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EIRLSBN: Twenty years of achievements in rice breeding
Eastern India is an area with a largely agrarian society and high poverty incidence. Rice is the dominant crop, but yields are low. Most of the rice is grown under rainfed conditions in which rainfall is highly unpredictable, and numerous abiotic and biotic stresses occur in combination during all growing seasons. Farmers have limited access to inputs such as fertilizer and good-quality seed. Despite these challenges, a progressive increase in rice production must be maintained, especially within the vast rainfed areas, if India and other Asian countries are to achieve food security.
Considerable progress has been made in developing new rice varieties for eastern India, although the literature on this topic is limited. Evidence for this is the development and release of many new improved varieties. At least 20 of these varieties have been released within the Eastern India Rainfed Lowland Shuttle Breeding Network (EIRLSBN). In addition to producing new varieties, this network has conducted considerable research on many high-priority traits and has identified new donor parents, key maturity groups for the region, elite lines that can be transplanted at normal or delayed times, and target variety profiles for eastern India. More importantly, the network has been an exemplary model for synergistic rice breeding partnerships. It demonstrates the benefits of regional and international scientific collaboration for working to overcome food insecurity. Indeed, it has influenced the formation and structure of many other breeding networks.
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John Hancock was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, on January 12, 1737. After receiving his childhood education, Hancock was admitted to Harvard, where he graduated in 1754 and became a wealthy businessman in the shipping arena.
He is most famous for his extremely large signature on the Declaration of Independence. He was the first member of the Continental Congress to give his signature and his name is sometimes synonymous with the word signature today. Some reports state his reason for doing so is that he wanted the King to see his signature without glasses on, however the factuality of this is debated. Later in life, he was the governor of Massachusetts. He died October 8, 1793 in Quincy, Massachusetts.
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What does “cold-pressed” mean?
Cold-pressing is a process that extracts juice, vitamins, minerals, enzymes and phytonutrients from fruits, vegetables and other plant-based foods like nuts and seeds. Jusu’s cold-press juicers use tremendous amounts of hydraulic pressure to slowly extract the nectar from organic produce, while maintaining the integrity of its cellular structure. It’s a much gentler, more gradual process in which little to no heat is created due to the lack of a fast spinning blade (often included in other forms of juicing.) The result is a much healthier, nutrient-rich juice that is vibrant in colour and has a crisp taste.
Why should I drink cold-pressed juice?
Not all juices are created equal. Cold-pressed juice is now considered to be the healthiest of all juices because it provides you with the best quality, plant-based nutrition possible. Jusu cold-pressed juice contains more vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients, antioxidants and enzymes than traditional centrifugal juices. That’s because centrifugal juicing, although still very healthy, creates heat due to a fast spinning blade which starts to break down the proteins within the juice right away. These juices should therefore be consumed within 30 minutes to get all the nutritional benefits. Our cold-pressed juice is always 100% organic, unheated, raw and unpasteurized, which gives it a longer shelf life (or refrigerator life) than centrifugal juice, and its nutritional qualities and fresh taste are preserved for up to three days.
Why does organic cold-press juice cost more than the juice at the grocery store?
Jusu we only use top quality, organic produce to craft our juices, which tends to be priced higher than produce subjected to synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Each juice also contains 4-6 pounds of this great produce in every bottle—that’s 16-24 servings of organic produce! Cold-pressing is a slow, hands-on process; the juice you see in the grocery store has been mass-produced with a long shelf life in mind. It often goes through a heat process, or irradiation, is pasteurized and has chemicals added back in to maintain colour and flavour. Once these processes are complete, the nutritional value has diminished. This is all done so it can go from manufacturer to truck to warehouse to truck and sit on grocery store shelves for up to 9 months. Jusu juice, on the other hand, is made with a long human life in mind. It’s fresh, organic, nutrient-rich, colourful, and flavourful and meant to have a 3-day shelf life. But the biggest difference you’ll notice is the way Jusu juice makes you feel!
Why don’t you pasteurize your juice at Jusu Bar?
To optimize the nutritional benefits Jusu juice is never heated (pasteurized) and therefore maintains its essential nutrients. All Jusu produce has been thoroughly washed before it is juiced. But, like that of any non-organic or organic produce, fresh raw juice may contain harmful bacteria and may cause illness in children, the elderly, pregnant or lactating women and those with a compromised immune system.
Why does Jusu Bar use certified organic?
There are a few reasons! Mainly, we want to create the highest quality product for our customers and evidence shows that organic crops contain significantly more vitamins and minerals than conventionally grown crops. Likewise, juicing produce that has been subject to synthetic fertilizers and chemical biocides is like consuming toxins in concentrated form. We hope to educate you to drink juice for ultimate health and steer clear of those chemical toxins. All our organic produce has been certified by an agency accredited by the Canada Food Inspection Agency (CFIA). It’s healthier for us and healthier for our environment!
WHAT IS THE SHELF LIFE OF JUSU JUICES, AND DO THEY NEED TO REMAIN REFRIGERATED?
JUSU juice is raw and highly perishable. Refrigerate your juice as soon as you get home. Look out for "drink by" stickers on the bottom of all our bottles.
What’s the best time to drink Jusu juices and mylks?
The best time to drink Jusu juice or mylk is on an empty stomach. This way there is no interruption in the digestion process and all the vital nutrients easily make their way into your cells. Wait 20-30 minutes before eating so these nutrients have plenty of time to work their way into your amazing bod!
Why do you use plastic bottles?
The plastic bottles we use at Jusu Bar are BPA free and made from the most recyclable kind of plastic available (PET). They are also much lighter to ship than glass, which decreases their overall carbon footprint. If you prefer to use a reusable container we encourage you to check out our Juicy Vessels.
What does Jusu mean?
Jusu is a Japanese word for juice
I am allergic to nuts. Should I drink your cold-press juice?
Most Jusu juices are nut-free, but please be advised that they are manufactured in the same kitchen where we make our nut mylks and other nut products.
HOW WILL I FEEL WHILE I AM ON MY CLEANSE?
Each person’s reaction to cleansing is different. While some people feel alert and energized, others feel more lethargic than usual. You may find it easier to stay busy, or prefer to take this time to rest. Listen to your body and take care of yourself! Remember, cleansing has its ups and downs. At some point you will probably experience a decrease in energy. The body is going through a transformation and it takes energy to adapt. If you are tired, allow yourself to rest. This is not permanent, your body will acclimate, and it will soon become more energized.
CAN I WORKOUT WHEN I AM CLEANSING?
You bet! Sweating helps to release toxins. Some may find their normal moderate-vigorous workout routine to be a bit much, so lower exertion exercises such as jogging, yoga, Pilates, walking, or swimming can be a good choice during your cleanse. A far-infrared sauna session each day will also help tremendously with the release of toxins through sweating.
SHOULD I GET COLONICS DURING A CLEANSE?
Elimination is an extremely important part of your cleansing process. If you are having trouble going to the bathroom, or want to increase the benefits of your cleanse, we recommend speaking to a colon hydro-therapist.
I AM ON A CLEANSE AND I CAN’T POOP, WHAT SHOULD I DO?
There are a number of things you can do to speed up bowel movements: Hydration is key! Start by doubling your daily water intake. We like to sip on a cleansing or elimination tea, however here are many herbal remedies to improve elimination (reputable Natural Food stores typically have a selection to choose from).
I AM ON A CLEANSE, AND AM READY TO EAT MY ARM. WHAT SHOULD I DO?
Start by drinking more water in between juices as staying hydrated may help to curb your appetite. If you are still starving at the end of the day, add an additional juice or two to your daily cleanse regime.
WILL I NEED TO WEAR A DIAPER IF I CLEANSE?
Everybody is different. This will depend on your pre-existing level of toxicity. If you are you a heavy alcohol drinker or eat processed foods / lots of red meats you may experience stronger cleansing effects.
CAN I DRINK ALCOHOL WHILE CLEANSING?
SHOULD I DRINK WATER WHILE I CLEANSE?
Yes in between each juice and throughout the day.
CAN I DRINK COFFEE DURING A CLEANSE?
One cup of black coffee a day is OK, but no more than that. To get the full benefits of the cleanse, we suggest removing caffeine from your diet.
CAN I CLEANSE WHILE PREGNANT OR BREASTFEEDING?
We don't recommend it. Please consult your physician first.
HOW DO I PREPARE FOR A CLEANSE?
1-2 days prior to your start date, begin by drinking lots of water and incorporating 4-5 servings of alkaline foods such as fruits and veggies into your daily diet. Good hydration and eliminating processed foods are the best way to prepare your body for a detox.
HOW DO I COME OFF OF A CLEANSE?
Your body can experience a lot of change over several days of juice cleansing. To make your transition back to solid foods safely, it is important to focus on fruits and vegetables with high water content, such as cucumbers, celery, apples, melons, and berries. Later add brown rice and nuts / seeds. Add protein only when you feel ready.
WHAT IF I HAVE A HEALTH CONDITION THAT REQUIRES PRESCRIPTION MEDICATION?
Please consult your doctor before starting a cleanse.
WILL I LOSE WEIGHT DURING MY CLEANSE?
