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School governors are volunteers who are committed to making sure that their school provides the best possible education for all its pupils.
Along with the headteacher, governors set the future direction for the school and decide how the school's budget should be spent. Governing bodies make decisions collectively on matters such as performance targets, school policies, the school's improvement/development plan, and the school's staffing structure.
They also hear appeals from pupils and staff and consider complaints.
In all types of schools governors should have a strong focus on three core strategic functions:
- Ensuring clarity of vision, ethos and strategic direction
- Holding the headteacher to account for the educational performance of the school and its pupils
- Overseeing the financial performance of the school and making sure its money is well spent
Different types of governors
Governing bodies are made up of different types of governors.
- Parent governors - elected from parents of children registered at the school
- Staff governors - elected from the teaching staff at the school
- Authority governors - appointed by the local authority
- Co-opted governors - appointed by the governing body to provide specific expertise
- Foundation governors - appointed at denominational or foundation schools to represent the foundation
- Partnership governors - appointed at foundation schools to represent the local community
Who is disqualified from being a school governor?
A person is disqualified from holding or continuing to hold office as a governor of a school if, in summary, that person:
- is the subject of a bankruptcy restrictions order; an interim bankruptcy restrictions order; debt relief restrictions order; an interim debt relief restrictions order; or their estate has been sequestrated and the sequestration has not been discharged, annulled or reduced;
- is subject to a disqualification order or disqualification undertaking under the Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986; a disqualification order under the Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 2002; a disqualification undertaking accepted under the Company Directors Disqualification (Northern Ireland) Order 2002; or an order made under section 429(2)(b) of the Insolvency Act 1986 (failure to pay under county court administration order)
- has been removed from the office of trustee for a charity by an order made by the Charity Commission or Commissioners or High Court on grounds of any misconduct or mismanagement in the administration of the charity, or under section 34 of the Charities and Trustee Investment (Scotland) Act 2005 from being concerned in the management or control of any body
- is included in the list of people considered by the Secretary of State as unsuitable to work with children or young people
- is barred from any regulated activity relating to children
- is subject to a direction of the Secretary of State under section 142 of the Education Act 2002 or section 128 of the Education and Skills Act 2008
- is disqualified from working with children or from registering for child-minding or providing day care
- is disqualified from being an independent school proprietor, teacher or employee by the Secretary of State 21
- subject to certain exceptions for overseas offences that do not correlate with a UK offence, has been sentenced to three months or more in prison (without the option of a fine) in the five years ending with the date preceding the date of appointment/election as a governor or since becoming a governor
- subject to certain exceptions for overseas offences that do not correlate with a UK offence, has received a prison sentence of two and a half years or more in the 20 years ending with the date preceding the date of appointment/election as a governor
- subject to certain exceptions for overseas offences that do not correlate with a UK offence, has at any time received a prison sentence of five years or more
- has been convicted and fined for causing a nuisance or disturbance on school or educational premises during the five years ending with the date immediately preceding appointment/election or since appointment or election as a governor
- refuses a request by the clerk to make an application to the Disclosure and Barring Service for a criminal records certificate.
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from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- adj. Pertaining to, or employed in polygraphy; as, a polygraphic instrument.
- adj. Done with a polygraph; as, a polygraphic copy.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- adj. Pertaining to, or employed in, polygraphy.
- adj. Done with a polygraph.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- Pertaining to multiplication of copies of a writing: as, a polygraphic instrument.
- Done with a polygraph: as, a polygraphic copy or writing
Sorry, no etymologies found.
In 1932, Sarah Shor became a permanent contributor to the Academia publishing house (at the time one of the best in polygraphic and aesthetic design), for which she designed a number of books.
“Mon Dieu!” said the expiring sinner, who, it seems, saw both the real and polygraphic apparition, “il y en a deux!”
Dr. Rosen suggested a polygraphic sleep study, a kind of catchall used to broadly monitor a child, until specific problems are pinpointed.
Milan is the principal centre of Europe for the printing of music and is the chief centre of Italy for the polygraphic industries.
(It may not be impertinent to draw attention to the fact that Prévost, like Defoe -- though not quite to the same extent, and in the middle, not towards the end of his career -- concentrated the novel-part of an enormous polygraphic production upon a few years.)
Then he was a polygraphic writer, producing treatises, satires, and pamphlets on the most diverse subjects.
"Mon Dieu!" said the expiring sinner, who, it seems, saw both the real and polygraphic apparition,
"The law could not be clearer about polygraphic evidence," said the decision, noting Zowasky's comments could not be used as evidence.
The mobile also allows the usage of a variety of formats such as the WAV, MP3, formats and it also allows polygraphic ring tones.
Mr. Eckhardt said that "the best polygraphic evidence I had" indicated that Captain Ernest Medina, who was Mr. Calley's commanding officer, did not issue an order for the platoon to execute civilians during the operation in My Lai.
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Thursday, 22 November 2012
Measuring critical thinking skills especially among students is very important. Measuring critical thinking skills is the way to ensure that students are not simply memorizing what is being in class. Measuring critical thinking skills will help the teacher to know whether their teaching skills are working or they simply encourage recalling of concepts. There are a number of effective ways for measuring critical thinking skills.
Testing the critical thinking abilities of students is not an easy exercise. Although educators have tried to come up with a standard rubric of doing so, it is still a process that is quite challenging. A lot of importance is tied to being able to assess whether students have really mastered critical thinking skills. This kind of assessment can help the teachers to change their approach to teaching. The assessment can also help the teacher to identify students who are weak in this area and offer the necessary help.
How to assess critical thinking skills in students
Acquiring Long term memory and critical thinking skills is very crucial. Long term memory and critical thinking skills are very helpful in problem solving scenarios or when you are required to master a certain concept. Students who have mastered long term memory and critical thinking skills are normally excellent students. This is because long term memory and critical thinking skills enable them to grasp and recall concepts discussed in class or those that they study.
Most of these skills are not in born and therefore it is possible for someone to learn them and apply them for their personal benefit. There are scholars who have come up with Critical thinking skills exercises. These Critical thinking skills exercises help students to gauge whether they are critical thinkers. The Critical thinking skills exercises also provide strategies on how one can develop themselves to become critical thinkers. The Critical thinking skills exercises take different approaches depending on the preferences of the
Effective learning takes place only when you know the problem or the source of the problem. Therefore, if you want to learn critical thinking skills and desire to teach critical thinking skills for kids, start your assignment by coming up with a list of critical thinking skills. A rubric or list of critical thinking skills is helpful as a teaching guide, getting sources for information, and in evaluation.
What should a list of critical thinking skills have?
There are three main critical thinking skills that every person should learn. These skills should be part of critical thinking skills for kids, but should be simply stated for them to understand. They include:
Teaching critical thinking skills to adults is tasking, it is not easier when you have to teach children. Some argue that it is easier to teach children than adults because children do not have a lot bothering them. Whichever position you take, you must have lessons plans for teaching critical thinking skills.
Lessons plans for teaching critical thinking skills should also include critical thinking skills worksheet. Critical thinking skills work sheet plays a significant role in jump starting the brain. They are designed to help the recipient think or reason from a wider perspective. You can get hundreds of critical thinking skills worksheet from book stores or online. You can also request for professional advice to know the most suitable critical thinking skills worksheet for your child or class.
The Importance of critical thinking skills is very diverse. It is fundamental that one knows the Importance of critical thinking skills before they start working towards gaining the skills. This will make them appreciate the skill. For students in school, the Importance of critical thinking skills are mostly related to passing exams and grasping concepts or coming up with academic papers. For those who are out of school, the Importance of critical thinking skills may be viewed differently.
The importance of critical thinking among students cannot be emphasized enough. For example, Critical thinking skills in nursing is very important. Critical thinking skills in nursing encourage students to pose questions and not just to accept things as they are presented to them. Critical thinking skills in nursing also make students to engage in extensive research in
Critical thinking is a basic life skill. You must learn how to think critically and model an excellent example of critical thinking skills to those who look up to you. Having established that, you must learn how to teach critical thinking skills. Teaching critical thinking skills goes hand in hand with helping your students understand the art of building critical thinking skills. The following steps are helpful to you, who desire to learn how to teach critical thinking skills:
Remember you can contact our experts in writing research papers any time and from anywhere for assistance.
Give your students a prompt- a prompt is a statement to which students should respond. Help your students understand what exactly you need from the prompt by breaking it into portions they can easily digest.
Thinking is part of every living creature, humans and animals. In fact, it is said that we are products of our thoughts. Because we have hundreds of options from where we can make choices, we must learn how to develop critical thinking skills. Developing the skills is not the end; we must learn how to improve critical thinking skills. Only then shall we be able to make quality decisions and consequently live quality lives.
It is always good to work from the known to the unknown. If you do not understand the status quo, you will not know what to address and how to address it. Therefore, before you embark on looking at how to improve critical thinking skills, undertake a critical thinking skills test. The test will help you identify your areas of weakness and strength. Then shall you be able to know how to develop critical thinking skills.
In a school setting, students should take advantage of their lecturers or tutors. The instructors can give them tips of how to develop critical thinking skills or assign them
With the realization of the importance of critical thinking, more and more people are getting are trying to learn ways to Develop critical thinking skills. In order to develop critical thinking skills one has to really apply themselves. It is not enough to read books and information about how to develop critical thinking skills. To ensure that you develop critical thinking skills, one has to put the instructions into practice.
Long term memory and critical thinking skills go hand in hand. Especially when studying for academic purposes, long term memory and critical thinking skills can come in very handy. Someone who has long term memory and critical thinking skills tends to master concepts faster than someone who does not. It is therefore important for students to take up long term memory and critical thinking skills.
Developing critical thinking skills is mandatory for everyone who wishes to excel. The current world is quickly changing, and only those who have the capacity to think critically are able to cope up with the change. Therefore, it is paramount to help children learn critical thinking skills using all available sources. Such sources include critical thinking skills worksheet.
Critical thinking skills worksheet varies based on the intellectual capacity of the child and their level of study. Therefore, before introducing critical thinking skills worksheet is paramount for teachers and parents to give children critical thinking skills test. The function of the critical thinking skills test is to help you know the mental capacity of the child and what tools to use when assisting him/her.
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Route 128 or formally known as the Yankee Highway has years of history behind the roads on which many Massachusetts residence drive daily. The highway is a beltway around Boston. It is 69.1 miles long and was constructed between the years of 1936 to 1959. It was once called the “high way to nowhere” and passes through many towns and cities and connects drivers from Hull on the south shore to Gloucester on the north shore.
The concept of the route 128 was to pass through local streets of towns and not through the downtown areas. Many then called it the “highway to nowhere” but in its defense it would help connect people from Boston to urban areas. This highway was the first Circumferential Highway built during this time period.
During the time period of 1936 to 1942 parts of the new four-lane route 128 was built. Although with the start of World War II the high was put to a complete halt. In 1948 the construction of the highway resumed. Under the newly established Federal Highway Act (1944) the Federal government paid for half of 128.
Although the commissioner Callahan called for a six-lane highway with 12-inch lanes they highway was built with four lanes. This was thought to be useful for the next 20 years estimating that only 15,000 vehicles per day would travel on this road by 1970 but by 1955 the average already reached 30,000 vehicles a day.
In 1951 a 22.5-mile stretch was formed from EXIT 20 in Wellesley to EXIT 44 in Lynnfield. This stretch was built on hills on the outskirts of Boston. Different designs for bridges were used to accommodate the lands used. In 1953 the Danvers rotary at Exit 11 was built under difficulties due to swamplands. Lands on the outer parts of Boston slowed down the construction and forced a need to construct new and different roads and bridges. Even though it slowed down construction in some areas it was also a good location. This was because it did not affect homeowners in the area because it was in rural areas. Also the land was at a low cost and became very covenant to build on. It connected the city to the suburbs and helped the movement from the city to the suburbs by making this area of suburbs very covenant to the working class.
The overall cost of the highway was estimated around 63 million dollars.
The new highway attracted business along the highway that offered restaurant and automotive services. In the 1960’s the highway attracted many new businesses. It became home to new industrial parks that housed high-tech companies. The area was a good place for these offices because they had room to expand but they where still in a reasonable distance to places like MIT. It was then noted as “America’s Technology Highway”. The population in towns around 128 quadrupled in the 1950s and doubled again in the 1960s.
In my visual I represented the road signs and pictures of the highway in 1950 and the highway today. I represent the name “Yankee highway” in the visual because it is the original name. Also the word “rural” is used because the highway was built in rural areas outside of Boston. The picture that the word in placed over is a picture signifying this word. The picture in from the 1950s and the highway are shown surrounded by a dense layer of trees. The other chose of words that I used was “highway to nowhere” and it is placed over a recent picture of the highway. The highway is empty in the picture and looks ongoing possibly to “nowhere”. The other two pictures are road signs representing the Highway going to Gloucester, which was the starting point of Route 128. The middle picture has a sign that read “end 128”. This picture takes place in Gloucester and represents that the highways end, the other end to the highway is located on the South shore.
My research of this project consisted of finding the origin of route 128. I looked up how and when the high was formed and received information on why the highway was built. Through my research of route 128 I learned interesting facts about the formation of the highway. Although collecting information was hard at first I was able to find reliable sources online though search engines.
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A Reference Grammar Of Modern Italian
Publication Date :
25 May 2007
This Italian reference grammar provides students, teachers and others interested in the Italian language with a comprehensive, accessible and jargon-free guide to the forms and stucture of Italian. Whatever their level of knowledge of the language, learners of Italian will find this book indispensable: it gives clear and detailed explanations of everything from the most elementary facts such as the relation between spelling and pronunciation, or the forms of the article, to more advanced points such as the various nuances of the subjunctive. Formal or archaic discourse is distinguished from informal, everyday usage, and regionalisms are also indicated where appropriate. The authors have taken care to make it an easy and illuminating reference tool: extensive cross-referencing enables readers to quickly find the information they require, and also stimulates them to discover new, related facts.
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|This article needs additional or better citations for verification. (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
|Fate||Reincorporated following purchase of Chrysler Corporation|
|Successor||DaimlerChrysler (1998-2007) Daimler AG (2007-present)|
|Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler|
internal combustion engines,
military technology and equipment
Daimler-Benz AG (German pronunciation: [ˈdaɪ̯mlɐ ˈbɛnt͡s]) was a German manufacturer of motor vehicles and internal combustion engines; founded in 1926. An Agreement of Mutual Interest - which was valid until 2000 - was signed on 1 May 1924 between Karl Benz's Benz & Cie., and Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft, which had been founded by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach. Daimler had died in 1900, and Maybach had left in 1907.
Both companies continued to manufacture their separate automobile and internal combustion engine marques until, on 28 June 1926, when Benz & Cie. and Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft formally merged - becoming Daimler-Benz AG (Aktiengesellschaft) - and agreed that thereafter, all of the factories would use the brand name of "Mercedes-Benz" on their automobiles. The inclusion of the name Mercedes in the new brand name honored the most important model series of DMG automobiles, the Mercedes series, which were designed and built by Wilhelm Maybach. They derived their name from a 1900 engine named after the daughter of Emil Jellinek. Jellinek became one of DMG's directors in 1900, ordered a small number of motor racing cars built to his specifications by Maybach, stipulated that the engine must be named Daimler-Mercedes, and made the new automobile famous through motorsports. That race car later became known as the Mercedes 35 hp. The first of the series of production models bearing the name, Mercedes, had been produced by DMG in 1902. Jellinek left the DMG board of directors in 1909.
The name of Daimler as a marque of automobiles had been sold by DMG - following his death in 1900 - for use by other companies (Daimler Motor Company and Austro-Daimler), so the new company, Daimler-Benz, would have created confusion and legal problems to include Daimler in its new brand name, and therefore, used Mercedes to represent the Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft interest. Karl Benz remained as a member of the board of directors of Daimler-Benz AG until his death in 1929.
Although Daimler-Benz is best known for its Mercedes-Benz automobile brand, during World War II it also created a notable series of aircraft, tank, and submarine engines. Daimler also produced parts for German arms, most notably barrels for the Mauser rifle. During World War II Daimler-Benz employed slave labour.
In 1998, Daimler-Benz AG bought the American automobile manufacturer Chrysler Corporation, and formed DaimlerChrysler AG. When the Chrysler Group was subsequently sold off to Cerberus Capital Management and renamed Chrysler LLC in August 2007, the name of the parent company was changed to simply Daimler AG within two months.
- "DaimlerChrysler AG - The History of Daimler-Benz AG". Retrieved 27 January 2011.
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Eventually, the skirmishers were ordered to conduct reconnaissance on the southern side of the river. Hugh went off by himself quite often and he got closer than any others dared. What he saw upset him.
Within a week of the previous assault, large catapults were being built. It was not long before they were hurling projectile over Polity’s walls. And they hurled everything…
According to the morning messengers, the list of catapult ammunition included: rocks of every size and shape, large hunks of dirt, animal bones, rotting fish, jars of urine, dead bodies and dismembered limbs, human excrement, horse excrement, and for one entire day, nothing but thousands upon thousands of frogs.
None on the Politian side had any idea of how to construct this type of catapult, nor anything that could reach as far as it did. Every piece of Politian artillery fell pitifully short. It was decided that a frontal assault of the Otros line would be necessary to end the daily barrage, and Hugh was called into the city to be briefed on the attack.
In Herbert’s war room, dozens of men stood around a large map with little metal chips representing troops on it. Herbert was still arranging them when Hugh entered. More men joined them and before long, Herbert spoke. He laid out where everyone would begin, and explained how he wanted the attack conducted. The only enemy targets on the map were the catapults, ten in total.
The attack would consist primarily of 200,000 Politian soldiers and militiamen, only 20,000 Kolish troops (including Hugh’s unit), the just over 10,000 remaining Northerners, and the entire force of 1,500 Nudari cavalry, leaving just 10,000 Politian troops to man the walls near the city, and about 60,000 Kolish troops at the cliff encampment, which could be called in using horse messengers.
The next morning, the troops marched out of the main gate and arranged themselves into lines, all while projectiles flew overhead into the city. Equipped with five javelins, his bow and a quiver of fifty arrows, a shield, and a short sword (well… short by Hugh’s standards… it was nearly the length of a man’s arm), Hugh stood ready with his fellow skirmishers on the outskirts of the Kolish ranks.
On the blowing of the first horn, the lines of ground infantry would march at a medium pace forward, while the skirmishers from each side would run out in front to engage the enemy until the lines had advanced to the point of nearly reaching the targets.
When the Otros line was pushed back far enough, fire squads would begin their advance, most on horseback, carrying torches and incendiary material in pots to burn the catapults. As it turned out, the Nudari had the most advanced alcohol making skills of anyone there. In fact, they made it so strong that it was explosive. This was part of why alcohol was banned in their land: besides the drunkenness that accompanies the beverage, it was too often employed as a destructive weapon.
When combined with a bit of tar that bubbled up from the ground in their homeland, this alcohol made a fast-burning material that sticks to everything. It was loaded into jars, which would be thrown on the catapults, causing them to spill the sticky material and speed up the burning.
On the sound of the horn, Hugh and the skirmishers sprinted forward. The Otros unleashed a hail of arrows, and Hugh took one to the thigh, between where two plates of armor met. He pulled it out. After a few more volleys, they were within Hugh’s javelin throw range, so he transferred one from his shield hand to his throwing arm and let it fly. He hit a horseman and knocked him clear out of his saddle.
Soon everyone was unleashing javelins, and the horse archers made a hasty retreat, taking very few losses. The archers retreated almost to the nearest catapult, then turned and fired more arrows.
On the next approach, the horse archers again retreated, leaving the path to the catapult completely open. The men operating it fled after the horsemen on foot.
Hugh reached it first. He ripped it apart, beam by beam. There was a stone nearby, and Hugh picked it up and hurled it with all his might at the archers, who were firing upon him. The stone fell well short, and Hugh continued to be pelted with arrows, most of which glanced off his armor (though every one of them felt like a hard punch). Some of the skirmishers ran off to engage the archers, but most stayed with the remains of the catapult.
“I don’t know what to do,” said someone near Hugh.
“It’s simple,” said Marsellus. “We do what we always do: we wait for the infantry, then we annoy the fuck out of them.”
Hugh had one javelin left. While crouched and holding up his shield, he tried to get closer to the archers, but they maneuvered out of range. Skirmishers were taking heavy losses, and the infantry simply weren’t arriving fast enough. Hugh got the feeling that they engaged too quickly. By chasing the horsemen upon retreat, they were too far from the main unit. All this he thought from behind his shield, as horse archers just outside of javelin range fired into the skirmishers with impunity.
Hugh set down his last javelin, gripped his bow, crouched to one knee, and shot off an arrow that pierced through the neck of a rider. The Otros went from circling the skirmishers to sort of outlining the petals of a daisy. An archer would run out away from the skirmishers, then loop back in at them, fire off a shot, then quickly turn and retreat back a ways, then charge and shoot again. Hugh still managed to hit more than he missed, despite the change in the Otros tactics.
By the time the infantry had arrived, almost half of the skirmishers were dead or too badly wounded to continue. Marsellus had the survivors split into two. One group would move to the catapult upstream, and the other would go downstream towards the sea. Hugh went downstream and would act in Marsellus’ place, since he would be leading the group going upstream.
Each time they reached the next catapult, the Otros archers would react in much the same way as before. While Hugh was getting better at picking them off, the going was slow and painful. Hugh had more wounds than he cared to acknowledge. His armor had been pierced dozens of time, and with every step he took, he left a bloody footprint.
Around the third catapult that Hugh’s group dismantled, Hugh took an arrow to the cheek. When the advancing infantry reached them, Hugh had someone remove it, mostly so his field of vision would be clear. He had ceased to feel any pain some time before. He felt like he wasn’t even in his body.
As he looked around the battlefield, through all the dust, he swore he saw winged figures swooping around. One guided the hand of a soldier, causing him to spear a horseman. Another guided an archer’s bow, resulting in an arrow that pierced its target square in the left eye, while another embraced a dying defender, lifting him up into the air.
The next catapult Hugh assaulted already had Politian troops there, and he saw the helmets of the dwarf and giant above the rest. Hugh ran up to them and crouched low behind his shield.
“You look like shit,” yelled the dwarf over the din of battle.
“I feel fine,” Hugh said. “I can’t see anything through this dust.”
“Yeah,” the dwarf said. “I can’t even see the next catapult in the line.”
The giant motioned in two directions.
“Oh, I know where they are,” said the dwarf. “I just can’t see their progress.”
“Hopefully they can see it on the wall,” the giant said.
They hunkered down for a while, and before long they heard the sound of two horn blasts from the Politian side. After what seemed like a long time, some Nudari cavalry arrived, throwing clay jugs at the catapult. When they threw their torches, the blaze was immediate. All the Politian troops then made a hasty retreat.
The losses were enormous. The Politian militia lost one third of their number to casualties and debilitating injury. The Northerners fared the same. The Nudari had no losses, and the Kolish infantry had only a few hundred dead or wounded, but the Kolish skirmishers suffered heavy losses.
The first thing Marsellus did after returning to camp was to send a request to Kole for more skirmishers. Very few in Hugh’s unit were uninjured, though many survived to fight on.
And so the war went on for months like this. The Politians continued to throw men at the Otros when they rebuilt their siege engines, and the Otros continued to pummel the Politian city and troops, always just out of range. Tens of thousands died on the Politian side, while by even the most optimistic estimate, they had killed around five hundred of Jengo’s estimated 250,000 cavalry.
Just as summer was reaching its peak and the Politians seemed to be losing the will to fight, reinforcements from another ally arrived as scheduled. They were called Phebians, and they rode in on war chariots. There were fifty thousand chariots, all pulled by two horses and manned by two people, a driver and an archer.
Given the flat grassland between the Otros and the wall, the geography was perfect for chariot warfare. The next assault on the catapults was called in earlier than in previous cycles, in an attempt to catch them off guard. In addition to the usual line (which had been reinforced by new Kolish troops and additional Politian volunteers), the 50,000 Phebian chariots were split and provided cover fire while acting as flank protection for the skirmishers.
The chariots were not fast enough to run down the swift Otros horse archers, though with the chariots firing arrows on the approach, the going was much easier (though the Otros still had bows with greater range). With the help of the chariots, the Politians suffered fewer casualties, but they still managed to inflict very few losses.
As rough as it was for the soldiers, the city itself suffered the most. After the first assault, incendiaries were hurled over the walls, along with everything else. Fires broke out on a daily basis, and before long, there was very little left standing just inside the walls. The wall itself also took a pounding, and in places it had crumbled to only half its original height. While some repairs were made, it was largely futile in the face of constant bombardment.
As the heat of the summer began to dissipate, they received word of two allies who would be sending troops. The first was a Kolish island colony known as Honosis, which sent a large contingent of 100,000 troops, all equipped and trained in much the same manner as the Kolish regulars. The second was the Austerians.
When the Honosi arrived, word was sent to the Austerians via ship. An attack was planned, whereby the Austerians would march in behind the Otros at the height of the fighting, signaled by a large plume of white smoke within the city (though really, it would not be smoke, but steam from water being poured on a vast fire).
The attack went horribly. Again, the Politians suffered greater losses, with the Otros effortlessly retreating from the slow-moving Politian advance, and when the Austerians marched in from behind, they met only with advancing Kolish troops. The Otros slipped around the five hundred Austerians with little effort.
As Hugh’s group of skirmishers approached the Austerians, he removed his helmet and approached Leocrates.
“You came yourself?” asked Hugh.
“A great commander never asks his men to do what he would not do himself.”
Hugh nodded. They marched back to the city walls, occasionally harangued by arrow fire from the Otros, who followed them from a distance, eventually retaining their original positions. Hugh led Leocrates to Herbert after the last troops were inside the walls.
“I have to say,” said Leocrates, “You are not getting your money’s worth from my men if you would have us just sit around behind piles of stone and dirt. You could have gotten Austerian women and children to do that, and it would have been much cheaper.”
Herbert stood hunched over his map, looking up at Leocrates. “Tell me how to defeat them.”
“You want me to play general of your forces, as well as my own? We never negotiated for that.”
“Do you have any idea what’s at stake?” asked Herbert.
“A city of singers and dancers, painters and sculptors, bankers and traders…”
“You’re right,” said Herbert. “This isn’t a military city. This is the economic heart of the kingdom. If the Otros take the city, Kole will crumble within a generation. You will be cut off from your greatest allies, and–”
“And Austeria will continue to defend itself, like it always has.”
“You think the Otros don’t have their eye on your small city? You think they don’t know about the wealth that pours from your mines, or the vast tracts of fertile land just behind your mountains? Maybe they won’t invade after sacking Polity, and maybe they won’t even invade after plundering Kole itself, but someday their insatiable appetite for conquest will bring them to your city, and by then there will be no one left to stand with you against them.”
“We don’t need anyone else.”
Herbert chuckled. “More than anyone here, you need us. Without tradesman to work the ore, your mines produce little more than blood and sweat stained rubble. Without our navy, the seas around your land become utterly infested with piracy. Without the weak, disorganized tribes around your land, you can’t even pillage and enslave. Your way of life relies on those around you, just like everyone else.”
Leocrates stood silently, his eyes never straying from Herbert’s hard gaze.
“I’ll ask you again: how do we defeat them?”
“You don’t,” said Leocrates. “You can delay them, but my scouts tell me their forces number over 275,000 cavalry, with another half million non-military force following them, mostly women and children. They’re scavenging off of the land, so there’s no supply line to cut off. They are completely mobile, and even if you did manage to gain a temporary advantage, they will refrain from engaging you until they have the advantage again.”
“So what should we do?”
Leocrates glanced at Hugh, then said, “You should have made a deal with them while you could. As best as I can tell, the city is already gone.”
To be continued…
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Did you know your skin absorbs what you put on it? Even more reason to ensure your skin care ingredients are safe. And you should be looking at skin care product labels in a similar fashion to food labels. There are thousands of chemicals in beauty products. Some are completely safe to use topically, while others are not. And it’s unfortunate, but true, that many of the ingredients in skin care products are literally skin irritants. And others are even endocrine disruptors and carcinogenic.
Listed below are some of the worst (and most popularly used) ingredients that are still on the market today. Many increase the risk of cancer, destroy your skin matrix, or cause allergies and asthma. And you’d be surprised what the FDA allows in our country. The main skincare ingredients to avoid include:
Parabens are among the most controversial ingredients in the beauty world. And they’re often found in both skin and hair care products. They are used mainly as preservatives, which prevent the growth of bacteria, fungus, and yeast. However, some research shows that parabens may increase the risk of breast cancer. Even so, it is necessary to understand that parabens occur naturally fruits like blueberries. Yet the synthetic kind may be linked to these risks more than the naturally occurring kind.
Sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium laureth sulfate are also known as surfactants. And they are found in more than 90% of all skin and hair care products. They are well known to be skin, lung, and eye irritants. So, why do they keep showing up in our personal care products. SLS/SLES is responsible for the foaming action in your shampoos and soaps. And most people have become accustomed to this kind of cleaning. So much so, that when they use a product without these surfactants, they believe they are not clean enough. These ingredients dry out your skin, and may even cause cancer due to a chemical reaction. Oil, lotion, or gel cleansers work better without the risk.
Formaldehyde – the stuff morticians use to preserve dead bodies. Yes, you read that right. As you can probably guess, formaldehyde is used as a preservative in beauty products. And although it has the benefit of preventing bacteria growth, it has been linked to cancer of the nose and throat. Plus, it causes skin issues such as irritation and allergies. And the ironic part? It’s found in body washes, shampoos, conditioners, cleanser, and eye shadow.
When you see the word “fragrance” under the list of ingredients, it can be perplexing to understand exactly what that means. For the most part, it’s to cover up a company’s seemingly secret formula. So, we aren’t entirely sure what could be in this ingredient. Simply put: it’s a blend of possibly dangerous chemicals. Well known fragrances concoctions have been linked to allergies, skin issues, respiratory diseases, and harmful effects on the reproductive system. And it’s found in almost every type of skin care product across the board.
Diethanolamine (or DEA) is often found in skincare products that are creamy – such as creams, serums, and moisturizers. Research shows that it causes mild to moderate skin and eye irritation. And in some experiments, it was discovered that high doses can cause liver, skin, and thyroid pre-cancer or cancer. Europe has already banned this ingredient due to these studies. Plus, DEA is classified as hazardous to the environment as well.
Although it’s an organic alcohol, propylene glycol is a known skin irritant and penetrator. And it’s linked to dermatitis and hives in humans. And research shows that it doesn’t take much to cause these effects – only about 2% is needed. This ingredient is often found in skin care product such as moisturizers, make-up, sunscreen, as well as shampoos and conditioners.
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Kindergarten Math(16 Units, 76 Lessons)
Big Idea: Classifying objects and counting the number of objects in a category helps build a foundation for data collection in future grades.
Favorites (7) Resources (7) Reflections (1)
Big Idea: Students love sharing their knowledge with the teacher. In this assessment, students show what they know after a sorting unit.
Favorites (23) Resources (6) Reflections (1)
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Type 1 diabetes is five times more common that meningitis, but diagnosis is often delayed.
A report by Dr Julie Edge, a consultant paediatric diabetologist at the John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford, was published in the British Medical Journal in 2011. It reports that 25% of newly diagnosed children of all ages are referred late, seriously ill with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA). Many of the affected children are under 5 years old.
Every year about 2,000 children are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes but a quarter of them will be seriously ill with DKA, a metabolic catastrophe, before the diagnosis has been made.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is the main cause of mortality and morbidity in children with type 1 diabetes. 10 children a year die from DKA in the UK. Most of these deaths are due to cerebral oedema, swelling of the brain tissue, which is more common when DKA occurs.
Type 1 diabetes is five times more common than meningitis, but is not always being recognised by doctors and parents until the child presents with vomiting, abdominal pain and rapid breathing. Tragically, some children are going into a coma and are close to death before they are diagnosed and the correct treatment is given.
Parents are advised to take their children to see a doctor if they notice any symptoms associated with Type 1 diabetes, which can include excessive thirst, frequent urination, bed wetting, weight loss, hunger, blurred vision, abdominal pain, vomiting, thrush, lethargy.
In England diabetes occurs in 1 in every 450 children. 97% of children with diabetes have type 1 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes in children is still uncommon.
Nearly 30% of newly diagnosed children have had at least one related medical visit before diagnosis. Doctors and parents are missing the early signs.
Doctors may fail to ask about frequent urination (polyuria) and excessive drinking (polydispia) Adolescents may ignore the symptoms.
In children under 2 years the clinical presentation can be non specific. However polyuria and polydipsia are the main symptoms in all age groups. As parents may not mention these symptoms a doctor must carefully draw out this information. Also bedding wetting (Nocturnal enuresis) in a previously “dry” child can be one of the first symptoms in 89% of children over the age of 4 years. Recurrent infections can also be a presentation. Oral or genital thrush can be present.
If diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has already occurred, the symptoms can include vomiting and abdominal pain; deep sighing breathing called Kussmaul breathing and reduced levels of consciousness. All these symptoms can be misdiagnosed as acute asthma/pneumonia or possible gastroenteritis/appendicitis, if the doctor is not aware of polyuria and polydipsia.
Type 1 diabetes can be diagnosed with a single finger- stick blood glucose test if the proper technique is followed. Scrupulously clean hands washed and thoroughly dried. The diagnostic criteria for diabetes in adults and children, is a random sample blood glucose concentration over 11.1 mmol/L. If the symptoms are suggestive of diabetes then this must be ruled out. Children and young people should NOT wait for fasting blood glucose tests. The finger stick capillary test will be confirmed with a lab test of the blood glucose once the child arrives at the hospital.
A child or young people with a high blood glucose level should be referred promptly on the same day to secondary care.
Children with type 1 diabetes will require insulin. There are various regimens and insulin will be started on the day of referral. Support and Education is carried out by a multidisciplinary team consisting of doctors, diabetes specialist nurses and dieticians.
In Italy, a hard-hitting, inexpensive campaign of information aimed at doctors and the public about the early symptoms of type 1 diabetes, greatly reduced the incidence of DKA at diagnosis. A similar campaign is needed in the UK
Knowing the symptoms of type 1 diabetes, trusting your instincts and getting medical help immediately, can save lives.
Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes:
- Nocturnal Enuresis (night time bed-wetting)
- Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
- Polyuria (frequent urination)
- Weight Loss
- Abdominal pain
- Unusual hunger
- Lethargy (abnormal lack of energy)
- Kussmaul Breathing (rapid laboured breathing)
- Blurred vision
- Fruity breath
- Candidiasis (thrush infections)
- Dehydration (sunken in eyes, dry skin, dry mucous membranes)
- Flu-like symptoms
- Bedwetting at night in a previously “dry” child, is one of the commonest symptoms
- Frequent urination and excessive drinking (polyuria, polydipsia)
- Weight loss
- A single immediate capillary blood glucose tests with a value above 11.1 mmol/L indicates diabetes.
- Refer children with raised blood glucose levels to secondary care the same day.
- Do not wait for other tests (blood /urine) as this may allow DKA to occur.
Photos Alfie Max Moss, Lilly by Kylie Banks
BMJ article by Julie Edge
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Billiards, also commonly known as “pool,” is a popular game in North America. The game is played on a rectangular table with six pockets—one at each corner and one in the middle of each of the two longer sides of the table. The object of the game is to strike a cue ball so that it collides with other balls, knocking them into the pockets.
The surface of our pool table measures 108” by 54”, and to facilitate computation, we place it on the Cartesian plane with its southwest corner situated at (0, 0), and its northeast corner at (108, 54). Therefore, the centers of the 6 pockets, numbered 1 through 6, will have coordinates of (0, 0), (54, 0), (108, 0), (0, 54), (54, 54), and (108, 54), respectively (see Figure 2). The billiard balls are spherical and measure 2” in diameter.
Figure 2: Diagram of pool table.
Given the location of the cue ball, a target ball, and a number of other balls on the table, your task for this problem is to write a program to determine whether or not you can successfully make a particular pool shot. The cue ball can be struck in any direction in a straight line. We consider collisions between the balls to be perfectly elastic, so that the target ball will always travel in a straight line, away from the point on its surface contacted by the cue ball (see Figure 3).2
A shot is considered possible if the cue ball can be struck so that it collides directly with the target ball, in turn sending the target ball directly into a pocket. Neither ball should collide with any other balls, bounce off the edges of the table (cushions), nor should their centers cross the boundaries of the table. In other words, you are not to consider any bank shots, combination shots, spin shots, or any other trick shots in this problem. Note that the difference between the incoming angle of the cue ball and the outgoing angle of the target ball must be greater than 90◦ . The target ball is considered to land in a pocket when its center coincides with the center of that pocket.
Figure 3: Diagram of pool ball collision.
2You may assume that the cue ball disappears immediately after making contact with the target ball.
The input test file will contain multiple cases. The first line of each test case contains four real numbers, xc yc xt yt, where (xc, yc) is the location of the cue ball and (xt, yt) is the location of the target ball. The second line of the test case contains an integer n (where 0 ≤ n ≤ 14), the number of additional balls on the table, followed by n pairs of real numbers, x1 y1 . . . xn yn, where (xi , yi) is the location of the ith additional (possibly obstructing) ball. No two balls overlap, and all balls are strictly in the interior of the table; in particular, all provided coordinates obey 3 < x < 105 and 3 < y < 51.
Input is terminated with a single line containing only the number 0; do not process this line.
For each test case, output on a single line the number(s) of the pocket(s) into which the target ball can be shot, sorted in ascending numerical order. Separate pocket numbers with a single space. If there are no pockets for which a clear shot exists, output the words “no shot”.
30 27 70 24 0 80 27 40 27 2 38 28 38 26 81.0 27.0 54.5 27.0 1 54.0 33.3 81.0 27.0 54.5 25.0 1 54.0 33.3 0
3 6 no shot 1 4 1 2 4
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://www.acmicpc.net/problem/7672
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The US spent $2.7 trillion on healthcare in 2013, more than 17 percent of GDP. According to a Commonwealth Fund study, despite the high spending on health care, Americans have poor population health compared to other high-income countries (indicated by low life expectancy at birth, chronic conditions, obesity rates, infant mortality, etc.). One of the reasons is fraud, waste and abuse, which diverts significant resources away from necessary care. The US healthcare system loses more than $200 billion every year in fraud, waste and abuse, nearly 10 percent, of annual healthcare spending.
The Government Accountability Office (GAO) has deemed Medicaid to be highly vulnerable to fraud, waste and abuse. This could be due to services or drugs not covered, not medically necessary, provided but incorrectly billed, or billed for but never provided.
A leading multi-billion dollar healthcare payer, with a growing government business supporting Medicare and Medicaid, wanted to identify claims overpayments and opportunities to better contain costs.
Claims may be overpaid due to fraud, waste or abuse by providers, pharmacies, members or payers’ internal claims processing errors. With variations in member demographics, health conditions, condition severities and treatment patterns, it is critical to compare claims with other similar claims when looking for irregularities or aberrancies.
An unsupervised learning framework was developed to identify overpayments
1. Defined the causes of fraud, waste and abuse, and identified the focus areas with high impact
The aberrancy identification framework flagged claims likely to be overpaid and helped in achieving unbiased leads for foragers and Cost Containment Units (CCU). An independent clinical validation showed identification of fraud, waste or abuse with 60% accuracy compared to 10%-20% accuracy of the existing processes. The entire framework was automated for a scalable and efficient process.
The Payer was able to identify more than $45 million dollars in recoverable overpaid claims by:
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A spondylolisthesis happens when one of the spine’s vertebrae (bones) slips forward over the vertebra beneath it. Spondylolisthesis occurs most often in the lumbar spine (low back).
Symptoms of Spondylolisthesis
Most patients with spondylolisthesis have no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include the following:
- Pain in the low back, thighs, and/or legs – especially after exercise – that radiates into the buttocks
- Muscle spasms
- Leg pain or weakness
- Tight hamstring muscles
- Irregular gait (walking pattern)
Click below to view a video from our library about this condition.
Types of Spondylolisthesis
- Isthmic spondylolisthesis (51%) is the most common type (Fig. 2). It occurs as the result ofspondylolysis, a condition that leads to small stress fractures (breaks) in the part of the spinal bone called the pars interarticularis. Most cases actually develop before age 9 and are asymptomatic (no pain)
- Degenerative spondylolisthesis (25%) is the second most common form of the disorder. From age and activity, degererative changes occur to the spinal structures, especially the discs. When the discs and joints of the spine wear down, they are less able to resist movement by the vertebrae.
- Traumatic spondylolisthesis (<3%) which an injury leads to a spinal fracture or slippage.
- Pathological spondylolisthesis (<3%) results when the spine is weakened by disease — such as osteoporosis, an infection, or tumor
- Dysplastic (Congenital) spondylolisthesis (21%) results from abnormal bone formation in utero. In this case, the abnormal arrangement of the vertebrae puts the vertebrae at greater risk for slipping
- Post-surgical spondylolisthesis
Grading of Spondylolisthesis
Most spine physicians use the Meyerding Grading System to classify slips. This is a relatively easy system to understand. Slips are graded on the basis of the percentage that one vertebral body has slipped forward over the vertebral body below.
