthood, he wrenched power from men who had held it for years. Later he was imprisoned and again had to fight for his kingdom.
Henry III: A Simple and God-Fearing King by Stephen Church. During the 56-year reign of Henry III, England was transformed from the private play-thing of a French-speaking dynasty into a medieval state with a king who answered to an English parliament.
His Court and Times
Eleanor of Provence: Queenship in Thirteenth-Century England by Margaret Howell. About the wife of King Henry III.
Eleanor de Montfort by Louise Wilkinson. Biography. As sister of Henry III and aunt of the future Edward I, Eleanor de Montfort was at the heart of the bloody conflict between the Crown and the English barons.
Simon De Montfort by J. R. Maddicott. Biography. Once a favorite of Henry III, De Montfort led a revolt against the king, took him prisoner, and ruled England himself for a time.
The Holy Blood: King Henry III and the Blood Relics of Westminster and Hailes by Nicholas Vincent. In 1247, English king Henry III gave Westminster Abbey a relic said to contain the blood of Christ. The author investigates the background of this relic and others like it.
Henry III of England and the Staufen Empire, 1216-1272 by Bjorn K. U. Weiler. Using Henry's dealings with the rulers of the Staufen Empire (Germany, Northern France, Northern Italy and Sicily) as a case study, the author shows that the English king acted within the same parameters as his peers.
The Growth of Royal Government Under Henry III edited by David Crook and Louise J. Wilkinson. Essays about such topics as 13th century developments in legal and financial administration, the roles of women and the church, and the office of escheator.
Henry III in Fiction
The Sister Queens by Sophie Perinot. Novel about 13th century sisters Margaret of Provence, wife of King Louis IX of France, and Eleanor of Provence, wife of King Henry III of England.
Four Sisters, All Queens by Sherry Jones. Amid the lush valleys of Provence, Marguerite, Eléonore, Sanchia, and Beatrice are raised by an ambitious mother. Marguerite marries King Louis IX of France. Soon Eléonore is betrothed to Henry III of England. Shy, devout Sanchia and tempestuous Beatrice will also become queens. Enemies are everywhere, and sister is pitted against sister for the prize of Provence itself.
Falls the Shadow by Sharon Kay Penman is a novel about Henry III and Simon de Montfort. This is a sequel to Here Be Dragons, which focuses on Welsh royalty. The third book in the series is The Reckoning, about Edward I's conquest of Wales.
The Queen From Provence by Jean Plaidy. Novel about Henry III's wife, Eleanor of Provence.
Edward I by Michael Prestwich. Biography from the Yale English Monarchs series.
A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain by Marc Morris. Biography of a truly formidable king who believed it was his right to rule all of Britain. His reign was one of the most dramatic and important of the entire Middle Ages.
Edward I: A Second Arthur? by Andy King. This short biography brings to life King Edward I (1272-1307), a strange, complex man who ruled with ruthlessness and confidence, undoing the chaotic failure of his father, Henry III.
Eleanor of Castile: The Shadow Queen by Sara Cockerill. The wife of England's King Edward I, Eleanor was her husband's close adviser, ventured on Crusade, and endured captivity amid a civil war.
Edward I and the Governance of England, 1272-1307 by Caroline Burt. Through three detailed case studies, the author re-evaluates the king's motivations and achievements.
The King's Jews: Money, Massacre and Exodus in Medieval England by Robin R. Mundill. In July 1290, Edward I ordered all Jews expelled from England, their houses confiscated by the king.
England Under Edward I and II by Sandra Raban. Examines the key events and institutions of the period and uses a wealth of artistic material to capture the era's color and diversity.
Edward Longshanks by Jean Plaidy. Novel about Edward I.
The Chronicles of Pauncefoot and Longshanks: The Making of a King by David Stedman. Tells the story of a (fictional) jester who insinuates himself into the service of England's future king Edward I, known as Longshanks.
King Edward II: His Life, His Reign, and Its Aftermath, 1284-1330 by Roy Martin Haines. A biography that examines Edward II's character and reign in the context of his times.
Edward II: The Terrors of Kingship by Christopher Given-Wilson. From the Penguin British Monarchs series. The reign of England's King Edward II (1307-27) was a series of total disasters, making him unsuccessful to an extent almost without equal.
Edward II, 1307-1327 by Mary Saaler. This account of Edward's life and reign covers all the main issues, including Piers Gaveston, the Templars, military and political conflicts, and the death of the king.
