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We have all types of filtering materials supplied in rolls, sheets and finished parts. The materials used are polyester foam (works well with solvents and oils), and polyether foam (very suitable for water filtration) and non-fabric materials (for air filtration).
Filtration is the technique of retaining a material of certain particles subjected to dynamic forces, while allowing fluids to pass through. The function of the filter is to ensure hydraulic and pneumatic stability.
The following parameters must be taken into account:
- Number od pores
- Effective opening of the pores
- Thickness of the filtering material
We can supply the filtering materials with different load losses and we can even do longitudinal welding to supply the material in pipe-moulds.
- Air Aconditioning
- Paint Booths
- Farming Machinery
- Electro Erosion Machines
- Water and swimming pool filter system
- Nautical Upholstery
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All images are either public domain photos uploaded to various forms of social media, or used under Fair Use guidelines, as they best illustrate the article's content.
When my daughter was first born, I wasn’t sure how it would affect my ability to maintain a reef tank. Suddenly, in addition to being the sole caretaker of an underwater ecosystem, I had another human being that needed my full attention. Mixing that with work, I worried my beloved hobby of 20 years would finally fall to the wayside, lost in the shuffle of parenting and work. Naturally, when children are very young, all they can really do is ogle at an aquarium, offering some baby grins and giggles. I imagine like other parents/reef keepers, as my daughter got older, I learned that having children actually enriches your reef keeping experience. Yes, for a while, you may have to ease off the most demanding aspects of reef keeping, but once a child is old enough to understand how a reef aquarium works and just what inhabits one, you get an entirely new lease on the joys of reef keeping.
The enrichment goes both ways. At almost five years of age, my daughter is fluent in ocean ecology and can easily identify most coral, fish and invertebrate species. She is especially keen at identifying fish and seems enthralled with the most mundane tasks associated with reefing. While you may have never thought that cleaning a protein skimmer or capturing a wayward fish could be a lot of fun, throw a young child into the mix and experience the awe of their fascination. For children, this rich and exciting underwater world is brand new and often they are eager to explore it in vivid detail. The majority of our planet (between 70-80%) is covered by water. Beneath the ocean is the most diverse set of life found anywhere on planet Earth, ranging from shallow tropical reefs to underwater mountain ranges that dwarf the highest peaks here on land. It will likely be our children’s generation that breaks new ground in oceanic exploration. Much of the basis of biological study begins by understanding the various creatures that inhabit the ocean and how they came about over eons of evolutionary change.
A reef aquarium opens all that knowledge up to our children, while also providing an outlet for mechanical skills, knowledge and learning the dynamics of photosynthesis along with the importance of symbiotic relationships. In many ways, a reef aquarium is the ultimate scientific teaching tool and for the children of reef keepers, an exciting way to gain a deeper understanding of our world.
For a while, I was sure to complete maintenance on my reef when my daughter was sleeping. Not only did it seem risky for the tank, to get stuck mid-water change or equipment breakdown, I didn’t want to be tied up where I couldn’t get to my daughter if she needed something (likely a snack or toy) immediately. Doing maintenance while she was up seemed too dangerous for her and my reef dwellers. As time went on, she started to wonder why I was always doing certain things to the tank. The epic childhood questions of “how” and “why” were starting to get asked. “Why do you put that food in first?” “How do those really slow snails get the food they need?” As a child’s interest in the mechanics of a tank grows, providing them with hands-on “projects” can help to flesh out the entire experience.
I started with small chores, like pulling the algae magnet out, putting fresh algae on the clip and then replacing it. Then I moved up to selecting an appropriate food (kids are masters of recognizing labels) and thawing it for feeding. Each baby step (no pun intended) secures firm footing for the next stage of learning. The main focus is ensuring that both your child and your reef is safe. Children aren’t afraid of much and it can be surprising how willing they are to eagerly explore using all their senses (including taste).
Now, my daughter can glue corals, frag small corals, feed the aquarium independently and even aid in changing out filtration media. The best part is, it makes mundane reef keeping chores fresh, exciting experiences as the wonder of a child is infectious. You’re quickly reminded what made you fall in love with reef keeping in the first place.
Allow hands-on interaction:
Kids like to touch, feel and hold everything. It’s almost as though they can’t comprehend something unless they’ve felt it in their hands and caressed each texture. My daughter loves to hold animals and is fascinated by how they react when she picks them up. When playing with the family dog or cat, this type of curiosity is pretty safe and healthy (for both parties). However, with a reef aquarium, it can be a little concerning, especially for reef keepers who’ve invested hundreds of hours and thousands of dollars into creating their slice of the ocean.
There is a myriad of reef creatures that simply cannot be picked up. The stress or potential damage of being held is too great and some aquatic animals pose a real risk to children. Zooanthid polyps for example release palytoxin, a serious poison that could put an adult, or child into the hospital. Anemones utilize nematocysts which attach to skin and release a burning, stinging zap. If you’re not totally fluent with all the capabilities of the animals within your tank, a good rule of thumb is, “if it looks like it stings, it probably does.”
That said, there are many animals within our tanks that are safe to hold and when handled carefully, withstand the interaction just fine. Hermit crabs for example are easily picked up and can be carefully handled without any damage to the crab, or the handler. They can withstand being out of water for short intervals and offer fun interaction for curious kids. The same can be said for many snail species and kids marvel at their ability to coax a snail out of their shell. With some guidance, children can also handle multiple species of nudibranchs, which will slow climb over hands and arms, something my daughter finds particularly enticing. Sea cucumbers are a long-time favorite in public aquarium touch tanks and those common to reef aquarium clean-up crews often allow for a strange experience for kids to pick and hold. Even a mollusk or amphipod can be exciting for a young child.
Some coral species can be held for short intervals. My favorite species for this has to be montipora frags, which can easily be removed from the water, with a frag plug that serves as a base for a child to grasp onto. In the wild, many montipora species spend time out of the water during low-tide and these corals can more than acclimate to some time out of water, being handled by a child.
It’s these interactions that seemingly fascinate children and also show them the importance of care and consideration, when intermingling with oceanic life. You can’t just grab any reef dweller indiscriminately and even those that can be handled need compassion and restraint. For children, a clump of macro-algae is its own little world, full of unique creatures just waiting to be discovered. I leave some live rock in my sump, so that it can become engulfed in tiny brittle starfish, snails and other creatures my daughter loves to pull off the rocks and put under a magnifying glass.
A lifelong lesson:
On one hand, exposing our children to our reef aquariums gives us a partner that can aid in routine maintenance and eventually even be competent eyes and ears if something goes awry while we’re away. If the hobby is to continue into the next generation, we will need young, curious and ambitious reef keepers to carry it and enhance the future of captive ocean life. Though the real gift of exposing young children is more universal, a potentially cultural impact that could make big difference for everyone. When children interact with ocean life, their vivid imaginations form unique relationships. They attribute personalities to fish and proudly provide names for even the most primitive reef creatures. This can lead into a lifelong appreciation of ocean life and foster within children an adult desire to protect it. If someone falls in love with ocean life as a child, then it’s very likely at some point in their life, disgrace about the decline of oceanic ecosystems will entice action. That action could be as simple as donating to a conservation group or as profound as entering marine science as a field of study and eventual profession.
Reef keepers 20 or 30 years from now, will likely partake in a hobby unrecognizable to those of us today. Not only will technological advancements and captive breeding programs revolutionize marine aquaria, issues like environmental stability and animal welfare will be on the forefront of anything involving live animals. Already, we are seeing conservation groups, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and even legislative authorities working to ensure marine aquaria is not having a measurable negative impact on wild reef ecosystems. That is most likely to continue and it must, if we are to preserve what is left of worldwide coral reefs and diverse ocean life.
Children of the green revolution:
The past eight years have seen great advances in solar and wind energy, while various industries have taken part in what’s been called a “green renaissance.” The way we heat our homes, power devices and live modern lives has changed, in many cases for the better. Society is learning that green living is actually economically positive and provides all the conveyances expected of 21st century life.
Children that know oceanic life and have personal relationships with it, will more than likely be compelled to take action to protect it and also be more willing to accept green advances. If a child knows that using a certain product can harm ocean life, as an adult they may be inspired to choose something different, even if it carries a greater cost. This is perhaps still the strongest argument for the positive environmental side of marine aquaria and one that many aquarists can directly contribute too, simply by hanging out with our kids.
A new generation of aquarists
It’s these interactions that seemingly fascinate children and also show them the importance of care and consideration, when intermingling with...
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At Yealmpton Primary School we encourage children and parents to travel to school by cycling, scooting and walking wherever possible. We will be promoting three ’Active Travel ‘ events each year with the help of the Active Travel Team, a group of keen walkers, cyclists and scooters from Year 6 to Year 1.
Aims of Active Travel are to:
- Encourage healthier lifestyles by walking, scooting and cycling;
- Improve safety for pedestrians, cyclists, children on scooters and drivers;
- Reduce Congestion around the school;
- Reduce carbon emissions from vehicles in and around Yealmpton.
Some of the benefits of active travel:
- Being active on the way to school leads to more awake and alert pupils in the classroom;
- Children need at least 60 minutes of physical activity every day. The journey to and from school is an ideal time for children to engage in physical activity;
- Walking / scooting and cycling to school are great ways to help pupils become familiar with their local environment;
- Walking, scooting and cycling helps improve air quality and the local environment around their schools by removing the number of cars around the school gate;
- Reducing car use and congestion around the school gates increases pupil safety and reduces harmful toxic fumes.
For the well- being of our children, we expect parents and carers to:
- Encourage their child to walk to school whenever possible;
- Encourage their child to take up opportunities to develop their competence and confidence in cycling or scooting;
- Consider cycling, scooting and walking with their child on the school run; possibly joining with other families as a ‘cycle train’;
- Provide their child with equipment such as high-visibility clothing, lights, a lock and essentially a cycle helmet as appropriate;
- Ensure that the bicycles and scooters ridden to school are roadworthy and regularly maintained;
- Consider your child’s competency to walk to and from school independently and complete the walk to school register.
- Consider your child’s competency to cycle or scoot to school independently and let the school know. The decision rests with the parents.
- Please check that your home insurance covers for bike or scooter loss or damage
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Groups help you organize your students.
If you read our tutorial on Creating Courses, you have a pretty good idea of how to organize your students into Courses. However, there are times when you want to further organize your students. For instance, if you create a course for your choir class, you might want to also have your students organized by their voice parts (Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass). Or, if you created a course for your private studio, you might want to further organize your students by their skill levels (Beginning, Intermediate, Early Advanced, Advanced). That’s where Groups come in. You can add as many groups as you want to your courses. Once your students sign up for the course, you can drag and drop them into the appropriate group. (Please note that while students can be in multiple courses, they cannot be in more than one group within a course.)
Groups make it easier to assign lessons and assessments.
Once your groups are created and your students have been added to them, you can easily assign lessons and assessments to just the students in that group by selecting the group from the student column. For instance, if you want to send a rehearsal track just to the Alto section of your choir, you could easily do so just by selecting the Alto group you created. This allows you to easily create and assign targeted lessons.
How to add Groups to a Course.
It is really easy to add Groups to your Courses. The video below shows you step-by-step how to do it. Written instructions are also included below the video.
- Navigate to the Manage Courses & Groups page in your Instructor Collabra account.
- In the Course you want to add the group to, click on the yellow Add Group button.
- In the dialogue box that pops up, enter a name for the Group (this can be changed later) and click Add Group.
- You’ll see the Group appear as an empty yellow box inside of the Course.
- Repeat the process to add more groups.
How to add Students to a Group.
When students sign up for a Course, they are not automatically added to Groups. You will need to manually add students to the appropriate Group by dragging and dropping.
- To add a student to a Group, click on the student’s name (box) inside the course and drag the box into the Group.
- Once the student has been added to the Group, you’ll see the student’s name inside the yellow Group container.
- To remove a student from a Group, simply drag and drop the student outside the Group.
How to Rename a Group.
- Below the Group name, click on the Rename Group link.
- In the dialogue that pops up, enter a new name for the Group and click Rename Group.
- You’ll see the new name appear in the Group.
How to Delete a Group.
- Below the Group name, click on the Delete Group link.
- In the dialogue box that pops up, confirm that you want to delete the Group by clicking the red Delete Group button.
- The Group will be removed from the Course and any students that were in the Group will remain inside the Course, outside of a Group.
Wrapping it up.
Once your Groups have all be created and your students have been added to the Groups, you’ll see the Groups appear in the STUDENTS column. To use Groups when assigning Lessons or Assessments, simply click on the checkbox to the left of the Group name. This will select the Group, along with all of the students inside the Group.
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Thinking about how to get rid of that few extra pounds from your body? The interesting thing is that caffeine is the most important component in almost all fat burning supplements.It says that if you consume around 100mg of caffeine a day, you can burn around 75mg fat. But don't forget to do your regular exercise because this combination of coffee and exercise will do magic on your body. For a better result, have a coffee just 25 or 30 minutes before you are doing the workout. But people are usually confused about how to make various kind of coffees. From the website espressomachinecritic.com you can get a clear cut idea about how to choose your coffee machine.The caffeine in coffee contributes to reducing your tiredness. The scientific reason is that, when you are drinking coffee, the caffeine will reach your brain and from there it will block the neurotransmitter Adenosine. Studies says that just smelling the nice aroma of coffee will help you to reduce the stress level and make you stay happy.
What about the world with all people having a smile on the face always? But, according to WHO, more than 350 million individuals in the world are suffering from depression. More than men, women are affected by depression. According to Harvard school of public health, for both men and women, if they are consuming 2 to 4 cups of coffee per day, the chances of committing suicide can reduce by about 50%. Coffee can do wonders against diabetes also. Based on a study of American chemical society coffee will help you to lower the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. The high antioxidant capacity of coffee will help to prevent the damages in tissues which are caused by oxygen-free radicals. And, the minerals such as chromium and magnesium will help our body to use insulin hormone which contributes to control the blood sugar level. But do not forget to reduce your sugar consumption.
Some studies say that coffee drinking people are in the lower level of getting cancer.For men, the chances of developing prostate cancer can reduce up to 20% if he is a regular coffee drinker. Similarly, for women, the possibilities of endometrial and skin cancer can also get reduced up to 25%. It is the antioxidants in coffee which help to prevent several types of cancer. Liver cirrhosis can decrease about 41% if you drink coffee more often, according to the studies.Many senior citizens in the world have Alzheimer's and Dementia. This disease will mostly affect people aged over 65 years.It is the most common degenerative disorder in the world. Till now we could not find out a curative medicine for this disease. Well, coffee lovers can make this disease stay away as drinking some cup of coffee is also helps you to avoid the risk of developing Alzheimer's and Dementia.
Do you know drinking coffee does not be the cause of heart disease? It always says that the increased caffeine intake will cause an increase in the blood pressure level.In fact, based on some studies, researchers says that the risk of developing heart disease can reduce among woman who drinks coffee regularly.
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Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) comprises a variety of symptoms caused by abnormal pressure on the neurovascular bundle between the neck and the lower end of the armpit – the thoracic outlet area. The neurovascular bundle refers to a group of nerves (the brachial plexus) and blood supply (subclavian artery and vein). This bundle supplies the fingers, hand, arm, shoulder girdle and some regions of the head and neck with circulation. Nerve compression is more frequently involved than restriction of the blood supply. The most common symptoms are swelling or puffiness of the hand and fingers, dull achiness in the neck and shoulder region (especially at night), sense of fatigue in the arm, pain in the hand (especially in the fourth and fifth fingers), muscle weakness with difficulty in gripping things and when doing fine motor activities and tingling and numbness in the neck, shoulder, arm and hand. Doing activities with the arm elevated, such as combing or blow-drying hair or driving a car, also causes the above symptoms. And finally, it is not common, but some people may be born with an extra rib above their first rib, creating compression in the area.
Aggravating Factors: TOS often results from poor or strenuous postures, trauma or static muscle tension in the shoulder area. Occupations affected most are those requiring repetitive movement and posture such as cashiers, assembly line workers, plasterers and electricians. It can also occur in people who stock shelves or do needle work. Athletes who play volleyball, swimmers, tennis players or baseball pitchers can all be affected. Musicians, particularly violinists, are also susceptible to this condition. Carrying heavy loads, children, briefcases, purses and daypacks over one shoulder can aggravate TOS as well.
Self-health Measures: It is important when someone experiences discomfort that suggests nerve involvement such as numbness, tingling, puffiness or other similar symptoms in the arms or legs, that he seek medical attention for an accurate diagnosis. With that said, treatment for TOS responds well to manual therapy such as massage or physical therapy and stretching exercises. It is also necessary for the person to look at his activities of daily life, occupation and athletics to determine which postures or biomechanics need to be modified in order to alleviate the symptoms and make a more permanent change.
Overall, TOS can be well managed by doing the following:
- Sitting erect with lumbar support. This keeps the shoulders back.
- Avoid sleeping on the affected side.
- Avoid folding or crossing your arms.
- Taking breaks every 15 to 30 minutes from repetitive work which has you bent slightly forward.
- Avoid lifting things above shoulder level.
By Jill Bielawski and Jerry Weinert
Originally published in Massage & Bodywork magazine, February/March 2000.
Copyright 2003. Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals. All rights reserved.
- Massage and Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (hofholistichealingcenters.wordpress.com)
- Injury Breakdown: Examining Thorasic Outlet Syndrome (newyork.cbslocal.com)
- Why do my arms fall asleep at night? (zocdoc.com)
- Possible circulatory woes put Phil’s season in peril (nypost.com)
- Phil Hughes tests negative for circulatory and vascular issues (hardballtalk.nbcsports.com)
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It’s National DNA Day! Today commemorates two important events in the history of DNA research—James Watson and Francis Crick’s discovery of the double helix in 1953, and the completion of the Human Genome Project in April 2003. Both of these accomplishments have had a huge impact on modern biomedical research and innovation.
The official sponsor of National DNA Day is the National Human Genome Research Institute, which is part of the NIH (National Institutes of Health). Every year, the institute hosts a series of presentations, online forums, and contests to help celebrate this unique branch of science.
Participate in one of the many activities happening today and take a moment to learn something new about genetics and DNA! Happy National DNA Day!
- April 25, 2017 is also National Zucchini Bread Day | National Mani Pedi Day
- April is Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Month | National Grilled Cheese Month
- This week is Administrative Professionals Week
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Genetically modified food. There are many different type of GMOs that can confuse the mind. GMOs can affect genetics in animals also. For instance genetics use gmos to change a pig's DNA to made it glow in the dark by intersecting a gene from jellyfish. Tomates have had their genes altered to make them resistant to frost and freezing. There are also apples that don’t turn brown and potatoes that don’t bruise. The biggest use for GMOs though has been in large scale agriculture. With almost 90% of most major crops being some way genetically modified. There are still many more uses for GMOs that are all safe for human use and consumption.
How safe are GMOs? This topic has two main different point of views. People usually have a very hard time agreeing with each other. There is the one side that says it is totally 100% safe and then the other side that says it is not safe at all. There are people that say GMO crops are hurting our environment. There have been some cases were GMOs have been linked to allergic reactions. There are other major countries that banned GMO products because they think they are unsafe. The world health organization has come down to the conclusion that genetically modified products are indeed safe for human consumption it today's world.
GMO labeling. In 2015 the FDA gave a ruling that requires additional labeling of foods made from genetically engineered sources only if their materials are different. Like a nutritional profile that is different. There also is no scientific justification that requires special labeling of foods the had GMO ingredients. There have been many studies done around the world by many independent and large scientist have done multiple studies and they all have one thing in common. They all say that genetically modified products are safe for human consumption.
My opinion. I believe that all GMO products are safe. Growing up on a farm that uses GM plants and feed to feed the animals with it is just a simple know fact to me that GMOs are safe. People have their own opinion some say that GMOs are safe and some say they are not. It just depends if u grew up around them or not.
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Recently, two professors at Pennsylvania’s Kings College conducted a study on the driving and texting habits of college students. One of the main findings shouldn’t be much of a surprise: most of the students were guilty of texting while driving — in fact, about 80 percent of them were.
What was a surprise to the researchers was drivers’ attitude toward texting and driving. While men and women seemed to do it in equal rates, male drivers were more likely to think of themselves as skilled drivers, meaning they didn’t view their own behavior as dangerous.
One of the reasons behind these studies is to figure out how to discourage people from texting and driving in an effort to decrease motor vehicle accidents. The fact that young male drivers don’t see their own behavior as dangerous could make a simple ban on texting while driving ineffective for that segment. Perhaps a greater campaign of educating drivers of the dangers of distracted driving might be more fruitful in the long run.
Source: Los Angeles Times, “Males downplay risk of texting and driving, study says,” Monte Morin, Oct, 11, 2013
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how are u all ??
I have c++ problem .. i tried to solve it but i couldnt get the same input ..
here is the problem:
Given the following file called “input.txt” which contains the freezing and boiling points of several substances. Note: the title is not part of the data.
Substance Freezing Point Boiling Point (Celsius)
Ethyl 78 -114
Mercury 358 -38
Oxygen -188 -219
Water 100 0
Write a program that asks the user to enter a temperature, and then shows all the substances that will freeze at that temperature and all the substances that will boil at that temperature.
For example, if the user enters -30 the program should report that water will freeze and oxygen will boil at that temperature.
Enter the temperature: -30
Water freezes and Oxygen boils
we should use if-else to do it ..
Edited by wanted08: n/a
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Published on May 22nd, 2014 | By: April Gocha, PhD0
Video: Lithium–sulfur batteries may drive electric cars into the mainstreamPublished on May 22nd, 2014 | By: April Gocha, PhD
This episode of ACS’s Breakthrough Science series examines how sulfur waste may be reinvented thanks to a new technology for batteries. Credit: American Chemical Society; YouTube.
Do you know what those big yellow blocks are in this Google satellite image?
Google Earth satellite image of the Tar Sands development in Alberta, Canada. Credit: Google Earth
They’re elemental sulfur, a waste product of fossil fuel refinement, and there’s a lot of it packed into those massive yellow pyramids. According to estimates from a University of Arizona press release, “About one-half pound of sulfur is left over for every 19 gallons of gasoline produced from fossil fuels.” That comes down to one simple fact: we have more sulfur than we know what to do with.
Researchers recently reported that they may have developed a much better use for the yellow stuff. “We’ve developed a new, simple and useful chemical process to convert sulfur into a useful plastic,” lead researcher Jeffrey Pyun says in the press release. That plastic can then be incorporated into lithium–sulfur batteries to produce cheaper and lighter batteries that are really promising for electric cars, among other spiffy uses.
Researchers have previously eyed Li–S batteries for electric vehicles because of their high theoretical specific capacity and high specific energy, although previous technologies were limited by quickly dwindling charge capacities—a big problem when it comes to battery life and efficiency.
The research, published in ACS Macro Letters, was a collaboration with the University of Arizona, Seoul National University (Korea), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Through a process the researchers are calling “inverse vulcanization,” they transformed the battery’s cathode by mixing elemental sulfur with primer and carbon black to create a sort of ink, which was coated onto aluminum. More specifically, the paper states that the sulfur copolymers “were synthesized by inverse vulcanization through direct dissolution and copolymerization of diisopropenylbenzene in liquid sulfur.”
Rehauling the battery’s design allowed more efficient battery cycling, bypassing that problem that plagued previous Li–S batteries. In the paper, the authors say their work shows “improved Li−S battery lifetimes out to 500 charge−discharge cycles with excellent retention of charge capacity,” a significant boost over the battery’s predecessors.
The ultimate result? A battery that is cheaper and lighter with a high capacity and long life. Watch the video above, from the ACS series Breakthrough Science, to hear more from the scientists themselves.
The paper is “Inverse vulcanization of elemental sulfur to prepare polymeric electrode materials for Li−S batteries” (DOI: 10.1021/mz400649w).
[The original paper describing the breakthrough, which was published in Nature Chemistry, is “The Use of Elemental Sulfur as an Alternative Feedstock for Polymeric Materials” (DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1624).]
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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. The quality or state of being illegal.
- n. An illegal act.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. : the state of being illegal
- n. (uncountable): a defense to the validity of a contract because it was in violation of the law
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n. The quality or condition of being illegal; unlawfulness; ; also, an illegal act.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. The condition or character of being illegal; unlawfulness: as, the illegality of trespass, or of arrest without warrant.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. unlawfulness by virtue of violating some legal statute
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Because conservatives say that the illegality is the problem.
On blackmail: the illegality is not in the threat, but in the promise not to carry out the threat if money is paid.
These "settlements" are illegal, hence another irony, that their illegality is prosecuted, while illegal West Bank settlements at the core of the Israeli-Palestinian dispute are permitted by the government, or ignored as the disputes between Jewish settlers and their government await a "political solution."
Gray, The legality or illegality is grey at this point.
As an advocate for those held without charge or trial by an occupation rooted in illegality, and under the increasing scrutiny of a world skeptical of U.S. intentions in Iraq, Amal Swadi is a person of interest indeed.
So, many who are on the (more or less) Republican side of the debate in favor of harsh laws and “get-tough” policies and are motivated by a desire for rules being enforced, are actually being led by advocacy groups and elected officials who are much more interested in reducing the numbers (and therefore, illegal immigration makes for a convenient target of opportunity, but the illegality is helpful to their side and therefore they fight against eliminating the illegality).
Contrary to popularly held beliefs, abortion is not historically steeped in illegality.
So there is no dual illegality, which is the second thing that it must be for there to be an extradition.
The answer to these questions relates directly to what we have already referred to as the illegality of the apartheid state.
Even more important was the judgement of the same Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the Purchas Case (Ap. 1871), which besides confirming these previous decisions, even as against the opinion of the Dean of Arches, declared in more unequivocal terms the illegality of wafer-bread and of all Eucharistic vestments.
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It is not possible for a woman to menstruate when she is pregnant. However, it is not uncommon for women to experience bleeding during pregnancy, particularly during the first trimester. According to the Mayo Clinic spotting or light implantation bleeding between 10 and 14 days after conception is reasonably common.Continue Reading
According to Baby Center, menstruation can only happen when a woman is not pregnant. During pregnancy, the lining of the uterus remains intact to enable the foetus to grow. It does not shed until the baby has been born.
Heathline explains that some women experience implantation bleeding shortly after conception when a fertilized egg implants into the lining of the uterus. This bleeding usually occurs around the time of the woman's next expected period and is sometimes mistaken for menstruation.
The Mayo Clinic advises women to contact their health care provider if they have concerns about any vaginal bleeding during pregnancy.Learn more about Pregnancy
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If anyone has a reason to be skittish about space debris, it's the people of Texas. It's in Houston, after all, that much of what we launch into orbit is monitored. And it's in rural Texas that much of the flaming wreckage of the shuttle Columbia landed in 2003. Sunday morning, it looked like Texas was in the path of danger again, when police received numerous reports of a sonic boom, a visible fireball and debris descending in various spots around the state. That debris, people figured, had to be space junk reentering from Tuesday's collision between an American communications satellite and a spent Russian satellite.
FAA spokesman Roland Herwig confirms that the calls did come in and confirms that a warning did go out to pilots yesterday to be alert to the possibility of satellite wreckage. But the critical bits of evidence actual debris recovered on the ground has not turned up. "We have not seen any indication of anything being found," Herwig told TIME on Sunday evening. "Our source for this would be local law enforcement." (See pictures of animals in space.)
For now, there's little reason to worry. NASA told TIME on Sunday that the events seen and heard earlier in the day bore the hallmarks of a natural incident; debris from a satellite collision is generally too small to be seen. The satellites involved in last week's cosmic crack-up were relatively small machines. The Russian ship weighed 1,235 lbs.; the American ship was about a ton. Once that mass is broken up into smaller pieces, the atmosphere ought to do a pretty good job of incinerating it. Skylab did shower the Australian outback with wreckage during its reentry in the summer of 1979, but it weighed a whale-like 91 metric tons; Columbia weighed 47.
This isn't to say that Sunday's reports weren't accurate, but with a lot more naturally occurring flotsam whizzing around space than the man-made kind, Earth is always in the path of something or other. A sonic boom is perfectly consistent with anything entering our atmosphere, as is a visible fireball hence the phenomenon of the shooting star. On any other day, the Texas sightings would be dismissed as nothing more than that. Those rocks don't reach the ground because the atmosphere dispatches them neatly, and it should have no trouble digesting the satellite junk too. One way or the other, Texans and anyone else on the ground are probably safe. (See NASA's renderings of space.)
Still, Herwig concedes the FAA is not ruling anything in or out. "The first thing in my job description is not to speculate," he says. That said, he doesn't sound worried either.
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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2017 January 8
Explanation: How can a round star make a square nebula? This conundrum comes to light when studying planetary nebulae like IC 4406. Evidence indicates that IC 4406 is likely a hollow cylinder, with its square appearance the result of our vantage point in viewing the cylinder from the side. Were IC 4406 viewed from the top, it would likely look similar to the Ring Nebula. This representative-color picture is a composite made by combining images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2001 and 2002. Hot gas flows out the ends of the cylinder, while filaments of dark dust and molecular gas lace the bounding walls. The star primarily responsible for this interstellar sculpture can be found in the planetary nebula's center. In a few million years, the only thing left visible in IC 4406 will be a fading white dwarf star.
Authors & editors:
Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.
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Writing reports of any kind could be a pretty boring thing to do for students. However, this assignment will be able to train students’ attention to details, their ability to comply with the rigid structure, describe events logically and chronologically, and provide the right evidence to strengthen their point or support their arguments. A non-conformance report belongs to standard reports that are widely used in organizational work, in audit, quality control, and other areas. For students, non-conformance report writing skills can come in handy when performing audits or reviews in general.
To define a non-conformance report, we will consider the term “non-conformance” first. Also called non-compliance, it refers to any divergence from the predefined and/or previously arranged guidelines, standards, norms, or policies on practice. A non-conformance can be detected in the course of any review of the work process, for instance, during a quality audit. Respectively, a non-conformance report is a document in which such non-conformance is clearly identified and stated. The purpose of this report is to define the problem in such a way that will result in a corrective action taken by an organization’s management.
Further on, we will provide you with a non-conformance report example structure. Note that there is a different structure of non-conformance reports for every sphere of professional activity. Unless you want to come up with a template in each sphere where you will be required to write a non-conformance report, you can benefit from a general structure outline. So, below is the most common structure on which you can rely if you want to create a credible and valid non-conformance report.
A typical non-conformance report should include the following elements:
- Details. Here should stand a report number, date and time of both when the non-conformance occurred and when the report was written, name of the report’s author, and also the person in charge (who will be responsible for taking actions in accordance with the report).
- Non-conformance. A general outline of non-conformance or its detailed description should follow the introductory details. The answers should be given to the following questions: What happened and when? How did it happen? Who was involved? Why did it happen? The description should be provided in a chronological order. A general piece of advice would be to make it as detailed as possible.
- Cause of non-conformance. You should provide explanation why a situation falls under non-conformance. What regulations and policies did a particular situation fail to comply with? Here should be a reference to standards, norms, policies, or procedures that were violated in the course of the particular event.
- Evidence. Here, everything should be mentioned that can be drawn as evidence to support the non-conformance. Physical evidence of any sort would fit here. The absence of such evidence will weaken the report.
- Impact assessment. What did the non-conformance result in? Was there any damage done to equipment, employees, client, or client’s reputation? If possible, provide concrete figures which will help to clearly understand the impact of the non-conformance.
- Actions taken. Were any preventive actions taken by the management in respect to the situation of non-conformance? How will the management try to resolve the problem? If the corrective action takes place, the disposition is marked as closed.
Non-conformance can occur in almost every area of one’s professional life. If such situations take place, there is a need to take corrective actions in order to avoid further damages and losses. A well-crafted non-conformance report could help the issuer initiate corrective actions in a timely manner. While drafting a non-conformance report from the start can take too much time, one would find it helpful to use universal non-conformance report structure templates, one of which is presented above.
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Lesley Ciarula Taylor
August 12, 2010
- A d v e r t i s e m e n t
At least two Canadians have been infected by a new superbug that defies treatment and could spread rapidly around the world, a leading Canadian medical microbiologist says.
Both Canadians, one in Alberta and one in B.C. infected by the antibiotic-resistant NDM-1 have recovered but, “we don’t know if the infection will come back,” Dr. Johann Pitout of the University of Calgary told the Star on Wednesday.
Fresh food that lasts from eFoods Direct (Advertisement)
What scientists do know about this new discovery, reported Wednesday in http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(10)70143-2/abstractThe LancetEND, is that it starts with a new gene, NDM-1, that secretes an enzyme that blocks almost all antibiotics from fighting certain bacteria, including the common E coli.
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- Today's Lesson: Onions & Garlic
- The Goal: 20 lessons, 20 days to become a better cook at home
- Enter to win The Kitchn Cookbook: Simply share and tag photos of your Kitchn Cooking School progress on Instagram and Twitter with #kitchnschool to enter for a chance to win. We're giving away one copy for every homework assignment during The Kitchn's Cooking School. See rules and regulations.
- Enroll & see all the lessons so far: The Kitchn's Cooking School
Onions and their plucky little cousins, garlic cloves, are so foundational to so much of our cooking that we're spending a whole day talking about them. Pull your onion goggles out of the drawer and get ready to chop some bulbs — it's about to get pungent up in here.
Day 2 Lesson: Onions & Garlic
Why are onions and garlic special? Why spend a whole day on one vegetable when there are so many lovely, colorful veggies out there? It's because onions really form the bedrock of our cooking. They are often the first thing that goes in the pan, and they are the flavor base for everything from chicken soup to a quick weeknight skillet pasta. Cooked onions give dishes a rich umami flavor and a subtle sweetness — you don't always know onions are there once the dish has been spiced and sauced, but you'd definitely miss them. Garlic is also important to these base flavors, and since it shares so many similarities to onions, we talk about them at the same time.
Basic Onion Anatomy: An onion is a bulb that grows just beneath the surface of the soil. If you look at one, you'll see a hard round button on the bottom, possibly with some scraggly roots still growing from it. On the other end, the onions tapers to a neat point — this is where the green sprout would grow up into the air. An onion is covered by a few papery layers that can range in color from deep golden to light yellow to purple. Beneath the papery layers are thicker, edible layers that are very watery and smell quite powerful.
Watch the video below to see the best way to dice an onion.
Basic Garlic Anatomy: Similar to onions, garlic are bulbs that grow just beneath the soil. They also have a scraggly root end and a tapered point. Unlike onions, garlic grows in separate cloves — the whole bulb (a.k.a. "head") will be covered with a few thin papery layers, but beneath those are separate cloves in their own paper-like jackets.
How to Prepare Onions and Garlic for Cooking: The outer papery layers are inedible; what we want lies beneath! Use your fingers to peel away the thin, tough papery layers around the onion bulb or the head of garlic. They should peel away fairly easily. With onions, it's helpful to cut the onion in half through from pole to pole, through the root, then peel away the outer layers.
With garlic, once you've peeled away the outer layers, you still need to remove the tough paper from around the individual clove. To do this, you can smash the clove beneath the flat of your chef's knife (like this), squeeze it like a lemon wedge until the skin cracks (like this), or shake it in a jar (like this). Once peeled, dice, slice, or mince the onions or garlic as directed in the recipe. Don't forget to trim away the tough root end.
Watch the video below for the most fun way to peel garlic!
Controlling the Bite: Raw onions and garlic are potent creatures. Sometimes that's desirable, as in a fresh salad or a green pesto. But other times... not so much. We control the "bite" and overall flavor of onions and garlic in two ways: the size of the cut and the cooking time. Smaller bits of onion and garlic will melt into a dish, becoming a subtle presence that gently infuses the whole dish, while large slices will have a more dominant presence. Also, the longer you cook onions and garlic, the more their flavor goes from sharp and biting to sweet and unctuous. The transformation is really incredible — you'd hardly think they're the same vegetable.
If the taste of raw onions is too potent or spicy for you in a raw dish like salsa or salads, temper the bite by submerging the cut onions in cold water or acid from the recipe (like the lime juice in salsa or the vinegar in salad dressing) for about 10 minutes before serving.