- Grade I: 1-24% of the vertebral body has slipped forward over the body below
- Grade II: 25-49% slip
- Grade III: 50-74% slip
- Grade IV: 75%-99% slip
- Grade V: If the body completely slips off the body below it is classified as a Grade V slip, known as spondyloptosis.
Generally, Grade I and Grade II slips do not require surgical treatment and are treated non-operatively. Grade III and Grade IV slips may require surgery if the spine is unstable and pain is unrelenting.
Imaging is necessary to diagnose spondylolisthesis. Simple x-rays of the lower back are usually adequate to show a vertebra out of place. However, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides detailed images and may be needed to more clearly see the spinal structures involved.
Non-surgical Treatment. Non-surgical treatment for mild spondylolisthesis is successful in about 75% of cases. Non-surgical treatment may combine the following:
- Relative rest: The patient may be advised to temporarily avoid aggressive activities such as sports.
- Anti-inflammatory medication
- Analgesic medication
- Spinal injections (see transforaminal epidural steroid injection). Under x-ray guidance, strong anti-inflammatory medication (such as corticosteroids) are injected into and around affected spinal nerves. Spinal injections can help reduce inflammation and pain.
- A brace or back support may be prescribed to help stabilize the lower back and reduce pain.
- Physical Therapy: A program of passive therapy and active exercise to help increase range of motion, improve flexibility, and muscle strength.
Surgery. Surgery may be necessary if the vertebra continues to slip, or if pain is not relieved with non-operative treatment and interferes with daily activities. Surgery is successful in relieving symptoms in 85-90% of people with severe symptomatic spondylolisthesis.
Laminectomy and fusion. The most common surgical procedure used to treat spondylolisthesis is called alaminectomy and fusion. In this procedure, the compressed spinal canal is widened by removing or trimming the laminae (roof) of the vertebrae. This is done to create more space for the nerves and relieve pressure on the spinal cord. The surgeon may also need to remove all or part of the vertebral disc (discectomy) and then also fuse vertebrae together. If fusion is done, various devices (like screws or interbody cages) may be implanted to enhance fusion and to support the unstable spine.
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The device presented here can generate a complementary clock signal at frequencies of 10Hz to 10MHz in steps of factor 10. Thus, I chose to call it 10xHz clock generator (with x being a number between 1 and 7). It can also be used to manually create clock impulses using a press button.
The frequency is selected using two press buttons/swiches: S1 to switch the frequency up by a factor of 10 and S2 to switch it down. The frequency selection is determined by the three pins A,B,C at the 4051 which are just the binary representation of the x-value. 7 (i.e. A,B,C being HIGH) selects the direct signal from the crystal-controlled oscillator OG1 while lower numers/combinations select lower frqeuencies from the divide-cascade built-up with three 74HC390 chips.
Note that when pressing the “up” button when value 7 is active will switch back to value “0” (i.e. manual clocking, see below) while pressing down at value “0” will step to 6 instead of 7. I knew this bug before building the circuit but I decided that implementing the correct behavior was not worth the additional circuicy.
The CD40106 is used to debounce the switches. Especially note IC1B and IC1D which form a small negative impulse when pressing the up/down key. This is needed to make the frequency change when pressing the switch instead of when releasing it which would be counter-intuitive/unexpected behaviour.
When value “0” is active, you can do manual clock generation by pressing S3.
The output stage is done with two parallel 74AC04 inverters which can source and sink up to 24mA each with slew rates at least as good as the HC family. Due to the fact that the complementary signals travel through a different number of inverters, they are not exactly in sync but the delay of about <7ns should not make big trouble.
Two real on/off switches (i.e. no semiconductor stuff), S4 and S5, can be used to actually decouple the clock generator from any attached circuit.
(Note: Due to different internal resistance, using two AC04 in parallel will not result in 48mA current but something between 24 and 48.)
The CD4511 drives the LED display of the x-value (i.e. frequency). You may want to use 100 instead of 220 Ohm for R8.
Note: The design above leaves away all the bypassing capacitors. That is because I chose to solder them directly on the IC socket pins for optimum performance and because otherwise the required signal lines proved to make PCB design much more complicated in the past.
Visit Here for more.
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Senegal: Africa's New AIDS Alliance
January 12, 2004
Practitioners of modern medicine are joining forces with traditional healers to help fight the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Africa. In many rural areas of the continent that are out of reach of Western-style medicine, traditional healers wield considerable influence.Adapted from:
"Most people in Africa don't have access to primary health care," said Dr. Virginia Davis Floyd, a visiting scholar in traditional knowledge at Spelman College in Atlanta. "We're not even talking about hospitals. Since we don't have doctors or nurses in many of these places, the only primary provider is the traditional healer."
Floyd is executive director of Prometra USA, the U.S. arm of a Senegal-based organization that has studied and increased awareness of traditional medicine since 1971. The group has 22 chapters worldwide.
Roughly 63-70 percent of the 40 million HIV/AIDS patients worldwide live in sub-Saharan Africa. Floyd advocates multiple roles for traditional healers, from dispensing their homegrown medical knowledge to using their highly respected position to educate communities about HIV/AIDS. She said approximately 85 percent of sub-Saharan Africans get part or all of their health care from traditional healers.
In Senegal, Prometra, funded by the UN Development Program, organized a collaboration between traditional healers and modern medicine. Prometra built traditional healing huts close to public health centers, enabling patients to go from one to the other.
Floyd cautioned that not all healers are genuine and skilled, and that it is important to distinguish between knowledgeable healers and charlatans. She said that although traditional healing is gaining acceptance in the West, for many that stops with acupuncture and herbal remedies.
"It's difficult for people to understand the holistic component of African medicine that is also spiritual and mental. It's outside our Western logic," Floyd said.
01.07.04; Sheila M. Poole
Senegal Public Health Advocates Worry Country Backtracking in Progress Against HIV/AIDS, Might Waste International Aid
This article was provided by CDC National Prevention Information Network. It is a part of the publication CDC HIV/Hepatitis/STD/TB Prevention News Update.
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Iced tea is a particularly American beverage, and San Jose’s almost year-round warm weather makes iced tea really refreshing. While cold tea, served with or without ice in the glass, has been a familiar drink in the United States since the middle of the 1800s, especially in the warm Southern states, iced tea is generally agreed to have been “invented” – at least formally introduced – to Americans at the 1906 World’s Fair in St. Louis, Missouri. The story goes that an English tea merchant had a booth at the Fair, where he was giving out samples of his company’s tea, served hot, as usual. The weather being very warm and sunny, the Fair attendees kept passing by the hot tea stall, refusing samples, on their way to the lemonade and ice cream vendors.
The tea merchant, in order to attract his fair share of the public, allegedly had the bright idea to offer cold tea instead, poured his hot tea over some ice, and created a sensation, with crowds of people enjoying his new, refreshing drink. This story has achieved the status of a legend, and its origins are hard to trace, so it may or may not be true; however, the fact remains that more iced tea is consumed in the United States than just about anywhere. Some Americans have even devoted the month of June to National Iced Tea Month!
Since tea is naturally calorie-free and contains antioxidants and minerals, iced tea is a great choice for a refreshing warm-weather drink, although there are some Americans who love it so much they drink it year round! There are three main ways of making iced tea: hot-brew, cold-brew, and sun tea.
To use the hot-brew method, boil your water in a kettle, and make a pot of tea as if you were going to drink it hot, but add an extra tea bag or two, or teaspoon of loose tea to the pot, to make a stronger brew. You will need the extra flavor to compensate for the melting ice, and the fact that the tea oils aren’t being released by the heat of the water as you drink your iced tea. Steep your pot of tea as usual, and then pour the hot tea into a large heat-proof bowl or container, straining out the tea leaves or removing the tea bags, to cool. When the tea is cool, transfer the cooled tea to a serving container, and refrigerate. When it is thoroughly cold, pour the tea over ice cubes in a tall glass and serve. The tea will last, refrigerated, for a few days before it needs to be discarded (or used to water your garden).
To use the cold-brew method, fill a container with cold fresh drinking water and add your tea. Measure and add your tea for a strong brew, as above, using one tea bag or teaspoon of tea per cup of water, plus extra tea. Cover your tea-water container and place it in the refrigerator overnight, where the tea will infuse slowly. The next day, remove the tea bags , or strain out the tea leaves, from the container and enjoy your tea, served over ice! The tea will last a few days in the fridge. This is my favorite way to use tea bags, since the small pieces of tea leaves in the bags won’t make the tea bitter if kept cold. I like to do this on a small scale with a teabag in my water bottle; the teabag can sit in the water all day, but you should replace it and re-fill your water bottle with fresh water the next day.
To use the sun tea method, prepare a clear glass or plastic container with a cover – a large, clean canning jar is perfect – and add drinking water and tea bags exactly as for the cold-brew tea making method. Instead of the refrigerator, cover your container and set it in the sun for at least 4 hours. Make sure the container is in the sun the whole time, so that the gentle heat can infuse the tea. When the tea is as strong as you like (taste it after 3 to 4 hours), remove the tea leaves, chill and serve as above. Sun tea should be consumed as soon as possible, since any germs in the water or on the tea leaves haven’t been killed by boiling water, and they could become dangerous after they begin to grow. If the tea looks like there are “clouds” or “strings” floating in it, discard it immediately!
As the California weather is relatively warm almost year-round, you can enjoy iced tea whenever you want it! Iced tea is traditionally served plain, or with sugar or sweetener, or lemon, but other additions like mint leaves or fresh raspberries can also add delicious flavor. You can also use iced tea to make other wonderful beverages, so why not keep some iced tea in the fridge all spring and summer?
Copyright 2011, Elizabeth Urbach.
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NASHVILLE — The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency is assisting wildlife biologists at Tennessee State University in research to determine the distribution of pygmy rattlesnakes in Tennessee.
The pygmy rattlesnake is listed as a threatened species in Tennessee and the research will help in conservation efforts to preserve the species in the state. Native to Tennessee, pygmy rattlesnakes are predators that are rarely encountered and play important ecological roles, including the control of rodent populations. These tiny snakes will rattle their tails when threatened, but bites are extremely rare and non-fatal if treatment is administered. The snakes are seldom seen by humans.Pygmy rattlesnakes
To aid their research, the TSU wildlife biologists are asking that anyone who happens to encounter a pygmy rattlesnake, he/she is asked to document the location with a photograph with the Smartphone GPS location turned on. (For an IPhone, it is located in Settings/Privacy. Other phones or cameras will have similar settings.) This will provide GPS coordinates of the photo to document the exact location.
Previous pygmy rattlesnake sightings, along with photographs, can also be reported with specific location data and the date of the sighting. Persons are reminded not to harass or attempt to capture the snakes. The TWRA does not want anyone to endanger themselves.
Pygmy rattlesnake sightings and information may be reported to one of the following biologists: Shawn Snyder, Email: firstname.lastname@example.org or (717) 683-4226; Dr. Bill Sutton, Email: email@example.com or (615) 963-7787.
Funding for the project is being provided by the TWRA through state and tribal wildlife grants.
– See more at: https://www.tn.gov/news/49866#sthash.pftNGrjO.dpuf
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Jean Toomer’s Harlem Renaissance writing Seventh Street describes the intoxication of African-American culture amid the whitewash of early 20th century America. Seventh Street is a wedge, or small black population, that has suffered the ill effects of War and Prohibition. In fact, a wedge refers to something that has been isolated, or removed, while still belonging to a greater whole. Now metaphorically speaking, the wedge in Seventh Street represents the black communities who were forced into isolation and felt the racial division of the times. For Toomer, these individuals not only represent a small part of the city of Washington, but more importantly, a microcosm of oppression felt by African-Americans nationwide. Mirroring the cultural divisions of the 1920’s, Toomer structurally divides and isolates certain parts of the writing to highlight the progressive nature of Seventh Street. Not only does this reinforce themes of racial segregation and division, but it allows the author to play around with opposing forms of language and syntax. In doing so, the speaker of the poem remains faceless, which provides Toomer with a certain degree of ambiguity. This uncertainty surrounding the narrator reflects the developing and energetic nature of Seventh Street and the early 20th century. Thus, through metaphorical associations of language and cultural ideologies, Seventh Street successfully demonstrates the autocratic and unlawful treatment of African-Americans in white 20th century America.
Seventh Street is a small, presumably wedged street in the expansive city of Washington DC. Resembling that of a wedge, Seventh Street is an isolated black neighborhood that belongs to a much larger society. In a sense, this is a glimpse of not only the issues felt in and around Washington, but rather, the United States as a whole. Divided and isolated all in itself, Seventh Street consists of eighteen free-verse lines, which are wedged between two identical quatrains. Here the structure of the poem allows the author to establish underlying themes of division and isolation. As these themes continue throughout, the quatrains which are comprised of two rhyming couplets, reflect images and practices of early urbanity. For instance, city blocks and streets often mirror and follow the same structural layout. These identical quatrains act in the same manner, as both aid to the themes of division and segregation, both within a community and the poem itself. The quatrains are comprised of an A/A/B/B rhyme scheme, which if looked at carefully, presents a division between two distinct sides. Yet this not only reflects the cultural disparities existing in the early 20th century, but also presents the first sign of a lively yet corrupt community.
In opening Seventh Street, the narrator begins with the quatrains in saying that “Money burns the pocket, pocket hurts/Bootleggers in silken shirts” (1). Immediately following the title, the speaker establishes the image of a very commercial and economically active environment. By saying the ‘pocket hurts’, the narrator is suggesting that money and financial resources are scarce. Yet what money individuals do have often burns a proverbial hole in their pocket. However, this also signifies some sort of corruption or illegal activity amongst Seventh Street. The reference to ‘Bootleggers in silken shirts’ suggests that only those individuals who participate in rebellious civil acts are rewarded with such luxuries. Still this idea of economic stature and worthiness contributes to the overbearing theme of division and isolation. When competing with other individuals, particularly on the economic front, jealousy and spite tend to arise. With this comes a level of frustration, or anger, which can be attributed to social and cultural divisions. In a sense, Washington is facing the corruption of greed and illegal activity along the road of economic progression. Characterizing this influence of wealth and the fast-paced life of Seventh Street, the narrator describes “Ballooned, zooming Cadillacs/Whizzing, whizzing down the street-car tracks” (3-4). Ultimately, it is the social status of both the wedged and whitewashed communities that remains stagnant and tyrannized.
After providing the image of a commercially-centered and focused neighborhood, the speaker moves towards the inequality and oppressive circumstances felt at that time. Often referred to as the roaring twenties, early 20th century America was a time for transitions, both culturally and economically. Now a “Bastard of Prohibition and the War” (1), Seventh Street is facing the social oppression and repercussions of Washington and early American societies. For this, ‘Seventh Street’ is a bastard, or illegitimate result in the sense that such oppressive circumstances where brought about without question. Line two of this free-verse describes Seventh Street as being “a wedge of nigger life breathing its loafer air, jazz songs and love”. Invoking a sense of pride, this acknowledges that Seventh Street is but a mere wedge of life that remains full of song, spirit, and love. Still, even amongst the bustling and corrupting environment of city life, the inhabitants of Seventh Street are able to maintain their spirits. This assertion is shown when the narrator describes the “thrusting unconscious rhythms, black reddish blood into the white and whitewashed wood of Washington” (3). Here the narrator explicitly describes the metaphorical wedge and the oppressive nature being felt within the black community. In keeping up with their high spirits, the wedged community is unconsciously thrusting its influence and intoxicating ways into the old wood of Washington. Therefore, the language and comparison of ‘black, reddish-blood’ to Washington’s ‘white, soggy wood’ signifies a complex division. A separation of values between old and whitewashed Washington, to Seventh Street’s now energetic and intoxicating culture.
What was previously described as being a progressive and fast-paced commercial environment is now being compared to the evolving and rotting image of nature. Continuing on with this dichotomy, the narrator says, “Stale soggy wood of Washington. Wedges rust in soggy wood…” (5). Much like prohibition and all prior Wars, the ‘stale soggy wood of Washington’ represents the old, white, southern roots of America. With this, the ‘wedges rust in soggy wood’ is a metaphor used to describe a small black population that continues to be oppressed by these same orthodox notions. The natural image of soggy wood represents the restraint that confines and makes black communities idle. Despite the adoption of the 13th Amendment in 1865, African-Americans continued to fight and be enslaved by white communities nationwide. Seventh Street is no different, and much like the rest of the country in the 1920’s, it is a direct result of cultural, political, and social indifferences.
The themes of segregation and inequality continue to emerge through the speaker’s own acknowledgment of cultural discrepancies. As the “wedges rust in soggy wood…” in line five, the narrator ends with an ellipsis. Here the speaker comes to a realization that black ‘wedges’ or communities go to spoil in white dominated societies. Continuing on with “Split it! In two! Again! Shred it!...the sun” (6), the narrator again makes use of an ellipsis. Paired with the bright and warm image of the sun, the narrator comes to the discovery that wedges must be split, allowing them to dry and blow away. The imagery here instills another division between the soggy, dark wood of nature and the happiness brought about by the sun. This infers that black communities must isolate themselves and rise above the ‘sogginess’ of whitewashed America. In doing so, blacks are the wedges of wood that must break from the collective and allow “ribbons of wet wood dry and blow away” (7). The picture of ribbons blowing away represents a token of oppression, which has dried, leaving a free an isolated individual. Yet, upon this recognition, the speaker begins to have a transition in tone and overall language. This tone helps reflect upon the commanding shift that plays into whitewashed notions of division and inequality.
While the first half of Seventh Street embodies a more energetic and smooth flow, the narrator becomes severe when saying “pouring for crude-boned soft-skinned life” (8). In comparing this line to its counterpart in line two the narrator fails to place a comma between the words boned and soft. This allows for the pairing of words and reappearing themes of inequality to be compared throughout all of Seventh Street. With this, the language again speaks metaphorically by associating words with social and economical divides. For “blood suckers of the War would spin in a frenzy of dizziness if they drank your blood” (9), says the speaker. Again this directly reflects the cultural imbalance of early 20th century America, as the War and prohibition are mentioned with frequent regularity. However, blood-suckers of the war would be those individuals who not only stood for World War 1, but also advocated for racial segregation. The metaphorical relationship between blacks and alcohol remains intact through the narrator’s use of wording like spin, dizzy, and drank. Closely associated with alcohol, this comparison states that anyone who becomes involved with or affected by this ‘wedge’ will become sick, or intoxicated. In turn, the speaker becomes irritated, believing that “Prohibition would put a stop to it” (10). Seemingly fed up with the intoxication of black blood and culture on whitewashed communities, the narrator turns from a more authoritative to bitter tone.
This bitter and stale tone is again reflected throughout the speaker’s use of syntax and language. For example, as the initial half of the poem serves as recognition for those being subjugated, the latter half seems to associate guilt and responsibility to social restraints. Once again speaking metaphorically, the narrator continues to maintain profound references to alcohol and prohibition. Phrases like “flowing down the smooth asphalt” and “eddying on the corners” (14), are quite sinful insofar as they are closely labeled with alcohol. Such words depict a type of movement on Seventh Street that relates back to the themes of city life and progression. However, this movement is brought to a halt as the narrator repeatedly asks, “Who set you flowing?”(11). Here, the narrator’s tone suggests that the movement of black blood throughout Washington is not an accident. Looking to place this responsibility elsewhere, the narrator takes a rather ‘soggy’ or Puritan approach by rendering Seventh Street to the likes of religion. “God would not dare to suck black red blood. A Nigger God!”(15), the narrator states in associating God with ‘whitewashed’ values. By saying ‘God would not’, the tone indicates that the narrator has a personable relationship with God, and if involved with intoxicating black blood, it must call “for the Judgment Day”(17). Finally, the speaker draws the verse to an end by asking the familiar question of “who set you flowing?” (18). Ending the poem in this fashion, the narrator is showing that the influence and intoxicating ways of black ‘wedges’ are still moving and being felt. Concluded by the second quatrain, the language and imagery suggest that these wedges are not only flowing, but rather progressing at a high pace like those of ‘whizzing of street cars’.
Thought to have had negative effects on individuals and communities, African-Americans in the early 20th century were often segregated and harassed. Harlem Renaissance writer Jean Toomer encapsulates this daunting notion in the free-verse writing of Seventh Street. Influenced by the dooming threat of War and prohibition, Seventh Street is a byproduct of the troubling economic and militaristic times of the 1920’s. A wedge of the socially repressed, this intoxicating community is nothing more than a glimpse into the racially divided culture in American societies. The theme of division between black and white cultures is described metaphorically through the narrator’s use of language and syntax. By associating individuals to real-world situations, this provides for a deeper meaning and resolution in the writing. However, through its ambiguity, Seventh Street remains as a timeless piece of Harlem Renaissance writing. It provides a source of sentiment, that for those who have been pinched by white ideologies, remain capable of isolating and progressing past the gloomy view of Seventh Street.
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How to not loose your temper when disciplining your child
Mastering the art of Discipline
Parents are usually finding it hard to handle one specific role that they are supposed to take as the primary source of learning for their children. This role is taking the different options on how to discipline their children. Today, parents are more pressured in finding the most efficient manner on how to provide proper discipline needed by the young ones. Given the fact that there are different elements bombarding families today, discipline is only one among the many pressures that are needed to be given attention to by parents. Although important as it is, discipline is given lesser concern by many parents today as they are already loaded down by the need to provide financially for their children and for themselves. Most often than not, parents resort to having their children's discipline be handled by teachers and other guidance experts in schools.
Sadly though, even though schools are trying the best they could to keep the children properly guided through good discipline, many are still finding it hard to provide the kind of discipline that children require of. True, the parents, being the primary teachers and guidance of the young ones play a great role on how proper discipline is implied. As mentioned by Viren Swami in her book Evolutionary Psychology: A Critical Introduction (BPS Textbooks in Psychology), the children's parents are the ones who are supposed to be the first individuals to instill the idea of morality among the young individuals.
Again, given that there are many different pressures parents must face, dealing with their children often becomes a burden that is almost impossible to handle. Pressured in their own works, it could be observed that parents become easily irritable with simple issues regarding their children's behavior. Truly pressuring as it is, parents are expected to make sure that their secular jobs and financial responsibilities do not cover up their personal parenting responsibilities to the young ones.
Understanding the fact that "children are specifically silly" due to their ignorance of what is right and what is wrong [as defined by child psychologist Robert Kail in his book Advances in Child Development and Behavior, Volume 35 ] could help parents extend their patience with their own children. There are instances when parents are required to adjust themselves towards the situation that their children could respond to so as to avoid being overloaded with irritability in handling issues with their young kids. If you are a parent needing assistance in properly implementing discipline on your child/children while facing the different pressures of your daily schedule, here are some specific points that parents could consider when dealing with their children:
(a) Clear your minds off from work pressure or other pressures when dealing with your child/children: some might say that this approach is almost close to impossible. However, if you come to think of it, a few minutes to talk with your child/children would not only provide you a chance to relax, but also would give your child a chance to relate with you and the discipline you ought to imply more responsibly.
(b) Discipline should be a culture and not a punishment: most parents think that when it comes to discipline, punishment is always a relative word to consider. The fact is, discipline refers to the idea of finding a way to establish a culture of rational thinking among children through helping them understand simple issues between right and wrong. Another helpful written work on this matter is posted at http://www.keepkidshealthy.com/parenting_tips/discipline/index.html entitled “Discipline Guide”.
(c) Never apply punishment while angry:As mentioned earlier, as stressed as the parents are, it is often hard for them to separate work pressure from home pressures hence often making the children the shock absorbers of their stresses. This approach has a destructive effect on the psychological development of the young ones. Hence, it is essential for parents to makes sure that when implementing punishment as part of discipline, rationality is an important factor to consider. Warnings must be given first before punishment is applied, this will help the children understand your position in the situation and make them understand that the punishment is a clear demarcation line that creates a more definite culture of rightful development for them. When warnings have been used up, punishment should be rightfully applied. In doing so, parents should make it sure that they are not angry during the time so as not to apply unreasonable pressure on the children. Parents would only be able to handle discipline rightfully when they are thinking rationally (as mentioned by Daniel Keating in his book Nature and Nurture in Early Child Development).
These are only three of the main points that parents could use to be able to handle their responsibility of providing proper discipline to their children. Through implementing everything with love and compassion as well as the desire to make sure that their children would grow up with a morally established culture, parents would sure be able to give the guidance that their children need.
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Fat has gotten a bad rep in the past thirty years in the USA.
Everything from lions to killer whales and pretty much all highly developed mammal life favors fat over all other forms of food. How could the most prized food in all of nature be considered “unhealthy” by the majority of Americans? The answer lies in the psychology of the word and the history of the US governments role in the food industry.
Does Fat make you Fat?
No. Fat does not make you Fat. Bodybuilders and all professional athletes know this. They make doubly certain to get all their required fats each and every day. The more you train the more fat you need. Fat goes to building nearly all kinds of tissue from brain tissue to cell walls to muscles and lining organs. When you eat fat, the body will use the majority of it to help maintain the body and about thirty percent of it will get discharged in your feces. This leaves little fat at all to go to your belly fat. Furthermore if your body doesn’t get enough fat it will go into fat accumulation mode and begin making fat from carbohydrates. Not getting enough fat will make you fat!
The History and Politics against Fat
Remember the whole “Law Fat Craze” that swept the USA in the eighties? This was the the USDA’s way to make us healthier, yet it had the adverse effect. The “Low Fat” movement is what lead to the current epidemic we now face of obesity, diabetes and heart disease.
The logic is simple. Remove the fat from processed food and it tastes horrible, not to mention it’s even more processed as a result. In a home environment you can remove fat from food and then make up the taste difference with herbs spices and other household elements, not to mention it will be fresh. Processed food makers took a different option.
The Fat Sugar Bait and Switch
They added massive quantities of sugar to “fat free” food to compensate for the taste. They also choose the sweetest and cheapest from of sugar they could find, High Fructose Corn Syrup. We now know that fructose gets converted instantly into pure belly fat. This highly processed unnatural sugar is in nearly everything we buy now, from bread to soda to ketchup to jam. A sure tip off is the label “fat free”. Whenever you see “fat free” on any food, avoid it like the plague, while they might have stripped the food of any natural fat it once had they instead replaced it with highly fattening processed sugar.
Which Fats are Best
Everyday we hear terms like saturated fat and trans fat and fatty acids and omega this and omega that. Are we supposed to get a degree in bio chemistry to know what to eat? They say something new every week about what is bad and what is good. You don’t need to follow all their techical jibberish to know what is healthy. It is very simple.
ALL NATURAL FATS ARE GOOD FOR YOU!
Yes! a brick of pure lard is healthy. much healthier than a big jug of processed canola cooking oil. The rule is this “If man made it (processed it) then DO NOT eat it!” We get most of our fat today not from healthy natural sources like animal fat from fish, buffalo or dairy such as butter but instead from the highly processed oils we cook with and all restaurants cook with.
The only Bad fat is Processed Fat!
These highly processed unnatural fats are pure poison and the body doesn’t know what to do with them. All the processing they go through puts many trace elements of toxins into them as well. The body will use fat to coat toxic molecules to protect the body. Thus this toxic processed fat gets sent straight to your belly fat! Haven’t you every wondered why people carry so much belly fat these days? Fifty years ago a fat person was fat all over, now most of it is in the belly. Thank all the unnatural sugars they put into our food and all the processed toxic fat they cook our food with for this.
- Anything natural.
- Butter ( raw is best )
- animal fat from fish or beef and buffallo etc..
- Fats from nuts and seeds
- Extra Virgin Olive Oil
- Coconut Oil ( best oil for cooking )
- Anything processed
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Uranus, seventh planet in distance from the Sun and the least massive of the solar system’s four giant, or Jovian, planets, which also include Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune. At its brightest, Uranus is just visible to the unaided eye as a blue-green point of light. It is designated by the symbol ♅.
Uranus is named for the personification of heaven and the son and husband of Gaea in Greek mythology. It was discovered in 1781 with the aid of a telescope, the first planet to be found that had not been recognized in prehistoric times. Uranus actually had been seen through the telescope several times over the previous century but dismissed as another star. Its mean distance from the Sun is nearly 2.9 billion km (1.8 billion miles), more than 19 times as far as is Earth, and it never approaches Earth more closely than about 2.7 billion km (1.7 billion miles). Its relatively low density (only about 1.3 times that of water) and large size (four times the radius of Earth) indicate that, like the other giant planets, Uranus is composed primarily of hydrogen, helium, water, and other volatile compounds; also like its kin, Uranus has no solid surface. Methane in the Uranian atmosphere absorbs the red wavelengths of sunlight, giving the planet its blue-green colour.
Planetary data for Uranus
|mean distance from Sun ||2,870,658,000 km (19.2 AU) |
|eccentricity of orbit ||0.0472 |
|inclination of orbit to ecliptic ||0.77° |
|Uranian year |
(sidereal period of revolution)
|84.02 Earth years |
|visual magnitude at mean opposition ||5.5 |
|mean synodic period* ||369.66 Earth days |
|mean orbital velocity ||6.80 km/sec |
|equatorial radius** ||25,559 km |
|polar radius** ||24,973 km |
|mass ||8.681 x 1025 kg |
|mean density ||1.27 g/cm3 |
|gravity** ||887 cm/sec2 |
|escape velocity** ||21.3 km/sec |
|rotation period (magnetic field) ||17 hr 14 min (retrograde) |
|inclination of equator to orbit ||97.8° |
|magnetic field strength at equator ||0.23 gauss |
|tilt angle of magnetic axis ||58.6° |
|offset of magnetic axis ||0.31 of Uranus’s radius |
|number of known moons ||27 |
|planetary ring system ||13 known rings |
Most of the planets rotate on an axis that is more or less perpendicular to the plane of their respective orbits around the Sun. But Uranus’s axis lies almost parallel to its orbital plane, which means that the planet spins nearly on its side, its poles taking turns pointing toward the Sun as the planet travels in its orbit. In addition, the axis of the planet’s magnetic field is substantially tipped relative to the rotation axis and offset from the planet’s centre. Uranus has more than two dozen moons (natural satellites), five of which are relatively large, and a system of narrow rings.
Uranus has been visited by a spacecraft only once—by the U.S. Voyager 2 probe in 1986. Before then, astronomers had known little about the planet, since its distance from Earth makes the study of its visible surface difficult even with the most powerful telescopes available. Earth-based attempts to measure a property as basic as the planetary rotation period had produced widely differing values, ranging from 24 to 13 hours, until Voyager 2 finally established a 17.24-hour rotation period for the Uranian interior. Since Voyager’s encounter, advances in Earth-based observational technology have added to knowledge of the Uranian system.
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MASSACRE AT MYSTIC
It happened just before dawn on May 26, 1637 in Mystic, Connecticut: English colonists, for the first time, unleashed total war designed to obliterate an entire Indian tribe in the New World. Hundreds of men, women and children of the Pequot tribe were burned to death on a day that changed forever the relationship between those who had recently arrived and those who had lived here for countless generations.
Produced as one of ten episodes in the mini-series “Ten Days that Unexpectedly Changed America,” this film depicts how the long shadow of this war shaped American history, setting a pattern for the government’s destructive policy toward native tribes.
Delving into the complex relationships between the English and Pequots, leading to the massacre, the film examines the bitter clash of cultures, including the conflicts that erupted over property rights and religion and the devastating impact of European disease epidemincs on the native population.
The story of the Pequot tribe is an ideal prism through which to explore not only these clashes but to witness the extraordinary phenomenon of Native American rebirth. How the survivors of this decimated tribe managed to reclaim a tiny sliver of their ancestral land and use the laws of their vanquishers to build an economic empire, is a dramatic story that begins just after the war and continues to this day.
The film was produced for The History Channel, to air in 2006. Filming took place at the Plymouth Plantation in Massachusetts, as well as Santa Clarita, California, where an authentic Pequot fortified village was constructed for the filming, and then the wigwams were burned to give a very real sense of what it might have looked like on that fateful night.
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[hom-ij, om-] /ˈhɒm ɪdʒ, ˈɒm-/
respect or reverence paid or rendered:
In his speech he paid homage to Washington and Jefferson.
the formal public acknowledgment by which a feudal tenant or vassal declared himself to be the man or vassal of his lord, owing him fealty and service.
the relation thus established of a vassal to his lord.
something done or given in acknowledgment or consideration of the worth of another:
a Festschrift presented as an homage to a great teacher.
a public show of respect or honour towards someone or something (esp in the phrases pay or do homage to)
(in feudal society)
(archaic or poetic) to render homage to
late 13c., from Old French homage (12c., Modern French hommage) “allegiance or respect for one’s feudal lord,” from homme “man,” from Latin homo (genitive hominis) “man” (see homunculus). Figurative sense of “reverence, honor shown” is from late 14c. As a verb, from 1590s (agent noun homager is from c.1400).
Under feudalism, the personal submission of a vassal to a lord, by which the vassal pledged to serve the lord and the lord to protect the vassal.
[hom-uh-jer, om-] /ˈhɒm ə dʒər, ˈɒm-/ noun 1. a vassal.
[hom-uh-luh-graf-ik] /ˌhɒm ə ləˈgræf ɪk/ adjective 1. . [hom-uh-luh-graf-ik] /ˌhɒm ə ləˈgræf ɪk/ adjective 1. representing parts with like proportions. /həʊˌmɒləˈɡræfɪk/ adjective 1. (cartography) another term for equal-area
[hoh-muh] /ˈhoʊ mə/ noun 1. (def 2).
homaxial hom·ax·i·al (hō-māk’sē-əl) adj. Having all axes of equal length.
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“I don’t make songs for free, I make them for freedom.”1 – Chance the Rapper
In order to overcome hunger and fear, students from low-income households must ultimately achieve liberation from people and institutions that restrict their freedoms. This goal can only be achieved only through authentic participation within critical discourses related to education policy, curriculum, and learning goals – which influence equity as well as edtech access and use. In order to achieve such freedom, students must be empowered through esteem and self actualization. In support of these efforts, educators and technology developers can support students’ development of epistemic agency as well as the capacity for knowledge building that is relevant to their own lived experiences.
1. Chance the Rapper, 2016
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The demand for safe, affordable, clean energy has never been greater. And you can help meet this need. If you want to make a difference in the world—and if you are looking for challenge, adventure, choices, and excellent financial rewards—consider a career in petroleum engineering. Petroleum engineers make the world run. They search the far corners of the Earth and the world’s oceans to find and produce oil and gas supplies. They keep energy flowing to light and heat our homes. They fuel our transportation systems and keep our industries operating. They spark the creation of thousands of products, from medicines and plastics to textiles and cosmetics. And they do all these things with the highest regard for protecting the environment. If you want to make a difference in the world, choose a career in petroleum engineering.
Enter a World of Choices and Challenges
Petroleum engineering isn’t just one job. It is many different specialties, each with its own unique challenges and rewards. You can be a drilling engineer, working with geologists and contractors in designing and supervising drilling operations, many of which are multimillion-dollar ventures. You can work as a production engineer, developing processes and equipment to optimize oil and gas production. Or you can become a reservoir engineer and help determine ideal recovery processes, estimate the number of wells that can be economically drilled, and simulate future performance using sophisticated computer models. You can be a manager, an entrepreneur, economist, or environmental/safety specialist. Petroleum engineers may also find rewarding opportunities in such fields as teaching, consulting, and government service. Groundwater hydrology, environmental engineering, and safety engineering are other specialties within the petroleum industry. But your choices don’t stop there.
Make the World Your Marketplace
Explore the high seas, remote jungles, vast deserts, and mountain ranges, developing oil and gas reserves where no one has drilled before. Help boost the energy production (and perhaps the entire economy) of countries around the globe. Live and work in many countries. Understand other cultures. As a petroleum engineer, travel—and the opportunity to become a citizen of the world—can be a part of your career adventure.
Choose Your Work Environment
Where you work and the type of company you join are up to you. Options include working outdoors at a field location, indoors with a computer—or both. You can develop your talents within a multinational corporation or a small company, or become an independent operator and head your own firm. Your future can be what you want it to be.
Enjoy Personal and Financial Rewards
As a petroleum engineer, you will contribute to meeting the energy needs while safeguarding the environment. And you will be well compensated for your efforts. Entry-level salaries for college graduates are among the highest of any field. So are long-term financial rewards. Equally satisfying, petroleum engineers gain responsibility faster and supervise important projects sooner than those in other engineering fields. The oil and gas industry offers higher average salaries than all other industries. Salaries for various positions vary by skills needed for the job, experience, and training. Employees at offshore operations typically earn higher wages than those working onshore due to extreme work conditions.
The oil and gas industry offers a wide range of career choices. Cutting-edge technology drives the industry and makes it possible to recover oil and gas from areas several miles below the surface of our oceans and from remote locations far from existing roads, cities, or supplies. The technology and ingenuity that make this industry successful comes from many disciplines working together to produce the energy that powers our world.
Many positions in the oil and gas industry are office-based. However, some take you around the world. Exploration and drilling workers frequently move from place to place. Operations and processing workers usually stay in the same location. Geologists, engineers, and project managers may split their time between the office and jobsites.
The Big Crew Change
Over the next 10 years, a large portion of the petroleum industry is set to retire. New engineers and scientists will be needed in every discipline. This new wave of young minds will take on larger roles and bigger projects earlier in their careers than their predecessors. That means opportunities to advance quickly.
Petroleum industry workers are typically mechanically inclined, safety conscious, and work well in a team. Entry-level field jobs, such as roughnecks and roustabouts, typically require little or no previous training. Technician positions may require a two-year associate’s degree. Jobs in areas such as geology and engineering require at least a bachelor’s degree. Many companies prefer a master’s degree for these positions.
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By Dr. Bridgid Whitford Au.D. CCC-A
Director of Hearing Services, Cleveland Hearing & Speech Center
I remember the days my children were born clearly….well, kind of. Some moments are crystal clear and will be etched in my memory till the end of time “Your baby boy has red hair!” “It’s a girl!” In contrast; many of the details were a complete blur – countless nurses, doctors, aides, monitors and medications. There were informational videos to watch, and tearful meetings with lactation consultants. The constant hum of activity allowed for very little sleep.
Universal Newborn Hearing Screenings (UNHS)
As an audiologist, I know the importance of identifying hearing loss in children as early as possible. However, because my children were born in Ohio before 2004, only my son who was born with Down Syndrome received a hearing screening. My other two children had no risk factors and, thus, did not warrant a screening. Fortunately, this has changed. Today, Universal Newborn Hearing Screenings (UNHS) ensure that all children receive a hearing screening before they are discharged from the hospital. Fifty percent of children born with hearing loss have no risk factors. We are fortunate now to be able to identify children who may have otherwise not been diagnosed until developmental delays associated with hearing loss (like speech and language concerns) emerge.
Early Hearing Loss Detection and Intervention (EHDI) Program
The Early Hearing Loss Detection and Intervention (EHDI) Program has a clear goal of having every child receive a hearing screening by 1 month of age, a diagnostic hearing test (if the baby did not pass the hospital screening) by 3 months of age, and enrollment in early intervention (if hearing loss is identified) by 6 months of age. These 1/3/6 month standards are nationwide. There is also a strong movement to meet these markers by a 1/2/3 month standard, as we know the earlier a child receives intervention for hearing loss the better the outcome.
Apparently, my son Jamie, who has Down Syndrome, received a hearing screening in the days after his birth. I have no idea when (so much was a blur at that time). But, I do clearly recall talking with the nurse because he did not pass the screening. This meant we needed to bring him back for further testing. Given my profession, I was fortunate to understand that time was of the essence. The Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) testing that they needed to complete to know how well my son was hearing required Jamie to be fully asleep. A newborn will sleep naturally and the testing can usually be completed quickly in the audiologist’s office. However, if we waited months to go back, there was a high likelihood that he would have to be sedated to get an accurate test. I definitely would have sedated had it been necessary, but was glad that was not the case. I knew that I needed to be sure that my son could hear, or if not, how much hearing loss there was and how to arrange to get help for him. How could I expect he would learn to talk, if he could not hear?
Like every mother, I wanted to do everything possible to help my baby. I quickly scheduled a follow up hearing test. When he was just a few weeks old, my husband and I brought Jamie back to the hospital for the diagnostic ABR testing. He slept in my arms as the audiologist taped wires (electrodes) to his forehead and behind his ears. Then the audiologist put little headphones on him that made noises and watched his brain’s response to those sounds. Jamie slept the entire time! It was easy, and I was thankful to learn that Jamie had normal hearing. However, given his diagnosis of Down Syndrome, the audiologist suggested frequent (every 6 month) tests to monitor his hearing.
Jamie also enrolled in early intervention through Help Me Grow. Jamie was eligible due to his Down Syndrome diagnosis, however, this is the same program that children who are identified with hearing loss are eligible for. It was wonderful! We had a specialist who came to our home and helped our family work with Jamie to meet the goals we decided were important to us. The best part was that it was absolutely free. It did not matter what insurance (if any) we had. It is free to everyone.
Cleveland Hearing & Speech Center has early interventionists that specialize in hearing loss. We work as part of the Help Me Grow team and go to a family’s home to help them understand their child’s hearing loss and how it may impact their child’s development. We help families identify outcomes important to them and help them achieve those outcomes. Every family is unique and has their own strengths and own dreams. Some families want to learn sign language and meet members of the Deaf community. Some families need more information about technology such as hearing aids or cochlear implants. Some families want strategies on how to encourage language within their home. We know that babies and toddlers learn best in their natural environment so our goal is not to teach the baby, but to coach the parents so that they may be their child’s best teacher. Learning happens in every day routines and situations. We help families recognize and maximize those opportunities.