Edward II: The Unconventional King by Kathryn Warner. Focuses on the king's relationships with his male favourites and his disaffected wife, his unorthodox hobbies, and the mystery surrounding his death, using almost exclusively 14th century sources and Edward's own letters and speeches.
The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II, 1321-1326 by Natalie Fryde. Reassesses the violent rule of Edward II and the Despensers, showing how a grasping courtier, the younger Despenser, worked with an equally grasping king. Examines Queen Isabella's contribution to the king's overthrow.
Edward II by Seymour Phillips. Conventionally viewed as a worthless king, Edward II was not fundamentally different from most English monarchs. This biography takes account of the problems he faced, and examines whether he was really murdered in 1327 or lived on as a captive and then a wanderer.
Queen Isabella: Treachery, Adultery, and Murder in Medieval England by Alison Weir. Biography of Isabella of France, wife of 14th century English king Edward II.
Isabella of France: The Rebel Queen by Kathryn Warner. Wife of King Edward II, Isabella of France (c. 1295-1358) rebelled against her husband and forced the first-ever abdication of an English king.
Isabella and the Strange Death of Edward II by Paul Doherty. Biography of Edward II's wife Isabella. She and her lover, Roger Mortimer, deposed Edward, who died mysteriously.
The Greatest Traitor: The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Ruler of England 1327-1330 by Ian Mortimer. Biography of Roger Mortimer, the lover of Edward II's wife Isabella of France. After deposing and apparently killing the king, Mortimer ruled England for three years.
Fiction About Edward II & Queen Isabella
Harlot Queen by Hilda Lewis. Novel about Isabella of France, wife of King Edward II of England. Rejected by her husband, she would tear England in half to quench her rage.
A Secret Chronicle: Edward II by Jane Lane. Joanna, exiled daughter of Edward II, orders a writer to go to investigate what happened to her father, uncovering a horrific plot born from a struggle for power.
The Traitor's Wife: A Novel of the Reign of Edward II by Susan Higginbotham. Novel about Eleanor de Clare, niece of Edward II and wife of his favorite Hugh le Despenser.
The Confession of Piers Gaveston by Brandy Purdy. The history books tell us that Piers Gaveston enticed and enslaved King Edward II. In this novel, the king's favorite tells his side of the story.
Queen of Shadows: A Novel of Isabella, Wife of King Edward II by Edith Felber. In 14th-century England, beautiful Queen Isabella and her lover, Roger Mortimer, plot to take power.
The Templar, the Queen and Her Lover: A Knights Templar Mystery by Michael Jecks. It is 1325, and England's Queen Isabella is dispatched to France to negotiate peace. Murder, betrayal, adultery, and evil ensue.
Edward II by Christopher Marlowe. A 16th century play about the king.
The Follies of the King by Jean Plaidy. Novel about Edward II and his wife, Isabel of France (also called Isabelle and Isabella).
Isabel the Fair by Margaret Campbell Barnes. Novel about Isabel of France.
The She-Wolf by Maurice Druon. Another novel about Queen Isabella.
The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation by Ian Mortimer. Biography. He ordered his uncle beheaded and usurped his father's throne. Yet under the rule of Edward III, England experienced its longest period of domestic peace in the Middle Ages.
Edward III by W. Mark Ormrod. Biography that emphasizes how the warrior king's rule was affected by his family relationships.
Edward III: A Heroic Failure by Jonathan Sumption. Edward ruled England for 50 years and was regarded with awe even by his enemies. But he lived too long, and saw 30 years of conquests reversed in less than five years. From the Penguin Monarchs series.
Edward III and the Triumph of England: The Battle of Crecy and the Company of the Garter by Richard Barber. This book recreates the world of King Edward III, who founded one of the most famous of all knightly orders, the Company of the Garter. It is a book about knighthood, battle tactics and grand strategy, but also about fashion, literature and the privates lives of everyone from queens to freebooters.
The Wars of Edward III: Sources and Interpretations by Clifford J. Rogers. When Edward III came to the throne in 1327, England's military reputation had reached a low ebb. His first campaign was a complete failure, but 22 years later he was considered the most skilful warrior in the world. This book tells the story of his battles.
War Cruel and Sharp by Clifford J. Rogers. English strategy under Edward III, 1327- 1360.
Edward III and the English Peerage: Royal Patronage, Social Mobility and Political Control in Fourteenth-Century England by J. S. Bothwell. Detailed analysis of how Edward III used royal favor to create a new nobility and control the established peerage.
Edward III's Round Table at Windsor: The House of the Round Table and the Windsor Festival of 1344 edited by Julian Munby and Richard Barber. In 1344, King Edward III ordered the construction of a 'House of the Round Table' to show off his power and rally support for his military adventures.