Onions & Garlic in a Recipe: Recipes will usually tell you how the onions and garlic should be prepped right in the ingredients list: "1 yellow onion, diced" or "3 cloves garlic, minced." It's assumed that you will peel the onions or garlic before chopping and that you will discard the tough root end.
Every lesson has three homework options. Maybe you've already got one down, or you just have time for a quick study session. So pick one, and show us by tagging it with #kitchnschool on Instagram or Twitter.
Practice: Thinly slice an onion, paying close attention to the root and stem ends. Use the results of your labor in one of the recipes below to make dinner tonight.
Improve: Caramelize a batch of onions and taste them every 5 minutes as they cook. Along with tasting, watch how their color changes and how the aroma goes from sharp to sweet. Use all five senses! You'll see how the onions go from raw and crunchy all the way to caramelized.
→ Here's what to do: How To Caramelize Onions
The Kitchn Cookbook & Onions
The Cooking School was inspired by our new book, The Kitchn Cookbook — and there's plenty in the book to help your Cooking School experience.
Today's tip: See page 213 for a recipe that really shows off caramelized onions — Risotto with Chanterelle Mushrooms, Caramelized Onions, and Parmesan Cheese.
5 Recipes to Practice Cooking with Onions & Garlic
- Chicken Breasts Sautéed with Sweet Red Onion and Lemon
- Pizza with Roasted Red Peppers, Sausage & Jack Cheese
- Sweet Potato Gratin with Caramelized Onions
- Thai Ginger Chicken Stir-Fry
- How To Make French Onion Soup
The Kitchn's Cooking School
The Kitchn's Cooking School is 20 days, 20 lessons to become a better cook at home. Every day we'll tackle an essential cooking topic and explain what you should know. Each lesson has three different homework options, so you can choose the one that teaches you what you need. Whether you want to refresh your skills or start from scratch, come to school with us!
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The Roots magazine #2 begins with the section Articles. Researches. In the section Anatoly Avrus (Saratov) in his article Participation of the Jews in the Revolutionary Movement in Russia (XIX - February, 1917) presents analytical review of the penetrating of the revolutionary ideas in the Jewish masses and its wide spread, beginning with the period of Nikolay I up to the February revolution. The author provides a lot of facts and materials, which illustrate participation of the Jews in the RSDRP, Bund, terrorist and anarchist organizations. In the article there are characteristics given to such activists as Y.O. Tsederbaum (L. Martov), L.D. Bronshtein (L. Trotsky) M. Natanson, G. Gershuni, etc.
The article by Edward Felberg (Samara) The Law and the Fate deals with the comparative analyses of the punishment of the thief, as it is written in Torah and Russkaya Pravda- the earliest Russian law. The author assumes, that originally this law was taken from the Torah, however there are a lot of differences and parallels. The author shows how the difference of the juridical systems created the differences between the fates, moral and ethical norms of the Jewish and Russian peoples.
In the article Gaps, Outsiders and Jewry in the Soviet Culture Vladimir Sokolenko (Saratov) deals with the phenomena of so called social Jew, which means that in the society person is considered a Jew, because of his characteristic features, although he is not a Jew by birth. Also the author describes particular case of the phenomena, when social Jew was created according the demographic feature. The author discusses features of the social Jew, first of all this figure is characterizes by the high social conciseness, and he proves that on his example.
In the section The History of our Days there are two works. One of them - Synagogues and Prayer Houses of the Communities of the Central Russia and Volga Region - was composed by the representatives of Joint in the Region. From this article one can learn material and facts about the condition of the prayer houses and synagogues in the cities Astrakhan, Bryansk, Volgograd, Voronezh, Kazan, Nizhni Novgorod, Orel, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Tula, Ulyanovsk and Yaroslavl.
The article by Yevgeniya Davydova (Yaroslavl) Jewish Community of Yaroslavl is devoted to the past and today life of the Jewish community of Yaroslavl. The process of renaissance of the Jewish communal life began in 1989. The community has already reclaimed the building of the synagogue, which is now under restoration. In this building there are charity volunteer organization Chesed Rachel, which is working with the senior citizens, Sunday school, library and cafe, where young people get together. The work of the other Jewish organizations and their leaders are also described in the article.
The section Lectures includes materials, which were presented in the City Lecture Clubs of Jewish Culture. The lecture of Sergey Kaztov (Samara) Jewish Song Traditions is devoted to Jewish song motives. The article tells about the sources of the Jewish music, the first musical instruments, Jewish religious music, synagogue zmires, folk songs, art of klezmers, about the role of the Jewish music in the world culture, about the Jewish motives in the creativity of the famous composers of our time (S. Prokofev, D. Shostakovich).
The lecture by Yury Lerner (Volgograd) Holocaust - the Most Tragic Turning Point of the Jewish History is devoted to the most tragic period in the life of the Jewish people and all progressive mankind. According the data of the German archives, in 1939-45, about 6,000,000 Jews were destroyed, what was about 72% of European Jewry. To fulfill this terrible action, Germans made anti-Semitism the cornerstone of the ideology of fascism. The author tells about the anti-Jewish laws of the Third Reich, about the crystal night, about the creation of ghettos and concentration camps, about the mass massacres of the Jews, just because they were Jews. The author also presents material, which provides information about the heroic struggle of the Jews. The Jewish wisdom, glory, blood and lives were given for the struggle with fascism.
In the section Memoirs and Documents the extracts from the unpublished book by Sergey Berkner (Voronezh) Reminiscences of the Ghetto Prisoner are presented. The author describes the terror of the Fascists in the Byalostok Ghetto, about the organization of the resistance to the Germans. In 1942-1943 many of the participants in the ghetto resistance took part in partisan movement.
Boris Pudalov (Nizhni Novgorod) in his article The Night in June in Kanovino tells about the pogrom in Nizhni Novgorod in 1884.
The article by Zalman Libinzon (Nizhni Novgorod) About Mark Shagal tells about the life and creativity of the great artist. The author is not art historian, so he writes as one, admired by Shagals talent, and interested in his creativity.
In the section Archives there is continued publication of the material The History of the Synagogue in Orel with Semyon Avgustevichs commentaries.
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Today marks one year since the region was shaken by a 5.8-magnitude earthquake centered nine miles from Mineral, Va.
The quake was unique because it was wide enough to be felt by one-third of the country's population, the U.S. Geological Survey said. That makes it one of the largest, though not strongest, in U.S. history. Scientists have recorded more than 600 aftershocks.
The quake hit at about 1:50 p.m. on Aug. 23, 2011, and snarled traffic into the evening. Aftershocks followed, including a 4.2-magnitude one felt inside the Beltway. The damage, estimated at more than $200 million, extended far beyond rural Louisa County.
Here in Washington, we're still feeling the effects from the quake: The Washington Monument sustained serious structural damage, the top of the obelisk has several large cracks that need to be repaired. And those repairs are expected to cost close to $15 million.
A seismic assessment of the Washington Monument has concluded that it's "extremely unlikely" another earthquake in the next two millennia will damage the monument any more than last year's quake.
A repair plan released last month said engineers had not recommended any further strengthening of the monument against future earthquakes. The seismic assessment bolsters that recommendation by pointing out that the monument shook more violently last year than during any earthquake that's likely to occur in the next 2,475 years.
The landmark is likely to remain closed until 2014.
The Washington National Cathedral announced a $5 million gift today from the Lilly Foundation, which will go toward making repairs on the damaged structure.
The cathedral had suffered millions of dollars' worth of damage, and has been decorated with scaffolding for much of the past year. Some of the most noticeable damage was to two of the pinnacles. About one-third of the 3,000-pound southwest pinnacle fell off, and the northwest pinnacle was visibly tilting.
The cathedral reopened last November, but repairs are expected to take years and cost $20 million.
In Virginia, the Federal Emergency Management Agency awarded $19 million to help rebuild Louisa County High School, and $3.2 million to help rebuld a Louisa County elementary school.
Earthquake drills are now as ubiquitous as fire drills at county schools, where 4,600 students were attending classes when the quake struck nearby. No one was seriously hurt.
"It's the new normal," Superintendent Deborah D. Pettit said of the earthquake drills. "It's become a normal part of the school routine and safety."
One such drill was held Thursday at 1:51 p.m. -- the precise moment a year ago when the quake struck.
While West Coast earthquake veterans scoffed at what they viewed as only a moderate temblor, last year's quake has changed the way officials along the East Coast view emergency preparedness.
Emergency response plans that once focused on hurricanes, tornadoes, flooding and snow are being revised to include quakes. Some states have enacted laws specifically related to the quake, and there is anecdotal evidence of a spike in insurance coverage for earthquake damage.
Was it a once-in-a-century anomaly, or are there more quakes to come?
Scientists are trying to answer that question as they pore over the data and survey the epicenter from the air.
According to the U.S. Geological Survey, much of central Virginia has been labeled for decades as an area of elevated seismic hazard. But last year's quake was the largest known to occur in that seismic zone.
"Scientists would like to know if this earthquake was Virginia's 'Big One,''' said J. Wright Horton of the USGS.
Meanwhile, the quake prompted several jurisdictions to revise their emergency response plans.
"We learned a lot, that's for sure,'' said Laura Southard, a spokeswoman for the Virginia Department of Emergency Management. One lesson, she said: the need to conduct post-quake assessments to size up damage.
Ultimately, 6,400 homeowners and renters in nine Virginia localities received $16.5 million from the Federal Emergency Management Agency.
Virginia, Maryland and the District of Columbia are revising their emergency planning documents to include earthquakes. The response of many East Coast residents -- many of whom fled high-rise buildings -- went counter to the behavior recommended by experts during a quake.
"It's fair to say that no one thought we'd have an earthquake,'' said Christopher Geldart, director of the D.C. Homeland Security and Emergency Management Agency. The agency is hoping to educate the public about what to do next time. It is even encouraging participation in a regional earthquake drill this fall.
The agency has made changes in how it alerts local government employees and residents about disasters. It didn't send out an alert about the earthquake until 30 minutes afterward -- at which point many people had already decided to leave the capital and ended up in traffic jams for hours. Now, the goal is to send out a communication within five minutes.
Those whose buildings aren't compromised will also be advised to stay put.
In Maryland, the state's first emergency quake exercise was conducted in April. The state was spared major damage a year ago. But Edward McDonough, a spokesman for the Maryland Emergency Management Agency, said: "It definitely shook us up, pardon the pun.''
Insurance industry associations and regulators could not provide statistics on whether the earthquake inspired homeowners to add coverage for such an event, but a small percentage of property owners have it.
State Farm spokeswoman Amy Preddy said less than 2 percent of its policyholders in Virginia have what is called an earthquake "endorsement,'' though she said the company has seen a small increase in coverage requests in Louisa and Fluvanna counties.
The Virginia General Assembly has passed legislation since that requires insurers to inform new and renewing customers whether earthquake coverage is excluded in their policies and whether it is available.
Dominion Virginia Power spent about 110,000 hours and $21 million on inspections, testing and evaluation of the North Anna Power Station after the quake. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission gave Dominion permission to restart the twin 1,800-megawatt reactors on Nov. 11 after inspections showed they did not suffer any functional damage.
Since the quake, Dominion also has installed additional seismic monitoring equipment. Dan Stoddard, senior vice president of nuclear operations for Dominion, said the plant's reactors have experienced no earthquake-related issues following the restart.
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<urn:uuid:47d7bc01-11f7-4434-9ba7-4255a562f63f>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/One-Year-Anniversary-of-Va-Earthquake-167163835.html
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Using path-breaking discoveries of cognitive science, Mark Johnson argues that humans are fundamentally imaginative moral animals, challenging the view that morality is simply a system of universal laws dictated by reason. According to the Western moral tradition, we make ethical decisions by applying universal laws to concrete situations. But Johnson shows how research in cognitive science undermines this view and reveals that imagination has an essential role in ethical deliberation.
Expanding his innovative studies of human reason in Metaphors We Live By and The Body in the Mind, Johnson provides the tools for more practical, realistic, and constructive moral reflection.
Western moral tradition has it that we make ethical decisions rationally, by applying universal laws to concrete situations. Johnson (philosophy, U. of Southern Illinois) draws on recent work in the cognitive sciences to argue that imagination plays a major role in ethical deliberation. Not universal laws, he says, but shared metaphors, images, and narratives are the basis of western morality. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://www.cheaptextbooks.org/9780226401690
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What is Linux?
Linux is an open source operating system, meaning that unlike Mac OS and Windows it is editable by the user. Most people may not care to configure their own operating systems, but hardcore programmers tend to lean toward Linux due to the freedom and customization it facilitates.
I apologize that I was not able to make it in today to present. Because of this I decided to revise my presentation so that it would make sense without needing audible assistance.
View the slide show below to learn a little more about the Linux system.
By Danielle Gatsos
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://com585.wordpress.com/2010/04/18/what-is-linux/
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Happy Winter Solstice.
Today, at 17:47 GMT, the Sun reaches the southernmost point in its annual up-and-down journey in the sky. Because the Earth’s axis is tilted, the Sun gets higher in the sky in the summer, and lower in the winter. Today marks the moment when the center of the Sun just kisses that lowest point. From here on out, every day until the summer solstice next June, the Sun will get higher in the sky at local midday.
Fellow Contrarian contributor Chris Parizo sent me this awesome link to an animation that depicts the the scope of the known Universe, starting from a vantage point in the Himilaya Mountains and leaving Earth, the solar system, the local stars, the galaxy, the local cluster of galaxies and the observable Universe and finally showing the CMBR (light left over from the Big Bang). Then the view returns us to Earth. The relative distances are represented during the journey. It’s like the Charles and Ray Eames film, Powers of Ten, but without the nano-scale parts. Watch it in HD for full awesomeosity. I used to create this same effect using an amazing piece of astronomy software called Starry Night Pro, which let you change your distance from Earth from any starting point. The Hayden Planetarium also has it’s own free atlas software that will let you create your own animations. Neat!
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http://www.thecontrarianmedia.com/2009/12/spacetime-report-special-solstice-ed/
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Cloud droplets tend to scatter light efficiently, so that the intensity of the solar radiation decreases with depth into the gases. As a result, the cloud base can vary from a very light to very dark grey depending on the cloud's thickness and how much light is being reflected or transmitted back to the observer. Thin clouds may look white or appear to have acquired the color of their environment or background.
As a cloud matures, the dense water droplets may combine to produce larger droplets, which may combine to form droplets large enough to fall as rain. By this process of accumulation, the space between droplets becomes increasingly larger, permitting light to penetrate farther into the cloud. If the cloud is sufficiently large and the droplets within are spaced far enough apart, it may be that a percentage of the light which enters the cloud is not reflected back out before it is absorbed thus giving it a blackish appearance.
We hope this clarifies your doubt.
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http://www.topperlearning.com/forums/home-work-help-19/why-do-clouds-sometimes-appear-black-physics-the-human-eye-and-the-colourful-world-45893/reply
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SUMMARY: Masters versus Advanced versus Novice, notes from the clinic.
Jump anglesOne thing that I had trouble grasping when designing courses was the angle of jumps to make them easier to take. Here's an example.
When getting from the table to the dogwalk over the intervening jump, I kept wanting to think of the dog's path as a smooth arc (dotted line), so therefore a jump at the height of that arc would be perpendicular to the line of the arc as shown in the first case above. I kept thinking that would be easier to do.
However, what one really needs to think about is how the obstacle is presented to the dog based on where the dog is coming from. If you look at the solid line showing the dog's approach, in fact you'll note that, in the first case, the dog is approaching at a very sharp angle, which makes it harder for the dog to see and harder for the dog to figure out how to jump it. This makes refusals and runouts (the dog runs past the plane of the jump) and even knocked bars much more likely.
Whereas, in the second case above, the dog clearly sees the jump face on, and the arc of the path doesn't really change much at all, so the approach to the dogwalk remains about the same.
Course design methodsSo: How does one get started building a course? Some of the methods mentioned:
- Start with a scenario that you want to include and then build around it.
- Start with the obstacles that you need to get to (contacts, weaves, table), rearrange roughly for good access, and build around that.
- Draw a squiggly, crossing line (appropriate for the class level) and drop obstacles onto the path.
- Toss all the obstacles onto the course randomly and then rearrange until they turn into a course.
Course design considerationsThen you have to figure out your judging path (how can you get to where you need to be without taking your eye off the dog or running into anything) and the appropriate issues for the level.
Those issues were actually pretty simple. For starters, only one or two side changes and they should be fairly simple. Some off course opportunities that are peripheral, not directly on the dog's path. And flowing.
For Advanced, more side changes, and off-course opportunities that are on the dog's path (that is, if he goes straight or fairly straight from where he last was and is following with the handler). And flowing.
For Masters, same as advanced, with added potential for refusals and runouts. And, as noted in the example above, you can do that often just by changing the angle of some jumps on the course. And flowing!
They're trying to promoting fairly fast, flowing, courses, not with a lot of herky-jerky. Sure, you'll see herky-jerky courses, but they'd really like the dog to be excited and moving quickly through the course.
And, at all levels--this is key: Design for the dog who is properly prepared for *entering* that level, NOT for the "top ten dogs".
One also mustn't forget, though: They should be courses that YOU would like to run, too!
My course designsHere you go, team: My very first-ever course designs!
I started by scrawling a curving, overlapping line on the paper, putting obstacles at the crosses that could be taken in multiple directions, placing the judgeable objects at appropriate places, and then tweaking things around until it looked kind of like a course.
We were limited to having only one tunnel and only 8 winged jumps, which had to be used to make the required spread jump as well. Here's my masters course.
I had trouble with the location of the #15 obstacle because I had to get from watching the weaves to watching the up contact on the dogwalk to the down contact, and #15 was in my path. I had fixated on keeping that 13-14-15-16 "loop" in my course because there was a loop in the original line I had drawn. Well--doh--the voices of experience showed that I could get rid of the #15, change the angle of the other jump, and not appreciably change the flow of the course.
Also, the position of the tire wasn't ideal for a safe execution, so we switched it to be #1.
The instructors particularly liked the 6-7-8-9 sequence for a masters course--can take it smoothly but at the same time it presents refusal and runout opportunities.
It was surprisingly easy to change this into an Advanced course simply by changing the angle of some jumps and a slight rearrangement of the chute. (I still got a correction to a jump angle--shown in red--still figuring that out.)
Now, I'm not saying that these are great courses or that I'd actually use them, but they turned out better than I had thought I could possibly do in about 2 hours in my first attempt.
(The second night, I started and discarded several Advanced courses before coming up with one I just sort of liked, and then it was agonizing changing it to Starters--I went through about 6 designs before finally getting one, and that was with last-minute help from the instructor, too.)
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Psychiatrists who deal with returning military veterans note that those who have seen almost constant combat have trouble switching off, and search for an outlet to satisfy their martial needs.
This was never more true for Spanish Civil War veteran and Communist Party member Alvah Bessie. Whenever his Party needed a rigid enforcer of the Party line toward revisionist members, and a fighter against the “fascists,” represented by HUAC, Bessie was front and center.
Of those conflicts favored by the Communist Left, it is arguably the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) that is their favorite. Although fanatically supportive of World War II (the reason: the Soviet Union was fighting alongside the U.S.), the Spanish War was free of the problematic features of World War II. A battle between the legally elected leftist Spanish government and a military rebellion led by the Hitler-backed Francisco Franco, Spain didn’t have to contend with having a bluff imperialist like Churchill on their side; nor did they have to twist themselves into un-Marxist shapes as they did in World War II (no strikes pledges, a refusal to go to bat for the interned Japanese Americas or for blacks in the segregated Armed forces).
But the Spanish Civil War did present problems that required careful editing by those who fought and those who directed the battles, the main problem being the very real Stalinist purges of Spanish government soldiers who had the misfortune of fighting in non-Stalinist units. Many of those on the wrong side of the fence were never seen again.
A skilled writer, Bessie upon returning to the United States after being wounded, wrote a carefully edited (by himself, and by his Party) book, Men in Battle (1939), about his war experiences. Despite its obvious tampering, Ernest Hemingway who was present during the fighting (he was in Spain to make a pro-Loyalist film), was duped by the book, and gushingly wrote, “A true, honest, fine book. Bessie writes truly and finely of all that he could see … and he saw enough.”
Bessie, as the drama and film reviewer for the house organ of the CPUSA, Then New Masses, did not return the favor when reviewing Hemingway’s For Whom The Bell Tolls (1940). He denounced Hemingway for daring to criticize Russian conduct during the war (Hemingway “impugns and slanders” the Communist leadership, their motives, and their attitudes”).
During World War II, which he was denied the chance to fight because of his wounds, Bessie satisfied his need for anger by writing one of the most bloodthirsty World War II movies, Objective Burma (1945). A gutsy account of Allied paratroopers fighting their way out of the Japanese lines, the movie’s depiction of Allied soldiers killing Japanese was not enough for Bessie (and for his fellow Party member, the equally bloodthirsty Leser Cole). Thus, Bessie and Cole inserted a line about the need to wipe out the Japanese race uttered not by a villainous racist but by a patriotic and sympathetic character.
For those who did not make the ideological leap during an abrupt shift in policy as when the Communist Party outed the relatively “liberal” leader of the CPUSA, Earl Browder, in 1945, and replaced him with the hard-line William Z. Foster, Browder was there to browbeat those who were mere days behind the new Party line.
Screenwriter Albert Maltz, assuming that the Party was still in its “liberal” phase, accordingly wrote an essay asserting that Communist writers should not write as Marxists, and those who were not Marxists could be capable of good writing. Predictably, the Party savaged him, and Bessie was front and center.
Of those who attacked Maltz, Leopold Atlas, who left the Party over the incident, recalled Bessie as the angriest, spewing at Maltz “bitter vituperation and venom.”
To his credit, when Congress summoned Hollywood Communists to report their political affiliations in 1947, Bessie urged his 9 other subpoenaed members to adopt the strategy of simply admitting their present or past membership in the Party, as he was proud of his. But his argument did not win out, and his comrades adopted the doomed policy of dancing around any Congressional questions without admitting their membership.
It also must be recognized that, unlike the other 9 members of what was known as “The Hollywood Ten,” who denied putting Communist propaganda into films, Bessie boasted of it (in one film he scripted, he proudly declared his script was “subversive as hell”).
Along with the 9, Bessie went to prison for refusing to cooperate with Congress. Released, Bessie was able to continue the fight by refusing to rehabilitate himself before Congress and thus get back on the studio payroll.
Late in life, he showed he still needed to fight, but this time around his stance thrust both ways. Asked by a hugely sympathetic interviewer about whether he had been or still was a Party member, Bessie exploded.
“I hope you won’t take offense,” said Lawson, “but were Lardner or any of the Hollywood Ten members of the Communist Party??
“Does it matter?? Said Bessie. ‘that isn’t the question. It’s a matter of the Constitution. We were robbed of the fundamental right of free thought. What gave the Government the right to think they had the right to summon citizens before them and give an account to the government on their beliefs and associations. Like religion, this was a matter of our own business. Lives were ruined, careers destroyed, and the industry censored, and for what??
“I apologize for asking the question,” said Lawson.
“No need for that,” said Bessie. “I know you don’t think like that. It’s just that there were powerful people in the government who believed Communists were infiltrating the motion picture industry and these people were intent on exposing them.”
How far Bessie traveled from defiantly proclaiming his Marxism come what may, to now hiding behind the Bill of Rights even with sympathizers. And thus, regarding the battle of fighting as an unconcealed Communist, Bessie now sat that one out.
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http://www.thelibertyconservative.com/alvah-bessie-fighting-fronts/
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Built during the thirteenth century on the bank of the river, the convent gradually began to suffer from the rising tide of the Mondego. The nuns who lived there moved to higher floors (and no doubt fashioned some early wellington boots ) until the situation finally became untenable in 1677, and they high-tailed it up the hill to the new convent of Santa Clara a Nova, leaving their former home to the mercy of nature. Whenever the river burst its banks, the convent would be almost totally submerged.
Despite this, it was classified as a national monument in 1930. However, nothing was done in the way of restoration until 1990, when work began to drain the site, restore the church and save it from any further damage. Millions of euros and lots of hard graft later, the church and what was left of the main cloister were liberated from their watery prison, and the church was slowly restored to the beautifully simple Romanesque building which stands on the site today. Visitors to the site can watch the restoration process captured on film: a truly extraordinary feat which has brought a monument back to light and back to life.
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We are in week 2 of Homeschooling.
Since I am the worlds biggest procrastinator, this post is going to be full of our activities over the last couple weeks.
In week 1 we read The Three Billy Goats Gruff.
One of the activities we had to go along with it was a puppet show. We have never done anything like this with G before so it was great to see how well he retained the story and was able to re-tell it using the puppets.
He made us do the puppet show multiple times. Sometimes he was the goats and I was the troll, other times I was the goats and he was the troll. His retention of the story honestly impressed me!
One of our science activities for week 1 was discussing what scientists do. We talked about the scientific method and then to better understand observation, we went outside and "observed".
He took his magnifying glass as well as a back pack to store things we found in. First we listened to the noises around us. Being in a small town and farther out of town means nothing but nature sounds with the occasional car. Nothing we could have experienced at our old house in the middle of a city.
We heard chickens, horses, birds, cicadas, and the wind through the trees. Using his magnifying glass he hunted down quite a few really neat rocks. He also collected 6 pine cones. Once we got back in the house we talked about what we had observed. He loved it!
He loved what came next even more though. Using the pine cones we'd collected, we made a bird feeder.
Once it was complete he used the magnifying glass, which is slowly becoming his favorite tool, to see even closer into all the things we put on the feeder.
Then we put it in the front yard.
This week we talked about community.
As our art project we made a helping hands wreath. We even got Baby K in on the fun and let me tell you tracing his hand was not the easiest task to achieve! He was happy to participate none the less though.
Before gluing the hands to the base we discussed how we could lend a helping hand. We discussed what chores he does around the house to help us out and we discussed what he can do for his community to be a good helper. We talked about how he could keep the neighborhood and parks clean by picking up trash he sees as well as donating toys and clothes he no longer uses to those who are less fortunate than him.
Then he set to gluing.
He was so proud to have it hanging in the dining room and he had enjoyed doing it so much he asked to make another one! We will leave that for another day though.
To better explain measuring to G we had him help Momma make cookies. He was so excited to help. He got to help add the ingredients.
He then got to help mix the dough.
Baby K wanted to help as well so we set him up with his own bowl (of water) and spoon.
Since we had time while the cookies were baking, we introduced Baby K to his first sensory material.
This has long been a favorite of G's but we weren't sure how Baby K would handle it. I was almost certain it would go straight in his mouth, but don't worry it's non-toxic!
Surprisingly enough he didn't once try and put it in his mouth until Momma mentioned eating in regards to the cookies!
Baby K enjoyed every second of snow play.
While G built a snow covered farm and discussed how many farm animals he wants us to have soon, Baby K just wanted to continuously drizzle the snow on his legs.
He was even more excited when Momma started making it snow on his head!
Which of course meant G needed in on it as well!
Then G made it snow for himself.
Look at that face! I think Baby K's first sensory experience was a success! He loved it.
Do you use sensory materials in your homeschool? What are some of your favorite materials?
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<urn:uuid:647be221-4e4e-4aaa-affe-bb7993dbea1a>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://talesoftoddler.blogspot.com/2014/09/our-first-couple-weeks.html
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en
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Have you felt it? The cold sweats, racing heart beat, foggy brain; of course you have. Fear is an integral part of the human survival and we’ve been experiencing it for over 100,000 years.
But where does fear come from? Is it as important as it always was and if not, how can we change it? The experience of fear is generated in a part of our brain called the amygdala. This area of our brain is also know as the reptilian brain and is the area present in nearly all types of animals. It has been responsible for the state known as fight or flight and causes our adrenal glands to produce high amounts of cortisol, the stress hormone.
When our bodies release cortisol this causes the blood in our brain and organs to rush to our limbs to prepare for action. This makes our thinking process become slow and foggy. It also causes the sugar in our muscles to get dumped into the blood stream to be used to immediate energy. This is incredibly useful when we’re getting attacked by predators or need to escape danger.
The challenge here is that it’s pretty seldom we’re actually in a situation where we need to fight or flight. In our modern age situations that cause fear are more likely emotional than physical. So how can we change our body’s reaction to fear?
We can start by understanding why we have fear in the first place. For 100,000 years humans have lived in tribes of about 30-50. The tribe would be responsible for providing food, shelter and companionship. It would also provide protection against other tribes and predators.
When a tribal member acted unsatisfactory and was exiled from the tribe this would surely mean death. This fear was so real that our brains have actually adapted to associate the fear of rejection to the fear of death. Public speaking, shyness on dates and nervousness before a job interview are all examples of a fear of rejection and ultimately lead to the fear of death.
Of course, we’re not going to die when we bomb a job interview or mess up speaking publicly so it’s important for us to understand where these fears are generated and try to calm ourselves down when these fight or flight reactions start to occur. Through understanding the physiological reactions to fear as much as the psychological origins we can start to work on overcoming our own fears and living to our full potential.
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Find out which are the harmful enemies of healthy skin and how to fight them. Fight against pollution, smoking and other factors like over-exfoliating that are harmful to your skin.
The enemies of healthy skin and how to fight
Our skin can suffer a lot due to weather conditions, bad nutrition and other harmful factors.
We can protect our skin more easily if we know what are the main skin saboteurs. If we know how to provide the necessary vitamins and nutrients for our body we'll be able to have a healthy and glowing skin. Below we attempted to make a list of the enemies of healthy skin.
Pollution has endless harmful effects on both our skin and organism in general. Due to the toxins from the air, our pores get clogged with dirt. As we age our skin starts to lose elasticity, elastin and collagen production slows down and pollution contribute to the skin's premature deterioration.
Pollution can also lead to allergic reactions and inflammation especially in the case people with sensitive skin. You can fight pollution by following a strict cleansing ritual after each excessive exposure to these free radicals.
Some might not even know that smoking can cause irreversible damage to our skin, therefore is one of the most harmful enemies of healthy skin. Restricting blood vessels, smoking can sabotage the proper blood flow.
Since oxygen is carried by blood, our pores will benefit from less and less nutrients.
Smoking also enhances aging and allergies, the dehydration and thinning of the skin can also be an unfortunate result.
Those who can't quit smoking might at least take supplements to provide their complexion with the necessary vitamins - E,C, and A.
Frequent exfoliation is very important to regularly detox our skin. Dead skin cells must be eliminated in order to help healthy cell reproduction. However some might fall into extremes, by doing this ritual too eagerly.
Over-exfoliation can be a real danger, some might not know that it is as easy to get rid of good cells as it is from dead ones. Your skin becomes extremely sensitive having great difficulties to fight free radicals. A moderate exfoliating routine seems the best solution to keep your skin healthy.
Lack of Sleep and Stress
Sleepless weeks or even months can leave a visible sign on your skin. Stress can be a real enemy to our complexion especially if it's paired with lack of physical exercises. Adrenaline produced by anxiety can lead to many damages as rashes, inflammation and nasty breakouts.
That's why it is important to release your body from it in order to have naturally glowing skin. Yoga or other workouts do miracles to our health and skin, practice them with confidence.
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<urn:uuid:ae036a53-495f-481d-b2f2-e7184879a79a>
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Scientists claim to have achieved a major breakthrough in the fight against Type 1 diabetes by developing a treatment which would save the sufferers from a lifetime of insulin injections.
Now, an international team says that the new treatment, code-named DiaPep277, will block the process which causes the body’s immune system to attack the pancreas in people with Type 1 diabetes, and it’ll hit the markets within three years.
The scientists hope that in patients newly diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, the treatment will prevent the disease from developing because it will stop the destruction of vital cells of the pancreas which make insulin.
The drug will also allow the a patient’s body to carry on making its own insulin, eventually allowing their pancreas to recover and make enough to support the body completely, the ’Sunday Express’ reported.
It will also reduce the risk of side effects linked with synthetic insulin which can mirror diabetes complications such as heart disease, stroke and kidney disease that might require a transplant, say the scientists.
Trials are currently taking place at 140 centres in the U.K., including at London’s King’s College Hospital, as well as Europe, North America, South Africa and Israel.
Dr. Shlomo Dagan, of Andromeda Biotech in Israel, who is leading the research trails, was quoted by the British newspaper as saying, “We have proved in earlier trials that our compound stops the immune system attacking the pancreas.
“There is evidence to suggest that using the drug over a period of time, maybe a couple of years, will allow the pancreas to recover enough to make more insulin. In that situation the patient could stop injecting insulin.”
Health-e-Solutions comment: This is exciting news! We believe the diet stopped the destruction of beta cells and put the body in a position of strength to recover and make enough insulin to support itself. Because of this, our boys have avoided the risks associated with synthetic insulin, such as heart disease, stroke and kidney disease.
Something to consider: When this drug blocks the process which causes the body’s immune system to attack the pancreas, what else might it be blocking that your body needs for proper functioning?
If this drug makes it through the trials currently taking place in the U.K., Europe, North America, South Africa and Israel, we believe it will still be vital to have altered diet and lifestyle to maintain long term health and avoid many of the factors that contributed to developing type 1 diabetes in the first place.
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I have two children at home! Homeschool is completely different experience with two kids. One child wants to learn, the other wants to play. One wants to do what the other is doing or one is too loud for the other one. It takes extra effort and creativity on my part to help them each grow in areas they want and need to grow in.
We focus on letters individually as well as the whole overall alphabet. Kids need to understand the difference between letters and numbers as well as which letter is what. They need to understand letters make words words make sentences.
Today we focused on the overall alphabet and number recognition. We made alphabet soup.
Your soup ingredient are beans (I used 3 bags of different kinds) letters and a spoon.
A good soup takes lots of stirring and sometimes you got to get in there and mix with your hands
After we have thoroughly combine the ingredients we match the letters to a puzzle my other student (child) has made. I was going to make just a sheet of paper with letters written on it but this worked great. (Shame we were missing one piece, grr)
His completed work! It did take time to register what letter went where but sometimes he got it right away. I think this is a great game he will get speedier at. He was so happy when he got it right
It worked today and may not work tomorrow. We can only try and see how it goes. Worse case is I just have to change it up.
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About the Database
This online database provides lesson plans and tools to support the integration of human rights into any college classroom as well as the creation of interdisciplinary introductory human rights courses. Human Rights have certain meanings within particular frameworks and disciplines. Often, we are only familiar with our own one. As teachers and researchers of human rights, it is our explicit aim to move beyond our disciplinary constraints.
We envision this resource as reflective of the Connecticut School of Human Right’s interdisciplinary approach to teaching human rights. The core of our methodology is the belief that human rights is not the province of any one academic discipline, and thus interdisciplinarity is necessary to provide a robust multifaceted understanding of human rights. Only by studying human rights from the multiple and intersecting perspectives evolving within and between the disciplines, can we present students with a complex, yet accessible appreciation of human rights.
Our database offers college teachers the opportunity to add topics and lessons to their classroom that come from a range of disciplines and use a variety of methods, enhancing interdisciplinarity and a broader understanding of human rights. Teacher can choose to include selected lessons to complement their courses or create an interdisciplinary introduction to human rights course.
About Our Group
The Teaching Human Rights Working Group was established in 2012 at the University of Connecticut’s Human Rights Institute. As an interdisciplinary group, we seek to provide a forum for conversation on the pedagogy of human rights and to answer larger questions related to teaching in the field, such as: What does interdisciplinary mean in relation to undergraduate teaching? And how do we integrate multiple disciplines’ perspectives on human rights in our own classrooms? Guided by the questions, we embarked on developing a database of various teaching activities that could be used by instructors around the country who similarly wanted to bring diverse disciplines into conversation within their own courses.
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The Sadness of Christ: Sleeping Bishops in the Garden of Gethsemane
By St. Thomas More (1478-1535) -
Introduced and Edited for The Remnant by Connie Bagnoli Thomas More rose from humble origins to achieve the highest political and judicial office of England, second only to that of the King. He was recognized throughout early sixteenth-century Europe as one of the great lawyers, Christian
|A young Thomas More|
Despite his deep sorrow, he remarried again within one month for the sake of his children. He married the best woman he knew, Alice Middleton.