Cleveland Hearing & Speech Center also has a team of audiologists. We conduct hearing testing at all 3 of our locations (University Circle, Broadview Heights, South Euclid), although we do not have the equipment to test a newborn. It is typically the large hospital systems that have the ABR equipment. However, our audiologists can test children from 9 months of age and up and we also fit hearing aids on people of all ages, including infants. If a child has a hearing loss, we hope to have hearing aids fit by 3 months of age. Access to sound is important as children are learning language. Children are like sponges and they spend the better part of the first year listening and taking it all in, and it is not typically until the second year of life that the words they heard begin to come back out. It is important that all babies have the opportunity to develop language.
Every baby’s journey is unique; however, all parents need to know how well their baby hears in order to provide him/her with a language rich environment. If you have questions about your child’s hearing or about hearing loss, please contact Cleveland Hearing & Speech Center at 216-231-8787.
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Euphorbia characias is a herbaceous perennial shrubby plant from the Euphorbiaceae family. The plant is commonly called spurge or Mediterranean spurge. Native to the Mediterranean region. The spurge plant reaches a height of 2 to 3 feet, with equal sized spreads. Small, insignificant blossoms surrounded by thick groups of showy bracts in yellow and green emerge from the plant in the spring.
Clear a planting site in full or partial sun as soon as you can work the soil in spring. Euphorbia characias grows best in full sun, but will tolerate areas with some shade. Pick a location with well-draining soil and the room needed for the plant's full-grown size.
Make the planting hole the same depth as the container holding the spurge plant, but twice as wide. Space the holes according to the plant's marker, if you're planting more than one in an area.
Put on gloves and wear them whenever you are working with this plant. The white sap is a skin irritant and poisonous.
Place the Euphorbia characias in the hole and backfill. Firm the soil as you fill the hole, and then water the plant well to saturate the soil and settle the Euphorbia characias in place.
Supply 1 inch of water weekly but only during any long dry periods of the growing season. Do not water the Euphorbia characias during the winter.
Cut off most of the stems of spent flowers to encourage additional growth. Cut the plants at the bottom of the stems. Leave some of the spent flowers on the plant to reseed the area.
Prune the Euphorbia characias back to ground level during the winter in areas where the plant naturally dies back. Some gardeners in warmer regions do not prune the plants except to remove flower stems.
Keep the sap away from your eyes because it can cause blindness.
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Two communities, one largely Jewish/Zionist and the other largely Muslim/ Palestinian, have been at war with each other in The Holy Land for many years. Both groups have conflicting claims of ownership to much of the same land. Extremists on both sides assert that their claims go back beyond recorded history, to archeological times, and were even God-given. Today these communities seem incapable of coexisting peacefully. The former hold the latter under strict military occupation, which is often being met with violent resistance. (1) No end to the Israeli occupation or to the Palestinian intifada is in sight.
The premises of this disarming proposal are twofold:
(a) that a just and lasting peace in The Holy Land will only be achieved through the intervention of the leading nations of the world acting collectively, most probably through the United Nations, and
(b) that the Antarctic Treaty can provide a useful precedent for the establishment of a nation-state-free zone, comprising most or all of present-day Israel and Palestine.
Under this scenario, a novel but forceful diplomatic settlement would be imposed from without, rather than waiting for those within the conflict to make peace on their own. (At the very least, the threat of such extreme action might restart serious peace talks.) In taking something (statehood) away from residents of the region, whether Israeli or Palestinian, it would grant them something much better:
Statehood-free status for all of present-day Israel/Palestine, comparable to that of Antarctica:
- World Citizenship for all residents, with U.N. Passports honored by all member countries
- The abolition of internal borders in the region
- The removal of all related walls and barriers
- Freedom of movement, freedom of religion, freedom of association, and equal rights for all residents
- International arbitration and settlement of all disputed personal property claims
- Security guaranteed by the major powers and provided by a combined international/local police presence
- World Heritage Site status, probably under U.N. Administration
The resulting region, tentatively to be called The Holy Land Protectorate (HLP), would guarantee equal human rights to all residents of the region, but grant specific statehood to none. HLP residents would instead enjoy special status as World citizens, carry U.N. Passports, and have full freedom of movement within and outside the HLP.Why should the countries of the world collectively impose something like the status of Antarctica on the region? Because The Holy Land is an archaeological zone of great value and a pilgrimage site of immense significance to three world religions. It is arguably the premiere World Heritage site. Culturally it is far too valuable a region to be claimed by one or two states to the exclusion of all others. Historically it has never been able to govern itself peacefully. Its long-term security is everyone's business, not just that of the present-day Israelis and Palestinians. International stewardship of the Holy Land is an idea whose time has come. It could finally bring justice, peace, and stability to the region.
The human community is acutely aware of the sufferings of the Jewish people, and is determined not to let persecution of the Jews occur again. It is likewise well aware of the unjust expropriation of lands formerly belonging to Palestinian residents, of their general oppression and marginalization in the region, and of the terrible violence committed by each side against the other in the name of their deeply felt, but in the long term irreconcilable, national aspirations.
Given these realities, the human community reserves the right to question and challenge the continuing existence of "Israel" and "Palestine" as concepts and as political entities.
In fact, there is a long history of opposition to a Jewish state in Palestine within the Jewish community. The first president of Hebrew University, Rabbi Judah Magnes (1877-1948), was passionate on the need for Jews and Arabs to coexist peacefully in the region. "Judaism did not begin with Zionism," he wrote, "and if Zionism is ethically not in accord with Judaism, so much the worse for Zionism." (2)
The goal of this proposal is to move the inhabitants of The Holy Land to a new level, that of World Citizens. Let them be the first to transcend statehood. Let the leading powers of the world bring about a just peace in the region, first by giving it a privileged, protected, and demilitarized status; then by a process of arbitration of property claims in the context of inexpensive, long-term land leases rather than expensive land ownership. Let the Holy Land thus become a place of peaceful co-existence for Jews, Christians, and Muslims alike: a beacon on a hill, a light to the nations, and a destination of choice for pilgrims, scholars, and tourists from around the world.
The idea of creating a special status for the region is not new, although it would have been limited to Jerusalem as an internationally administered city (U.N. Resolution 181 of 1947). This is one of countless resolutions that were never implemented. (3)
Key to the success of this proposal will be creating a global consensus that the extra-national status of the entire region, imposed by the community of nations, based on the brilliant precedent of Antarctica, is the best option for securing justice and peace in The Holy Land.
It will not be easy. It will require moral imagination, non-violent leadership, solidarity, courage, and collective will. Managed successfully, an international consensus such as this could lead to the peaceful disestablishment of Israel and Palestine as actual or potential nation-states. Such a transformation, if undertaken with generous financial incentives and open hearts, could be both orderly and fair. Regional resistance, if any, could be met with firm, patient, and non-violent international boycotts on the one hand, generous economic incentives on the other. Supported with the careful reorganization of important "national" assets in the region (such as El Al, which might become Holy Land International Airlines), and phased demilitarization, a true internationalization of the HLP under U.N. Administration should be possible in a relatively short time.
Note (1). The extent of depopulation, fragmentation, and control imposed on Palestinians by the Israelis is perhaps best visualized in a series of maps. See www.passia.org for a Palestinian view of this unfortunate history, and www.icahd.org/eng/ for the Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions' view of the situation, equally damning. The "Matrix of Control" map at the latter site is a sobering reminder of the divide-and-conquer intentions and actions of most post-1967 Israeli governments.
Note (2). As quoted in Marc Ellis, Ending Auschwitz: The Future of Jewish and Christian Life (Louisville: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1994), p. 47.
Note (3). The United Nations General Assembly's Resolution #181 (II) of 29 November 1947, creating the partition of Palestine, stated in "Part III – City of Jerusalem": A. The City of Jerusalem shall be established as a corpus separatum -under a special international regime and shall be administered by the United Nations. The Trusteeship Council shall be designated to discharge the responsibilities of the Administering Authority on behalf of the United Nations. More is the pity that Resolution #181 (II) was not implemented in 1947. Like so many U.N. resolutions on the "Question of Palestine," it has failed to inspire the community of nations to action. The injustices and violence that have ensued, engulfing the entire region, make the internationalization of Jerusalem alone, at this point, an impossible dream. More than ever, Jerusalem's fate seems inseparable from that of its surrounding lands and villages.
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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or AIDS, is a disease that is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although we currently have treatments to keep HIV from ever progressing to AIDS, we do not yet have a cure. Thanks to public awareness efforts, it is likely that many, if not most of the adults in the US are familiar with these sobering facts about HIV.
What may be less visible to the public is the fact that intensive research efforts over the past three decades have given us an increasingly clear picture of how HIV infects our cells, down to the scale of molecules. Part of the difficulty in relaying this information to the public is that molecular-scale events can be hard to teach, particularly in informal settings. Even the most passionate of learners can quickly become overwhelmed by scientific jargon and the abstractness of molecular topics. Molecular animations, however, can help bridge this gap by making complex biological concepts more accessible to broad audiences.
With these thoughts in mind, I launched the Science of HIV project. The goal of the project is to create scientifically accurate and visually stunning visualizations of the HIV life cycle, highlighting the findings of HIV researchers, and particularly focusing on structural biology efforts. This work is being completed with support from the NIGMS Specialized Centers for HIV/AIDS-Related Structural Biology, and, in particular, CHEETAH (The Center for the Structural Biology of Cellular Host Elements in Egress, Trafficking, and Assembly of HIV) based at the University of Utah.
The current Science of HIV website (scienceofHIV.org).
To showcase the HIV life cycle animations, I launched a multimedia-rich website (scienceofHIV.org). The full life cycle animation is not yet complete, but different stages of the life cycle, including entry (how the virus gets into cells) and maturation (a series of changes that a newly formed virus undergoes in order to become infectious) are currently available to view in draft form. I've also created an animation showing the molecular mechanism by which old world monkeys are thought to block infection by HIV-1 (the form of the virus that infects humans). Over the next couple of years, I will be completing additional segments covering other portions of the life cycle, as well as animations showing how therapeutics (both current and future) work. When complete, the different animation pieces will be glued together to make a complete life cycle animation, which will probably be between 5-10 minutes in length. The animation will feature music and narration, and will be freely available for anyone to watch and download.
One important thing to note is that, despite our increasing understanding of how HIV operates, there are many topics that are very active areas of research, and where we are still making major discoveries. By their nature, molecular animations show a great amount of detail — very often showing more than researchers actually have hard data for. For this reason, I consider these molecular animations to be a sort of visual hypothesis — a way of showing how my collaborators think that a particular process happens. In many cases, researchers will not agree on one mechanism, and may be actively doing research in the lab to test between one or more possibilities. In these cases, the life cycle animation may offer one or more alternative views of a process.
In addition to hosting animations, the Science of HIV website will offer a narrative description of what is shown in the animation, including links to PDB structures that have been used and references to journal articles.
The HIV 101 section provides a general overview of HIV and AIDS, and how antiretroviral therapies work. This section will also soon feature a 2D animation created in collaboration with TED Ed about why HIV has been so difficult to cure.Future planned features of the website include:
Please get in touch if you have additional ideas of additional features you'd like to see!
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The number of trophic levels in an ecosystem are limited and are not more than 3-4. Because the amount of energy flow decreases with successive trophic level, as only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next trophic level. So, rest of the energy is lost in the form of respiration and other vital activities to maintain life. If more trophic levels are present, the residual energy will be limited and will decrease to such an extent that it cannot further support any trophic level. So, the food chain is generally limited to 3-4 trophic levels only.
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Hypothesis vs. Theory
A hypothesis and a theory are similar, but there is a subtle difference between them. Let's take a look:
A hypothesis (noun) is an idea that has not yet been proven but leads to further investigation. 2. It is also an assumption or educated guess.
1. "The scientist had a hypothesis, so he experimented with it in order to prove its validity."
2. "I hypothesized that if he put the sponge in the water, it would float. After trying it, my hypothesis was a good, educated guess."
A theory (noun) is a view of things that have been tested and accepted to be true and accepted. 2. A theory relates to principles of science or other bodies of study, such as mathematics.
1. "Today in class, we learned the theory of relativity."
2. "I'm excited to study music theory this year."
Together in a sentence:
"When you have a hypothesis, an idea about something, you must test if before it can become an accepted theory believed by all."
Difference between Words
Science Related Words Difference and Comparison
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Kutaisi, located on both banks of the Rioni River, amidst the picturesque scenery of West Georgia, is filled with history and inspiration. Name of Kutaisi has its roots from the Georgian word "Kuat", which means "stony". The old town is actually located on the rocky surface. This is second largest city of Georgia. It used to be the capital of legendary Colchis Civilization, which was famous for its gold mining. Some time ago glorified Greek hero Jason took a treasury of Colchis - Golden Fleece. Before the freedom of Tbilisi (1122) from the Seljuk Turks Kutaisi was the residence of the Georgian kings.
Kutaisi is also a famous historical and cultural center, which has not only important architectural values within Georgian history, but also the heritage of UNESCO.
We recommend you to visit:
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В статті аналізується діяльність органів самоврядування Києва протягом ХІХ — початку ХХ ст. у період його входження до складу Російської імперії.
Ключові слова: губернатор; губернське правління; Магістрат; міська дума; міська управа; інкорпорація.
The article deals with the activities of government in Kyiv during the 19th ct. after its incorporation into the Russian Empire in the early 20th ct., when we completed the incorporation. Object is a body of the Kiev city government, Magistrate, City Council, City Council, various committees and commissions. Kyiv was chosen for the study in view of its historical importance as a center in 1797, the newly formed province of Kiev, Faculty of 1832, the governor-general. That there were higher regional and local government agencies Empire. Therefore, Kyiv became the mainstay in the process of incorporation of the entire Right Bank Ukraine. At the same time in the tradition of self-government were previous times to 1843. operated Magdeburg law. Since this was considered imperial power. Therefore, the integration of local government and the city government took place during the 19th century and finally completed in the early 20th century. The object of study is the integration features of the Kyiv municipal authorities in all-centralized system of governance. Attention is paid to regional peculiarities of this process, the historical experience gained in the absence of their own country.
Keywords: Governor,Magistrate, City Council, City Council, incorporation.
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The skeletons of six cats, including four kittens, found in an Egyptian cemetery may push back the date of cat domestication in Egypt by nearly 2,000 years.
The bones come from a cemetery for the wealthy in Hierakonpolis, which served as the capital of Upper Egypt in the era before the pharaohs. The cemetery was the resting place not just for human bones, but also for animals, which perhaps were buried as part of religious rituals or sacrifices. Archaeologists searching the burial grounds have found everything from baboons to leopards to hippopotamuses.
The new find includes two adult cats and four kittens from at least two litters. The size of the bones and timing of the litters hints that humans may have kept the cats. The bones date back to between 3600 B.C. and 3800 B.C., which would be 2,000 years before the earliest known evidence of cat domestication in Egypt, archaeologists report in the May issue of the Journal of Archaeological Science. [See Images of the Ancient Egyptian Cats]
The origin of cats
Archaeologists once believed that cats were domesticated in the time of the pharaohs in ancient Egypt, approximately 4,000 years ago, between 2310 B.C. and 1950 B.C. But in 2004, researchers reported a 9,500-year-old joint burial of a cat and a human on the island of Cyprus.
Meanwhile, cat domestication in China may date back 5,300 years, according to research published in December 2013.
"The last word on cat domestication (when and where) is not yet said," Wim Van Neer, a bioarchaeologist at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences and Catholic University, Leuven, wrote in an email to Live Science. [Here, Kitty, Kitty: 10 Facts for Cat-Lovers]
Van Neer and his colleagues, including excavation director Rene Friedman, discovered the cat skeletons by the eastern wall of the cemetery in 2008. All six lay nestled together in a pit about 20 inches (50 centimeters) in diameter and about 10 inches (25 cm) deep.
The archaeologists immediately realized they had something special. Cat skeletons are rare finds, Van Neer said, and complete skeletons are even more exceptional.
Wild or domestic?
The researchers analyzed the size and shape of thecat jaws, comparing them to those of wild and domestic cats in Europe. Scientists also judged the cats' ages by studying the animals' teeth and the growth plates at the ends of their bones. They found that the adults, a male and a female, were just under and just over a year old, respectively.
The kittens were all between 4 and 5 months old at death, but one pair was slightly older than the other, the tooth data revealed. That small age difference means the pairs didn't come from the same female. Nor did they likely come from the adult female buried with them, as she was not old enough to have birthed 4- to 5-month-old kittens.
The size of the bones suggests the cats belong to the species Felis silvestris, a small wildcat found in Africa, Europe and Central Asia. This is the species most likely to have been domesticated into today's modern housecat (Felis catus or Felis silvestris catus).
In an earlier discovery at the Hierakonpolis cemetery, researchers unearthed another wildcat, Felis chaus, found buried with a healed fracture in its leg. Because of the healing, researchers suspect humans kept the cat for at least 4 to 6 weeks before its death.
"It is likely that its long bones were broken during capture and that the animal was then held in captivity and taken care of," Van Neer said.
The new cat skeletons show no signs of injury, healed or not. But the ages of the cats suggest something strange was going on. In Egpyt, wild cats typically produce one litter per year, contingent on seasonal food availability, Van Neer and his colleagues report. Had the six cats in the cemetery been wild, the older generation should have been about 16 or 17 months old, in order to produce kittens 4 to 5 months old.
Instead, the adult cats were about a year old at death, suggesting that the natural reproductive cycle of the cats was disrupted,perhaps because humans were keeping and feeding the animals year round.
Archaeologists know that cats later became an important part of Egyptian life and religion. After about 330 B.C., Egyptians even bred felines near temples to be sacrificed as offerings and mummified.
Researchers will need continued excavations and DNA evidence to pin down the origins of domesticated cats, Van Neer said. The Cyprus cat burial suggests that felines and humans lived in close quarters very early in the Levant, the Eastern Mediterranean region that includes Cyprus as well as modern-day Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan.
"In the future," Van Neer said, "we want to investigate whether there was only one domestication center (in the Levant), or whether Egypt should also be considered as a second, later, domestication center."
Copyright 2014 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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New England fishing trade reels after Gulf of Maine temperature rises faster than 99 percent of world’s ocean
Unusual warming in the waters off the northeastern US has killed off vast numbers of Atlantic cod, further endangering a valuable and iconic fishery despite years of fishing restrictions, researchers said Thursday.
New England cod stocks are on the verge of collapse, numbering at three to four percent of what scientists say are sustainable levels.
The problem has been fueled by overfishing, and exacerbated by a stark warming trend in the Gulf of Maine that is unparalleled on Earth, researchers said in the journal Science.
From 2004 to 2013, the rate of warming in that area was almost a quarter degree Celsius (.41 Fahrenheit).
“The Gulf of Maine had warmed faster than 99.9 percent of the global ocean over that period,” said lead author Andrew Pershing, chief scientific officer of the Gulf of Maine Research Institute, who studied records back through the 1900s for comparison.
“It was a rate that few large marine ecosystems had ever encountered,” he told reporters.
The reasons for the spike include global warming and a shift in the Gulf Stream.
For fish, these warmer temperatures led to fewer offspring and fewer juveniles surviving until adulthood.
Even a series of restrictions on cod fishing put in place to try to save the population was too slow to keep up with the fast-rising temperatures.
“The rate of changed outpaced the ability of people to make decisions about the ecosystem,” Pershing said.
Quotas kept falling, meaning that fishermen were allowed to take fewer fish, but the models that helped managers make these decisions “consistently overestimated the abundance of cod,” Pershing added.
“Warming waters were making the Gulf of Maine less hospitable for cod, and the management response was too slow to keep up with the changes.”
– Climate shifts –
Experts know that the warming climate is already forcing many species to shift from their traditional habitats toward temperatures that are more suited for their survival.
But rather than move north, the struggling Gulf of Maine cod population — a species that prefers cold water — has actually shifted southward over the past 45 years, researchers say.
A combination of both overfishing and reduced reproduction in warming waters are to blame for this unfortunate migration, experts say.
“We often wonder if it is fishing or climate, but it is both,” said Janet Nye from the School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences at Stony Brook University in New York.
“It is almost always environmental factors combined with fishing that cause stocks to collapse or fail to recover.”
But not all cod are in the same boat.
A study out earlier this week found that cod to the north, off the coast of Canada, are rebounding and have made a comeback in recent years.
Researchers said their findings on the Gulf of Maine cod were likely to stoke controversy among fishermen, whose livelihoods are already limited by the fishing restrictions.
More adaptable approaches to management of fisheries could help resolve the problem in the future, said Katherine Mills from the Gulf of Maine Research Institute.
“The Gulf of Maine cod, I think, is a wake-up call that we need to bridge the disconnect that currently exists between oceanography, fisheries ecology and stock assessment science,” she said.
“There is important science being done in all three of these fields, but perhaps their greatest value will be realized when they are brought together.”
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Venda Community, South Africa
Venda is situated in the Limpopo province, South Africa, and is famous for its outstanding natural beauty, abundant biodiversity and cultural richness1. The forests of Venda help to maintain the climate of the region; they are also the source of springs and tributaries which feed into the local river system and provide water for the surrounding land. Venda is one of 19 centres of endemic flora in South Africa, and it plays host to over 594 different species2. The area is home to the vhaVenda people, who stand as one of the last indigenous communities in the northern part of South Africa3. They believe the forest is sacred, thusthere are a number of sacred sites in the area, each protected by a different tribe1. They are a matriarchal community; sacred sites are watched over by the elder women, who act as environmental custodians and spiritual leaders known as the Makhadzi. These women are called the “Rainmakers" due to their practice of cultural rituals to invite rain to the area. For the vhaVenda people, such practices play a vital role in maintaining the health of the ecosystem and the local community3.
The Venda people have a unique philosophy called Mupo, which encompasses all natural creation and describes a great order of things of which humans are just one small part2. Traditional community life sees the vhaVenda people living closely with the natural environment, depending on ancestral indigenous knowledge and traditional farming practices to maintain ecosystem resources. Today, the traditions and practices of the Venda community are under threat due to the destruction of sacred sites during new developments. The community is actively engaged in a battle with developers to protect their sacred areas, which have become tourist hotspots and attract visitors who have demonstrate a limited understanding for the wider cultural significance of the sites2.Of particular importance is Phiphidi falls, a sacred waterfall which plays a vital role in the Makhadzi rituals to bring rain to the area.
During 2007-2008 a road was built across a river near to Phiphidi Falls. The road passed over a sacred rock, which was broken up and paved over4. Most recently, a series of chalets for tourists have been constructed behind the falls. The Makhadzis have been negatively affected by this destruction of their sacred sites, which is causing a considerable disorder within Mupo. As a vhaVenda elder farmer from Tshidzivhe states:
“Mupo, or the universe, is the oxygen; if we cut down the trees we can't breathe the fresh air. Even the grasses can die, and our animals cannot find where they can graze. If we cut down the trees, even we are going to die. Mupo is our life"
In response to growing concerns heard through discussions with elders, The Mupo Foundation was created in 2007 by Mphatheleni Makaulule, a community leader from the Limpopo province who was also driven by her concern with the erosion of indigenous knowledge systems and cultural values as well as the mass destruction of the forest.
The Mupo foundation is now an internationally recognized organization which is affiliated with the Gaia foundation, and advised by the African Biodiversity Network and the GRAIN programme. The foundation works to preserve and revive cultural diversity in South Africa by strengthening local governance, reviving indigenous seed, facilitating and encouraging international learning, and rebuilding confidence in indigenous knowledge systems5.
In direct response to the Phiphidi falls developments, the Makhadzis formed a committee called Dzomo la Mupo (meaning Voices of Earth) to defend and protect the falls. In 2010 Dzomo la Mupo took the developers to court for violating the vhaVenda traditional, Constitutional cultural and spiritual rights and also for breaching planning regulations. Supported by The Mupo Foundation and The Gaia Foundation, the application to the South African High Court was successful and required developers to stop building the tourism complex at Phiphidi sacred waterfall and forest, pending a full hearing. The Judge recognised the custodians' constitutional rights and agreed that the whole site is sacred
"in the same way a church building is regarded by some as a holy place, even though the rituals are done only at the altar"(Judge Mann, South African High Court (7 July 2010)2,5).
The court proceedings are still underway and it is uncertain that the development will be halted indefinitely. The vhaVenda people recognize that this case will set a precedent for all developments within the Venda sacred forest. In order to secure long term protection of their network of sacred sites, Dzomo la Mupo are beginning to document guiding principles to secure 'No Go' zones for development and developing local constitutions and governance plans for each of the clans protecting different areas of forest2.
The activities of Dzomo la Mupo also include teaching the people of Venda about the value of sacred sites to ensure that indigenous knowledge is conserved. In order to document such knowledge, a community exercise in eco-cultural mapping was carried out in November 2009. More than 70 people took part, and spent six days creating maps to display indigenous knowledge of the ancestral order of the territory, reflecting how things were when the community lied traditionally and marking sacred sites. These maps were compared to a map of the present, which allowed the community to measure the destruction and habitat loss which has taken place. Finally, a third map shows a vision of the future- the vision of how the communities wish to regenerate their territory and rebuild their communities3. This is key to the Mupo foundation's mission, states Mpatheleni Makaulule (founder and Director): “If we look at the ancestral way, we find the solution to rebuild what has been destroyed"4.
The Mupo Foundation is actively engaged in improving the agricultural practice of the Venda farmers by encouraging the trade and use of local seeds including finger millet, maize, beans, sesame and indigenous vegetables, as well as increasing the awareness of wild greens and fruits. In particular, the finger millet is a sacred seed of the vhaVenda people and The Mupo Foundation facilitates seed workshops to encourage the revival of this crop6.
Threats and Challenges/ What's Next?
As well as an ongoing battle with tourist developers, the Venda forest is under threat due to a water license application by Coal of Africa. The company is prospecting to mine coal at the Vele mining site at the edge of the Mapungubwe world heritage site, which would necessitate the extraction of underground water to feed the new Medupi power station. The Mupo Foundation has sent an appeal to COP17 to halt the mining operations on the grounds that the forest is more valuable than coal7,8.
The Mupo Foundation is increasingly aware of the need to conserve the water resources in the Venda area by protecting the natural springs within the forest. The best way to do this is to plant indigenous trees along the river bank which protect the springs from erosion. The vhaVenda people are therefore campaigning against deforestation and to secure protection for the area's natural wetlands7.
1. Lahiff E, (2000). An Apartheid Oasis?: Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods in Venda. p.55, Routledge, London, England.
2. The Gaia Foundation (2012). Saving Phiphidi Falls. Available at: http://www.gaiafoundation.org/saving-phiphidi-falls [Accessed: 29/03/12].
3. The Gaia Foundation (2010). Venda Community Fight to Protect Sacred Waterfall. Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/FionaWilton/venda-community-fight-to-protect-sacred-waterfall [Accessed: 29/03/12].
4. The Gaia Foundation (2012). The Makhadzi- Defenders of the Sacred Sites. Available at: http://www.gaiafoundation.org/galleries/albums/makhadzis-defenders-sacred-sites [Accessed: 29/03/12].
5. The Mupo Foundation (2011). Background. Available at: http://mupofoundation.org/about/ [Accessed: 29/03/12].
6. The Mupo Foundation (2011). Seed Security. Available at: http://mupofoundation.org/our-programme/seed-security/ [Accessed: 29/03/12].
7. The Gaia Foundation (2012). CoAL Out of Africa!. Available at: http://www.gaiafoundation.org/news/coal-out-of-africa [Accessed: 29/03/12].
8. The Mupo Foundation (2011). Coal mining plans jeopardise the cultural and ecological future of Venda. Available at: http://mupofoundation.org/our-programme/seed-security/ [Accessed: 29/03/12].
Last updated: 30th March 2012
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Celiac Disease Symptoms
Celiac disease symptoms can vary widely from person to person and celiac symptoms often manifest differently in children than in adults. Symptoms are very severe in some people and are minimal in others. Many of the symptoms of celiac disease can be managed by a careful diet, but some may require additional treatment.
Damage to the lining of the small intestine in people with celiac disease causes malabsorption of many nutrients. People with celiac disease often do not absorb carbohydrates or protein as well as most people do, but the nutrient most affected by malabsorption is fat. Difficulties absorbing fat account for many of the most common celiac symptoms. Common symptoms include abdominal bloating, foul-smelling gas, diarrhea, and increased amounts of fat in the stool (called steatorrhea). Lactose, a carbohydrate or sugar found in dairy products like milk, may also not be absorbed well, and this contributes to these symptoms.
This malabsorption may also cause weight loss, although some people with celiac disease develop large appetites as the body attempts to take in the nutrients it needs but is not absorbing. Weight loss may also be masked by fluid retention.Celiac Disease Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies
Because of the malabsorption common with celiac disease, people with the condition may develop certain vitamin or mineral deficiencies. Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to fatigue, nerve damage (which may cause numbness or tingling in the hands and feet and can make walking difficult), depression, and problems with memory and concentration. Iron deficiency can lead to severe fatigue. Vitamin D and calcium deficiency can lead to the development of osteoporosis. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to problems with blood clotting. Potassium deficiency can lead to severe muscle cramps and heart problems.
Nutritional deficiencies can be very serious. For instance, nerve damage due to B12 deficiency can be permanent, and potassium deficiency can lead to fatal heart failure. These problems can be treated with nutritional supplements, however.Other Celiac Disease Symptoms
Other celiac symptoms include joint and bone pain, a severe skin rash known as dermatitis herpetiformis, mouth ulcers, seizures, fluid retention (causing swollen ankles), and missed menstrual periods. Women may have fertility problems or suffer miscarriages if they do become pregnant. Nutritional deficiencies may lead to birth defects in a developing fetus.
People with celiac disease may suffer from other autoimmune disorders such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. They may also develop thyroid disorders, diabetes, or Sjogren’s syndrome, a condition in which the glands do not produce enough moisture. Rarely, people with celiac disease develop intestinal cancer.Celiac Symptoms in Infants and Children
Celiac disease symptoms in children often include diarrhea, steatorrhea, and weight loss. Symptoms often appear or worsen once infants begin eating gluten-containing cereals. Infants may be irritable due to abdominal discomfort. Failure to thrive, or the failure to grow properly, is common. If children with the condition do not receive proper treatment, they may be of short stature as adults.Celiac Symptoms in Adults
Some adults do have symptoms of celiac disease, but many have no symptoms or very few symptoms. In fact, it used to be thought that celiac disease was something that only affected children, but now doctors know it can affect adults as well. Sometimes celiac disease in adults is misdiagnosed as irritable bowel syndrome because the symptoms can look similar. Symptoms may worsen during pregnancy. Adults are more likely than children to develop complications like osteoporosis as a result of celiac disease.
Disclaimer, Copyright and Privacy Notice
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The National Academies of Science has issued a set of guidelines for human embryonic stem (ES) cell research. The guidelines also address the chimera phenomenon.
The guidelines open a path for experiments that create animals that contain some introduced human embyronic stem cells.
These hybrid part human, part animal creatures, called chimeras, would be “valuable in understanding the etiology and progression of human disease and in testing new drugs, and will be necessary in preclinical testing of human embryonic stem cells and their derivatives,” the guidelines committee said.
Chimeras might also be used to grow organs, such as livers, to transplant into humans.
Human embryonic stem cells should be introduced into nonhuman mammals “only under circumstances where no other experiment can provide the information needed,” the guidelines say.
The danger is experiments in which there is a possibility that human cells could contribute in a “major organized way” to the brain of an animal. These experiments “require strong scientific justification,” the committee warned.
Once again we can see that the overriding ethical principle is a scientific pragmatism. Almost no limit is viewed as absolutely impassable, as long as “no other experiment can provide the information needed.”
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Aceh’s independence movement Free Aceh Movement (known as GAM: Gerakan Aceh Merdeka) doesn’t expect to make serious inroads in the region’s first election since they signed a peace deal with the Indonesian government. The accord allows for limited self-rule of Sumatra’s northern most province. GAM do not expect to win seats in this election but are preparing instead for the following elections in 2009 when they will be better set up as a political party.
GAM are the former rebel movement who fought the government for 29 years until the cataclysmic effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake. The earthquake measured over 9 on the Richter scale and its epicentre was 800km off the west coast of Aceh. Conservative estimates of the death toll in Aceh were 130,000 though some have said as many as 230,000 have died. A further half million Acehnese were made homeless.
Aceh, which occupies the northernmost 12% of Sumatra, is a religiously conservative Islamic society and has had no tourism or any Western presence in recent years due to armed conflict between the military and the separatists. Islam came early to Aceh. The Islamic Kingdom of Peureulak was established around 850 AD in East Aceh. Aceh played an important role in Islamising many parts of Indonesia, including Java. Marco Polo passed through the province of North Aceh on his travels in the 13th century. The Kingdom of Aceh became a significant player also around this time and its influence stretched to southern Thailand. When the Portuguese took Malaka in 1511, they sailed across the strait to Sumatra. They built a fort in Pasai too close to the Achenese for comfort. In 1523, the Acehnese Sultan Ali attacked the Portuguese in Pasai and drove them out. After this defeat, Portugal attempted to conquer Aceh several times, but to no avail.
The Dutch arrived in the following century and had better success in subduing the locals. However the Acehnese continued to resist strongly. In 1824, the Dutch signed the London Treaty in which Britain surrendered the island of Sumatra to the Dutch. However Aceh was allowed to remain independent. Its power was its strategic location at the tip of Sumatra and also its control of the black pepper trade. However their independence was finally killed off by the 1871 Sumatra Treaty in which the British authorised the Dutch to take Aceh to prevent the French from moving in. The Dutch attacked in 1873 and controlled most of the province within the year. Acehnese guerrillas resisted for another 20 years. They even wrested control of the province back for two years in 1892. The Dutch finally realised they could never win militarily so took a different strategy and bribed the regional chieftains to regain control.
However the Dutch never fully conquered the rugged mountainous regions which remained independent right up to the fall of Sumatra to Japan in 1942. The Acehnese welcomed the Japanese as they promised to free them from colonisation. But Japan’s promises were worthless and they were soon despised as much as the Dutch. Several rebellions broke out against their rule. When the war was ended, Indonesia declared its independence and Aceh was broadly in favour of the new country. Aceh gained “special territory” status in 1959. This decree conferred an unusually high degree of autonomy in religious, educational and cultural matters. This allowed Aceh to declare “sharia law” in 2003.
However the autonomy was not enough to satisfy those looking for full independence. On Dec. 4, 1976, Teungku Hasan di Tiro founded the Free Aceh Movement (GAM). Indonesia reacted harshly. The authorities conducted mass arrests of GAM members and kept a lid on their activities until 1989 when the group attacked police and military installations. Jakarta declared Aceh a Military Operation Zone (DOM) which led to massive human rights violations by military and police personnel. Though the DOM status was lifted in 1998 matters did not improve much until the intervention of the tsunami. 12,000 people had died in the 29 year campaign.
The peace deal gave the province control over its affairs except external defence, foreign relations and fiscal policy. It allowed Aceh to retain 70% of its significant natural resources, allows them to field independent candidates in elections for provincial governor and district chiefs and finally to establish local political parties to run in future elections. The 4.3 million population Aceh remains an important province for Indonesia. It is rich in oil and gas. Its future remains cloudy but while GAM holds firm to the agreement, this fiercely independent proto-nation has a chance to establish a lasting peace and a bright future.
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For half a century, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) has worked to stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature. Since 2007, The Coca-Cola Company and WWF have worked together to conserve the world’s freshwater resources. Our global partnership focuses on ensuring healthy, resilient freshwater basins in the Mesoamerican Reef catchments in Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras, and the Yangtze River basin in China.
In Canada, Coca-Cola scaled up its support for nature in 2007 with a multi-year commitment to WWF’s Arctic conservation work through the global Arctic Home campaign. WWF worked to find long-term conservation solutions for the Last Ice Area (LIA), a region in the high Arctic where year-round sea ice is projected to last the longest. WWF implemented a polar bear-human conflict reduction program in Arviat, Nunavut to reduce the number of defense kills of polar bears in northern communities. They collaborate with residents of Arviat to develop non-fatal techniques for deterring or chasing polar bears away when they wander into the community in search of food. In this region the number of polar bears destroyed in defense of life or property has decreased from an average of eight per year before 2010 to an average of one per year since, despite an increasing frequency of encounters between people and polar bears. Coca-Cola’s support also helped WWF lead and establish the first-ever global action plan for the long-term protection of polar bears, as well as help support the Inuit-led initiative to designate Canada’s Lancaster Sound, at the southern point of the Last Ice Area, as a National Marine Conservation Area.
Coca-Cola and WWF will continue to champion conservation in Canada focusing on addressing key threats to freshwater. Coca-Cola and its employees actively participate in the Great Canadian Shoreline Cleanup, helping reduce the threat of pollution to Canada’s aquatic ecosystems. In 2015, 567 employees from 23 facilities across Canada participated in the cleanups. Our partnership will support conservation projects as well as community engagement and action for freshwater health across the country.
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Copyright 2015 by M. D. Vaden
This plant is so unusual and close to the redwoods, that I am lumping this plant, bog and short trail into the redwood parks trails. The drive to the bog follows along the Smith River, which also passes through Jedediah Smith redwoods anyway. So its all interrelated.
Darlingtonia californica, or Cobra Lily. It can be found near the coast redwood forest, and also be seen to the side of the road within a mile of Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, approaching through the Douglas Park Rd., a couple minutes before the park gate, after you turn off Hy. 199.
Darlingtonia Trail / Six Rivers National Forest / length 1000 ft. loop
Hy 199, mile marker 17.9
There is also a bog and trail about 10 minutes drive east of Jedediah Smith redwoods along Hy. 199, near mile post 17.9 .... yes, "seventeen point nine" ... rather than eighteen. This trail begins right off Highway 199 at milepost 17.9, between Panther Flat Campground and Grassy Flat Campground. Look for the Botanical Trail signs on the highway and take the short paved driveway to the parking area. It
This is the only species in the genus. It is also called Cobra Lily, Cobra Plant or California Pitcher Plant. The plant was discovered in 1841 by the botanist William D. Brackenridge at Mount Shasta, CA. In 1853 it was described by John Torrey, who named the genus Darlingtonia after a Philadelphia botanist. In common with most carnivorous plants, the cobra lily is adapted to supplementing nitrogen through carnivory, which helps compensate lack of available nitrogen.
Because many carnivorous species live in hostile environments, their root systems are commonly as highly modified as their leaves. The cobra lily is able to survive fire by regenerating from its roots, but despite this i role the roots are delicate.
The cobra lily is unique among American pitcher plants. It does not trap rainwater in its pitcher. It regulates water inside by releasing or absorbing water into the trap that has been pumped up from the roots. The efficiency of the plant's trapping ability is attested to by its leaves and pitchers, which are, more often than not, full of insects and their remains.
Images: 1st image shows picher leaves and flower, 2nd image shows several flowers in foreground
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It has long been a principle of criminal law that criminal liability requires mens rea, “guilt mind” or intent to commit a wrongful act. That’s what we teach in Introduction to Law. The insanity defense is premised on the defendant’s lack of mens rea, his inability to understand the consequences of his actions or that his act was wrong. It is Criminal Law 101.
Except the United States Congress did not get the memo. The Wall Street Journal reported recently (As Federal Crime List Grows, Threshold of Guilt Declines) that “Congress has repeatedly crafted laws that weaken or disregard the notion of criminal intent.” The article relates the following tale:
When the police came to Wade Martin’s home in Sitka, Alaska, in 2003, he says he had no idea why. Under an exemption to the Marine Mammal Protection Act, coastal Native Alaskans such as Mr. Martin are allowed to trap and hunt species that others can’t. That included the 10 sea otters he had recently sold for $50 apiece. Mr. Martin, 50 years old, readily admitted making the sale. “Then, they told me the buyer wasn’t a native,” he recalls.
The law requires that animals sold to non-Native Alaskans be converted into handicrafts. He knew the law, Mr. Martin said, and he had thought the buyer was Native Alaskan.
He pleaded guilty in 2008. The government didn’t have to prove he knew his conduct was illegal, his lawyer told him. They merely had to show he had made the sale.
In other words the law imposed strict liability: commit the act the statute defines as criminal (the actus reus for those who remember back to our discussion of criminal law four weeks ago) and you are guilty.
This is not a crazy idea in theory. I was taught “ignorance of the law is no excuse.” The Journal notes “that principle made sense when there were fewer criminal laws, like murder, and most people could be expected to know them. But according to University of Virginia law professor Anne Coughlin, when “legislators ‘criminalize everything under the sun, it’s unrealistic to expect citizens to be fully informed about the penal code.'” With reduced intent requirements “suddenly it opens a whole lot of people to being potential violators.”
The problem is the intersection between proliferating federal criminal statutes–“there are an estimated 4,500 crimes in federal statutes, plus thousands more embedded in federal regulations, many of which have been added to the penal code since the 1970s”–and lesser mens req requirements: “more than 40% of nonviolent offenses created or amended during two recent Congresses—the 109th and the 111th, the latter of which ran through last year—had ‘weak’ mens rea requirements at best.”