Yes and No. Some will be surprised by their weight loss, others will be disappointed. Weight-loss should not be the focus of your cleanse. Focus on resetting your body, alkalizing your system, and breaking old habits.
HOW MANY CALORIES ARE IN A CLEANSE?
Cleanses range from 1200-2100 calories per day. Calorie intake should not be the primary focus of your cleanse though. All JUSU Juice ingredients are nutrient-rich and full of live enzymes that will support your body’s natural ability to heal.
AFTER I FINISH MY CLEANSE, HOW OFTEN SHOULD I DRINK A JUICE?
We recommend for the first week post-cleanse, 1-3 juices per day. After that, at least 1 juice a day is a great way to incorporate healthy fruits and vegetables into your daily routine.
HOW OFTEN SHOULD I CLEANSE?
This is entirely up to you. As often as once a month. Some people find that cleansing seasonally is great to reset their systems. Others may choose to cleanse annually.
WILL CLEANSING MESS UP MY METABOLISM?
If you transition in and out of your cleanse with proper care and good nutrition, you should experience an improvement to your digestion and overall metabolism.
WHY IS IT GOOD TO CLEANSE?
Cleansing has many physical, mental and emotional benefits. Even if you’re the pillar of health you still absorb toxins from the environment, which include everything from airborne pollutants and cleaning products, to skin creams, hygiene products and food additives. Cleansing gives your body the chance to get rid of these toxins and to create a healthy internal environment that’s more resistant to disease. It also gives your digestive system a vacation from the daily work you put it through. Your body uses the energy usually reserved for digestion to restore cells and detoxify. It’s an empowering way to get your motor running smoothly, efficiently and energetically. For more information on cleansing go to Jusu Cleanses.
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OSTERN- der achte FEIERTAG! – von ArchBishop Uwe AE.Rosenkranz
“For seven days eat bread made without yeast and on the seventh day hold a festival to the LORD.” (Exodus 13:6)
Today is the last day of Passover, which the Lord has designated as a special festival day.
Although Passover ends at sunset tonight here in Israel, an extra day of Passover is celebrated outside the Land.
This last day of Passover is called Acharon shel Pesach in Hebrew, and it has a feast that is devoted to the Messiah. As well, the Torah and the Haftarah readings for the day include Messianic Prophecies and the promise of the Messianic era found in Isaiah 11.
Acharon Shel Pesach: A Feast for the Messiah
Deuteronomy 14:22–16:17; Numbers 28:19–28:25; Isaiah 10:32–12:6
“The wolf will live with the lamb, the leopard will lie down with the goat, the calf and the lion and the yearling together; and a little child will lead them.” (Isaiah 11:6)
Peace, by William Strutt
In Chasidic Judaism in the Diaspora (outside Israel), a final feast will begin tomorrow before sunset and continue until after nightfall.
This final festival meal on the seventh day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread (eighth day of Passover) is called Seudat Moshiach (Feast of Messiah).
It was initiated by the founder of the Chasidic movement, Rabbi Yisrael (Israel) ben Eliezer, also called Baal Shem Tov or Besht, a Jewish mystic (ca. 1700–1760).
This traditional Feast of Messiah, held in anticipation of the future redemption by the Messiah, includes songs, matzah (unleavened bread), and the four cups of wine typical of the Passover Seder.
One of the explanations given for the four cups of wine at the Passover
Seder (ritual Passover meal) is that when God promised to deliver the
Israelites from Egypt, He used four terms of redemption (Exodus 6:6–8):
“I will take you out;” “I will rescue you;” “I will redeem you;” and “I will
Why did the founder of the Chasidic movement institute a custom dedicated to the Messiah?
Just as the first days of Passover focus on Israel’s redemption from Egypt, explained the Baal Shem Tov, so too should the last days center upon the ultimate redemption that is to come; therefore, at the close of the holiday of Pesach (Passover), a festive meal is dedicated to His coming.
Throughout the festival of Passover, we are made aware of our need of redemption.
This holiday is a wonderful reminder in this world troubled by natural disasters, wars, famine, pestilence, injustice, and corruption that with God there is always hope.
The Venice Haggadah of 1609 is one of the most beautiful early printed
Haggadot. Its woodcut illustrations include depictions of Passover and
Moses, Aaron, Kings David and Solomon. Many Haggadot are illustrated
to keep the children engaged in the retelling.
At the Seder on the first night of Passover, we use the Haggadah (The Telling) to recount the Exodus. This retelling fulfills the Biblical injunction (Exodus 13:8) to tell each generation the story of our enslavement in Egypt and how, against all odds, God delivered us as a nation.
Since the Seudat Mashiach is only celebrated by Jewish people in exile, outside the land of Israel, the last day also celebrates the hope of a future deliverance from exile and a promise of a better world.
The irony here, of course, is that, at this time, the door remains open for a Jewish person of any nation to give up their place in exile and come home to the nation of Israel—and yet, so many remain in their comfort zones outside the Land. Sometimes, the reason given is that they are awaiting the rebirth of Israel as a spiritual nation that bows to God.
The celebration of this Messianic Feast helps to raise Jewish awareness of the very concept of the Messiah, of which many are quite uninformed.
Raising this eighth day from the mundane to the level of holiness can be a way of bringing a segment of the Jewish population to think about and rejoice in the coming of the Messiah.
A Jewish girl enjoys a tasty bowl of matzah ball soup
(chicken soup with unleavened dumplings) at Passover.
Prayer for the Coming of Messiah
Some Christians and even some secular Jews are unaware of the fact that the Messiah is a fundamental ancient concept in Judaism.
Indeed, it has been said, half in jest, that when Yeshua returns, the one question that will be asked of Him by the Jewish People is whether or not it is His first or second visit to earth.
When Yeshua returns, they will see and know that His coming was preceded 2,000 years ago as the Passover Lamb of God who was slain for our personal redemption.
Belief in the coming of a Messiah is one of the thirteen foundational principles of the Jewish faith, according to Rambam (Hebrew acronym for “Rabbi Mosheh Ben Maimon”), one of the most prolific and well-respected Torah scholars of the Middle Ages.
Also, in a prayer called the Shemoneh Esrei (also known as the Amidah—Standing Prayer), one of the things Jewish people pray for three times a day is for the coming of the Mashiach:
“Speedily cause the offspring of your servant David to flourish, and let him be exalted by your saving power, for we wait all day long for your salvation. Blessed are you, O Lord, who causes salvation to flourish.” (Excerpt of the Amidah)
The Hebrew word mashiach משיח literally means anointed one, from the practice of anointing the Kings of Israel with oil; therefore, the Mashiach will be the one anointed as King of Kings in the end of days.
This word is closely related to the word Moshiah, which means to save; therefore, the Messiah is both the Anointed One and Savior.
Still, the Christian concept of the Savior and the Jewish concept of Messiah differ in many ways.
An Orthodox Jewish man prays at the Western (Wailing) Wall at Passover.
What Will the Mashiach Do?
According to Jewish traditions and beliefs, the Messiah will come after a time of war and suffering (Ezekiel 38:16), and at that time, there are several things that the genuine Messiah must accomplish:
1. The Messiah will bring the Jews home to Israel and restore Jerusalem, bringing about their spiritual and political redemption (Isaiah 11:11–12; Jeremiah 23:8; 30:3; Hosea 3:4–5; Zechariah 8:12–14; Ezekiel 37:23).
2. The Messiah will rule from Jerusalem, which He will make the center of world government for Jews as well as Gentiles (Isaiah 2:2–4; 11:10; 42:1).
3. The Messiah will rebuild the Holy Temple and re-establish Temple worship and sacrifices (Jeremiah 33:18; Ezekiel 44:15).
4. The Messiah will restore Jewish law as the rule of the Land and establish a religious court system (Jeremiah 33:15).
5. The Messiah will bring peace to Israel and the world (Isaiah 11:6–11).
Most Jewish people do not believe that Yeshua (Jesus) is the Messiah because He did not fulfill these expectations.
In addition, a Savior who is both human and Divine and who dies for our sins is a foreign concept in traditional Judaism. Therefore, many believe that considering Yeshua to be the Messiah is unacceptable. Yet, many Jewish people still look to mere men to fulfill the Messianic role.
Jewish men gather for prayer at the Western Wall during Pesach.
“Yeshua answered: ‘Watch out that no one deceives you. For many will come in my name, claiming, “I am the Messiah,” and will deceive many.'” (Matthew 24:4–5)
Throughout Jewish history, many people have either claimed to be the mashiach or had followers who claimed their leader was the mashiach; for example, Shimeon Bar Kokhba, Shabbatai Tzvi, etc.
Many were imprisoned, killed, or converted to various religions to escape punishment or death.
Even today, all over Israel, posters and signs proclaim a certain man as Melech Mashiach (King Messiah): Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, also known as the Lubavitcher Rebbe or just the Rebbe among his followers.
Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson
Rabbi Schneerson was born in the Soviet Union on April 5, 1902 and became a prominent Chasidic rabbi—the seventh and last Chasidic leader (Rebbe) of the Chabad-Lubavitch sect of Judaism. After the death of his father-in-law in 1951, Schneerson became the leader of the Lubavitch movement until he died in 1994.