After fifteen years of prosperous civil life, More was called to serve the King at court, a position he did not want and would not seek out. Yet as a loyal citizen, More considered it the “duty of every good man” to contribute to the service of his country.
Once in the King’s service, More commanded Henry VIII’s friendship and trust, serving primarily as his personal secretary, but with some administrative and diplomatic responsibilities. He rose steadily over the next ten years, finally became Chancellor in 1529, at the age of fifty-one. More was Chancellor for only thirty-one months. He resigned on May 16, 1532, the day after Henry VIII manipulated the Parliament to take away the traditional freedom of the Church, a freedom that had been written into English law since the Magna Carta. At issue was the survival of the Church as well as the nature of law and the scope of the state’s legitimate authority.
Imprisoned in the Tower of London for fifteen months before his execution, Thomas More was heavily pressured by family and friends to sign the oath accepting Henry VIII as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. More steadfastly refused but never expressed animosity towards those who complied.
During this time, he wrote a number of devotional and exegetical works, including “The Sadness, the Weariness, the Fear and the Prayer of Christ Before He was taken Prisoner”, an in-depth study and meditation on Our Lord’s agony in the Garden of Gethsemane.
What Thomas More writes applies pointedly to the individuals of his own age who were responsible for the virtual destruction of the Church in England. He writes of the Apostles falling asleep at their post and Judas’ betrayal of Christ as “a mirror image of what has happened through the ages.” More’s message is not limited to the issues of his own time.
Intentionally universal, it is applicable to every age and every individual. More sees the “sleeping Apostles” as a “mysterious image of future times”—it is a lesson for all time.
That St. Thomas More was “the King’s good servant, but God’s servant first” was readily seen in his life of prayer and penance. From the time he was a young man, More started each day with private prayer, spiritual reading, and Mass, regardless of his many duties. He lived demanding mortifications in his characteristically discreet and merry manner. He generously cared for the poor and needy and involved his own children in this same work. He had special devotion to the Blessed Sacrament, to frequent meditation on the Passion, and to the rosary.
Thomas More was executed on July 6, 1535, and canonized as a martyr by Pope Pius XI on May 19, 1935. He has become a symbol of professional integrity, famous for balanced judgment, ever-present humor, and undaunted courage that led him to be known, even in his own lifetime, as “The Man for All Seasons.” He is the Patron Saint of Statesman, Politicians, Lawyers and Civil Servants. St. Thomas More’s feast day is June 22nd.
venerated His heavenly Father in a bodily posture which no earthly prince has dared to command. Our Savior Christ saw that nothing is more profitable than prayer, but He also was aware that this means of salvation would very often be fruitless because of the negligence of men and the malice of demons--so much so that it would very frequently be perverted into an instrument of destruction.
And He went to His disciples and found them sleeping. (Mt 26:40; Mk 14:37, Lk 22:45) Notice here how much greater one love is than another. Notice how Christ’s love for His own was much greater than the love they gave in return, even those who loved Him most. For even the sadness, fear, dread and weariness which so grievously assailed Him as His most cruel torment was drawing near could not keep Him from going to see them. But they, on the other hand, however much they loved Him even at the very time when such an enormous danger was threatening their loving Master, could still give in to sleep.
And He said to Peter, “Simon, are you sleeping? Could you not stay awake one hour with me? Stay awake and pray that you may not enter into temptation. For the spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak.” (Mt 26-40-41, Mk 14-37-38) This short speech of Christ is remarkably forceful: the words are mild, but their point is sharp and piercing. For by addressing him as Simon and reproaching him under that name for his sleepiness, Christ tacitly lets it be known that the name Peter, which Christ had previously given him because of his firmness, would hardly be altogether appropriate now, because of this infirmity and sleep.
Moreover, not only was the failure to use the name Peter a barbed omission, but the actual use of the name Simon also carries a sting. For in Hebrew, the language in which Christ was speaking to him, “Simon” means “listening” and “obedient”. But in fact, he was neither listening nor obedient, since he went to sleep against Christ’s express wishes.
Our Savior’s gentle words to Peter seem to carry certain other barbed implications, which if He were chiding him more severely would be: “Simon, no longer Cephas (Peter), are you sleeping? How do you deserve to be called Peter, which is Rock? I singled you out because of your firmness, but now you show yourself to be so infirm that you could not hold out even for one hour against the inroads of sleep. I always made much of you, Simon, and yet you are sleeping? I paid you many high honors, and yet, you are sleeping? I am being pursued to the death, and you are sleeping? What can I expect from the others, when in such great and pressing danger, not only to Me but also to all of you, that I find you sleeping?
Then, lest this seem to be a matter which concerned Peter only, He turned and spoke to the others: “Stay awake and pray that you may not enter into temptation. The spirit indeed in willing, but the flesh is weak.”
And again He went away for the second time, and said the same prayer over again in these words: “My Father, if this cup cannot pass away without my drinking it, let your will be done.”
And He came again and found them sleeping, for their eyes were heavy. And they did not know what answer to make to Him. And leaving them, He went away again and, kneeling down, said the same prayer in these words: “Father, if you are willing, take this cup from me. Yet not my will, but yours be done.” (Mk 14-39-40, Mt 26:42-44)
When Christ came back from that prayer to see His apostles and found them sleeping and so startled by His arrival that they did not know what to say, He left them, so that it might seem He had come only for the purpose of finding out whether they were awake, whereas He could not have lacked this knowledge (insofar as He was God), even before He came. The answer is: Nothing Our Lord did was done in vain. It is true that His coming into their presence did not rouse them to complete vigilance but only to such a startled, half-awake drowsiness that they hardly raised their eyes to look at Him; or else (what is worse yet) if His reproaches did wake them up completely, still they slipped back into sleep the moment He want away. He Himself both demonstrated His anxious concern for His disciples and also by His example gave to the future pastors of His church a solemn injunction not to allow themselves the slightest wavering, out of sadness or weariness or fear, their diligent care of their flock, but rather to conduct themselves so as to prove in actual fact that they are not so much concerned for themselves as for the welfare of their flock.
And when He had arisen from prayer and come to His disciples, He found them sleeping for sadness, and He said to them, “Why are you sleeping? Sleep on now and take your rest. That is enough. Get up and pray that you may not enter into temptation. Behold, the hour is coming when the Son of Man will be betrayed into the hands of sinners. Get up, let us go. Behold, the one who will betray me is near at hand” (Mt 26:45-46, Mk14:41-42)
When Christ comes back to His apostles for the third time, there they are, buried in sleep, though He commanded them to bear up with Him and to stay awake and pray because of the impending danger; but Judas the traitor at the same time was so wide awake and intent on betraying the Lord that the very idea of sleep never entered his mind. Does not this contrast between the traitor and the apostles present to us a clear and sharp mirror image, a sad and terrible view of what has happened through the ages from those times even to our own? Why do not bishops contemplate in this scene their own somnolence? Since they have succeeded in the place of the apostles, would that they would reproduce their virtues just as eagerly as they embrace their authority and as faithfully as they display their sloth and sleepiness! For very many are sleepy and apathetic in sowing virtues among the people and maintaining the truth, while the enemies of Christ, in order to sow vices and uproot the faith are wide awake—so much wiser are the sons of darkness in their generation than the sons of light.
But although this comparison of the sleeping apostles applies very well to those bishops who sleep while virtue and faith are placed in jeopardy, still it does not apply to all such prelates at all points. For some of them—alas, far more than I wish—do not drift into sleep through sadness and grief as the apostles did. Rather, they are numbed and buried in destructive desires; that is, drunk with new wine of the devil, flesh and the world. They sleep like pigs sprawling in the mire. Certainly, the apostles feeling sadness because of the danger to their Master was praiseworthy, but for them to be so overcome by sadness as to yield completely to sleep, that was certainly wrong. To grieve because the world is perishing or to weep because of the crimes of others bespeaks a reverent outlook.
Sadness of this sort produces repentance that surely tends toward salvation. If a bishop is so overcome by heavy-hearted sleep that he neglects to do what the duty of his office requires for the salvation of his flock—like a cowardly ship’s captain who is so disheartened by the furious din of a storm that he deserts the helm, hides away in some cranny, and abandons the ship to the waves—if a bishop does this, I would certainly not juxtapose and compare his sadness with the sadness that leads, as St. Paul says, to hell; indeed, I would consider it far worse, since such sadness in religious matters seems to spring from a mind which despairs God of help. Far worse, consists of those not depressed by sadness at the danger of others but rather by a fear of injury to themselves, a fear which is so much the worse as its cause is the more contemptible, that is when it is not a question of life or death, but of money.
Our Lord commands: “Do not be afraid of those who destroy the body and after that can do nothing further. But I will show you the one you should fear: fear him, who, when he has destroyed the body, has the power to send the soul also to hell. This I tell you, is the one you must fear.” If every good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep, certainly one who saves his own life to the detriment of his sheep is not filling the role of the good shepherd. Even worse, if driven by fear, he denies Christ openly in words and forsakes Him publicly. Such prelates do not sleep like Peter, but deny his waking. But under the kindly glance of Christ, many of them through His grace will eventually wipe out that failure and save themselves by weeping, if only they respond to His glance and friendly call to repentance with bitterness of heart and a new way of life and leave behind the shackles of evil which bound them to their sins. But if anyone is so set in evil that he does not merely neglect to profess the truth and preaches false doctrine, whether for sordid gain or out of a corrupt ambition, such a person does not sleep like Peter, but rather stays awake with wicked Judas and, like Judas, persecutes Christ. This man’s condition is far more dangerous than that of the others, as shown by the sad and horrible end Judas came to.
Christ did not merely order the apostles to pray but shows them the need for it and teaches what they should pray for. Pray that you may not enter into temptation.
Prayer is the only safeguard against temptation which permits the besieging troops of the devil to enter the castle of the soul. From the example of bad priests, the contamination of vice spreads easily among the people. During these times of severe crisis in Our Lord’s Church, it is necessary for the people to stay awake, get up, and pray all the more earnestly for themselves--and not only for themselves but also for the Successor of St. Peter, the Princes of the Church, and all clergy. Let us imagine that Christ is addressing us: “WHYARE YOU SLEEPING? SLEEP ON NOW AND TAKE YOUR REST. THAT IS ENOUGH! GET UPAND PRAY! THE ONE WHO WILL BETRAY ME IS AT HAND.”
St. Thomas More, Faithful Servant of God, Pray for Us!
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High temperatures in the child.What to do?
Children And Health / / May 05, 2016
temperature in the child video
When a child has a high temperature - it is always a cause of great anxiety of parents.Although it would seem, fever itself says, just that the body is fighting hard kid with an internal "enemy."Paradox?Not at all.It is only important to know when the heat really require medical intervention and swallowing pills, and when you can do without it.
What you need to shoot down the temperature of the child?
So, if a child is ill, in any event - call your doctor.Only he can make a diagnosis and to say what caused the temperature: infectious or non-infectious causes.And, then, it will tell you when it is better to trust the child's body, "consciously" supporting an elevated temperature (which helps it neutralize harmful microorganisms and slow down the process of their reproduction), and when it is time to deal with the heat.
However, to shoot down the temperature below 39 degrees, doctors are advised not unanimous.This, incidentally, confirmed by the recommendations o
How to properly measure the temperature?
How to correctly measure the temperature of your baby?
only - in the armpits, groin, or rectum.Climb a thermometer in the baby's mouth is possible only by means of a special pacifier thermometer.Measuring temperature rectally (into the rectum) it is recommended only in the case of very small children (up to 5-6 months) and it is better to do it with the help of an electronic thermometer that allows you to manage, in just a minute.In axillary or inguinal folds temperature is measured using an ordinary mercury thermometer, pre-treated with alcohol or warm soapy water.It is very good, by the way, if your child has a personal thermometer.
Shake the thermometer so it shows less than 36 degrees C, wipe the baby's skin in the folds and start to measure.Thus if you measure the temperature in the groin, it is better to put the child on the flank.If you choose the underarm, take the baby in his arms, hold a pen or a leg with a thermometer to him and reproached him a little on his hands.After 10 minutes you will have accurate temperature readings.And keep in mind that rectal measurements are usually half a degree above measurements in the mouth, and by 1 degree C higher than in the groin or underarm area.
During his illness should measure the temperature three times a day.And be sure to write down the results of your measurements.So the doctor will be much easier to judge the course and severity of the ailment.It is not necessary to measure the temperature, when the child is upset, scared or excited, and tightly wrap up the child.In this case, the measurement results may not be entirely accurate.
How to cope with the temperature?
Well, we will assume that you measured the temperature.But on the thermometer the very disturbing indicators that exceed the mark of 39 degrees C. The main thing is do not panic!And try to perform a series of simple recommendations.
1. Put the baby as easily as possible, so that excess heat does not remain in the body.If, on the contrary coddle the child with a high temperature, it can get heat stroke that will provoke an increase in temperature is already up to a critical level.So release the baby from all unnecessary clothing and keep the room temperature above 20 degrees C.
2. You can use the "cold water bottle."Freeze water in small containers and wrapping them with a towel or diaper, attach to blood vessels in the armpit or groin.
3. During his illness, and especially at elevated temperature, the child's body loses a lot of fluid.Therefore, drinking plenty of fluids, in this case - a necessary element of the reduction program.Infants often desirable to put to the breast or drink some water.Older Babes Try also offer water regularly, juicy fruit or fruit juice (diluted with boiled water).Remind your child about drinking, but do not force it.However, if he does it refuses to drink for a few hours - be sure to tell the doctor.
4. Wiping best used in combination with other antipyretic activities.However, if no special preparations, and may be useful in itself.To cool off, do not use cold (or cool) water, it can enter the body in misleading and instead reduce cause another surge of increasing degrees.Do not use wiping alcohol (once fashionable antipyretic), because the child is contraindicated breathe its vapors.
- Otitis and ear infections in children: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention
- Fever and fever
- Influenza: types of flu, flu-like symptoms,prevention and treatment of influenza
- Forget about colds
Be careful with acetic rubdown, they help not for everyone.And, in general, sponging contraindicated kiddies who have previously observed seizures or have signs of neurological diseases.In any case, as it should, prepare the child for the procedure: put the oilcloth on it - a sheet, and on top - a baby.And be sure to easily nestle it so it did not feel discomfort.Then dip a cloth into a bowl with warm water and place it on the forehead baby.Another of the same cloth treat his skin from the periphery to the center.To achieve the effect of treatment should last at least 20-30 minutes.For wiping, you can re-wet the cloth and pour the warm waters.
5. Well, and, in fact, a drug hit in temperature.Currently clinically recommended to apply in the case of children's fever (i.e., elevated temperature), paracetamol and ibuprofen.Analgin as antipyretic is not recommended due to the very probable allergic reactions and aspirin, in general, it is forbidden to give children, under 15 years of age.
Notice the variety of modern dosage forms.And if at the sweet syrup or chewable tablets of paracetamol a child an allergic reaction up to vomiting, it is better to use candles, which are very conveniently administered after a bowel movement before going to sleep at night baby.Keep in mind that the medicines have an effect on the body after only 30 minutes, while the spark manifest themselves only after 40-45 min after administration.
Take repeated dose no earlier than 4 hours and only in the case of another significant jump in temperature.And closely monitor this in the annotation to the drug dosage of age (unless your doctor prescribed more).
And, most importantly, follow your baby's reactions.After all, in the end, the effectiveness of a drug is dependent primarily on the individual manifestations of each child's body.And if you feel that the fight with the temperature fails, consult a doctor.
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1. What observations can we make about Beowulf? For instance, you may want to note what makes Beowulf a heroic figure.
2. Would this character seem heroic in the other cultures we've studied? Why or why not?
3. What about the apparent abundance of boasting?
4. Do we read this differently as modern people than would the contemporaries of the original story?
This solution responds to the questions and discusses aspects of the character Beowulf.
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Next, the students thought about animals in the sky, versus those on land, versus those that are subterranean. And they placed these animals on a make-shift stage.
Here are the animals that live on land.
To see all the animals that we talked about, and made about, we visited the zoo!
Here are some caged animals!
When we came back, we knew exactly what to do...
We also made worms, snakes, a fox for the underground animals.
We also made a presentation board to show and explain about our choice of animal(s) to our parents.
Here we have the final product--a tree that captured the students' senses about animals around us. Check out the beautiful details:
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How can we help students improve their exam scores? We can nag them to “Study more!” or “Study earlier!” or “Study smarter!” But in my experience, nothing has worked as well as a post-exam assessment tool (available on my course website) with which students can categorize the exam questions they missed and identify study techniques that would have helped them perform better.
I “stole” my assessment years ago from Lena Ballard of Rock Valley College (a big thanks once again to her, if she’s reading this). It is a four-step process that begins by asking students to list the exam questions they missed and explain why they missed those questions (step 1). They then determine where that material was available for them to study (step 2). Just seeing that they could have learned it if they had studied correctly is already an eye-opening experience for many students. (“Oh look! It was right there in my notes!”) In step 3, students select items from a checklist of study strategies they used. Finally, in step 4, they write a study plan for the next exam.
I never knew there was a name for this, but now I know differently! I learned as much when I saw Kelly Cowan’s recent blog post (I Hated Your Class. It Changed My Life), which linked to a blog post of the same name by Jose Antonio Bowen. He mentioned the intriguing phrase “cognitive wrappers,” which (upon further investigation) turned out to be a general term for encouraging students to think about how they learn. My post-exam assessment certainly fits under this umbrella.
If you compare the post-exam assessment on my website with the suggestions on Bowen’s page, two major differences stick out. First, unlike mine, Bowen’s does not have a section asking students to figure out where the material they missed was available for them to learn. I think this is an important step. The second major difference is that I provide a checklist of study strategies, whereas Bowen suggests having students estimate what percent of their study time they allocated to each strategy. Genius! That small change would give me a much better starting point for understanding where students are falling short in their study habits. Next time I use my post-exam assessment tool in class, I will modify it to include percentages.
By the way, if you want to see another example, check out Carnegie Mellon University’s Center for Teaching Excellence and Educational Innovation. Its page dedicated to exam wrappers is complete with examples for physics, biology, chemistry, and math.
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Every year, we get a lot of orders for giveaways to celebrate Valentine’s Day. It’s the same this year as well. We have decided to celebrate Valentine’s Day with this list of fun facts.We hope you enjoy them!
- Who used the words “From your Valentine” first?
Centuries ago, Emperor Claudius II banned Roman men from marrying during wartime. A bishop named Valentine was against the ban and performed secret weddings. He was jailed by the emperor and later executed. During his time in jail, he wrote a letter to the jailor’s daughter and signed it “From your Valentine”.
Bishop Valentine is considered by many to be the man behind Valentine’s Day.
- 1 billion Valentine’s Day cards!
An estimated 1 billion cards are exchanged for Valentine’s Day every year around the world. Stats from the U.S. Greeting Card Association reveal 145 million cards are exchanged for Valentine’s Day in the US alone. This is second only to Christmas Day, which sees an exchange of a whopping 1.6 billion cards in the US!
- February 14 is SAD!
Valentine’s Day has competition. February 14 is also celebrated as Singles Awareness Day (SAD) by people in the USA!
- The first chocolate boxes were designed for Valentine’s Day
Richard Cadbury was the son of John Cadbury, the founder of the world’s largest chocolate producing company. Richard Cadbury is credited with introducing the world’s first box of chocolates. He did this for Valentine’s Day way back in the late 1800s.
The chocolate box was decorated with a painting of his daughter with a kitten in her arms. Chocolates are widely gifted during Valentine’s Day. An estimated $1 billion worth of chocolates are purchased every year in the US alone.
- Teachers are likely to receive more Valentine’s Day cards than anybody else!
Here’s a surprising fact. Did you know that teachers are thought to receive the most Valentine’s Day cards? Not surprising if you consider the fact that each teacher deals with a minimum of 30-150 students on a daily basis.
- A little history about Cupid
Cupid has been associated with Valentine’s Day for several decades now. Always pictured with a bow and arrow, he is ready to pierce people’s hearts to let love blossom!
Cupid has his origins in Greek mythology. He is the son of Venus, the powerful goddess of love and beauty.
- $17.3 billion – That’s how much Americans spent to celebrate Valentine’s Day!
A study by the National Retail Federation revealed an interesting figure. An estimated $17.3 billion was spent by U.S. consumers to celebrate Valentine’s Day in 2014!
Enjoyed the facts provided in this article? We recommend you go through our range of Valentine’s Day giveaways to kick-start your next marketing campaign.
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C diff - (clostridia difficile) infection is the bane of the existence for patients(and their doctors) who take long term antibiotics for Lyme disease. The infection occurs when normal gut flora are destroyed by antibiotics clearing the way for the opportunistic bacteria to take hold.
The biosphere of the GI tract is composed of trillions of micro-organisms including a wide variety of bacteria, fungi and parasites. Destruction of these "good bacteria" clears the way for c diff, previously contained within a narrow niche of the overall ecosystem of the gut flora, to disseminate and cause disease. The infection can be mild or severe, at times even life threatening.
Although c diff may be a naturally occurring part of the gut flora, infection may be introduced externally through spores or infected individuals. Even in these cases an intact gut flora helps to prevent the development of clinical disease.
So what are these good bacteria? Our bodies are colonized with massive quantities of micro-organisms. These bacteria/organisms may be parasitic or symbiotic. Parasites live off the land, offering nothing in return. Symbionts on the other hand can be either commensal (neutral) or mutualistic: something positive is provided to both the bacteria and the host.
One hears a lot about the beneficial effects of "good" bacteria. It turns out that some bacteria are good and beneficial to our immune systems
Good bacteria may: synthesize and excrete vitamins, prevent the colonization of pathogenic (disease causing) bacteria, provide natural antibiotic effects and aid in the production of natural antibodies (amongst others).
There are two take home points (yet to be made).
Some antibiotics are more commonly associated with c diff and some probiotics may help prevent the disease.
Quinolones such as Levaquin are highly associated with development of c diff. In addition, because of resistance, these agents appear to be associated with more virulent strains of c diff. Cephalosporins are more highly implicated. For example: Ceftin and Omnicef are more frequently associated with c diff then drugs from the penicillin family like amoxicillin. Clindamycin is also highly associated with c diff. This knowledge can help direct the prescription of the safest antibiotics.
In a published clinical study a proprietary mix(yogurt drink)of bacterial probiotics: L casei, L bulgaricus and S thermophilus has been shown to decrease the frequency of c diff. In addtion, the probiotic S boulardii, yeast based, may form a barrier which protects the gut.
Please take your probiotics. C diff can lead to sepsis, emergency surgery and even death. Treatments are available (Flagyl/Vancomycin), but they are not always effective. And, more virulent strains of c diff are starting to appear. More importantly, c diff tends to recur. This can make ongoing treatment very challenging to say the least.
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Global CO2 concentration reaches 400 parts per million in 2015 : WMO
Free Current Affairs to Your Email
Posted on:25 Oct 2016 17:47:30
25 October 2016 Current Affairs: The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has released annual Greenhouse Gas Bulletin on 24 October 2016. As per the bulletin, the average level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere across the globe passed 400 parts per million (ppm) in 2015.
The statistics released by WMO is a symbolic and worrying milestone in growth of manmade climate change.
Highlights of the Greenhouse Gas Bulletin : The WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin reports on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) accounted for about 65% of radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases. The pre-industrial level of about 278 ppm represented a balance between the atmosphere, the oceans and the biosphere.
Human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels has altered the natural balance and in 2015, globally averaged levels were 144% of pre-industrial levels.
In 2015, global annual average concentration of CO2 concentrations reached 400.0 ppm. Theincrease of CO2 from 2014 to 2015 was larger than the previous year and the average over the previous 10 years.In addition to reducing the capacity of vegetation to absorb CO2 the powerful, El Nino also led to an increase in CO2 emissions from forest fires.
Methane (CH4) is the second most important long-lived greenhouse gas and contributes to about 17% of radiative forcing. Atmospheric methane reached a new high of about 1845 parts per billion (ppb) in 2015 and is now 256% of the pre-industrial level.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is emitted into the atmosphere from both natural (about 60%) and anthropogenic sources (approximately 40%), including oceans, soil, biomass burning, fertilizer use and various industrial processes. Its atmospheric concentration in 2015 was about 328 parts per billion. This is 121% of pre-industrial levels. It also plays an important role in the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer, which protects us from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.
World Meteorological Organization : The World Meteorological Organization is an intergovernmental organization with a membership of 191 Member States and Territories. It originated from the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), which was founded in 1873.It was established in 1950.
It became the specialised agency of the United Nations for meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences.It has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.It is a member of the United Nations Development Group.
FreshersLive - No.1 Job site in India. Fresherslive Current Affairs 2017 section offers informative quiz questions with answers regarding latest current affairs today for all sorts of competitive exams like UPSC, TNPSC , IFS, IAS, IPS, railway exams (RRB) and banking exams like IPBS PO, IPBS clerk, Federal Bank PO, ICICI, SBI, RBI legal officer & Grade officer posts and much more. Register with us to get latest Current Affairs Updates. Also get latest Current Affairs news and quiz Updates for free alerts daily through E-mail
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Quick notes about the word “Muhajer,” a word that is used to denote mainly to the person who leaves his place of birth seeking either a religious goal, or a personal, non-religious, aim.
1- The word #Muhajer comes from the very Hajara, ha-ja-ra، هاجر
2- Its importance in Islamic terms stems from the act of #Hijrah performed by Muhammad, the Prophet, when he left his home in Mecca and went to, then, Yathreb, later known as al-Madina al-Munawarah. He established a successful state after that. Here the action of Hijrah is important because it leads to the establishment to a state. For example, many Jihadis today following this example stress the importance of Hijrah so they could achieve a “Khilafa following the example” of that made during the days of the Prophet.
3- Today, the word #Muhajer denotes to many differing characters. The one who has left his country looking for a chance to work is known as a Muhajer. Also, the one who left his country to join a Muslim group fighting somewhere is called a Muhajer. There is a huge difference between both, although the same word is used to denote to both.
4- Jihadi recruiters always invoke the word Hijrah to entice people to leave the comfort of their homes. In this case the word Hijrah is close to the word #Nafeer, which mean to leave the comfort of your home and join the battle.
5- According to many Muslim theoreticians, if there is a Muslim State, every Muslim should perform Hijrah, which mean in this case joining that Muslim State. Those behind #ISIS always ask people to come to them: to perform Hijrah to the land of #Khilafa.
6- al-Muhajer is the nickname of many Jihadis, for example: Abu Hamza al-Muhajer.
7- When a Muslim takes the boat to Europe, the last thing in the world he wants is to have the word Muhajer stuck to his name. He wants to get out of this stigma as fast as possible.
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These water droplets are not falling; they’re actually stuck in place. What we’re seeing is the effects of an acoustic levitator. The device was initially developed by NASA to simulate microgravity. Now it’s being used by the pharmaceutical industry do develop better drugs.
The two parts of the apparatus seen in the image above are both speakers. They put out a sound at about 22 kHz, which is beyond the human range of hearing. When precisely aligned they interfere with each other and create a standing wave. The droplets are trapped in the nodes of that wave.
So are these guys just playing around with the fancy lab equipment? Nope. The levitation is being used to evaporate water from a drug without the substance touching the sides of a container. This prevents the formation of crystals in the solution. But we like it for the novelty and would love to see someone put one of these together in their home workshop.
Don’t miss the mystical demo in the clip after the break.
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History of Lincoln Park – LA’s First Park
Formally East Los Angeles Park, Eastside Park, & Eastlake Park (East Lake Park),
Lincoln Park has long been the recreational center of East Los Angeles.
From humble beginnings, City Council created the Department of Parks in 1889. At that time the city owned several pieces of land that were believed suitable for park purposes. They turned over these properties to the newly organized Department of Parks. In a generous mood during Christmas of 1896, Colonel Griffith J. Griffith offered to donate five square miles of the Los Feliz Rancho to the City as a park. He said, “it must be made a place of recreation and rest for the masses, a resort for the rank and file, for the plain people…” What followed was the development of several more parks including the original pueblo lands of the old plaza, Elysian Park, Pershing Square, and later Lincoln Park, MacArthur Park, Echo Lake Park, and Hollenbeck Park.
While these parks were available in the early years of the 20th century, there were no planned and supervised recreation activities in the parks. Children were forced to find their play on public streets and vacant lots that were hardly suited for organized games. These conditions triggered a civic movement to officially establish a Playground Commission and Department. Their plan was “for the prevention and control of juvenile delinquency and to provide wholesome and constructive play and recreation for youth, in supervised playgrounds, as an alternative to play in the city streets.”
Today, the City’s Department of Recreation and Parks manages all municipally owned and operated recreation and parks facilities within the City and has been the human face of the City of Los Angeles. Rooted in the goals of our predecessors, we continue to bring people together to celebrate, to compete, to learn new skills, and to relax with family and friends.
(History of Recreation and Parks www.laparks.org)
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Paradise Apple/Paradisæble /Malus species
Paradise Apple is a lovely little tree with bunches of beautiful flowers in the spring and lots of miniature apples in yellow or red colours in the autumn. They are hardy trees and are found in many sorts, some of them grow in gardens and parks, other in fences or feral in forest and thicket. Most of the sorts origin from East Asia. There is place for a paradise apple tree even in the smallest garden.
The fruits are still on the trees a long time after leaf fall, and they are very much sought after by birds.
De biggest fruits are fine in jelly and gelé. They can also give an extra special taste to a snaps - whole preserved paradise apples are an excellent and pretty accompaniment for many desserts - and raw paradise apples cooked in pies, cakes or fermented into cider - the taste can be sweet and pleasant.
photo: grethe bachmann
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Culture is education in the widest sense of the word. It is only through culture that human beings can unfold their human-ness. Through the education provided by culture we learn in a few years of our lives what it took humanity thousands of years to learn. In this way, culture has the power to accelerate our evolution.
It is often said that the purpose of education is to ‘draw out’ (Latin: educare) the inner potential. Without culture and education we could not develop this potential.
Culture transmits values and provides us with forms through which we can express these values. Cultural traditions and celebrations enable us to transcend the secular and enter into contact with the sacred. Many traditions also remind us of the annual cycle of nature and help us to re-connect with nature in a profound way.
In New Acropolis we explore various arts, crafts and traditions, visit sites of cultural and historical interest in Britain and abroad, and try to bring people into closer contact with nature.
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- Within 35 years, Shenzhen has grown from a town of 30,000 to a megacity of 10 million
- Recent rural migrants make up a high proportion of the city’s population – their right to cultural provision is a key driver in city policy
- Shenzhen’s creative industries have boomed following a policy decision in 2005, with the ‘culture+technology’ model becoming central to its economy
City data: Key facts
- Geographical area: 1,997sq. km
- Total population: 10,778,900
- Percentage of total national population living in the city: 0.8%
- Education level – percentage with degree level or higher: 41.10%
- GDP (PPP) million: $453,335
- Percentage creative industries employment: 2.76%
By any standard, Shenzhen is a very new city. In 1980, when it became China’s first Special Economic Zone, it was a fishing town of 30,000. Since then it has become a world centre of manufacturing, specialising in electronics, software and telecommunications.
Today Shenzhen is a megacity, with a population of over 10 million. Of its residents, over 95% are Han Chinese. The city’s dramatic growth has been fuelled entirely by internal migration. Shenzhen is the largest migrant city in China: even now, millions of people lack permanent residency in Guangdong province, often living in factory dormitories. Although Shenzhen’s population is projected to increase to 12 million by 2025, its rate of growth has slowed dramatically. It is now facing a shortage of space for further expansion along with high housing prices.
It is part of a much larger mega-region, the Greater Pearl River Delta, which stretches from Hong Kong to Shenzhen to Guangzhou and embraces some 120 million people. Much of Shenzhen’s prosperity was built upon its nearness to Hong Kong’s open economy, but its growth and success means that it now can consider Hong Kong a competitor. A challenge for Shenzhen over the next decade will be to develop its own unique identity to differentiate itself from its powerful neighbours.
In 2005, when most Chinese cities were still developing their manufacturing base, Shenzhen developed a strategy to transition its economy. It aimed to develop four pillars: high technology, modern logistics, finance, and the cultural and creative industries. Since then, the cultural and creative industries have been growing by 20% annually: in 2014 they represented 9.8% of Shenzhen’s GDP. Areas of importance include design, software, animation and video games, new media, digital publishing, television and the performing arts. Shenzhen has a large creative workforce drawn from across China, and aims to become a city of innovation, focusing on digital, IT and ‘smart cities.’
At the same time Shenzhen has a massive population of rural migrant workers with limited education and no roots in the city. These are particularly concentrated in suburban districts such as Longgang, Longhua and Bao’an (which is 95% migrants). The city government faces the major challenge of providing cultural facilities and activities to these migrants and ensuring their integration into the life of the city. A Migrant Workers’ Cultural Festival helps to encourage participation.
Culture is now a priority for Shenzhen, which emphasises the right of citizens to cultural provision. The Publicity Department of the Shenzhen Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China has established a wide range of cultural facilities: by the end of 2013, Shenzhen had 633 public libraries, 34 museums, 20 theatres, and 11 public art galleries receiving more than 2 million visitors per year. Yet it still faces challenges: in particular it has many fewer universities and academic institutions than other leading Chinese cities. This lack of academic talent has impacted Shenzhen’s ability to define, create and assess its cultural offer as a city.
Shenzhen was named as a global model for the promotion of reading by UNESCO. Creating a reading culture is a key aim for the city, which sees reading as directly influencing its capacity to create and to compete economically. Shenzhen currently has four ‘book malls,’ each with over 10,000 square metres of floor space. The Shenzhen Book Mall in the city centre is arguably the city’s most vibrant public culture venue.
More informal participation in culture is also growing. One important cultural hub is OCT LOFT Creative Culture Park. Starting in 2003, a large state-owned enterprise, Overseas Chinese Town (OCT) Group, led the revitalisation of a former industrial district which has been converted into offices for creative businesses, bookshops, cafes, bars, artist studios and design shops. The LOFT hosts festivals and exhibitions and is also the home of OCT Contemporary Art Terminal, a major gallery for Chinese contemporary art.
For Shenzhen, culture is a concept that can be deployed across sectors to support innovation. The ‘culture+technology’ model is central to its economy, with examples including Tencent, China’s largest and most used Internet service portal, and Arton, a group that runs art spaces and an on-line art market. Similarly, the OCT group illustrates the ‘culture+tourism’ model.
Shenzhen hosts the China (Shenzhen) International Cultural Industries Fair (ICIF), run by the Chinese Ministries of Culture and of Commerce. In 2014 it attracted over 2,000 exhibitors, 17,000 overseas buyers and 5 million visitors. Another important event is the Shenzhen & Hong Kong Bi-City Biennale of Urbanism/Architecture. Bringing together these two neighbouring cities, it is internationally unique in its focus on urbanism and urbanisation. It is sponsored by the Shenzhen Municipal Government and organised by Shenzhen Public Art Center.
After its amazing growth and development over the past three decades, Shenzhen now faces the challenge of transitioning into a mature city. Culture and creativity are key tools in the process, as Shenzhen works to develop its identity.
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The Movement, which held a subsequent meeting at Harper's Ferry, W. Va., issued a statement that said in part, ''We claim for ourselves every single right that belongs to a freeborn American, political, civil and social; and until we get these rights we will never cease to protest and assail the ears of America.'' But the movement, hampered by various difficulties, soon sputtered and became inactive.
Then the riot came.
For six days in August 1908, a mob of white people surged through the streets of Springfield, Ill., lynching and maiming black people at will and at whim. The irony of this happening in the hometown of Abraham Lincoln, earnestly if somewhat simplistically revered as the Great Emancipator, was lost on no one, the rioters least of all. ''Lincoln freed you, we'll show you your place,'' they cried as they flogged black people through the streets.
The appalling spectacle energized white liberals like Mary White Ovington and Oswald Garrison Villard. On Lincoln's 100th birthday, Feb. 12, 1909, they joined with DuBois and other remnants of the Niagara Movement to issue a call for a conference on race.
That call -- a century ago Thursday -- was the birth certificate of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
Lincoln may have emancipated the slaves, but it is the work of organizations like the NAACP that continue to work toward freedom.