St George's Chapel, Windsor, in the Fourteenth Century edited by Nigel Saul. Essays examine the early history of the Chapel, its role in the history of the Order of the Garter, and the building campaign started by Edward III which made Windsor the grandest royal residence of its day.
The Most Noble Order of the Garter: 650 Years by Peter J. Begent and Hubert Chesshyre. The Order of the Garter was founded by King Edward III in about 1348. This is the first comprehensive survey of the history of the Order from its inception to modern times.
Shame and Honor: A Vulgar History of the Order of the Garter by Stephanie Trigg. Did the Order really originate in a 14th century wardrobe malfunction? This history ranges from medieval romance to Victorian caricature, from imperial politics to medievalism in contemporary culture, exploring the Order's attempts to modernize itself while holding on to its past.
The Order of the Garter 1348-1461: Chivalry and Politics in Late Medieval England by Hugh E. L. Collins. Scholarly study from Oxford University Press.
History of the Most Noble Order of the Garter & the Several Orders of Knighthood in Europe by Elias Ashmole. First published in 1715.
Fiction & Drama About Edward III
The Vow on the Heron by Jean Plaidy. Novel about Edward III.
The King's Mistress by Emma Campion. Edward III's notorious mistress Alice Perrers tells her story.
The King's Concubine: A Novel of Alice Perrers by Anne O'Brien. Mistress of King Edward III and confidante of the king's wife, Alice Perrers faces a threat worse than the malicious whispers of the court.
The People's Queen by Vanora Bennett. Alice Perrers, mistress of 14th century England's Edward III, becomes the virtual ruler of the country when the king falls ill.
The First Princess of Wales: A Novel by Karen Harper. High-spirited Joan of Kent is sent to the politically charged court of King Edward III of England, where treachery runs rampant. First published in 1984 under the title Sweet Passion's Pain.
King Edward III edited by Giorgio Melchiori. The author of this play is uncertain, but many experts believe it was written by William Shakespeare.
Edward the Black Prince: Power in Medieval Europe by David Green. Biography of of the most controversial and flamboyant characters in English history, Edward the "Black Prince," son of King Edward III.
Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine by Richard Barber. Biography that separates the legendary prince's image from reality.
Victory at Poitiers: The Black Prince and the Medieval Art of War by Christian Teutsch. In 1356, the small English army of Edward, the Black Prince, crushed the forces of the French King Jean II. This book reassesses the classic battle.
In the Steps of the Black Prince: The Road to Poitiers, 1355-1356 by Peter Hoskins. The author walked more than 1,300 miles across France, retracing the routes of English king Edward III's son Edward the Black Prince.
The Image of the Black Prince in Georgian and Victorian England: Negotiating the Late Medieval Past by Barbara Gribling. Explores the uses of Edward the Black Prince's image in debates about politics, character, war and empire.
Joan of Kent: First Princess of Wales by Penny Lawne. Born in 1328 and brought up at English court after the execution of her father, Joan secretly married at age 12 and refused to deny her first love despite imprisonment. She went on to marry the Black Prince, and became the mother of King Richard II.
Joan, the Fair Maid of Kent: A Fourteenth-Century Princess and Her World by Anthony Goodman. Notorious for her scandalous marriages, Joan of Kent was the mother of England's King Richard II.
Edward & Joan in Fiction
As a Black Prince on Bloody Fields by Thomas W. Jensen. An uncertain 16-year-old steels himself to lead the vanguard of his father's army. He is Edward Plantagenet, the Black Prince. This is his story as he tells it, from a childhood in the Tower of London to his love for Joan, the Fair Maid of Kent.
A Triple Knot: A Novel by Emma Campion. Joan, the "Fair Maid of Kent," secretly pledges herself to one of Edward III's knights, but the furious king wants to marry her off to someone else.
Richard II by Nigel Saul. Biography from the Yale English Monarchs series.
Richard II: A Brittle Glory by Laura Ashe. Richard II (1377-99) came to the throne as a child with an exalted sense of his own power, only to succumb to a coup, imprisonment and murder. (From Penguin's British Monarchs series.)
Richard II: Manhood, Youth, and Politics 1377-99 by Christopher Fletcher. Far from being the effeminate tyrant of historical imagination, Richard was a typical young nobleman of his time, trying to establish his manhood by conventional means.
The Sister Queens: Isabella & Catherine de Valois by Mary McGrigor. Catherine de Valois, bride of Henry V, conducted a passionate love affair that founded the Tudor dynasty. Her sister Isabella was married aged seven to Richard II and fled England following his murder.