Perhaps the moral is don’t leave home without the United States Code and the Code of Federal Regulations.
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Learning Objectives–At the end of this module, you will be able to:
- explain why we need to make our spaces welcoming for LGBTQ2S youth
- explain and implement the concept of safe enough spaces
Almost all LGBTQ people going into shelters have a fear of them, because it isn’t a matter of if it’s dangerous, but just how dangerous it will be. It is horrible to live in that fear everyday (Teal, 23 years old, Digital Storytelling project as cited in Abramovich,2014: 119).
The need to belong and to have a sense of community is critical (see Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs for more information). The concept of social exclusion is one of the twelve Social Determinants of Health in Canada (Raphael, 2009). Youth experiencing homelessness often endure social exclusion and for LGBTQ2S youth experiencing homeless their social exclusion is even greater due to homophobia, biphobia and transphobia. In many communities young people do not feel “safe” to be out as LGBTQ2S and that they don’t feel welcome in many spaces (if any). This Toolkit has been designed to assist staff and organizations work through the processes of becoming welcoming spaces for LGBTQ2S young people experiencing homelessness.
One goal of many, if not all, youth serving organizations is to create spaces that are welcoming and inclusive for everyone who enters our doors. An interesting exercise is to ask folks what the word “welcoming” means to them. Most likely the following words will be repeated numerous times:
Here is a word cloud based on this exercise. The more times a word was listed the larger it appears in this word cloud.
As you can see from this random sample; “welcoming” most commonly elicited the following:
Take a few moments and ask your colleagues, youth, friends, family or even random strangers what words come to mind when they hear the word “welcoming”. How does your list compare to the one shared here? Please feel free to share your list in the comments section at the bottom of this page.
It is also important to ask what does welcoming look like to you. For some it means being greeted when they enter and explore the space, bright cheerful colours and displays, with lots of activities and spaces for hanging out. For the introverts among us, it is a quieter space, being given space to explore and interacting with others when they are ready, calming colours and soothing lighting. This is quite the dichotomy. It is possible to find a balance between the needs of the diverse groups.
As you read this module, it is important to remember the challenges faced by LGBTQ2S youth to find places where they are accepted. Later in the Toolkit we have an exercise called the Impact of Silence. You may want to skip ahead to this exercise if need support in understanding the need for welcoming spaces by LGBTQ2S youth.
Issues With Claiming Safe Spaces
A Safe Space is a welcoming, supportive and safe environment for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) students (GLSEN, 2013: 2).
The intent of this module is to get us thinking about the language we use and how there may be a disconnect between what we say as service providers and how young people interpret the meaning of our words, especially when we use the term “safe space”. There are many organizations that use the term “safe space” and they have done the work required to make these spaces as safe as possible. The discussion we are having here is to make us aware that it is not always safe for youth who identify as LGBTQ2S to be out and for LGBTQ2S allies to be out. And in these situations we need to be respectful of the decision not to be out. We also need have processes in place to prove to LGBTQ2S that they can trust us and be their authentic selves in our spaces knowing we support and respect them.
Safe space is a term for an area or forum where either a marginalised group are not supposed to face standard mainstream stereotypes and marginalisation, or in which a shared political or social viewpoint is required to participate in the space (Geek Feminism Wiki).
The concept of safe space is derived from good intentions. We want to create spaces where people can feel free of stereotypes and in which privilege is minimized if not completely eradicated. We want these spaces so that as participants in the space we can be our authentic selves. These spaces are where we are suppose to be able to share personal information without judgement, and where we can discuss complicated issues rooted in oppression.
There are a few issues with the term safe space (Smith, 2013). The first is the problem of intersectionality. An example of this often occurs in women only spaces. Far too often the word women is used to mean cisgender women and by excluding trans women promotes transphobia which is opposition to an anti-oppression framework.
Another issue with the term safe space is how do we as the conveners of the space ensure the safety of our guests? If we are calling our site a safe space, what activities have we completed and what activities do we do on an ongoing basis to make the space safe? Do we have policy and procedures outlining how we define safe space, discrimination, harassment, bullying etc? Do we train our staff to respond to incidents that challenge the safety of our space? Do we educate people who enter our space about what is expected of them as members of our space and what the consequences are for violating the safe space agreement? Are staff and heterosexual and cisgender youth trained to be allies for anyone who encounters unsafe actions, words, etc.? How can staff and management ensure that there will not be violence in our spaces?
Spaces (such as, schools, families, sports, etc.) that should be safe for LGBTQ2S youth are often not, as exemplified in the following quote: “Recent studies also find that compared to their heterosexual peers, LGBTQ youth experience significantly higher levels of violence, aggression and bullying from their peers and families” (West-Olatunji, C.,2014, March 3). If spaces that should be safe for LGBTQ2S youth are not, how can we expect these young people to believe our word that our spaces are safe for them? Until our organizations have the tools and resources to ensure our spaces are actually safe for youth, staff, volunteers and our extended community, we need another term to describe our spaces. We need to set realistic expectations for what our spaces can provide.
Vikki Reynolds, from Vancouver, promotes the notion of safe enough spaces. This concept is rooted in therapy and has significant application to our work and our spaces in the youth homelessness sector. “We can measure risks, but safety is not a commodity which can be easily quantified. But we can work towards safe-r and safe-enough ways of being” (Reynolds, 2010a: 71). The idea is “that ‘safety’ is perpetually being constituted and never completed (hence, the active verb ‘structuring’) and that safety is not a binary proposition of ‘safe/unsafe’ (hence ‘safe enough’)” (Tilsen, 2010: 89). This means that the group is always negotiating the safety of the space. Safe enough means that groups can discuss serious issues that may be triggers for some members. Group members are there to support one another.
The concept of safe-enough acknowledges that our work with young people experiencing homelessness are risky, as we as staff occupy positions of power. “The possibility of doing harm by replicating some kind of oppression is one potential risk. I am also aware of the limitations of accountability. Social justice is better served by creating contexts in which the transgression is less likely to occur” (Reynolds, 2010a: 19). This is one of the many reasons we have included modules on anti-oppression practice and privilege in the training section.
Structuring Safety creates practices that invite safety into our work, informs us to act as allies where we are privileged, and to honour collaboration (Reynolds, 2010a: ii).
I use the term Structuring Safety to describe the practices of negotiating or co-constructing conditions, structures and agreements that will make space for a safe-enough experience for all participants in community work. I believe Structuring Safety is a necessary condition for community work. Of course safety is not a thing that can be delivered by one person, as safety is co-created in relationships. Dialogues that are experienced as safe are not capricious, natural, or random. They require intentional practices and ways of being that set the space for safe-enough dialogues (Reynolds, 2010a: 95).
Structuring Safety is a counselling concept that is outside of our purposes in this Toolkit. What we need to focus on what Structuring Safety enables us to do. Safe-enough gives us a process by which we can create spaces for youth to feel comfortable, supported, and respected when they are in our facilities.
Challenges of Creating Safe Enough Space
“…one of the big sayings in social work is, ‘Lean into the discomfort of the work’” (Brown, 2010). Creating and maintaining spaces can be challenging as safe-enough spaces are always a work in progress. Being safe-enough requires accountability from everyone who accesses the space and especially from the leadership group. This means staff and managers need to be willing and able to hear and see feedback from others and take action to create behavioural and structural changes to ensure our spaces are safe-enough.
It also means being prepared to create room for anger and frustration. Folks who experience oppression need to have room to share their anger and frustrations. Allies need to work with marginalized individuals and groups to ensure they feel safe enough to share their experiences and feelings, which can be discomforting, but is critical work.
How to Create Safe Enough Spaces
Creating safe enough spaces begins with conversations. The first conversation can start with asking the group “what does safe mean” to them. The discussion can then shift towards introducing the idea of safe enough spaces. Talking points can include the following:
- Discussion of “safe spaces”
- Definition of safe-enough spaces
- We can measure risks, but safety is not a commodity which can be easily quantified. Need more than a binary of safe and unsafe
- Need to negotiate this space for this workshop to be safe-enough for all of us
- What do we as a group need to feel safe enough?
- What do you need from me as the facilitator to feel safe enough during this session?
- What do you need from staff to feel safe-enough in this program?
- Group ground rules
- If this is an established group, they will most likely already have some existing ground rules, but it is important because of the topic and what some youth may share that we reaffirm group ground rules.
- Ask group if we are safe enough to proceed
Many facilitators begin workshops creating group rules. These rules guide how we interact with each other in the workshop. It enables the group to self-regulate itself. Group rules tend to resemble these images:
There are generally references to be respectful of each other, not judging others, share positive feedback, what happens in the room stays in the room. After created the list is posted in a prominent location in the room. In addition to group rules, we need to discuss consequences for when someone violates an agreed upon rule. Just as the rules are agreed upon by the group, so too should be the consequences of breaking a rule. This will maximize buy-in. Also sometimes the punishment we give ourselves is more severe than what others would impose on us.
Once we have this framework in place, we need to ensure that our group rules and consequences as living documents that are adjusted as necessary. This requires checking in periodically. During a one-time workshop this should occur at least once midway through the workshop or just before a sensitive topic. In ongoing groups, check ins should occur regularly. This technique also reminds the group of the agreed upon rules and reinforces the rules.
As staff we need to be prepared for some messiness and discomfort. As staff we are the authority figure and there may be frustration/anger directed at us. It is important that we are able to separate ourselves personally from this work, as challenging as this can be. We need to “lean into the discomfort of the work’” (Brown, 2010). We need to remember that this is not about us. As professionals and more importantly as allies of the young people we work with, we need to take a step back and give the floor to youth.
Brown, B. (2010, December 1). Transcript of “The power of vulnerability” Retrieved February 4, 2015, from https://www.ted.com/talks/brene_brown_on_vulnerability/transcript?language=en
Canadian Institute of Health Research. (2002). Charting the course: A Pan-Canadian consultation on population and public health priorities. Ottawa: Canadian Institutes for Health Information.
McLeod, S. (2007, September 17). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved February 7, 2015, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html
Raphael, D. (2009). Social determinants of health: Canadian perspectives (2nd ed.). Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.
Reynolds, V. (2002). Weaving Threads of Belonging: Cultural Witnesses Groups. Journal of Child and Youth Care, 15 (3), 89-105.
Reynolds, V. (2010a). Doing justice as a path to sustainability in community work. S.l.: S.n.].
Reynolds, V. (2010b, October 1). Fluid and imperfect ally positioning: Some gifts of queer theory. Context, 13-17.
Smith, A. (2013, August 14). The Problem with “Privilege” Retrieved February 4, 2015, from https://andrea366.wordpress.com/2013/08/14/the-problem-with-privilege-by-andrea-smith/
Tilsen, J. (2010). Resisting homonormativity: Therapeutic conversations with queer youth. S.l.: S.n.].
West-Olatunji, C. (2014, March 3). Creating Safe and Welcoming Spaces for LGBTQ Youth. Retrieved February 4, 2015, from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/cirecie-a-westolatunji/creating-safe-and-lgbtq-youth_b_4876812.html
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What is the Martin Luther King, Jr. Day of Service?
According to the MLK.gov website:
After a long struggle, legislation was signed in 1983 creating a federal holiday marking the birthday of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
In 1994, Congress designated the Martin Luther King Jr. Federal Holiday as a national day of service and charged the Corporation for National and Community Service with leading this effort. Taking place each year on the third Monday in January, the MLK Day of Service is the only federal holiday observed as a national day of service – a “day on, not a day off.” The MLK Day of Service is a part of United We Serve, the President’s national call to service initiative. It calls for Americans from all walks of life to work together to provide solutions to our most pressing national problems. The MLK Day of Service empowers individuals, strengthens communities, bridges barriers, creates solutions to social problems, and moves us closer to Dr. King’s vision of a “Beloved Community.”
QUESTION FOR THE CIVIL ENGINEERING COMMUNITY:
Does your firm encourage its employees to participate in this National Day of Service? Do they encourage employees to use the day to serve the community on their own? Does your firm participate as an entire organization? Please let our extensive readership know what you or your firm is doing to honor the MLK National Day of Service.
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Definition - What does Spermicide mean?
Spermicides have been used throughout history from as early as 1850 BC when the Ancient Egyptians used a mix of crocodile dung and fermented dough to prevent pregnancy.
Modern spermicides are clear, unscented, and unflavored substances with lubricating properties. They may take the form of gels, films, creams, suppositories, and foams. Most contain the active ingredient nonoxynol-9.
Kinkly explains Spermicide
However, when used alone, spermicide typically fails in 28% of cases making it the least reliable form of birth control. It is more effective when used in conjunction with barrier contraceptives, such as condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and sponges. The use of spermicide improves the effectiveness of these contraceptive methods.
When used correctly, spermicide is said to fail in 18% of cases. Women can boost the effectiveness of their spermicide by carefully following the instructions included. Spermicide inserted deep into the vagina will block the cervix, making it impossible for sperm to pass through. This is more effective than simply inhibiting the motion of sperm which is what spermicide inserted closer to the vaginal opening will do.
Women generally lie down, or squat, then apply spermicide with their fingers or an applicator. Women are often instructed to wait 10 to 15 minutes before having intercourse. Spermicide typically remains effective for an hour after insertion. Women should reapply spermicide to have sex again even if it is within the one hour timeframe.
It’s important to note that while spermicide can prevent pregnancy, it provides no protection from sexually transmitted infections. In fact, if spermicide is used twice or more during the day, women have a greater chance of contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.
Most couples experience no side effects using spermicide, but some men and women may suffer temporary skin irritations.
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We constantly hear good things about organic food and people are always saying how healthy it actually is.
That’s why so many people have decided to stop using conventional food and dedicate their life to organic food.
These days we can hear a lot of positive things when it comes to organic food, which gives us even bigger desire to start consuming it.
For example the latest research has shown that women who ate only organic food during their pregnancy have small chances of having a baby boy with hypospadias, which is a malformation in the urinary tract.
And on the other hand women who didn’t consume organic food during pregnancy have bigger chances of having that problem.
This information came from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study and it has been published by Environmental Health Perspectives.
This type of malformation arises during fetal life and luckily it is surgically corrected after the baby is born.
This study has also showed that women who said that they’ve been eating organic food had less than half the probability of having baby boys with this malformation compared with women who have never eaten organic food, especially during the pregnancy.
You have women who seldom ate organic food, which probably means that they consumed only small amounts of it.
What is interesting about this whole situation is that vegetables are the food with the biggest impact on the result.
Also scientists took into account some other important information and factors when it comes to pregnancy and those are: their diet, age, income, education and the development of the fetus.
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Last week, Google’s first Geek Street Fair turned Chelsea’s 14th Street Park into a veritable smorgasbord of technology, drawing hundreds of kids and summer campers to discover the joys and merits of learning about science, technology, engineering, and math – also known as the STEM fields. The public event showcased interactive and innovative activities and products from the American Museum of Natural History, Liberty Science Center, MakerCamp, and Parsons the New School of Design, among others.
Google’s Director of Engineering, Craig Nevill-Manning, acted as the spokesman and Chief Geek for the event, wearing a Google lab coat and Google’s newest signature piece of tech, Google Glass. “Science and technology and math sometimes gets a bad rap. It’s seen as kind of boring, it’s seen as a bunch of people sitting around in the dark, you know, writing code all day. And we wanted to get the message out that technology is a lot of fun. We do this because we love it,” said Nevill-Manning.
Google, which opened what was its second-largest engineering office here in the city in 2007, is one of many players to recognize a growing need for tech talent across the US. In 2017, Mayor Bloomberg’s Applied Sciences NYC initiative will help to bring Cornell NYC Tech’s new $2 billion engineering campus to Roosevelt Island. The Geek Fair has been just one of several recent efforts to promote STEM education and engage New York City’s future tech entrepreneurs. But many Geek Fair participants, including Maker Media’s Vice President, Sherry Huss, argue that engagement in STEM education needs to happen earlier.
“Science, technology, engineering, math – those things in schools being taught out of books are really not that exciting for a lot of kids,” Huss said. At the MakerCamp Geek Fair booth, participants learned how to construct “LED Throwies,” simple circuits made up of a battery, an LED light and a magnet.
Nevill-Manning agreed, saying “[…] kids aren’t getting interested early enough. So we wanted to expose kids to all of this math, this computer science, this science and technology early on, so that they potentially choose to go into this field, and we can hire them later on to make amazing products for us.”
“It’s the future of our country. It’s going to rely on us being really fantastic in science and mathematics and applying that to our everyday lives. […] Getting kids involved in this technology, and thinking about what’s possible, is going to lead to the next generation of that technology,” said Nevill-Manning.
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John Day (trapper)
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John Day (ca. 1770 – February 16, 1820) was an American hunter and fur trapper in the Pacific Northwest, including present-day Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Western Montana and Southern British Columbia.
John Day was born in Culpeper County, Virginia and came west through Kentucky to Spanish Upper Louisiana (now Missouri) by 1797. In late 1810, he was engaged as a hunter for the Pacific Fur Company and joined an overland expedition led by Wilson Price Hunt. The party traveled west from Missouri to Fort Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River in 1811–12. He is best known, along with Ramsay Crooks, for being robbed and stripped naked by Indians on the Columbia River near the mouth of the river that now bears his name in Eastern Oregon. After finally making their way to Fort Astoria in April, 1812, Day was assigned to accompany Robert Stuart back east to St. Louis in June 1812, but was left on the Lower Columbia River where he is said to have gone mad. He returned to Fort Astoria and spent the next eight years hunting and trapping mainly in the Willamette Valley and the inland northwest. John Day died February 16, 1820, at the winter camp of Donald MacKenzie's Snake Country Expedition in what is now the Little Lost River valley in Butte County, Idaho.
His name is well-remembered, being attached to the John Day River and its four branches in eastern Oregon, as well as the cities of John Day and Dayville in Grant County, Oregon, and a smaller John Day River and unincorporated community in Clatsop County, Oregon, the John Day Dam on the Columbia River, and the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. The Little Lost River, Idaho, was previously known as "Day's River" and the valley was called "Day's Defile" during the fur trade era.
- Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 169.
- Reed, Ione (December 25, 1971). "What, Indeed, Is in a Name?". Eugene Register-Guard. p. 8. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
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As public health progresses with the transition from NHS to local authorities, one issue for those to consider within the sector is how the two could continue to work together in the future. However, what about the roles that other organisations can play in reducing inequalities and improving community health? Joint working between local schools, social services and police teams can also make a difference.
Virginia Pearson, joint executive director of public health at Devon County Council, says: "For us, it's about expanding the reach of what we do, through other organisations; being able to access a greater range of clients and intervene earlier." She claims that an integrated approach "is at the very core of the way that Devon works" in public wellbeing.
The team there have commissioned a three year food for life healthy eating in schools programme, to encourage healthy eating, cooking and physical activity. A project leader was recruited to work across schools in deprived areas in Devon, working alongside the council. They were responsible for submitting regular progress reports to the public health team, and running projects such as an awards scheme designed to recognise improvements at different schools.
"It's not just about commissioning NHS services, but working with schools, looking at an evidence base and tracking progress," says Pearson.
The Devon multi-agency safeguarding hub (Mash) is another way that local services have been working together. Professionals from different agencies including police, probation teams, fire services, ambulance services, health teams, education professionals and social workers, share information to ensure they can identify potential harm, and intervene where appropriate.
The most difficult challenge, says Pearson, is gaining complete trust of other agencies: "It's about generating a high level of confidence in partnerships, so partners know they may be making an investment, and are aware that some of the benefits may be realised by another organisation, but it's the right thing to do".
In Strathclyde local police teams have been working with the NHS Lanarkshire to target messages about alcohol and sexual health to young people starting courses at local colleges. PC Alan Mulholland believes that successful joint working is less about evidence bases, and more about a "joined-up vision".
"We came up with the Play safe, home safe message to local teenagers after some brainstorming. I go to their [NHS] office, they come to mine, and we think about ways we can promote different things. It's really down to personalities – working with people who have the same vision, with everyone understanding the thinking behind the projects."
Ultimately outcomes can drive a project forward, Jake Eliot, policy leader at the National Housing Federation, suggests however. A partnership between Amber Valley Housing (now Futures Homescape) and Derbyshire County PCT in a Health trainer programme led to reduced admissions to hospitals.
He explains: "Nine Amber Valley Housing neighbourhood support co-ordinators working at sheltered housing schemes were trained to provide support and put residents in touch with more specialist health agencies. The service offers tailored advice, motivation and practical support to residents wanting to lead a healthier lifestyle, and the programme is designed to prevent cardio-vascular disease and falls by encouraging people to take more exercise, adopt a healthier diet and give up smoking."
He adds: "The white paper talked explicitly about the purpose of the new public health service being used to improve the health of the poorest the fastest. If government is serious about this, it should be working with agencies such as social housing. Alternate services and providers offer a channel and route to reaching client groups who experience severe health inequalities who may struggle to access mainstream services."
Nevertheless there are some logistical issues that need to be considered when different services work together. Mulholland says services need to be careful that they do not overlap: "If there's a message that we can help promote, then we will – for example offering advice about sexual health when we're policing at night. If it's a criminal issue, we'll run it. If it's health, we'll help, but ultimately NHS services will run with that.
"Through just doing that, we'll pick up what's going on, and we have more information to share. From a police element, we can then get other partners to come on board. Every organisation runs along the same themes for the same greater good. People naturally have to work together for greatest good of community."
The healthcare network is hosting its next Public Health Dialogue event on embracing partnerships in London next month.
This article is published by Guardian Professional. Join the Guardian healthcare network to receive regular emails and exclusive offers.
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In chapter ten of his book Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, David Hume discusses the problem of evil. Using three fictional characters—Demea, Cleanthes and Philo—who are debating the problem the evil, Hume indeed seeks to show that one cannot demonstrate that God is all good and all powerful using human experience and human understanding alone. That is, based upon the common conceptions of goodness and benevolence derived from human experience, an all good and all powerful God cannot be reconciled with the fact of suffering in the world. His conclusion is as follows: “There is no view of human life, or of the condition of mankind, from which, without the greatest violence, we can infer the moral attributes, or learn that infinite benevolence, conjoined with infinite power and infinite wisdom.”
However, it is crucial to understand what Hume is arguing. Hume is not arguing that God isn't all good and all powerful, but only that we cannot infer this from the common human way of thinking. Earlier he stated: “Nothing can shake the solidity of this reasoning… except we assert, that these subjects exceed all human capacity, and that our common measures of truth and falsehood are not applicable to them.” In the dialogue, Philo is arguing against Cleanthes who insists that God’s ways are commensurate to the ways of human beings. Cleanthes’s reasoning is as follows: just as human beings are benevolent, so God is benevolent. Just as human beings are just, so God is just. By learning about benevolence, justice and mercy from human experience, we learn about God’s benevolence, justice and mercy also. Philo reprimands Cleanthes’s anthropomorphizing of God: “Is it possible, Cleanthes, that after all these reflections, and infinitely more, you can still persevere in your Anthropomorphism, and assert the moral attributes of the Deity, his justice, benevolence, mercy, and rectitude, to be of the same nature with these virtues in human creatures?” This is Hume’s central point, and it is not an argument against the existence or worthiness of God. This is, rather, a challenge to consider that God’s ways are not our ways, and that His thoughts are not our thoughts (cf. Is. 55:8).
The problem of evil provides no grounds for disbelief in God, nor grounds for dismissing God as unworthy of our trust. The evil and suffering that exist in the world may indeed demonstrate that God is not what human beings conceive as good and just, but this is no way rules out the possibility that God’s goodness and justice are infinitely broader, longer, higher and deeper than anything human beings have become accustomed to—so much so that they have difficultly recognizing the resemblance. Humans may very well need to reevaluate their own conceptions of goodness and justice in the light of the revelation of God’s goodness and justice.
According to the Bible, God’s justice is in fact far more acute than human justice, in that eternal punishment is disclosed to be the just deserts for sins humans collectively deem insignificant. The sublime sacrifice of Christ is proclaimed to be the only way in which all of humanity’s sins could be justly atoned for and God’s vengeance against them propitiated, although human beings never themselves feel the necessity for such measures in their own relations. Furthermore, God’s love toward mankind is demonstrated in a highly unusual manner, as the apostle Paul declared: “For one will hardly die for a righteous man; though perhaps for a good man someone would dare even to die. But God demonstrates His own love toward us, in that while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us.” (Romans 5:7-8) Given the nature of God compared to that of man, it is highly inappropriate to think that God is unjust or unloving simply because He does not conform to human conceptions of goodness and justice. It is instead humans who need to confess their own deficient understanding and reevaluate their conceptions of goodness and justice in view of the revelation of the works of God.
When human beings fail to consider this last option, they only show that the problem is not really with God, but with them.
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The Polygraph tests happened at a local legal representative, in the presence of polygraph department. A young boy was charged for a rape case. The victim’s parents were pressurizing the police to arrest the accused boy. The police was feeling skeptical about the story narrated by the victim and was feeling that the physical relation between the victim and the accused had happened with a mutual consent; so it wanted that a Nemesysco lie detection should be conducted with the accused.
An attorney name Bassett was responsible for the testing the accused man first and then he was passed through a Polygraph Test. It was revealed in the polygraph test that no rape was occurred. After doing further findings and researches it was proved that the boy was innocent and he had not committed any crime. This way an innocent boy was set free of a criminal trial.
Truth verification and lie detection use latest technology, named as layered voice analysis. It is highly advanced computerized technique, which uses a wide spectrum of voice frequencies. It will detect on the basis of calculation done by the sophisticated and complex algorithm. There are more than 120 emotional parameters generated from each voice module.
It will automatically detect emotion, deception, global stress and attention level. LVA is described as the window of thinking and mapping of DNA. Many investigation agencies are using these techniques for lie detection and fraud detection. It is internationally proved service.
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https://alexanderlieberman.wordpress.com/2014/05/12/latest-technology-for-truth-verification-and-lie-detection/
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Society tends to identify generations by one convenient image: The Roaring Twenties, Generation X, etc., but no generation has ever been homogeneous, most particularly the 21st. century Boomers (or even Zoomers), which is the largest cohort in Canadian history.
Pundits – usually younger – seem to delight in categorizing ‘aging boomers’ as exorbitant users of health care, free-loaders gobbling up financial benefits, and a menace behind the wheel. All of these claims are highly exaggerated but especially in the case of older drivers, because they form the basis of policies that limit their rights.
While it is true the longer one lives, the more likely one is to have medical problems, which can impede safe driving, these are not confined to the aged. Indeed the opposite may be true: Senior drivers are not normally associated with unsafe practices, such as tail-gating, cutting in, or road rage, and usually compensate for decreases in night vision or less flexibility, for example, but limiting driving to the time of day and the type of road that is within their comfort zone. A recent study suggests that young children may be safer driving with their grandparents than even with their parents. Click here to read the study.
CARP has been a strong supporter of refresher courses, including road re-training if needed, and restricted licences which allow drivers of any age to legally drive, but willingly confine their driving to daylight hours, and on highways where the maximum speed limit is 80 km per hour. This is particularly important for rural residents, where public transportation is rare or non-existent.
In North America, a spate of research projects is trying to determine the best way to keep older drivers safely on the road. In the U.S. a huge, preliminary research study is trying to find out just what the rules are in every state. Like Canada, they vary widely. Every province has different criteria, the most common being a medical problem reported by doctor or family member to the Ministry of Transportation licencing bureau. Alberta is currently working on a number of initiatives, through the Alberta Traffic Safety Communications Plan Three-Year Strategy, which includes aging driver strategies.
The most recent, comprehensive Canada-wide research, is being conducted by Candrive, which is beginning Year Three in a Five Year study. An international network of Inter-Disciplinary Investigators, lead by Dr. Malcolm Man-Son-Hing and Dr. Shawn Marshall, University of Ottawa, includes Geriatricians, Occupational and Physical Therapists, Rheumatologists, and other specialists involved in analyzing data supplied by close to 1,000 volunteers, aged 70 and over, in eight cities across Canada. The study tracks miles driven, braking patterns and – inevitably – collision rates. According to Dr. Marshall, the media often calls for all older drivers to be removed or tested, but the literature suggests that some of the safest drivers on the road are older drivers.
Nevertheless, by 2020, it is estimated that one in four drivers in Canada will be 65 or older. Several provinces have regulations regarding licence renewals for senior drivers, including medical fitness reports, educational sessions, vision and rules of the road reviews, and actual road testing.
The problem with many of these rules is that they are age-specific rather than accurate measures of the person’s actual driving ability. This is then exacerbated by the use of inappropriate technology.
Researchers at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, have come up with a device to measure cognitive ability, called DriveABLE, launched as commercial business, rolling across the country. In the forefront of jurisdictions relying heavily on Drive Able, has been the province of British Columbia.
DriveAble uses a touch screen computer to asses mental acuity, in which candidates perform a sequence of tests, touching a series of boxes on the screen, guiding objects through moving windows, assessing traffic scenes, with performance and reaction times measured. It is a 45-minute test, designed to uncover problems regarding mental processes, not actual driving ability.
While the researchers claim testers provide ample time for candidates to become familiar and comfortable with the procedure, CARP has received numerous complaints from seniors, particularly those not familiar with computers, that the procedure is intimidating and nerve-wracking to the point where they felt the tester was not there to evaluate them fairly, but to fail them. Many would have preferred a road test, which is denied if the candidate “fails” the DriveABLE test.
A recent study which appeared in the Australian Journal of Occupational Therapy, said that DriveABLE is good at detecting cognitive problems where they exist, but nearly 50 per cent of the time, also diagnose problems where they do not exist. (our emphasis)
CARP asked one of our B.C. members specific questions, in order for us to evaluate her experience with DriveABLE. Here are her responses:
Q: Was the assessor helpful in explaining the process?
A. She explained briefly and clearly, but assumed I would know quickly where to find the answers on the screen.
Q. Did you have time to practice?
A. Once or twice, on screen and on paper. (I did better on paper.)
(comment: DriveABLE should allow a senior a 15-minute practice a day or two before the test, to familiarize us with the buttons.)
Q. Did the assessor help you to get comfortable with the process?
A. No. I am under 4’10”, and I was obliged to manipulate controls at uncontrollable heights, holding my hands above my shoulders, and move left, right, up and down from that position, a position never involved in driving. I was forced to think more about where the buttons were, than what the answers were, and how fast I could move to the next one, which I knew was the object of the process.
In actual driving, I can concentrate on the situation, and adjust to conditions, and am free to select when and where I drive, in what weather and time of day. The DriveABLE test takes none of these into consideration.
Q. Were you referred by your doctor because of a medical condition?
A. No. He stated that I should do the test because of my age, not because of any pre-existing medical condition other than osteoarthritis, which is under control and does not interfere with my driving ability.
Q. Do you have any comments about the approach of the DriveABLE process?
A. As a former teacher, I believe the negative attitude causes people to approach the test with the expectation of failure. With no medical indication of cognitive problems, I believe I was wrongly routed.
The experience related above, plus anecdotal reports would indicate that reliance on technology may provide some clues in some cases, but if devices such as DriveABLE provide inaccurate answers in such a large percentage of cases, they should not be used in isolation. The most reliable way to test a driver’s ability is still a road test.
In future articles, we will cover the other barriers that have been erected against older drivers – based no doubt on the persistent presumption that older drivers are independently less competent. These range from unnecessary referrals to testing to exorbitant increases in testing fees as recently proposed in Nova Scotia.
We can agree that driving continues to be a privilege and that regulations are necessary to keep everyone on the road safe. But we need to get past stereotypes and inappropriate technologies that unfairly rob older Canadians of their independence.
We welcome comments from members on the subject. Please write to: email@example.com
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Question posted by Tracey from the United States:
Grade/Level: 4th Grade
Question solved by Model Method: The average number of red, blue, and green beanbags in a store is 136. There are 30 more red beanbags than blue beanbags. There are 15 fewer green beanbags than blue beanbags. How many green beanbags are in the store?
Step 1: This question involves the Comparison Concept. Since there are 30 more red beanbags than blue beanbags, we draw 1 long bar to represent the number of blue beanbags and another bar which is longer by 30 to represent the number of red beanbags.
Step 2: Next, we compare the number of green beanbags with the number of blue beanbags. Since there are 15 fewer green beanbags than blue beanbags, we draw 1 bar shorter than the bar representing the blue beanbags by 15 to represent the number of green beanbags.
Step 3: Next, we make all the unknown parts equal by cutting the unknown portion of the red beanbags' model to reflect the part that is equal to 15. The remaining unknown part is now equal to the other 2 unknown parts of the models of the green beanbags and blue beanbags.
Step 4: Lastly, we draw a bracket to the right of the models to show the total of all the beanbags. This total can be easily worked out by multiplying the average number of beanbags by 3 types of beanbags to get a total of 408.
From the model,
3 units ----------> 408 - 15 - 15 - 30 = 348
1 unit ----------> 348 / 3 = 116
Therefore, there are 116 green beanbags.
If you want us to send you our future Modelmatics eZine that would inform you on the latest article in Teach Kids Math By Model Method, do an easy sign-up below. Subscription is FREE!
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Early Byzantine Pilgrimage Art explores the portable artifacts of eastern Mediterranean pilgrimage from the fifth to the seventh century, presenting them in the context of contemporary pilgrims’ texts and the archaeology of sacred sites. The book shows how the iconography and devotional piety of Byzantine pilgrimage art changed, and it surveys the material and social culture of pilgrimage. What did these early religious travelers take home with them and what did they leave behind? Where were these “sacred souvenirs” manufactured and what was their purpose? How did the images imprinted upon many of them help realize that purpose? The first edition of this pathbreaking book, published in 1982, established late antique pilgrimage and its artifacts as an important topic of study. In this revised, enlarged version, Gary Vikan significantly expands the narrative by situating the miraculous world of the early Byzantine pilgrim within the context of late antique magic and pre-Christian healing shrines, and by considering the trajectory of pilgrimage after the Arab conquest of the seventh century.
DUMBARTON OAKS BYZANTINE COLLECTION PUBLICATIONS
Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine Collection Publications 5
Early Byzantine Pilgrimage Art, Revised Edition
$29.95 • £23.95 • €27.00
Publication: January 2011
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http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780884023586
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The aim of this investigation is to determine the distance a comet moves in a period of time, thus determining the speed of a comet as it approaches the Sun. The comet’s speed will also be compared with the speed of a coronal mass ejection (CME) from the Sun. Digital technology and Pythagoras’ theorem will be used throughout.
ACMNA214 - Find the distance between two points located on a Cartesian plane using a range of strategies, including graphing software
Distance, Speed, Coordinates, Pythagoras
About the Lesson
A coronagraph is a telescopic attachment used to block out the Sun's glare so that nearby objects can be resolved. The coronagraph image overleaf was obtained from Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) located at http://soho.nascom.nasa.gov/. It represents Comet McNaught as it approached the Sun in early January 2007. The comet appears to be approaching the planet Mercury (the bright object in the foreground).
In this activity, students make a series of calculations to determine the distances travelled and the speeds of the comets as they pass by the sun.
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PARIS: Cancer will kill 5.5 million women — about the population of Denmark — per year by 2030, a near 60-percent increase in less than two decades, a report said Tuesday.
As the global population grows and ages, the highest toll will be among women in poor and middle-income countries, it said, and much of it from cancers which are largely preventable.
“Most of the deaths occur in young- and middle-aged adults,”, placing a heavy burden on families and national economies, said Sally Cowal, senior vice president of global health at the American Cancer Society, which compiled the report with pharmaceutical company Merck.
The review “highlights the large geographic inequality in availability of resources and preventive measures and treatment to combat the growing burden of cancer,” she told AFP.
Cancer is already killing one in seven women around the world, said the report — the second highest cause of death after cardiovascular disease.
All four of the deadliest cancers — breast, colorectal, lung and cervical cancer — are mostly preventable or can be detected early, when treatment is more successful.
In poorer countries, a much smaller proportion of cancer cases are diagnosed and treated than in rich ones, while a much bigger group dies. The relative burden is growing for developing countries as people live longer due to better basic healthcare.
Women in these countries are also increasingly exposed to known cancer risk factors “associated with rapid economic transition,” said Cowal, “such as physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, obesity, and reproductive factors” such as postponing motherhood.
“Due to these changes, cancers that were once common only in high-income countries are becoming more prevalent,” said the report entitled “The Global Burden of Cancer in Women.”
It was presented Tuesday at the World Cancer Congress in Paris.
According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, there were 6.7 million new cancer cases and 3.5 million deaths among women worldwide in 2012.
Of these, 56 percent of cases and 64 percent of deaths were in less developed countries.
“These numbers are expected to increase to 9.9 million cases and 5.5 million deaths among females annually by 2030 as a result of the growth and ageing of the population,” said the new report.
The biggest concentration is in eastern Asia, with 1.7 million cases and a million deaths in 2012, mainly in China.
The report said the highest ratio of cancer cases per population group are still reported in high-income countries in Europe, the Americas and Asia, but this was partly due to better access to screening and detection.
Deaths, however, were proportionally much higher in low- and middle-income countries with reduced access to diagnosis and treatment. The countries with the highest death rate were Zimbabwe, Malawi, Kenya, Mongolia and Papua New Guinea.
Breast and lung cancer are the two most common types in both rich and poor nations, with colorectal cancer the number three killer in developed countries, and cervical cancer in less developed ones.
Cervical cancer can be staved off by vaccination against the cancer-causing Human papillomavirus (HPV), and can be easily detected through regular Papanicolaou (pap) test screens.
“Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women in 140 countries worldwide and cervical cancer is the most common in 39 countries, all of which are LMICs (low- and medium-income countries),” said the report.
It said the global economic burden of cancer for both genders was about $286 billion (261 billion euros) in 2009, including costs for treatment and care, and loss of workforce productivity.
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How a Coffee Maker Works
We all wake up in the morning and depend on our old friend to start our day - the coffee maker. The only effort we have to put in when wanting to enjoy a mug of coffee is to add a scoop of coffee, add the required amount of water and turn the machine on. We stand back and wait for our coffee to be ready before we can enjoy it. Think about it, have you ever stood there and tried to understand how the water gets from the compartment to the top of the machine? Have you ever wondered what that gurgling sound was? Here is what goes on inside. If you open the top of the coffee machine, you will find the bucket that holds the water when you pour it in before the cycle starts. If you look inside, you will find a hole in the bucket's bottom, and this will become clear to you very soon.
You also see a tube, and the purpose of this tube is to carry the water to the area where it drips out. The drip area is the part you see from the top that contains all the tiny holes. This is where the water arrives from the tube and then simply drips through the tiny holes. If you turn the bucket upside down, you will see another tube and this is called the hot-water tube. This tube (tube2) connects to the black tube (tube1) that you see when looking at it from the top.
Remember the hole in the bottom of the bucket mentioned earlier? Well, this is where tube2 picks up the cold water - from that hole. Also visible inside are the power cord and the on and off switch of the machine. Next is the heating element. This little part is what makes the water hot. The heating element is just a simple coiled wire. This is similar to filament in your standard light bulb or the element in your every morning toaster. The coil in the coffee maker is held firmly in plaster, and this makes it rugged. This element has two jobs. * The heating element (or the coil) boils the water when it is put in the coffee maker. * The element makes sure the coffee stays warm once the cycle is complete.
The heating element inside the coffee machine is pressed firmly against the warming plate. A heat conducting grease ensures that heat is transferred competently to the warming plate. The conducting grease is messy and is extremely difficult to get off yours hands. This grease can be found in power supplies, amplifiers - basically anything that squanders heat. There is a part that's not visible in a coffee maker and this is the one-way valve. This valve can either be in that hole that was mentioned earlier or it could be in the heating pipe, and this pipe is aluminum. If a coffee maker had no one-way valve, the hot water would just flow back into the bucket after trying to make its way up the tube. .
Blogging Entertainment & Fashion. Articles
Blogging Entertainment & Fashion. Books
Blogging Entertainment & Fashion.
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This guide will help you find secondary sources in history. Click the tabs to the left for details.
Secondary sources are the books, journal articles, and other materials that historians write by using primary source materials, such as contemporary newspaper or magazine accounts, memoirs, government documents, etc. For assistance with locating primary sources see http://guides.ou.edu/primarysources.
For more information on general library resources, see our tutorials.
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State Species of Special Concern
Description: The spotted turtle is characterized by a smooth, bluish-black carapace (top shell) with yellow-orange spots. The carapace is made up of a combination of scales (scutes) and bones, and it includes the ribs and much of the backbone. This turtle is sometimes referred to as the “polka-dot turtle,” as the number of spots can range from a single dot to multiple dots per scute. The plastron (bottom shell) is yellowish-tan with dark markings. The sides of the head and chin are often marked with reddish-orange to yellow blotches, and the forearms may also be bright orange.
Spotted turtles are small, only growing to about 4.5 inches in length and weighing between ½ to ¾ pounds. Males are distinguished by a tan chin, brown eyes, concave plastron, and a longer, thicker tail. Females have a more domed shell, yellow chin, and orange eyes. Hatchling spotted turtles are 1 to 1.5-inches long when born.
Range: The spotted turtle has a somewhat disjunct range in North America. It occupies the eastern portion of the Great Lakes region from Ontario south to Illinois and west to Michigan. It also is found along the eastern seaboard from southern Maine south to Florida. Isolated populations also occur in southern Quebec, southern Ontario, central Illinois, central Georgia, and northcentral Florida.