Although he worked to promote traditional Judaism and moral values and contributed greatly to the worldwide Jewish community and beyond, he never announced himself as the Jewish messiah, as some of his followers claimed. In fact, Rabbi Schneerson is said to have discouraged all such talk as foolish and unfounded.
In contrast, Yeshua clearly and openly proclaimed Himself to be the Messiah that the Jewish People were eagerly anticipating, patiently waiting and passionately longing for.
When Yeshua met the Samaritan woman at the well, he spoke to her about the living water of the Spirit that would quench her thirst forever.
“The woman said, I know that Messiah” (called Mashiach) “is coming. When He comes, He will explain everything to us.” Then Yeshua declared, “I, the one speaking to you—I am He.” (John 4:25–26)
Yeshua and the Samaritan Woman at the Well, by Guercino
Yeshua also publicly proclaimed His Messianic mission in the synagogue, which He customarily attended.
When He was called to read from the prophets in the synagogue on the Sabbath day, He read the well-known Messianic prophecy in Isaiah 61:
“The Spirit of the Lord is on me, because he has anointed me to proclaim good news to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim freedom for the prisoners and recovery of sight for the blind, to set the oppressed free, to proclaim the year of the Lord’s favor.” (Luke 4:18–19)
To everyone’s amazement, this simple carpenter, son of Joseph, then rolled up the scroll and sat down, saying, “Today this Scripture is fulfilled in your hearing.” (Luke 4:21)
Yeshua Unrolls the Book in the Synagogue,
by James Tissot
Indeed, what the Bible has to say about the Messiah is quite different than what traditional Judaism commonly believed about the Messiah.
With so many false Messiah’s out there, how can we recognize the true Messiah? How can we be sure that Yeshua is truly the Mashiach or know that someone like Rabbi Schneerson is not?
Yeshua Himself has warned us to beware of numerous false Messiahs and false prophets that would arise in the last days, performing signs and wonders to deceive people, even the very elect.
“At that time if anyone says to you, ‘Look, here is the Messiah!” or, ‘There he is!’ do not believe it. For false messiahs and false prophets will appear and perform great signs and wonders to deceive, if possible, even the elect. See, I have told you ahead of time.” (Matthew 24:23–25)
Jewish people have looked for centuries for a Messianic deliverer who would bring world peace, but the fact that so many people in Israel and around the world believe that the late Rabbi Schneerson is the Messiah is one more sign that we are truly in the end times.
Posters proclaiming Schneerson as King Messiah.
Revealing the Real Messiah
“Who has gone up to heaven and come down? … What is His name, and what is the name of His son? Surely you know!” (Proverbs 30:4)
How can we distinguish the real Messiah from all pseudo-messiahs? Thankfully, we don’t have to guess: the Bible provides the answers.
His entire ancestry, birth, character, teaching, ministry, life, death, burial, and resurrection had already been written by 25 Jewish writers up to 500 years before His birth.
There are at least 333 Messianic prophecies that complete the description of the real Messiah in Jewish Scriptures—far more than the Haftarah reading for the eighth day of Passover (Isaiah 10:32–12:6) reveals.
Jewish women pray during Passover at the Kotel, also known as the
Western (Wailing) Wall.
The following is a list of just a few of the prophecies that point to Yeshua as Messiah and disqualify Rabbi Schneerson and other false messiahs.
He will be born to a virgin and will be called God With Us (Immanu-El) (Isaiah 7:14; Matthew 1:23)
He will be born in Beit-Lechem (House of Bread—Bethlehem)
(Micah 5:2; Matthew 2:1)
He will be despised and rejected by His own people
(Isaiah 53:3; John 1:11; John 5:43)
He will suffer terribly (Isaiah 52:14)
He will be pierced and wounded for our sins (Isaiah 53:5; Psalm 22:16; Luke 23:33)
He will take upon Himself the punishment that we all deserve
(Isaiah 53:5; 1 Peter 2:24)
He will not open His mouth in His own defense (Isaiah 53:7; Matthew 27:12–14)
He will die a premature death (Isaiah 53:8,12; Luke 23:46)
He will die with the wicked but be buried with the rich (Isaiah 53:9; Matthew 27:57–60)
He will be raised from death to life (Psalm 16:10; Acts 2:29–32; Matthew 28:5–6)
He will sit on the throne of His father, David, ruling forever
(Isaiah 9:6–7; Luke 1:30–33)
All of these prophecies except the last one have already been fulfilled in the true Messiah, Yeshua.
His everlasting rule on the throne of David and other prophecies remain to be completed at His second coming, which we eagerly await during these last day when so many end-time prophecies are being fulfilled.
Remembering the Lamb
As this Feast of Passover comes to a close, and especially on the last day when the Feast of Moshiach is celebrated, let us remember the Lamb of God, whose blood saves us from all sin and judgment.
“This is My blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.” (Matthew 26:28)
“And He took bread, gave thanks and broke it, and gave it to them, saying, “This is My body given for you; do this in remembrance of Me.” (Luke 22:19)
Israel has such a great hope of redemption, restoration, and deliverance in God’s Word.
As the Jewish people around the world read the Messianic prophecies in the Haftarah reading and look forward to a glorious future Passover and the complete spiritual redemption He brings, let’s pray that they see that Yeshua is the Messiah who came as the Passover Lamb, and will come again as the ruling Mighty King Messiah.
Please help Bibles For Israel open the eyes of Jewish People to the coming of Yeshua and His death and resurrection at Passover 2,000 years ago, in fulfillment of Passover and Bible prophecy.
“I am bringing My righteousness near, it is not far away; and My salvation will not be delayed. I will grant salvation to Zion, My splendor to Israel.” (Isaiah 46:13)
Help us educate and disciple the Jewish People:
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What Are The 5 Generations Of Employees?
In today’s workplace, there is a lot of diversity. One aspect of the diversified work force that is not often considered is generational. Age plays a significant role in how people perceive their job in the workplace, how they communicate and also how they respond to changes that occur. Keep reading and learn about the five generations of workplace employees.
Just who am I working with?
Besides the typical differences that team members have: race, creed, religion and socioeconomic status, there is also a difference in age. There were four main generations that existed, but now we are up to five. This means differences in experiences and upbringing that color how and what we view as problems and conflict. Handling conflict is also a different animal, depending on the generation of the team member who is being addressed.
Managers these days need to be versatile enough to recognize the number of different generations under their care and how to communicate effectively with each. Add to that the fact that individuals within the same generation have differences, and you have a gigantic task ahead of you. But, don’t be dismayed. The first step is becoming familiar with each generation, which is what we are about to highlight right now.
The 5 Generations of Employees in the Workplace today
- In-betweeners – this is the generation that was born between the end of World War I and the end of World War II. These are the years between 1930 and 1945. They are also referred to as the “Silent Generation”. This is one of the smallest groups percentage-wise in the workforce today.
- Baby boomers – this is the generation you hear about most. They were born after World War II and the Korean War conflict. The years are between 1946 and 1964. They are so large that they are divided into two groups: Older Boomers (1946-1953) and Younger Boomers (1954-1964). They are the biggest workforce group today.
- Generation X – this generation was born between 1965 and 1976. They are a small generation at only 11 years. They grew up in the early to mid-70s when there were no conflicts of war.
- Generation Y – this generation was born between 1977 and 1990. They outpaced Gen X as of 2011 as the most prevalent generational group in the work force. They have the benefit of Gen X and/or younger boomer parents.
- Millennials – this generation came in with the World Wide Web in 1991. They have been in the workforce for a few years now and are still relative newbies. They are also the “Now Generation”. Everything has been handed to them rather quickly because of the technology boon.
January 26, 2017 Building & Leading Your Team
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Erosion has caused the surf north of the St. Johns County pier to edge closer and closer to a leatherback turtle nest. But officials say that relocating it is not an option and would be dangerous for the eggs.
“Is it in danger of being washed out? Absolutely,” said Tara Dodson, environmental supervisor for St. Johns County.
The leatherback nest is near a sand cliff that has been cut naturally by erosion following the beach renourishment efforts.
Moving the nest won’t happen because of state guidelines which restrict time-frames and reasons for doing so. And the danger associated with turtle nests washouts is part of nature. So turtle patrol volunteers are playing a game of wait-and-see.
Turtle patrols in St. Johns County monitor and record turtle activity at local beaches. Diana Justice, turtle patrol permit holder for the St. Augustine Beaches, said that turtle nests get washed out regularly.
“Of course the goal is for us not to have any washout,” she said.
“This is all part of nature. It’s a natural occurrence.”
Leatherback turtles are rarer than most turtles that frequent local beaches.
Turtles have laid 706 nests on St. Johns County’s beaches this year as of Friday, Dodson said. Of those, 15 are leatherback nests.
Dodson said that if people see a nest washing out or eggs rolling out of the nest, they should not touch the eggs or the nest. Instead, people should call the St. Johns County Sheriff’s Office about the sighting.
Justice said that the turtle season has gone well overall and she has seen more turtle nests in the renourished area of the beaches.
Marine turtle permit holders are authorized by the FWC to conduct sea turtle patrol — mark nests, collect data, evaluate and relocate nests.