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Keigo – Linguistic elements
How you can express Keigo – linguistic elements
Select words to show respect
- Indirectness is more important than directness. Rather than call somebody by his/her first/surname, the words that are associated with remoteness are often chosen. For example, the word ‘anata（あなた）’, which originally meant ‘a place far away’, was employed to show speaker’s respect to others.
- In responding to questions, we tend to choose the more formal ‘Yes’ rather than the informal/colloquial ‘Yeah’ in English.
- The use of slang-like vocabulary is carefully avoided on some occasions.
Respect vs humble, wishful statements rather than imperative
- Japanese sometimes refer to books/letters/arguments, with terms that embody respect, which were written by their superiors. Equally they deliberately belittle themselves to show their humbleness in the presence of supposedly influential persons.
- Wishful statements rather than imperative statements are often employed to convey one’s hope.
Sensitive to situations
- Some of the words that are freely used in ordinary conversation should be avoided
in certain situations because these sound very rude.
Suppose you invited a Japanese mentor for a drink. He/she asked what time it was,
then you would never say “Moo 11-ji han de gozaimasu!（もう、１１時半でございます。）”, which literally means ” It is already 11.30pm”. The word “Moo（もう）” could imply that you wished he would leave. It should be just “11-ji han de gozaimasu.（１１時半で ございます。）”.
- In communicating, Japanese carefully choose the topics that please their superiors.
When the former American president Mr Clinton visited Japan and was invited on
to a live TV show, one of the middle-aged women started asking questions about Monica Lewinsky.
However, she was immediately asked to stop questioning
Mr Clinton because traditional Japanese people would perceive this as rude
Tone of your voice
- You enunciate words/phrases distinctly rather than roughly.
In English, “we’re gonna visit Mr Smith tomorrow” is less polite than
“We are going to visit Mr Smith tomorrow”. The same applies to Japanese.
“Watakushi(わたくし＝私）” is better than “watashi（わたし）’ or “washi（わし）”.
Also when you introduce yourself it should be “Peter Smith de gozaimasu.（ピーター・スミスで ございます。）”
Rather than “Peter Smith de zaimasu.（ピーター・スミスでざあます。）”
- Polite expressions usually have a non-rising tone at the end.
Ending a statement in a rising tone should be avoided as this might be interpreted as an interrogative.
- At the beginning/end of a speech, your name should be pronounced in rather a modest way.
Admittedly this is not as common as it used to be.
- Letters should be written ideally with a calligraphy brush in kaisho (print-style)
rather than with a ball-point pen. The name(s) of any superior(s) is written
in a larger font and yours in a smaller font. Additionally,
your name should be physically positioned below the name(s) of these superior(s).
What is Keigo?
How Keigo was born
Keigo – Non Linguistic elements.
Handing out and receiving business cards
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Yes, the freshmen and sophomores get to go camping. Yes, the seniors get to sleep in cabins on the writing retreat. But nobody lives higher-on-the-hog than the juniors during the Gettysburg Trip.
Every fall, theGWCS junior class heads north to Gettysburg. It is not truly analogous to Lee’s march on Gettysburg in 1863, but we mention it. Of course we ride on highways through rolling hills and arrive in good condition and good spirits in less than three hours, and Lee’s troops arrived after a forty day March, but still, the similarities are undeniable.
The Battle of Gettysburg is a seminal moment in the history of the Unite States. Some argue that there might not even be a United States today had the outcome of this battle gone differently. Many soldiers from many states arrived and participated in the three day battle. From a safe distance (like the twenty-first century) it is a spectacle to behold. From Culps Hill to the North to Little Round Top in the south, the Union and Confederate sides fought in the largest, bloodiest battle on North American soil.
Together we spent the first day visiting the Memorial Graveyard, where Abraham Lincoln deliver the Gettysburg Address. Then we spent several hours investigating the battlefield museum followed by the awe-inspiring Cyclorama of the Battle of Gettysburg painted by Paul Phillipoteaux. In the evening we gathered together at conference room of the luxury hotel (Motel 6) and watched the movie, “Gettysburg,” which lasted about four and a half hours. With the basics covered, we were ready for day two.
Although the soldiers at the battle of Gettysburg fought on July 1-3 in hundred degree heat, we went out to the battlefield at dawn, with frost on the ground. We started at McPherson’s Ridge, went to the Eternal Flame, walked along Seminary Ridge, Pickett’s Charge, The Wheat Field, Little Round Top, and more. We stood where they stood. We looked out where they looked out, and we charged where they charged (albeit without guns, backpacks, heavy jackets, ammunition, and in the absence of hostile fire continuously raining-down on us) and wondered what it must have been like to have been there.
Morality? Philosophy? Loyalty? Duty? There are so many ways to consider a soldier’s life, and a soldier’s role in the grand scheme of things. More than 50,000 men (and one woman) were killed, wounded, or captured during this battle. The Tide of the war was turned in the favor of the union, once and for all. As Lincoln so aptly said, “The world…can never forget what they did here,” the results of their efforts so permanently ingrained in the DNA of the country that stands today.
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Presentation on theme: "Mercury Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of the Inner Planets, probably because the heat of the nearby Sun as Mercury formed,"— Presentation transcript:
2Mercury Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of the Inner Planets, probably because the heat of the nearby Sun as Mercury formed, about billion years ago, prevented most of the gases present in the vicinity from becoming part of the Proto planet. When the planet is visible on Earth's horizon just after sunset or before dawn, it is obscured by the haze and dust in our atmosphere. Only radar telescopes gave any hint of Mercury's surface conditions prior to the voyage of Mariner 10. The photographs Mariner 10 radioed back to Earth revealed an ancient, heavily cratered surface, closely resembling our own Moon.So far, observations of Mercury from ground-based observers and the Mariner 10 spacecraft have not shown any evidence of a significant atmosphere. Mariner 10 did observe a tiny amount of helium (exerting a pressure 1/1,000,000,000,000 of the Earth's atmosphere) 1000 km above the surface, but this is probably produced by capturing particles from the solar wind and radioactive decay of Mercury's crust. Temperatures at the surface range between -180°C and 450°C (- 290°F to 840°F - hot enough for lead to melt). This large range in surface temperature is possible because Mercury is so close to the Sun, a day 176 Earth days long, and does not have an atmosphere present to moderate the range in surface temperature.
3Venus and Earth are almost the same size Venus and Earth are almost the same size. Venus is the closest planet to Earth, but it does not have oceans or human life like Earth. Venus gets so hot during the day that it could melt a lead cannonball. The temperature rises to 484 degrees Celsius on the side facing the Sun. Venus has very thick, rapidly spinning clouds which cover its surface. These clouds hold heat in. That is why Venus gets so hot. These clouds also reflect sunlight. That is why Venus appears so bright to us here on Earth. There are constant thunderstorms in these clouds. The surface of Venus has many craters which were made by meteorites and asteroids crashing into the planet. Venus also has volcanoes. This planet is unusual because it rotates in a direction opposite that of all of the other planets. Venus spins very slowly as it orbits the Sun.
4Venus is the second closest planet to the Sun and our nearest planetary neighbor. With a diameter of kilometers it is the closest in size to the Earth. Its orbit about the Sun takes days with its distance from the Sun being almost three-quarters that of the Earth. The planet rotates retrogradely in 243 days with respect to the stars (117 days with respect to the Sun, the Venusian day). From the Earth the planet's surface is never seen as it is always covered by very dense layers of clouds. The upper clouds rotate with a period of four days at speeds of 350 km/hr (215 mph). Because the size and mass of Venus are close to those of the Earth it was supposed by many that Venus might be Earth like and might even have life-forms on its surface. The truth is that Venus is very different from the Earth and it is extremely unlikely that there is any possibility that life has formed on Venus.
6Mars Facts (The God of War) Martians have four seasons like Earthlings, but have two satellites, Phobos and Deimos. Mars has a revolution period of 687 Earth days and one year is equivalent to 23 Earth months. Mars is about half the size of Earth, and temperatures range between 26 degrees Celsius in day to -111 degrees Celsius at night. Galileo first discovered Mars in 1610.Physical DataEquatorial Diameter 6794 km Ellipticity Mass x1023 kg Volume (Earth=1) Density(Water=1) Equatorial Rotation hr Axial Inclination degrees Albedo Surface Gravity (Earth=1) Escape Velocity 5.02 km s-1
7Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the solar system. It is more than 10 times the diameter of Earth and more than 300 times its mass. In fact, the mass of Jupiter is almost times that of all the other planets combined. Being composed largely of the light elements hydrogen and helium, its mean density is only times that of water. The mean density of Earth is times that of water. The pull of gravity on Jupiter at the top of the clouds at the equator is 2.4 times as great as gravity's pull at the surface of Earth at the equator. Jupiter rotates at a dizzying pace -- once every 9 hours 55 minutes 30 seconds, although the period determined by watching cloud features differs by up to five minutes due to intrinsic cloud motions. The massive planet takes almost 12 Earth years to complete a journey around the Sun. From the Earth, Jupiter can be seen to show a disc with polar flattening, this is due to a very rapid rotation.
8Jupiter has a Great Red Spot (GRS), an enormous anti-cyclonic system which has lasted for hundreds of years. This hurricane- like storm in Jupiter's atmosphere is more than twice the size of the Earth. As a high-pressure region, the Great Red Spot spins in a direction opposite to that of low-pressure storms on Jupiter; it is surrounded by swirling currents that rotate around the spot and are sometimes consumed by it. Across the disc several bands of dark and light clouds can be seen and the GRS is visible during each rotation. Pictures returned by the Voyager probes have shown the complexity of the structures within these bands. It is thought that the brighter zones are cloud-covered regions of upward moving atmosphere, while the darker belts are the regions of descending gases. An elongated yellow cloud within the GRS is swirling around the spot's interior boundary in a counter- clockwise direction with a period of a little less than six days, confirming the whirlpool-like circulation that astronomers have suspected from ground-based photographs.
9Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest: orbit: 1,429,400,000 km (9.54 AU) from Sun diameter: 120,536 km (equatorial)Saturn has been known since prehistoric times. Galileo was the first to observe it with a telescope in 1610; he noted its odd appearance but was confused by it. Early observations of Saturn were complicated by the fact that the Earth passes through the plane of Saturn's rings every few years as Saturn moves in its orbit. A low resolution image of Saturn therefore changes drastically.It was not until 1659 that Christiaan Huygens correctly inferred the geometry of the rings. Saturn's rings remained unique in the known solar system until 1977 when very faint rings were discovered around Uranus and shortly thereafter around Jupiter and Neptune).Saturn was first visited by Pioneer 11 in 1979 and later by Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. Cassini, now on its way, will arrive in
10Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun and the third largest (by diameter). Uranus is larger in diameter but smaller in mass than Neptune. orbit: 2,870,990,000 km ( AU) from Sun diameter: 51,118 km (equatorial) Uranus, the first planet discovered in modern times, was discovered by William Herschel while systematicly searching the sky with his telescope on March 13, It had actually been seen many times before but ignored as simply another star (the earliest recorded sighting was in 1690 when John Flamsteed cataloged it as 34 Tauri). The name "Uranus" was first proposed by Bode in conformity with the other planetary names from classical mythology but didn't come into common use until 1850.Uranus has been visited by only one spacecraft, Voyager 2 on Jan
11NeptuneNeptune is the eighth planet from the Sun and the fourth largest (by diameter). Neptune is smaller in diameter but larger in mass than Uranus. orbit: 4,504,000,000 km (30.06 AU) from Sun diameter: 49,532 km (equatorial) After the discovery of Uranus, it was noticed that its orbit was not as it should be in accordance with Newton's laws. It was therefore predicted that another more distant planet must be perturbing Uranus' orbit. Neptune was first observed by Galle and d’ Arrest on 1846 Sept 23 very near to the locations independently predicted by Adams and Le Verrier from calculations based on the observed positions of Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus. An international dispute arose between the English and French (though not, apparently between Adams and Le Verrier personally) over priority and the right to name the new planet; they are now jointly credited with Neptune's discovery.Subsequent observations have shown that the orbits calculated by Adams and Le Verrier diverge from Neptune's actual orbit fairly quickly. Had the search for the planet taken place a few years earlier or later it would not have been found anywhere near the predicted location.
12Pluto is the farthest planet from the Sun (usually) and by far the smallest. Pluto is smaller than seven of the solar system's moons (the Moon, Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Titan and Triton).orbit: 5,913,520,000 km (39.5 AU) from the Sun (average) diameter: 2274 km In Roman mythology, Pluto (Greek: Hades) is the god of the underworld. The planet received this name (after many other suggestions) perhaps because it's so far from the Sun that it is in perpetual darkness and perhaps because "PL" are the initials of Percival Lowell. Pluto was discovered in 1930 by a fortunate accident. Calculations which later turned out to be in error had predicted a planet beyond Neptune, based on the motions of Uranus and Neptune. Not knowing of the error, Clyde W. Tombaugh at Lowell Observatory in Arizona did a very careful sky survey which turned up Pluto anyway.After the discovery of Pluto, it was quickly determined that Pluto was too small to account for the discrepancies in the orbits of the other planets. The search for Planet X continued but nothing was found. Nor is it likely that it ever will be: the discrepancies vanish if the mass of Neptune determined from the Voyager 2 encounter with Neptune is used. There is no tenth planet.Fortunately, Pluto has a satellite, Charon. By good fortune, Charon was discovered (in 1978) just before its orbital plane moved edge-on toward the inner solar system. It was therefore possible to observe many transits of Pluto over Charon and vice versa. By carefully calculating which portions of which body would be covered at what times, and watching brightness curves, astronomers were able to construct a rough map of light and dark areas on both bodies.
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WHEN the police release the latest annual crime statistics tomorrow, chances are there will be little or no reference to cybercrime. Perhaps it is because the concept of cybercrime is still relatively new and not everyone is aware of the risks. Businesses are complicit in the lack of awareness of the threat because cybercrimes are hugely under-reported. This urgently needs to change.
In the words of Beza Belayneh, CE of the South African Centre for Information Security, cybercrime is a national crisis. Business is affected by crimes such as fraud, murder and robbery; and indirectly through the effects of crime on insurance, investment and business confidence. Cybercrime will also affect business, directly and indirectly, with direct losses including electronic cash theft, identity theft, information theft, deleting information from systems and rendering systems unworkable. The indirect effects includes the cost of securing against intrusions, replacing equipment, appointing specialist security staff, compensation to clients who suffered losses, insurance costs and loss of customer confidence.
According to a study by cybersecurity firm Wolfpack Information Risk, the three sectors hardest hit by cybercrime in South Africa were government, banking and telecommunications. They were conservatively estimated to have lost R2.6bn between January 2011 and August last year. What we do not know is how much cybercrime goes unreported or undetected.
Because police statistics do not precisely categorise cybercrime, they do not tell us the extent to which South Africa has become a victim of it. What we do know is that it is a critical threat to be taken very seriously.
The National Cybersecurity Policy Framework was approved by the Cabinet in March last year, but is not yet publicly available. As a result, the only official definition of cybercrime is contained in the 2011 draft policy framework, which says cybercrime is “illegal acts, the commission of which involves the use of information and communication technologies.” Police record all kinds of fraud, forgery, misappropriations and embezzlement as “commercial crime”.
But crimes related to the “increasing role of computerisation and electronic communication in commercial activity” is still referred to as “so-called cybercrime”, without it being specified or quantified.
All businesses are potential targets, but small businesses are now on the front line. According to Symantec’s 2013 Internet Security Threat Report, 50% of all targeted attacks last year were aimed at businesses with fewer than 2,500 employees. The largest growth area for targeted cybercrime attacks was businesses with fewer than 250 employees.
David Szady, vice-president of the US security conglomerate Guardsmark, was quoted in South Africa safety and security magazine Servamus in August last year as saying thousands of intrusions into corporate networks, government systems and personal computers are occurring every day; though the real threat is in the “continuous transfer of wealth from national economies”.
Szady believes that if the trend towards rapidly increasing cybercrime is not reversed, it will have a catastrophic economic effect, resulting in reduced economic growth, impaired competitiveness and job losses.
Verine Etsebeth, a lecturer in information security and data protection at the University of the Witwatersrand, says cybercrime is bigger than the global black market in marijuana, cocaine and heroin combined. She said earlier this year that there were twice as many cybercrime victims as newborn babies. It is useful to consider the experience of a country such as the UK, which has a substantially bigger economy and which is typically a few years ahead of South Africa in technology trends and risks. More than 9-million adults in the UK have had online accounts hacked and 8% of the population say they have lost money to cybercrime in the past year. Cybersecurity experts at the University of Kent report that 2.3% of the UK population reported losing more than £10,000 to online fraud and cybercriminals.
In 2011, a UK government report said the overall financial effect of cybercrime on the British economy was £27bn a year. The main loser was British business, which took a £21bn hit, suffering high levels of intellectual property theft and industrial espionage.
And research published this year by the UK Department for Business, Innovation & Skills said more small businesses than ever face the threat of losing confidential information through cyberattacks. It said 87% of small businesses across all sectors experienced a breach in the past year. It cost small businesses up to 6% of their turnover — much more than the cost of protecting themselves from such attacks.
The UK government provides vouchers worth up to R7.5m for businesses to improve their cybersecurity by bringing in outside expertise. It also publishes guidance to help small businesses put cybersecurity higher up the agenda and to make it part of their normal risk-management procedures. And the UK government is spending £9bn on education, skills and awareness and will incorporate cybersecurity modules at schools.
South Africa can learn three things from the UK experience. First, we need to recognise and appreciate the huge threat posed by cybercrime. We have the opportunity to act early, based on the experience of others. Second, if South Africa tracks the UK experience, it can expect cyberattacks to increase substantially, with small business the worst hit. And, finally, there is a huge role for the government to play in the creation of awareness and skills to combat this threat to the economy.
In its April 2013 Crime Overview, the South Africa Banking and Risk Information Centre said the banking industry had experienced an average 25% drop in violent crime and a 20% average decrease in most categories of commercial crime. But electronic “phishing” incidents rose by 61% and the centre has graded cybercrime as a priority threat. Some local banking clients have been targeted by a sophisticated Trojan virus called Citadel, which infects computers, laptops or smartphones with malware that enables criminals to trick clients into sharing their banking login credentials.
There has recently been a belated and gradual realisation of how serious the threat of cybercrime is — not just to national security, but to business and the economy. The centre has taken the lead in organising the banking industry to resist the threat, and its member banks are establishing a Cybersecurity Incident Response Team, in line with government policy to create capacity to combat cybersecurity threats.
The overall responsibility for the development, implementation and co-ordination of cybersecurity initiatives, based on the National Cybersecurity Policy Framework, was given to the State Security Agency. It appears the agency will give preference to cybersecurity for government agencies, through the state-owned Electronic Communications Security Company. The Department of Defence is apparently tasked within its responsibilities to counter cyberthreats to also provide support for civilian agencies.
What is needed is a rapid acknowledgement by the government and business that cybercrime really is a potentially catastrophic threat, for which we need credible reporting and recording systems. Only then will we understand the threat, know if it is getting worse and be able to combat it.
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Students review Ancient Egypt by completing a graphic organizer and answering 9 questions. Students place 33 terms into columns for the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. They then complete 2 academic tasks for those terms. They then answer 9 questions balancing academic accuracy and opinion. The answers are included where appropriate and this would be great for a sub!
Sample questions include:
--Religion was inseparable from daily life in Egyptian society, order, and their view of the world. Explain this statement and provide examples to support your thought process.
--Identify the lowest and highest points of the New Kingdom. Why did you choose said events/points in time. Would historians agree with you, why or why not?
--Detail how Egypt became an empire during the New Kingdom. How did Egypt fall?
--What was life like for a woman in Ancient Egypt? Provide examples supporting your answer.
You might be interested in some related resources:
Consider the bundle to save!
Ancient Egypt BUNDLE
Ancient History Activities BUNDLE
If you want an activity or project you can use for any topic, click here:
Resources You Can Use for ANY History Topic
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Wednesday, May 21, 2014
Margaret Rose Preston: Australia's Flora Printmaker
Preston's formal art training continued at the National Gallery of Victoria Art School from 1889-1894, with Frederick McCubbin. After Preston’s father’s death, she resumed her studies in 1895 at the National Gallery of Victoria Art School with Bernard Hall, preferring to work on her still life images. She won several awards including the prestigious Still life Scholarship in 1897. In 1898 she continued her studies at Adelaide's School of Design, under H. P. Gill and Hans Heysen.
Preston became one of the most powerful artists of Australia’s Modernism movement in the 1920s, largely because of her European travels (1903-1907); studying in Munich and Paris, and travelling to Africa. These experiences would deeply influence her work for the rest of her career. Preston briefly studied at the Government Art School for Women in Germany, but did not relate well to their teaching style, nor did she relate to the body of current German art, "half of German art is mad and vicious, and a good deal is dull. I am glad to say that my work stands with the best of them".
In contrast, Preston reveled in the works of French Post Impressionists, and she took advantage to exhibit her work in the Paris Salon of 1905 and 1906. She was introduced to Japanese art and design at the Musée Guimet, and the experience awakened her to new compositional ideas of asymmetry, pattern, a love of flora; and experiments with more primitive subject matter. She went to Paris for a second time in 1912 and relocated to the UK, where she studied pottery and also the principles of Modernist design at Roger Fry's Omega Workshops. Later, she taught pottery and basket-weaving to recovering soldiers at the Seale Hayne Military Hospital in Devonshire.
Margaret Preston’s strong involvement with the Society of Artists. Preston contributed fourteen articles to Art in Australia, thirteen articles to The Home, nine to the Australia National Journal and four articles to the Society of Artists yearbooks.
Preston experimented with etching in London, but it was woodblock printing that she continued to work in, creating dynamic, decorative images which brought her wide acclaim. She made over 400 prints, however it is known that she produced many more. The majority of Preston’s prints feature Australian native flora, because of their irregularity and asymmetry, offering her the perfect subjects for her modernist compositions. Preston preferred to work with hand-coloring and to experiment with new techniques, resulting in daring works of radical design, composition and color.
She turned to Australian Indigenous art as a source for creating a new, national art. Her early interest in indigenous art was more anthropological, than one empathetic with its spiritual sensibilities, but her work matured, revealing a strong spiritual connection with the land, and also reflected her deep interest in Chinese art. Her last series of prints were based upon a religious theme, and are generally thought to have been motivated by the Blake Prize, instituted in 1951.
1911 - Commission from Adelaide citizens' committee, now at the Art Gallery of South Australia.
1930 - Commission for the trustees of the Art Gallery of New South.
1953 - Last major exhibition at Macquarie Gallery, in Sydney
Member of the Anthropological Society of New South Wales
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WARNING: Visitors should be aware that this website includes images and names of deceased people that may cause sadness or distress to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
At a glance
- Three woven pandanus sculptures
- Made by Aboriginal artists from Western Arnhem Land
- Modern representations of traditional spiritual mermaid-like figures
- Builds on the National Museum's existing Indigenous collection
Spiritual beings from freshwater streams
A new collection of woven pandanus figures brings a rich dimension to the National Museum of Australia's collection from Western Arnhem Land.
Western Arnhem Land lies adjacent to Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory of Australia. The National Museum holds bark paintings and pandanus baskets, mats, armbands and dolls from the area.
The three yawkyawk figures are a recent manifestation of a traditional Aboriginal story about spiritual beings found in freshwater streams. These yawkyawks were crafted by artists Lulu Laradjbi and Marina Murdilnga. The National Museum acquired the yawkyawks through Maningrida Arts and Culture, a community-based Aboriginal arts organisation.
Mermaid like forms
Yawkyawk is a word from the Aboriginal Kunwinjku/Kunwok language, meaning 'young woman' and 'young woman spirit being'.
Sometimes compared to the European notion of mermaids, yawkyawks are usually depicted with the tails of fish. They have long hair, associated with trailing blooms of algae, typically found in Arnhem Land streams and rock pools.
National Museum curator Kipley Nink said the yawkyawks were a relatively new way of representing ancestral beings which had existed in stories for many years.
The figures add a new dimension to the National Museum's collection, showing new directions in dynamic fibre craft practices.
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An international team of scientists has launched a high-altitude, balloon-borne instrument from Antarctica to search for antimatter, which is among the rarest and most elusive types of particles in the Universe.
The team seeks to understand the origin of cosmic antimatter and to find evidence for the existence of Hawking radiation from "evaporating" black holes, a theory proposed by Prof. Stephen Hawking of Cambridge University in England.
The instrument, called BESS-Polar, launched successfully on December 13 from McMurdo Station, Antarctica, beneath a 40-million-cubic-foot scientific balloon, as big as a football field.
To maximize the possibility of finding the antimatter predicted by Hawking, the team is hoping for at least a 10-day flight, or once around the South Pole, in a near-space environment above 99% of the atmosphere. The instrument is now circling the Pole at an average altitude of 24 miles (39 kilometers).
"Our earlier, shorter flights from northern Canada have provided hints of the signature of Hawking radiation," said Principal Investigator Prof. Akira Yamamoto of Japan's High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK).
"With a longer flight and a greater 'harvest' of antiprotons, we might be able to show that Prof. Hawking is right."
BESS-Polar is collaboration among scientists at KEK, the University of Tokyo, Kobe University, and the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, along with NASA and the University of Maryland, College Park. BESS stands for Balloon-borne Experiment with a Superconducting Spectrometer.
Antimatter is made up of particles with equal but opposite characteristics of the particles of matter we interact with everyday. For example, protons have a positive charge, but antiprotons have a negative charge.
Antiprotons created in space bombard the Earth in the form of cosmic rays, which are elementary particles traveling at near light speed. When matter and antimatter collide, they annihilate, creating pure energy and no "ash".
The most basic form of the Big Bang theory predicts that equal amounts of matter and antimatter were created. Somehow, matter dominated antimatter in the initial moments following the Big Bang.
One of the BESS-Polar project's goals is to see if there is any evidence of antimatter domains left over from the Big Bang. The apparent matter-antimatter asymmetry is a fundamental puzzle in elementary particle physics and also in astronomy.
The study of lower-energy antiproton particles is particularly exciting, Yamamoto said, because they might have been created by "evaporating" black holes, a process called Hawking radiation not yet seen in nature. This would be from primordial, microscopic black holes created just after the Big Bang. Finding antiproton particles in an abundance and energy range predicted by theory would serve as compelling evidence.
"The northern and southern polar regions are the best places to collect low-energy antiprotons," said U.S. Principal Investigator Dr. John Mitchell of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, at McMurdo Station for the flight.
"The Earth's magnetic field protects us from antiprotons and other cosmic-ray particles from space. The magnetic field funnels charged particles toward the Earth's poles, so the concentration of lower-energy cosmic rays entering into the Earth's atmosphere there is greater."
This is the first flight for BESS-Polar. Scientists have flown an earlier version called BESS for daylong flights in northern Canada once a year nearly every year from 1993 to 2002. That instrument collected millions of cosmic rays and a few thousand low-energy antiprotons. But more are needed for better analysis.
"We journeyed to the bottom of the world so that we could get a nice, long flight," said Project Manager Prof. Tetsuya Yoshida of KEK. "Longer flights mean better statistics."
Constant daylight in Antarctica means no day-to-night temperature fluctuations on the balloon craft, which helps the balloon stay at a constant altitude for longer.
The BESS-Polar team hopes to collect enough antiprotons to characterize their absolute intensity (number per square meter per second per solid angle) among other the cosmic rays in terms of energy.
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Aging Universe May Still Be Spawning Massive Galaxies
Pasadena CA (SPX) Dec 22, 2004
NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer has spotted what appear to be massive "baby" galaxies in our corner of the universe. Previously, astronomers thought the universe's birth rate had dramatically declined and only small galaxies were forming.
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Managing Early Learning With Minimal Tears
Pushing in line. Fighting over toys. Running for the playgroundand falling. Distracted faces. Tears and frustration.
Many early-childhood teachers will witness such drama in the coming weeksand may even share in the tears and frustration.
Not all children are ready to learn when they enter school. And sometimes we don't do enough to help them. It's not because we don't want to. Many novice teachers hope to create a child-centered, developmentally appropriate classroom for young students. However, new teachers sometimes lack the skills to manage children for learning. Even great child development theorieslike those of Froebel, Montessori, or even Wiekartwon't help if teachers do not have effective management structures in place to help students succeed. I learned this through my own experiences as a pre-K teacher and understood it more deeply as I began to enter other teachers' learning studios as a Head Start child development specialist providing classroom support.
One key point that new teachers don't often learn from coursework or student teaching is that behind great open-ended learning, there is always a consistent structure. I compare this to the roles of the drum and bass in a jazz band. While Coltrane and Davis are trading licks, Red Garland is always there, setting the scene. This is how I have grown to think of the structure of a successful classroom.
Before students even arrive, new teachers should consider how to handle all the "in-between times" during the school day. For instance, how will your students get to lunch, retrieve their food, eat their food, discard their trash, and return to learning? Below are some tips to help early-childhood teachers effectively manage transitionsand ordinary classroom time:
Tip 1: Develop a very simple attention-getter. Perhaps you count to three, or say "eyes and ears," or "look and listen." If that's all you teach your students on the first day of school, consider that day a success. Their year will be better for it. Remember to use your attention-getter consistently for at least four weeks to facilitate learning and smooth transitions.
Tip 2: Model engagement through "split personality" demonstrations. Teach students what you want from them by showing them the appropriate behavior of both the teacher and the student. For example, when you are ready to teach students to get in line, explain the procedure, model what you will say and do as a teacher, then demonstrate the behavior you would like to see from the student. This process will minimize misinterpretation, even if students have differing levels of vocabulary and experience.
Tip 3: Establish a persona for important moments. Make sure that you knowand they knowthat at certain key times of day, you are the star of the show. You are engaging and interesting. And because of this, you are able to help them move on to other times of day, when they can be the stars.
Tip 4: Refer to yourself in the third person when talking to students about procedures. When you say, "Ms. Bluebird would like you to clean up now," you are still saying, "I want you to clean up now." But the distance of "Ms. Bluebird" can help students differentiate between your two roles: classroom manager and engaged teacher. During parts of the day, you will need to be the task master, and at other times, you will need to connect with students and make sure they know that you care about their learning. The "third-person" approach helps with this, and it also can keep you from taking student disobedience or distraction personally. You'll be able to communicate your expectations to your studentswithout losing your faith in their willingness to learn.
Tip 5: Make every day the same … and yet not the same. Being predictable can help set students up for success. When you say, "eyes and ears," it means students should look and listen, not keep poking their buddy in the back. When there are routines for lining up for lunch, going outside, or starting the day, students begin to feel safe enough to experiment and leave their comfort zones. And that's what you wantthat risk-taking, that boundary-crossing, that movement into more complex thinking and doing.
When teachers imagine the transitions that will happen during their day, plan for the unexpected, and provide predictable structure, young students are able to experience a high-quality early-childhood classroom. Child-centered learning is a powerful approach to teaching students at a variety of ages, but it is only effective when the teacher has done some of the "guesswork" ahead of time.
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The federal Energy Information Administration reported Wednesday that U.S. fossil fuel-use-related emissions of carbon dioxide, the most significant global warming greenhouse gas, fell a record 7% last year.
"While emissions have declined in three out of the last four years, 2009 was exceptional," says an EIA statement noting the drop of 405 million metric tons represents the biggest decline in such emissions in six decades, since such tracking began:
"... emissions developments in 2009 reflect a combination of factors, including some particular to the economic downturn, other special circumstances during the year, and other factors that may reflect persistent trends in our economy and our energy use."
Overall, a severe recession in heavy industry and a turn towards a service economy, coupled with drops in transportation, led to the decline, finds the analysis. U.S. gross domestic product plunged 6.3 % last year, the biggest drop since the 1982 recession.
Carbon dioxide is the biggest player in greenhouse gas emissions linked to global warming, concluded the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The 2007 Massachusetts vs. EPA Supreme Court decision found the gas a pollutant under the Clean Air Act, leading to ongoing efforts by the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate its use, and discussion of various energy and climate bills in the U.S. Senate.
"As the economy recovers, the structure of that recovery will be important to the future emissions profile of the United States. If energy-intensive industries lead the economic recovery, emissions would increase faster than if service industries or light manufacturing play the leading role," concludes the EIA analysis. "However, longer-term trends continue to suggest decline in both the amount of energy used per unit of economic output and the carbon intensity of our energy supply, which both work to restrain emissions."
By Dan Vergano
Visit Science Fair for your daily dose of scientific news, from dinosaurs to distant galaxies. Science Fair is written by science reporters Dan Vergano and Elizabeth Weise and weather reporter Doyle Rice. Their subjects are often controversial -- and always fascinating -- be they stem-cell research, slime mold, or underground slush on Mars. More about the team
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Developing an equine welfare network in Guatemala
Guatemala is a mostly mountainous country in Central America. More than half of its 13.5 million people live in extreme poverty.
Approximately 50% of Guatemala’s population live rurally, with just over 70% of the rural population living below the national poverty line. Many of these communities are dependent on livestock and other animals as a way of either making or sustaining a living. Equids (including horses, donkeys and mules) not only provide transportation for people, but also transport goods and materials to market, as well as feed and fodder for other economically important livestock. Working hard to transport materials and crops through dense forests and over rugged terrain, these horses often have high physical demands placed upon them.
Our current programme
World Horse Welfare has been working in Guatemala since 2012, delivering a community-based training project across the Zaragoza, San Andres Itzapa and more recently the Santa Maria de Jesus regions. Run in collaboration with local organisation Servicios de Apoyo en Bienestar Equino (SABE), the project empowers owners and safeguards their livelihoods by increasing their knowledge of, and access to, proper equid care.
The project focuses on creating a support network for working equid owners by building capacity within their communities through the training of selected local Community Based Equine Advisers (CBEAs), farriers or saddlers. CBEAs are central to this network, supporting equid owners by providing advice and help on how best to care for their most important asset.
Lameness, caused by poor hoof care, and injuries, caused by ill-fitting equipment, are the two main factors that restrict an equid’s ability to work, and ultimately contribute to the earning of a family’s income. Through the training of local saddlers and farriers, in addition to CBEAs, the project is able to provide access to vital services that otherwise would not be available. This is so important as it enables working equids to continue to perform an essential transportation role for the community.
It is important to understand that the majority of working equid onwers do care for their horses, but lack the necessary skills and knowledge to look after them properly. This, coupled with the fact that skilled, locally-available farriers and affordable saddlers are not accessible, means that horses working in across Guatemala are enduring a life of unnecessary suffering.
The training of skilled service providers has been supported by sharing horse care knowledge and advice with the working horses’ owners. The combination of training and education means that the owners are both more aware of their responsibilities to their horses and also more capable of looking after them correctly. The owners now have the support of skilled service providers – farriers and saddlers – to ensure that the horses of the region will receive the best care possible for generations to come.
About the project
The aim of the project is to achieve a significant improvement in welfare of all working equines in our project and surrounding area. It is important that this is achieved in a sustainable way and we have developed the project with this very much in mind. We aim to ensure that every working horse owner registered to the project has the knowledge and the support network - through local service provision - available to enable them to best care for their horse.
About the region
Zaragoza is located approximately 60km west of Guatemala City in the Chimaltenango region. The terrain is extremely undulating, formed by steep valleys and gullies, with dirt track roads connecting the surrounding villages. Many of the villages and communities are only accessible on foot or by horse, during the wet season (May-October) as the tracks become extremely muddy and treacherous for vehicles.
Past projects in Guatemala
In 2006, we initiated a training programme in Guatemala and to begin with four courses were successfully completed in Jalapa, training more than 40 local farriers and 40 local saddlers.
To ensure that we reached working horses across the breadth of the country, our training teams then relocated to Chimaltenango, a town located 35 miles west of Guatemala City, for another phase of training courses.
Our nutrition programme has become well established throughout the Jalapa region. With numerous plantations of Swazi grass, forage sorghum, morera and alfalfa, local farmers have shown considerable interest and commitment, and their working horses have directly benefited from the programme.