Richard II and the Irish Kings by Darren McGettigan. In the late 14th century, England's King Richard II led two expeditions to Ireland. This book tells the story of the encounters between the king and his reluctant Gaelic Irish vassals.
The Reign of Richard II: From Minority to Tyranny 1377-97 translated and annoted by Alison K. McHardy. Material from chronicles and records arranged chronologically to form a coherent narrative of the first 20 years of Richard II's reign.
Richard II and the Rebel Earl by A. K. Gundy. An in-depth survey of Richard's reign from the perspective of one of his opponents, Thomas Beauchamp, the Appellant Earl of Warwick. It explores not only why the Earl rebelled against the King, but also why Richard lost his throne.
Richard II: The Art of Kingship edited by Anthony Goodman and James Gillespie. The record of Richard II's reign was muddied by hostile chroniclers. This collection of essays by leading historians aims to present a more accurate version of the king's reign.
Chronicles of the Revolution, 1397-1400: The Reign of Richard II translated and annotated by Chris Given-Wilson. Includes all the principal contemporary chronicles, from the violently partisan Thomas Walsingham, who saw Richard as a tyrant and murderer, to the Dieulacres chronicler, who claimed that the 'innocent king' was tricked into surrender.
Summer of Blood: England's First Revolution by Dan Jones. In the summer of 1381, ravaged by poverty, the people of England rose up against 14-year-old King Richard II and his most powerful lords and knights.
The Age of Richard II edited by James L. Gillespie. Historians appraise Richard's diverse reputation: tyrannical opponent of the Peasants' Revolt, the great literary patron of Chaucer, inventor of the handkerchief.
Richard II and the English Royal Treasure by Jenny Stratford. This richly illustrated book reveals the remarkable treasure of gold and silver Richard II amassed.
The Peasants' Revolt
England, Arise: The People, the King and the Great Revolt of 1381 by Juliet Barker. The dramatic and shocking Peasants' Revolt is the backdrop for this look at everyday life in the Middle Ages, exploring why ordinary men and women united in armed rebellion against church and state.
Summer of Blood: The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 by Dan Jones. Examines village life and the failings of government from the perspective of the Revolt's key players.
Fiction About Richard II
Within the Hollow Crown: A Valiant King's Struggle to Save His Country, His Dynasty, and His Love by Margaret Campbell Barnes. First published in 1941, this novel tells the story of England's King Richard II.
Passage to Pontefract by Jean Plaidy. Novel about Richard II.
Richard II by William Shakespeare. Play.
These DVDs are formatted for North American audiences.
Edward II. Steven Waddington stars as Edward II, who upset England's noblemen by sharing his throne with his lover, Piers Gaveston (Andrew Tiernan). Tilda Swinton costars as Edward's scorned wife, Queen Isabella.
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Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (December 15, 2014) – A drug-resistant “super bacteria” that’s normally found in hospitals and is notoriously difficult to treat has been discovered in the waters where Rio de Janeiro’s Olympic sailing events will be held, scientists said Monday.
The Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil’s most respected health research institute, said it has discovered bacteria that produce an enzyme that make it resistant to most forms of treatment in water samples taken from various spots along the Carioca River. Among the spots is where the river flows into the city’s Guanabara Bay, site of the 2016 sailing and wind surfing events.
Bacteria with the so-called KPC enzyme are difficult to treat. The institute said no instances of infection resulting from the contaminated water have yet been detected but warned of possible danger to swimmers.
“The illnesses caused by these microorganisms are the same as those caused by common bacteria, but they require stronger antibiotics and, sometimes, can require hospitalization,” the study’s coordinator, Ana Paula D’Alincourt Carvalho Assef, wrote in an email to The Associated Press. “Since the super bacteria are resistant to the most modern medications, doctors need to rely on drugs that are rarely used because they are toxic to the organism.”
Even if they don’t immediately fall ill, those who come into contact with the bacteria run the risk of becoming carriers of the microorganism, the institute said in its statement.
“Carriers can take these resistant bacteria back to their own environments and to other people, resulting in a cycle of dissemination,” said the institute, which is affiliated with Brazil’s Health Ministry.
With some 70 percent of sewage in this city of 12 million going untreated — and flowing, raw, into rivers, onto beaches and into the Guanabara Bay — the state of water quality has been a major worry ahead of the 2016 summer games. In their Olympic bid, organizers pledged to slash by 80 percent the amount of sewage and garbage that’s pumped into the bay daily, but critics insist little has been done.