Habitat and Diet: Spotted turtles are found throughout the Connecticut lowlands, close to slow-moving bodies of water. They use shallow water bodies, including unpolluted bogs, pond edges, ditches, marshes, fens, vernal pools, red maple swamps, and slow-moving streams. Water bodies with a soft, murky bottom and abundant aquatic vegetation are preferred. Spotted turtles will seek out other wetlands if their habitat becomes unsuitable. Upland habitats also are used for nesting, aestivating, and travel corridors between wetlands.
The spotted turtle is omnivorous, feeding on aquatic plants, small fish, snails, worms, slugs, spiders, tadpoles, and small crustaceans. Interestingly, this species will only feed under water.
Life History: Spotted turtles emerge from hibernation in early spring, usually in March, and begin looking for mates. After breeding, the females leave the breeding pools in search of nesting areas. They may travel a good distance and, in many instances, are killed when crossing roads. Preferred nesting sites are generally located in open, upland habitats, such as a meadow, field, or the edge of a road. The female digs a nest cavity with her hind legs and feet, and then lays about 3-4 eggs. She covers the eggs with soil, smoothing it over by dragging her body over the ground. The eggs hatch in mid-September through October, but some hatchlings may overwinter in the nest and surface the following spring. Sex of the hatchlings is determined by the temperature and humidity of the nest.
Due to this turtle's small size, predation is high, especially for hatchlings. Mammals, such as raccoons and muskrats, often prey on spotted turtles, as well as some birds and predaceous fish.
Spotted turtles are thought to live 25 to 50 years and reach sexual maturity at 8 to 10 years of age.
Spotted turtles are active only during daylight hours, and spend the night under water on the pond bottom. They are often seen basking on logs or rocks during spring and summer, but may retreat to an aquatic or terrestrial spot (under the leaf litter) when there is intense heat. This summer “hibernation” is known as aestivation.
Conservation Concerns: Spotted turtles are protected by the Connecticut Threatened and Endangered Species Act and may not be collected from the wild. The isolation and decline of spotted turtle populations are attributed to collection for the pet trade industry; the alteration, loss, and fragmentation of habitat; habitat succession; road mortality; and predation. Relatively low reproductive rates, coupled with the above-mentioned threats, make spotted turtles extremely susceptible to population declines. They are sensitive to pollution and toxic substances, and will disappear rapidly from habitats with declining water quality.
Mortality associated with crossing roads is especially problematic given that the turtles that cross roads are often pregnant females in search of a nesting site.
Every individual turtle collected from the wild to become a pet has a profound effect because each turtle removed is no longer able to be a reproducing member of that population.
What You Can Do
You can help the spotted turtle, and many other wildlife species, by conserving wetland habitat wherever you can. Use proper erosion and sediment controls during work that involves disturbance of soils adjacent to wetland systems. The creation or maintenance of a buffer strip of natural vegetation (minimum of 100 feet) along wetlands and watercourses will protect the water quality of the wetlands that these turtles require.
Leave turtles in the wild. They should never be kept as pets. Whether collected singly or for the pet trade, turtles that are removed from the wild are no longer able to be a reproducing member of a population. Every turtle removed reduces the ability of the population to maintain itself. You should also keep in mind that caring for a pet turtle is not as easy as you may think. They require specific temperatures, diets, and lighting for digestion and shell health. Cages must be kept clean as turtles can carry salmonella. And, turtles live a long time. No person shall possess in excess of one spotted turtle at any time.
Never release a captive turtle into the wild. It probably would not survive, may not be native to the area, and could introduce diseases to wild populations.
Do not disturb turtles nesting in yards or gardens.
As you drive, watch out for turtles crossing the road. Turtles found crossing roads are often pregnant females and they should be helped on their way and not collected. Without creating a traffic hazard or compromising safety, drivers are encouraged to avoid running over turtles that are crossing roads. Also, still keeping safety precautions in mind, you may elect to pick up turtles from the road and move them onto the side they are headed. Never relocate a turtle to another area that is far from where you found it.
Learn more about turtles and their conservation concerns, and educate others about how to help Connecticut's turtle species.
Content last updated on October 1, 2015.
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It’s one of the great untold and unappreciated stories of American Catholic history: 19th century Catholic women — thousands of them — spreading across the United States, founding hospitals and schools where ever they stopped, building them ( sometimes literally) themselves from the ground up, in an era when women did not even have the right to vote and Catholics were under constant suspicion.
The Essential Role of the Religious
Women — in this same era when the ideal woman was delicate, insular and submissive — traveling into the wildest, most dangerous areas of the country — both the frontier and the teeming cities — fearlessly, without male protection, and with full confidence in the work that lay ahead.
In short, it’s a story of women building much of the infrastructure of the American Catholic Church as we know it now, with its network of schools, hospitals and charities.
Those women, of course, were nuns. Their accomplishments were great, but the story of their significance has, up to this point, been unfortunately and oddly limited to the pages of academic journals and histories and biographies produced by the orders themselves.
In Sisters: Catholic Nuns and the Making of America, John J. Fialka seeks to correct that omission. In his engaging, fascinating and easily digestible new book, Fialka, a Wall Street Journal reporter, brings us a wealth of marvelous stories and a strong argument for the essential role religious women played in, not only the Church’s history, but in the life of the country in general.
Because there are so many religious orders, Fialka chooses to tell the story primarily through the history of the Sisters of Mercy, founded in Ireland by Catherine McAuley and brought to the United States at the invitation of Bishop Michael O’Connor of Pittsburgh in 1844. Fialka makes it clear that the Mercies were not the only high-achieving religious order, but their size (over 9,000 by 1929) makes them an excellent prism through which to reflect the experiences of religious women in the United States.
The Sisters of Mercy were primarily concerned with health care and education, particularly of the poor. From their first American headquarters in Pittsburgh, they spread rapidly westward to Chicago and east, to New Hampshire and all parts in between. They started new hospitals, took over established facilities that were often no more than a few rooms with patients suffering on dirty sheets, and they began schools.
The pre-civil war era was, of course, a high point in anti-Catholic sentiment in the United States. Sisters with their highly noticeable habits were easy targets wherever they went, and many convents and schools were threatened with — and suffered from — mob violence in this era.
It took a tragedy of tremendous proportions to lift American suspicion of Catholic nuns. That tragedy was the terrible suffering of the Civil War.
Ministry and Miracles
Catholic nuns served as nurses to soldiers in both sides of the conflict. Fialka writes that of…”…the 3,200 female nurses who served in the Civil War, at least 580 were sisters.” Sometimes they worked in hospitals relatively far from the action, but just as often they were brought quite near: nuns arrived in Tennessee just days after the Battle of Shiloh to tend to the 5,000 wounded waiting in a particularly wet, miserable version of hell. They set up the initial care for the 50,000 wounded after Gettysburg.
These Catholic sisters won the good will of others because of their toughness, their courage, their excellent skills, and their compassion for all those who were suffering. The experience of the Civil War was echoed in communities across the country when Catholic nuns stepped in where others feared to tread, tending victims of epidemics, from cholera to yellow fever to influenza. Catholic sisters won the battle for respect (even from most — but not all — skeptical bishops with whom they frequently clashed) because they tended to hopeless cases, from orphans, to the impoverished sick to prostitutes, without regard to religion, but only to need.
And there were marvelous adventures along the way. Sister Blandina Segale confronted Billy the Kid — on more than one occasion. In Cripple Creek, Colorado, Mother Mary Baptist Meyers oversaw the care and recovery of an anti-Catholic thug who had tried to blow up her hospital, only to have his own leg blown off.
A statue of Mother Joseph, a Sister of Providence, stands in Statuary Hall in the US Capitol building. Mother Joseph founded countless hospitals and schools in the Northwest, and often played a role in their literal construction: she was the daughter of a coach maker and she “prowled construction sites with a saw in her hand and a hammer dangling from her belt.”
In Kokomo, Indiana, the Ku Klux Klan established a hospital to compete with that run by the Sisters of St. Joseph. One night, a dirty, ill man appeared in the Sisters’ emergency room. It turned out that he was a major benefactor of the Klan, and he was so taken with the Sisters’ care that he struck the Klan out of his will and gave the Sisters the resources to buy up the Klan hospital.
Catholic nuns were instrumental in the establishment of Alcoholics Anonymous and the Mayo Clinic. They were pioneers in the education of minorities. They set standards for health care and education that moved public officials to invite them to set up shop in their communities. Catholic nuns worked out the first sewer system in Joplin, Missouri. Yes, they did.
Of course, one cannot hear all of this without being moved to ask: What happened?
For it is inarguable that religious life in the United States has changed considerably since those heady, busy days. The numbers speak for themselves. In 1965, there were about 180,000 nuns in the United States. Today, it is estimated that there are around 75,000, and their average age is 69.
There are 6,000 Sisters of Mercy, which sounds pretty good — but only 240 of those women are under the age of 45.
The decline has been precipitous and Fialka offers a fair examination of the possible reasons, as well as a balanced look at the present situation, giving equal time to the mainstream voices, representing the large orders whose numbers are stagnating, and the dynamic newer orders who, for the most part have retained traditional modes of prayer, living arrangements and lifestyle.
For despite appearances, religious life in America is not dead yet. Catholic nuns are still all over the map, offering health care in places where lay doctors are scarce, tending to the hopelessly ill and educating the poor. Orders of various sizes are thriving — the Daughters of St. Paul with their extensive media ministry, the Nashville Dominicans with their educational ministry, and the Sisters of Life with their commitment to pro-life work.
Sisters give us sobering facts, but also gives us reasons for hope. The Spirit has worked powerfully through religious women in the past. It continues to do so today — certainly not with the numbers and visibility of the past — but powerfully, nonetheless, in places that the rest of us should be moved to seek out and support, aware of the gifts that religious women have — and still can — bring to the Church and a suffering world.
This article first appeared in Our Sunday Visitor and is reprinted here with permission of the author.
Amy Welborn is a columnist for Our Sunday Visitor and Catholic News Service and a regular contributor to the Living Faith quarterly devotional. You may purchase her books in our online store, by clicking here.
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A Peptic Ulcer is a sore in the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine. An ulcer is caused by an imbalance between the acids and enzymes that break down food in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The imbalance of digestive fluids leads to inflammation, deterioration of the protective mucus lining, and ulcer formation. A Gastric Ulcer refers to an ulcer that is located in the stomach. A Duodenal Ulcer is located in the first section of the small intestine. Some ulcers may not cause symptoms. Others may cause pain and bleeding. Ulcers are rarely life threatening. Treatments for ulcers include lifestyle changes, medications, and surgery.
When you eat, your tongue moves chewed food to the back of your throat. When you swallow, the food moves into the opening of the esophagus. Your esophagus is a tube that moves food from your throat to your stomach. Muscles in your esophagus wall slowly squeeze the food toward your stomach.
A ring of muscles located at the bottom of the esophagus is called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The LES opens to allow food to enter the stomach. The LES closes tightly after the food enters. This prevents stomach contents and acids from backing up into the esophagus.
Your stomach produces acids to break down food for digestion. Your stomach secretes mucus to protect its lining from the acids. Your stomach processes the food you eat into a liquid form. The processed liquid travels from your stomach to your small intestine.
The small intestine is a tube that is about 20-22 feet long and 1 ½ to 2 inches around. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine. It is a short C-shaped structure that extends off of the stomach. The jejunum and the ileum are the middle and final sections of the small intestine.
Your small intestine breaks down the liquid even further so that your body can absorb the nutrients from the food you ate. Your small intestine also has protection from irritating digestive acids. The remaining waste products from the small intestine travel to the large intestine.
Your large intestine, also called the large bowel, is a tube that is about 5 feet long and 3 or 4 inches around. The first part of the large intestine, the colon, absorbs water and nutrients from the waste products that come from the small intestine. As water is absorbed, the product becomes more solid and forms a stool. The stool moves through the large intestine and passes out of your body when you have a bowel movement.
Peptic Ulcer Disease is caused by an imbalance between acid and pepsin enzyme in the stomach and duodenum. The imbalance of digestive fluids causes inflammation, breakdown of the protective mucus lining, and leads to ulcer formation. A Gastric Ulcer is located in the stomach. A Duodenal Ulcer is located in the duodenum.
Most ulcers occur in the first layer of the stomach or intestinal lining. Some ulcers can penetrate through the intestine, creating a hole. This condition is called a Perforated Ulcer or Perforation of the Intestinal Lining.
Peptic Ulcer Disease occurs for several reasons. A bacterial infection from Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) can cause ulcers. They can be caused by the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDS) including aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and other prescription medications. Tumors produced by Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome can increase acid output and cause ulcers. People that breathe with a mechanical respirator have a risk for ulcers. Additionally, smoking, consuming alcohol, chronic gastritis, and increasing age contribute to ulcer formation.
Some ulcers may cause no symptoms at all. Symptoms can differ from person to person. You may experience a gnawing or burning pain in your stomach or upper abdomen. The pain may occur more frequently between meals or at night. The pain may even waken you at night. Your pain may get better or worse after eating a meal.
Ulcers can cause nausea, bloating, and heartburn. In severe cases, you may vomit blood or have blood in your stools from intestinal bleeding. Your stools may appear very dark or black if they contain blood. You may lose weight and feel tired all of the time.
Your doctor can diagnose peptic ulcer disease after reviewing your medical history and by conducting a physical examination. You should tell your doctor about your symptoms and risk factors. Your doctor may order blood tests, stool tests, and a test for H. pylori bacteria. Your doctor may also order tests, including a Barium Swallow or an Upper Gastrointestinal Intestinal (GI) Endoscopy, to help confirm the diagnosis.
An Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) Series or Barium Swallow provides a set of X-rays showing the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. Before the X-rays are taken, barium, a chalky substance, is swallowed. The barium provides a picture of the upper gastrointestinal structures on the X-ray images. A barium swallow is commonly used to determine the cause of pain, swallowing problems, blood stained vomit, and unexplained weight loss. A barium swallow is an outpatient procedure that does not require sedation or anesthesia.
An Upper Gastrointestinal Intestinal (GI) Endoscopy is a procedure that uses an endoscope to view the esophagus, stomach, and upper duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. This test is also called an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) or a gastroscopy. An endoscope is a long thin tube with a light and a viewing instrument that sends images to monitor. The endoscope allows a doctor to examine the inside of the upper gastrointestinal tract for ulcers, bleeding, tumors, polyps, diseases, and other abnormal conditions. A tissue sample or biopsy can be taken with the endoscope. This is frequently done to test for H. pylori bacteria. An endoscope is also used to treat bleeding. An upper GI endoscopy is an outpatient procedure. You will receive medication to relax you prior to the test.
Some ulcers may go away without formal treatment. Other ulcers can be corrected with lifestyle changes aimed at eliminating the cause of the ulcer. Such lifestyle changes include avoiding alcohol, cigarette smoking, caffeine products, aspirin, and NSAIDs. It can be helpful to eat several small meals throughout the day. Your doctor may prescribe medication to treat your ulcer. Medication types include antibiotics, acid blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and tissue lining protectors. Most ulcers heal with medication in about eight weeks. An Upper GI Endoscopy may be used to stop bleeding from ulcers. Perforated ulcers or severe bleeding may require surgery. A partial gastrectomy is a surgery that removes part of the stomach. A vagotomy is a surgery to cut the vagus nerve, the nerve that controls stomach acid production.
Ulcer recurrence is common. You can help prevent ulcers or recurrence by correcting the risk factors that you have control over. This includes avoiding aspirin, NSAIDs, smoking, and alcohol. If you experience the symptoms of an ulcer, call your doctor for prompt treatment.
Am I at Risk
Risk factors may increase your likelihood of developing ulcers. People with all of the risk factors may never develop the condition; however, the chance of developing an ulcer increases with the more risk factors you have. You should tell your doctor about your risk factors and discuss your concerns.
Risk factors for ulcers:
_____ The use of aspirin and NSAIDs can cause ulcers. _____ H. pylori bacterial infections can cause ulcers. _____ Chronic gastritis can contribute to ulcer formation. _____ Smoking cigarettes and using tobacco increase the likelihood of developing an ulcer. _____ Excessive consumption of alcohol increases the risk of ulcer. _____ The risk of ulcer development increases with age, especially after 50 years old. _____ People with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome may have excess acid from gastrinomas (tumors). _____ People that use a mechanical ventilator to breathe have an increased risk of ulcer formation. _____ A family history of ulcers is associated with an increased risk of developing ulcers. _____ People with Type O blood have an increased risk for ulcer formation. _____ People with liver, kidney, or lung disease are at risk for developing ulcers.
Research indicates that stress from home or work does not cause or worsen ulcers.
Complications are more likely to occur in people that do not seek treatment or follow their treatment plan. Serious complications from ulcers include internal bleeding, perforation, and bowel obstruction. Ulcers can be but are rarely life threatening.
You should call Emergency Services in your area if you experience sharp abdominal pain, fainting, excessive sweating, or confusion. You should also call Emergency Services if you vomit blood or have blood in your stools or if your abdomen is hard and tender to touch. Call your doctor if you experience dizziness, lightheadedness, or ulcer symptoms.
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How is it that in a nation of plenty so many children are nutritionally deprived?
Recent studies report that access to healthy food stores could be miles from those in need or they simply can’t afford to buy the nutritious foods that are available. Food choices are often based on budget-friendly options as an alternative to going hungry. There are movements on behalf of children to subsidized food costs, for families and at schools, for those who qualify. In addition, federal programs are in the works to further educate children on healthy eating habits though the schools. Although there have been positive results in recent years, improving child nutrition in the U.S. is still of critical importance.
Facts About Child Nutrition
To be effective, nutrition standards must encompass all food sold in schools. Establish national nutrition standards for all foods sold on the school campus throughout the day. While school meals must meet federal nutrition standards, foods sold individually outside the meal programs, such as those available in vending machines, are not required to meet comparable nutrition standards. Thus, students can purchase soft drinks, sports drinks, fruit drinks, salty snacks, candy, and high-fat baked goods throughout the school day.
-National Education Association (NEA)
Nutrition and the Health of Young People
Schools are in a unique position to promote healthy eating and help ensure appropriate food and nutrient intake among students. Schools provide students with opportunities to consume an array of foods and beverages throughout the school day and enable students to learn about and practice healthy eating behaviors. For example, as a healthy alternative to sugar-sweetened beverages, schools can provide students access to safe, free
Schools should ensure that only nutritious and appealing foods and beverages are provided in school cafeterias, vending machines, snack bars, school stores, and other venues that offer food and beverages to students. In addition, nutrition education should be part of a comprehensive school health education curriculum.
Center for Disease Control (CDC)
U.S. Kids Getting Fewer Daily Calories From Fast Food
But one-third still eating it every day, study finds
American children are getting fewer calories a day from fast food restaurants, but one-third still eat ready-to-go pizza, chicken and burgers on a daily basis, a new study finds.
Among kids aged 4 to 19, national health and nutrition surveys showed that average daily calorie consumption from fast food restaurants fell by 110 calories between 2003 and 2010, said study author Colin Rehm. Also, the percentage of kids consuming fast food on a given day dropped from nearly 39 percent to about 33 percent in the period, the McDonald’s-funded study found.
-MedLine Plus – U.S. National Library of Medicine
The Key to Keeping America’s Kids Nourished, Focused, and Healthy
Feeding America is calling on Congress to strengthen the federal nutrition safety net and invest in child nutrition programs.
The U.S. Congress will soon have an opportunity to demonstrate its commitment to the 16 million children in America today who live on the brink of hunger, according to the most recent statistics from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).
Congress will consider the Child Nutrition Reauthorization Act (CNR), which sets policy for programs that feed low-income children in school, out-of-school and at home, this year.
Solidifying strong federal support for nutrition assistance programs and augmenting services like nutrition education can help guarantee communities, families, seniors, and children across the country can access adequate nutrition to live active, healthy lives.
According to our study, -Hunger in America 2014,- the median monthly household income for those served through the Feeding America network is US$927. That includes individuals as well as families with multiple children. Living on such a tight budget requires families struggling with hunger to make very difficult choices and unfortunately for many families, this often means compromising on healthy food choices in an effort to stretch their overall budget. And the reality is, most of us, if put in that situation – where money is tight, time is limited, and the immense stress about whether my child will go to bed hungry – would make the same choices too.
Source: Michelle Marshall, MS, RD-Registered Dietitian and the Director of Nutrition at Feeding America.
Read entire article
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Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia available on the web. Although Wikipedia does employ algorithms to help identify and correct blatantly malicious edits, such as profanity; a new study has suggested that one should not trust Wikipedia blindly for every topic as entries on politically controversial scientific topics could be subjected to 'information sabotage'.
Study co-author Gene E. Likens, a distinguished research professor at the University of Connecticut, co-discovered acid rain in North America. She has monitored Wikipedia's acid rain entry since 2003. Likens said, "In the scientific community, acid rain is not a controversial topic. Its mechanics have been well understood for decades. Yet, despite having 'semi-protected' status to prevent anonymous changes, Wikipedia's acid rain entry receives near-daily edits, some of which result in egregious errors and a distortion of consensus science."
Likens partnered with Adam M. Wilson, a geographer at the University at Buffalo, to analyze Wikipedia edit histories for three politically controversial scientific topics (acid rain, evolution, and global warming), and four non-controversial scientific topics (the standard model in physics, helio-centrism, general relativity, and continental drift). Using nearly a decade of data, the researchers teased out daily edit rates, the mean size of edits (words added, deleted, or edited), and the mean number of page views per day.
Likens and Wilson found that while the edit rate of the acid rain article was less than the edit rate of the evolution and global warming articles, it was significantly higher than the non-controversial topics. The researchers said, "Across the board, politically controversial scientific topics were edited more heavily and viewed more often."
Wilson said, "Wikipedia's global warming entry sees two to three editing a day, with more than 100 words altered, while the standard model in physics has around 10 words changed every few weeks. The high rate of change observed in politically controversial scientific topics makes it difficult for experts to monitor their accuracy and contribute time-consuming corrections."
Likens said, "As society turns to Wikipedia for answers, students, educators, and citizens should understand its limitations when researching scientific topics that are politically charged."
The study has been published in PLOS ONE.
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DG2 Design and JEMA designed Clayton School District’s, Early Childhood Family Center’s Natural Playground Master Plan. The “playground” began as an outdoor space for nature-based curriculum, play and imagination. Eventually, the scope of the project expanded to include music and art, with areas for play and physical education, thereby creating a multi-curriculum based outdoor learning environment that is accessible to all. Opportunities for physical education are available throughout the playground in the form of tricycle paths, logs for jumping and balancing, and mounds and boulders for climbing.
Every element within the playground is designed to be multi-use and encourage firsthand interaction between the children and nature. The playground is divided into quadrants with a network of paths to connect each area. Along these paths are “nodes”, or gathering spaces with themed activities such as music, art and gardening. These spaces are meant to encourage children of all ages to exercise their imaginations and physical skills. Further, berms, hills, moguls and willow structures will create a powerful invitation to play.
June 25, 2016
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Math is an important subject in school and everyday life. It not only helps us understand and calculate numbers, but also helps us on logical thinking and referencing. Sometimes math can be boring. It is great if we can make math fun for kids, so they will enjoy learning this important subject. Luckily there are many fun math games available, be it online, or an app. How to choose math games for your kids? Here are some good math games we came across over the years. We put them into buckets by kids age and learning purpose, such as math facts practice, word problems.
Cool Math Games for Kids – 45 Math Game Apps for Kids
In general, math games for younger kids are more general in nature and cover a broad areas within math. Math games for older kids tend to focus on certain specific math skills. When appropriate, we break those apps into groups based on learning purpose, such as math facts practice, logical thinking.
Clicking on each app name will take you to a page with more information about that app. We hope this list of math games for kids is helpful.
Math Games for Preschool kids:
TeachMe Preschool, include subjects beyond math, with good math coverage
Zorbit’s Math Adventure : takes kids to space adventures while learning numbers, counting, shapes, and more
Math in Action : has 4 sections in the app: Sorting, Addition, Subtraction, and Transformation
Learn Math with Gozoa : learn fundamental math while playing games
Peg + Cat Big Gig : learn math while playing music
First Operation: based on Montessori principles
Intro to Math: introducing math concepts using Montessori principles
Learn Math with Beluga, common core aligned, starts with preschool, will add contents for elementary school and up
Jazzy 123 : learn math musically
iLearn Boing: Savannah Adventure : covers multiple early math areas with fun games
Lola’s Math Train : learn fundamental math via taking a train ride
Montessori Numbers : another Montessori math app helping kids learn about numbers
Dinosaur Train Classic in the Jurassic Jr. : great for young dinosaur fans
Little Digits – Finger Counting : count fingers on iPad – how fun!
Math Games for school age kids covering general math areas:
Montessori Math: Add and Subtract Large Numbers
Splash Math: also available on website that can be accessed on computer or app. Common core aligned.
Marble Math Jr : also test out fine motor skills and strategic thinking, designed for kids in Grade K-2
Marble Math : similar game play as Marble Math Jr, with math problems for kids in upper elementary school
iTooch Math: a series of apps with one app for each grade
TeachMe Grade1 to 3 : one app for each grade with good math coverage
Patterns by EdNinja : learn shapes, numbers, patterns
Mathemagics: mental math tricks
Lola’s Fruit Shop: Sudoku : learn to play Sudoku
Math Games for Math Fact Practice
Math Evolve : addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
Madagascar Math (Free): addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
Fetch Lunch Rush (Free): a scavenger hunt game, kids not only practice additions, but also get moving around
Bugsy’s Math Quest: multiplication and division facts
Bugsy in Math Kingdom: addition and subtraction facts
Addimals: single digit addition
Oh No Fraction (Free): fraction comparison
MultiFlow: practice multiplication
Baseball Multiplication : multiplication
Math Mathews: addition and subtraction
Bubble Math : addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
Math Vs. Zombies : addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
Speed: practice skip counting
Free the Balloon (Free): skip counting games
Math games teaching logical and critical thinking
Math Land (Free) for school age kids
A+ Click (Free) for kids from preschool to high school
Sushi Monster (Free): reversed math thinking on multiplication and addition
Bolt : build math equations with given numbers, can be played by multiple players simultaneously
Math Games embedded in stories and word math problems
Jack and the Beanstalk: for school age kids. Kids solve math problems to move the story forward.
iLiveMath series: a series of apps focusing on different subjects, and kids solve math problems related to real life subjects
Mystery Math Town : solve mysteries with math problems
Wild Kratts Creature Math: solve math problem while learn about wild animals
Hope this is helpful for your finding the right math game app for your child. If you like more hands-on activities to help kids learn math and related subjects, like science engineer and technology, check out STEAM Kids. It is an eBook written by a group educators and engineers with well designed STEAM (Science Technology Engineer Art Math) activities for kids. There are 52 activities in the book, one for each week of the year. Each activity has extension ideas for kids who are interested to learn more. The material lists and shopping lists are very helpful when you plan the activities. The step by step guides make it easier for parents and teachers.
This list collects best apps and tools for math practice. For math learning, please visit Best Math Learning Tools for Kids.
You may also like to check out these 9 free math websites offering free math practice for kids
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The Medina of Tunis
Its narrow alleys combined with mosques courtyards’ breadth and madrasas, their Ottoman minarets and ancient souks earned in 1979 to the medina of Tunis joining the Heritage of UNESCO.
Tynes was once an insignificant place which not even would deserve to be called a village. Here the Roman general Regulus camped during his campaign along the First Punic War against the city of Cartago. Both Carthaginians and Romans preferred to settle on the hill of Byrsa: Cartago. Were Arabs who in the seventh century, led by Hassan Ibn Noonan, chose Tynes plain beside Sebkhet Sejumi salt lake, where they opened a channel to open it to the Mediterranean. After snatching Carthage from the Byzantines they began to build the new city of Tunis where the Hafsids made its capital in the thirteenth century, the Turks fortified giving it walls and erected many mosques and palaces, and the French, during the years of the Protectorate, between 1881 and 1956, drained part of the marshes outside the walls to build an expansion which is known as Ville Nouvelle.
The new city and the medina join in the Place de la Victoire, a large open space where Bab al Bahar opens to the seaside. The name comes from the sea, the salty lake waters that almost reached the walls. Bab el Bahar had been the gateway to the medina, a gateway rebuilt by the French.
Jemaa Zaytuna street links the door to the Great Mosque, built in the eighth century, among other elements with 184 Roman columns which come from the ruins of old Carthage. It is the largest and most important but not the only one in the Medina, the Kasbah is where the citadel was situated next to the Western Wall. The Kasbah was destroyed during the 1811 riots. Now there are in addition to the mosque, its minaret, the tallest in the city, and some wall fragments. Hammouda Pacha mosque with a distinctive octagonal minaret and Sidi Youssef with its minaret topped by a lookout protected by a wooden cover, denote a marked Turkish reminiscence.
Around the Grand Mosque swirl three madrasa, the Koranic schools built in the eighteenth century during the rule of the dynasty of Hussain: the Palm tree, Bechia and Slimania. There are also around the National Library constructed in a former military cantonment, or Tourbet Aziza, the Mausoleum of Aziza, Othman Bey daughter who died in 1669 and Dar el Bey, former palace of the Turkish governors where other buildings and government offices are today concentrated.
But undoubtedly the main attraction lies in the myriad of stores that spread around the Grand Mosque in the old souks. The shops are crowded next to each other as if they need some warmth, their goods get to hang from the ceilings looking for a place where to be show off. Alternate with small cafes that sometimes have hookahs available to customers prepared with scented tobacco flavours and ready to be lighted on.
The souks group same specialty stores that reflect each market name. Souk al Attarine is the big market of essences, aromas and perfumes, henna , incense, candle wax and herbalists. Souk el Berka was the old market where on wood planks were shown to be sold slaves captured by privateers. In Souk al Trouk are carpets, fabrics and the tailors necessary to transform them into garments. On Bechamkia there’s no shortage of slippers or shoes and the Souk des Libraires where Tunisian and international literature are found.
Among the narrow streets of the medina, on some doors, it is easy to observe painted tiles depicting the inverted hand of Fatima, daughter of the Prophet. The Hand of Fatima has become a popular protective talisman. His five fingers symbolize the five pillars of Islam: Shahada, Salat, Zakat, Ramadan and Hajj, i.e., the profession of faith, prayer, almsgiving, fasting and pilgrimage to Mecca. They also represent the five daily prayers: fahar, zuhar, asr, maghrib and isha.
Across Bab el Bahar starts the Avenue of France which after Independence Square becomes the Avenue Habib Burghiba. It is the main axis of the Ville Nouvelle, the new city French took from the sea by draining a portion of the neighbouring marshes. The development of new neighbourhoods coincided with the heyday of Art Nouveau, Modernism in Europe. So many examples have been built even mixed with other examples of Art Deco and hybrids with the own lines of Islamic architecture. In France Avenue, next to restaurants and cafes that emulate those of the Parisian boulevards, there are the National Theatre, the Majestic Hotel, the Central Post Office or the Cathedral of Saint Paul, the latter built in 1882 on an old Catholic cemetery. The cathedral combines Gothic, Byzantine and Arab styles. Between its twin towers there’s a mosaic image of Christ dominating the entrance .
Halfaouine is a vibrant neighbourhood located north of the medina, it knew better days in its beginnings when wealthy families preferred it to the medina. Those days are gone and now Halfauine is a popular neighbourhood known because there was built the last great mosque, Ettabaa Sahab, just before the French protectorate was declared. Halfauine was immortalized in 1990 by Tunisian director Ferid Boughedir who six years later would shoot the film Un été a La Goulette, both about the recurring theme of the discovery of sexuality in the adolescence.
La Goulette is the maritime district of Tunis, ten kilometres from the medina and across the strip of land that was built on the salt lake and where now the tram runs. The people of the city flock to La Goulette to eat fish in any of its many restaurants or just stroll along the beach. There are still the walls of a Spanish fortress that the Turks bring down and rise again. It is Karrak Bordj. Was used as a jail for prisoners captured by pirates and then carried to the Berka Souk to be sold as slaves. Today in Souk el Berka slaves are not sold anymore, just stuffed giraffes abound.
Beyond Cartago, the charming village of Sidi Bou Said has become one more city neighbourhood. A Sufi holy man gave its own name when he returned from pilgrimage to Mecca and settled there. The town was until then known by the name of Jabal Minar.
In the early twentieth century Sidi Bou Said attracted European artists and intellectuals. Simone de Beauvoir, André Gide, Jean -Paul Sartre, Paul Klee... arrived delighted by the brightness of the place. Its cobblestone and shining streets and houses with layers whitewashed annually. Its wooden doors painted in an intense light blue and framed with horseshoe arches and andalusian plasters . In 1922 Baron Rodolphe d' Erlanger was charmed by the place and Tunisian music. He built a mansion with magnificent sea views, that here play with the bright hue of the doors. Is Dar Ennejma Ezzahra and now houses the Centre for Arab and Mediterranean Music .
Huge bougainvillea, colourful geraniums and aromatic jasmine embrace on every street the walls of the houses. In the floral confluence of rue Habib Thameur with Hedi Zarrouk the Café des Nattes closely guarded in its walls the portraits of those who once sat at the tables, those avant-garde that became fashionable in the roaring Twenties.
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by John Charlton
(Nov. 25, 2009) — It is often asked whether the usurpation of the presidency by Barack Hussein Obama will ever have a remedy in the courts. But the fact is that there already is a remedy in the courts: the ruling of the Supreme Court of the United States in Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 1 Cranch 137 137 (1803).
That case was the first to expressly indicate that no action of Congress was valid if it contravened the Constitution. Since the U.S. Constitution requires that a President be a natural born citizen; and since the Supreme Court has in 4 cases used the term “natural born citizen” only in reference to one born in the U.S.A. of parents who were citizens at the time of his birth, it follows inexorably that Obama’s election as president by the Joint Session of Congress, on January 8, 2009, is null and void. Against this legal conclusion there is no argument.
Here is the crucial text of the Supreme Court’s decision in Marbury v. Madison.
The question whether an act repugnant to the Constitution can become the law of the land is a question deeply interesting to the United States, but, happily, not of an intricacy proportioned to its interest. It seems only necessary to recognise certain principles, supposed to have been long and well established, to decide it.
That the people have an original right to establish for their future government such principles as, in their opinion, shall most conduce to their own happiness is the basis on which the whole American fabric has been erected. The exercise of this original right is a very great exertion; nor can it nor ought it to be frequently repeated. The principles, therefore, so established are deemed fundamental. And as the authority from which they proceed, is supreme, and can seldom act, they are designed to be permanent.
This original and supreme will organizes the government and assigns to different departments their respective powers. It may either stop here or establish certain limits not to be transcended by those departments.
The Government of the United States is of the latter description. The powers of the Legislature are defined and limited; and that those limits may not be mistaken or forgotten, the Constitution is written. To what purpose are powers limited, and to what purpose is that limitation committed to writing, if these limits may at any time be passed by those intended to be restrained? The distinction between a government with limited and unlimited powers is abolished if those limits do not confine the persons on whom they are imposed, and if acts prohibited and acts allowed are of equal obligation. It is a proposition too plain to be contested that the Constitution controls any legislative act repugnant to it, or that the Legislature may alter the Constitution by an ordinary act.
Between these alternatives there is no middle ground. The Constitution is either a superior, paramount law, unchangeable by ordinary means, or it is on a level with ordinary legislative acts, and, like other acts, is alterable when the legislature shall please to alter it.
If the former part of the alternative be true, then a legislative act contrary to the Constitution is not law; if the latter part be true, then written Constitutions are absurd attempts on the part of the people to limit a power in its own nature illimitable.
Certainly all those who have framed written Constitutions contemplate them as forming the fundamental and paramount law of the nation, and consequently the theory of every such government must be that an act of the Legislature repugnant to the Constitution is void.
This theory is essentially attached to a written Constitution, and is consequently to be considered by this Court as one of the fundamental principles of our society. It is not, therefore, to be lost sight of in the further consideration of this subject.
If an act of the Legislature repugnant to the Constitution is void, does it, notwithstanding its invalidity, bind the Courts and oblige them to give it effect? Or, in other words, though it be not law, does it constitute a rule as operative as if it was a law? This would be to overthrow in fact what was established in theory, and would seem, at first view, an absurdity too gross to be insisted on. It shall, however, receive a more attentive consideration.
It is emphatically the province and duty of the Judicial Department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases must, of necessity, expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the Courts must decide on the operation of each.
So, if a law be in opposition to the Constitution, if both the law and the Constitution apply to a particular case, so that the Court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the Constitution, or conformably to the Constitution, disregarding the law, the Court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty.
If, then, the Courts are to regard the Constitution, and the Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the Legislature, the Constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply.
Those, then, who controvert the principle that the Constitution is to be considered in court as a paramount law are reduced to the necessity of maintaining that courts must close their eyes on the Constitution, and see only the law.
This doctrine would subvert the very foundation of all written Constitutions. It would declare that an act which, according to the principles and theory of our government, is entirely void, is yet, in practice, completely obligatory. It would declare that, if the Legislature shall do what is expressly forbidden, such act, notwithstanding the express prohibition, is in reality effectual. It would be giving to the Legislature a practical and real omnipotence with the same breath which professes to restrict their powers within narrow limits. It is prescribing limits, and declaring that those limits may be passed at pleasure.
That it thus reduces to nothing what we have deemed the greatest improvement on political institutions — a written Constitution, would of itself be sufficient, in America where written Constitutions have been viewed with so much reverence, for rejecting the construction. But the peculiar expressions of the Constitution of the United States furnish additional arguments in favour of its rejection.
Could it be the intention of those who gave this power to say that, in using it, the Constitution should not be looked into? That a case arising under the Constitution should be decided without examining the instrument under which it arises?
This is too extravagant to be maintained.
In some cases then, the Constitution must be looked into by the judges. And if they can open it at all, what part of it are they forbidden to read or to obey?
There are many other parts of the Constitution which serve to illustrate this subject.
It is declared that “no tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State.” Suppose a duty on the export of cotton, of tobacco, or of flour, and a suit instituted to recover it. Ought judgment to be rendered in such a case? ought the judges to close their eyes on the Constitution, and only see the law?
The Constitution declares that “no bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.”
If, however, such a bill should be passed and a person should be prosecuted under it, must the Court condemn to death those victims whom the Constitution endeavours to preserve?
“No person,’ says the Constitution, ’shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.”
Here. the language of the Constitution is addressed especially to the Courts. It prescribes, directly for them, a rule of evidence not to be departed from. If the Legislature should change that rule, and declare one witness, or a confession out of court, sufficient for conviction, must the constitutional principle yield to the legislative act?
From these and many other selections which might be made, it is apparent that the framers of the Constitution contemplated that instrument as a rule for the government of courts, as well as of the Legislature.
Why otherwise does it direct the judges to take an oath to support it? This oath certainly applies in an especial manner to their conduct in their official character. How immoral to impose it on them if they were to be used as the instruments, and the knowing instruments, for violating what they swear to support!
The oath of office, too, imposed by the Legislature, is completely demonstrative of the legislative opinion on this subject. It is in these words:
“I do solemnly swear that I will administer justice without respect to persons, and do equal right to the poor and to the rich; and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge all the duties incumbent on me as according to the best of my abilities and understanding, agreeably to the Constitution and laws of the United States.”
Why does a judge swear to discharge his duties agreeably to the Constitution of the United States if that Constitution forms no rule for his government? if it is closed upon him and cannot be inspected by him?
If such be the real state of things, this is worse than solemn mockery. To prescribe or to take this oath becomes equally a crime.
It is also not entirely unworthy of observation that, in declaring what shall be the supreme law of the land, the Constitution itself is first mentioned, and not the laws of the United States generally, but those only which shall be made in pursuance of the Constitution, have that rank.
Thus, the particular phraseology of the Constitution of the United States confirms and strengthens the principle, supposed to be essential to all written Constitutions, that a law repugnant to the Constitution is void, and that courts, as well as other departments, are bound by that instrument.
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Project and research about wearable designs for extreme weather
Research sketches (CreativeCommons license) and text by Frits Ahlefeldt, Hiking.org
Researching and sketching up ideas for rain protection and better rain gear for the hikers of tomorrow with inspiration from traditional sustainable clothing designs throughout history
Humans have been wearing clothes for a long time, Venus figures around 25.000 years old are dressed and other evidence suggest that we have been covering our bodies with hides, felt and leaves for much longer, maybe 170.000 years or even longer.
Traditional rain gear examples
Humans have dressed in 100% natural and sustainable clothing for thousands of years, but local traditions and clothing cultures has differed widely, depending on available materials and climate etc. Here are a few examples of clothing that provided our ancestor hikers protection against rain:
The Kepenek is made from wool (felt) and is one of the traditional weather protection used for countless generations. The Kepenek is a simple but very flexible dress / poncho used by shepherds. It can be worn in many ways, even for sleeping, and has strong natural water repellent and self-cleaning qualities
Japanese Straw rain protection
A simple way to keep the rain out is making a blanket of straw, it can be woven in different ways and are known from cultures from all over the world. Here is an Japanese example of a traditional “raincoat” . It will both work when standing, sitting and kneeling (ex. as when collecting food )
Traditional woven hemp rain cover
More advanced traditional rain gear use hemp, wool or other materials that can be woven into dresses with either simple or advanced patterns and designs
From traditional to future designs
Looking at the traditional rain gear designs I think they might prove inspirational for new designs, both in the way they protect against the rain. But at least as much in the way most of them are easy to repair, can be made of sustainable materials and will recycle and become part of nature when worn out.