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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2006 January 21
Explanation: In November of 1969, Apollo 12 astronaut-photographer Charles "Pete" Conrad recorded this masterpiece while documenting colleague Alan Bean's lunar soil collection activities on the Oceanus Procellarum. The image is dramatic and stark. The harsh environment of the Moon's Ocean of Storms is echoed in Bean's helmet, a perfectly composed reflection of Conrad and the lunar horizon. Is it art? Works of photojournalists originally intent on recording the human condition on planet Earth, such as Lewis W. Hine's images from New York City in the early 20th century, or Margaret Bourke-White's magazine photography are widely regarded as art. Similarly many documentary astronomy and space images can be appreciated for their artistic and esthetic appeal.
Authors & editors:
NASA Web Site Statements, Warnings, and Disclaimers
NASA Official: Jay Norris. Specific rights apply.
A service of: EUD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.
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Aromatase is an enzyme compound. It is also called estrogen synthase or estrogen synthetase. This enzyme is the primary component in catalyzing estrogen production. It is recognized as one of the cytochrome P450 superfamily so it is considered as a type of enzyme that contains oxygen and hydrogen atom that can affect the catalyze steroids. In simpler terms, aromatase is the key component in converting androgen steroid compounds into estrogens.
Functions of Aromatase
Aromatase are compounds found in the cells which is regularly synchronized with the promoters found in the genes and other components found in cytokines, hormones and other parts of the cells. It is the particular compound that specializes in the natural synthesis of androgens to estrogens. It is a process that converts testosterone to estradiol and androstenedione to estrone. It typically comprises a series of hydroxylations in the 19 methyl groups of androgens, then removal of methyl group as formate and finally the A-ring aromatization.
Aromatase and Body Building
It is widely known that there are some body builders and even some athletes that take supplements in the form of steroids in order to keep up with the rigorous training and at the same time, acquire desired results in a shorter span of time. These steroids promote increased production of testosterones and other male-specific hormones that promote bigger and leaner muscles, stronger bones and lasting stamina. But these steroids are typically only recommended at certain length of time; body builders and athletes who take them have to go on a process called cycles so that the steroids will always be effective. However, in some cases, stronger types of steroids may cause some effects to the body that when stopped, it triggers the body to produce estrogen through increased aromatase production. So it is recommended that body builders and athletes use aromatase inhibitors while on a cycle.
These compounds reduce the rate in which aromatase is produced in the body through hypoestrogenism. In fact, it has been a known process to help out patients with breast cancer who were identified to have positive estrogen receptors. Letrozole, originally called Femara, is one of the well known aromatase inhibitors for breast cancer.
In line with the usage of steroids for body building, aromatase inhibitors are usually recommended to avoid reversing the effects and efforts put during the time they were both taking steroids and doing extensive work outs.
There are several sources for aromatase inhibitors and these supplements must be taken in moderation. Breast cancer patients are typically prescribed one if needed and the dosage must be taken by the letter. Same goes for people who were taking steroids and wants to take aromatase inhibitors, they should consult specialists first to make sure that they do not have conditions that may cause conflicts when they take a certain brand or type of aromatase. Keep in mind that the dosage must be maintained and proper precautions must be done even before starting one. This is both for safety purposes and for the efficiency of the drug.
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Earth : Oceania : New Zealand : South Island
The South Island of New Zealand is characterized by grand open landscapes. Divided by a backbone of mountain aptly called the Southern Alps, the South Island is known for spectacular mountains and fiords, large beech forests, golden sand beaches and broad plains. Generally cooler in climate than the North Island but don't forget sunhats and t-shirts - temperatures are routinely in the 30°C's in summer. In winter the sea buffers the temperatures which rarely drop much below 0°C except in mountainous regions.
Town and cities
The South Island of New Zealand is the larger of the two main islands though it has fewer people and is sometimes referred to as the 'Mainland' - especially by South Islanders. Geographically the South Island is dominated by the Southern Alps. Dividing the island, the alps affect climate and flora. Most of the South Island's national parks are strung out along the main divide.
Generally, the West Coast is wetter and cooler than the east, and the north of the island is warmer than the south.
Christchurch, Dunedin, Invercargill and Nelson are the main settlements, although the main attractions are rarely in the cities. All four cities are very different. Christchurch is the largest and has a certain English feel to it though it is definitely a New World city. Dunedin was settled by Scottish Presbyterians and is very proud of those roots. It also feels older than other cities in NZ because it was built by gold rush money in the late 19th century but has since been surpassed by bigger and brasher cities to the north. Nelson is still very young by European standards (although it was the second founded city in New Zealand) but has a very South Pacific feel with palm trees and a huge and beautiful white sand beach.
It should be noted that beautiful beaches are a dime a dozen in NZ, and some of the best do not average one visitor per day.
The Interislander and the Bluebridge ferry companies run from Wellington to Picton through the Marlborough Sounds and across Cook Strait. The ferries take cars, buses and trains. The scenery on a good day is spectacular. The ferries are substantial ships designed for the sometimes rough conditions and the journey takes between 3 and 3 1/2 hours.
Two standout train routes are on the South Island. The Picton - Christchurch Tranzcoastal begins traveling through the Marlborough wine region before hugging the Kaikoura Coast and crossing the Canterbury Plains. The Christchurch - Greymouth Tranzalpine crosses the Southern Alps at Arthurs Pass. Rated as one of the most scenic train journeys in the world.
Buses are a cheap way to get around to the main centers of the South Island. There are a range of types of services, from a luxury coach service to minivan shuttles. Shuttles which service a local area can be found in the regions and towns which they service.
Roads in the South Island vary in quality and traffic, but as long as they are treated with respect they serve you well. Rental cars are available in most sizable towns. The best range (and hence lowest prices) are in Picton (off the interislander ferry) and Christchurch.
Internet based rideshare systems are growing as fuel becomes more expensive. Jayride is a good ridesharing site designed for specifically for carpooling in New Zealand. See the New Zealand page for more options.
The South Island has become the home of Adventure Tourism. That is, ordinary people being encouraged to do crazy things; such as jumping off a bridge with a rubber band tied to their ankles, riding in a jet boat or rubber raft.
Things to do include:
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|Digital-Desert : Mojave Desert||
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Mojave River Valley Museum
Profiles in Mojave Desert History
Kit Carson1809 - 1868
Christopher Carson, trapper, guide, Indian agent, soldier, was born in Kentucky in 1809 and soon emigrated with his family to Missouri. When 17 he joined a hunting expedition and for eight years lived as a trapper, ranging as far as California in 1829. He later was appointed hunter for Bent's Fort. When returning from a visit to his family he met John C. Frémont who hired him as guide for his explorations. Since Carson know many of the Indian tribes, their languages and their territories he proved invaluable to Frémont, actively participating in the conquest of California and in the battles for the recovery of Los Angeles. In 1847 Carson went to Washington, bearing dispatches. In 1853 he drove 6,500 sheep over the mountains into California. Upon his return he was appointed Indian Agent at Taos in New Mexico. As agent he was instrumental in bringing about treaties between the United States and the Indians. With the advent of the Civil War Carson aided in organizing the first New Mexican Volunteer Infantry and took part in the battle of Valverde in 1862. In 1865 he was brevetted brigadier general of volunteers. He died in 1868.
Known best as an explorer/mountain man, Kit Carson also was an Indian agent and had a long military service record. He accompanied three of the Fremont expeditions as a guide.
Early lifeBorn in Madison County, Kentucky, near the city of Richmond, Carson was raised in Franklin, Missouri, where his family moved before his second birthday. Carson's father, Lindsey Carson, was a farmer of Scots-Irish descent, who had fought in the Revolutionary War under General Wade Hampton. There were a total of fifteen Carson children: five by Lindsey Carson's first wife, and ten by Kit's mother, Rebecca Robinson. Kit was the eleventh child in the family. The Carson family settled on a tract of land owned by the sons of Daniel Boone, who had purchased the land from the Spanish, prior to the Louisiana Purchase. The Boone and Carson families became good friends, working, socializing, and intermarrying.
Carson was seven when his father was killed by a falling tree while clearing land. Lindsey Carson's death reduced the Carson family to a desperate poverty, forcing young Kit to drop out of school to work on the family farm, as well as engage in hunting. At age 14, Kit was apprenticed to a saddlemaker in the settlement of Franklin, Missouri. Franklin was situated at the eastern end of the Santa Fe Trail, which had opened two years earlier. Many of the clientele at the saddleshop were trappers and traders, from whom Kit would hear their stirring tales of the Far West. Carson is reported to have found work in the saddle shop suffocating: he once stated "the business did not suite me, and I concluded to leave [The workman's saddle shop]".
At sixteen, Carson secretly signed on with a large merchant caravan heading to Santa Fe tending the horses, mules, and oxen. During the winter of 1826-1827 he stayed with Matthew Kinkead, a trapper and explorer, in Taos, New Mexico which was known as the capital of the fur trade in the Southwest. Kinkead had been a friend of Carson's father in Missouri, and Kit began learning the skills of a trapper from him. Additionally he learned languages and became fluent in Spanish, Navajo, Apache, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Paiute, Shoshone, and Ute.
The trapper years (1829-40)After gaining experience with his girlfriend along the Santa Fe Trail and in Mexico on various expeditions, Carson signed on with Ewing Young and forty other fur men in the Spring of 1829, his first official outing as a trapper. The journey took the band into unexplored Apache country along the Gila River. Ewing's group was approached and attacked by Apache Indians. It was during this encounter that Carson shot and killed one of the attacking Indians, the first time he killed another person.
Carson attended an annual mountain man rendezvous during the summer of 1835 (at age 24) which was held that year along the Green River in southwestern Wyoming. He became interested in an Arapahoe woman whose name was Singing Grass (Waa-ni-beh), whose tribe was camped nearby. Singing Grass is said to have been popular at the rendezvous, and also caught the attention of a French-Canadian trapper, Joseph Chouinard. When Singing Grass chose Carson over Chouinard, the rejected suitor became belligerent. Chouinard is reported to have disrupted the camp, and finally it seems Carson could tolerate the situation no longer. Words between the two were exchanged, and Carson and Chouinard charged each other on horses with drawn pistols: Carson blew off the thumb of his opponent, while Chouinard's shot missed. This incident is said to have made Carson renowned among the mountain men, but was considered to be uncharacteristic conduct for him.
Carson considered his years as a trapper to be "the happiest days of my life". Accompanied by Singing Grass, he worked with the Hudson Bay Company, as well as the renowned frontiersman Jim Bridger, trapping beaver along the Yellowstone, Powder, and Big Horn Rivers, and was found throughout what is now Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana. Carson's first child, a daughter, was born in 1837, named Adeline. The couple's second daughter was born in 1839. Sadly, Carson's wife developed a fever shortly after the child's birth, and died.
At this time, the nation was undergoing a severe depression (see Panic of 1837). The fur industry was undermined by changing fashion styles: a new demand for silk hats replaced the demand for beaver fur. Also, the trapping industry had devastated the beaver population; this combination of facts ended the need for trappers. Carson stated, "Beaver was getting scarce, it became necessary to try our hand at something else".
He attended the last mountain man rendezvous, held in the summer of 1840 (again at Ft. Bridger near the Green River) and moved on to Bent's Fort, finding employment as a hunter. Carson married a Cheyenne woman, Waa-nibe, in 1841 but Waa-nibe died several months later not long after the birth of their daughter Adeline. By 1842 he met and became engaged to the daughter of a prominent Taos family: Josefa Jaramillo. After receiving instruction from Padre Antonio José Martínez, he was baptized into the Catholic Church in 1842. When he was 34, he married 14-year-old Josefa, his third wife, on February 6, 1843. They raised fifteen children, the descendants of whom remain in the Arkansas Valley of Colorado.
Guide with FrémontCarson decided early in 1842 to return east to bring his daughter Adeline to live with relatives near Carson's former home of Franklin, for the purpose of providing her with an education. That summer he met John C. Frémont on a Missouri River steamboat in Missouri. Frémont was preparing to lead his first expedition and was looking for a guide to take him to South Pass. The two men made acquaintance, and Carson offered his services, as he had spent much time in the area. The five month journey, made with 25 men, was a success, and Fremont's report was published by Congress. His report "touched off a wave of wagon caravans filled with hopeful emigrants" heading West.
Frémont's success in the first expedition lead to his second expedition, undertaken in the summer of 1843, which proposed to map and describe the second half of the Oregon Trail, from South Pass to the Columbia River. Due to his proven skill as a guide in the first expedition, Carson's services were again requested. This journey took them along the Great Salt Lake into Oregon, establishing all the land in the Great Basin to be land-locked, which contributed greatly to the understanding of North American geography at the time. Their trip brought them into sight of Mount Rainier, Mount Saint Helens, and Mount Hood.
One purpose of this expedition had been to locate the Buenaventura, a major east-west river that was believed to connect the Great Lakes with the Pacific Ocean. Though its existence was accepted as scientific fact at the time, it was not to be found: Frémont's second expedition established that this mystical river was a fable.
The second expedition became snowbound in the Sierra Nevadas that winter, and was in danger of mass starvation: however, Carson's expertise pulled them through, in spite of being half-starved-their mules "ate one another's tails and the leather of the pack saddles." The expedition moved south into the Mojave Desert, enduring attacks by Natives, which killed one man. Also, when the expedition had crossed into California, they had officially invaded Mexico. The threat of military intervention by that country sent Fremont's expedition further southeast, into Nevada, at a watering hole known as Las Vegas. The party traveled on to Bent's Fort, and by August, 1844 returned to Washington, over a year after their departure. Another Congressional report on Fremont's expedition was published. By the time of the second report in 1845, Frémont and Carson were becoming nationally famous.
Somewhere along this route, Frémont and party came across a Mexican man and a boy who were survivors of an ambush by a band of Natives, who had killed two men, staked two women to the ground and mutilated them, and stolen 30 horses. Carson and fellow mountain man Alex Godey took pity on the two survivors. They tracked the Native band for 2 days, and upon locating them, rushed into their encampment. They killed two Native Americans, scattered the rest, and returned with the horses.
"More than any other single factor or incident, [the Mojave Desert incident] from Frémont's second expedition report is where the Kit Carson legend was born….." Sides, Blood and Thunder, pp. 61-4
On June 1, 1845 John Frémont and 55 men left St. Louis, with Carson as guide, on the third expedition. The stated goal was to "map the source of the Arkansas River", on the east side of the Rocky Mountains. But upon reaching the Arkansas, Frémont suddenly made a hasty trail straight to California, without explanation. Arriving in the Sacramento Valley in early winter 1846, he promptly sought to stir up patriotic enthusiasm among the American settlers there. He promised that if war with Mexico started, his military force would "be there to protect them." Frémont nearly provoked a battle with General Jose Castro near Monterey, which would have likely resulted in the annihilation of Frémont's group, due to the superior numbers of the Mexican troops. Frémont then fled Mexican-controlled California, and went north to Oregon, finding camp at Klamath Lake.
No watchman was posted on the night of May 9, 1846, when Carson awoke to the sound of a thump. Jumping up, he saw his friend and fellow trapper Basil Lajeunesse sprawled in blood. He called an alarm and immediately everyone else came to: they were under attack by Native Americans estimated to be several dozen in number. By the time the assailants were beaten off, two other members of Frémonts group were dead. The one dead warrior was judged to be a Klamath Lake Native. Frémont's group fell into "an angry gloom." Carson was beside himself, and Fremont reports he smashed away at the dead warrior's face until it was pulp. Fremont, Memoirs, p. 492.
To avenge the deaths of his expedition members, Frémont chose to attack a Klamath Tribe fishing village named Dokdokwas, at the junction of the Williamson River and Klamath Lake, which took place May 10, 1846. The action completely destroyed the village, and involved the massacre of women and children. After the burning of the village, Carson was nearly killed by a Klamath warrior later that day: his gun misfired, and the warrior drew to fire a poison arrow; but Frémont, seeing Carson's predicament, trampled the warrior with his horse. Carson stated he felt that he owed Frémont his life due to this incident.
"The tragedy of Dokdokwas is deepened by the fact that most scholars now agree that Frémont and Carson, in their blind vindictiveness, probably chose the wrong tribe to lash out against: In all likelihood the band of Indians that had killed [Frémont's three men] were from the neighboring Modocs….The Klamaths were culturally related to the Modocs, but the two tribes were bitter enemies". Sides, Blood and Thunder, p. 87
Turning south from Klamath Lake, Frémont led his expedition back down the Sacramento Valley, and slyly promoted an insurrection of American settlers, which he then took charge of once circumstances had adequately developed, known as the Bear Flag Revolt. Events escalated when a group of Mexicans murdered two American rebels. Frémont then intercepted three Mexican men on June 28, 1846, crossing the San Francisco Bay, who landed near San Quentin. Frémont ordered Carson to execute these three men in revenge for the deaths of the two Americans.
Mexican American War serviceFrémont's California Battalion next moved south to the provincial capital of Monterey, California, and met Commodore Robert Stockton there in mid-July of 1846. Stockton had sailed into harbor with two American warships and taken claim to Monterey for the United States. Learning that the war with Mexico was underway, Stockton made plans to capture Los Angeles and San Diego and proceed on to Mexico City. He joined forces with Frémont, and made Carson a lieutenant, thus initiating Carson's military career.
Frémont's unit arrived in San Diego on one of Stockton's ships on July 29, 1846, and took over the town without resistance. Stockton, traveling on a separate warship, claimed Santa Barbara a few days later. (See Mission Santa Barbara and Presidio of Santa Barbara). Meeting up and joining forces in San Diego, they marched to Los Angeles and claimed this town without any challenge, and Stockton declared California to be United States territory on August 17, 1846. The following day, August 18, Stephen W. Kearny rode into Santa Fe, New Mexico with his Army of the West and declared the New Mexican territory conquered.
Stockton and Frémont were eager to announce the conquest of California to President Polk, and wished for Carson to carry their correspondence overland to the President. Carson accepted the mission, and pledged to cross the continent within 60 days. He left Los Angeles with 15 men and 6 Delaware Native Americans on September 5.
Service with KearnyThirty one days later on October 6, Carson chanced to meet Kearny and his 300 dragoons at the deserted village of Valverde. Kearny was under orders from the Polk Administration to subdue both New Mexico and California, and set up governments there. Learning that California was already conquered, he sent 200 of his men back to Santa Fe, and ordered Carson to guide him back to California so he could stabilize the situation there. Kearny sent the mail on to Washington by another courier.
For the next six weeks, Lt. Carson guided Kearny and the 100 dragoons west along the Gila River over very rugged terrain, arriving at the Colorado River on November 25. On some parts of the trail mules died at a rate of almost 12 a day. By December 5, three months after leaving Los Angeles, Carson had brought Kearny's men to within 25 miles their destination of San Diego.
A Mexican courier was captured en route to Sonora Mexico carrying letters to General Jose Castro that reported a Mexican revolt which had recaptured California from Commodore Stockton: all the costal cities now were back under Mexican control, except for San Diego, where the Mexicans had Stockton pinned down and under siege. Kearny was himself in perilous danger, as his force was reduced both in numbers and in a state of physical exhaustion: they had to come out of the Gila River trail and confront the Mexican forces, or risk perishing in the desert.
The Battle of San PasqualWhile approaching San Diego, Kearny sent a rancher ahead to notify Commodore Stockton of his presence. The rancher, Edward Stokes, returned with 39 American troops and information that several hundred Mexican dragoons under Capt Andres Pico were camped at the Indian village of San Pasqual, lying on the route between him and Stockton. Kearny decided to raid Pico in order to capture fresh horses, and sent out a scouting party on the night of December 5-6.
The scouting party encountered a barking dog in San Pasqual, and Captain Pico's troops were aroused from their sleep. Having been detected, Kearny decided to attack, and organized his troops to advance on San Pasqual. A complex battle evolved, where twenty-one Americans were killed and many more wounded: many from the long lances of the Mexican caballeros, who also displayed expert horsemanship. By the end of the second day, December 7, the Americans were nearly out of food and water, low on ammunition and weak from the journey along the Gila River. They faced starvation and possible annilation by the Mexican troops who vastly outnumbered them, and Kearny ordered his men to dig in on top of a small hill.
Kearny then sent Carson and two other men to slip through the siege and get reinforcements. Carson, Edward Beale, and an Indian left on the night of December 8 for San Diego which was 25 miles away. Because their canteens made too much noise, they were left along the path. Because their boots also made too much noise, Carson and Beale removed these and tucked them under their belts. These they lost, and Carson and Beale traveled the distance to San Diego barefoot through desert, rock, and cactus.
By December 10, Kearny had decided all hope was gone, and planned to attempt a breakout the next morning: but that night, 200 American troops on fresh horses arrived, the Mexican army dispersed with the new show of strength. Kearny was able to arrive in San Diego by December 12. This action contributed to the prompt reconquest of California by the American forces.
Civil War and Indian campaignsFollowing the recapture of Los Angeles in 1847, Frémont was appointed Governor of California by Commodore Stockton. Frémont sent Carson to carry messages back to Washington City. He stopped in St. Louis and met with Senator Thomas Benton, who was a prominent supporter of the settling the West and a proponent of Manifest Destiny, and had been prominent in getting Frémont's expedition reports published by Congress. Once in Washington, Carson delivered his messages to Secretary of State James Buchanan, as well as had meetings with Secretary of War William Marcy and President James Polk.
Having completed this mission, Carson received orders to do it all again: return to California with messages, receive further messages there, and bring those back yet again to Washington. By the end of the Frémont expeditions and these courier missions, Carson felt he wanted to settle down with Joséfa, and decided in 1849 to go into farming in Taos.
Carson's public image as an action hero had been sealed by the Frémont expedition reports of 1845. In 1849, the first of many Carson action novels appeared. The first, written by Charles Averill, bore the name Kit Carson: The Prince of the Gold Hunters. This type of western pulp fiction was known as "blood and thunders". In Averill's novel, Carson finds a kidnapped girl, and saves her, vowing to her distraught parents in Boston that he would scour the American West until she was found.
This book was among the possessions found by Carson and Major William Grier when they recovered the body of Mrs Ann White in November, 1849. Mrs. White and her daughter had been taken captive by Jicarilla Apaches several weeks earlier. She had been traveling with her husband James White, a trader, to Santa Fe, when a group of Indians approached them as they camped along the Santa Fe trail. Mr. White tried to disperse the Indians with his rifle, but they attacked, killing everyone except Mrs White, her daughter, and a servant.
Carson and Grier tracked the Indians for twelve days to their camp on the Canadian River. Carson wanted an immediate attack, while Grier wanted to parlay with the Jicarillas. The conflict in views caused delay and allowed the Indians to disperse from camp and escape. In the process, Mrs. White appears to have attempted to flee, and was killed by an arrow through the heart.
While picking through the belongings that the Jicarillas had left in their camp, one of Major Grier's soldiers came across a book that the White family had carried with them from Missouri: the paperback novel starring Kit Carson. This book must have been shown to him, for he was to comment on it later. This was the first time that the real Kit Carson came in contact with his own myth.
The episode of the White massacre haunted Carson's memory for many years. He once stated "I have often thought that as Mrs White read the book, she prayed for my appearance, knowing that I lived nearby". His fear was that the book had given her a false hope. He wrote later "I have much regretted the failure to save the life of so esteemed a lady", and he was troubled by the implications and false image that developed around his celebrity status.
When the American Civil War began in April 1861, Kit Carson resigned his post as federal Indian agent for northern New Mexico and joined the New Mexico volunteer infantry which was being organized by Ceran St. Vrain. Although New Mexico Territory officially allowed slavery, geography and economics made the institution so impractical that there were only a handful of slaves within its boundaries. The territorial government and the leaders of opinion all threw their support to the Union.
Overall command of Union forces in the Department of New Mexico fell to Colonel Edward R. S. Canby of the Regular Army's 19th Infantry, headquartered at Ft. Marcy in Santa Fe. Carson, with the rank of Colonel of Volunteers, commanded the third of five columns in Canby's force. Carson's command was divided into two battalions each made up of four companies of the First New Mexico Volunteers, in all some 500 men.
Early in 1862, Confederate forces in Texas under General Henry Hopkins Sibley undertook an invasion of New Mexico Territory. The goal of this expedition was to conquer the rich Colorado gold fields and redirect this valuable resource from the North to the South.
Advancing up the Rio Grande, Sibley's command clashed with Canby's Union force at Valverde on February 21, 1862. The day-long Battle of Valverde ended when the Confederates captured a Union battery of six guns and forced the rest of Canby's troops back across the river with losses of 68 killed and 160 wounded. Colonel Carson's column spent the morning on the west side of the river out of the action, but at 1 p.m., Canby ordered them to cross, and Carson's battalions fought until ordered to retreat. Carson lost one man killed and one wounded.
Colonel Canby had little or no confidence in the hastily recruited, untrained New Mexico volunteers, "who would not obey orders or obeyed them too late to be of any service." In his battle report, however, he did commend Carson, among other volunteer officers, for his "zeal and energy".
After the battle at Valverde, Colonel Canby and most of the regular troops were ordered to the eastern front, but Carson and his New Mexico Volunteers were fully occupied by "Indian troubles".
Prelude to Navajo campaignContact between the Navajo and the U.S. Army was prompted by a Navajo raid on Socorro, New Mexico near the end of September, 1846. General Kearny, passing nearby on his way to California after his recent conquest of Santa Fe, learned of the raid and sent a note to Col. William Doniphan, his second in command in Santa Fe. He asked Doniphan to send a regiment of soldiers into Navajo country and secure a peace treaty with them.
A detachment of 30 men made contact with the Navajo and spoke to the Navajo Chief Narbona in mid-October, about the same time that Carson met Gen. Kearny on the trail to California. A second meeting with Chief Narbona and Col. Doniphan occurred several weeks later. Doniphan informed the Navajo that all their land now belonged to the United States, and the Navajo and New Mexicans were now the "children of the United States". In spite of this, the Navajo signed a treaty, known as the Bear Spring treaty, on Nov. 21, 1846. The treaty forbade the Navajo to raid or make war on the New Mexicans, but allowed the New Mexicans the privilege of making war on the Navajo if they saw fit.
Despite the treaty, raiding continued in New Mexico by the Navajo, as well as the Jicarilla Apache, Mescalero Apache, Ute, Comanche, and Kiowa. On August 16, 1849 the U.S. Army began an expedition into the heart of Navajo country on an organized reconnaissance for the purpose of impressing the Navajo with the might of the U.S. military, and to map the terrain for further operations and to plan forts. The expedition was led by Col. John Washington, the military governor of New Mexico at the time. The expedition included nearly a thousand infantry (U.S. and New Mexican volunteers), hundreds of horses and mules, a supply train, 55 Pueblo Indian scouts, and four artillery guns.
On August 29-30, 1849, Washington's expedition was in need of water, and began pillaging Navajo cornfields. It became clear the Navajo intended to resist further pillaging, with mounted warriors darting back and forth around Washington's troops. It is further documented that Washington's reasoning was that the pillaging of Navajo crops was justified because the Navajo would have to reimburse the U.S. government for the cost of the expedition.
In this setting, Washington was still able to communicate to the Navajo that in spite of the hostile situation, they and the whites could "still be friends if the Navajo came with their chiefs the next day and signed a treaty". This is in fact, exactly what the Navajo did.
The next day Chief Narbona came once again to "talk peace", along with several other headmen. An accord was reached on nearly every matter. When a New Mexican thought he saw his stolen horse and the Navajo protested its return, a scuffle broke out. (The Navajo position was that the horse had passed through several owners by this time, and now rightfully belonged to its Navajo owner). Col. Washington sided with the New Mexican. Since the Navajo owner now fled the scene, Washington told the New Mexican to go pick out any Navajo horse he wanted. The rest of the Navajo present figured out what has happening, and turned and fled. At this, Col. Washington ordered his soldiers to fire.
Seven Navajo were killed in the volleys; the rest ran and could not be caught. One of the dying was Chief Narbona, who was scalped by a New Mexican souvenir hunter. This massacre prompted the warlike Navajo leaders such as Manuelito to gain influence over those who were advocates of peace.
Carson's Navajo campaignRaiding by Amerindians had been rather constant up through 1862, and New Mexicans were becoming more outspoken in their demand that something be done. Col. Canby devised a plan for the removal of the Navajo to a distant reservation and sent his plans to his superiors in Washington D.C. But that year, Canby was promoted to general and recalled back east for other duties. His replacement as commander of the Federal District of New Mexico was Brigadier General James H. Carleton.
Carleton believed that the Navajo conflict was the reason for New Mexico's "depressing backwardness". He naturally turned to Kit Carson to help him fulfill his plans of upgrading New Mexico, and his own career: Carson was nationally known and had been employed by a chain of preceding military commanders in their careers.
Carleton saw a way to harness the anxieties that had been stirred up [in New Mexico] by the Confederate invasion and the still-hovering fear that the Texans might return. If the territory was already on a war footing, the whole society alert and inflamed, then why not direct all this ramped up energy toward something useful? Carleton immediately declared a state of martial law, with curfews and mandatory passports for travel, and then brought all his newly streamlined authority to bear on cleaning up the Navajo mess. With a focus that bordered on obsession, he was determined finally to make good on Kearny's old promise that the United States would "correct all this".
Furthermore, Carleton believed there was gold in the Navajo's country, and felt they should be driven out in order to allow the development of this possibility. The immediate prelude to Carleton's Navajo campaign was to force the Mescalero Apache to Bosque Redondo. Carleton ordered Carson to kill all the men of that tribe, and say that he (Carson) had been sent to "punish them for their treachery and crimes".
Carson was appalled by this brutal attitude and refused to obey it. He accepted the surrender of more than a hundred Mescalero warriors who sought refuge with him. Nonetheless, he completed his campaign in a month.
When Carson learned that Carleton intended for him to pursue the Navajo he sent Carleton a letter of resignation dated February 3, 1863. Carleton refused to accept this and used the force of his personality to maintain Carson's cooperation. In language that was similar to his description of the Mescalero Apache, Carleton ordered Carson to lead an expedition against the Navajo, and to say to them, "You have deceived us too often, and robbed and murdered our people too long, to trust you again at large in your own country. This war shall be pursued against you if it takes years, now that we have begun, until you cease to exist or move. There can be no other talk on the subject."
Under Carleton's direction, Carson instituted a scorched earth policy, burning Navajo fields and homes, and confiscating or killing their livestock. He was aided by other Indian tribes with long-standing enmity toward the Navajos, chiefly the Utes. Carson was pleased with the work the Utes did for him, but they went home early in the campaign when told they could not confiscate Navajo booty.
Carson also had difficulty with his New Mexico volunteers. Troopers deserted and officers resigned. Carson urged Carleton to accept two resignations he was forwarding, "as I do not wish to have any officer in my command who is not contented or willing to put up with as much inconvenience and privations for the success of the expedition as I undergo myself."
There were no pitched battles and only a few skirmishes in the Navajo campaign. Carson rounded up and took prisoner every Navajo he could find. In January 1864, Carson sent a company into Canyon de Chelly to attack the last Navajo stronghold under the leadership of Manuelito. The Navajo were forced to surrender because of the destruction of their livestock and food supplies. In the spring of 1864, 8,000 Navajo men, women and children were forced to march or ride in wagons 300 miles (480 km) to Fort Sumner, New Mexico. Navajos call this "The Long Walk". Many died along the way or during the next four years of imprisonment. In 1868, after signing a treaty with the U.S. government, remaining Navajos were allowed to return to a reduced area of their homeland, where the Navajo Reservation exists today. Thousands of other Navajo who had been living in the wilderness returned to the Navajo homeland centered around Canyon de Chelly.
Southern Plains campaignIn November 1864, Carson was sent by General Carleton to deal with the Natives in western Texas. Carson and his troopers met a combined force of Kiowa, Comanche, and Cheyenne numbering over 1,500 at the ruins of Adobe Walls. In what is known as the Battle of Adobe Walls, the Native force led by Dohäsan made several assaults on Carson's forces which were supported by ten mountain howitzers. Carson inflicted heavy losses on the attacking warriors before burning the Indians' camp and lodges and returning to Fort Bascom.
A few days later, Colonel John M. Chivington led U.S. troops in a massacre at Sand Creek. Chivington boasted that he had surpassed Carson and would soon be known as the great Indian killer. Carson was outraged at the massacre and openly denounced Chivington's actions.
The Southern Plains campaign led the Comanches to sign the Little Rock Treaty of 1865. In October 1865, General Carleton recommended that Carson be awarded the brevet rank of brigadier-general, "for gallantry in the battle of Valverde, and for distinguished conduct and gallantry in the wars against the Mescalero Apaches and against the Navajo Indians of New Mexico."
ColoradoWhen the Civil War ended, and with the Indian campaigns successfully concluded, Carson left the army and took up ranching, finally settling in Fraksvill, Colorado.
Carson died at age 59 from an aneurysm in the surgeon's quarters in Fort Lyon, Colorado, located east of Las Animas. He is buried in Taos, New Mexico, alongside his wife, Josefa ("Josephine"), who died a month earlier of complications following child birth. His headstone inscription reads: "Kit Carson / Died May 23 1868 / Aged 59 Years."
ReputationMany of the early images and recollections of Carson by his peers and early writers portray him in a positive light. Albert Richardson, who knew him personally in the 1850s, wrote that Kit Carson was "a gentleman by instinct, upright, pure, and simple-hearted, beloved alike by Indians, Mexicans, and Americans" (Richardson, p. 261).
Oscar Lipps also presented a positive image of Carson: "The name of Kit Carson is to this day held in reverence by all the old members of the Navajo tribe. They say he knew how to be just and considerate as well as how to fight the Indians" (Lipps, p. 59).
Carson's contributions to western history have been reexamined by historians, journalists and Native American activists since the 1960s. In 1968, Carson biographer Harvey L. Carter stated:
In respect to his actual exploits and his actual character, however, Carson was not overrated. If history has to single out one person from among the Mountain Men to receive the admiration of later generations, Carson is the best choice. He had far more of the good qualities and fewer of the bad qualities than anyone else in that varied lot of individuals. (Carter, p. 210)
Some journalists and authors during the last 25 years present a less benign view of Carson. Virginia Hopkins stated that "Kit Carson was directly or indirectly responsible for the deaths of thousands of Indians" (Hopkins, p. 40). Her viewpoint is contrasted with that of Tom Dunlay, who wrote in 2000 that Carson was directly responsible for less than fifty Indian deaths and that, as Carson was not there at the time, Indian deaths on the Long Walk or at Ft. Sumner were the responsibility of the U.S. Army and General James Carleton. (Dunlay, chapter 8)
Ed Quillen, publisher of Colorado Central magazine and columnist for The Denver Post, wrote that "Carson...betrayed [the Navajo], starved them by destroying their farms and livestock in Canyon de Chelly and then brutally marched them to the Bosque Redondo concentration camp." (Denver Post, April 27, 1993) In 1970, Lawrence Kelly noted that Carleton had warned 18 Navajo chiefs that all Navajo peoples "must come in and go to the Bosque Redondo where they would be fed and protected until the war was over. That unless they were willing to do this they would be considered hostile." (Kelly, p. 20-21) Quillen's contention that Bosque Redondo was a concentration camp has been challenged. For instance, several men went off the reservation and stole 1,000 horses from the Comanche Indians to the east. (The Navajo Treaty, p. 14.)
On January 19, 2006, Marley Shebala, senior news reporter and photographer for Navajo Times, quoted the Fort Defiance Chapter of the Navajo Nation as saying, "Carson ordered his soldiers to shoot any Navajo, including women and children, on sight." This view of Carson's actions may be from General James Carleton’s orders to Carson on October 12, 1862, concerning the Mescalero Apaches: "All Indian men of that tribe are to be killed whenever and wherever you can find them: the women and children will not be harmed, but you will take them prisoners and feed them at Ft. Stanton until you receive other instructions" (Kelly, p. 11).