Water quality tests still show sky-high levels of fecal matter throughout much of the bay, and authorities have a near-blanket standing recommendation against swimming on any of its beaches. Flamengo beach, where the super bacteria was discovered, is among the Guanabara Bay beaches considered unfit for swimming.
The beach, which is adjacent to the Gloria Marina, the starting point for the Olympic sailing events, is also to be the viewing area for the events.
Ben Remocker, a former member of Canada’s Olympic sailing team who represents athletes in two sailing disciplines, called the findings “serious for our athletes.”
“We’re going to be troubled by this,” he said by telephone, adding he didn’t think the possible health risks would dissuade sailors from taking part in the Games. “I think the sailors are probably going to cross their fingers they aren’t going to get sick.”
The super bacteria were discovered in three out of five samples taken from along the course of the Carioca River. While it’s not entirely clear how the bacteria may have gotten into the river, the statement quotes Assef as saying that no bacteria was discovered at the headwaters.
“The first point in which we detect its presence was … after the river passes through areas with homes and hospitals,” the statement quotes her as saying.
Organizers of the Rio Games declined to comment, saying they would have to look into the findings before responding.
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Scuttlebutt. Webster gives two definitions but if you ask the average lubber he'll probably tell you that it means gossip or an unverified rumor. The scuttlebutt in the picture above would have something to do with mutiny. But originally the scuttlebutt was a tangible item and a fixture on board ship.
What was then known as a cask and what we now call a barrel was lashed in place on deck, generally to the mainmast on larger ships such as frigates or men-of-war. In the sloops and schooners popular with pirates and privateers you might find it tied to the foremast or somewhere else on the forecastle (that would be the foc'sul to you, mate). A square hole was cut out at the bung (feel free to giggle like Mike Rowe on "Dirty Jobs"; it is a funny word) and fresh water was poured into the cask. A ladle or dipper was hung from the hole and men could stop and refresh themselves whenever needed. That cask was the scuttlebutt and it was found on almost every ship, although in times of short rations it might be empty.
Sailors off duty or between chores might stop at the scuttlebutt for a drink and then hang out a while, like judges at a bar. Of course the ship's gossip would come up and that is were the term as it is used today came from. "What's the scuttlebutt, mate?" was a common question and it carried over to time spent on land. Even when there wasn't a scuttlebutt to drink from, there was scuttlebutt to discuss.
So go forth and get the scuttlebutt, Brethren. Let me know what you find out.
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|Johann Reichhart (center) was born into a family of executioners.|
The young girl moved impassively into the shadow of the guillotine which would end her life. It was 5pm on February 22, 1943, and darkness was already falling outside.
In the death chamber at Munich’s Stadelheim Prison, 21-year-old Sophie Scholl would pay with her life for distributing leaflets decrying Adolf Hitler .
“Such a fine, sunny day, and I have to go, but what does my death matter if through us, thousands of people are awakened and stirred to action?” said Sophie as her executioner looked on.
In a long black coat, white shirt, black bow tie and top hat, Johann Reichhart was just three years older than the girl whose life he was about to end.
Reichhart took 3,165 lives during his time as Germany’s chief executioner. Ironically, after the collapse of the Third Reich , he would hang some of those he once served, Nazi war criminals, on behalf of the victorious Allies.
The beheadings of Sophie Scholl, her brother Hans and a third member of The White Rose, their student resistance group, were among 2,873 executions he carried out in the Second World War.
“Head Hunter” Reichhart’s extraordinary life is the subject of The Curse Of Hitler’s Executioner, the first episode of a new series of Forbidden History, on the Yesterday channel tonight.
Marc von Luke, a journalist who has written about Reichhart, said: “He killed quickly, efficiently and without remorse. Under the Nazi regime, Johann Reichhart despatched criminals and resistance fighters, and after the end of the war he hung up Nazis for the Allies. Until the end of his life, he believed in the benefits of the death penalty.
“Reichhart had the ambition to become the best hangman in Germany, sure that he was a master of his art. No one was going to kill faster than he did.
“He served the Nazis, but he served the Weimar Republic and the Allies too. It was the profession which was important, not the government of the day. He was simply good at his job.”
Reichhart was born on April 29, 1893, in Wichenbach into a family of executioners going back eight generations.
In the First World War, he served in the trenches. In peacetime he was a driver, butcher and pub landlord.
On March 23, 1924, he applied to the Bavarian State Ministry of Justice in Munich for the position of executioner after the retirement of his uncle Xavier.