Meghan Koperski, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission environmental specialist, oversees the marine turtle permitting program for the State of Florida.
Guidelines allow for officials to move turtle nests within 12 hours after the eggs were laid, Koperski said. Movement after that point could damage a membrane within the egg and kill the embryo.
“You could kill the whole nest by moving it,” she said.
Officials can apply for permits to move nests after that, but those types of permits are not issued often. Fish and wildlife officials try to have a natural management policy “in terms of letting nature operate the way that nature does best.”
Also, water washing over the nest won’t necessarily hurt the eggs, she said.
Koperski said that turtles lay multiple nests throughout the season to account for all the things that could go wrong, such as washouts.
Not many turtles survive to maturity.
“They aren’t putting all their eggs in one basket — literally,” she said.
The number of turtle nests that have washed out was not available. However, the following is a list of numbers of turtle nests in Florida that have been negatively impacted by storms, including those that have been washed out, washed over and otherwise flooded. Nests did not have to be destroyed in order to be listed.
Year: Number of nests negatively impacted by storms
— Beth Brost, biological scientist at the Fish and Wildlife Research Institute with the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://staugustine.com/news/local-news/2013-08-21-0
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Tropical plants will flourish as indoor house plants when given the proper care and conditions. To keep your tropical plant leaves healthy, they require the proper amount of nutrients, humidity and rest. In addition, cleaning or polishing the leaves allows them to get adequate air and keeps your tropical plants looking their best
As with any plant, tropical plants require the right nutrients to thrive. Of the three main nutrients that plants need, (nitrogen, phosphates, and potash), nitrogen is the nutrient that promotes healthy foliage. Tropical plant leaves with a pale, washed out appearance or yellow spotting indicate a need for fertilization. Plant leaves that are wilted or have crisp brown spots or scorched edges indicate that the plant is getting too many nutrients.
In a heated room, the air is dry. Tropical plants require higher humidity for healthy foliage. Too little humidity is indicated by leaf tips that are brown and shriveled, or leaf edges that are yellow or wilted. To increase humidity, mist with tepid water each morning. Grouping plants together also increases humidity, as plants receive moisture that rises from the damp compost of the surrounding plants. Another way to increase humidity is to double pot tropical plants with moist peat moss placed between pot and container, or fill drainage trays with pebbles that absorb moisture and release it into the air, according Dr. D.G. Hessayon in the 1993 book "The Houseplant Expert.".
Most tropical plants require a dormant period, where they receive less water and fertilization, as well as less sunlight. Cooler conditions may also be required. This period usually occurs during the winter months, when growth slows. Regular watering and feeding can be resumed, and plants can be moved back into warmer temperatures when new spring growth appears.
Dust spoils the appearance of foliage and blocks leaf pores, so the plant can no longer get the air it needs. Dust also blocks light, so keeping leaves clean is important. Clean foliage by sponging he leaves, or immersing smaller plants in water. Be sure to wash both sides of the leaves to open pores thoroughly. Clean foliage early in the day, so the plant will be thoroughly dry by nightfall. Very dirty leaves should be dusted with a soft, dry cloth before washing to prevent mud that sticks to the leaves when they dry.
Many tropical plants have large, smooth leaves that tend to become dull and tired-looking as they age. The glossy new-leaf look can be restored by polishing the leaves with one of the plant polishing products that is available on the market. There are both wipe on liquids and aerosol sprays are available that are made especially for plants. Polish only old leaves that have lost their luster and never press down on the leaf surface, Hessayon advised. Check product labels for a list of plants that the product should not be used on.
Numerous University Cooperative Extension Services warn against using leaf-shine products as they can interfere with "transpiration," evaporation of water from leaves, and actually attract dust, according to Colorado State University Extension. Arizona State University Extension recommends using non-lanolin baby wipes on leaves.
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<urn:uuid:f92f2acb-e0e7-4e5d-a79a-f218ce517d61>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.gardenguides.com/130624-tropical-plant-leaf-care.html
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A group of human anemias due to imbalance in the ratio of alpha and/or beta hemoglobin subunits. Since there are four alpha genes per genome, deletions (commonly produced by unequal crossing over) can result in an individual having any number of alpha genes from zero to four. The complete absence of alpha genes produces hydrops fetalis (q.v.). With only one alpha gene, excess beta chains form a tetramer (β4), resulting in hemoglobin H disease. Individuals with two or three alpha genes are almost indistinguishable from normal. Epidemiological studies have shown that individuals with alpha thalassemia trait (--/aa or -a/-a) are more resistant to malaria than aa/aa individuals. Incomplete beta chains can be produced by nonsense codons. Deletions in beta genes are commonly produced by unequal crossing over, as are the hybrid chains containing δ and β segments (Hb Lepore) or Aγ and β segments (Hb Kenya). Beta thalassemia (also called Cooley anemia) is a hemoglobinopathy in which few functional beta globin chains are made. A point mutation, within an intron that alters the cutting and splicing signal, causes an extra piece of intron RNA to be present in processed mRNA; the extra piece shifts the reading frame and causes translation to stop prematurely, yielding a truncated and nonfunctional beta globin molecule. See Chronology, 1976, Kan et al.; 1986, Costantini et al.; Desferal, hemoglobin fusion genes, hemoglobin homotetramers. http://www.thalassemia.org
Subjects: Genetics and Genomics.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803103515548
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Definition of planilla
: a level place used as a cleaning floor at a mine
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Origin and Etymology of planilla
American Spanish, from diminutive of Spanish plana level ground, from feminine of plano level, flat, from Latin planus
Learn More about planilla
Spanish Central: Translation of planilla
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up planilla? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
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<urn:uuid:ff967890-d5dd-4118-9297-dbdaf26648e0>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/planilla
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Earlier this year we wrote about how we're getting nowhere fast when it comes to energy consumption because having more stuff is eating up all the gains from being more efficient. Now, the Pew Research Center piles on with new data that shows just how bad it is. They find that the average new single-family house is 57 percent larger than the average home in 1970. That drives up the averages. Pew's Drew DeSilver writes:
Like Americans’ waistlines, U.S. homes have been expanding steadily over the years: The average home in 2012 was estimated at 1,864 square feet, 28% bigger than in 1970.
The houses are better insulated with better windows and more efficient appliances; the energy used per square foot has dropped by a third. But because they are so much bigger, they use up just about the same amount of energy.
On VOX, Brad Plumer always looks on the bright side of life, and notes:
All those efficiency gains have allowed us to own much bigger houses (and more stuff in those houses) without a corresponding explosion in energy use. It's a net boon for consumers, you might say.
This is also the response of the American Enterprise Institute, a right-wing think-tank that is just thrilled.
Overall, the increasing size, improving quality, and relative affordability of new homes today means that living standards continue to gradually, but consistently, improve year after year for most Americans.
But it really isn't all sweetness and efficient LED light. The whole point of these increases in efficiency was so that we would use less energy, and have a smaller a carbon footprint. Standing still doesn't solve anything. And how did this happen?
First of all, there's the rebound effect, or Jevons' paradox, which says that as houses or cars get more energy efficient, people buy bigger ones or drive further to get to them. It's controversial and used by some as a reason to say energy efficiency programs are useless, but the evidence is out there for all to see.
Houses get bigger when people get richer. (Photo: MNN Infographic)
Then there's another reason that houses are getting bigger: Only the rich can afford to buy them. It used to be that the so-called working class could get on the housing ladder; that's why Levittown houses were only 900 square feet. Those jobs are gone, and young people starting families are having trouble qualifying for mortgages in any of the cities where there are jobs being created. So the real estate developers build to the market, which means not so many houses are getting built, but they cost a lot more. As Richard Florida noted,
America’s bloated house size is a two-sided problem. For one, it’s yet another indicator of the nation’s deepening economic divide. The wealthy are pouring more and more money into trophy homes, while the professional and knowledge classes, too, are demanding more space for family and media rooms. The poor, meanwhile, are crammed into urban quarters or pushed out to older, dilapidated housing in the suburbs.
Then there's the cost of energy. Thanks to fracking and the low price of oil, nobody really cares anymore. It's short-sighted, but for many people the cost of heating or cooling a house is such a small proportion of income that they just don't worry about it anymore.
I have always thought that the way to solve this problem is to have absolute rather than relative building codes — that a house should be allotted a fixed amount of energy per design occupant rather than the current specification of R values for walls. Then if someone wanted to build a huge house, they would have to crank up the efficiency, the insulation and the window quality accordingly, while smaller houses could be less efficient and more affordable. But I got into a lot of trouble for that one. As one correspondent noted, "very few agree with your viewpoint especially in the real world in which we live.... It is simplistic and doesn't work."
Ultimately, there are so many factors that have to be taken into account if we're going to make our society more energy efficient and reduce our carbon footprint, from urban density to energy efficiency to building size to embodied energy to durability to transportation intensity. No wonder people are frustrated and confused. We'll look at some of these in subsequent posts.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/energy/blogs/all-our-gains-energy-efficiency-have-been-wiped-out-increases-house-size
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Storyboarding Using Simcity 4 Regions
"A storyboard is a graphic organizer in the form of illustrations or images displayed in sequence for the purpose of pre-visualizing a motion picture, animation, motion graphic or interactive media sequence."