Rain clothes for hikers of tomorrow
Next I have looked at some modern rain clothes and ways to protect against the weather that might become the next thing for hikers.
When researching rain gear, many different kinds of aerodynamic umbrellas, ponchos with windows etc. came up. The tent – poncho combination is one of the designs that many has experimented making new rain-weather protection garment upon, here is an example:
Poncho – tent combination for hiking
The yellow tent to wear is mentioned in a lot of places, but nobody seem to know exactly where this idea originally come from… some indicate it might be from Japan.
Red dot award inflatable rain jacket
The inflatable rain-jacket sleeping bag is another hybrid combination for weather protection, that can be used both as a jacket, a mattress or a sleeping bag (with mattress) Designed by Lin Tsui-Wei
JakPak combined jacket and sleeping bag… and tent
The Jakpak jacket is said to have started out as an emergency jacket, that could be turned into an life-saving emergency shelter if weather conditions suddenly changed to the very worse. But the idea / design was so popular that it was produced for ultra-light hikers and others too. (at least around 2011)
The Nubrella Umbrella
The Nubrella is a hand-free alternative to an classic umbrella. I like the way hikers could possible / maybe attach it to their full size expedition hiking backpack (as I have sketched it – but I haven’t seen it used like this ) The designer and inventor of the Nubrella: Alan Kaufman, has made a Youtube video where he demonstrates the design in strong wind… ( https://youtu.be/YefOQG7zQ-4 )
The Nubrella idea combined with a jacket sketch
This would properly not work, but I like the idea of it, of a full body rain cover for rainy and extreme weather for hikers… so I had to try to sketch it up, just to wonder about it… 🙂
Other future raincoat designs:
But there are many other possible ways to go for designing rain gear for hikers, one of the inspiring projects I have come across so far, is a design that look a bit… maybe like Japanese Origami, the design is by Veasyble – and when I saw it I wondered if using materials in this direction might be something people could use one day as protection against elements
Different main kinds of rain protection – and hybrids
Most hikers wear a classic rain coat and trousers and a backpack rain cover, that’s what all the huge brands produce with different membranes of all kinds of nano, layers, technologies… but the overall look hasn’t changed much in resent years… slightly different zippers, coatings, laminated seams etc. But maybe we could jump and go crazy… and look at very different solutions. The experts predict the weather will be much different and more extreme in the future – maybe it is the right time to design rain gear that can match this possible future.
Gallery with all Research drawings:
Text and research drawings by Frits Ahlefeldt
Project version October-5 2015, ( Project might be updated with new / more information at a later date )
All Research drawings are made by Frits Ahlefeldt, and a free to download and use under Creative Commons license By-NC-ND
The designs and prototypes mentioned are owned by the companies mentioned / linked to, whenever I could find them
Please let me know if there is something to be corrected etc.
Underneath are links to some of the research places I have used in this project – so far.
Research links so far:
Early human clothing article: TodayIfoundOut.com
Huarache Blog: article about traditional straw rain gear (Mexico and other places )
Dezeen Magasine (article with new rain inspired designs)
Senz Elongated storm umbrella: Senz.com
Google search wearable tent (a lot of strange, funny and interesting designs )
skapya.com (poncho that folds into pocket backpack )
Sixmoondesigns.com (poncho that can become a tent )
Jakpak jacket, sleeping bag and tent design: Detailed review of jakpak on Backpackinglight.com
Youtube Video Jakpak rain jacket that folds into a tent:
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Quick Cricket is a game of cricket that can be played in one period in a Japanese Junior high school.
- Two teams, batting in pairs.
- 8 balls per over
- One pair of batters bats for 1 over. Repeat a second innings if time permits.
- Dismissal is minus 5 runs.
- The same bowler can not bowl in two consecutive overs.
- Multiple bowlers can be used in one over.
- No ball or wide will be a 1 run penalty
- Hitting the walls gives the batsmen a bonus (in addition to any physical runs scored):
- +1 for hitting the wall
- +1 for hitting the back wall (the back half of the field)
- +1 on the full
- Caught (can be caught off the wall)
- Run out (+stumped)
Explaining the rulesEdit
Cool name(s) for this activity:
Show video of Cricket. They don't have to understand, they just have to get an idea of how cricket is played. First explain that this is called "Soft Cricket" or "Rubber Cricket." This is similar in convention to "Soft Tennis" and "Rubber Baseball" that they should be familiar with. Ie, modified rules for ease and safety.
Relate the rules to baseball so they have a base understanding. Use this for bowling, batting, running and fielding.
- Catcher = Wicket keeper
- Fielders = Fielders
- Pitcher = Bowler
- Batter = Batsman
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In the news today, Prof David Burghes of Plymouth University’s Centre for Innovation in Mathematics Teaching, has argued that the draft primary mathematics curriculum for England should be more demanding. He claims that all children should know their tables up to 10 and be introduced to basic algebra. One other claims Prof Burghes made is that primary teachers need better maths skills and more should be taking AS and A level mathematics. The story can be found here: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-22892927
While I would hate to criticise someone who works for my own university, I feel that there are some important factors not being considered here.
One of the things that I think Prof Burghes has missed is that algebra can and has been taught in primary schools relatively young already. In fact last year, I taught a class of Year 1 children. While I was teaching addition and subtraction, I used questions with numbers missing, for example: 1 + ( ) = 11. While I did not explicitly mention that this is algebra, we can all see that it is.
Prof Burghes said that the government’s maths curriculum was “on the right track” but said that learning multiplication tables earlier, along with an early introduction of the concepts behind algebra and probability, would help put pupils in England on a par with countries such as Finland, Japan and Singapore, where standards are higher. At the moment these concepts are introduced by the time they leave primary school, which is allowing children to learn other concepts. The abstract nature of algebra will be confusing to younger children who are still developing their understanding of basic mathematics.
I feel that this proposal is pushing too much onto children too early. Not everyone is a higher ability child in maths at that age. It also has the potential to make the gap between the lower ability and higher ability even wider than it can be in a classroom. This could completely demotivate children, which would mean the children’s attitudes towards mathematics will largely be negative. In a time where maths is seen as ‘the elephant in the classroom’ for some children, this is not going to help.
The last claim was that Primary teachers should be taking AS and A level maths. This slightly annoys me, as not a lot of the current A level mathematics is relevant to primary school teaching. I personally only found Statistics to be any real relevance to any primary mathematics I have seen or taught in the past, and seen as Statistics is a small part of the primary curriculum, getting a load of teachers taking it will make very little difference. Also the subject knowledge of maths is taught as part of the teaching degree. It also appears in the QTS skills test, so what difference realistically is doing an A level going to achieve? I don’t see much there.
What do you think? Has Prof Burghes got a point, or has he missed the point? Comment your thoughts.
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The switch works by regulating the activity of a handful of sleep-promoting nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain. The neurons fire when we’re tired and need sleep, and dampen down when we’re fully rested.
Scientists identify the switch that says it’s time to sleep
- 20 February 2014
The switch in the brain that sends us off to sleep has been identified by researchers at Oxford University’s Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour in a study in fruit flies.
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PlayPower is a non-profit group bringing affordable educational computer games to children worldwide. The games, given away for free, are designed for 8-bit TV-Computers. These devices include a keyboard, mouse, and game controllers, and hook up to TVs; they are purchasable for US $10-12 in many countries.
The learning games teach topics such as English, math, typing, critical thinking, programming, and grammar. One game designed with India in mind lets players become the Hindu deity Hanuman, and fight his enemies by typing the correct English word within the time limit. Another, “Malaria: A Call to Action,” raises disease awareness as players kill mosquitoes and earn anti-malarial mosquito nets with points.
PlayPower, lead by Derek Lomas, a Carnegie Mellon graduate student, especially targets “emerging middle classes of developing countries,” who cannot afford even $100 computers. In India, typing skills can raise earning power from $1/day to $1/hour and increase life prospects. A secondary goal of the games is to spark new interests and prompt children to aspire for white-collar jobs.
PlayPower also creates tools to facilitate making software for the TV-Computers, and offers educational game design workshops in many countries.
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Food is a cornerstone of our lives. Not only is food necessary for keeping us alive, sharing a meal with other people is one way we connect and build relationships. Understanding how our nutrition needs change over time is critical to staying healthy.
Aging impacts the food we eat.
As we age, we generally need fewer calories. As a result, we need to ensure the foods we consume are nutrient rich. Please see the chart below for details. Please note the table below should only be used as a guide. Height and weight also influence the number of calories we need. To find out how many calories you need each day, visit MyPlate’s Daily Food Plan Calculator.
|Activity Level||Women (aged 51+)||Men (aged 51+)|
|Sedentary (not active)||1,600||2,000|
|Moderately Active||1,800||2,200 to 2,400|
|Active||2,000 to 2,200||2,400 to 2,800|
Please note that activity level determines the calories we need to consume to remain healthy.
- Sedentary refers to a lifestyle that includes only the physical activity of daily living.
- Moderately Active refers to a lifestyle that includes physical activity equivalent to walking about 1.5 to 3 miles per day at 3-4 miles per hour, in addition to physical activity of daily living.
- Active refers to a lifestyle that includes physical activity equivalent to walking more than 3 miles per day at 3-4 miles per hour, in addition to physical activity of daily living.
Aging increases our risk of developing chronic health conditions.
What are chronic health conditions? They are lifelong conditions that are generally progressive like diabetes, heart disease, cancer, arthritis, and respiratory problems like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Chronic health conditions cannot be cured, only controlled or managed. Successful controlling or managing a chronic health condition can often be done by creating a health care plan with your providers. The plan may include taking medication, healthy eating, physical or occupational therapy, exercise, or complementary treatments such as meditation.
Why self-management matters: If you are one of the 80% of older adults who have a chronic health condition, it is important to learn how to manage your condition for a better quality of life. Stanford University’s Chronic Disease Self-Management Program, known locally as Better Choices, Better Health® SD are community workshops held six-weeks, 1 day/week for 2 ½ hours. BCBH workshops have been proven to help adults better manage their chronic conditions, improve their quality of life, and lower their health care costs. For more information about BCBH workshops, visit Better Choices Better Health.
- Changes to the Body that Impact Nutrition
- Basic Nutrition Over 50
- Passing Down Family Recipes
- Natural Doesn’t Mean Safe
- Food and Drug Interactions
- Salt Alternatives
- Older Adults and Food Poisoning
Healthy Food Options
- Cooking for 1 or 2
- Healthful Whole Grains
- Fiber and Your Health
- Fresh May Not Always Be Best
- Quinoa: Just Add Water!
- Yogurt: A Healthy Gut is a Happy Gut
- Foods for Healthy Vision
- Ancient Grains: Kamut & Farro
- Pumpkins: Plump Full of Nutrition
- Ch-Ch-Ch Chia Seeds
- Beef is a Nutrition Powerhouse
- Cooking With Herbs
- Holiday Eating Plan
- Less Sugar, More Holiday Fun
- The Calories We Need Change Over Time
- Freezer Meals for Busy Days
Chronic Disease and Nutrition
- Better Choices, Better Health ® SD – chronic disease self-management program
- Diabetes: Exercise is Medicine
- Probiotics and Prebiotics: Improving your digestive health
- Chronic Constipation
- Understanding Diet and Inflammation
Resources and Tools
- Farmer’s Markets: Shop With Your Senses
- Supplements: Who Needs Them & How to Choose Them
- Reasons to Visit a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN)
- Health & Wellness Resources for Adults
- Tips for Fast Wound Healing
- Quick Guide to Food Label Claims
- How to Read a Food Label
For further reading on older adult nutrition and wellness, you may refer to the National Institute of Health - Senior Health pages, which will provide a variety of information.
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The Hebrew month of Tishri encompasses the High Holidays, a period filled with high hopes for blessing and renewal. The month begins with Rosh Hashanah, the Day of Judgment for mankind: "In the seventh month, on the first day of the month… a sacred occasion commemorated with loud blasts [of the ram's horn]" (Leviticus 23:24). This is followed by ten days of prayer and repentance culminating on Yom Kippur (the Day of Atonement), after which come seven days of sitting in sukkot (booths), commemorating that period in the lives of our forefathers when they wandered for 40 years in the desert.
As is the case with most biblically ordained festivals, the historical importance of Sukkot goes hand in hand with the significance of the seasonal agricultural reality in the Land of Israel. Sukkot marks the time of the year when the Israelite farmer gathered in the last of the year's harvest: "On the fifteenth day of the seventh month, when you have gathered the fruits of the land, you shall celebrate the festival to the Lord…you will dwell in booths for seven days…so that your future generations may know that I gave the children of Israel booths in which to dwell, when I brought them out of the land of Egypt" (Leviticus 23:39-43).
An integral aspect of the holiday of Sukkot are the Four Species: "… you will take the fruit of a goodly tree, date palm fronds, and boughs of a leafy tree, and willows of the brook, and you shall rejoice before the Lord your God seven days" (Leviticus 23:40). The Sages of the Talmud determined that because its branches are densely covered with leaves year round, the myrtle (Myrtus communis) is the "leafy tree" in the verse.
The myrtle grows wild in the north of Israel – the Carmel, the Galilee and the Golan Heights. Currently there are 49 known sites where wild myrtles grow in Israel, most of which are outside of the national nature reserves. Due to the yearly over-harvesting of myrtle branches in the weeks before Sukkot, the wild myrtle is inכ danger of extinction and has been placed on Israel's Red List of endangered plant species. Cultivated myrtle varieties are grown commercially not only for the Sukkot "four species" market, but also for sale as ornamental plants in gardens and as protective hedges along roadsides. There is serious concern that the hybridization of the cultivated strain with the wild strain may lead to the complete disappearance of the wild myrtle.
In summer, myrtles blossom with many white flowers, each of which produces an abundance of stamens, which in autumn produce blackish, berry-like fruit, resembling small blueberries. The berries are edible, although seldom eaten, but they are especially enjoyed by birds. The fruit and flower closely resemble other members of the myrtle (Myrtaceae) family commonly found in Australia, which includes the eucalyptus, the guava, the pitanga (Surinam cherry) and the feijoa. The myrtle is the only member of this family that grows wild in Israel.
The myrtle generally grows as a bush, but if left untended it can reach a tree height of 4.5-5 meters (14-15 feet). Many traditions associated with the myrtle in Judaism and in other cultures are drawn from the plant's botanical characteristics – the leaves are branched and thick. The small leaves, which totally cover the woody branches, grow in opposing pairs on either side of each branch. They are leathery and stiff to the touch, covered with a waxy cuticle that protects the leaves primarily from water loss due to evaporation. All of this gives the myrtle a thick, dense, vibrant appearance, green and refreshing year-round. Additionally, the plant is endowed with pleasant-smelling essential (volatile) oil. Hold up a myrtle leave up to sunlight, and you will see bright dots spread throughout the leaf – these are the oil glands that produce the lovely fragrance you enjoy when you crush a myrtle leaf between your fingers. On a practical botanical level, this fragrant oil protects the myrtle from pests and helps to further reduce its evaporation rate. Its delightful fragrance and refreshing vitality transformed the common myrtle into a symbol from ancient times.
In Jewish tradition, the myrtle accompanies a person from birth to death. In many Jewish communities, myrtles are used to decorate the bed in which a baby is born, the cushion used at the brit milah (circumcision), or the ceremony of Pidyon HaBen1 . The myrtle is brought as part of the blessing for a bar mitzvah, at weddings, and laid on the bed of the deceased, as a sign of purity as well as symbolic protection against "Sitra Achra"2. Over the course of the year, myrtles are often used at the end of Shabbat for Havdalah, as well as for blessing a new home or opening a new business as a symbol of hoped-for success.
In determining that the myrtle is the "leafy tree" of the Four Species of Sukkot commanded in the book of Leviticus, our Sages were not satisfied with the short, small branches with opposing leaves characteristic of the wild myrtle. They determined that to be ritually acceptable (kosher), the myrtle branches must be 3 tefachim (= handbreadths; a handbreadth is approximately 3-4 inches long), with three leaves growing from each node along the length of the branch (called the "triple" myrtle).
In order to force the myrtle bushes to produce these kosher branches with three-leaved nodes, several months before Sukkot, myrtle dealers ruthlessly prune the bushes or set them on fire. Amazingly, the myrtle reacts to this abusive treatment by growing out even stronger, producing branches with many three-leafed joints, and within a matter of months more than replacing what was so violently destroyed. This ability of the myrtle to flourish in adversity isreminiscent of t he biblical description of the Israelites in Egypt: "the more they (the Egyptians) oppressed them (the Children of Israel), the more they multiplied and flourished" (Exodus 1:12).
It is therefore not surprising that the myrtle and the Four Species of Sukkot are connected to the idea of survival and renewal of the Jewish people.
For example, the biblical heroine Esther, whose intelligence and resourcefulness saved the Jewish people from destruction, had a Hebrew name, Hadassah, which is Hebrew for myrtle, "And he (Mordechai) raised Hadassah, that is, Esther, his uncle's daughter" (Esther 2:7).
With the Return to Zion from the Babylonian exile, Nehemiah commanded the Jews to "Go to the mountain and bring olive branches, and branches of the oil tree, and myrtle branches, and palm branches, and branches of leafy trees, to make booths (sukkot), as it is written" (Nehemiah 8:15).
Even in times of great military adversity and privation during the Bar Kochba Revolt (12-135 CE), Bar Kochba made certain that the commandment to build sukkot could be observed by the fighters, and he sent soldiers to provide the four species for the Sukkot festival: "And you shall send others from among you to bring myrtles and willows and to install them.3"
With a new year upon us, our hope is that we as a people can exhibit the same growth and renewal we see in the myrtle, and that we will have the strength and vitality to overcome the challenges that lie before us. We will strive to preserve the traditions of our forefathers that bind us to the Land of Israel and to its landscapes, to the plants and vistas of Israel that have shaped who we are. As Nogah Hareuveni, founder of Neot Kedumim, wrote, "With our return [to the Land of Israel] to renew our lives here, we must be especially vigilant to uncover the treasures of the past and accept the great heritage bequeathed to us by our forefathers through the plants of Israel, many of which survived in the land, awaiting our return. In this way we will be able to continue to build the culture of our flora…4"
1"Redemption of the first born son," the Jewish ceremony in which the firstborn son is redeemed from priestly obligations by a Kohen (a member of the priestly class).
2An Aramaic expression meaning "the Other Side", referring to evil entities, such as Satan.
3Based upon Yigal Yadin's translation from Aramaic of the Bar Kochva letters discovered in caves at Wadi Murabba`at and Nahal Hever.
4Nogah Hareuveni "The Flora of Ramat Gan" from "Ramat Gan at 25" (1946), p. 264
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National Water Policy 2012
It's main emphasis is to treat water as ECONOMIC GOOD which the ministry claims to promote its conservation and efficient use.
Features of National Water Policy:
- To ensure access to a minimum quantity of potable water for essential health and hygiene to all citizens, available within easy reach of the household.
- To curtail subsidy to agricultural electricity users.
- To keep aside a portion of the river flow to meet the ecological needs and to ensure that the low and high flow releases correspond in time closely to the natural flow regime.
- To give statutory powers to Water Users Associations to maintain the distribution system.
- Project benefited families to bear part of the cost of resettlement & rehabilitation of project affected families.
- To remove the large disparity between stipulations for water supply in urban areas and in rural areas.
- To support a National Water Framework Law.
Major Provisions Under this policy are:
- Envisages to establish a standardized national information system with a network of data banks and data bases.
- Resource planning and recycling for providing maximum availability.
- To give importance to the impact of projects on human settlements and environment.
- Guidelines for the safety of storage dams and other water-related structures.
- Regulate exploitation of groundwater.
- Setting water allocation priorities in the following order: Drinking water, Irrigation, Hydropower, Navigation, Industrial and other uses.
- The water rates for surface water and ground water should be rationalized with due regard to the interests of small and marginal farmers.
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Wrath of the Righteous
Cailleach Sova, The Owl Hag, The Midnight Star, Nyrna of Sarkoris
In Slavic mythology the Zorya (alternately, Zarya, Zory, Zore = “dawn”; Zvezda, Zwezda, Danica = “star”) are the three (sometimes two) guardian goddesses, known as the Auroras. They guard and watch over the doomsday hound, Simargl, who is chained to the star Polaris in the constellation Ursa Minor, the “little bear”. If the chain ever breaks, the hound will devour the constellation and the universe will end. The Zorya represent the Morning Star, Evening Star, and Midnight Star, respectively,1 although the Midnight Star is sometimes omitted. As a trio, they are sometimes associated with the Triple Goddess mythic archetype, representing the maiden, mother and crone.
The Zorya serve the sun god Dažbog, who in some myths is described as their father. Zorya Utrennyaya, the Morning Star, opens the gates to his palace every morning for the sun-chariot’s departure. At dusk, Zorya Vechernyaya—the Evening Star—closes the palace gates once more after his return. Zorya Polunochnaya, the Midnight Star, holds the dying sun in her arms until he is restored to life the following morning. The three goddesses are also associated with marriage, protection, and exorcisms.
The home of the Zorya was sometimes said to be on Bouyan (or Buyan), an oceanic island paradise where the Sun dwelt along with his attendants, the North, West and East winds.2
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On a recent trip to Ghana we visited Cape coast Elmina castle. The stories we heard about slavery and the brave women who fought for black freedom really touched us. We felt it is very important for us to remember and also educate our children and future generations about these powerful women in history. It was this trip that inspired us to create Nana dolls.
Nana means Queen or King in West Africa , Ghana. We wanted to teach the younger generation this important history whilst also having fun. There were many strong courageous women from all over Africa who helped to fight for freedom. Amongst those are four who have inspired Nana dolls. Yaa Asantewaa from Ghana, Mbuya Nehanda from Zimbabwe, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti from Nigeria and Miriam Makeba from South Africa. Each doll’s character is inspired by one of these historical Queens.
We hope you will enjoy playing with these Queens with your children, and join us on this fun trip as we all learn about their strong characters and ultimate bravery.
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Hydrogeologic framework of the Michigan Basin regional aquifer system
Professional Paper 1418
- David B. Westjohn and T.L. Weaver
Mississippian and younger geologic units form a regional system of aquifers and confining units in the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The area of the regional aquifer system is about 22,000 square miles. The aquifer system consists of three bedrock aquifers, which are separated by confining units. Bedrock aquifers and confining units are overlain by surficial glaciofluvial aquifers, which are complexly intercalated with confining beds composed of glacial till and fine-grained lacustrine deposits.
Geophysical and geologic logs were used to characterize the hydrogeologic framework of this regional aquifer system and to delineate and map boundaries of aquifers and confining units. Geophysical logs and water-quality data were used to delineate the base of freshwater within the aquifer system and to determine geologic controls on the distribution of freshwater in the aquifer-system units.
Pleistocene glaciofluvial deposits are the largest reservoir of fresh ground water in the mapped region, and the thickness of this aquifer unit exceeds 900 feet in some areas. The Saginaw aquifer, the composite of sandstones of Pennsylvanian age, typically ranges in thickness from 100 to 350 feet in areas where this unit is used for water supply. In the western part of the aquifer system, the Saginaw aquifer is separated from glacial deposits by 100 to 150 feet of Jurassic "red beds." "Red beds" are a confining unit, and the Saginaw aquifer contains saline water where it is overlain by these deposits. The Saginaw confining unit, which is principally shale, separates the Saginaw aquifer from the underlying Parma-Bayport aquifer. Thickness of the Saginaw confining unit is about 50 feet in the eastern and the southern parts of the aquifer system, about 100 feet in the north, and 100 to 250 feet in the west. The Parma-Bayport aquifer, which consists mostly of permeable sandstones and carbonates, is 100 to 150 feet thick in most areas. The ParmaBayport aquifer contains freshwater only in subcrop areas where it is in direct hydraulic connection with glacial deposits. Dissolved-solids concentration of ground water increases down regional dip in the ParmaBayport aquifer, and saline water or brine is present in this aquifer where it is overlain by the Saginaw confining unit.
The Michigan confining unit, which is about 300 to 400 feet thick in most of the area mapped, is primarily interbedded shale, carbonate, and evaporite. This confining unit overlies the Marshall aquifer, which consists of one or more stratigraphically continuous sandstones of Mississippian age. Composite thickness of blanket sandstones that form the Marshall aquifer is typically 75 to 200 feet. Freshwater is present in the Marshall aquifer only in areas where it is a subcrop beneath glacial deposits. Dissolved-solids concentration of ground water in the Marshall aquifer increases down regional dip, and saline water or brine is present in this unit where it underlies beds of the Michigan confining unit. The Mississippian Coldwater Shale forms the base of the regional aquifer system.
Relief on the base of freshwater is about 600 feet. Altitudes of the base of freshwater are low (200 to 400 feet) along a 30- to 45-mile-wide north-south-trending corridor near the center of the aquifer system. The trend of this corridor corresponds to an area where thickness of the Saginaw aquifer ranges from 100 to 370 feet. In isolated areas in the northern and the western parts of the aquifer system, the altitude of the base of freshwater is below 400 feet; however, the altitude is above 400 feet in most of the mapped area. In the southern and the northern parts of the aquifer system, where the Saginaw aquifer is thin or absent, altitudes of the base of freshwater range from 700 to 800 feet and from 500 to 700 feet, respectively.
Geologic controls on the distribution of freshwater in the regional aquifer system are (1) direct hydraulic connection between sandstone aquifers and freshwater-bearing, permeable glacial deposits; (2) impedance of upward discharge of saline water from sandstones by lodgment tills with very low permeability; (3) impedance of recharge of freshwater to bedrock (or discharge of saline water from bedrock) by very low permeability Jurassic "red beds"; and (4) the presence of units characterized by very low vertical-hydraulic-conductivity, which are within and between sandstone units.
Additional publication details
- Publication type:
- Publication Subtype:
- USGS Numbered Series
- Hydrogeologic framework of the Michigan Basin regional aquifer system
- Series title:
- Professional Paper
- Series number:
- Year Published:
- U.S. Geological Survey
- Publisher location:
- Denver, CO
- Contributing office(s):
- Michigan Water Science Center
- vi, 45 p.
- United States
- Other Geospatial:
- Michigan Basin
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It is perhaps surprising to learn that the Roman Empire is only around the 28th largest in history. It punches above its weight in terms of influence. Its sheer physical size shouldn’t be underestimated, however. It grew to around 1.93 million square miles, containing about 21% of the world’s population (by an estimate) at its greatest extent in the early second century.
Rome: Village That Became an Empire
In the 6th century BC Rome was subservient to the Etruscans, part of a Latin League of city states that operated as loose federation, cooperating on some matters, independent on others.
By the end of the next century, Rome was flexing its muscles, fighting its first wars against its Etruscan neighbours and cementing their dominance over their former allies in the Latin War of 340 – 338 BC.
From central Italy the Romans expanded north and south, defeating the Samnites (290 BC) and Greek settlers (the Pyrrhic War 280 – 275 BC) in the South to take control of the Italian peninsular.
Roman Victory in Africa and the East
In southern Italy, they butted up against another great power, Carthage, a city in modern Tunisia. The two powers first fought in Sicily, and by 146 BC Rome had utterly defeated their great maritime rival and added large parts of North Africa and all of modern Spain to their territory.
With Carthage swept aside, there was no credible rival for Mediterranean power and Rome expanded to the east, greedily acquiring land in Greece, Egypt, Syria and Macedonia. By the time of the defeat of the Achaean League in 146 BC, Roman territory was so large the growing empire (then still a republic) initiated a system of provinces with military governors.
The Conquests of Caesar and Beyond
Julius Caesar took Roman power to the north, conquering Gaul (roughly modern France, Belgium and parts of Switzerland) by 52 BC in the wars that gave him the popular reputation to seize power for himself. He also explored further expansion into modern Germany and over the English Channel to Britain. Caesar is a fine example of a Roman general expanding the Empire’s territories for his own personal (and largely financial) gain.
The first Emperor Augustus pushed on into Germania, drawing back to a border along the Rhine and Danube after a disastrous defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD.
The Empire at Its Height
Emperor Trajan (ruled 98 – 117 AD) was Rome’s most expansionist ruler, his death marking the high water mark of Rome’s size.
He campaigned against Dacia (modern Romania and Moldova, and parts of Bulgaria, Serbia, Hungary, and Ukraine), adding most of it to the Empire by 106 AD.
He also made conquests in Arabia and took on the Parthian Empire to add Armenia, Mesopotamia and Babylon to the Empire, while pushing on towards modern Iran, the Parthians’ power base. Roman writers were starting to dream of conquering India.
Trajan fell ill and died in 117 AD, doing what had come so naturally to him, fighting. The Roman Empire would both add and lose territories over the centuries to its final collapse around 476 AD, but would never match the extent of Trajan’s conquests, when it was possible to travel from the north of England to the Persian Gulf without leaving Roman territory.
What Made Rome Expand?
Why Rome was so successful at conquest and what drove it to expand from so early in its history and for so long is an interesting question with complex and inconclusive answers. Those answers might include everything from early population growth to the birth of a very military society; a belief in Roman superiority to economics and urbanisation.
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MYTHS OF GLOBAL WARMING
Global Warming is a much publicised subject currently concerning many people. A United Nations summit in Kyoto Japan last December addressed this so-called threat to mankind. The President of the United States has committed himself to finalizing a treaty that would impose legally binding, internationally enforceable limits on the production of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide (CO2). That decision was based on the belief that global warming is significant, that humans are its primary cause and that only immediate government action can avert disaster. It is now stated that President Clinton will use Executive Privilege to implement the United Nations environmental agenda.
There is no scientific consensus that global warming is a problem, or that humans are its cause. Even if current predictions of global warming are correct, delaying drastic government actions by up to 25 years will make little difference to global temperature 100 years from now. Proposed treaty restrictions would produce little environmental good but great economic harm. In contrast, postponing action until we have sound evidence that human activity is causing global warming, and better technology to mitigate the problem, makes environmental and economical good sense.
Much proposed environmental policy is based on myths. Let's look at the four most common.
Myth #1: Scientists Agree the Earth is Warming. While ground-level temperature measurements suggest the earth has warmed between 0.3 and 0.6 degrees Celsius since 1850, global satellite data, the most reliable of all climate measurements, shows no evidence of warming during the past 18 years.
Even if earth's temperature has increased slightly, the increase is well within the natural range of known temperature variation over the last several thousand years. Indeed, the earth experienced greater warming between the 10th and 15th centuries a time when vineyards thrived in England and Vikings colonised Greenland and built settlements in Canada.
Myth #2: Humans Are Causing Global Warming. Scientists do not agree that human activity measurably affects global climate. The evidence supporting this theory is weak. Most scientific experts directly concerned with climate thoroughly reject the theory.
A Gallup poll found that only 17 percent of the members of the Meteorological Society and the American Geophysical Society think that the warming of the 20th century has been a result of greenhouse gas emissions principally CO2 from burning fossil fuels.
Only 13 percent of the scientists responding to a survey conducted by the environmental organization Greenpeace believe catastrophic climate change will result from continuing current patterns of energy use. More than 100 noted scientists, including the former president of the National Academy of Sciences, signed a letter declaring that costly actions to reduce greenhouse gases are NOT justified by the best available evidence. While atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased by 28 percent over the past 150 years, human-generated carbon dioxide could have played only a small part in any warming, since most of the warming occurred prior to 1940 before most human-caused carbon dioxide emissions.
Myth #3: The Government Must Act Now to Halt Global Warming. Underlying this myth is the belief that the consequences of inaction could be catastrophic, and prudence demands immediate government action.
However, a 1995 analysis by proponents of global warming theory concluded that the world's governments can delay acting up to 25 years with no measurable disadvantage to the environment. T.M.L. Wigley, R. Richels and J.A. Edmonds followed the common scientific assumption that a realistic goal for global warming policy would be to stabilize the concentration of atmospheric CO2 at approximately twice preindustrial levels, or 550 parts per million by volume. Given that economic growth will continue with a concomitant rise in greenhouse gas emissions, the scientists agreed that stabilization at this level is environmentally sound as well as politically and economically feasible. They concluded:-
In short, policymakers need not act in haste and ignorance. The government has time to gather more data, and industry has time to devise new ways of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
- Governments can cut emissions to approximately 9 billion tons per year now, or wait until 2020 and cut emissions by 12 billion tons per year.
- Either scenario would result in the desired CO2 concentration of 550 parts per million.
- Delaying action until 2020 would yield an insignificant temperature rise of 0.2 degrees Celsius by 2100.
Myth # 4: Human-Caused Global Warming Will Cause Cataclysmic Environmental Problems. Proponents of the theory of human-caused global warming argue that it is causing and will continue to cause all manner of environmental catastrophes, including higher ocean levels and increased hurricane activity. Reputable scientists, including those working on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the United Nations organization created to study the causes and effects of global climate warming, reject these beliefs.
Sea levels are rising around the globe, though not uniformly. In fact, sea levels have been rising for thousands of years far predating any possible human impact.
Periodic media reports link human-caused climate changes to more frequent tropical cyclones or more intense hurricanes. Tropical storms depend on warm ocean surface temperatures (at least 26 degrees Celsius) and an unlimited supply of moisture. Therefore, they reason, global warming leads to increased ocean surface temperatures, a greater uptake of moisture and destructive hurricanes. But recent data shows no increase in the number or severity of tropical storms, and the latest climate models suggest earlier models making such connections were simplistic and inaccurate.
Since the 1940s the National Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory has documented a decrease in both the intensity and number of hurricanes. From 1991 through 1995, relatively few hurricanes occurred, even the unusually intense 1995 hurricane season did not reverse the downward trend. The 1996 IPCC report on climate change found a worldwide significant increase in tropical storms unlikely; some regions may experience increased activity while others will see fewer, less severe storms. Since factors other than ocean temperature such as wind speeds at various altitudes seem to play a larger role than scientists previously understood, most agree that any regional changes in hurricane activity will continue to occur against a backdrop of large yearly natural variations.
What about other effects of warming? If a slight atmospheric warming occurred, it would primarily affect nighttime temperatures, lessening the number of frosty nights and extending the growing season. Thus some scientists think a global warming trend would be an agricultural boon. Moreover, historically warm periods have been the most conducive to life. Earth's plant life once thrived in a much warmer, carbon dioxide-filled atmosphere.
Taking all the evidence into account, it is clear there is local warming, but overall, the planet has cooled over the past twenty years. The claimed 'global warming' is not due to mankind but to volcanoes and other natural phenomena. It is estimated that humans have contributed about two percent to some local warming and many scientists are now exposing the myths of global warming. So rather than legislating in haste and ignorance then repenting at leisure, governments should maintain rational policies, based on scientific fact and new technologies. And they would do so were it not for the hidden agenda underlying the myth of global warming.
See Sydney Morning Herald Report "When It Comes to Global Warming, Just Cool It".
The powers that be are using this myth in the Hegelian Dialectic.THESIS (initial problem) ANTITHESIS (opposition to the problem) SYNTHESIS (solution to the problem)
The process will result in the loss of freedom, "after all we need controls for our own protection". Control through consensus.
References:- The True State of the Planet, edited by Ron Bailey (1995); Science Under Siege, Michael Fumento (1993); National Center for Policy Analysis Report on Environment Policy, H. Sterling Burnett green.htm
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The concept of nursing originated from “wet-nursing” (providing care) that took place in many parts of the world up until the end of the 15th century. It wasn’t until the 16th century that the terms nursing or nurses were extended to include the care and nurturing of anyone who needed care or help with an injury or ailment.
The Birth of Formal Nursing
In was during the 16th century and after that Catholic nuns in Europe started responding to the sick and hurt with varying levels of care through charity hospitals and small medical care facilities. Initially, ruling Protestant reformers rejected the notion that God would give favor to those who provided this kind of care, eventually closing down hospitals wherever they would appear. The battle over the issue would continue in many parts of Europe, particularly in England and Germany, until well into the 19th century.
Based on scripture, the first Deaconess hospital was opened in Germany around the mid-1800s. Up until the early 1900s, more hospitals began springing up all over Europe and into the Americas. These hospitals were typically run by nuns and/or volunteers who would enlist the services of doctors to come in to provide advanced care while the nurses would take of the non-life threatening illnesses and ailments. It was during this time that Florence Nightingale began to develop what would become the traditional modern nurse.
As the number of hospitals continued to grow, they became profit centers where churches, administrators and investors would come in and run the facilities while allowing the nurses and doctors to provide the necessary care and treatment. Initially, nurses were mostly referred to as deaconesses, of which there were as many as 70,000-75,000 worldwide by the middle of the 20th century.
The Effects of Modern Medicine
As advancements in medicine brought better treatments and care to patients in the 1900s, the nursing profession was subjected to stricter requirements related to education and experience. Without the proper education, women and men who wanted to serve as nurses were relegated to being assistants, orderlies or “Candy-Strippers.” Today, it’s not uncommon for people to pursue a Master of Science in Nursing in order to earn the opportunity to work in some of the world’s finest hospitals.
As nurses have obtained higher levels of experience working closely with doctors and surgeons, the nursing industry has become a vital part of the healthcare industry and very well respected throughout the world.
The article was written by Kara Masterson, a freelance writer hailing from Utah, United States.
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This article tries to summarize why ploop is needed, and why is it a better technology.
First of all, a few facts about the pre-ploop era technologies and their limitations.
As you are probably aware, a container file system was just a directory on the host, which a new container was chroot()-ed into. Although it seems like a good and natural idea, there are a number of limitations.
- Since containers are living on one same file system, they all share common properties of that file system (its type, block size, and other options). That means we cannot configure the above properties on a per-container basis.
- One such property that deserves a special item in this list is file system journal. While journal is a good thing to have, because it helps to maintain file system integrity and improve reboot times (by eliminating fsck in many cases), it is also a bottleneck for containers. If one container will fill up in-memory journal (with lots of small operations leading to file metadata updates, e.g. file truncates), all the other containers I/O will block waiting for the journal to be written to disk. In some extreme cases we saw up to 15 seconds of such blockage [but can be easily fixed using journal_async_commit in mount options].
- Since many containers share the same file system with limited space, in order to limit containers disk space we had to develop per-directory disk quotas (i.e. vzquota).
- Since many containers share the same file system, and the number of inodes on a file system is limited [but can be increased in fs creation], vzquota should also be able to limit inodes on a per container (per directory) basis.
- In order for in-container (aka second-level) disk quota (i.e. standard per-user and per-group UNIX dist quota) to work, we had to provide a dummy file system called simfs. Its sole purpose is to have a superblock which is needed for disk quota to work.
- When doing a live migration without some sort of shared storage (like NAS or SAN), we sync the files to a destination system using rsync, which does the exact copy of all files, except that their i-node numbers on disk will change. If there are some apps that rely on files' i-node numbers being constant (which is normally the case), those apps are not surviving the migration
- Finally, a container backup or snapshot is harder to do because there is a lot of small files that need to be copied.
In order to address the above problems and ultimately make a world a better place, we decided to implement a container-in-a-file technology, not different from what various VM products are using, but working as effectively as all the other container bits and pieces in OpenVZ.
The main idea of ploop is to have an image file, use it as a block device, and create and use a file system on that device. Some readers will recognize that this is exactly what Linux loop device does! Right, the only thing is loop device is very inefficient (say, using it leads to double caching of data in memory) and its functionality is very limited.
Ploop implementation in the kernel have a modular and layered design. The top layer is the main ploop module, which provides a virtual block device to be used for CT filesystem.
The middle layer is the format module, which does translation of block device block numbers into image file block numbers. A simple format module which is called "raw" is doing trivial 1:1 translation, same as existing loop device. More sophisticated format module is keeping the translation table and is able to dynamically grow and shrink the image file. That means, if you create a container with 2GB of disk space, the image file size will not be 2GB, but less -- the size of the actual data stored in the container.
It is also possible to support other image formats by writing other ploop format modules, such as the one for QCOW2 (used by QEMU and KVM).
The bottom layer is the I/O module. Currently modules for direct I/O on an ext4 device, and for NFS are available. There are plans to also have a generic VFS module, which will be able to store images on any decent file system, but that needs an efficient direct I/O implementation in the VFS layer which is still being worked on.
Write tracker is a feature of ploop that is designed for live migration. When write tracker is turned on, the kernel memorizes a list of modified data blocks. This list then can be used to efficiently migrate a ploop device to a different physical server, with minimal container downtime. User-space support for this is implemented in ploop copy tool and is used by vzmigrate utility.
The idea is to do iterative migration of an image file, in the following way:
- Turn write tracker feature on. Now the kernel will keep track of ploop image blocks being modified.
- Copy all blocks of a ploop image file to a destination system.
- Ask write tracker which blocks were modified.
- Copy only these blocks.
- Repeat steps 3 and 4 until number of blocks is not decreasing.
- Freeze the container processes and repeat steps 3 and 4 last time.
See Effective live migration with ploop write tracker blog post for more details.
With ploop, one can instantly create file system snapshots. Snapshots are described in ploop snapshots and backups blog post.