The administration promised him 150 Goldmarks for each execution, and announced: “From April 1, 1924, Reichhart takes over the execution of all death sentences coming in the Free State of Bavaria to the execution by beheading with the guillotine.”
|Hans Scholl (left), Sophie Scholl (center) and Christoph Probst|
He had practised with mannequins and a corpse but now was the real thing.
Reichhart positioned Fischer exactly beneath the guillotine blade hanging eight feet above him.
He released the locking lever and the blade whooshed down, severing Fischer’s head, which rolled into a basket as Reichhart pronounced the words he would recite over and over in the coming years: “The verdict is executed.”
A series of life imprisonments and pardons towards the end of the 1920s caused him to write to bosses in 1929: “My last execution was in Kempten on January 20, 1928. Since all the murderers condemned to death had been pardoned, I was so hindered in my business journeys that I did not earned a penny for a week.”
He gave it up that year and went to Holland, where he became a fruit and veg salesman. But he returned to his true calling after Hitler became Chancellor in January 1933.
He joined several Nazi organisations, such as the party’s motoring corps, but did not become a party member until 1937.
He was soon an integral cog in the state machinery of terror and death, and was given an Opel Blitz to get to execution sites as the Nazis despatched their enemies one by one.
Reichhart invented a device called the “double detective tongs” – a metal clamp which held the prisoner beneath the guillotine instead of rope. He got an execution down to four seconds flat.
During the war his record for the most executions in one day was 32. He was so determined to be punctual at all his “appointments” he asked the transport ministry if he could be spared speeding tickets. His request was denied.
In 1943, he performed 764 decapitations as one of three executioners employed in the Third Reich. Southern Germany, Austria, and the Bohemia region of the Czech Republic were his domain.
After the failed assassination attempt on Hitler in 1944, the bloodlust of the Nazis increased. Reichhart was ordered to Berlin as the officers and intellectuals bound up in Operation Valkyrie – the plot to overthrow of the Nazi state – were snuffed out.
Reichhart was married and had three children. One of his sons, Hans, would commit suicide in 1950 because of the “taint” of his father’s profession, and the siblings recalled the taunts of other children at school: “Headcutter, headcutter, your dad’s a headcutter!”
Traitors, defeatists, those who listened to the BBC on the radio – all fell victim to the man dubbed “Head Hunter”.
But when the Reich collapsed in 1945, new masters came for him. In May that year, American soldiers, calling him a “Nazi bastard,” took him into custody.
He was not behind bars for long. His unique skill made him useful to the Allies and, in their service, he ended the lives of 156 low-rank Nazi war criminals.
The first of these to die by hanging were three German civilians, executed in November 1945 for killing downed American pilots.
Later Reichhart had to justify himself at a de-Nazification court, where he said: “I have carried out death sentences in the firm conviction that I should serve the state with my work, and to comply with lawfully enacted laws. I never doubted the legality of what I was doing.”
Jamie Theakston, who presents Forbidden History, believes Riechhart embodied the dark side of German efficiency. He says: “Reichhart developed his own guillotine modelled on the traditional French guillotine, but lighter and more mobile. It’s horrific to think of it.
“One of the reasons he ended up working for the Allies was that there were not a lot of people prepared to do that kind of thing.”
The death penalty was outlawed in West Germany’s constitution in 1949, but Reichhart supported its reintroduction in the 1960s after a series of taxi driver murders.
Reichhart ended his days alone and lonely, first breeding dogs and making perfume, and later being looked after in a care home near Munich, where he died in 1972.
Source: Mirror, Allan Hall, June 13, 2017
🔎 Related content:
- "What does my death matter, if through us, thousands of people are awakened and stirred to action?" - Sophie Scholl, Feb. 24, 2017
- Every Man Dies Alone, a novel by Hans Fallada, 1947. Every Man Dies Alone is based on the true story of a working class husband and wife who, acting alone, became part of the German Resistance.
- Sophie Scholl: The Final Days, (2005). A dramatization of the final days of Sophie Scholl, one of the most famous members of the German World War II anti-Nazi resistance movement, The White Rose. A film directed by Marc Rothemund, written by Fred Breinersdorfer, starring Julia Jentsch, Fabian Hinrichs, Alexander Held.
- Alone in Berlin, (2016) by Vincent Perez, written by Achim von Borries (screenplay) and Vincent Perez (screenplay), starring Emma Thompson, Daniel Brühl, Brendan Gleeson. Based on Hans Fallada's novel "Alone in Berlin" (original title Every Man Dies Alone). Berlin, 1940. Working class couple Otto and Anna Quangel, whose son has been killed on the western front, decide to resist the Nazi regime in their very own way. Soon the Gestapo is hunting "the threat".