In the region view above is a simple linear storyboard. Regions may be made up of 3 sizes of rectangular tiles and several elevations. SC4 space is scaled in 3-dimensions, technically referred to as 'trimetric' projection. Text can be entered as region, city, and mayor names, and text can be written directly on the tiles or as signs placed on the tile.
Worlds on the Edge
There are 6 large city tiles, one is used twice. Each city represents a condition of the world. All conditions are considered to exist simultaneously at any time. The story is arranged so that neither the past nor future are conclusive, but between each condition exists the possibility of either worsening or bettering condition, looping back or forward in time. Its a world in constant danger and great hope.
On January 26, 2017, the Doomsday Clock maintained by the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists was moved to 2.5 minutes to midnight, the closest its been since 1953, so we begin our journey with a view of our fractured futures...
I. Fractured Futures
II. Past Paradises
III. Transitional Cultures
IV. Civil Foundations
V. Industrial Crisis
VI. Utopian Skies
VII. Engineering Imperatives
This CJ entry does require a concluding commentary, and I've been writing and re-writing, attempting to grasp the complex of images and ideas I've presented. Storyboards are supposed to be concise and brief, giving only an outline of a story and a sense of its meaning and purpose. Art came long before science, culture, civil structure, industry and technology, the first order, and no other being than human beings that we know or can imagine, does make art. Robots can be programmed to make art, but true art comes from a deeper place than machine, animals can dance and sing, exhibiting great passion and character, but true art comes from a higher place than matter.
So its 2.5 minutes to midnight in a world of great conflict and crisis on every level, from the beginning, all through, and to so far. Before the technicians, engineers, managers, and performers can do their thing to resolve the conflicts and crises, the artists must do their thing. The science department has informed the arts department we are down to a 2.5 minute warning before the end of the show and there is no further data. In the entire universe we may even be the only ones that made it this far.
My first question in assuming responsibility and pulling artistic license is "How many time-outs do we get?" I've got 10 billion lines of code to process...
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://community.simtropolis.com/journals/entry/27882-worlds-on-the-edge/
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Graphene Enhancing Our Vision of the Infinitely Small
Developing new scientific devices pushing the limits of what we can observe and measure does not occur overnight. There are typically baby steps involved, small and continuous improvements to counter the numerous technical hurdles arising on the way. The new state-of-the-art electron microscope developed by Prof. Tsumoru Shintake at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) is no exception to the rule. Through the development of this one-of-a-kind microscope, OIST researchers reported such a crucial step in the journal Microscopy using atom-thin layers of graphene to enhance microscopic images of minuscule viruses.
Electron microscopes relies on an electron beam rather than light to illuminate the target sample. The electron beam would hit the sample, with the resulting scattering of the electrons allowing scientists to build an accurate image of the target. This way, electron microscopes can achieve a much higher resolution compared to light-based devices. Prof. Shintake’s unique microscope does not even rely on optical lenses any longer, instead using a detector to reveal which electrons hit the tiny virus samples and reconstructing the image through a computer algorithm. Moreover, while conventional electron microscopes require high-energy electrons, this microscope rather focuses on low-energy electrons which can potentially be much more efficient at imaging viruses if the associated technical issues can be overcome.
“Low-energy electrons interacts very strongly with matter,” explained Dr. Masao Yamashita, the first author of the study. “They are great for imaging biological specimens, made up of light materials like carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, which are basically transparent to high energy electrons.”
Using low energy electrons however has an important drawback: because of its high sensitivity with matter, a low energy electron beam would interact with the target sample but also with everything else like the support plate and film on which the sample is laying. The resulting image would not distinguish the study material from the background.
To counter this effect, researchers from the Quantum Wave Microscopy Unit turned to the unique properties of graphene. They synthesized a film made of a single layer – one atom thin – of graphene on which the biological samples, like the viruses they study, will be displayed.
Graphene is extremely conductive, which means electrons can cross the layer very easily. This way, the low energy electrons will interact very little with the background graphene layer and much more with the virus sample which will stand out with a great contrast. This high conductivity also prevents “charging-up”, an accumulation of electrons on the film that would distort the final image. The thinness of the film also provides a much brighter background - thus a much better contrast with the study material – than conventional carbon films.
“The graphene film allows us to achieve great contrast with very low energy electrons, allowing to enhance tiny details” added Dr. Yamashita.
However, a graphene film is not so easy to handle. It is so clear that it needs to be spotless and free from any contaminants, leading the OIST scientists to develop a technique to meticulously clean the graphene film.
There is also an issue with loading the virus sample onto the graphene film. The graphene film is oily, while biological preparations would typically be in water-based. They would not mix very well: if you just add the viruses onto the film, the results are viruses clinging together in scattered dense spots making it impossible to reveal individual details.
To solve this second issue, OIST researchers resorted to using centrifugal force to scatter the viruses onto the entire surface of the film, preventing them from making clumps. The viruses are loaded in a tube with the graphene film sitting at one end, while the other end is attached to a vertical axis which is spun up to 100,000 rotations per minute. The centrifugal force pushes the viruses onto the graphene film and prevent them from regrouping, allowing to see distinctive details on each specimen with the electron microscope.
The outcome of all these efforts is higher resolution pictures of viruses’ shells, whose shape and morphological details can provide clues on how to fight them. To demonstrate their successful work, OIST researchers used the bacteriophage T4, a well-known virus that attacks specific bacteria. Using graphene and a low-voltage electron beam enabled them to reveal minuscule details like the fiber-like limbs that the virus uses to hook onto its bacterial prey, previously invisible on a conventional carbon film.
Dr. Yamashita and his team are already working on the next step to further increase the quality of the images. To reconstruct images and to study the morphology of various types of specimen in the future, the ability to confidently compare microscopic images of biological materials at such a tiny scale require very high consistency between samples. To achieve this condition, the researchers are now developing a robust way to prepare the viruses by spraying them onto the graphene film in a sterile vacuum. Tiny viruses will not be able to hide out of sight for very much longer.
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<urn:uuid:cac42393-d023-4621-a8bd-0b29bf856d11>
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Number of malaria cases hits ten-year high as UK travellers venture to more exotic countries
The number of people needing NHS care for the deadly mosquito-borne illness malaria has hit a ten-year high with hospital doctors having to deal with more than seven cases a day.
The illness, which singer Cheryl Cole famously suffered from in 2010 after a trip to Tanzania, is brought into the country by travellers returning from exotic destinations where the disease is prevalent.
Figures from the NHS show that last year there were 2,590 occasions where a patient needed treatment for malaria, up 27 per cent in the last two years.
Blood-sucking: Malaria cases have increased as Britons venture further on their holidays
Malaria is spread by mosquitoes in tropical areas but it cannot be transmitted directly from person to person.
The symptoms include a flu-like illness, fever, shaking, headache, muscle aches and tiredness, as well as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.
Patients suffering from the infection, which is the world's second biggest killer, accounted for a total of 5,127 NHS hospital bed nights.
The disease is responsible for killing an average of nine people in the UK every year.
The NHS spend on anti-malarial drugs that are given to people who are going to places where the disease is found also hit a new high last year at £4million.
'Malaria is a potentially deadly disease but is almost completely preventable.,' said Dr Jane Jones, a travel health expert at the Health Protection Agency.
'All travellers to malaria risk areas need to be aware of the risk when travelling and to take anti-mosquito precautions and medication to keep safe'.
Dr Ron Behrens, of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, said: 'Although the actual number of people being treated for malaria has increased, the risk of catching has fallen five-fold over the past 10 years .
'This is because there has been a significant rise in the number of people travelling to places, such as West Africa, India and Pakistan, where malaria can be contracted and the malaria cases have stayed roughly the same.
'There are now a lot more UK residents going on trips to tropical places with a risk of malaria.'
An analysis of cases found that 75 per cent of cases were UK resident travelling abroad to visit a friend or relative, another ten per cent are foreigners travelling to the UK who go down with the illness in this country and the remainder include UK residents who may contract malaria while on holiday.
Dr Behrens said that effective eradication programmes in malaria-infected countries had contributed to the lower infection rates for UK nationals when they travelled abroad, and he added that every £1 spent on anti-malarial drugs saves the NHS £5 in having to treat victims of the illness.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-2108159/Malaria-cases-hit-year-high-UK-travellers-venture-exotic-countries.html
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en
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|
Ask any expert and he will tell you that a child’s height can only be determined by his genetics and daily nutritional intake. Soon after the child passes the first year of his or her life, the height is broken down into mini growth spurts. And, as soon as the child reaches adolescence, he or she again starts growing taller. There are many factors that lead to height increase in a child. Nutrition is one of them.
Importance of Vitamin A and D in your child\'s diet. Vitamin D is very important for the child to maintain healthy skin, hair and for the proper growth of bones. There are two kinds of vitamin D: Vitamin D2, which is made by plants and cholecalciferol, and Vitamin D3, which is made by the human body, when the skin is exposed to UVB rays from the sun. Both D2 and D3 help to absorb calcium and phosphorus from the diet to the bloodstream. Egg yolks, butter, fish, milk are the good sources of Vitamin D from the diet.