Hampton Sides stated in (Blood and Thunder, p. 334) that Carson felt the Native American tribes needed to have physical separation from whites, and thus reservations. But he believed "most of the Indian troubles in the West were caused by aggressions on the part of whites". He is said to have viewed the raids on settlements as mostly coming because of conditions of starvation and being driven to desperation by continuous encroachment upon their lands
Excerpt from The Life and Adventures of Kit Carson
Notes on Mohave Indians, San Gabriel Mission & possibly the Chemehuevi Indians.
source - Kit Carson
Carson and Godey
At this point an event occurred which somewhat retarded their progress, relieving the monotony of the route and somewhat changing their plans. ...
Mojave Desert - John C. Frémont
Frémont was now a national hero, as was Kit Carson. .... Kit Carson 1809 - 1868 Explorer/mountain man who rode with Fremont across the Mojave. ...
Major General James Henry Carleton
Kit Carson was next sent into the Panhandle to war upon the Kiowa and the Comanche, while escorts were provided for the vulnerable wagon trains ...
American Explorers in the Mojave
The Mojave Indian Trail was used by Kit Carson when he was guide for Captain John Fremont in 1844. Fremont recorded the geology and types of plants as well ...
Mojave Desert - People in the Mojave
The same trail was used by Kit Carson in the 1830s and when he was guide for Captain John Fremont in ... Pioneers There were those wishing to settle in the ...
Mojave Desert - Edward Beale...
Beale and two other men (his Delaware Indian servant and Kit Carson) crept through the Mexican lines and made their way to San Diego for reinforcements. ...
Military in the Mojave
... John Charles Fremont · Edward Fitzgerald Beale · James Henry Carleton Kit Carson ...
Camp Resting Springs
It was the site of an Indian massacre in 1844, avenged by Kit Carson and Alexander Godey of Fremont's expedition. A Mormon mail train was attacked here in ...
Old Spanish Trail
Ewing Young led a group that included Kit Carson—via Zuni and the Salt River and then trapped ..... Kit Carson carried military dispatches on several trips, ...
It was during the trapping expedition of 1827-1828, that Young employed a teenaged Kit Carson. ...
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In order to gauge the health benefits of cocoa, researchers have commissioned 150 women to gorge on chocolate daily for almost one year.
Researchers at the University of East Anglia are studying whether compounds in chocolate can cut the risk of heart disease in women with type 2 diabetes.
Heart disease is the most common cause of death in patients with diabetes.
Doctors have cautioned that the general population, and especially diabetics should not start eating large quantities of chocolate unsupervised, as it also contains lots of sugar and fat, which worsen diabetes and promote weight gain.
Cocoa, the main ingredient of chocolate, is a rich source of compounds called flavonoids, which have been shown to decrease risk factors for heart disease.
Generally the process of making chocolate from cocoa destroys the majority of these compounds.
However, now a Belgian chocolatier has developed a specially formulated chocolate bar for this study with extra flavonoids and added soy, which is also a rich source of the chemicals.
Once selected, the women, who must all have been through the menopause, will eat 27 grams of the special chocolate each day as well as carrying on with their normal cholesterol lowering drugs, called statins.
"Despite postmenopausal women being at a similar risk to men for developing cardiovascular disease, to date they are under-represented in clinical trials," the Telegraph quoted Prof Aedin Cassidy, the lead researcher and Professor of Diet and Health at the University of East Anglia, as saying.
"We hope to show that adding flavonoids to their diets will provide additional protection from heart disease and give women the opportunity to take more control over reducing their risk of heart disease in the future," Cassidy added.
Dr Ketan Dhatariya, one of the researchers and a consultant in diabetes at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital said: "The hypothesis of this exciting study is that flavonoids, in this case compounds found in cocoa and soy, may improve the level of protection against heart disease over and above that provided by conventional drugs."
"If the trial confirms this, it could have a far-reaching impact on the advice we give to postmenopausal women who have type 2 diabetes," he added.
Dr Iain Frame, Director of Research at leading health charity Diabetes UK, said: "We certainly don't advise people to start eating a lot of chocolate as it's very high in sugar and fat. We would always recommend that people with diabetes eat a diet low in fat, salt and sugar with plenty of fruit and vegetables."
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- Monitor and observe
- Provide Constructive Feedback.
Suggestions on Feedback Discussion :
If a feedback discussion is going to be significant, perhaps covering a substantial piece of work, you should try using the AIDA Model to give your discussion structure.
- A: Actions : What did you do ?
- I : Impact : What happened as a result of those actions ?
- D : Desired Outcome : How does that compare to what was supposed to happen
- A : Actions : What do you need to do differently ?
Also Read : Learning Styles
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Arenberg-Nordkirchener, Ardennes , Malakin, Aralusian, Araboulonnais , Arab-Haflinger and Arabo-Friesian
The Arenberg-Nordkirchener is dangerously close to extinction and are listed as critically endangered with their numbers in the teens.
These animals are a fairly recent breed (during the 20th century) and originally come from wild horses of Munster, Westphalia crossed with Lithuanian brood mares. the goal was to create a durable riding pony that was friendly, tough and able to cover long distances with a smooth stride.
Average height 12.9 – 13.7 hands Durable and healthy Elastic ground covering gaits
Dry, expressive head Sloping shoulder Well shaped croup Correct, clear foundation
The Ardennes type draft horse is one of the basic sources of the heavy draft breeds that exist today and they are a true cold-blooded breed.
Descendant from the Solutrian horse that roamed during the Paleolithic period, the Ardennes has continued relatively unchanged since the last ice age.
These animals were shaped by the land and climate as well as the needs of war. Since the days of Julius Caesar they have been used as tireless cavalry mounts.
There are stud books for the Ardennes breed in many different countries in Europe and in the UK, although they all breed similar animals and accept each others bloodlines.
Average height 15 – 16 hands Hardy with a great deal of endurance Very strong and able animals Built thicker than any other draft animal
Head is heavy and broad with a straight or slightly convex profile Ears are small and pointed Body is broad, muscular and compact. Legs are short and sturdy with strong joints Feet are small for the animals size, but well made and strong Feathered fetlocks
Also called the Ardahan, the Malakin is the only heavy breed of horse in Turkey. All of the other equines are hotblooded & built for life in the desert.
This breed goes back almost 150 years and was brought to the eastern parts of Turkey by immigrant Turks from the Caucasus. The animals were a cross betweenArdennes, Percheron, Shire, Clydesdale, Orlov among others with native Russian horses. When they reached eastern Turkey the resulting crosses were then crossed with the Anadolu breed (and later more Ardennes to improve stock).
Also called the Hispano-Arab, this is a relatively new breed achieved by crossing the high energy Arabians with the noble Andalusians in equal parts, creating a beautiful and intelligent cross.
These are two of the older and most acclaimed breeds on the planet, so their cross is a logical one. The resulting animal is beautiful with high action, notable athletic ability and fine confirmation. The Aralusian is animated and spirited with the strong Arabian motion and drive and the presence and determination of the Andalusian.
Due to the different bloodlines, there are not distinct physical characteristics. Mane and tail are long and flowing in both breeds.
The Araboulonnais is a relatively new French breed recently developed by crossingArabians to the large, robust Boulonnais.
The origin of the Araboulonnais began late in the 20th century because it was thought that the beauty and pep of the Arabian would blend wonderfully with the gentleness and soundness of the large Boulonnais.
The resulting cross was an animal that was more refined than the Boulonnais but much larger and heavier than the Arabian. They were created for riding and trekking and prove to be energetic and athletic mounts with a tendency to be resistant to disease.
Average height 15.2 – 15.7 hands
This breed is new and still not clearly defined characteristically.
Riding horse Trekking horse Agriculture work Pleasure horse
Although this cross breed was met with some resistance, some Haflinger breeders thought that Arabian blood would refine the breed and increase their athletic ability.
The first three generations were approached with the goal of creating foals that better the original breed. The breeders were successful and the resulting crosses displayed a definite refinement of the breed and an increase in their ability.
After many years of cross-breeding, the physical characteristics of the Haflinger breed persist, but have been slightly refined into a more elegant mount. The result is a small riding horse with rectangular shape and Arabian features.
Average height 13.5 – 14.5 hands Correct, strong foundation
Short head with concave profile Large, alert eyes Well-mounted neck Deep, oblique shoulder Long back with slopes croup Slim legs with large joints
Approachable and kind Easy to handle with a balanced temperament Makes a great children’s mount
Pleasure horse Show horse
The Arabian blood was first added to the Friesian breed during Spanish invasion of the Netherlands during the late 16th and early 17th century.
Local Friesian farmers were forced to use Spanish stallions who carried Arabian blood. The resulting cross was an incredibly athletic animal that is found in the ancestry of the Orlov Trotter and the Morgan.
Later, during the 1960′s breeders attempted to further enhance the Friesian bloodlines by adding more Arabian blood to selected Friesian mares. Their goal was to enhance strength, endurance and lung & heart volume while retaining the physical characteristics of the Friesian.
Smooth gaits Incredibly tough with high endurance
Should retain most of the physical characteristics of the Friesian horse
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When Girls Play, Boys Pay
February 16, 2010 | NeW Staff
Last fall, we talked a lot about the decline in women’s happiness after a study conducted in part by Wharton Professor Betsey Stevenson. Now, she has a new study about the impact of sports on the lives of young women; her results are potentially groundbreaking.
“Using a complex analysis, Dr. Stevenson showed that increasing girls’ sports participation had a direct effect on women’s education and employment. She found that the changes set in motion by Title IX explained about 20 percent of the increase in women’s education and about 40 percent of the rise in employment for 25-to-34-year-old women.”
Many are claiming this proves that Title IX works. And yes, this certainly does show a positive correlation between sports and overall health and well-being. But I think Stevenson’s remarks are the most telling on Title IX:
” ‘It’s not just that the people who are going to do well in life play sports, but that sports help people do better in life,’ she said, adding, ‘While I only show this for girls, it’s reasonable to believe it’s true for boys as well.’ “
I don’t think anyone, even Title IX opponents, could reasonably argue that we should be discouraging girls from playing sports. Many of us, either through personal experience or by watching others, have seen the positive impact that athletic participation has had for girls. This study only further supports the notion that activity, team work, and discipline are good for young women.
However, in effect, Title IX is actively discouraging athletic participation–for boys. As a result of quotas and ratios enforced by the Policy Interpretation of 1979, young men are actively excluded from participation in collegiate sports. We are denying men the very same rights denied to women only a few decades ago.
Is this what is good for all young people? Taking away opportunities from some to “equalize” the playing field? Stevenson’s study shows that we should encourage young women to participate in sports, but we must also recognize that male participation in sports should not have to be limited in the name of equality.
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|The session focused on STEM education (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) to create skilled and employable workforce. It highlighted the need to increase critical thinking among students that will help build the next generation of innovators|
It is a great challenge for educators to handle kids born with STEM skills as they are born creative and innovative. They are practical problem solvers and designers rather than workers. Also, they have collaborative thinking and are life-long learners. These kids are very comfortable handling technology tools. The only thing missing out is engineering approach and we have to concentrate on that.
Bhadrachalam Public School
Our talent pool can be increased by enhancing the level of STEM education in K-12 and by strengthening the skills of teachers through additional training in STEM. We should enlarge the pipeline of graduates and students entering college with STEM degrees. Degrees acquired today do not prepare them to face real world challenges and limit their employability.
|D Usha Reddy,|
Think and then create, innovate because gadgets can only support. After all, it is the human brain that created gadgets. The human mind should focus more on the classroom than on technology.
Silver Oaks School
Every school should be a research centre because they know the background of every student who comes in. Schools and parents have to decide what technology should be used in schools to fulfill the goals of the education they want to give to the youngsters.
Counselor (Science & Technology),
Embassy of the Russian Federation in India
The Russian concept of socio-economic development up to year 2020 stresses on the need to establish a national system for the development of science and national innovation in technologies with greater use of ICT.
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Why do developing nations are now faced with modern chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, heart diseases and cancer?
As these nations develop economically, the middele class is expanding. The now have bigger spending power.
As societies develop, people’s diets change.
They tend to take more high-fat and high-sugar foods, often in Western-style fast food restaurants (Pasquet 2010).
Urban life also tends to be more sedentery. Many people stay in the air-conditioned offices for too long. They hardly do any exercise.
Note: Many families are suffering financially and mentally because one or more members are not in good health.
(Pasquet, Y. 2010. ‘Western’ diseases spreading. SF8, Fit4Life, The Star, 17 October 2010).
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It is taken that n is integral, because otherwise the cube would be exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, to divide in the aforesaid way.
a) No matter how long the side, only the corner unit cubes will have three sides of paint on them, because this is the most number of corners revealed for any unit cube in a cube with side larger than 1. There are always eight corner unit cubes (in cubes with sides larger than 1), and so the formula is f(n) = 8, where f(n) --> 3 painted sides, unless n = 1, where f(n) = 0. (There is only one cube for a unit cube itself, with 6 painted sides).
b) The edges of the cube, not including the corners, will have two of their sides painted, those cubes having only two sides revealed. There are twelve edges for each cube. However, each edge of n includes the two corner cubes, which must be subtracted because of their painting of three sides. Thus, g(n) = 12(n-2), where n is larger than 1 (for reasons explained already in a)).
c) The center unit cubes, of each face, will only have one surface painted, because this is the only one revealed. These center cubes do not include those of the edge, or the corners. Thus, there are n-2 by n-2 of these, for each face, and six faces of the large cube. h(n) = 6 * (n-2)^2, where n is larger than 1 (for reasons explained already in a)).
d) The remaining cubes are not painted, as the most exposed unit cube in a cubical structure would only be the corner, revealed on three sides. These three, two, and one sides have already been covered, and so the remainder are unpainted unit cubes. There are n^3 total unit cubes present, and so the number of these unpainted unit cubes is j(n) = n^3 - 6 * (n-2)^2 - 12(n-2) - 8, where n is necessarily larger than 1 (for the above explained reasons, in a)).
Return to Main Page
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A German manufacturer of a drug that caused thousands of babies to be born with disabilities about five decades ago is apologizing for the first time.
The drug, thalidomide, caused babies to be born with shorter arms and legs after their mothers took it during pregnancy in the 1950s and 1960s.
It was marketed to women to counter morning sickness, according to the Thalidomide Trust, a UK body set up in the 1970s to help those affected.
In addition to the disabilities, some children whose mothers took the drug suffered heart problems, damaged hearing or eyesight , and in some cases, brain damage.
The drug was pulled from sale in 1961 after doctors linked it to birth defects.
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(c) & (r) 2012 Cable News Network
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The Inside Passage stretches from Port Hardy on Vancouver Island to Prince Rupert in northern BC, through the protected waters of British Columbia’s central and northern coastline. There are some places, luckily, that are still inaccessible by road. British Columbia’s Central Coast is one of them. Until BC Ferries launched its Discovery Coast Passage run in the summer of 1996, the Central Coast was also largely inaccessible by water.
When European explorers arrived along this coast in the 18th century, it was inhabited by Natives from several cultural groups. Although hunters and gatherers like the tribes of the Interior, the coastal natives, due to their abundant food supply, were able to establish permanent villages. Their complex cultures were distinguished by an emphasis on wealth, a refined artistic tradition, and a rich spirit life. Travel along the coast was accomplished via cedar dugout canoes that could be impressive in their length. Although there’s nothing more inspiring than to see one of these massive canoes in action, they are only brought out for ceremonial occasions, such as a paddle trip to Vancouver or the Olympic Peninsula in Washington. These days, aluminum-hulled, high-speed boats are the vessels of choice among all inhabitants of the coast.
Explorers from Russia, Britain, France, and Spain converged on this coastline in the last quarter of the 18th century, motivated by trade possibilities or – in the case of Spain – a desire to protect territorial waters. Two British explorers, Captain James Cook in 1778-79 and Captain George Vancouver in 1792-93, did the most systematic charting of the coast. After an international tussle, the British eventually gained control of what would later become the coast of British Columbia. Colonization and settlement began in the 19th century, although British Columbia’s Central and Northern Coast is still not heavily populated. Logging, fishing, and tourism are the primary industries, though with the decline in stocks and automation in the forest, fewer people live here now than in previous decades. After a disastrous decline in Native populations (by as much as 90 percent in some nations) that began over a century ago due to infectious diseases such as smallpox and tuberculosis, today’s numbers match those of precontact times.
BC Ferries sails from its southern terminus in Port Hardy, on the northern tip of Vancouver Island, 250 miles (400 km) north of Nanaimo on Highway 19. The drive from Nanaimo to Port Hardy takes four to five hours. The turnoff for the Port Hardy BC Ferries terminal is at Bear Cove, almost 2 miles (3 km) south of the town of Port Hardy. The ferry’s northern terminus, Prince Rupert, is 450 miles (725 km) west of Prince George on Highway 16.
Numerous cruise ships ply the waters of the 314-mile (507-km) Inside Passage en route to Alaska. BC Ferries’ may not rival the QE II in size, but is majestic enough to carry freight trailers, family sedans, recreational vehicles, motorcycles, and touring bicycles. Passengers boarding in Port Hardy for the trip to Prince Rupert include the usual manifest of adventure-hungry world travellers you’d expect to find boarding a ferry in British Columbia, bolstered, depending on the season, by a contingent of tree planters. By the conclusion of the journey, you’ll probably be on nodding, if not full-blown speaking, terms with many of your fellow passengers.
Aside from a short stretch of open ocean between Vancouver Island and Rivers Inlet, where the Central Coast archipelago begins, the route north to Prince Rupert leads through a narrow maze of channels, passes, and reaches. Snow and ice coat the peaks of the mountains, and their shoulders plunge to the tideline. So rugged is most of this coast that if you were exploring here by kayak, you’d be challenged to find a welcoming landing site. Passengers should keep their eyes peeled for a whale or dolphin in Queen Charlotte Sound. With luck you might even see a white-coated Kermode bear on Princess Royal Island’s lengthy shoreline.
M/V Northern Expedition is BC Ferries’ newest vessel to ply the waters of British Columbia’s Inside Passage. The new 150 metre ship accommodates 130 vehicles and 600 passengers. Among its many features, the Northern Expedition will offer 55 modern staterooms (cabins are reserved in advance and usually book up fast) for customers and an expanded range of food services and other amenities to delight local residents and tourists alike.
Passengers will enjoy the spacious cafeteria, called Canoe Cafe, as well as the Vista Restaurant. The Raven’s Lounge offers TV viewing while the reserved seating Aurora Lounge boasts wonderful view and reclining chairs, perfect for taking in the sweeping vistas of northern B.C. You’ll find a great selection of unique treasures that capture the essence of the north coast including gifts, clothing, books, jewellery and treats for everyone at the Passages Gift shop. Together the Northern Expedition and the Northern Adventure will deliver a cruise-like travel experience on the northern routes.
Stops at Ocean Falls and McLoughlin Bay in early spring and late fall prolong the daylong journey, but also lead to enjoyable scenery as the ferry threads her way through the Inside Passage. Services aboard the ferry include a dining room with a full buffet, a licenced lounge, a cafeteria, cabins, a children’s playroom, public showers, and a video arcade.
If you are travelling with a vehicle, reservations are a must. Visit our Transportation section for more information.
Come the end of May, when ferry service to ports on the Central Coast is shouldered by the Queen of Chilliwack (on the Discovery Coast Passage route, inaugurated in 1996), there are no stops between Port Hardy and Prince Rupert, with its connections to Haida Gwaii, formerly the Queen Charlotte Islands and Alaska. That’s a good thing. The ferry has become so popular with summer travellers that everything needs to click in order to keep to the demanding schedule.
Circle Tours: See the best of Northern BC on one of the Circle Tours that capture the wonders of the north. The Northern BC Circle Tour incorporates the Alaska Highway through the Rocky Mountain foothills to Watson Lake in the Yukon, linking with the Stewart/Cassiar Highway and Yellowhead Highway 16 in the south. The Inside Passage Tour and The Native Heritage Tour follow the same route, from Port Hardy on Vancouver Island north by ferry to Prince Rupert. Catch another ferry to Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), or venture east on the Yellowhead Highway to Prince George, and south through the peaceful Cariboo to Vancouver along the historic Cariboo Wagon Road.
Circle Tours in British Columbia.
Location: The Inside Passage stretches from Port Hardy on Vancouver Island to Prince Rupert in Northern BC, on the central and northern coastline of British Columbia. B.C. Ferries operates a year-round ferry service between Port Hardy and Prince Rupert, with stops on the Discovery Coast.
The following communities are located in or near the Inside Passage (south to north):
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No field of learning stands alone. Even in art there are many different facets that all inform each other. Following the Discipline Based Art Education movement, I believe in teaching students not only creation of visual art, but also art history, art criticism, and aesthetics. With the knowledge of other areas of art, students are able to better understand why they create the way they do in this period of time. This mode of thought also occurs outside of the field of art.
Art integration is extremely important for students. As stated before, no field of learning stands alone. Art can be used for students to better understand math concepts, in science aids, and to explore literature and creative writing exercises. More recently, art has also played an important role in the field of technology. From graphic design, advertising, and video game/movie development, artistic abilities are forming into new and innovative career options.
I believe that it is important for students to recognize the opportunities that art has to offer, whether or not they decide to pursue it as a profession. Regardless of background, all students can learn the concepts and skills that an art education gives.
As an art educator I believe that art plays an important role in a student’s education. Art teaches students skills that can be used across all subjects, ranging from math and science to the humanities. These skills can be learned by any student, regardless of their background, style of learning or developmental stage at the time they enter my classroom.
As a result of this belief, it is my job to differentiate my lesson plans to accommodate the wide range of students in the classroom. While many projects naturally can be modified to suit the needs of kids who are more or less advanced then the average student, it is important to take an active role in discussing the alternatives a student has in order to meet their needs and still provide them with an education that is both stimulating and challenging. I believe that while these modifications are important and necessary in order to give students the knowledge required to progress in the arts.
From my experience in the classroom I believe in both the progressive and traditional methods of teaching students. In order to progress as an artist, students must learn and understand basic design principles and elements. The principles and elements of design are concepts that many people know intuitively, but once students are consciously aware of these principles they have the ability to create stronger works of art and critique the works of others. It is my belief that these principles and elements should be taught in a structured manner, giving students the opportunity to express themselves, but with specific purpose to gain in-depth knowledge of each element and principle. While structure is important to lesson planning and curriculum, I believe that students also need the freedom to solve problems independently, and by using resources outside of the teacher such as their peers.
As a student learns the concepts of design, they should be given the choice to explore different mediums and techniques more independently. From this exploration students are able to focus themselves in areas of art. During this stage of learning it is my belief that the role of the art teacher is to guide, not direct. Giving students this freedom with an expert to help field questions, solve problems, and guide students in the right direction enables students to learn real-life skills such as problem solving, thinking critically, and coming up with new and creative ideas.
While it is the goal for all students to eventually reach this more progressive stage of teaching and learning, I also take into account that not all students will reach this stage. Due to different backgrounds, maturity levels, learning styles, etc., an art teacher must always be prepared to give some students more heavily structured curriculum.
My goal as an art teacher is to hold all of my students to high standards, giving them the education that they deserve. High standards cannot be defined by one student, but instead is based on the individuality that every child brings to the classroom. Some students will need more attention then others. Others will thrive by opting for minimal guidance. I believe that as long as clear goals are understood by both myself, the students, and the others involved with their education, that every student is able to learn in my classroom.
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plural noun, Mathematics.
a system of in which the axes do not meet at right angles.
[uh-bleek, oh-bleek; Military uh-blahyk, oh-blahyk] /əˈblik, oʊˈblik; Military əˈblaɪk, oʊˈblaɪk/ adjective 1. neither perpendicular nor parallel to a given line or surface; slanting; sloping. 2. (of a solid) not having the axis perpendicular to the plane of the base. 3. diverging from a given straight line or course. 4. not straight or direct, as a […]
- Oblique diameter
oblique diameter n. The diameter of the pelvic inlet from the sacroiliac joint of one side to the opposite iliopectineal eminence.
- Oblique fault
noun 1. a fault that runs obliquely to, rather than parallel to or perpendicular to, the strike of the affected rocks
- Oblique fracture
oblique fracture n. A fracture in which the line of break runs obliquely to the axis of the bone.
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Most Dangerous Dogs In The World
The Dangerous Dogs Act 1991 (c. 65) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that was introduced in response to various incidents of serious injury or death resulting from attacks by aggressive and uncontrolled dogs, particularly on children. These incidents received heavy tabloid attention, causing widespread public concern over the keeping of dangerous dogs and a resulting legislative response.The effect of the Act
Under the 1991 Act (and as amended in 1997) it is illegal to own any Specially Controlled Dogs without specific exemption from a court. The dogs have to be muzzled and kept on a lead in public, they must be registered and insured, neutered, tattooed and receive microchip implants. The Act also bans the breeding, sale and exchange of these dogs, even if they are on the Index of Exempted Dogs.
Four types in particular were identified by the Act:
Pit Bull Terrier
The Act also covers cross breeds of the above four types of dog. Dangerous dogs are classified by 'type', not by breed label. This means that whether a dog is prohibited under the Act will depend on a judgement about its physical characteristics, and whether they match the description of a prohibited 'type'. This assessment of the physical characteristics is made by a court.
The Act applies in England, Wales and Scotland, with The Dangerous Dogs (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 having a similar effect in Northern Ireland.
The Index of Exempted Dogs
The Index of Exempted Dogs is maintained by the Animal Welfare section of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, which administers the registration of specially-controlled dogs in England and Wales.
In 1991 and 1992 details of all Specially Controlled Dogs and their owners and keepers had to be added to the Index of Exempted Dogs. From early 1992 to 1997 no dogs were allowed to be added to the Index. In 1997 The Dangerous Dogs (Amendment) Act 1997 was passed which made some changes. From 1997 any Court was able to order that a specific dog be added to the Index by the issue of a Court Order.
Under the 1991 Act as amended it remains illegal to own any of these dogs without specific exemption from a court. The dogs have to be muzzled and kept on a leash in public, they must be registered and insured, neutered, tattooed and receive microchip implants.
There have been several test cases of the Act, most famously Dempsey (a pit bull terrier) who in 1995 was finally reprieved from a destruction order, to widespread media attention. The definition of the word "type" in the legislation was of particular controversy, as was the lack of discretion that the Act gives magistrates.
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Are you ready to discover a genuinely fresh classification essay topic? You are lucky indeed as you just came across these 70 inspirational classification essay ideas that will make your papers rock. This article will also tell you some features of classification essay structure and format, but now, it's time to choose your favorite idea from the following essay topics list and enjoy your excellent grades and the envy of your classmates.
Let's begin with the main principles that are essential for classification essay writing, so you can make a conscious choice of topic according to the categories you want to cover.
Main principles of classification/division papers
A classification essay divides objects into groups according to a particular system. For example, you can divide Facebookers, according to the level of their activity, into the following groups:
- Online zombies
- Daily visitors
- The “forgot my password” type
Sounds interesting, right? You’ll know how to try it yourself soon.
But first, here are some tips for structuring your classification paper:
- When writing an essay, make certain you use the same classification principle for all objects. The categories you choose for your essay should be completely separate. You can't include categories inside of each other or classify objects into several categories at once.
- Decide in which order you are going to present the objects (for example, from the most active to the least active type in the example above). You can choose any order you like, but make sure that your logic is understandable and clear.
- Make your classification essay thesis statement clear from the very beginning. When reading your essay, your reader should know exactly what topic will be discussed. Don't let your readers get lost in your paper—give them a strong thesis statement so they can quickly understand the main idea.
Here are your classification essay topics
Now that you know the simple principles of classification/division papers, you are welcome to choose a gem from this collection of the 70 best topics for a classification essay:
- Facebook users
- YouTube videos
- Search engines
- Computer users
- Dormitory rooms
- Friends in need
- People queuing at the dentist
- People in the street when it rains cats and dogs
- Most annoying songs
- Dancing styles
- Movie endings
- Cinema goers
- Extracurricular activities
- College athletes
- College fraternities
- Parenting styles
- Child-parent relationships
- Students and their study habits
- Students during an exam
- Students during a class discussion
- Television shows
- Shop assistants
- First dates
- Ways to apologize
- Happy couples
- Reasons (not) to get married
- Ways (not) to resolve a personal conflict
- Christmas gifts
- New Year’s parties
- Halloween costumes
- Attitudes to sports
- Ways to quit smoking
- Sports fans
- Sports coaches
- Ways to spend a dinner break
- Sales representatives
- Shopping behaviors
- Types of restaurant decor
- Family dinners
- Public speakers
- World religions
- Political regimes
- International organizations
- Decision-making strategies
- Types of motivation
- Change management strategies
- Clients’ behaviors in conflictual situations
- Sources of energy
- Evolution theories
- Debating strategies
- Stress-coping strategies
- Responses to jokes
- Laughter sounds
Each of these unique classification essay topics is easy to divide into several categories and will allow you to tackle this unique type of essay creatively. But if you still can't decide which idea to choose, maybe you'll like one of these topics.
Classification essay outline and format
So, now you've chosen an appealing topic from this list – congrats! That was the most difficult part.
Now you might be wondering how to write a classification essay outline.
Typically we need outlines to write high-quality essays because they help organize our thoughts and make sure we give an equal number of examples for each category. The classification essay format requires a framework, as well.
To write an efficient outline, take the following 3 steps:
- Determine the categories for your topic.
A classification essay is all about sorting and logical connections, so first of all, you need to divide your objects into 3 to 5 categories. It is essential not to make too many categories– all groups must be equally important and equally relevant to your topic. Also, to make your paper easier to write, don't make your categories too detailed. For example, if you’re classifying movie genres, there's no need to include a narrow film genre like parody along with comedy, action, and drama. You’re responsible for your classification essay format, so be attentive to the categories you include.
- Choose the points you want to comment on.
In your classification essay, characterize every object into a category according to specific points that are included in the discussion. For example, if you choose to write a classification essay about non-typical pets in your country, you can write about the following points:
- Learning ability
Once you’ve chosen your points, be sure to comment on all of them for each of the categories. For example, if you write about crocodiles' aggression, you shouldn’t ignore the dangers of lynxes or boars if they are also on your list.
Take a look at this classification essay sample – the author has described every category using the same pattern. This strategy makes the paper easy to navigate and shows that all of the chosen categories are vital for the topic.
- Finally, do some research to find the perfect classification essay examples.
Don't forget that every statement you make in your essay must be proved. By using exact and accurate examples to support your classification essay ideas, you can convince your instructor of your creativity and unique point of view. Add the same number of examples to each of the categories to help readers understand and agree with your ideas.
That's it! You now have an efficient outline that includes the major groups, points to help you describe each type, and examples to prove the main points of each object.
Your task now is to fill the points you have with useful information and connect each point logically. Don't forget that your division paper should come together to form one coherent message using points and examples, not a number of several disjointed texts.
If you still have questions about the best classification essay structure, look for some additional information on Overnight Essay or watch this YouTube video. These resources provide step-by-step instructions on how to effectively write of this type of essay.
Now you know how to structure your classification essay, how to create an outline to make writing easier, and what main principles you need to remember while writing the essay. Once you apply these tips, classification essay writing becomes so much easier than it seemed.
Moreover, now you have a brilliant classification essay topic, and you can dive right into the process of essay writing. Good luck with your essays and have a nice day!
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A heliograph ("Greek: Ἥλιος "helios, meaning "sun", and γραφειν graphein, meaning "write") is a wireless solar "telegraph that signals by flashes of sunlight (generally using "Morse code) reflected by a "mirror. The flashes are produced by momentarily pivoting the mirror, or by interrupting the beam with a shutter. The heliograph was a simple but effective instrument for instantaneous "optical communication over long distances during the late 19th and early 20th century. Its main uses were military, survey and forest protection work. Heliographs were standard issue in the British and Australian armies until the 1960s, and were used by the Pakistani army as late as 1975.
There were many heliograph types. Most heliographs were variants of the British Army Mance Mark V version (Fig.1). It used a mirror with a small unsilvered spot in the centre. The sender aligned the heliograph to the target by looking at the reflected target in the mirror and moving their head until the target was hidden by the unsilvered spot. Keeping their head still, they then adjusted the aiming rod so its cross wires bisected the target. They then turned up the sighting vane, which covered the cross wires with a diagram of a cross, and aligned the mirror with the tangent and elevation screws so the small shadow that was the reflection of the unsilvered spot hole was on the cross target. This indicated that the sunbeam was pointing at the target. The flashes were produced by a keying mechanism that tilted the mirror up a few degrees at the push of a lever at the back of the instrument. If the sun was in front of the sender, its rays were reflected directly from this mirror to the receiving station. If the sun was behind the sender, the sighting rod was replaced by a second mirror, to capture the sunlight from the main mirror and reflect it to the receiving station. The "U. S. Signal Corps heliograph mirror did not tilt. This type produced flashes by a "shutter mounted on a second tripod (Fig 4).
The heliograph had some great advantages. It allowed long distance communication without a fixed infrastructure, though it could also be linked to make a fixed network extending for hundreds of miles, as in the fort-to-fort network used for the "Geronimo campaign. It was very portable, did not require any power source, and was relatively secure since it was invisible to those not near the axis of operation, and the beam was very narrow, spreading only 50 feet per mile of range. However, anyone in the beam with the correct knowledge could intercept signals without being detected. In the "Boer War, where both sides used heliographs, tubes were sometimes used to decrease the dispersion of the beam. In some other circumstances, though, a narrow beam made it difficult to stay aligned with a moving target, as when communicating from shore to a moving ship, so the British issued a dispersing lens to broaden the heliograph beam from its natural diameter of 0.5 degrees to 15 degrees.
The distance that heliograph signals could be seen depended on the clarity of the sky and the size of the mirrors used. A clear line of sight was required, and since the Earth's surface is curved, the highest convenient points were used. Under ordinary conditions, a flash could be seen 30 miles (48 km) with the naked eye, and much farther with a "telescope. The maximum range was considered to be 10 miles for each inch of mirror diameter. Mirrors ranged from 1.5 inches to 12 inches or more. The record distance was established by a detachment of U.S. signal sergeants by the inter-operation of stations on "Mount Ellen, "Utah, and "Mount Uncompahgre, "Colorado, 183 miles (295 km) apart on September 17, 1894, with Signal Corps heliographs carrying mirrors only 8 inches square.
The German professor "Carl Friedrich Gauss of the "University of Göttingen developed and used a predecessor of the heliograph (the "heliotrope) in 1821. His device directed a controlled beam of sunlight to a distant station to be used as a marker for geodetic survey work, and was suggested as a means of telegraphic communications. This is the first reliably documented heliographic device, despite much speculation about possible ancient incidents of sun-flash signalling, and the documented existence of other forms of "ancient optical telegraphy.
For example, one author in 1919 chose to "hazard the theory" that the mainland signals Roman emperor "Tiberius watched for from "Capri were mirror flashes, but admitted "there are no references in ancient writings to the use of signaling by mirrors", and that the documented means of ancient long-range visual telecommunications was by beacon fires and beacon smoke, not mirrors.
Similarly, the story that a shield was used as a heliograph at the "Battle of Marathon is a modern myth, originating in the 1800s. "Herodotus never mentioned any flash. What Herodotus did write was that someone was accused of having arranged to "hold up a shield as a signal". Suspicion grew in the 1900s that the flash theory was implausible. The conclusion after testing the theory was "Nobody flashed a shield at the Battle of Marathon".
In a letter dated 3 June 1778, "John Norris, High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire, England, notes: "Did this day heliograph intelligence from Dr [Benjamin] Franklin in Paris to Wycombe". However there is little evidence that "heliograph" here is other than a misspelling of ""holograph". The term "heliograph" for solar telegraphy did not enter the English language until the 1870s - even the word ""telegraphy" was not coined until the 1790s.
Henry Christopher Mance (1840–1926), of the British Government Persian Gulf Telegraph Department, developed the first widely accepted heliograph about 1869 while stationed at "Karachi, in the "Bombay Presidency in "British India. Mance was familiar with heliotropes by their use for the Great India Survey. The Mance Heliograph was operated easily by one man, and since it weighed about seven pounds, the operator could readily carry the device and its tripod. The British Army tested the heliograph in India at a range of 35 miles with favorable results. During the Jowaki Afridi expedition sent by the British-Indian government in 1877, the heliograph was first tested in war.