⚑ | Report an error, an omission, a typo; suggest a story or a new angle to an existing story; submit a piece, a comment; recommend a resource; contact the webmaster, contact us: firstname.lastname@example.org.
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The British East India Company was one of the world’s first “corporations”. Chartered by the English Crown, it had its own Army, installed its own Governments, minted its own coins, and ruled entire countries. And it played a direct role in sparking the American Revolution.
One-rupee coin issued by the British East India Company photo from WikiCommons
In the last years of the 16th century, the British Empire was just beginning to grow, as British trade began to dominate the world. One of the major difficulties facing overseas traders, however, was the inherent risk of long ocean voyages. Many trading ships that traveled from Europe to China, South America or the Indies did not return—the victims of storms, accidents, or pirates. Another and much more dangerous threat was the wide variation in price caused by uneven supply. When no ships had recently arrived and supplies were low, prices (and profits) were high, but if two or three fleets happened to land at the same time and the local markets were glutted, prices (and profits) fell steeply. The best way to protect against this, from the merchant’s point of view, was to act together to insure that fleets arrived at regular intervals and the local supply remained steady (keeping prices and profits steady as well).
Realizing that their risks would be considerably lessened if they had exclusive rights to all the trade from any specific geographic location, these merchants began lobbying the Queen for a charter to grant their corporation complete monopoly of trade over particular areas.
In concert with her Trade and Navigation Acts, which strengthened the Royal Navy, Queen Elizabeth therefore granted a Royal Charter on December 31, 1600, to the British East India Company, granting it a 15-year monopoly on the lucrative commercial trade in spices, silk, and luxury goods flowing from the East Indies. Officially known as the “Company of Merchants of London Trading Into the East Indies”, it soon became known as simply “The Company”. Not only was it the first significant corporation in history; it quickly became the largest, richest and most powerful group of men on the planet, reaching heights of wealth, power and influence that even the 21st century multi-nationals have not yet matched.
Dutch traders had already established themselves in the East Indies by this time, and the British initially found themselves at a disadvantage. But a Company trading post that dealt mostly with pepper was set up in Java and became a commercial success.
At first, the East India Company raised only sufficient capital to finance one voyage at a time, and, when this proved unsuitable, then raised enough capital for several voyages over a few years. But by 1613, the Company began issuing permanent shares of stock, with periodic payments to be made from profits to the shareholders, the “dividend”.
As the Company expanded into Asia and especially India, its profits grew. In 1615, with diplomatic help from the British Crown, the East India Company was granted some territorial and commercial rights by the Mughal Emperor of India. By 1611, its shareholders were receiving more than 150% returns on their investments. The Company’s first offering of stock for public sale, in 1616, brought in 418,000 pounds, and another stock offering in 1617 raised 1.6 million.
When the English monarchy was temporarily overthrown in the English Civil War, the government under Oliver Cromwell nevertheless renewed the Company’s Charter in 1657. In 1670, after the monarchy was restored, King Charles II granted the Company the right to mint its own money, to raise its own private army and navy, and to directly govern the territories it had control over. Within its domain, the Company suppressed the development of local competitors and banned any independent local industry. By 1720, some 15% of all Britain’s imports were coming from the Company’s India monopoly.
By this time, the British East India Company had become more powerful than the British Government. In 1709, Parliament finally did move to control the royal company by replacing its entire management; the company simply refused to comply, and placed all the “new” management under its control. By 1850, the British East India Company had sole governing authority over one-fifth of the world’s population, expanding its reach into all of India, as well as parts of China, and enforced its rule with a private army of over a quarter of a million men—twice as large as the British Army. Parliament, which had once attempted to control the Company, was now controlled by it—fully one-third of the Members of Parliament owned East India Company stock. The King, meanwhile, became more and more dependent upon “loans” from the Company, in exchange for increased power and privileges.
The Company soon began to overreach itself. Its heavy-handed methods in India led to such widespread revolts that, in 1858, the British Government revoked the Company’s authority in India and assumed direct colonial rule. Even then, the East India Company still acted as if it owned the place. In one instance, when a competitor was found to be illegally invading the Company’s monopoly, a Company official asked the local government representative to take action, and was told that the offender would be punished according to British law, whereupon the Company official shot back: “My orders were to be his rules, and not the laws of England, which were a heap of nonsense, compiled by a few ignorant country gentlemen, who hardly knew how to make laws for the good of their own private families, much less for the regulating of companies, and foreign commerce.”