Vitamin A is good for the eyesight of the child. It also acts as reproductive and effective in the bone metabolism of the child. Carrots, spinach, potato are good sources of Vitamin A.
Importance of calcium in your child\'s diet. Calcium is key in the development of the child, as calcium functions in the overall development of the body such as muscles, bones and even nerve system. Apart from the milk, you can even get calcium from almonds, curd, as curd has more calcium then milk, say approx 40% more and even from broccoli, beans, leafy vegetables, mushroom, eggs, and fish like sardine.
Importance of protein in your child\'s diet. Protein is very important for the growth of the hair, muscles, skin and other internal organs of the body. As our body cannot produce protein, so we have to source it from the food. Children\'s diet should include a combination of good proteins. Look at lean meat, dals, soya beans, chicken, methi with the combination of vegetables and fruits to supplement the requirement of other vitamins and minerals.
Importance of fiber in your child\'s diet. Fibre is important for bowel health, so that the child does not get constipated. Lack of fibre also leads to poor weight gain. It is important for the child to include fibre rich foods, such as fruits like apples, watermelon, vegetables, nuts and have whole meals like salads.
Importance of minerals in your child\'s diet. Minerals are important for the proper development of a healthy brain, good bones and many other developments of the body. The essential minerals for children are calcium, zinc, copper, manganese, potassium, chromium and selenium, iron, which can be obtained through a balanced diet that includes all vitamins and minerals.
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<urn:uuid:73f6ae2f-3462-4098-bba2-5fa97b5d4669>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.indiatimes.com/health/healthyliving/how-nutrition-is-linked-to-height-increase-in-children-237520.html
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en
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|
Opened in 1976, the Sand Plain Research Farm at Becker, Minn., is affiliated with the University of Minnesota's College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences and the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. Its primary mission is to conduct research on agronomic and horticultural crops under both irrigated and non-irrigated conditions.
Comprising 285 acres directly north of Xcel Energy's Sherco coal-burning power plant some 45 miles northwest of the Twin Cities, the center leases the land from Xcel Energy to conduct agricultural and environmental research. The station provides labor, land and technical support for a large number of cooperating projects.
The station has five irrigation wells with a total pumping capacity of 1,300 gallons a minute. These wells are connected and pump irrigation water through a main line that consists of roughly 11,100 feet of 6- and 8-inch-diameter aluminum pipe; smaller pipe branches into about 45 acres where irrigation is needed.
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<urn:uuid:8210c2f2-38fc-4852-adab-19e77c25d294>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://sprf.cfans.umn.edu/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128329372.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629154125-20170629174125-00105.warc.gz
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en
| 0.932258
| 194
| 2.90625
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|
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder of the nervous system that impacts movement. It is the most common form of parkinsonism with the majority of Parkinson’s disease cases falling under the designation of “primary” parkinsonism, which suggests an idiopathic origin. No exact cause has been found, but it is believed that genetic mutations or exposure to certain toxins or other environmental factors may possibly be contributory. A unilateral resting tremor in one extremity is a cardinal sign that can be seen in the initial phases of the disorder, but slowness of movement and rigidity may be present as well. Anosmia (or loss of olfactory senses) may also emerge during the initial stages. Motor symptoms of the disease result from loss or death of neuronal cells that negatively impact the production and transfer or dopamine. Much of this loss occurs within the substantia nigra, a part of the basal ganglia. Risk factors include age, heredity, sex, and exposure to toxins. It estimated that there are 50-60 million cases worldwide, with the majority being male and over the age of 60. The typical life expectancy of someone diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease is 7-14 years.
Signs and Symptoms
Parkinson’s disease consists of both motor and non-motor symptoms.
Typical motor or motor-related symptoms include the following:
- Tremors (shaking)
- Hypokinesia or Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
- Rigidity (muscle stiffness)
- Postural Instability (associated with stooped posture or balance problems)
- Micrographia (small handwriting)
- Masked Facies (reduced facial expressions)
- Autonomic Dysfunction:
- Urinary and bowel incontinence
- Orthostatic hypotension (low pressure when transitioning to a standing position)
- Swallowing problems
- Sexual dysfunction
- Digestive problems
- Blood pressure changes
- Speech changes:
- Hypophonia (softness of speech)
- Monotonic speech
Typical non-motor symptoms include the following:
- Mood Changes (increased depression or anxiety)
- Cognitive Difficulties or Slowing (bradyphrenia)
- Sleep Problems or Sleep Disorders
Diagnosing Parkinson’s Disease
Like other disorders, diagnosing Parkinson’s disease is done through data that is gathered from a number of different sources which typically include medical history, clinical interview, physical and neurological examination, and review of signs and symptoms. There is no one test that can diagnose Parkinson’s disease, but medical tests, such as blood tests, and neuroimaging can provide support of the diagnosis or rule-out other types of disorders. Another way that has helped determine the presence of Parkinson’s disease is to prescribe a trial of carbidopa levodopa, a drug to help increase the production of dopamine. If motor symptoms improve as a result of the medication, then this increases one’s confidence in a Parkinson’s disease diagnosis. Some have even suggested that patients discontinue the medication for a brief period of time to see if symptoms reemerge, and improve again when they re-start the medication.
Cognition in Parkinson’s Disease
It has been estimated that about 50% of Parkinson’s disease cases experience some degree of significant cognitive impairment. Cognitive changes can occur in the early stages of the disease. The most common deficit observed relates to executive dysfunction. Typical executive dysfunction problems include impairments in cognitive flexibility, abstract thinking, initiation of actions, motivation, or problem solving. Deficits in working memory, processing speed, and attention abilities can also be present. With respect to memory, deficient learning capabilities and poor delayed memory recall can be emerge, but memory recognition and recall with the aid of cues are usually intact. Individuals with Parkinson’s disease have an increased risk of developing dementia as compared to the general population, with age and disease duration also further increasing this risk. Mood and behavioral changes also often co-occur with cognitive changes, which include anxiety, depression, hallucinations, apathy, and poor impulse control.
Treatments for Parkinson’s Disease
There is no known cure for Parkinson’s disease at this time. As noted, carbidopa levodopa medications can alleviate symptoms. Various forms of therapy, such as speech and language, physical, occupational, recreational, and psychotherapy, can also improve one’s ability to overcompensate for symptoms and improve daily functioning. Certain therapies have been designed to specifically target symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease. For more severe cases or when pharmacologic-treatment is ineffective, surgical interventions, such as deep brain stimulation, may then be considered. Exercise and changes to diet can also be helpful in alleviating symptoms and reduce the risk of significant decline.
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SAT Subject Test Chemistry
REVIEW OF MAJOR TOPICS
Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes
Whereas particles in gases have the highest degree of disorder, the solid state has the most ordered system. Particles are fixed in rather definite positions and maintain definite shapes. Because of their variation in packing, solids can be divided into three categories: Crystalline solids have a three-dimensional representation much like a brick wall. They have a regular structure, in which the particles pack in a repeating pattern from one edge of the solid to the other. Amorphous solids (literally, “solids without form”) have a random structure, with little if any long-range order.Polycrystalline solids are an aggregate of a large number of small crystals or grains in which the structure is regular, but the crystals or grains are arranged in a random fashion.
Particles in solids do vibrate in position, however, and may even diffuse through the solid. (Example: Gold clamped to lead shows diffusion of some gold atoms into the lead over long periods of time.) Other solids do not show diffusion because of strong ionic or covalent bonds in network solids. (Examples: NaCl and diamond, respectively.)
When heated at certain pressures, some solids vaporize directly without passing through the liquid phase. This is called sublimation. Solids like solid carbon dioxide and solid iodine exhibit this property because of unusually high vapor pressure.
The temperature at which atomic or molecular vibrations of a solid become so great that the particles break free from fixed positions and begin to slide freely over each other in a liquid state is called the melting point. The amount of energy required at the melting point temperature to cause the change of phase to occur is called the heat of fusion. The amount of this energy depends on the nature of the solid and the type of bonds present.
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The lake is known as Danau Ranau (Ranau Lake) while the sleeping volcano is called Mt. Seminung.
Even-though the lake is the second largest in Sumatera and the scenery is beautiful, it is still not known by many people because the location is quite far from major cities of Sumatera. To be precise, the location is at the border of South Sumatera Province and Lampung Province. It takes around 6 to 7 hours drive from Bandar Lampung to the north.
It is said that the lake was created by a very large volcanic eruption long time ago, which formed a big basin. Some rivers that formerly flowed at the foot of the volcano then started to flow to the newly formed basin and filled it with water. Later on, the big basin turned into a big lake. Living being also started to emerge in and around the lake. Local people who came to the lake found that there were many plants which they called “ranau” grew around the lake. So they called the new lake with the name of the plants.
The rest of the big volcano is still exists and looms over the edge of the lake as if guarding it from any intrusions, but in fact it adds something that makes the scenery more picturesque.
There is also a small island called Mariza in the middle of the lake. On the island, there is a hot spring which proofs that Mt. Seminung is still an active volcano.