The simple and effective instrument that Mance invented was to be an important part of military communications for more than 60 years. The usefulness of heliographs was limited to daytimes with strong sunlight, but they were the most powerful type of visual signalling device known. In pre-radio times heliography was often the only means of communication that could span ranges of as much as 100 miles with a lightweight portable instrument.
In the United States military, by January 1880, Colonel "Nelson A. Miles had established a line of heliographs connecting Fort Keogh and Fort Custer, Montana, a distance of 140 miles. In 1890, Major W. J. Volkmar of the US Army, demonstrated in "Arizona and "New Mexico the possibility of performing communication by heliograph over a heliograph network aggregating 2,000 miles in length. The network of communication begun by General Miles in 1886, and continued by Lieutenant W. A. Glassford, was perfected in 1889 at ranges of 85, 88, 95, and 125 miles over a rugged and broken country, which was the stronghold of the "Apache and other hostile Indian tribes.
By 1887, heliographs in use included not only the British Mance and Begbie heliographs, but also the American Grugan, Garner and Pursell heliographs. The Grugan and Pursell heliographs used shutters, and the others used movable mirrors operated by a finger key. The Mance, Grugan and Pursell heliographs used two tripods, and the others one. The signals could either be momentary flashes, or momentary obscurations. In 1888, the US Signal Service reviewed all of these devices, as well as the Finley Helio-Telegraph, and finding none completely suitable, developed the US Signal Service heliograph, a two-tripod, shutter-based machine of 13 7/8 lb. total weight, and ordered 100 for a total cost of $4,205. In 1893, the number of heliographs manufactured for the US Signal Service was 133.
The heyday of the heliograph was probably the "Second Boer War in South Africa, where it was much used by both the British and the Boers. The terrain and climate, as well as the nature of the campaign, made heliography a logical choice. For night communications, the British used some large "Aldis lamps, brought inland on railroad cars, and equipped with leaf-type shutters for keying a beam of light into dots and dashes. During the early stages of the war, the British garrisons were besieged in "Kimberley, "Ladysmith, and "Mafeking. With land "telegraph lines cut, the only contact with the outside world was via light-beam communication, helio by day, and Aldis lamps at night.
In 1909, the use of heliography for forestry protection was introduced in the United States. By 1920 such use was widespread in the US and beginning in Canada, and the heliograph was regarded as "next to the telephone, the most useful communication device that is at present available for forest-protection services". D.P. Godwin of the US Forestry Service invented a very portable (4.5 lb) heliograph of the single-tripod, shutter plus mirror type for forestry use.
Immediately prior to the outbreak of World War I, the cavalry regiments of the Russian Imperial Army were still being trained in heliograph communications to augment the efficiency of their scouting and reporting roles. The "Red Army during the Russian Civil War made use of a series of heliograph stations to disseminate intelligence efficiently about "basmachi rebel movements in "Turkestan in 1926.
During World War II, South African and Australian forces used the heliograph against German forces in Libya and Egypt in 1941 and 1942.
The heliograph remained standard equipment for military "signallers in the Australian and "British armies until the 1960s, where it was considered a "low probability of intercept" type of communication. The "Canadian Army was the last major army to have the heliograph as an issue item. By the time the mirror instruments were retired, they were seldom used for signalling. However, as recently as the 1980s, heliographs were used by "Afghan forces during the "Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Signal mirrors are still included in "survival kits for emergency signaling to "search and rescue aircraft.
Most heliographs of the 19th and 20th century were completely manual. The steps of aligning the heliograph on the target, co-aligning the reflected sunbeam with the heliograph, maintaining the sunbeam alignment as the sun moved, transcribing the message into flashes, modulating the sunbeam into those flashes, detecting the flashes at the receiving end, and transcribing the flashes into the message, were all manual steps. One notable exception – many French heliographs used clockwork heliostats to automatically steer out the sun's motion. By 1884, all active units of the "Mangin apparatus" (a dual-mode French military field optical telegraph that could use either lantern or sunlight) were equipped with clockwork heliostats. The Mangin apparatus with heliostat was still in service in 1917. Proposals to automate both the modulation of the sunbeam (by clockwork) and the detection (by electrical selenium photodetectors, or photographic means) date back to at least 1882. In 1961, the US Air Force was working on a space heliograph to signal between satellites
In May 2012, "Solar Beacon" robotic mirrors designed at UC Berkeley were mounted on the towers of the Golden Gate bridge, and a web site set up where the public could schedule times for the mirrors to signal with sun-flashes, entering the time and their latitude, longitude and altitude. The solar beacons were later moved to Sather Tower at UC Berkeley. By June 2012, the public could specify a "custom show" of up to 32 "on" or "off" periods of 4 seconds each, permitting the transmission of a few characters of Morse Code. The designer described the Solar Beacon as a "heliostat", not a "heliograph".
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“Yorkie” is the popular name of the dog breed Yorkshire Terrier.
Its body is typically strong and athletic with an innately long and active life span. The dog’s physical attribute is often taken for granted because of its cute appearance and size. Thus, the inner attribute is overshadowed by its long, shiny coat and cute little gestures. Not to mention that grooming a Yorkie is very challenging, that is why, according to a survey conducted in the United States, most Yorkie owners are female.
The most important physical feature of a Yorkie is its short, level back (hips and shoulders are of the same height) and straight legs with slightly bent stifles (knees). A standard Yorkie also has a moderately extended neck (important for carrying the head high) and enough forechest (the part that sticks out in front of the legs when viewed laterally) to carry a good set of lungs for stamina. During trotting with a loose leash, the Yorkie should freely, confidently gait, with both head and tail held high. All these details define a true and high pedigree Yorkie. It’s very important that all Yorkies have these basic and stock physical features.
On spot agility
The Yorkie demands an active lifestyle and any engaging activity. After all, Yorkies were bred to hunt rats centuries ago. In a Yorkie’s case, at the very least, long walks, brisk games of catch in the park, or spirited tug of war in the living room. The Yorkie’s bearing must clearly convey that it is vigorous despite of its small body size. But when you’re ankle-high on a leg of the average human, how do you get that message across?
The fifth sense
The physical features that do the most to make up the typical look of a Yorkie are its eyes and ears. Yorkie’s eyes are usually dark and glaring with intelligence. The small erect ears of a Yorkie are like radar disc that translates the Yorkie’s lively interest in everything around it. The ears of a Yorkie puppy are usually tipped. They are standing and erect when they reach three months old. A Yorkie without fully erect ears has a low pedigree grade. Overall, alertness, inquisitiveness, and self-confidence are the expressions of a true blue Yorkie.
Shades of Yorkie
The coating and colors of a Yorkshire Terrier are very precise. Puppies are born black and tan with normal dark body color, showing an intricate intermingling black and tan coat until they mature. The color of the body and head should be rich tan, to which the following color requirements apply:
BLUE – is a dark steel blue, not silver blue and not mingled with fawn, bronze or black hair
TAN – all the tan hair is darker at the roots than the middle, shading to still lighter tan at the tips; there should be no sooty or black hair intermingled with any of the tan
All in all, Yorkshire Terrier is a very complicated breed. But it is the diverse characteristics that make its value high.
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An ancient Roman lead scroll unearthed in England three years ago has turned out to be a curse intended to cause misfortune to more than a dozen people, according to new research.
Found in East Farleigh, U.K., in the filling of a 3rd to 4th Century AD building that may have originally been a temple, the scroll was made of a 2.3- by 3.9-inch inscribed lead tablet.
Popular in the Greek and Roman world, these sorts of "black magic" curses called upon gods to torment specific victims.
Rolled up to conceal their inscriptions, the tablets were either nailed to the wall of a temple or buried in places considered to be close to the underworld, such as graves, springs or wells.
The scroll, unearthed in the Kent village had been carefully rolled up and buried, most likely in the third century AD, similar to other curse tablets found throughout Europe.
The researchers tried to read the fragile scroll without unrolling it by using a technique called neutron computed tomography imaging at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland, but "the resolution was not sufficient to discern any writing on it," said the Maidstone Area Archaeological Group, which made the finding.
As the curse tablet, or defixio, was unrolled, the inscribed letters became visible under a scanning electron microscope.
Roger Tomlin, lecturer in late Roman history at Wolfson College, Oxford, and an authority on Roman inscriptions, was finally able to decode the inscribed text.
"The tablet is not necessarily complete, but what there is consists of two columns of personal names," Tomlin told Discovery News.
He deciphered the Latin names Sacratus, Constitutus, Memorianus, Constant[...] and the Celtic names (Atr)ectus and Atidenus. Eight other names are incomplete.
Interestingly, the scribe wrote a few of the names backward or upside down.
Experts speculated that this was probably intended to invoke "sympathetic magic" and make life especially difficult for the named and shamed individuals.
However, the motive of the curse and the curse itself remain a mystery.
"No god is named. Indeed, we cannot be sure that we have the beginning of the text," Tomlin said.
Overall, more than 200 curse tablets have been found in Britain. The largest collection was found in the thermal spring at Bath, -- about 100 tablets -- and are displayed in the Roman Baths Museum.
The second-largest collection is from the Roman temple at Uley, and some are displayed in the British Museum.
Most curses related to thefts and called upon a god to fulfill the malevolent wishes detailed in the inscriptions.
One of the tablets from Bath, for example, prayed that its victim should "become as liquid as water," while another on display at the British Museum cursed "Tretia Maria and her life and mind and memory and liver and lungs mixed up together, and her words, thoughts and memory."
According to the Maidstone Area archaeologists, it is reasonable to assume that the names listed were of people who lived at the site.
"Since the Romans were the first inhabitants of England who could read and write, they represent the earliest inhabitants of East Farleigh that we may ever be able to put a name to," they said.
Further conservation work will be carried out on the scroll starting at the end of the month. Experts hope that this will result in more letters becoming visible.
This story was provided by Discovery News.
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At age 11, actor Alan Alda asked his teacher what a flame was. He received a confusing answer: "oxidation." In the spirit of better communicating science, he's created the "Flame Challenge," a contest in which scientists do their best to define a flame. Eleven-year-olds from around the world will judge the entries.
Alan Alda Asks Scientists "What Is A Flame?"
By editor • Mar 23, 2012
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You may need surgery for severe gum disease (periodontitis) if it cannot be cured with antibiotics or root planing and scaling. A flap procedure cleans the roots of a tooth and repairs bone damage caused by gum disease. A gum specialist (periodontist) or an oral surgeon often performs the procedure.
Before the procedure, you will be given a local anesthetic to numb the area where the doctor will work on your gums.
The doctor will pull back a section of your gums to clean the roots of your teeth and repair damaged bone, if needed. The gum flap will be sewn back into place and covered with gauze to stop the bleeding.
Bone may be:
- Smoothed and reshaped so that plaque has fewer places to grow.
- Repaired (grafted) with bone from another part of the body or with man-made materials. The doctor may place a lining on the bone graft to help the bone grow back. The lining may need to be removed later.
What To Expect After Surgery
Typically it takes only a few days to recover from a flap procedure. Be sure to follow the home care instructions that your dentist or oral surgeon gives you. If you have questions about your instructions, call the dentist or surgeon. The following are general suggestions to help speed recovery:
- Take painkillers as prescribed.
- After 24 hours, you can rinse your mouth gently with warm salt water several times a day to reduce swelling and relieve pain.
- Change gauze pads before they become soaked with blood.
- Relax after surgery. Strenuous physical activity may increase bleeding.
- Eat soft foods such as gelatin, pudding, or light soup. Gradually add solid foods to your diet as the area heals.
- Do not lie flat. This may prolong bleeding. Prop up your head with pillows.
- Continue to carefully brush your teeth and tongue.
- Apply an ice or cold pack to the outside of your mouth to help relieve pain and swelling.
- Do not use sucking motions, such as when using a straw to drink.
- Do not smoke.
A few days after the procedure, your dentist will remove the stitches.
Why It Is Done
The flap procedure is necessary when severe gum disease (periodontitis) has damaged the bones that support your teeth.
How Well It Works
If you maintain good dental care after the surgery, the flap procedure should allow you to clean your teeth and gums better. Your gums should become pink and healthy again.
The roots of your teeth may become more sensitive.
The contour or shape of your gums may change.
Gum surgery can introduce harmful bacteria into the bloodstream. Gum tissue is also at risk of infection. You may need to take antibiotics before and after surgery if you have a condition that puts you at high risk for a severe infection or if infections are particularly dangerous for you. You may need to take antibiotics if you:
- Have certain heart problems that make it dangerous for you to get a heart infection called endocarditis.
- Have an impaired immune system.
- Had recent major surgeries or have man-made body parts, such as an artificial hip or heart valve.
What To Think About
- A flap procedure is often needed to save teeth that are supported by a bone damaged by gum disease.
- Gum disease usually will come back if you do not brush and floss regularly after surgery.
- To promote healing, stop all use of tobacco. Smoking or using spit tobacco decreases your ability to fight infection of your gums and delays healing. To learn more, see the topic Quitting Smoking.
- You will need to see your dentist regularly so that he or she can follow your progress. If your gum disease spreads, you may lose teeth.
Primary Medical ReviewerAdam Husney, MD - Family Medicine
Specialist Medical ReviewerSteven K. Patterson, BS, DDS, MPH - Dentistry
Current as ofNovember 20, 2015
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As species rapidly adapt to altered landscapes and a warming climate, scientists and stakeholders need new techniques to monitor ecological responses and plan future conservation efforts. Writing in BioScience, Drs. Stephen McCormick of the US Geological Survey and Michael Romero of Tufts University describe the emerging field of conservation endocrinology and its growing role in addressing the effects of environmental change. The authors argue that, bolstered by the development of new field-sampling techniques, researchers working in this area are poised to make substantial contributions to the wider field of conservation biology.
For this episode of BioScience Talks, Dr. McCormick describes the range of applications spawned by new research involving the endocrine system, which refers to the set of glands that deliver hormones directly to the circulatory system. These new applications span the measurement of birds' altered stress hormones in response to ecotourism to drone-collected blowhole spray from whales, which may contain hormonal clues about the species' broader health. Other applications include the monitoring of human-introduced endocrine disruptors in aquatic systems and various hormonal changes induced by urbanization, hunting, invasive species, habitat disruption, marine noise, and many other potential stressors.
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Until the advent of the British in Malta in the early nineteenth century, the island’s currency consisted exclusively of coins. During the time of the Knights of St John, Malta minted its own coins with issues changing under each successive Grandmaster of the Knights.
The commencement of the British period in Malta’s history brought about the introduction of the Maltese banking system whose major objective was to facilitate trade between Malta and its trading partners, particularly in areas where the island was used to export British goods to traditionally inaccessible continental markets.
The introduction of paper currency was an intermittent affair, normally associated with the higher denominations. By and large people preferred coins, particularly at a time when silver and gold formed the basis of the high value coins. A currency’s worth was estimated in terms of its inherent metallic value rather than the symbolic value represented on a printed banknote.
Wars have a strange way of affecting rapid changes to things which would have otherwise been impossible to dislodge, and nowhere was this more true than in the case of Maltese currency banknotes.
The first signs of change came during the First World War. A fear that stocks of British coins could not be replenished following the British declaration of war on Germany led to the widespread printing of the first ever Maltese banknotes for general distribution rather than use by the merchant classes. However these notes were withdrawn and replaced once again by coins after the initial panic subsided. Towards the end of the Great War in 1918, a hoarding of silver coinage by the Maltese population which was feeling the economic pain of reduced military expenditure, led to a temporary shortage of two and five shilling coins thus restricting commercial activity. The authorities printed significant quantities of banknotes for the two denominations, but the panic quickly subsided and the few notes which had been initially circulated were withdrawn and the remaining stocks were stored.
The commencement of hostilities during the Second World War posed a different problem. This time round, Malta was on the frontline and there was a genuine fear that Britain could not guarantee a steady flow of currency, especially given Malta’s lonely location as a British outpost surrounded by enemy territory in all directions.
The solution to this state of affairs was practical and ingenuous. Paper currency issued in the name of the Government of Malta was once again designed, with six different notes for one shilling, two shillings, two shillings six pence, five shillings, ten shillings and one pound. Since there were no sophisticated printing presses available on Malta the notes were printed in the United Kingdom and shipped in different consignments to the island. Furthermore, to economise, the notes were only printed from one side.
The dangers of transporting currency during a war are high, both because of losses if the ships transporting them are sent to the bottom of the sea and also in the event of the currency falling in enemy hands. While there was not much that could be done in the case of the first eventuality, the risk of currency falling in enemy hands was removed through the introduction of a simple, yet effective way. The Malta Government banknotes printed in Britain were not valid unless they were stamped with the signature of the Government’s Treasurer! Thus, arriving stocks of banknotes were further processed in small, hand-fed printing machines to add the Treasurer’s signature and make them valid legal tender. When the bombing became very intense, printing facilities were spread in different locations and at one point banknotes were even being stamped within the confines of a brewery!
This notwithstanding, the Italian propaganda machine did its best to transmit the message to the Maltese population that Britain had effectively commandeered Malta’s currency stocks and replaced them with worthless printed paper: a message meant to turn the Maltese against their British masters and foment economic uncertainty.
Notes were dispatched to Malta on naval and merchant ships, aircraft and even submarines and not all stocks made it here. For example when HMS Breconshire was sunk off Malta only 12,000 of the 84,000 one pound notes on board were recovered.
Although stocks of banknotes were generally adequate during the worst parts of the siege, there was a period between 1942 and 1943 when there was an acute shortage of one shilling notes. The solution to this problem was found when the Authorities discovered the old stock of unused two shilling notes from 1918 and overprinted them with a new one shilling denomination until replacement stocks arrived from Britain in 1943.
When we talk of war we tend to concentrate on stories related to bombings, hostilities, food shortages and battles. However it is also important to bear in mind that even during such horrible times life does go on, albeit at an abnormal pace, and economic needs remain as real as during times of peace. The availability of currency, standard or emergency, is of paramount importance to enable economic life to continue as normally as possible for during war people still need to earn, spend, buy and sell.
So, the hostilities of the Second World War not only brought us our first set of emergency paper banknotes for widespread use, but eventually made people get accustomed to the convenience of paper money in lieu of more cumbersome coins. This changing trend was formalized with the Paper Currency Ordinance of 1949 following which permanent banknotes denominated in a Malta Pound whose exchange rate was on par with the Pound Sterling were issued. The Malta Pound eventually evolved into the Maltese Lira until Malta joined the Eurozone in 2008.
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Critical Reasoning Questions, Tips and Videos
Critical Reasoning Video Lecture - Page 2
In some Reading Comprehension questions, you could be asked to do one of the following:
- Choosing an option which, if true, could seriously weaken the conclusion that the writer has made in the passage.
- Choosing an option which, if true, could strengthen the conclusion that the writer has made in the passage.
- Identifying the Conclusion that the writer has made in the passage.
- Identifying the assumption(S) that the writer has made in the passage, which were not stated, and on which the conclusion is based.
- Making valid inferences/deductions based on the given assumption or conclusion in the paragraph. Such questions read something like, “Given that the statements in the paragraph are correct, then which of the following must also be true?”
Do’s And Don’ts
- Do read each and every answer choice.
- Do make sure you have understood what the question asks completely.
- Do read the ‘stem of the question’ (what it asks you-whether to identify the conclusion or assumption, strengthen or weaken the Argument etc).
- Do train yourself to identify the premises (the statements that underpin the Conclusion), the assumptions (stated or un-stated) and the Conclusion.
- Do look for certain key words in the passage.
- Do try and train yourself in identifying and generating possible assumptions which the writer has implicitly assumed.
- Don’s stop once you feel you have got the answer and not even glance at the other options.
- Don’t get missed by red-herrings-options which are not relevant to the question that has been asked.
As mentioned above, the skills that are evaluated in such questions include your ability to recognize assumptions, particularly those that could strengthen or weaken the conclusion and your ability to make inferences from the given statements (such statements on which the conclusion is based, are called the premises).
Now, let us take an example of a typical Critical Reasoning question to illustrate what you are expected to do, what all questions appear, and how you could go about solving these questions:
Last year, the membership of gymnasiums declined in India by approximately 15 per cent. At the same time, the sales of fast-food based products, widely recognized to have adverse affects on health, rose by a significant margin. This shows that during the past year, the Indian people have become less health-conscious.
How can the conclusion be weakened?
The first step is to clearly identify what the conclusion is. Here it is that the Indian people have become less health-conscious.
Now, we need to understand the assumptions on which the Conclusion was based. Here they are:
- The author has assumed that the membership of gymnasiums is an appropriate indicator of the health consciousness of people.
- Let us assume this is true. Even if it is, is it the only indicator? Perhaps not! It is possible, for example, that people may not be joining gymnasiums, but could possibly be indulging in other activities such as exercising at home, walking in parks, purchasing equipment to exercise at home, etc.
- The author also assumes here that no other factor has influenced the membership of gyms. But it could possibly be that there were other factors that impacted membership, such as:
An increase in the membership charges
Some gyms may have closed down
- Another assumption that the author has made is that people are aware of the health impact of fast-foods, but have still consumed them, meaning that they are less concerned with their health.
There could indeed be several other possible assumptions.
Understanding what assumptions have been made is key to attacking/weakening the Argument or strengthening it.
In this example, if you were asked to choose a statement that “most seriously weakens the Conclusion”, you could choose an option states that:
Declining membership in gymnasiums was not due to decreased health-consciousness, but due to the fact that people chose other methods to exercise such as walking, exercising at home etc.
In effect, you have provided an alternate explanation.
Here are some points to keep in mind while you prepare for such questions based on Critical Reasoning:
- For while one answer option may not be wrong, there may be a still better option. Don’t miss this!
- Next, it is good strategy to read the stem of the question (what it asks you-whether to identify the conclusion or assumption, strengthen or weaken the argument etc) before attempting the question. This will help you focus your efforts more.
- In terms of preparation technique, train yourself to identify the premises (the statements that underpin the conclusion), the assumptions (stated or un-stated) and the conclusion. Remember that these may not appear in any particular order. Some paragraphs could commence with the conclusion and then outline the premises on which the conclusion was based, while others could reverse the order.
- While you prepare, look for certain key words. For example, the words, ‘consequently’, ‘thus’, ‘here’, ‘subsequently’, ‘it follows’ etc, could help in identifying the Conclusion. On the other hand, the premise generally contains facts, figures, data etc on which the Conclusion is based. Look for words such as the following: ‘given that’, ‘since’ etc.
- It is also important to train yourself in identifying and generating possible. Assumptions which the writer has implicitly assumed. This is a key skill for Critical Reasoning.
Let me give you an example here:
Let us say that you are given a fact-that Player X made a century in the last cricket match. Now, the writer assumes that this means that the player must have batted well. But could there be an alternative explanation? Yes, there could-that the player made a century because the bowling was so poor, not because of his good batting. Or it could be that he was dropped more than once during his innings and that it was poor fielding from the bowling side that contributed to the batsman’s success!
Both these explanations contradict the author’s assumption-that if the batsman made a century, he must have batted well.
- Also watch out for the red herrings-these options are not really relevant to the question that was asked (but may deal with some other aspect of the paragraph).
Point to Remember:
- Have you read all the answer options?
- Have you understood what the question asks completely?
- Have you identified the premise (the statements that underpin the Conclusion)?
- Have you identified the assumptions (stated or un-stated) that the author has made in the passage?
- Have you identified the Conclusion that the writher has made (if any)?
- Have you identified certain key words in the passage?
- Have you identified any alternative explanations apart from that indicated by the author?
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In April 2015, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) sent a letter to the Chief Secretaries of all state governments to make an ‘all out effort’ to recognise the habitat rights of all ‘Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups’ (PVTG) in their states.
This implies that the state governments, through their respective District Level Committees (DLC), need to ensure that all PVTGs receive habitat rights in consultation with the concerned traditional institution, under The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (also referred to as the Forest Rights Act or FRA).
The states must also initiate processes to help the PVTG communities file their habitat rights claims enumerated under Section 3(1) (e) of the Act and where the claims have already been filed, the DLC should take steps to ensure recognition of their rights along with mapping of the area of each claim.
The law was enacted to address the long-standing need to recognise and vest rights over forest land in forest-dwelling scheduled tribes and other traditional forest dwellers. Over the years, the rights of these communities have been severely curtailed as a result of increasing state control over forests as well as developmental and conservation activities, leaving almost 300 million people without any tenurial security over their land and livelihoods.
The Act recognises a range of forest rights over individual and community occupation of forest land for habitation and self-cultivation and community rights over forests. For particularly ‘vulnerable’ tribal groups and pre-agricultural communities, it reserves the habitat right provision, through which communities’ rights over a habitat can be recognised.
India has identified 75 particularly vulnerable tribal groups during the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th Five Year Plans. What sets these communities apart is their unique association with the territories that they inhabit, and the intertwining nature of their lives with the land on which they live and derive sustenance.
Their habitats are defined through customary territories used for habitation, livelihoods, social, economic, spiritual, sacred, religious, cultural and other purposes. Their lives are organised around the natural resources and means of livelihood available to them. In some cases the habitats of PVTGs may overlap with forest and other rights of other people/communities. Their habitats are as much about their cultures as about physical and geographical landscapes.
The importance and urgency of the MoTA directive to secure the habitats of vulnerable tribal groups and their rights to usage becomes clear when one looks at the association of one such community – the Dongria Kondh – with their land, as revealed in a recent visit to the Niyamgiri hills of Odisha.
The Dongria Kondh habitat
The Kondhs are a tribal community with several sub-groups, inhabiting the hills tracts of Odisha and parts of Andhra Pradesh. Each sub-group, such as the Dongria, Kutia, Desia, have their own distinct identity. The name Kondh is seen to be derived from the Telugu word Ko or Ku, meaning mountain, thus a Kondh is “a mountain dweller.” Alternative theories say that the origin of the word may be linked to the Odiya Khanda, meaning sword, which is the totem of the Kondh community.
Sikaka, Pushika, Kadraka, Jakesika, Wadaka are some of the clan groups within the Dongria Kondh, consisting of several clans and sub-clans. Research points to the number of such clans being between 30 and 36, with each clan possessing customary territories, comprised of many padars, or geo-cultural landscapes marked by one or more dongars or hills, and presided over by the Dharani penu (earth god).
Since the clans are exogamous (one can only marry outside the clan group), each clan territory has a dominant clan group as well as groups who have migrated to it over a period of time through marriage or kinship. The Dongria Kondh elders point to the presence of more than hundred such padars spread across the hills, consisting of more than three hundred settlements and hamlets.
The Niyamgiri range thus, is a contiguous geographical territory encompassing all the cultural, social, religious and livelihood needs of the Dongria Kondh, their sacred habitat. Their settlements are not permanent, and sometimes communities abandon their settlements in search of new ones, but the new settlements are always located within the clan territories, within their habitat.
This division of hills is particularly important to the Dongria Kondh, being swidden or shifting agriculturists. In this kind of agriculture, a patch of forest is cleared, the undergrowth burned and this patch, called podu, is then cultivated for a few years. After that, another patch is cleared and the previous patch is left fallow for several years. Thus, patches are cleared alternately and used in a continuous cycle, ensuring forest regeneration in the unused patches and availability of enough non-timber forest produce.
While we were at Niyamgiri, we were told that the Dongria Kondh cultivates more than 20 varieties of millets on their podu fields, along with lentils, oilseeds as well as fruits! They believe that this bounty is provided by the Dharani penu, who must be worshipped before sowing and after harvesting the crop.
Understanding the ‘rights’ to habitat
Most reports on PVTGs point out their vulnerability under the current economic paradigm. Their dependence on land and forest makes them vulnerable to be exploited due to diversion of their forest land for developmental projects. The recognition of their rights would provide them an opportunity to articulate their vision of their future. However, the State has given them no chance to do so.
The Dongria Kondh struggle against bauxite mining in the Niyamgiri hills is well known and documented by now. The Supreme Court in a landmark judgment passed in 2013, hailed the provisions of the Forest Rights Act and upheld several constitutional provisions regarding the protection of Scheduled Tribes in Indian law. The court ordered the State to place issues of religious and cultural rights over the land to be mined for bauxite before the community for active consideration.
Before the gram sabhas were convened to decide on the fate of the mining proposal, the government prepared a report enumerating community claims and individual claims in the 12 villages chosen for hosting the gram sabhas under the FRA. However, while rejecting mining of their hills, in a puzzling move, the villages also rejected this statement of community claims and individual rights over minor forest produce, grazing land, podu fields that were placed before them!
It was only when we visited Niyamgiri that we could decipher why the community had rejected this report. In Gorota village, a few of them showed us the title over a podu field given to a family. It covered a mere 2.4 acres! Even, the community claims put forward by the officials were for bits and pieces of Niyamgiri - 50 hectares grazing land for a village here, 150 hectares for Dharani Penu there, 4 acres over a stream! The government had again tried to decide and articulate the rights that the community was entitled to, without their consultation.
At Gorota, Badi Pidikaka, an elder, showed us a title given over an individual land parcel. He said, “We are going to burn all these individual claims in the next meeting. The entire Niyamgiri belongs to our community and the other communities around who use it.”
For a community that takes decisions through consensus, deciding on each year’s use of podu fields and forest use for each family, Niyamgiri’s resources are not separate entities to be divided over each village and then each family. It is the bounty which Niyamraja, the supreme deity of the people as well as the ancestral spirit, provides. While community rights could be secured for a village or group of villages, for the Dongria Kondhs, their habitat is for their entire community.
A meeting of the Niyamgiri Suraksha Samiti at Gorota. Pic: Ashish Kothari
Rabi Kumruka of Rajulguda village puts it succinctly, “If the government was ready to give rights to the company over the mountain, then why not to Niyamraja? We want the title to the entire Niyamgiri hill ranges, spreading over Kalahandi and Rayagada, to be in Niyamraja’s name. And all our villages should be given rights over the entire Niyamgiri...even other communities around who use it.”
Bari Pidikaka adds, “We are here today and will be gone tomorrow, but the title in the name of Niyamraja will mean that the mountains can be secured forever.”
The community has thus articulated the need to secure their habitat under the FRA. Securing complete habitat rights over Niyamgiri will effectively cover the wide diversity of resource use patterns, extending not just over forest land but also the revenue land that the Dongria use.
According real rights
The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People declares that “…Control by indigenous peoples over developments affecting them and their lands, territories and resources will enable them to maintain and strengthen their institutions, cultures and traditions, and to promote their development in accordance with their aspirations and needs…”
Thus, it is important at this juncture, for the government to ease the pressure of police repression, shoddily conceptualized welfare schemes and mining, and to allow communities to articulate, debate and assert their rights over their habitats, just as the Dongria Kondh have done in the Niyamgiri hills.
The people should be given an opportunity to develop and protect their identity and land on their own terms. While the community should take the lead in identifying their habitat and articulating the need for this habitat, it will need support from the government and other empathetic citizens.
References & Reading
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This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version.View Full Document
Unformatted text preview: ⌐ same as earnings • tells about profits Statement of cash flow • Operating activities => best source ⌐ collect from customers ⌐ payments for expenses • investing ⌐ purchase PPE ⌐ sale PPE • financing ⌐ sell stock ⌐ borrow money ⌐ pay loan ⌐ buy back stock ⌐ pay dividends • helps predict future • more debt => higher interest rates • predict financial flexibility ⌐ the ability to meet unexpected needs • tells about cash “full accounting employment act” LLC => limited liability company • Corporation => can’t sue owners… but pays own taxes (double taxation) ⌐ Remainder => to owner (dividends) • Choice: taxed like corporation or like partnership? Cost of goods sold => cost of merchandise sold => expense (only expense without ‘expense’)...
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This note was uploaded on 11/21/2010 for the course MUS 102 taught by Professor Davis during the Spring '10 term at Bergen Community College.
- Spring '10
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Greenwich Landmarks Series
Justus Sackett House
The landmark 1779 Justus Sackett house is still standing in Greenwich, but not in its original setting under a large black walnut tree at the corner of North Street and North Maple Avenue. In 1855 the house was expanded and remodeled, and a half-century later was raised and removed to its present site on Patterson Avenue. It must have been quite a project¸ since by then the elegant house had three full stories and eight bedrooms.
Justus had purchased the land for his estate in 1778 from Nehemiah Mead Jr. for $2,350.The Meads were one of the founding families of Greenwich, with John Mead arriving in Greenwich in 1660, sailing on Captain Stagg’s ship, “Elizabeth.” At his death in 1696, he left eight sons and three daughters. The Meads continued to produce large families, as was the custom at the time, and by 1833 there were 97 Mead residences on the Greenwich tax assessor’s list. Justus would once again buy land from a Mead family member later on.
Back in 1696 John Mead sold the original property to Benjamin Mead, his sixth son, for 200 pounds in “New York” money. Mentioned in the deed were the land, a house, an orchard and woodland. He, in turn, granted the land to his son, Obadiah Mead, in 1746. The land then went to Obadiah’s two daughters Phoebe and Mary.
The supremely elegant Federal mansion is sheathed in white clapboard, with black shutters and classical architectural detail. An elaborate portico at the front entrance has four pairs of columns and is surmounted by a roof gallery.
Inside, an impressive center hall has pillars of limestone and sand. The first floor has 10-foot ceilings throughout and polished narrow-board flooring of oak or maple, usually running front to back with herringbone corners. Fireplaces and accompanying mantels were probably replaced when the house was moved at the turn of the 20th century, and some of the windows date to the mid-19th century.
The house relates to its landscaped surroundings, with wrap-around windows leading to the porch and garden in the dining room. Here, some windows are pegged, and the fireplace has turn of the century bricks. The living room has floor-to-ceiling windows on both sides of the fireplace, leading to a veranda, along with elaborate moldings and trim.
The second-floor ceilings run to eight feet in height, one of the doors is pegged, and the baseboards are an unusually deep nine inches. One bathroom on this level retains a claw-foot tub. The third floor with its notable eyebrow windows probably housed the staff bedrooms in the past, and there’s an attic above.
To the rear of the now one-acre property is detached garaging for three cars that still carries hints of its carriage house past with horse stalls and partially wooded floors. Above is a rentable four-bedroom apartment with an individual entrance.
In his will, Justus, who died in 1827 at the age of 87, left his son Justus, Jr. the ancestral tall clock and his young slave, “Charles.” His wife, Anna Lyon, lived to 96, dying ten years later.
Three generations of the Sackett family lived in the house until 1852, when it was sold first to James Dominick, then John Sniffen, both of whom had homes in New York City.
At one time Sackett also owned Calf Island off the Byram Shore, once camping grounds for town organizations and now part of the Stewart McKinney National Wildlife Refuge, a constellation of islands running for 70 miles along the Connecticut coastline from Greenwich to Westbrook and owned by the federal government. The island of more than 20 acres, was received by John Bonds in 1676 as a grant from Greenwich. Sackett bought the island from Abraham Mead in 1782 for $250, and it was sold to Joseph Brush in 1831 for $610.
During the lengthy 300-year history of the house, there have been a number of noted owners, among them William S. Hirschberg, founder and senior partner of the Greenwich law firm, Hirschberg, Pettengill, Strong & Nagle, later merged with Whitman & Ransom. In the ‘’20s and ‘’30s Hirschberg was a member of the Board of Estimate & Taxation and the school board, now the Board of Education, a judge and a Connecticut state senator. He also, with Charles A. Dana, helped form a foundation in Dana’s name for education and medicine.
The articles were featured in the greenwich.patch.com throughout 2012.
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If you pay a visit to the German town of Wittenberg, you can receive a blessing from a priest—except in Wittenberg, the priest is a robot.
To be fair, there are human priests in Wittenberg, too, but the Protestant church in Hesse and Nassau recently built a robot priest to give blessings as part of a celebration of the 500th anniversary of the Reformation. The robot, named "BlessU-2," has a touchscreen, glowing hands, and can forgive your sins in five different languages.
According to The Guardian, beyond just relieving the workload of busy priests, the robot is meant to start a debate about the future of technology and the church. Five hundred years ago in the same town, Martin Luther nailed his "95 Theses" to the church door, and technology in the form of the printing press spread his ideas across the continent.
Five centuries later and new technology continues to shape our entire society, including our religions, in dramatic ways. How will the church adapt? Only time will tell.