The Company also monopolized the trade in opium to China, and twice in the 19th Century, when the Chinese government took steps to end the opium trade, the East India Company used military force to restore its monopoly. The Opium Wars, combined with the rebellion in India, convinced the British Government that the East India Company was becoming more trouble than it was worth, and, when the Company’s economic power began to decline, Parliament dissolved it in January 1874.
The British East India Company had its most far-reaching effect on world history, however, in North America. With the defeat of the French in 1763 in the Seven Years War (also fought in North America, where it was known as the French and Indian War), the East India Company was granted a monopoly on the tea trade to the British colonies in America. To help the British Government pay the expenses of the war, it was decided to place a tax on tea sold in the colonies. The colonists responded with a boycott, and in December 1773, in the “Boston Tea Party”, protesters boarded British East India Company ships and dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor, an act which led directly to the American Revolution two years later.
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RICHLAND, Wash. -- Some types of breast cancer can be successfully treated with drugs such as tamoxifen, but treatment for a type of breast cancer more common in young and black women is still limited to radiation and general chemotherapy. Called triple negative breast cancer, this type of cancer is the focus of a 20-month, $8.6-million research project that aims to find new diagnostic tools and options for drugs.
The project takes advantage of one of the most comprehensive collections of breast cancer clinical samples in the U.S. -- the Clinical Breast Care Project located at the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in Bethesda, Md., and the Windber Research Institute in Winder, Pa.
Researchers will explore these samples using advanced proteomics technology at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and EMSL, DOE's Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory in Richland, Wash. Led by PNNL proteomics researcher Richard D. Smith, the study is funded by the Department of Defense.
"Triple negative cancers are more likely to hit young women and African American women. That's a health disparity issue. We need a better understanding of this disease," said team member Karin Rodland, a cancer biologist at PNNL. "And what's been holding that up has been getting enough samples to thoroughly examine how triple negative cancers operate."
Because the Army has such a large population of women that receive health care for years, as well as a higher percentage of black women than the general U.S. population, the Walter Reed-Windber breast cancer repository will provide many high quality samples with well-documented health histories.
One of the first things doctors check when a woman is diagnosed with breast cancer is whether her cancer will grow in response to any or all of three hormones: one that stimulates cell growth and two sex hormones, estrogen or progesterone -- cancers that can be treated with particular drugs. But many other breast cancers don't respond. Called triple negative breast cancers, these types represent a wide variety of cancers and are typically more aggressive and harder to treat.
The research team will profile the complement of proteins -- known as the proteome -- that the breast cancer tissues produce, looking for proteins that triple negative cancers share. The shared proteins could suggest new options for drug therapies. In addition, comparing how aggressive the cancers are to the complement of proteins the cancers make or other metabolic products could lead to new diagnostic tools.
In addition to finding leads on diagnostic tools and therapies, the study might reveal proteins and molecular pathways that have gone astray and led to the cancer in the first place.
A recent, unrelated study reported in the news from the journal Nature re-grouped breast cancers into 10 sub-groups based on the cancer's genes and which genes were turned on or off in the cancerous cells. But genes are like a raw movie script -- how the movie turns out depends on many details beyond the words in the script. This new study will look beyond genes to see how cancer cells translated their scripts into live action.
The PNNL research effort will draw on the unique instruments and expertise developed at PNNL and EMSL in support of DOE-funded research in biofuels and bioremediation, which are also applicable to biological questions related to human health.
Interdisciplinary teams at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory address many of America's most pressing issues in energy, the environment and national security through advances in basic and applied science. PNNL employs 4,700 staff, has an annual budget of nearly $1.1 billion, and has been managed for the U.S. Department of Energy by Ohio-based Battelle since the laboratory's inception in 1965. For more, visit the PNNL's News Center, or follow PNNL on Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter.
EMSL, the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, is a national scientific user facility sponsored by the Department of Energy's Office of Science. Located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Wash., EMSL offers an open, collaborative environment for scientific discovery to researchers around the world. Its integrated computational and experimental resources enable researchers to realize important scientific insights and create new technologies. Follow EMSL on Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter.
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technology that uses radio waves and a powerful magnet linked to a computer to create detailed pictures of internal organs, blood vessels, muscles, joints, tumors, areas of infection, and more. These very high quality pictures can show the difference between normal and diseased soft tissues of the body, making it especially useful for a wide range of different types of imaging, including neurological and musculoskeletal. If necessary, a contrast agent may be used to help your doctor to see the MRI image more clearly.
The MRI machine can also be used to produce 3-D images that may be viewed from many different angles.
Learn more at radiology.org
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