Visitors can reach the lake shore in some places around the lake. At that time, I took these pictures from three different locations (those were Lumbok, Sukarame, and Banding Agung). There is also a small waterfall in Sukarame which called Subik Tuha Waterfall. It is about 20 to 25 meters high. Its clear water flows to the lake through a small river called Way Leray.
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https://chris13jkt.wordpress.com/2012/10/28/a-serene-lake-at-the-foot-of-a-sleeping-volcano/
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Dietrich Bonhoeffer was born in 1906 in Breslau, Germany into an aristocratic family. As a boy, he was very musically talented. His family assumed he would grow up to be a musician. This is why they were surprised when he told them at the age of 14 he would train to become a priest.
After graduating from college, he traveled to America and also to Spain to expand his views and interest in oppression and outreach.
Upon his return to Germany, Bonhoeffer publicly spoke out against the newly elected leader Adolf Hitler. His comments of opposition over the radio did not coincide with the majority of the country's opinion of Hitler.
Bonhoeffer did not allow his peers to determine his opinion. He formed his opinion of Hitler by using his morals.
Bonhoeffer saw the potential of Hitler's Nazi party to infiltrate and control the church in Germany.
In 1933, he started the "Confessing Church". This church sought to speak and act against the Nazis. They opposed the new German Christian Movement, which was supported by the Nazi Party.
Discouraged by the lack of motivation in the confessing church to stand up against the Nazi Party, Bonhoeffer decided to take a position at a Protestant Church in London.
Bonhoeffer wrestled with this want to return to Germany, despite the hardships the country were experiencing because of Hitler's rule. Even though there was little hope, he returned to Berlin after two years in London.
Because of his comments of opposition to the state, Bonhoeffer had his rights to teach revoked.
Shortly after, the Confessing Church was shut down. Motivated to spread his ideas, Bonhoeffer traveled and taught all around Eastern Germany. He traveled in much danger, and taught ideas opposing the state which could result in his death. He also wrote frequently during his travels about his faith in God.
Dietrich Bonhoeffer was so worried that he would be forced to pledge allegiance to Adolf Hitler. He moved to the United States in 1939 but only stayed for two years. He felt guilty in the US for leaving Germany and avoiding hardship. His morals tugged at him for leaving his homeland. He felt encouraged to look past the struggles to come and to move back to Germany.
“I have come to the conclusion that I made a mistake in coming to America. … Christians in Germany will have to face the terrible alternative of either willing the defeat of their nation in order that Christian civilization may survive or willing the victory of their nation and thereby destroying civilization. I know which of these alternatives I must choose but I cannot make that choice from security.”
During all of this, Bonhoeffer joined the Abwehr, which was the German military intelligence agency. His experiences in this agency cause Bonhoeffer to question his moral belief of pacifism. He began to accept that violence was needed to destroy the Nazi Party. His morals changed in this situation.
"I pray for the defeat of my nation."
Bonhoeffer made contact with American and British forces regarding the overthrow of the state his nation was in. He had to make the decision to oppose the land he called home, because he believed it was the morally right thing to do.
The government uncovered Bonhoeffer's involvement in helping German Jews, in the midst of their nation wide persecution, escape to Switzerland. He was arrested in April 1943 and taken to several prisons and eventually concentration camps in Germany. He continued to write about his beliefs on ethics.
In the concentration camps, Dietrich Bonhoeffer's faith was apparent. He stuck to his morals and encouraged those around him, even though everyone there had a bleak outlook on life. One prisoner had the following quote about Bonhoeffer.
“Bonhoeffer was different, just quite calm and normal, seemingly perfectly at his ease… his soul really shone in the dark desperation of our prison. He was one of the very few men I have ever met to whom God was real and ever close to him.”
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https://spark.adobe.com/page/SKxsplt2s6YPG/
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Estimation with vanishing baseline risk.
Epidemiology 2012 Nov; 23(6):937-938
Diseases associated with specific exposures may have little or no observable background rate in the absence of the exposure. Examples include mesothelioma (environmental asbestos), aplastic anemia (benzene), bronchiolitis obliterans (artificial butter flavorings), Reye's syndrome (aspirin in children), and angiosarcoma of the liver (vinyl chloride). Relative-rate models of exposure-response produce unstable near-zero baseline risk and unbounded coefficients, especially when age confounding requires baseline age dependence. The same problem arises in a proportional-hazards context. Baseline risk volatility also threatens meta-analyses, a procedure that assumes uniformity. Using Poisson regression, we investigated two methods: (1) fixing the intercept at a small value corresponding to 1% of attributable cases and (2) generating random sets of new cases across observation time independent of any predictor, possibly preempting true cases. Although models can be reliably fit using randomly generated cases, repetition would reduce variability in parameter estimates. The two treatments for vanishing baseline yield equivalent results demonstrating that simply fixing the intercept is entirely adequate.
Risk-analysis; Risk-factors; Mathematical-models; Statistical-analysis; Statistical-quality-control; Exposure-assessment; Diseases; Analytical-processes
Robert M. Park, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Education and Information Division, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226
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The most powerful of all bombs is known to be the “Atomic bomb” based on nuclear fission of elements like Uranium and Plutonium. The pure fission bombs release massive amounts of energy by splitting atomic nuclei in a supercritical chain reaction. They are the most daunting that swallowed 200,000 lives when dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
There are two types of such a bomb, one is the Gun type, that explodes a ball of enriched nuclear material into another with such force that it causes a nuclear chain reaction. The other Implosion-type achieves nuclear fission with more accuracy and efficiency by collapsing a hollow sphere over a core of nuclear material. The image by Reuters shows an illustration of both. Interestingly the Fat man bomb dropped over Nagasaki was implosion type while the Little Boy that detonated over Hiroshima was the gun-type.
The thermonuclear bomb, what is more commonly known as a hydrogen bomb releases a much greater amount of energy than a nuclear bomb could. The hydrogen bomb is a fusion bomb that is triggered by a nuclear reaction. The nuclear fission reaction releases a powerful blast of X-rays that sets off the fusion bomb. As the X-rays travel at speed much faster than that of the shock-wave, there is no risk of damage to the hydrogen bomb setting. H-bomb uses the energy from the fission reaction to combine atomic nuclei thus causing another much more humongous energy blast. The reason they are called hydrogen bombs is that the two merging nuclei are usually deuterium and tritium which are isotopes of hydrogen.
In summary, an atomic bomb is the basis of nuclear fission, while a hydrogen bomb forms the foundation of a nuclear fusion reaction requiring massive amounts of energy. The energy is the result of a nuclear fission reaction or simply an atomic bomb. However, it is possible to make a pure fusion based bomb in theory, but it has not invented yet.
A fusion bomb can cause thousands of times more destruction that the real atomic bomb but they can be designed to produce less radiation as well. By suppressing the explosive yield of a hydrogen bomb and maximizing the radioactive neutron output, we get a neutron bomb that can be as deadly as hell. Such a bomb can wipe out an entire population while leaving the infrastructure intact. The effects also disperse fairly quickly.
America’s Castle Bravo H-bomb in 1954 is the country’s biggest test to date with an effect of 15,000 kilotons of TNT.
The Castle Bravo was the largest in America, but a Soviet H-bomb Tsar Bomba, tested in 1961 had registration as an equivalent of 50,000 kilotons of TNT.
According to an estimate, there are nearly 14,900 nuclear weapons in the world which are more than enough to destroy the entire planet. Due to disarmament programs, the number has reduced to about one-third since the 1980s. What matters more is what would happen if a nuke got into the wrong hands and the risk of that happening is not zero.
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http://unshootables.com/difference-between-an-atomic-and-a-hydrogen-bomb/
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Printable martin luther king, jr. word search puzzle, Printable martin luther king, jr. word search puzzle – free! martin luther king, jr. day is next week. get this free printable martin luther king, jr. word search. Martin luther king jr. - wikipedia, Martin luther king jr. (born michael king jr., january 15, 1929 – april 4, 1968) was an american baptist minister and activist who became the most visible. Martin luther college – wels college ministry, The mission of martin luther college is to train a corps of christian witnesses who are qualified to meet the ministry needs of the wisconsin evangelical lutheran synod..
Martin luther - wikipedia, Martin luther born hans luder ( ludher, luther) wife margarethe (é lindemann) 10 november 1483 eisleben, saxony, part holy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther Martin luther: lessons life labor | desiring god, Luther discovers book. great rediscoveries reformation - martin luther- word god form book.. http://www.desiringgod.org/messages/martin-luther-lessons-from-his-life-and-labor Word image: martin luther' reformation | morgan, Word image: martin luther' reformation support foreign office federal republic germany patronage . http://www.themorgan.org/exhibitions/word-and-image
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Helping parents engage with their children to support them with their reading
The aim on our “Ready to read” course is to give parents the confidence and basic skills to help them support their children’s reading at home and so enable them to achieve success in early years and later education.
The course is interactive and uses a range of activities to help parents understand how they can help their children to succeed and enjoy learning. The length of the course can be adapted according to the audience.
The topics included in the sessions:
Importance of speaking, listening and interacting with your child
Why some children find reading difficult
The importance of pre-reading experiences
Strategies for helping children with their reading
Supporting children’s reading – role play exercises
The importance of praise
Exploring picture books
Reading comprehension and asking the right questions
The importance of making reading fun
Importance of rhyming
Experience trainers from the education sector carry out the course.