Source: The Guardian
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On this day in 1917, Ohio congressman Ivory Emerson introduced the a flag to the United States Congress that can be displayed by a household when one of its members is currently serving in the armed services. Congressman Emerson lived in Cleveland and served 3 terms as a representative from 1915 through 1921.
Captain Robert Queissner of the Ohio National Guard had two sons, Charles and Robert serving in the United States Army on the front lines in Europe during the Great War. It was his idea for families of service members back home to show their pride in their family member’s service during active hostilities where American military forces are involved.
The flag quickly was adopted by military families during the war, and again when the United States became involved in World War II. During that war specific guidelines were developed that helped standardized its use.
The Blue Star Service Flag was to be in the same size ratio as the American flag. It has a wide red border with either a blue star or a gold star during any period of war or hostilities in which the Armed Forces of the United States are engaged. A Service Flag can display from 1 to 5 stars depending on the number of active service members currently serving. A special designation of the gold star is used if the family member dies while in service, regardless of cause, in a time of hostilities.
In 2010 Congress passed a resolution adopting the Silver Star Service Banner in which includes the red border and a field of blue with a silver star designating a family member that has been discharged from service because of wounds received during combat.
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Harvard and Northeastern University researchers have reported findings of a distinct correlation between blood telomeres and cancer. Studies have indicated that blood telomeres in people with cancer actually age at a much faster rate, but then completely stop aging three to four years prior to a diagnosis. Therefore, it could be possible that, in the near future, cancer predictions could be made from a simple blood test.
Telomeres are DNA sequences that protect the ends of chromosomes from deterioration or fusing with neighboring chromosomes. To get a better understanding of telomeres, they can be compared to the plastic bit at the end of a shoelace. The purpose the plastic bit serves is to keep the shoelace from becoming frayed or damaged at the end. Telomeres are the plastic bits and chromosomes are the shoelaces.
As humans age, their telomeres shorten in length. By the time a person reaches the age of adulthood, telomeres are half the length that they were when that person was born. As a person reaches an elderly age, their telomeres are again half the length they were at the time when that person had become an adult.
Scientists use blood telomeres as markers of age, biologically, but have noticed the change they undergo within people who develop the disease. Previous studies of blood telomeres in relation to the disease have all resulted in inconsistent conclusions. Meaning, people with cancer have been found to have long telomeres, short telomeres or showing no actual link, whatsoever.
Researchers decided to go about these studies differently, by watching the changes that telomeres make over a period of time rather than just studying snapshots. That is when the distinct correlation between telomeres and cancer was discovered.
It was found that a specific pattern, in regards to blood telomeres changing in length, can be the factor that enables the prediction of cancer years before a diagnosis could be made. The pattern discovered is a very fast paced length shortening of blood telomeres followed by three to four years of no change. Testing blood will be able to reveal this occurrence, thus allowing a cancer prediction to be made. That pattern could be used as a marker in order to determine the very first signs of cancer developments. Treatment at that stage could possibly be the answer for lengthening the measurements of the blood telomeres, avoiding an actual diagnosis.
When researchers conducted their study, it consisted of measuring the telomere lengths, of the 792 participants involved, multiple different times over a time span of 13 years. Out of that group, 135 people eventually developed various forms of cancer, like prostate, lung, skin and leukemia. Those who developed the disease had blood telomeres that appeared to be similar to those of a person 15 years older, compared to the participants who did not develop disease. The surprising factor that was shared by all participants who developed the disease was their telomeres completely stopped aging or changing three to four years prior to their diagnosis.
Now the only question scientists need to answer is how the disease has the ability to cause telomeres to stop changing, because it is only when telomeres fail to continue to change over time that cancer becomes diagnosable. With the ability to predict cancer from blood testing could save the lives of billions. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Heath has provided the funding for this research study.
By Kameron Hadley
Photo By Thirteen Of Clubs- Creativecommons Flickr License
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The following article is part of our list of 2016 Game Changers. Look for full coverage of all 46 honorees on Friday.
The world is a thirsty place. In many parched lands, including parts of the United States, desalination technologies are helping turn sea water and brackish ground water into clean water for drinking, bathing, and irrigation.
These three Greater Boston companies are innovating improvements to boost the scale and improve the efficiency of a process that delivers one of life’s essential needs.
BEHOLD THE KING OF ALL DESALINATION PLANTS
No one will ever accuse Poseidon Water of thinking small. In 2015, the Boston company finished a three- year project building a $980 million desalination plant for San Diego County in Carlsbad, California, now the largest facility of its kind in the Western Hemisphere. The plant, which began operation last December, desalinates about 50 million gallons of sea water every day.
The facility, owned and managed by Poseidon, now provides the county with about 10 percent of the fresh water it consumes and has become a focus of debate in parched California. Are the ocean and huge desalination plants a good way to help the state solve its growing water crisis?
In fact, Poseidon is in the final permitting phase for a similar size $1 billion plant in Huntington Beach, California, and other, smaller desalination projects are under discussion in the state.
Some environmentalists had bitterly opposed the Carlsbad plant, arguing it would use too much electricity to operate and increase carbon dioxide emissions that contribute to climate change.
Others have complained about its cost and the additional $5 a month water customers will be paying under a 30-year contract between Poseidon and San Diego County.
But Poseidon Water chief executive Carlos Riva says the United States and the world will soon need to take dramatic action to avert potentially severe shortages of fresh water in the future. He believes that will require a combination of water conservation, new desalination plants, and other steps, such as water reclamation, i.e., cleaning sewer water.
“We’re going to need new water sources,” says Riva. “This plant could serve as an important model moving ahead.” — Jay Fitzgerald
CLEAN WATER FOR THE DEVELOPING WORLD
Amos Winter’ s method for purifying salty ground water won a $140,000 prize from the US government last year. But for Winter, a mechanical engineering professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the real victory will come when the new technology begins cranking out cheap, clean water all over the planet.
“We want to provide clean water to hundreds of millions of people throughout the developing world,” says Winter, “in a way that’s low enough in cost so it can be scaled up and sustained through free-market mechanisms.”
Winter and his graduate student Natasha Wright used solar cells and lead-acid batteries to electrically remove salt ions from water. Now they’re working to make the system cheaper and more energy-efficient. He’s also investigating a battery-free version that would only produce fresh water when the sun shines, but in sufficient quantities to get a village through the day.
Jain Irrigation Systems Inc. of India, the company that partially funded the research, is already testing a couple of real-world prototypes. In addition, the US Agency for International Development, or USAID, and the United Nations relief agency UNICEF plan to set up a pilot program in the Gaza Strip next year. “Gaza has a huge brackish-water challenge,” says Winter, “and on top of that, they have very little grid electricity distribution. So it’s a great place to pilot our system.”
There’s a lot more work ahead, but Winter hopes to have a commercially viable product within five years. “USAID is going to keep pushing us to get to market even faster,” says Winter. “They’re really committed to this.” — Hiawatha Bray
VENTURING INTO NEW TREATMENT TERRITORY
There’s more the one way to help address the world’s need for drinkable water.
Oasys Water Inc., an 8-year-old Boston company, has developed a new “forward osmosis” technology that turns some of the world’s most toxic industrial waste water into recycled fresh water.
Traditional desalination technologies normally push contaminated water at tremendous pressure through membrane filters that catch and collect undesirable materials. But Oasys’s technology, originally developed at Yale University, effectively pulls “abused” water across a series of hair-thin membranes, made of polyamide materials, cleansing them in the process.
Employing 60 people, Oasys says its desalination method reduces the cost and energy required to recover potable water from highly contaminated industrial waste water. Among the firm’s commercial customers are large water users such as power plants, mining companies, textile manufacturers, and oil and gas drilling companies, including North American hydraulic fracking firms. Last year, Oasys Water, which holds dozens of patents on its technologies, continued its aggressive push into new markets in Asia and the Middle East.
Oasys isn’t profitable yet, but executives at the venture capital-financed company expect its revenues to hit $7 million to $10 million this year. They forecast the firm to be profitable within a few years.
“We’re changing the water treatment game around the world,” says Jim Matheson, president and chief executive of Oasys. “We believe we’re doing a very important thing: restoring our water supplies.” — Jay FitzgeraldSend comments to firstname.lastname@example.org.
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* 7.6 million children under the age of five die every year, according to 2010 figures.
* More than half of these early child deaths are due to conditions that could be prevented or treated with access to simple, affordable interventions.
* Leading causes of death in under-five children are pneumonia, preterm birth complications, diarrhoea, birth asphyxia and malaria. About one third of all child deaths are linked to malnutrition.
* Children in low-income countries are about 18 times more likely to die before the age of five than children in high-income countries.
* Annual global deaths of children under five years of age fell to 8.1 million in 2009 from 12.4 million in 1990.
* The goal is get get the children under five deaths to 4.2 million or less in 2015.
* Children’s nutrition has improved. The percentage of underweight children is estimated to have declined from 25% in 1990 to 16% in 2010. But 104 million children are still undernourished. Stunting in children under five years old has decreased globally from 40% to 27% over the same period. However, in the UN Africa Region, the number of stunted children is estimated to have increased from 45 million in 1990 to 60 million in 2010.
Between the mid 1980s and early 1990s significant progress was made toward reducing the child mortality levels in India, but recent data indicate that there has been stagnation in child mortality rate at an unexpectedly higher level. India’s gross national income (GNI) per head has increased by 82% from US$450 in 2000 to $820 in 2006, yet the rate of decline in child mortality is only 19% from 94/1000 births to 76/1000 births. During the same period Bangladesh’s GNI increased only 25%, but its child mortality dropped by 25% from 92/1000 to 69/1000.
India, with about 1.2 million deaths of neonates each year, accounts for over one quarter of all neonatal deaths in the world.
India had 1.726 million deaths for children and infants under the age of 5 in 2010. India’s PPP per capita in 2010 was $1342.
The mortality rate of kids under 5 in China has decreased by 73 percent since 1991 but there were still nearly 300,000 child deaths annually. India’s performance is worse than China 20 years ago. In 1991, China had per capita GDP of US$356 and a PPP GDP per capita of $894.
There is an 8 page study that looks at “Child mortality in India: a complex situation” Besides poverty there is also misguided social and cultural beliefs which are slowing the reduction of childhood and infant mortality.
Breakdown of the 7.6 million children under age of five deaths each year
64·0% (4·879 million) were attributable to infectious causes
40·3% (3·072 million) occurred in neonates.
Deaths by region
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Iowa’s Mission to Save the Bees
Helping the bees means helping all of humanity and you have this city in Iowa to thank.
When we think of bees, we normally think of their stings, making them something we really don’t want around. While that is understandable, we must realize the hugely important role bees play in our world. We wouldn’t survive without our trusty pollinators. The global food supply would dwindle.
It’s no new news that our bees are in trouble. They’ve even been added to the endangered list and it’s no small thing. But there is something that can be done and we have Cedar Rapids, Iowa to thank for their innovative and progressive action.
According to PopSci.com,
“The 1,000 Acre Pollinator Initiative grew out of a partnership with the Monarch Research Project(MRP), whose goal is to restore monarch butterfly populations. It was Cedar Rapids Park Superintendent Daniel Gibbins who proposed converting 1,000 acres into pollinator habitat over five years. So far, the project has secured $180,000 in funding from the state and the MRP.”
Daniel Gibbins is kind of a hero to me and he doesn’t know it. To have the realization is one thing. To take action to help solve the problem, is another. The city of Cedar Rapids is really lucky to have him on their team. And we, the eaters and users of this land, are lucky to have him planting so many acres of wildflowers, native prairie grasses and bee/butterfly food.
My favorite quote from Daniel:
“With the agricultural boom around 100 years ago, about 99.9 percent of all the native habitat of Iowa has been lost,” says Gibbins, who is spearheading the project. “When you convert it back to what was originally native Iowa, you’re going to help a lot more than just native pollinators. You’re helping birds, amphibians, reptiles, mammals—everything that’s native here relies on native vegetation.”
There are things that you can do to help. You can also plant similar gardens at your home, get your friends, family and co-workers involved, or even approach your city, village or municipality about ways to help get bees off the endangered list. I know I’ll start in my own backyard as soon as Spring hits.
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Happy Friday! This week we’ve curated a post about the age of automobile automation (aka “I was promised a flying car”). We hope you enjoy the links below and have a safe weekend—on and off the road!
Do you remember watching The Jetsons? I do. As a child of the 80s, I stumbled out of bed almost every Saturday morning to: (1) secure sugary cereal; and (2) tune into a cascade of cartoons that lasted until noon. The Jetsons was one of my favorites. At the time, I didn’t know I was watching a syndicated version of a show originally created and aired in the early 1960s. (I also didn’t know sugar was bad for me.) Twenty years later, The Jetsons still felt wonderfully futuristic—and my eight-year-old self believed the promise of a flying car.
Thus far, flying cars have proven to be inspirational, problematic, and potentially very dangerous. And yet the promise of a flying car still captures our imagination. While we may not have the flying cars of the future we were promised, we are beginning to see more and more prototypes for alternative transport. Take, for example, e-Volo’s Volocopter, a flying machine with two seats, 18 rotors, and a battery-powered engine.
Autonomous automobiles may not be as exciting as flying cars, but they seem to be more attainable. NASA and Nissan have teamed up to design and test self-driving vehicles for both Mars and Earth. The University of Michigan has paired with Local Motors to test a “SmartCars” program that would allow students and faculty to use their smartphones to reserve autonomous cars—constructed of 3D printed parts—that would then pick them up and drop them off at their desired (on campus) locations.
Google (of course) has also entered the ring, deploying self-driving cars on the streets of Mountain View, California. However, as Alexis C. Madrigal notes, these cars don’t work just anywhere. They require the virtual “track” of Mountain View that Google has created by collecting a tremendous amount of data about the environment so that the cars can be pre-loaded with software. The software then produces a very special kind of map: a virtual world that makes the material world legible to computers.
Self-driving cars will require not only a different approach to mapping and legislation, but also a different approach to information and technology communications between these cars and the roads themselves. In Finland, the international Celtic Plus Co-operative Mobility Services of the Future (CoMoSeF) project has produced a system that focuses on the development of data exchange between vehicles and infrastructure. A roadside station collects and then shares weather and traffic related data with vehicles so that drivers can be informed of incidents in real-time.
French designer Sylvain Viau and French photographer Renaud Marion have both taken and then edited photographs of existing cars to create images that evoke the mystery of vehicles hovering above the ground. No, they aren’t really flying cars, but they beautifully convey the promise. (--via Colossal)
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Hastings Park was granted, in trust, by the province of British Columbia in 1889 to the City of Vancouver as a "park for recreation and enjoyment of the public."
In 1907, a dozen businessmen decided to develop a fair for the city. The Vancouver Exhibition was born. At the time the fair was the second largest in North America, after the New York City Fair.
Prime minister Wilfrid Laurier opened the first fair in 1910. Admission was 50 cents and about 68,000 people attended the event.
The Industrial Building was built in 1910, but surprisingly, with little industrial know-how - it was demolished in 1936 after rapidly deteriorating.
In 1913, mothers registered their babies in the Better Babies Contest for 50 cents. A team of physicians determined which babies were the healthiest.
During the First World War, organizers thought it would be best to keep the fair open to boost national morale. In 1918, the military and several reserve drill corps used Hastings Park as a drill-training site as part of an attraction.
In the 1920s, you could ride the streetcar for five cents, get into the fair for $1 and go wild on rides like Shoot the Chute and the Giant Dipper for 25 cents.
Hastings Street was widened in 1920 and fair organizers moved the main entrance to Renfrew and Hastings.
Before fair organizers created ticketed concerts at the Grandstand in 1926, all entertainment at the fair consisted of roaming bands and scattered free attractions.
When completed in 1930, the Forum ice surface was the largest sheet of artificial ice in North America.
The Vancouver Exhibition closed in 1942 and controversially housed Japanese Canadians headed for internment camps in the Interior. Fair buildings became warehouses for their belongings that were appropriated by the government.
After a four-year closure due to the Second World War, the Vancouver Exhibition was renamed the Pacific National Exhibition in 1946.
Happyland moved to the east side of the fair in 1958 and was renamed Playland. Happyland began in 1926 when it replaced the featured midway dubbed Skid Row.
As a result of the relocation of Happyland, several longtime favourite rides such as the Shoot the Chutes flume ride were demolished in 1957.
Ski jumping was introduced to the PNE in 1958 in conjunction with B.C. Centennial celebrations. The experiment ended up losing money.
Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip visited the PNE on July 15, 1959.
In 1960, the timber show was first held at the fair and by 1966, it had become a regular feature. Timber show events included log-rolling, underhand chopping, and the chainsaw race.
Promoters of the 1967 Vancouver Boat Show put a killer whale named Walter in a small pool for the duration of the event. After the show, Walter was sold to the Vancouver Aquarium Society and renamed Skana.
In 1971, a demolition derby replaced the timber show in the outdoor bowl.
Record attendance at the PNE was set in 1974, when 1.3 million people walked through the turnstiles.
In 1977, the PNE set a single-day attendance record of 130,000.
SuperDogs first appeared at the PNE in 1984.
In 1990, the PNE raised parking fees from $4 to $6. A Vancouver Sun headline read "Parking-fee raise irks PNE visitors."
In July 1990, PNE management cancelled the fair, fearing a labour dispute. It took an agreement between B.C. Federation of Labour president Ken Georgetti and tourism minister Cliff Michael to help settle the dispute and open the gates.
In 1990, the City of Vancouver took the position that the PNE land should be returned to a natural park state under city jurisdiction.
In 1991, with doubts in the air over the fair's existence, PNE attendance fell to under one million for the first time since 1962.
Despite talk in the 1990s of moving the PNE to Coquitlam, Surrey or the Fraser Valley, the PNE's lease was extended three times during the decade.
Miss PNE competitions were held from 1948 to 1993.
A fire that broke out at the nearby Alberta Wheat Pool docks in 1994 forced the first emergency evacuation in PNE history.
The last PNE parade in downtown Vancouver was held in 1995, ending a 60-year tradition. After that, parades were held on-site.
Talk of moving the PNE reached another fevered level in 1999 when organizers bought a parcel of land in Surrey for $19.1 million. But the provincial government blocked the move, citing the $200-million cost as an inappropriate use of tax dollars.
The Sanctuary was introduced to fairgoers in 1999 as the first part of the re-greening of Hastings Park was completed. The phasing in of park land would take another three years.
The PNE employs 140 full-time staff and up to 4,000 direct part-time and seasonal employees.
Hastings Park is 65 hectares in size. The racecourse occupies 16 hectares, Empire fields 5.5, and the PNE 43.5. Park land occupies 22 hectares within the PNE grounds.
Film and television productions featuring the PNE Agrodome include Rocky IV, Miracle, Slap Shot 2, and McGyver.
Michael Bublé was discovered at the annual PNE talent competition in 1995.
The Beatles and Elvis Presley highlighted the many concerts held at Empire Stadium. Presley played in 1957 with tickets costing up to $3.50. The Beatles played in 1964 with tickets costing up to $5.50.
Dal Richards has performed at the PNE for 71 years.
Ernie Dougherty scooped and swirled ice cream for 68 years at the PNE. After starting in 1936 - when ice cream cost a dime - he finally put the cone down in 2004.
In 2009, 300,000 people attended the SuperDogs show at the Coliseum.
Seven million people have attended SuperDogs performances since they first appeared at the PNE.
There were 45 SuperDog performers that ate 860 pounds of food in 2009.
The first PNE prize home was presented in 1934. The 1936 home boasted an electric stove. In 1969, keyless door locks were all the rage. 1976 brought fancy fluorescent lighting.
Over the course of a day it is believed a prize home ticket seller will yell "Win a house, win a car" about 2,000 times.
2010 will mark the 70th prize home. Six homes have been missed in its 76-year history - four during the fair's cancellation during the Second World War and twice in the 1960s when a $50,000 gold bar was handed out instead.
The oldest ride at Playland is the Ferris Wheel, built in 1927.
The Hellevator rises 200 feet high and drops at a maximum speed of 75 km/h.
There are an estimated 1,300 vomiting incidents annually at the fair. That's an estimated 6.4 pukes per hour.
250,000 stuffed animals are given out as prizes during the fair annually.
Fairgoers broke 3,270 bottles at the Bottle Break Game on the Playland midway in 2009.
Since the inception of the PNE's Report Card Ticket Program in 1940, over 3 million free admission tickets have been handed out.
On average nine calves are born at the fair annually.
About 250 chicks are born at the fair annually.
20,000 chickens are eaten at Henry's Chicken stand annually.
The Musical Ride consists of 32 RCMP officers.
375 cellphones were lost during the 2009 PNE.
While no babies were lost at the 2009 PNE, staff recovered 30 abandoned baby strollers.
4,734 performers took part in PNE live shows in 2009.
The 4-H Festival has 350 performers.
The Bee Beard demonstration uses 6,000 bees.
22 Dumpsters of dung are taken away from the livestock area annually.
The West Coast Logger Show uses 600 blocks of wood each year.
Fact: Potato sacks prevent nasty rug-burns on the giant yellow slide.
Fairgoers hopped on a ride at Playland 3 million times in 2009.
The first roller coaster in Vancouver was the Giant Dipper at Happyland in 1925.
The Coaster began operating in 1958.
The Coaster is made of Douglas fir, giving it that famous rickety feel.
The Coaster is 23 metres tall. Once a train is lifted up the first hill it runs completely on momentum and reaches a top speed of 80 to 90 km/h.
A ride on the Coaster lasts 90 seconds. Memories? A lifetime.
500,000 people ride the Coaster annually.
One Coaster train makes an estimated 8160 trips around the 856-metre track during the fair. By the end of the 2010 PNE, a train will have travelled about 363,000 kilometres - far enough to reach the moon and begin its journey home.
In 2010 each train will have completed its ninth full circle around the world during the PNE.
When the PNE was slated to move to Surrey in the late 1990s, an heir to the Sunkist Orange fortune wanted to buy and move the Coaster to a private property in Victoria.
In 2009 the American Coasters Enthusiasts conferred official "landmark" status on the Coaster.
The Corkscrew was built in 1994 and, according to Wikipedia, is a "standard Vekoma-built roller coaster with a Bayern Curve and double corkscrews."
On average 25,000 more people show up daily to the PNE on the weekend than during the week.
The Chilliwack Corn stand sells 12,000 cobs of corn annually.
Steve O's Thin Crust Pizza stand sells about 7,000 pizzas annually.
Jimmy's Lunch food stand fries about 20,000 pounds of onions annually.
6,200 deep-fried Mars bars were sold during the 2009 PNE.
6,500 samosas are sold annually.
10,000 Whale Tales are sold annually.
21,000 corn dogs are sold annually.
Last year the Those Little Donuts stand used 12 tons of dough to make 2.5 million doughnuts during the fair.
While a large cotton candy will run you $5.50 at the fair it only takes about two tablespoons of sugar - or two cents worth - to make the sweet snack. Last year the fair sold 33,500 cotton candies.
10,000 pounds of Kettle Korn are popped annually.
14,000 feet of hotdogs are sold annually at the Foot Long Hotdog stand.
On a sour note, the Lemonade Stand uses 10,000 lemons annually.
The $6-million Pacific Coliseum officially opened with the Ice Capades on Jan. 8, 1968. Its name originated from a write-in contest that drew 4,000 entries.
The first hockey game at the Pacific Coliseum was between the Canucks of the Western League and the Providence Reds of the American League. Providence won 4-2; The Sun headline read "Rink great, team blaah.''
The Vancouver Canucks NHL franchise had a 24-year run on PNE grounds. By the end the Canucks were paying the PNE about $4 million in annual revenues.
The first NHL game at the Pacific Coliseum was on Oct. 9, 1970. Bob Berry of the Los Angeles Kings scored the first goal and the Canucks lost 3-1. The last game was on May 27, 1995. Chris Chelios scored in overtime to clinch the second round series for the Chicago Blackhawks 4-0.
"I don't think it's fair that we should be booed" - Phil Esposito of Team Canada, speaking to an angry crowd at the Coliseum after being booed off the ice following the 5-3 loss in Game 4 of the Summit Series on Sep. 8, 1972. The speech roused Team Canada, which went on to win the series.
On May 16, 1982, the New York Islanders beat the Canucks 3-1 and were awarded the Stanley Cup on Coliseum ice.
On May 27, 2007, the Vancouver Giants beat the Medicine Hat Tigers 3-1 to capture the Memorial Cup on Coliseum ice.
One dozen Olympic gold medals were handed out at the Coliseum during the 2010 Winter Games. Canada won three gold, two silver, and two bronze medals in the 12 competitions.
Empire Stadium hosted seven Grey Cups. The BC Lions played at Empire Stadium from 1954 to 1982.
The Vancouver Whitecaps of the North American Soccer League were founded in 1974 and played at Empire Stadium until 1983 with regular crowds of more than 30,000.
During the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, John Landry and Roger Bannister broke the four-minute mark during the one-mile race at Empire Stadium. The four-minute mile remains enshrined in PNE history with a statue of the two at the front entrance.
Canada demolished Russia 5-0 on Jan. 5, 2006, at the gold medal match of the 2006 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships as future Vancouver Canucks defenceman Luc Bourdon was chosen as one of the best players of the tournament.
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It’s been a long time coming. The first highway tunnels to open in California in nearly fifty years are about ready for motorists.
Two mile-long, state-of-the-art tunnels will offer a new route to what has been a stunning, cliffhanger of a drive along Highway 1 above Northern California’s coast. The passage, between Pacifica and Half Moon Bay, has been the site of so many landslides, prolonged closures and deadly car accidents that it earned the name, “Devil’s Slide.”
The new tunnel consists of two bores each about 4,200 feet long with one lane and wide shoulder. The cutting edge tunnels have been a major engineering project and will feature jet-powered exhaust fans and carbon monoxide sensors. That’s much more high-tech than Cal Trans’ last tunnel, the third bore of the Caldecott Tunnel, which opened in 1964.
After five decades of political and environmental roadblocks, the 439-million dollar federally funded project is finished. Its opening will roll out over two days. Opening ceremonies for the twin tunnels and accompanying bridges is Monday, March 25th. The tunnels will be ready for commuters the following morning. The old Devil’s Slide stretch of California coastline will soon open up to hikers and bike riders.
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Anteater (suborder Vermilingua), any of four species of toothless, insect-eating mammals found in tropical savannas and forests from southern Mexico to Paraguay and northern Argentina. They are long-tailed animals with elongated skulls and tubular muzzles. The mouth opening of the muzzle is small, but the salivary glands are large and secrete sticky saliva onto a wormlike tongue, which can be as long as 60 cm (24 inches) in the giant anteater. Anteaters live alone or in pairs (usually mother and offspring) and feed mainly on ants and termites. They capture their prey by inserting their tongues into insect nests that they have torn open with the long, sharp, curved claws of their front feet; the claws are also used for defense. Giant anteaters and the smaller tamanduas use their hind legs and tail as a tripod when threatened, which thus frees the front limbs to slash at attackers.
The giant anteater
The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), sometimes called the ant bear, is the largest member of the anteater family and is best known in the tropical grasslands (Llanos) of Venezuela, where it is still common. It was once found in the lowland forests of Central America and still lives in the Amazon basin southward to the grasslands of Paraguay and Argentina. Gray with a diagonal white-bordered black stripe on each shoulder, the giant anteater attains a length of about 1.8 metres (6 feet), including the long bushy tail, and weighs up to 40 kg (88 pounds). This ground dweller is mainly diurnal, but in areas near human settlement it is most active at night.
Using its keen sense of smell to track ants, the giant anteater walks with a shuffle, bearing its weight on the sides and knuckles of its forefeet. When harried, it is capable of a clumsy gallop. The giant anteater is also a good swimmer. It does not seem to use dens or other resting places on a permanent basis but chooses instead a secluded spot where it can curl up to rest, with its huge tail covering both its head and its body. Females bear a single offspring after a gestation period of about 190 days. A young anteater looks identical, except in size, to an adult, and, from two or three weeks following birth until it is about a year old, it rides on its mother’s back as she travels. The home ranges of individual anteaters living in the Llanos overlap and can cover more than 2,500 hectares (6,000 acres). The giant anteater is the longest-lived anteater; one in captivity reportedly survived 25 years.
Unlike the giant anteater, the lesser anteater, or tamandua (genus Tamandua), is arboreal as well as terrestrial. The two tamandua species are similar in size—about 1.2 metres (4 feet) long, including the almost-hairless prehensile tail, which is used for climbing. They are often tan with a blackish “vest” around the shoulders and on the body, but some are entirely tan or entirely black. Tamanduas have shorter fur and proportionately shorter muzzles than giant anteaters.
The tamandua, meaning “catcher of ants” in the Tupí language of eastern Brazil, eats both termites and ants and often uses the same pathway day after day in search of food. Although many species of ants are eaten by tamanduas, they are selective, eating relatively few ants of any given colony and avoiding those with painful stings or bites, such as army ants (genus Eciton). Tamandua dens can be found in hollow trees and logs or in the ground, and individual home ranges cover about 75 hectares (185 acres). The northern tamandua (T. mexicana) is found from eastern Mexico to northwestern South America; the southern tamandua (T. tetradactyla) is found from the island of Trinidad southward to northern Argentina.
The silky anteater
Also known as the two-toed, pygmy, or dwarf anteater, the silky anteater (Cyclopes didactylus) is the smallest and least-known member of the family. The silky anteater is found from southern Mexico southward to Bolivia and Brazil. It is not rare but is difficult to spot because it is nocturnal and lives high in the trees. It is also exquisitely camouflaged, its silky yellowish coat matching both the colour and the texture of fibrous seed masses produced by the silk-cotton tree (see kapok). During the day the silky anteater rests amid clumps of tropical vines (see liana).
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From the Horse’s Mouth: Fact or Fiction?
Silky anteaters seldom exceed 300 grams (11 ounces). The animal’s maximum overall length is about 44 cm (17 inches). About one-half of that length is the furred prehensile tail. There are two clawed toes on each forefoot. (The forefoot of the tamandua has four clawed toes, whereas that of the giant anteater has three prominent clawed toes flanked by two small toes.) The silky anteater has large eyes that allow foraging at night. The feet are equipped with heel pads that can be opposed against the claws, enabling the animal to grip small branches as it travels the forest canopy along lianas and other vines. Males live in territories of 5–10 hectares (12–25 acres) that overlap with those of several females.
The giant anteater and tamanduas constitute the family Myrmecophagidae, which means “ant-eating” in Latin, whereas the silky anteater is classified in a family of its own, Cyclopedidae. Together the two families make up the anteater suborder, Vermilingua (literally “worm-tongue” in Latin). Anteaters, along with sloths, are placed within the mammalian order Pilosa of the magnorder Xenarthra. A number of animals unrelated to the myrmecophagids are also called anteaters. The banded anteater (see numbat), for example, is a marsupial. The scaly anteater (see pangolin) was formerly grouped with xenarthrans in an order called Edentata, but it has since been assigned to its own separate order. The short-beaked echidna is often called a spiny anteater, but this animal is even more distantly related (see monotreme). The African aardvark also belongs to a different mammalian order, yet, like the anteater, it has a tubular muzzle for eating ants and is sometimes called an antbear.
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Dot Plots is applied for time-series analysis with irregular intervals of time. This visualization is mentioned in the book “Now You See IT” by Stephen Few. For example, the below Dot Plots show the toxin level through the different date of testing:
- Excel Sample Download
- Dot Plots:
- NOTE: Creating this graph is easy by using Line with Marker graph and hiding the line. The reason to hide the line is that it is not sufficient to create the trend with the irregular time range.
APPLY FOR QUALITY CONTROL CHART
Dot Plots can be applied to create Quality Control Chart by using two more line as the upper and lower control limit. The example below demonstrate the quality control chart of a shirt manufacturer showing sample defects and range of control limit:
- The Upper Limit and Lower Limit is the additional series with Line showing the limit range of defects.
- Samples with defect out of range will be marked with the different color (red) to differentiate.
TIPS AND OPINIONS
- Color: Use proper color for Limit Line, here I use color light gray not to interrupt the point.
Few, S. (n.d.). Now you see it: Simple visualization techniques for quantitative analysis.
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|Fire + Food + Goofy Children = Awesome family time|
We've taught Beans and Bunny from a very early age all about fires and fire safety. The important rules like no running near the fire, keep a bucket of water nearby, don't leave a fire alone (they get lonely) and don't put your marshmallow directly in the flame. It was one of those rules that prompted this post - the bucket of water. It wasn't the why of it, they know to keep it there in case the fire jumps out of it's little circle and for end of the night dousing. It was the how - how does the water stop the fire?
|It is hard to take good campfire pictures at night with a phone|
The answer to this one is pretty simple so to make it a nice, well rounded post I'll also put in assorted random campfire pictures of us or food or us with food.
|Who doesn't love cooking stuff on a stick - SPIDER DOG!|
To answer the question we first have to know how fire works. A campfire is an exothermic reaction involving the release of energy rather than endothermic, one that sucks in energy, which is why it has a lovely glow and toasts things. The burning of wood is combustion - a rapid oxidation reaction that releases energy in the form of heat and light. To catch things on fire you need three things - fuel/combustible material (wood), and oxidizer (oxygen) and a heat source that gets it past the flash point of your fuel (lighter - which does it's own mini reaction with a gas, oxygen and a flint spark). Once lit the whole thing continues in a chain reaction and it sustains itself by it's own release of the heat and with a continuous supply of fuel and oxygen it will keep going (the aforementioned "adding a log" fun).
|Behold! I have combined wood, oxygen and heat! Muahahaha!|
|Stuff fire needs|
To stop fire you need to take away at least one of the things it needs. Water takes away two - it stops the fire from being able to access the free oxygen in the air by displacing it and it turns to steam (usually quite dramatically), which carries the heat away from the fire and lowers the temperature back down so it no longer burns. Even though water has oxygen in it, it is bonded to the hydrogen and not accessible for the combustion process.
Cool Fact: Astronauts can't have campfires because the process depends on gravity to constantly supply the fire with oxygen. Without gravity the fire will quickly have only have only it's own combustion products surrounding it and extinguish itself.
|Astronauts cannot have this fantasticness.|
And now, as promised, more pictures of campfires:
|A nice Georgian Bay shoreline fire|
|Cooking stuff on a stick is good, but this is a definite step up!|
|A little Bunny + A little fire|
|Everyone loves Bannock-On-A-Stick. Extra good with maple syrup.|
Click here for some tips for safe campfires!
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In the aftermath of a famous environmental tree-hugger movement, widely known as the Chipko movement, of the Indian Hindu region of Garhwal in the Central Himalayas, the relation of Garhwali women to the forest has been described by various international actors. A critique of previous presentations is the starting point of this thesis, which explores the meaning of the forest in women s lives, and various connections made between women and forests in the Garhwali peasant society.
The study may contribute to a richer understanding of the logics behind locally based metaphors connecting women to nature: The forest is women s maternal home, is a locally crafted metaphor used in environmental awareness campaigns. The study suggests that this metaphor does not imply ideas of essential links between women and forests, and in stead looks at the relation broadly in terms of everyday and life-cycle experiences, social arenas and social structures based on kinship practices, social values, religious beliefs and aspects of local cosmology. The exploration reveals that the forest is one of the few arenas in and through which women may find expression for their identities and belongings, and relief for their subordinate social positions. As a consequence parts of the thesis may be read as a discussion of social structures, and the relationships between power, agency and resistance.
Through the presentation, local ideas about women s work, social bonds, landscape and world views are explored. After a theoretical and geographical introduction, chapter two presents the village and its environments through a focus on the organization of the daily life of women in the village. Femininity is thus described in terms of women s actions and agency in the social and natural working environment, and the forest is presented as one of several social arenas. Chapter three explores the meanings of a home for Garhwali peasant women, through a presentation of kinship structures and marriage practices. Chapter four explores the forest and its relationship with the female in relation to a larger cultural framework. In chapter five the spirits and emotions of the forest are brought into the village courtyards, when possession rituals performed to appease forest goddesses are explored. Through them, female experiences and views on society are given strong representations in public village performances.
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