- File system journal is not bottleneck anymore [if you are not using journal_async_commit mount option yet]
- Large-size image files I/O instead of lots of small-size files I/O on management operations
- Disk space quota can be implemented based on virtual device sizes; no need for per-directory quotas
- Number of inodes doesn't have to be limited because this is not a shared resource anymore (each CT has its own file system) [but these file systems yet have their own inodes limit]
- Live backup is easy and consistent
- Live migration is reliable and efficient
- Different containers may use file systems of different types and properties
- [Potential] support for QCOW2 and other image formats
- Support for different storage types
- Boot delays in each container after some restarts or in system crashs due the multiple forced FSCKs when using ext3/4 file systems
- Container's starts fails when FSCK find several inconsistencies in FS needing manual intervention
- Increased risks of unrecoverable errors due container crashes
- Greatly increased risks of unrecoverable errors when used over a NFS due network instabilities
- Extra IO use when shrinking a PLOOP due block re-alocation [varies due FS fragmentation]
- Slight poor performance due additional PLOOP layers
- Needs a manually defrag and compact operations to recover hardnode free space wasted by allocated and no-more used blocks in each container
- Additional space wasted due the additional FS metadata and format
- No support for hardnode bind mounts to other disks (like backups) [can be workarounded using "loopback" NFS-like solutions to hardnode but looses some performance]
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Thomas Edison is one of the biggest inventors in world history. The things he invented are the main stone of modern world now. Main inventory category of Edison is mass communication and also she invented for electric category. He always loved the teamwork and it’s accepting that first serious modern research laboratory is invented by him. He’s now one of the most patent owned men in the history. How many things Thomas Edison invented?
Thomas Edison is holding now 1,093 patents in various countries. One of his famous invent is phonograph. He invented phonograph or record player as other name while he was on the work of inventing telegraph. After he invented the record feature, he recorded a message “Mary had a little lamb.”
His other famous development is light bulb. He didn’t invite it but developed this old idea with a great new idea. Current electricity and a small carbonized filament’s combination created the light bulb.
He is also famous for “War of Currents” in the history. Event’s main conflict is sending electricity to far places more securely. Edison was promoting Direct current and George Westinghouse was promoting Alternative current. Edison made some advertisement that “DC is too dangerous for living creatures”. But AC was only usable in a small area close to electricity distribution area. At last DC won the war because it was cheaper and easy to send electricity to far away areas.
He also invited Fluoroscopy, Kinetoscope and more in a short life period.
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Saladin, Salah ad-Din, or Salahuddin al Ayyubi (so-lah-hood-din al-aye-yu-be) (c. 1138 – March 4, 1193), was a twelfth century Kurdish Muslim general and warrior from Tikrit, in present-day, northern Iraq. He founded the Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for the Northern Mountains), Iraq, Mecca Hejaz, and Diyar Bakr. Saladin is renowned in both the Muslim and Christian worlds for leadership and military prowess, tempered by his chivalry and merciful nature during his war against the Crusaders. In relation to his Christian contemporaries, his character was exemplary, to an extent that propagated stories of his exploits back to the West, incorporating both myth and facts.
Salah ad-Din is an honorific title which translates to "The Righteousness of the Faith" from Arabic. Saladin is also regarded as a Waliullah, which means the friend of God to the Sunni Muslims.
Known as the great opponent of the Crusaders, Saladin was a Muslim warrior and Ayyubid sultan of Egypt. Of Kurdish ancestry from Mesopotamia, Saladin lived for ten years in Damascus in the court of Nur ad-Din, where he studied Sunni theology. Later, Saladin went with his uncle, Shirkuh, a lieutenant of Nur ad-Din, on campaigns (1164, 1167, 1168) against the Fatimid rulers of Egypt. Shirkuh became vizier in Egypt, and on his death (1169) was succeeded by Saladin, who later caused the name of the Shiite Fatimid caliph to be excluded from the Friday prayer, thus excluding him from the ruling hierarchy.
With Saladin now a major force, Nur ad-Din planned to campaign against his increasingly powerful subordinate, but after his death, Saladin declared himself sultan of Egypt, thus beginning the Ayyubid dynasty. He conquered the lands westward on the northern shores of Africa as far as Qabis. Saladin also conquered Yemen, took over Damascus, and began conquests of Syria and Palestine. By this time, he had already begun fighting the Crusaders, causing the rulers of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem into fighting from a defensive position. He was unsuccessful in his efforts to conquer the Assassins in their mountain strongholds, but he conquered Mosul, Aleppo, and broad lands from rival Muslim rulers. In doing so, Saladin became Islam’s greatest warrior.
Saladin formed a large Muslim army to fight the Christians. In the famous battle of Hattin (near Tiberius) in 1187, he won a stunning victory, capturing Guy of Lusignan and Reginald of Chatillon. The city of Jerusalem also fell to Saladin, causing the Third Crusade to gather (1189) and come to the Holy Land to try to recover Christendom’s holy city. It was during this campaign that Richard I of England and Saladin met in conflict, establishing a mutual chivalric admiration between the two worthy opponents that became the subject of European legend and lore.
The Crusaders, however, failed in taking back Jerusalem and succeeded only in capturing the fortress of Akko. In 1192 under the Peace of Ramla, Saladin came to an agreement with Richard, leaving Jerusalem in Muslim hands and the Latin Kingdom in possession of only a strip along the coast from Tyre to Joppa. Although Saladin accepted the major concession of allowing Christian pilgrims to enter Jerusalem, the Christians were never to recover from their defeat. Saladin died on March 4, 1193 at Damascus, not long after Richard's departure. His mausoleum there is a major attraction.
Saladin was born in 1138 into a Kurdish family in Tikrit and was sent to Damascus to finish his education. His father, Najm ad-Din Ayyub, was governor of Baalbek. For ten years Saladin lived in Damascus and studied Sunni Theology, at the court of the Syrian ruler Nur ad-Din (Nureddin). He received an initial military education under the command of his uncle Shirkuh, Nur ad-Din's lieutenant, who was representing Nur ad-Din in campaigns against a faction of the Fatimid caliphate of Egypt in the 1160s. Saladin eventually replaced his uncle as vizier of Egypt in 1169.
There, he inherited a difficult role defending Egypt against the incursions of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, under Amalric I. His position was tenuous at first. No one expected him to last long in Egypt, where there had been many changes of government in previous years due to competing viziers fighting over the power to rule on behalf of a long line of child caliphs. As the Sunni leader of a foreign army from Syria, Saladin also had little control over the Shi'ite Egyptian army, which was led in the name of the now otherwise powerless Fatimid caliph Al-Adid.
When the caliph died in September 1171, Saladin had the imams, at sermon before Friday prayers, declare the name of Al-Mustadi—the Abbassid Sunni caliph in Baghdad—in Al-Adid's place. The imams thus recognized a new caliphate line. Now Saladin ruled Egypt, officially as the representative of Nur ad-Din, who recognized the Abbassid caliph.
Saladin revitalized the economy of Egypt, reorganized the military forces and stayed away from any conflicts with Nur ad-Din, his formal lord. He waited until Nur ad-Din's death before starting serious military actions: at first against smaller Muslim states, then against the Crusaders.
With Nur ad-Din's death (1174), Saladin assumed the title of sultan in Egypt. There he declared independence from the Seljuks, and he proved to be the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty and restored Sunnism in Egypt. He extended his territory westwards in the maghreb, and when his uncle was sent up the Nile to pacify some resistance of the former Fatimid supporters, he continued on down the Red Sea to conquer Yemen.
On two occasions, in 1171 and 1173, Saladin retreated from an invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. These had been launched by Nur ad-Din, technically Saladin's commander. Saladin apparently hoped that the Crusader kingdom would remain intact as a buffer state between Egypt and Syria, until he could gain control of Syria as well. Nur ad-Din and Saladin were headed towards open war on these counts when Nur ad-Din died in 1174. Nur ad-Din's heir as-Salih Ismail al-Malik was a mere boy, in the hands of court eunuchs, and died in 1181.
Immediately after Nur ad-Din's death, Saladin marched on Damascus and was welcomed into the city. He reinforced his legitimacy there in the time-honored way—by marrying Nur ad-Din's widow. However, Aleppo and Mosul, the two other largest cities that Nur ad-Din had ruled, were never taken. Saladin managed to impose his influence and authority on them in 1176 and 1186, respectively. While he was occupied in besieging Aleppo, on May 22, 1176, the elite, shadowy, assassin group "Hashshashins" attempted to murder him.
While Saladin was consolidating his power in Syria, he usually left the Crusader kingdom alone, although he was generally victorious whenever he did meet the Crusaders in battle. One exception was the Battle of Montgisard on November 25, 1177. He was defeated by the combined forces of Baldwin IV of Jerusalem, Raynald of Chatillon, and the Knights Templar. Only one tenth of his army made it back to Egypt.
A truce was declared between Saladin and the Crusader States in 1178. Saladin spent the subsequent year recovering from his defeat and rebuilding his army, renewing his attacks in 1179 when he defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Jacob's Ford. Crusader counter-attacks provoked further responses by Saladin. Raynald of Chatillon, in particular, harassed Muslim trading and pilgrimage routes with a fleet on the Red Sea, a water route that Saladin needed to keep open. Raynald threatened to attack the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. In retaliation, Saladin besieged Kerak, Raynald's fortress in Oultrejordain, in 1183 and 1184. Raynald responded by looting a caravan of Muslim Hajj pilgrims in 1185.
In July of 1187, Saladin captured the Kingdom of Jerusalem. On July 4, 1187, he faced at the Battle of Hattin the combined forces of Guy of Lusignan, King consort of Jerusalem, and Raymond III of Tripoli. In the battle alone the Crusader army was largely annihilated by the motivated army of Saladin in what was a major disaster for the Crusaders and a turning point in the history of the Crusades. Saladin captured Raynald de Chatillon and was personally responsible for his execution. (According to the chronicle of Ernoul, Raynald had captured Saladin's supposed sister in a raid on a caravan, although this is not attested to in Muslim sources. According to these sources, Saladin never had a sister, but only mentioned the term when referring to a fellow Muslim who was female.)
Guy of Lusignan was also captured, but his life was spared. Two days after the Battle of Hattin, Saladin ordered the execution of all prisoners of the military monastic orders by beheading. According to the account of Imad al-Din, Saladin watched the executions “with a glad face.” The execution of prisoners at Hattin was not the first by Saladin. On August 29, 1179, he had captured the castle at Bait al-Ahazon where approximately 700 prisoners were taken and executed.
Soon, Saladin had taken back almost every Crusader city. When he recaptured Jerusalem on October 2, 1187, he ended 88 years of Crusader rule. Saladin initially was unwilling to grant terms of quarter to the occupants of Jerusalem until Balian of Ibelin threatened to kill every Muslim in the city (estimated between 3,000 to 5,000) and to destroy Islam’s holy shrines of the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque if quarter was not given. Saladin consulted his council, and these terms were accepted. Ransom was to be paid for each Frank in the city whether man, woman, or child. Although Saladin allowed some to leave without paying the required amount for ransom, according to Imad al-Din, approximately 7,000 men and 8,000 women were taken into slavery.
Only Tyre held out. The city was now commanded by the formidable Conrad of Montferrat. He strengthened Tyre's defenses and withstood two sieges by Saladin. In 1188, Saladin released Guy of Lusignan and returned him to his wife Queen regnant Sibylla of Jerusalem. Both rulers were allowed to seek refuge at Tyre, but were turned away by Conrad, who did not recognize Guy as King. Guy then set about besieging Acre.
The defeat at the battle of Hattin and the fall of Jerusalem prompted the Third Crusade, financed in England by a special "Saladin tithe." This Crusade took back Acre, and Saladin's army met King Richard I of England at the Battle of Arsuf on September 7, 1191, where Saladin was defeated. Saladin's relationship with Richard was one of chivalrous mutual respect as well as military rivalry. Both were celebrated in courtly romances. When Richard was wounded, Saladin offered the services of his personal physician. At Arsuf, when Richard lost his horse, Saladin sent him two replacements. Saladin also sent him fresh fruit and snow to keep his drinks cold. Richard, in his turn, suggested to Saladin that his sister marry Saladin's brother—and Jerusalem could be their wedding gift.
The two came to an agreement over Jerusalem in the Treaty of Ramla in 1192, whereby the city would remain in Muslim hands, but would be open to Christian pilgrimages. The treaty reduced the Latin Kingdom to a strip along the coast from Tyre to Jaffa.
Saladin died on March 4, 1193, at Damascus, not long after Richard's departure.
Saladin is buried in a mausoleum in the garden outside the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria, and is a popular attraction. Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany donated a new marble sarcophagus to the mausoleum. Saladin was, however, not placed in it. Instead the mausoleum now has two sarcophagi: one empty in marble and one in wood containing the body of Saladin.
Despite his fierce struggle to the Christian incursion, Saladin achieved a great reputation in Europe as a chivalrous knight, so much so that there existed by the fourteenth century an epic poem about his exploits, and Dante included him among the virtuous pagan souls in Limbo. The noble Saladin appears in a sympathetic light in Sir Walter Scott's The Talisman (1825). Despite the Crusaders' acts of slaughter when they originally conquered Jerusalem in 1099, Saladin granted amnesty and free passage to all Catholics and even to the defeated Christian army, as long as they were able to pay the aforementioned ransom. Greek Orthodox Christians were treated even better, because they often opposed the western Crusaders.
The name Salah ad-Din means "Righteousness of Faith," and through the ages Saladin has been an inspiration for Muslims in many respects. Modern Muslim rulers have sought to capitalize on the reputation of Saladin. A governorate centered around Tikrit in modern Iraq, Salah ad Din, is named after Saladin, as is Salahaddin University in Arbil.
Few structures associated with Saladin survive within modern cities. Saladin first fortified the Citadel of Cairo (1175-1183), which had been a domed pleasure pavilion with a fine view in more peaceful times. Among the forts he built was Qalaat Al-Gindi, a mountaintop fortress and caravanserai in the Sinai. The fortress overlooks a large wadi which was the convergence of several caravan routes that linked Egypt and the Middle East. Inside the structure are a number of large vaulted rooms hewn out of rock, including the remains of shops and a water cistern. A notable archaeological site, it was investigated in 1909 by a French team under Jules Barthoux.
All links retrieved August 10, 2015.
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A very happy midsummer to all from the northern reaches of Michigan! This is the season for long days in the Keweenaw, and I thought it would be fun this week to explore some of the basic mathematical facts about sunrise, sunset, and the length of days, and throw in a little signal processing to boot.
First off, while the days are long this time of year, what makes them seem longer here is the timing of sunrise and sunset. Yes, we are pretty far north compared to most of the 48 contiguous states, but we are not really that far north. At 47 degrees N latitude, we are at about the same latitude as the northern tip of Maine, we are slightly south of Seattle, south of most of Canada and all of Alaska, and well south of all of Great Britain and Scandinavia. Our longest days in the summer are about 16 hours, and the shortest days in the winter are about 8 hours. There are plenty of places on the globe with greater variation in the length of day than that. The reason we think the days are so long right now is because of a quirk in the time zone map. Like all but three counties in the Upper Peninsula, Houghton County is in the Eastern time zone, despite the fact that we are slight west of Chicago, which is in the Central time zone. The story goes that we are on Eastern time so that we would be in the same time zone as the bankers and mine owners on the East Coast, 100 years ago. As a result, this time of year the sunset occurs around 9:50pm, and twilight extends for another hour or so after that. For those of us working at Tech and leaving around 4 or 5pm, it’s like another whole day to play outside.
This year the summer solstice occurred on Wednesday, June 21. While we often think of the solstice as a day, in fact it is a particular moment in time when the Earth’s axis of rotation is most tilted toward the Sun. At that instant, the axis of rotation is co-planar with the axis of revolution of the Earth around the Sun, and the Sun shines directly down on the Tropic of Cancer. This year the solstice occurred at 12:24am EDT, on Wednesday, July 21. The time of the summer solstice moves forward about 6 hours, or one quarter of a day, each year, as the period of revolution of the Earth around the Sun is about 365-1/4 days. The 1/4 day is why we have a leap year ever four years, and on those years the time of the summer solstice moves back 18 hours from the previous year. Oddly enough, part of the reason we say the solstice occurred on June 21 this year has to do with Daylight Saving Time; if we were on Standard Time the solstice would have occurred on Tuesday, June 20, at 11:24pm. As it turns out the longest day of the year, measured from sunrise to sunset, was actually June 20.
Here is a little-known fact which has fascinated me ever since I discovered it. The longest day of the year does not coincide with either the earliest sunrise or the latest sunset. At our latitude, the earliest sunrise occurs about 5 days before the solstice, and the latest sunset occurs about 5 days after. That means that, at the time of this writing, we have not even seen the latest sunset this year; that will occur on Sunday, July 25, at 9:54:06 p.m. The sunset time is not changing quickly, though: on both June 24 and June 26, sunset is at 9:54:05 p.m. Those who understand the basic concept from Calculus 101, that the slope of a function is zero at its maximum, will appreciate that.
The length of the day is defined as the time between sunrise and sunset, or if we want to do an arithmetic calculation, it is the sunset time minus the sunrise time. The addition or subtraction of two periodic functions that are synchronized in time is an important concept from the course I teach, EE1110, Essential Mathematics for Electrical Engineering. There we consider a particular class of functions, called sinusoids, and show that as long as two sinusoids have exactly the same frequency, then the sum or difference will also be a sinusoid, and furthermore there is a straightforward algorithm to figure out where the peaks and valleys of the sum (or difference) will be relative to the peaks and valleys of the signals being added or subtracted. In the case of the sunrise and sunset times, we already see that the earliest sunrise and the latest sunset are offset by about 10 days at our latitude, and that the longest day will occur somewhere in the middle.
Thinking there might be an interesting connection between electrical engineering and astronomy, I figured I would just go ahead and look at the numerical data in MATLAB and see if I could use it to illustrate EE1110 principles. There are lots of places on the Internet to find sunrise and sunset data times; here is one operated by the U.S. Navy: http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/RS_OneYear.php. What is nice about this site is that it provides the data for an entire year, in a format that is easy to cut and paste into an Excel spreadsheet. So, that is exactly what I did: I put the 2017 data into Excel, then imported it into MATLAB, then reformatted it so that times are expressed in minutes (from midnight) and kept everything in Eastern Standard Time. I also got rid of the months and dates, simply numbering the days sequentially starting with Day 0 being January 1, 2017. All of that took longer than it should have, but now I have the data conveniently in a .mat file.
The upper panel in Figure 1 below shows the time of the sunrise (in green) and sunset (in red), measured in minutes from midnight, Eastern Standard Time, as a function of the day, for the entire year 2017. In the lower panel I show the length of the day (in blue), in minutes, which is simply the sunset function minus the sunrise function. For point of reference, one full day is 1440 minutes.
Here is where I got the first of three surprises in this little exercise. The sunrise and sunset functions are quite asymmetric, in the sense that they do not look the same when you flip them upside down. The latest sunset occurs after the summer solstice, whereas the earliest sunset occurs before the winter solstice, which means that the time from a peak to valley is considerably shorter, like 20 days, then the time from a valley to a peak. We see the same behavior in the sunrise data. Now the symmetry of sinusoids is important to a lot of the EE1110 theory, and because of the asymmetry issue we cannot use sinusoids to model sunrise and sunset data. Consequently, the idea of using sunrise and sunset times as an illustrative example of EE1110 concepts is out the window. Dang!
We are not done yet, however. As can be observed in the lower panel, the length of day function does exhibit symmetry, in fact it looks downright sinusoidal. So, I thought maybe we could throw some of our signal processing tools (well beyond the scope of EE1110) at this data and see if we can determine the period, or time for one complete cycle. To make this a little more accurate, I decided to look at four consecutive year’s worth of data, from 2017 to 2020. This data is shown in the Figure 2 below, which is essentially the same as Figure 1 except it goes for four years. To compute the period, or more precisely the frequency (the inverse of the period, in cycles per day), I used a common technique from signal processing of computing the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of the data, using an algorithm called the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and looking for the point at which the DFT reaches its maximum. For those following along at this point, I subtracted off the mean of the data, and zero-padded it out to 65536 data points before computing the DFT. Doing these kinds of calculations in MATLAB comes very easily to me after many years of signal processing research; it’s the kind of stuff I can sit at my desk and bang away and have it work right the first time.
Except…I made a crucial mistake, and got the second surprise. The absolute value of the DFT of the length-of-day data is shown in Figure 3 below. The horizontal axis has units of frequency, in cycles/day. I was able to zoom in and find the frequency at which the DFT reaches a peak, and that value is 0.002762 cycles/day. 1 over this should be the correct period for one revolution, right? Wrong. 1/0.002762 = 362.06 days. I knew that can’t possibly be right – the period should 365.25 days. Where did I go wrong? It turns out I fell into a common trap (that I often rail against) of using the DFT without thinking carefully about the interpretation of the results. I had “known” forever that the best way to determine the frequency of a single sinusoid is to the compute the Fourier Transform and look for a maximum. That result is part of the collective wisdom of everyone in signal processing, and goes back at least to the often cited paper by D. Rife and R. Boorstyn, “Single Tone Parameter Estimation from Discrete-Time Observations,” IEEE Trans. Information Theory, September 1974. Well, I went back to that paper and found my error. Rife and Boorstyn consider the frequency estimation for a function called a complex exponential, sometimes called a complex sinusoid. (EE1110 students know all about complex exponentials, right?) For complex exponentials, computing the Fourier Transform and looking for a peak is exactly the right thing to do. However, a real sinusoid, like our length-of-day data, is actually the sum of two complex exponentials, one at a positive frequency and one at a negative frequency. The Fourier Transforms of those two complex exponentials can interfere with one another in such a way that the peaks can be shifted from what we would consider the correct location, in this case some 3.2 days (or the equivalent error in frequency). After some reflection I realized that the only way to really get the frequency right – that I could think of, anyway – is to do what is called nonlinear least-squares estimation, which essentially means looking exhaustively across all sinusoids for one that comes closest to matching the given data. Without going into too much more detail, I did exactly that for my length-of-day data and came up with a frequency of 0.002738 cycles/day, which corresponds to the period I expected, 365.25 days.
Last observation, and last surprise. I mentioned above that, before taking the Discrete Fourier Transform, I subtracted off the mean value. Out of curiosity, I went back and looked at that mean value; it was 734 minutes, or 12 hours and 14 minutes. Hold on, I thought – how can the average length of day be anything other than 12 hours? Every spot on the Earth enjoys equal amounts of light and darkness over one entire year, so the average has to be 12 hours, right? Again, wrong. Thanks goodness for the Internet. I Googled “average day length greater than 12 hours?” and hit on this beautiful little explanation: http://rickbradford.co.uk/DayLength.pdf. The author identifies three separate effects, but the largest and easiest to explain has to do with the non-zero diameter of the disk of the Sun, as seen from the Earth. We define sunrise and sunset as the moments when the Sun just appears or disappears over the horizon, but in fact it might be more accurate to define it as the moment when the center of the Sun disk crosses the horizon. That would bring more symmetry to the definitions of day and night, and shave a few minutes off the time we associate with day. Because of the nonzero diameter of the Sun, more than 50% of the Earth can see at least a portion of the Sun at any given moment, thus making the average length of day greater than 12 hours.
Make the most of these long days and the beautiful weather! The days are already getting shorter.
Daniel R. Fuhrmann
Dave House Professor and Chair
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Michigan Technological University
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The Center for Teaching and Learning partners with University of Texas instructors to create successful learning environments. Here are three major areas of focus to create a culture of innovation.
Experiential Learning – the active class
Design activities to help students think more critically about the content. Activities can help the students link disparate pieces of information together, scaffold the skills and concepts to construct knowledge. To learn more: http://ctl.utexas.edu/teaching/engagement/experiential-learning
Social Learning – the Interactive Class
Get students interacting with watch other by adding a layer of social engagement around the ways you are already guiding students” learning. In addition, you can strategize your entire teaching approach around maximizing these opportunities to have students exchange ideas and engage learning with multiple perspectives. To learn more: http://ctl.utexas.edu/teaching/engagement/social-learning
Students are more likely to engage in experiential learning when they: see value in what they’re learning, believe that engaging in specific actions will bring about a desired outcome, believe they can be successful, and perceive that the environment is supportive. To learn more: http://ctl.utexas.edu/teaching/engagement/student-motivation
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Variations on an Explosive Theme
“Porgy and Bess”: Excerpts from the New York City Opera’s version of “Porgy and Bess,” produced by Sherwin M. Goldman. Includes “Summertime,” “Bess, You Is My Woman,” “It Ain’t Necessarily So” and others.
By JOE NOCERA
Published: January 21, 2012
WHEN George Gershwin’s “Porgy and Bess” — arguably the most important piece of American music written in the 20th century — first opened on Broadway in 1935, the opera’s libretto was littered with a word now shunned as an antiblack slur. The African-American residents of Catfish Row, the only slightly imaginary block in Charleston, S.C., where the opera is set, used it liberally, and so of course did the white characters during their occasional menacing visits.
Ray Albert (as Porgy) and Wilhelmenia Fernandez (as Bess) during a 1978 Houston Opera production at the Palais des Congrès de la Porte Maillot in Paris.
None of the opera’s early critics seemed to notice; whether black reviewer or white, they primarily critiqued “Porgy and Bess” as a theatrical experience, focusing in particular on the highly original way Gershwin fused blues tonalities, spirituals and other elements of African-American music into a full-length opera. It had never been done before. Some would say it’s never been done since.
In the early 1940s, however, during a “Porgy and Bess” revival — which turned the opera into a more commercially viable musical, not unlike the current Broadway revival starring Audra McDonald — a singer named Etta Moten, hired to play Bess, refused to utter the word. Ira Gershwin, George’s brother, who co-wrote the lyrics with DuBose Heyward, revised the line. By 1951, according to Howard Pollack, the author of “George Gershwin: His Life and Work,” Ira Gershwin had “totally eliminated the word from the text, replacing it with such terms as tin horns, dummy, low-life, suckers, buzzard, andbaby.” That year, the producer Goddard Lieberson, who had just recorded “Porgy and Bess” for Columbia Records, said, “Sometimes, happily, times change, and with the times, ethical values. It seemed proper to eliminate certain words in the lyrics which, in racial terms, had proven offensive.”
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Chinese media frequently report harrowing tales of babies being abandoned, a problem attributed to young mothers unaware they are pregnant, the birth of an unwanted girl in a society which puts greater value on boys or China's strict family planning rules.
In one such case, a baby was found in a dumpster on the outskirts of Beijing. He didn't survive. In another, firemen in eastern China rescued an abandoned newborn boy from a sewage pipe.
Chinese orphanages have seen a falling number of abandoned children since 2005, but officials estimate some 10,000 unwanted children are still received each year. An unknown number of abandoned babies are also adopted informally. (Reuters)
Find more news related pictures in our photo galleries and follow us on Tumblr
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Nigeria is a federal republic with a presidential system. The constitution provides for separation of powers among the three branches of government. General elections held in February 1999 marked the end of 15 years of military rule and the beginning of civilian rule based on a multiparty democracy.
Nigeria’s current constitution, the fourth since independence, went into effect on May 29, 1999. Modeled after the U.S. Constitution, it provides for separation of powers among a strong executive, an elected legislature, and an independent judiciary. Critics of the constitution complain that the federal government retains too much power at the expense of the states. Although the constitution proclaims personal freedom and a secular state, it also permits Muslims to follow sharia, or Islamic law.
Branches of Government
Executive power is vested in the president, who is simultaneously chief of state and head of government. The president is eligible for two four-year terms. The president’s Federal Executive Council, or cabinet, includes representatives from all 36 states. The National Assembly, consisting of a 109-member Senate and a 360-member House of Representatives, constitutes the country’s legislative branch. Three senators represent each of Nigeria’s 36 states, and one additional senator represents the capital city of Abuja. Seats in the House of Representatives are allocated according to population. Therefore, the number of House members from each state differs. Members of the National Assembly are elected to a maximum of two four-year terms. The judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, the Federal High Court, and, on the state level, high courts, sharia courts, and customary courts. The president appoints members of the Supreme Court, subject to confirmation by the Senate.
Nigeria is divided administratively into the Federal Capital Territory (Abuja) and 36 states, which are organized into the following six geo-political zones: South-West Zone—Lagos, Ekiti, Ogun, Ondo, Oshun, and Oyo; South-South Zone—Akwa, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Ibom, and Rivers; South-East Zone—Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo; North-West Zone—Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Jigawa, Kebbi, Sokoto, and Zamfara; North-Central Zone—Benue, Kogi, Kwara, Nassarawa, Niger, and Plateau; and North-East Zone—Adamawa, Bauchi, Bornue, Gombe, Taraba, and Yobe.
Provincial and Local Government
Each of Nigeria’s 36 states has an elected governor and a House of Assembly. The governor is elected to a maximum of two four-year terms. The number of delegates to the House of Assembly is based on population (three to four times the number of delegates each state sends to the Federal House of Representatives) and therefore varies from state to state within the range of 24 to 40. Nigeria’s states are subdivided into 774 local government areas, each of which is governed by a council that is responsible for supplying basic needs. The local government councils, which are regarded as the third tier of government below the federal and state levels, receive monthly subsidies from a national “federation account.” Critics contend that the division of the country into so many districts is a vestige of military rule that is arbitrary, wasteful, and inefficient.
Judicial and Legal System
Nigeria’s legal system is based on a combination of statutory (legislative) law, English common law, customary law, and, in the north, Islamic law (sharia). Nigeria’s federal and state courts apply statutory and English common law, whereas local courts recognize the legitimacy of customary and Islamic law. The deficiencies in existing legal and Criminal Justice System partially explain the popularity of Islamic law in the 12 northern states. Sharia is criticized for the imposition of draconian penalties, although no death penalties have so far been carried out on the basis of Sharia law.
The president and members of the bicameral National Assembly, consisting of a 109-member Senate and a 360-member House of Representatives, are elected to a maximum of two four-year terms. Universal suffrage at age 18 applies to all elections. Winning candidates are determined according to the British first-past-the-post system, whereby a plurality of the votes ensures victory. Also under this system, members of the National Assembly represent distinct geographic constituencies. International observers and several Nigerian parties alleged procedural improprieties in the most recent elections in 2007. The Independent National Electoral Commission, which was responsible for administering the elections, was criticized for a lack of transparency.
The government controls and regulates most of Nigeria’s broadcast media through the National Broadcasting Commission. Radio is the most important mass medium for reaching general audiences because it is inexpensive and does not require literacy. The federal government owns stations affiliated with the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria, individual states control other stations, and still others are privately owned. The Voice of Nigeria broadcasts in Arabic, English, French, and five indigenous languages. Some Voice of Nigeria broadcasts are aimed at domestic audiences; others, primarily shortwave, are transmitted around the globe. Similar to the market for radio broadcasts, the federal government owns two stations affiliated with the National Television Authority, various states have their own stations, and private operators broadcast by satellite. Nigerians also obtain news via Voice of America, the British Broadcasting Company (BBC), and Deutsche Welle. In contrast to the broadcast media, the print media are dominated by private publications, a situation that is more amenable to criticism of the government. Nigeria has 14 major daily newspapers, but only one—the New Nigerian—is government-owned. The country also has six newsweeklies and various tabloids. The government does not restrict access to the Internet, which is most widely available at cybercafés, and increasingly so in the Work places and at Private homes.
Nigeria’s foreign policy revolves primarily around African affairs and emphasizes political and economic cooperation, peaceful dispute resolution, and global nonalignment. Regionally, Nigeria pursues tariff harmonization and the long-term goal of a customs union via the Economic Community of West African States, which it was instrumental in founding. Nigeria is also active in the New Partnership for Africa’s Development, which seeks to improve economic conditions in Africa by eliminating trade barriers to exports and attracting investment and development aid. Nigeria maintains excellent relations with its neighbors having fully complied with the 2002 decision of the International Court of Justice in favor of Cameroon over control of the Bakasi Peninsula. Since mid-1998, Nigeria’s relations with the United States have improved steadily in accordance with Nigeria’s transition from military rule to democracy. Nigeria has also supported the United States-led war on terrorism. In March 2006, Ex Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo met with President George W. Bush in Washington, DC, to discuss the U.S.-Nigerian relationship. With a touch of drama immediately before the meeting, Nigeria turned over the exiled former Liberian leader Charles Taylor to a United Nations court in Sierra Leone to face allegations of war crimes. Nigeria is seeking a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council.
Membership in International Organizations
Nigeria belongs to the following international organizations: African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States; African Development Bank; African Union; Commonwealth; Economic Community of West African States; Food and Agriculture Organization; Group of 15; Group of 24; Group of 77; International Atomic Energy Agency; International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank); International Chamber of Commerce; International Civil Aviation Organization; International Confederation of Free Trade Unions; International Criminal Court; International Criminal Police Organization; International Development Association; International Finance Corporation; International Fund for Agricultural Development; International Hydrographic Organization; International Labor Organization; International Olympic Committee; International Maritime Organization; International Monetary Fund; International Organization for Migration; International Organization for Standardization; International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement; International Telecommunication Union; Multilateral Investment Geographic Agency; Nonaligned Movement; Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons; Organization of the Islamic Conference; Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; Permanent Court of Arbitration; United Nations; Universal Postal Union; World Customs Organization; World Federation of Trade Unions; World Health Organization; World Intellectual Property Organization; World Meteorological Organization; World Tourism Organization; and World Trade Organization.
Major International Treaties
Nigeria is a party to the following nonproliferation agreements: Biological Weapons Convention, Chemical Weapons Convention, Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, and Partial Test Ban Treaty. Regarding the environment, Nigeria is a party to the following agreements: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, and Wetlands. Shortly after September 11, 2001, Nigeria ratified a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty with the United States. The treaty, whose ratification had been held up for 12 years, includes provisions for cooperation on anticrime, antidrug, and counter-terrorism initiatives.
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The National Literacy and Numeracy Framework
The National Literacy and Numeracy Framework (LNF) is designed to help embed literacy and numeracy into all subjects for learners aged 5 to 14 and is statutory throughout Wales.
The LNF sets the skills we expect learners to develop. Within literacy we expect learners to become accomplished in:
Within numeracy we expect learners to become accomplished in:
National Numeracy and Literacy Tests
All children in years 2 to 6 take tests in literacy and numeracy in the summer term that are issued by the Welsh Government.
The children sit three tests: reading, numerical reading and numerical reasoning.
More information for parents about these tests can be found here: http://learning.wales.gov.uk/docs/learningwales/publications/140721-information-for-parents-carers-2-9-en.pdf
How can I help my child prepare for the National Tests?
Practice and example test questions can be found here:
Welsh Government National Tests: Numerical Reasoning
ADDITONAL NUMERICAL REASONING PRACTICE MATERIALS CAN BE FOUND HERE:
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Its also known as the McClintic Wildlife Management Area. The 3,655 acres of wild life management is occupied by 600 acres of farmland, 180 acres of wetland, encompassing 31 ponds, 1,100 acres of brush-land and 1,775 acres of mixed hardwood forest.
Part of the area was used as a place to manufacture and store ammunition in World War II. Almost a hundred large concrete domes, often called Igloos or bunkers, were built into the ground to house explosives. These were designed to not be noticeable from the air.
The 45 million dollar power plant employed 3500 at its peak of operation from 1942 to 1945. Many of The Mothman sightings took place in or around this area leading people to think of it as Mothman's home or hideout.It was later revealed that the TNT Area was horribly polluted and many of the ingredients that went into making the ammunition were dumped and left to seep into the local pounds.
Pond 13 is known for being effected the worst. A women fishing in that pond discovered a red water seep and pointed it out to a wildlife biologist named Tom Dotson. He sent it to the lab and discovered that it did contain levels of TNT.
In the 1970's, scientists declared the area an environmental disaster and it became one of the top EPA Superfund clean up sights.
The abandoned North Power Plant building that once stood on the property was demolished in the early 1990's. It was thought to be unsafe because of the frequent trespassers and the state of the building's decay.
On May 17th 2010, an underground storage bunker filled with ammunition exploded in The TNT Area. Empty barrels and metal storage boxes were thrown everywhere, some landing as far as 100 feet away in a nearby swamp. The steel doors were thrown off and the ceiling, which is made of 6-inch concrete, lifted up and then caved in.
The bunker contained 15,000 to 20,000 pounds of military issued gunpowder and was leased by Richard King of High Performance Ammunitions.The West Virginia State Police and the Federal authorities temporarily shut down the area later that year. They preformed a full sweep of the property looking for illegal or potentially dangerous explosives before reopening the area. The Mothman Festival still gives tours of The TNT Area each year.
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Building a model of the solar system is a great project for students of any age who are studying astronomy. Astronomy enthusiasts can also benefit from making their own 3-dimensional model of our solar system simply as a fun project or a display piece for a collection. You can create a 3D model simply or you can make more elaborate models with moving parts. You can complete a simple model in the space of a few hours.
Choose a piece of plywood that is big enough to support all of the planets in the model-making project. There are eight planets in the solar system and the sun will be included in the centre.
Spray paint the plywood black to mimic the night sky. If desired, use glue and glitter to create a background of stars on the plywood.
Choose eight styrofoam or polystyrene balls of differing sizes. Use the largest one for the sun, while the others should range in size with Jupiter being the largest of the planets.
Spray paint or colour the balls to match the planets' appearance. For example, Mars should be red, while Earth should be blue. Color each of the planets to create a more realistic model.
Cut nine or more pieces of heavy duty craft wire to 6 or 8 inches long. Paint them black. Cut nine styrofoam blocks, 1 to 2 square inches, and paint them black.
Place a piece of craft wire into the bottom of each planet and the sun. The wire will support each of the planets. If necessary, add a second piece of wire for extra support.
Place the other end of the craft wire into the styrofoam blocks. These will be the bases of the planets and support them on top of the model.
Glue the bases to the board. Place it in the centre of the board and arrange the planets around it according to their order. Leave several inches of space between each planet. Allow the glue to dry before moving the 3D model.
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EBI Personnel Directory Sacks, Erik
These two plant species are highly promising biomass sources, and insects and pathogens can cause diseases that can have a serious impact on production. This project seeks to identify such threats and to study possible control strategies.
Northern-adapted, warm-season C4 perennial grasses are among the most promising candidates for developing sustainable dedicated bioenergy crops for North America. Genetic resources will play an essential role in increasing biomass yield of feedstock crops. However, germplasm collections in the U.S. for these species are small, and little breeding work has been done on them. This project is developing the foundational underpinnings for bioenergy grass crop improvement.
Sugarcane is a leading bioenergy crop, with Brazil being the largest producer of sugarcane (-l/3rd of World production) and ethanol derived from sugarcane (-25 billion liters in 2009). Modem sugarcane cultivars are derived from a relatively small set of founder genotypes, which has contributed to cultivar susceptibility to diseases and pests, and limited the variation for tolerance to abiotic stresses in elite germplasm. Efforts to improve sugarcane for disease and pest resistance, and stress tolerance have also relied primarily on introgression from S. spontaneum. Arguably, Miscanthus would be a better source of genes for improving sugarcane than S. spontaneum because the former is more broadly adapted to diverse environments, is highly resistant to pests and diseases, and is more genetically distant from S. offinarum. This project will develop new Miscanthus x Saccharum populations and identify methods for improving the efficiency of obtaining such intergeneric hybrids.
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There is a high chance that you have always dreamt of having a nice home with a beautiful backyard filled with ever blooming flowers. Now that you have a backyard you maybe oblivious to the world of plants, and have no clue as to where you should start and how you could go about cultivating these. Gardening requires a bit of patience, and also a little insight into the world of plants. This article will more or less help you in garnering the knowledge of the different types of plants available.
These types of plants live for less than a year, and if you are lucky they stay in bloom for an entire year. But, in several parts of the world annuals are considered seasonal plants which blossom only for two to four months a year. One example of this would be the camellia sasanqua, which mostly blooms during autumn. These types of plants are grown through seeds. Their life span consists of steadily growing, blooming, making more seeds, and then dying off, all within a year. These flowers will bring to your garden beautiful bold colors, and provide you with the opportunity of being able to change the layout of the garden after they die off in a year.
Biennials & Perennials
Plants that are considered biennials requires two whole years for the life cycle to take place. They grow from seeds, bloom and then die off, unlike the perennials that last many more years and keep blooming throughout. If you are looking at planting biennials in your garden you will have to continue planting seeds every year for them to keep the blooms continuing year after year. Perennials on the other hand take at least two years to fully bloom and start flowering, which doesn’t require you to keep replanting the seeds. Should you think of changing the layout of your garden now and then, it would be wise to plant biennials instead of perennials considering the biennials would die off in a year.
If you live in a country that has a warm climate throughout the year, tropical plants will be ideal and best suited for you. These types of plants thrive when there is a ton of humidity and heat, resulting in beautiful and prosperous blooms. A plant you should consider getting for your garden is the murraya paniculate. These give out flowers in different colors, and when attended with care flower on for years to come. Living in a country with four seasons should not limit you to planting these beauties. All you have to do is bring them in during the winter and they will continue to survive.
No matter which type of climate you are trying to grow your plants in, there are a whole heap of different types of plants that you could consider buying. The next time you go to buy yourself some plants make sure you take into account the information in this article for a better researched selection.
Maintaining a garden of your own is really something that is worth spending time for. After all, it provides you with a place to relax while also drastically increasing property value and visual appeal.To really gain maximum benefits from your garden, you should take care of it on a regular basis. Here are some guidelines to follow for the best possible garden maintenance for all seasons:
- Water Everyday – Watering your plants is important to ensure that they get their daily supply of water. The best time of the day for watering though is in the morning, which is why you should consider doing it as soon as you wake up. Watering in the morning ensures that excess water has enough time to fully evaporate, thus protecting your plant from damage due to mildew and to lessen pests.
- Trim Your Grass Often – Grass can grow pretty rapidly if ideal conditions are supplied for a limited period of time. Eventually, they can grow to an extent which can make it uncomfortable for you to even move around your garden. To avoid this from happening, get a lawnmower so that you can trim down those overgrown grass blades by a reasonable amount. Furthermore, trimmed grass will look much better.
- Prune Overgrown Plants – Pruning your plants can help you control their growth and make them look more orderly. It may also be necessary to keep them from reaching into your neighbours’ garden. There are a few tools you can use to cut smaller branches and twigs: pruning shears will be enough for the thinnest branches, while tree loppers can take care of the ones with larger diameters. Browse this website if you are looking for tree Loppers.
- Remove Dead or Dying Plants – If plants ever reach a state of being unrecoverable, the only thing you can do is to remove them. Dead plants will take up space, look ugly and will also attract microorganisms due to the decomposition processes which take place after the plant dies. Uprooting smaller plants can be accomplished quite easily with a little bit of pulling and digging around the base of the plant. Larger shrubs and trees will need to be cut down first, and then you will need to get their stumps removed by using a stump grinding machine.
- Fertilise Sparingly – While it may be tempting to fertilise your plants often to make them grow quicker, it is actually much more effective if you limit yourself to doing it only when necessary. You can also opt to completely forego artificial fertilisers in place of natural solutions. For example, hydrogen peroxide and egg shells are some very common, yet very effective fertilisers.
All corporate workers, businessman and entrepreneurs are more than keen on working efficiently. Regardless of where your office maybe situated, even if it is in the downtown suburbs or uptown in the bustling city or even down the hallway of your very own home productivity is essential for the success of one’s corporate life. Despite the fact that you are working on what your most passionate about or working on something that you love and enjoy doing, there will always be another level up of satisfaction and appreciation and directly benefit from this notion when your office space is done up well with plenty of energy vibes. Decorating your office space based on the principles of the great Feng Shui is just what you need to transform and evolve your office from bring to efficient space of wonder!
The location of the home office
Not many people are employees working for high end companies that sit in office with a desk and chair and crunch numbers. There are certain number of people who tend to business and any other modes of work from the comfort of their own home. For such people, based on the principles laid forward by the Feng Shui it is important that you select a room for office which is farthest away from the premises of the bedroom. The sleeping chamber is where relaxation, winding down takes place and would not be an ideal place to for the office room to be located in close proximity. It is most ideal to have the home office space with a separate entrance which however may not always be a feasible option for many homeowners.
Seating position to consider upon
When placing selected green office furniture always be sure to avoid sitting in line with the door as it is said to bring plenty of negative energy. As a solution for this, Feng Shui instructs people to be seated beside either side of the door which has no effect whatsoever from the negative energy that opens up and passes by.
You are required to position your seating position farthest from the door however making sure you do not face your back towards the doorway. This signifies that you are up for business and not turning your back towards it. It is also advised that recycled building materials http://www.ecologicalpanel.com.au/recycled-materials/ can also be used for needed construction or any other furniture that is needed for your office space.
Sharing office space
If you ever happen to share office space with partner or college, be mindful to not face each other as it is said to lead to various disagreements and arguments among the workers which can cause a negative impact on the business.
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January 17, 2011
High Birth Weight In First Nations Babies Linked To A Higher Risk Of Postneonatal Death
High birth weight in First Nations (North American Indian) babies are linked to a higher risk of postneonatal death (infant deaths that occur from 4 weeks to 1 year of age), according to a study published in CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal) (pre-embargo link only) http://www.cmaj.ca/embargo/cmaj100837.pdf.
High birth weight or infant macrosomia is defined as a child being born above the 90th percentile relative to a fetal growth standard. Maternal obesity, impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes can all contribute to infant macrosomia and these risks affect a greater proportion of Aboriginal populations.This study was conducted to determine if the high incidence of macrosomia is a risk factor for perinatal and postneonatal death among First Nations in Quebec. It compared 5193 births to First Nations mothers versus 633,424 births to French mother tongue women from 1991 to 2000 in Quebec.
"We found that macrosomia was not associated with increased risk of perinatal death among births to First Nations women, although its [macrosomia's] prevalence was three times higher than among births to women whose mother tongue women is French," writes Dr. Zhong-Cheng Luo, of the University of Montreal's Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre in Montreal, Quebec with coauthors. "Unexpectedly, macrosomia was associated with a much greater risk of postneonatal death (8.3 times as high) among infants of First Nations versus French mother tongue women."
The authors conclude that parents and caregivers should be watchful for the potential high risk of postneonatal death among infants with macrosomia from First Nations women. Further research is needed into determining cause and effective prevention programs must be developed.
In a related commentary (pre-embargo link only) http://www.cmaj.ca/embargo/cmaj101700.pdf, Katherine Dray-Donald, Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, writes, "despite these intriguing results concerning possible protective effects of large-for-gestational-age on infant mortality, the factors leading women to have large-for-gestational-age infants are serious for their health; pregravid obesity, weight gain during pregnancy and gestational diabetes. High birthweights in infants pose their own risks in relation to obesity as well. Good nutrition and healthy weight gains in pregnancy, food security for all, and encouraging breastfeeding and many other factors are needed to close the health disparities between infants of First Nations families and those of other Canadians."
On the Net:
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Joint pain is a form of discomfort, ache and soreness that occurs in the body bone joints. Joint pain can be wild and severe. A severe joint pain can last for few weeks upto several months.
Joint pain is caused by different factors. These can include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, bursitis, tendinitis, lupus, gouty arthritis, osteoporosis, chondromalacia of the patella, fibromyalgia, cancer, sarcoidosis, Osteomyelitis and several other conditions. There are several medications that can help in treating joint pain but you can also opt for less expensive medications to treat your joint pain. Home remedies can relieve from the excruciating joint pain. The following are some of the home remedies for joint pain.
It can be very challenging when you are in pain and then you are asked to exercise. As hard as it may be, exercises can be helpful in relieving you from the joint pain. Exercises help in controlling weight which can put pressure on the joints resulting to more pain. Exercises also strengthen the muscles that support the joints. They make the synovial fluid to become viscous which favors lubrications of the joints keeping them smoothly moving. Exercises that help you include jogging, running, swimming, stair climbing, and light-weight lifting. Avoid over exercising as this can cause injuries which can worsen the situation. A fifteen minutes’ walk daily can also be helpful to the joints and the general body.
Massage helps in ensuring good flow of blood in the whole body. Massaging the affected area can help in reducing the stiffness and inflammation. You should only massage the affected area if it does not cause pain. Massage usually facilitates the production of hormones that can help in reducing the pain. Massage also helps in developing, maintaining and improving the physical functions of the body. Massages can also help in preventing pain and stress effects.
- Drink More Water
Water helps in softening the cartilage and making it hydrated. Water also helps the body to have adequate blood volumes enabling nutrients to move through the blood and to the joints. Water helps in removal of waste from the body which helps in making them less likely to ache.
- Hot And Cold Compresses
These compresses help in improving the circulation of blood in the body which results to more nutrients taken to the area where you are experiencing pain. Hot compresses can be done using a piece of cloth that has been put in a hot water and then compresses on the affected area while cold compresses can be done using ice wrapped in a piece of cloth and then put on the affected area. Cold compression helps in relieving pain and inflammation. Avoid putting ice directly to the affected area as this can result to ice burns.
- Try A Simple Yoga Pose
Yoga is usually practiced to unify the body, mind and the spirit so as to foster great connection between an individual and the surrounding. Yoga is beneficial in several ways. Generally it improves the physical fitness. It helps in increasing the muscle strength which helps in protecting bones, improving body flexibility and balance.Asanas, a type of yoga, can be helpful in relieving joint pain and they can also be done at the comfort of your home.
- Eat More Onions
Onions are anti-inflammatory foods that contain phytochemicals that help in improving the immune system. Onions also contain sulfur compounds which inhibit the enzymes that cause pain. Taking fresh onions can be helpful as they have analgesics effect that is similar to the effects of morphine.
Garlic is helpful in reducing inflammation. It is advisable to use it with mustard seed oil. You can heat the mustard oil and mix it with garlic then massage the affected knee while the oil is still hot.
Ginger has anti-inflammatory compounds which can help in reducing inflammation in the affected joints.
Cayenne is a pain reliever and can be used to treat painful joints. Cayenne stops the production of substance P which is responsible for transmission of pain signal to the brain.When there is interference there is minimization of alerts to the brain leading to a temporary relief. It is commonly used as a topical treatment.
- Epson Salt
Epson salt contains Magnesium sulphate which is helpful in relieving pain. You can mix Epson salt with hot water in large bowl then deep your painful joints in the water for about fifteen minutes. You can also take a bath using water mixed with Epson salt or fill a tub with Epson salt water and soak for fifteen minutes.
- Apple Cider Vinegar
It contains Magnesium, Potassium, Phosphorus, Calcium which are helpful in relieving joint pain and removal of waste from the body. Apple cider vinegar is useful in treating joint pain as it has properties which help in reducing pain and inflammation.
Turmeric contains anti-inflammatory properties, its active ingredient called curcumin is a powerful oxidant and its ability to lower the levels of two enzymes that are responsible for causing inflammation associated with joint pain.
Fenugreek seed are helpful in treating joints. You can soak the seeds in clean water for eight hours then munch the seeds.
- Eat carrots
Carrots when eaten help in nurturing the ligaments which can help in reducing joint pain. You can grate carrots and squeeze lemon juice on it then eat it.
- Medication To Cope With Pain
Medication can be helpful in relieving joint pain as it is a form of relaxation. When your body is relaxed the body work accordingly which can cause the pain to diminish.
These home remedies can be helpful in treating your joint pain and save you the expensive cost of medicine.
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Teeth that are very badly damaged due to trauma or decay may be too difficult to restore and impossible to save and in the end must be removed. Our doctors use the most modern techniques to ensure that this is done safely and as comfortably as possible. Removing wisdom teeth is the most common form of extraction. A tooth can sometimes be in an unusual spot, may be only discoverable with an x-ray. When this occurs exposing the tooth is necessary to move it to where it belongs. Teeth can even be transplanted from one spot in the mouth to another.
Reasons to remove wisdom teeth
While not all wisdom teeth require removal, wisdom teeth extractions are most often performed because of an active problem such as pain, swelling, decay or infection, or as a preventative measure to avoid serious problems in the future. If impaction of one or more wisdom teeth is present, and left untreated, a number of potentially harmful outcomes can occur, including:
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They may be giant and ferocious but at the end of the day, wild cats are just like our furry little feline (and domesticated) friends. Help us celebrate Big Cat Week and check out all the ways these beautiful beasts are really just like your average fur ball.
1. When They Play
Cats of all shapes and sizes love to play with each other and they all play the same way—with some good old fashion fighting for fun. Friendly tendencies such as rolling around and chasing each other is most common with lions. They are known as the most social compared to other wild cat species, living in prides with about 15 members.
2. When They Yawn
Just like domestic house cats, tigers spend most of their days resting or sleeping—16 to 20 hours in fact. Tigers are mostly nocturnal and do most of their hunting during the evening hours, an activity that requires lots of energy. They live in a constant cycle of eating and resting.
3. When They Groom
All cats groom themselves whether to keep clean, however when the cheetah grooms itself, it tends to purr. That’s right, the fastest land animal known to man doesn’t roar it purrs! It’s actually the most different out of all big cats because cheetahs tend to hunt during the day rather than at night.
4. When They Are Temperamental
Any and every cat can be a diva. If it’s in a bad mood, they will hiss and growl you away. This natural tendency comes from your little cat’s ancestors, like this wild panther. Panthers are considered to be more temperamental than their relatives due to the fact that they are more inbred than others.
5. When They Scratch
This type of behavior is common for cats big and small, wild and tame. Lions and all their cat cousins, no matter how distant, scratch their claws for sharpening. This is also a great way for them to stretch out muscles to prepare for a long night of hunting.
6. When They’re Territorial
While big cats tend to be solitary creatures, they can be just as territorial as the average house cat. If things get too crowded, conflict arises and cats of any type will butt heads to secure their home space. The puma could be the most territorial as it has the biggest geographic range of any land mammal in the Western Hemisphere. This may be a result of their territorial nature, making it necessary to spread out and live in low population densities.
7. When They Smell
Big and domestic cats have an incredible sense of smell and tend to both open up their mouths to get a better whiff like this snow leopard. This kind of big cat is very reclusive, making a sighting in the wild very rare. They tend to live in steep cliff areas where they prey on sheep and goats.
8. When They Hang Up High
Cats love high places. While your kitty may enjoy observing from on top your kitchen counter or cat condo, a higher place serves as a concealed site from which to hunt in the wild. Mountain lions are strong jumpers and can depend on their hind legs, which are longer than the front ones, to reach great heights.
9. When They Hunt
This goes without saying, as wild big cats survive on their prey. But while you may think the clouded leopard is far too wild to relate to your cat, they both have the same hunting techniques and even similar prey. The Sunda Clouded Leopard hunts a variety of prey such as deer, wild pigs, and birds. You heard that right! At the end of the day, this kind of leopard is just like your beloved kitty-cat, chasing after birds.
10. When They Love
Jaguars are known to be solitary animals but they do have an affectionate side when it comes to taking care of their young. A male will do whatever it takes to protect his home range and resident females from outside threats during mating season while a mother spends up to 2 years raising her cubs and preparing them for survival.
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Developments before World War I
Most early automobile companies were small shops, hundreds of which each produced a few handmade cars, and nearly all of which abandoned the business soon after going into it. The handful that survived into the era of large-scale production had certain characteristics in common. First, they fell into one of three well-defined categories: they were makers of bicycles, such as Opel in Germany and Morris in Great Britain; builders of horse-drawn vehicles, such as Durant and Studebaker in the United States; or, most frequently, machinery manufacturers. The kinds of machinery included stationary gas engines (Daimler of Germany, Lanchester of Britain, Olds of the United States), marine engines (Vauxhall of Britain), machine tools (Leland of the United States), sheep-shearing machinery (Wolseley of Britain), washing machines (Peerless of the United States), sewing machines (White of the United States), and woodworking and milling machinery (Panhard and Levassor of France). One American company, Pierce, made birdcages, and another, Buick, made plumbing fixtures, including the first enameled cast-iron bathtub. Two notable exceptions to the general pattern were Rolls-Royce in Britain and Ford in the United States, both of which were founded as carmakers by partners who combined engineering talent and business skill.
In the United States almost all of the producers were assemblers who put together components and parts that were manufactured by separate firms. The assembly technique also lent itself to an advantageous method of financing. It was possible to begin building motor vehicles with a minimal investment of capital by buying parts on credit and selling the finished cars for cash; the cash sale from manufacturer to dealer has been integral in the marketing of motor vehicles in the United States ever since. European automotive firms of this period tended to be more self-sufficient.
The pioneer automobile manufacturer not only had to solve the technical and financial problems of getting into production but also had to make a basic decision about what to produce. After the first success of the gasoline engine, there was widespread experimentation with steam and electricity. For a brief period the electric automobile actually enjoyed the greatest acceptance because it was quiet and easy to operate, but the limitations imposed by battery capacity proved competitively fatal. Especially popular with women, electric cars remained in limited production well into the 1920s. One of the longest-surviving makers, Detroit Electric Car Company, operated on a regular basis through 1929.
Test Your Knowledge
American Industry and Innovation
Steam power, a more serious rival, was aided by the general adoption, after 1900, of the so-called flash boiler, in which steam could be raised rapidly. The steam car was easy to operate because it did not require an elaborate transmission. On the other hand, high steam pressures were needed to make the engine light enough for use in a road vehicle; suitable engines required expensive construction and were difficult to maintain. By 1910 most manufacturers of steam vehicles had turned to gasoline power. The Stanley brothers in the United States, however, continued to manufacture steam automobiles until the early 1920s.
As often happens with a new technology, the automotive industry experienced patent controversies in its early years. Most notable were two long, drawn-out court cases in Britain and the United States, in each of which a promoter sought to gain control of the new industry by filing comprehensive patents. In Britain the claim was rejected by the courts in 1901, five years after the patent application. In the United States there was a legal battle between Ford and the Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers over the Selden patent, which the association claimed as a basic patent on the gasoline-powered car. In 1911 the courts held the patent “valid but not infringed” by Ford. The main consequence of the decision was the formation of the predecessor of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers to supervise an agreement for cross-licensing patents, which was ratified in 1915.
The outstanding contribution of the automotive industry to technological advance was the introduction of full-scale mass production, a process combining precision, standardization, interchangeability, synchronization, and continuity. Mass production was an American innovation. The United States, with its large population, high standard of living, and long distances, was the natural birthplace of the technique, which had been partly explored in the 19th century. Although Europe had shared in the experimentation, the American role was emphasized in the popular description of standardization and interchangeability as “the American system of manufacture.” The fundamental techniques were known, but they had not previously been applied to the manufacture of a mechanism as complex as a motor vehicle (see work, history of the organization of).
The kind of interchangeability achieved by the “American system” was dramatically demonstrated in 1908 at the British Royal Automobile Club in London: three Cadillac cars were disassembled, the parts were mixed together, 89 parts were removed at random and replaced from dealer’s stock, and the cars were reassembled and driven 800 km (500 miles) without trouble. Henry M. Leland, founder of the Cadillac Motor Car Company and the man responsible for this feat of showmanship, later enlisted the aid of a noted electrical engineer, Charles F. Kettering, in developing the electric starter, a significant innovation in promoting the acceptability of the gasoline-powered automobile.
Ford and the assembly line
The mass-produced automobile is generally and correctly attributed to Henry Ford, but he was not alone in seeing the possibilities in a mass market. Ransom E. Olds made the first major bid for the mass market with a famous curved-dash Oldsmobile buggy in 1901. Although the first Oldsmobile was a popular car, it was too lightly built to withstand rough usage. The same defect applied to Olds’s imitators. Ford, more successful in realizing his dream of “a car for the great multitude,” designed his car first and then considered the problem of producing it cheaply. The car was the so-called Model T, the best-known motor vehicle in history. It was built to be durable for service on the rough American country roads of that period, economical to operate, and easy to maintain and repair. It was first put on the market in 1908, and more than 15 million were built before it was discontinued in 1927.
When the design of the Model T proved successful, Ford and his associates turned to the problem of producing the car in large volume and at a low unit cost. The solution was found in the moving assembly line, a method first tested in assembling magnetos. After more experimentation, in 1913 the Ford Motor Company displayed to the world the complete assembly-line mass production of motor vehicles. The technique consisted of two basic elements: a conveyor system and the limitation of each worker to a single repetitive task. Despite its deceptive simplicity, the technique required elaborate planning and synchronization.
The first Ford assembly line permitted only very minor variations in the basic model, a limitation that was compensated for by the low cost. The price of the Model T touring car dropped from $950 in 1909 to $360 in 1916 and still lower to an incredible $290 in 1926. By that time Ford was producing half of all the motor vehicles in the world.
Spread of mass production
Ford’s success inspired imitation and competition, but his primacy remained unchallenged until he lost it in the mid 1920s by refusing to recognize that the Model T had become outmoded. More luxurious and better-styled cars appeared at prices not much higher than that of the Model T, and these were increasingly available to low-income purchasers through a growing used-car market. In Britain, William R. Morris (later Lord Nuffield) undertook to emulate Ford as early as 1912, but he found British engineering firms reluctant to commit themselves to the large-scale manufacture of automotive parts. Morris in fact turned to the United States for his parts, but these early efforts were cut short by World War I. In the 1920s Morris resumed the production of low-priced cars, along with his British competitor Herbert Austin and André-Gustave Citroën and Louis Renault in France. British manufacturers had to face the problem of a tax on horsepower, calculated on a formula based on bore and the number of cylinders. The effect was to encourage the design of small engines that had cylinders with narrow bore and long stroke, in contrast to the wide-bore, short-stroke engines favoured elsewhere. This design handicapped the sale of British cars abroad and kept production from growing. It was not until 1934 that Morris Motors finally felt justified in installing a moving assembly line; the Hillman Company had preceded Morris in this by a year or two.
Although the appearance of mass production in the automotive industry coincided with the emergence of large-scale business organization, the two had originated independently. They were related, however, and influenced each other as the industry expanded. Only a large firm could make the heavy investment in plant and tooling that the assembly line required, and Ford was already the largest single American producer when it introduced the technique. The mass producer in turn enjoyed a cost advantage that tended to make it increasingly difficult for smaller competitors to survive. There have been exceptions, but the trend has been consistent.
General Motors Corporation (GM), which ultimately became the world’s largest automotive firm and the largest privately owned manufacturing enterprise in the world, was founded in 1908 by William C. Durant, a carriage manufacturer of Flint, Michigan. In 1904 he assumed control of the ailing Buick Motor Company and made it one of the principal American producers. Durant developed the idea for a combination that would produce a variety of models and control its own parts producers. As initially formed, General Motors included four major vehicle manufacturers—Buick, Cadillac, Oldsmobile, and Oakland—and an assortment of smaller firms. The combine ran into financial trouble in 1910 and was reorganized by a financial syndicate. A similar combination, the United States Motor Corporation, was formed in 1910, collapsed in 1912, and was reorganized as the Maxwell Motor Company. General Motors survived. A new reorganization took place after Durant, with backing by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, regained control in 1916. Durant, who had previously established the Chevrolet Motor Company, brought Chevrolet into GM in 1918.
Rise of the Big Three
At the end of World War I, Ford was the colossus, dominating the automotive scene with the Model T not only in the United States but also through branch plants throughout the world. British Ford was the largest single producer in the United Kingdom. GM was emerging as a potential major competitor in the United States. No other automotive firms of comparable size existed.
During the next decade there was a striking transformation. The depression of 1921 had far-reaching effects on the American automotive industry. GM was plunged into another financial crisis. Alfred P. Sloan became president of the corporation in 1923 and raised it to its unchallenged first place in the industry. Among other steps, he gave GM a staff-and-line organization with autonomous manufacturing divisions, which facilitated management of a large corporate structure and became the model for other major automotive combinations. Henry Ford also went through a crisis because the 1921 crash caught him involved in the construction of a large new plant (River Rouge) and in the process of buying out his stockholders. Ford weathered the storm (though many of his dealers, unable to sell cars and not permitted to return them, went out of business), but the Ford Motor Company had reached its crest.
The third member of the “Big Three” automotive manufacturers in the United States was created at this same time. When the Maxwell Motor Company failed in the 1921 depression, Walter P. Chrysler, formerly of General Motors, was called in to reorganize it. It became the Chrysler Corporation in 1925 and grew to major proportions with the acquisition of the Dodge Brothers company in 1928. When Ford went out of production in 1927 to switch from the Model T to the Model A (a process that took 18 months), Chrysler was able to break into the low-priced-car market with the Plymouth.
By 1929 the Big Three supplied three-fourths of the American market for motor vehicles; most of the remainder was divided among the five largest independents—Hudson, Nash, Packard, Studebaker, and Willys-Overland. In less than 10 years the number of automobile manufacturers in the United States dropped from 108 to 44. Some of the minor carmakers had technological or personal interests, including Nordyke and Marmon, makers of Marmon luxury cars, and E.L. Cord, who marketed front-wheel-drive cars between 1929 and 1937. The depression years of the 1930s eliminated all but the largest independent manufacturers and increased still further the domination of the Big Three. Motor vehicle production declined from a peak of more than five million in 1929 to a low of just over one million in 1932. It rose again slowly but had not returned to the 1929 figure when World War II broke out.
While these years were difficult economically, they saw some significant developments within the industry. Greater emphasis was placed on style in passenger-car design, with the general trend in the direction of incorporating the body, bumpers, and mudguards into a single pattern of smoothly flowing lines. A number of technical features came into general use: the V-8 engine, introduced by Ford in 1932; three-point engine suspension; freewheeling (permitting the car to coast freely when the accelerator was released); overdrive (a fourth forward speed); and, on a limited scale, automatic transmission.
Growth in Europe
The period from 1919 to 1939 also brought significant growth in automobile manufacturing in Europe, though on a considerably smaller scale than in the United States. The European industry was moving in the same directions as the American industry, toward a mass market for motor vehicles, but it made slower progress for a variety of reasons: lower living standards with less purchasing power, smaller national markets, and more restrictions in tax and tariff policies. Still, the same trend toward concentration was discernible. British automotive production rose from 73,000 in 1922 (both private and commercial vehicles) to 239,000 in 1929, while the number of producers declined from 90 to 41. Three firms—Austin, Morris, and Singer—controlled 75 percent of the British market in 1929.
The apparent analogy to the American experience was temporary. British production had not yet reached the level at which the economies of scale gave the larger firms as commanding a lead as in the United States. There were other factors that created a somewhat different situation. During the 1930s British automotive production continued to increase steadily, in contrast to American production, and so the smaller companies were not forced to compete for a shrinking market. Output reached almost half a million in 1937, and at the end of the decade there were six major British producers instead of three: Morris, Austin, Standard, Rootes, Ford, and Vauxhall. The last two represented entry by American firms. Vauxhall had been bought by GM in 1925; Ford had been in Britain since 1911, had lost ground in the 1920s, and had later recovered. The Rootes Group, based on Hillman and Humber, was a combine formed by a family that had built a large automobile sales concern and then moved from sales to production. The replacement of Singer by Standard was simply the rise of one company and the decline of another, as evidence that open competition could still change the structure of the British automotive industry.
In France three major firms—Peugeot, Renault, and Citroën—emerged in the 1920s. Citroën accounted for 40 percent of French automotive production in 1925 but had reached that dominating position at the cost of financial stability. When André Citroën died before the decade ended, his company came into the hands of Michelin Tire. A new French firm, Simca, rose to prominence in the 1930s. The German automobile industry suffered from the dislocation of World War I and Germany’s subsequent economic difficulties. The major developments of the 1920s were the merger of Daimler and Benz in 1926, after the founders of those firms had died (their bitter rivalry for the distinction of being the inventor of the gasoline automobile made any such union during their lifetimes unthinkable), and the entry of General Motors onto the German scene through the acquisition of the Adam Opel company in 1929. The Germans were ardent admirers of Henry Ford and his methods, which they termed Fordismus, but Ford never succeeded in becoming a power in the German automotive world. During the 1930s the Nazi regime sought to emulate Ford by undertaking mass production of a low-priced car, the Volkswagen, but the onset of war interrupted this project. Italian automobile manufacturers gained a reputation for highly engineered sports cars and racing cars, but Italy had no mass market and therefore achieved only small-scale production at that time.
The automotive industry in World War II
During World War I the productive capacity of the automotive industry first demonstrated its military value. Motor vehicles were used extensively for transport and supply. In addition, automotive plants could readily be converted into facilities for manufacturing military equipment, including tanks and aircraft. For all of the belligerents the conversion of automotive facilities was an afterthought, improvised after the beginning of hostilities, and the American industry, involved only for a short time, never fully utilized its capacity.
More preparation was made for using the resources of the various automotive industries as World War II approached. The British government built “shadow factories” adjacent to their automotive plants, equipped to go into military production (principally aircraft) when war came, with managerial and technical personnel drawn from the automotive industry. France attempted conversion, but belatedly and inefficiently. The German automotive industry, which built the military vehicles needed for blitzkrieg, was not fully converted to military production until 1943. In the United States the preparation for industrial mobilization was negligible until 1940; in fact, there was no serious effort even to restrict civilian automobile production until after the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Still, the American automotive industry represented such a concentration of productive capacity and skill that, once its resources had been harnessed to war production, its contribution was tremendous. Between 1940 and 1945 automotive firms made almost $29 billion worth of military materials, a fifth of the country’s entire output. The list included 2,600,000 military trucks and 660,000 jeeps, but production extended well beyond motor vehicles. Automotive firms provided one-half of the machine guns and carbines made in the United States during the war, 60 percent of the tanks, all the armoured cars, and 85 percent of the military helmets and aerial bombs.
It had been assumed that automotive facilities could be readily converted for aircraft production, but this proved more difficult than anticipated. Automobile assembly plants did not readily accommodate airframes, nor could an automobile engine factory be converted without substantial modification. These problems were eventually resolved, and automobile companies contributed significantly to aircraft production.
Britain was better prepared to use the resources of its automotive industry, at that time the world’s second largest. The shadow factories became operative, and Austin, Morris, Standard, Daimler, Ford, and Rootes participated in filling the wartime demand for aircraft and aircraft engines. Leyland Motors and Vauxhall built tanks. Lord Nuffield made a notable contribution to the production effort by establishing a system for repairing aircraft, employing the sales and service organization of Morris Motors, and it was subsequently extended to a large number of small contractors.
The automotive industries of the other belligerents were smaller in scale, and their facilities for armaments manufacture were proportionately greater than in the United States or Great Britain. Consequently, the automotive firms in these countries were concerned chiefly with meeting the insatiable demand for vehicles. The various Ford properties that came under German control, along with Volkswagen, which turned out the German equivalent of the jeep, were employed in this manner. Renault, a tank manufacturer since World War I, built tanks for France and later for Germany.
The automotive industry after 1945
After World War II there was a striking expansion of motor vehicle production. During a 35-year period the total world output increased almost 10-fold. The most significant feature of this increase was that most of it occurred outside the United States. Although American production continued to grow, its share of world automotive production fell from about 80 percent of the total to 20 percent. Among individual countries the United States was the leading producer until the recession of the early 1980s. In 1980 Japan, which had had little automotive manufacturing before the war, became the leading producer, with the European Economic Community (EEC) ranking second. The United States regained the lead in vehicle production in 1994, since by that time Japanese manufacturers were building more of their products in factories in their major overseas markets, such as the United States, in response to economic and political pressures in those markets.
The industry in the United States
At the end of World War II the American automobile industry had intact facilities, somewhat enlarged by construction for military needs. There was also a great demand for automobiles. This situation invited several attempts by newcomers to enter the industry, but all proved unsuccessful. The most promising, Kaiser-Frazer Corporation, lasted some 10 years but lacked the financial, technical, and sales resources to compete when the automobile market returned to normal. By the mid 1950s Kaiser-Frazer had stopped producing everything but Willys Jeeps, an operation that it had acquired by buying Willys-Overland. The manufacture of Jeeps continued as a subsidiary of Kaiser Industries until 1970, when the division was sold to American Motors Corporation (AMC) in a transaction that gave Kaiser financial interest in AMC.
The trend of the automotive industry to mergers and large-scale organization, and to a situation in which each producer could affect but not control the market, continued unchecked. In 1954 Nash and Hudson joined to form AMC. The company enjoyed temporary prosperity in the late 1950s when it introduced the first American compact car, the Rambler, in response to growing imports of small foreign cars. A merger of Studebaker and Packard in 1954 was less successful. The new company stopped production in the United States in 1964 and in Canada two years later.
Declining sales and heavy financial losses pushed the Chrysler Corporation close to bankruptcy in the late 1970s. Attempting to avert the company’s collapse, the U.S. government granted Chrysler $1.5 billion in loan guarantees. In return Chrysler surrendered supervisory control to the government’s Chrysler Loan Guarantee Board. By exercising such control, the U.S. government became a de facto partner of the country’s third largest automaker. The government’s influence was short-lived as Chrysler, under the leadership of Lee A. Iacocca, returned to profitability and repaid its government loans in 1983, seven years early.
By the early 1980s the automotive industry in the United States was concentrated in four major firms—GM, Ford, Chrysler, and AMC—and one important manufacturer of commercial vehicles, International Harvester Company. A few producers of specialized vehicles remained, along with an assortment of companies that made automotive parts and components.
Increasing competition from imported cars and from new manufacturing operations established by European and Japanese firms continued to reduce the share of the American market controlled by the four domestic manufacturers through the remainder of the 20th century. Germany’s Volkswagen opened an assembly operation in the United States in the late 1970s but closed it a decade later. Japan’s Nissan Motor Corporation established a plant in the early 1980s to build its popular small pickups and later added car production. Another Japanese automaker, Honda Motor Company, followed with a car manufacturing operation adjacent to its motorcycle plant; it later added a second car facility in the United States and a car plant in Canada. Japan’s Toyota Motor Corporation formed a joint venture with GM called New United Motor Manufacturing Incorporated, which built small cars for both Toyota and GM. Toyota also opened two plants of its own in the United States—one for cars and small vans and the other for pickup trucks and sport utility vehicles—and a car-making facility in Canada. A number of other Japanese manufacturers opened plants in the United States as joint-venture operations.
Many of the Japanese-owned American plants were built in response to limitations imposed on exports of cars to the United States by Japan’s Ministry of International Trade and Industry. The restrictions followed threats of sanctions by the United States in the wake of Chrysler’s near collapse and heavy losses by Ford and GM. Called the Voluntary Restraint Agreement (VRA), it spelled out how many cars each Japanese producer could ship to the United States in a single year. The VRA took effect in 1981 and was renewed annually through the early 1990s. A similar agreement was in effect in Canada during the 1980s.
In 1979 Renault of France acquired a 46 percent interest in AMC to increase its small presence in the United States and gain access to AMC’s line of popular Jeep vehicles. Mounting financial pressures, however, prompted Renault to sell its AMC stake to a reinvigorated Chrysler in 1987. Chrysler quickly acquired all outstanding AMC stock and made the company a division. In 1998 Chrysler was merged with Germany’s Daimler-Benz AG, which then became DaimlerChrysler AG.
Technically, the decades after World War II had been marked by improvement and refinement rather than by important innovation. Diesel engines were increasingly used on trucks and buses. Automatic transmissions became virtually standard equipment for passenger cars, and power brakes and power steering found widespread acceptance, as did luxury features such as air-conditioning. In the early 1960s Chrysler experimented with a gas turbine engine for passenger automobiles, but it had too many technical problems for general use.
Styling became increasingly important in automotive design as a marketing device. The general trend in styling became established late in the 1920s when cars began to lose their square, boxlike lines and to develop flowing curves. In time the new design encompassed both body and chassis, integrating such formerly separate features as mudguards, running boards, and bumpers. A combination of pressures made American cars of the 1950s high-powered and ornate, with extravagant use of chrome and exaggerated tail fins; these features were abandoned when the public found the simpler lines of imported cars more attractive.
Europe after World War II
In Europe motor vehicles were recognized as an export item that could help restore war-shattered economies. Britain, for example, earmarked more than half of its automotive output for export and restricted domestic purchases for several years after the war. In addition, the horsepower tax was abandoned to enable British manufacturers to build profitably for the world market. The most popular British designs (excluding specialized luxury vehicles such as the Rolls-Royce) continued to be lightweight cars, including several models with an ingenious front-wheel drive. The trend to consolidation led in 1952 to the merger of Morris and Austin to form the British Motor Corporation, Ltd., a combine that accounted for about two-fifths of Britain’s motor vehicle production. Another British combine was formed around Leyland Motors, which had grown into the country’s largest manufacturer of commercial vehicles and became a power in the passenger-car field by acquiring Standard-Triumph and Sunbeam in the 1950s. Leyland and the British Motor Corporation united in 1968 as the British Leyland Motor Corporation (later British Leyland Ltd. and, after 1978, BL Ltd.); this move, sanctioned by the government, was intended to forestall possible American domination of the British automobile industry. Except for Rolls-Royce, whose automobile production was only a very small part of the company’s business, British automobile output was then largely controlled by four firms: British Leyland, Ford, Vauxhall, and Rootes, which came under Chrysler control in 1967 but was sold off to France’s Peugeot-Citroën in 1978. When British Leyland had financial difficulties in the early 1970s, it was taken over by the government.
In the 1980s the remaining parts of BL, which by then was focused on building Jaguar, Mini, and Rover cars and Land Rover sport utility vehicles and commercial trucks, became the Rover Group. Eventually Jaguar regained profitability, and the British government sold off the company through a public stock offering. The remaining Rover/Mini operations were acquired by British Aerospace Corporation. Rover then entered into a cooperative venture with Japan’s Honda in which cars of Honda design were built at Rover plants for sale in Britain and other European countries under the Rover and Honda brands. A small number also were exported to the United States under the Sterling name. Eventually Honda became dissatisfied with the venture, and British Aerospace sold the Rover/Mini operations to BMW of Germany in 1994. In 2000 BMW sold the Land Rover segment to Ford, which had acquired the stock of Jaguar in 1989, while its Rover cars segment was spun off to a British consortium and became MG Rover Group Ltd. BMW retained the profitable Mini operations. In the late 1990s Britain’s Rolls-Royce Motor Cars, then owned by Vickers PLC, became the subject of a bidding war in which Germany’s Volkswagen emerged as the owner of the company’s Bentley brand and all of its manufacturing facilities; BMW emerged as the owner of the Rolls-Royce brand with respect to cars, effective at the end of 2002.
The post-World War II revival of the German automobile industry from almost total destruction was a spectacular feat, with most emphasis centring on the Volkswagen. At the end of the war the Volkswagen factory and the city of Wolfsburg were in ruins. Restored to production, in a little more than a decade the plant was producing one-half of West Germany’s motor vehicles and had established a strong position in the world market. Breaking away from what had become standard design, the Volkswagen used a four-cylinder air-cooled engine at the rear of the car. It also dispensed with the annual model change that had become customary with other automobile manufacturers. Although the company had been founded by the German government, in the 1960s the government divested itself of 60 percent of its interest by selling stock to the public, an unusual case of denationalization in an era when nationalization of industry was far more common. In the same decade, Volkswagen acquired Auto Union, which evolved into its Audi luxury car segment. In the late 1960s BMW rose from a builder of small, oddly styled Isetta cars and motorcycles into one noted for high-priced passenger vehicles and premium motorcycles. Opel became the base for the European operations of General Motors, and by the 1990s it supplied much of the small-car engineering expertise for GM operations around the world. Prior to its merger with Chrysler Corporation in 1998, Daimler-Benz had developed diversified interests ranging from trains to aerospace products.
Fiat (Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino), a firm founded in 1899 but without a mass market until the 1950s, dominated Italian automotive production. The French industry was centred on Renault, Peugeot, Citroën, and Simca. Renault was nationalized at the end of World War II, and it became a public corporation in the 1990s. Citroën was acquired in 1976 by independently owned Peugeot to form PSA Peugeot-Citroën. Simca became a Chrysler property in 1958 but was sold to Peugeot in the late 1970s. Although Sweden was a relatively small producer, Swedish builders Saab and Volvo became important factors in the world market during the 1960s and ’70s. Their car operations were acquired in the 1980s and ’90s by General Motors and Ford, respectively.
The most spectacular increases in automotive production after World War II occurred in Japan. From a negligible position in 1950, Japan in 30 years moved past West Germany, France, Great Britain, and the United States to become the world’s leading automotive producer. Steadily growing export sales of Japan’s small, fuel-efficient cars played a major role in this achievement. During the late 1970s and early ’80s, Japan’s principal automakers—Toyota, Nissan, Honda, and Tōyō Kōgyō (later Mazda)—enjoyed impressive export gains in North American and western European markets. These companies as well as Mitsubishi, Isuzu, Fuji, and Suzuki later opened manufacturing plants in major markets outside Japan to ease trade tensions and increase their competitiveness as the value of Japan’s currency soared. By the 1980s Japan’s carmakers were seen as the models for others to emulate, especially for their “just-in-time” method of delivering components to the assembly plants (see Consolidation, below) and the use of statistical process controls for enhancing vehicle quality, which ironically had been developed in the 1950s by an American but rejected at the time by American manufacturers.
In the 1990s the Japanese economy suffered a severe and prolonged recession, and the complicated interlocking relationships and cross-ownerships between Japanese automakers and their major component manufacturers and banks imposed severe financial hardship. Ford and GM increased their financial stakes in Mazda and Isuzu, respectively, with Ford taking operative control of Mazda in 1996. At the end of the 20th century, many Japanese automakers and several major component manufacturers were either controlled by or had joint operations with non-Japanese firms. Renault, for example, held a controlling interest in Nissan, while GM owned 20 percent of Fuji and was involved in a cooperative venture with Suzuki. DaimlerChrysler had a controlling interest in Mitsubishi.
In a span of 20 years beginning in the 1970s, South Korea’s automotive industry rose from a small government-controlled parochial industry to a significant place in the world market. Three major companies—Hyundai Motor Company, Kia Motors Corporation, and Daewoo Motor Corporation—accounted for about 90 percent of the South Korean market, while the remainder was split among two minor producers and imports. Hyundai, the country’s dominant automaker, produced cars, light trucks, and commercial trucks and buses; it was part of the larger Hyundai Corporation, which had interests ranging from construction to shipbuilding. Kia, South Korea’s second largest automaker, was acquired by Hyundai in 1999. Daewoo, owned by the Daewoo Group conglomerate, entered the automobile field on a large scale in the 1980s and had won nearly a fifth of the market before entering into financial receivership and reorganization in 2000. At the start of the 21st century, Daewoo appeared likely to become the first major South Korean company to be taken over by a foreign firm.
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