St Andrew’s Pre-school “The feedback from the course was very interesting and all parents felt that it had been extremely useful and informative. I would welcome the opportunity to host another course with ABC in the future”
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<urn:uuid:47136122-d1e1-4a21-9171-ad21a67daa5a>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.abctoread.org.uk/families/parent-training/ready-to-read-course/
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History of Architecture and Interior Design from the 19th Century
Chapter 18- Shingle Style and American Arts and Crafts: 1880’s to 1930’s
Shingle style is unique to architecture in the united states. Buildings are picturesque, rambling, irregular, and covered with wood shingles. The American arts and crafts movement follows principles and tenets of the English, but interprets them in a more individualistic way and integrates more diverse influences. Industrialization, urbanization, and immigration were transforming the US at this time.
Shingle Style- Roots of this style are English Queen Anne. The wood shingles, additive or rambling quality, and broad roofs characterize early houses. Designs strive to create order and unity within complex architecture by using shingles to unify irregular shapes and massing.
American Arts and Crafts- Derives from the concepts of Pugin, Ruskin, Morris, and other English design leaders. Within these designers, individuals strived to create their own personal American expression. Therefore, the American movement has more diversity in appearance than English Arts and Crafts.
Characteristics: Both styles are in favor of form, style, and details of the middle ages. Common design principles include asymmetry, irregularity, verticality, and simplicity. Both styles try to catch the essence of the past, but not interpret literally.
Motifs of the period are flowers, trees, foliage, animals, geometric motifs, Gothic details, and oriental images.
Shingle- This uniquely american style incorporates elements of Queen Anne, as well as picturesque characteristics, irregularity, gambrel roofs, palladian windows, romanesque arches, and free flowing space.
Arts and Crafts- America produces a wider diversity of expression arising from a strong emphasis upon regionalism and individuality. Most are honest in structure, have good craftsmanship, and simple in it’s own way. Examples include the Craftsman House, Prairie House, and Bungalow House.
Interiors: Both styles integrate architecture, interiors, and furniture together as a whole. Everything is unified. Some interiors have queen anne and japanese influences, however most characterize the American Arts and Crafts style. Meticulous attention to details and handcrafted work compliment the harmonious concepts of the parts blended into a whole. The room’s character should reflect it’s function and the individuals who use it. Wall papers have a stylized naturalistic, geometric, or abstract pattern. Colors popular at the time are red, yellow, green, ochre, buff, brown, off white, and tan.
Furniture and Decorative Arts:
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https://michellegoetz.wordpress.com/2011/08/22/reforms-shingle-style-and-american-arts-and-crafts/
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Let me tell you a story about an alligator drawing and learning to draw expressively. Power, clarity and emotion are the three "buzz" words I use when drawing. I always ask myself...am I conveying all three?
Emotion doesn't only have to be expressed in the person you are drawing. In fact, it won't be unless your lines are drawn with emotion.
Here's the story:
Since my wife and I were married, she has left me a little note every morning.
She would always sign off with the famous phrase, "See you later, alligator" (from Bill Haley and the Comets tune in the late 1950's).
Instead of the word, alligator, she tried to draw an alligator.
At first I had to ask what animal she was trying to draw. We had a few laughs and then I showed her how she might draw an alligator. She continued each day to practice her alligator drawing and at first the lines were rigid and choppy. She was trying too hard.
On days when she was in a hurry, she would draw the alligator very quickly and rush out the door. These were the BEST drawings of all. Why?
Because her lines were light and fluid. She wasn't thinking about it . . . she was feeling it. She even remarked one day that the expression on the alligator's face was exactly what she was feeling almost every time she drew the alligator. Now that's what I call artistic expression!
She was drawing expressively without even knowing it. Here are some of the alligator drawing "after" pictures. Note the spontaneity in these later drawings.
It doesn't matter how simple or how complex the drawing. It is this kind of spontaneity that you want to achieve. It can be very exciting when your pencil flows freely. You will be thinking less and feeling your lines more.
Here is another example. Imagine young children learning to print. They hang on to the pencil with a firm grasp, and press hard on the paper as they form each letter. They are thinking about where they want the line to start and where they want it to end up. The lines are rigid and deep (much like my wife's first alligator drawing).
As time goes on, they print letters and words with little thought at all. In fact, the focus is on the word, word phrase, or sentence rather than each individual letter. Everything flows naturally.
I think you get the point ... practice, practice, practice! This takes us back to the importance of gesture drawings.
With practice, your hand will more easily draw what your eye sees. So get out that newsprint and your pencils and head for the gesture drawing page for a review. It may also be a good time to check out the contour line drawing page once again.
There's nothing like the sound and feel of pencil on paper.
"We all have 100,000 bad drawings inside of us. The sooner we get them out and onto paper, the sooner we'll get to the good ones buried deep within." Author Unknown
100,000? Don't let that number discourage you ... it won't take that many drawings to get the "feel". You can only improve from there.
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<urn:uuid:b7ad37ba-8bba-433f-a26b-4e8980c05baa>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.learn-to-draw-expressively.com/alligator-drawing.html
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Wastewater is composed of 99.9% water. The constituents and strength of wastewater can vary depending on the source. Domestic wastewater is the water that is discharged from plumbing fixtures, appliances, toilets, bath, laundry, and dishwashers in a residence.
Commercial wastewater comes from businesses, restaurants and manufacturing plants. Septic systems owners should be aware that anything they dump down their sinks or drains will end up passing through their septic system and end up in their ground water and surface water supplies.
Homeowners also should be aware of the operation and maintenance requirements of their system. Proper operation and maintenance can protect public and environmental health, increase their systems longevity, as well as protect property use and value. The Homeowners Guide to Evaluating A Service Contract is a valuable tool for septic system owners who choose to have a professional take care of their system.
The constituents that are present in wastewater include:
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<urn:uuid:634cfd5d-0a68-48b8-8da4-2bcc74d48a92>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://ossf.tamu.edu/wastewater-source-homeowners/
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en
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"Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems" provides comprehensive and accessible coverage of the evolving field of mechatronics for mechanical, electrical and aerospace engineering majors. The author presents a concise review of electrical circuits, solid-state devices, digital circuits, and motors - all of which are fundamental to understanding mechatronic systems. Mechatronics design considerations are presented throughout the text, and in 'Design Example' features. The text's numerous illustrations, examples, class discussion items, and chapter questions & exercises provide an opportunity to understand and apply mechatronics concepts to actual problems encountered in engineering practice. This text has been tested over several years to ensure accuracy. The authors maintain a Mechatronics web site with examples and animations related to the text and much other relevant material at our associated website.
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<urn:uuid:923f69d3-d3e4-4f4f-8803-11e07449fcb4>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://www.zookal.com/introduction-to-mechatronics-and-measurement-systems-9780073380230/
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en
| 0.888751
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Bullying is a threat that school age children face in almost every country of the world. Bullying victims come from all nationalities, ethnic backgrounds, gender and ages. Although some kids face greater risk of bullying due to being different, weaker, more sensitive or insecure, no child or teen is completely safe from the threat if they’re a part of their country’s school system.
Bullying in Italy has been gaining momentum for years. Not only are bullying activities occurring more frequently in Italian schools, but, sadly enough, many people consider bullying behavior ordinary occurrences within the school culture.
Children and teens who express their individuality are more likely to be targeted by bullies who disagree with their conduct, appearance or lifestyle choices. People who stand out from the crowd increase their risk of being victims due to their differences. Students who are loners, have physical or mental impairments or simply don’t fit in with their peers are also more likely to become bullying targets.
Bullies have all kinds of reasons for abusing others. Jealousy, envy and personal retribution are but a few of the many reason why people bully others in school, at work or in social environments. At the same time, bullies often feel empowered in situations where bystanders, i.e. their “audience”, do little or nothing to prevent or stop their abusive behavior. Bullying thrives in an environment where bystanders remain silent and take little action to no action against the bullying offense. By not taking quick and decisive action against bullying, schools make it easier for bullying to continue. Today bullying in Italy is considered an ordinary event with greater numbers of students bearing the brunt of abusive acts.
Bullying: An Alarming Threat In Italian Schools
By understanding more about what causes bullying and how to deal with the problem, parents and teachers are in a better position to combat this behavior in public school settings. In general, bullying follows a pattern that involves five characteristics: imbalance of power, escalation, recurrence, duration and purpose. Bullies may use different tactics to get the results they desire, but each tactic has a distinct purpose – to cause as much damage and abuse as possible to their victims.
Bullying activities may fall under the category of indirect bullying which entails spreading rumors, stories or gossip about others; verbal bullying which could include insults, teasing and threats; and physical bullying consisting of violent acts such as pushing, kicking, biting, punching or assaults with a weapon. The intent of bullies is to cause mental or physical harm to their victims. Their abusive behavior could result in short term or long term effects that endanger a person’s health and well-being both in the present and future.
Although Italy has no anti-bullying laws per se, the country’s Constitution, Rights and Duties of Citizens, Civil Code and Penal code can be used to some extent to help prevent bullying and provide a means of punishing criminal bullying behavior. After reviewing bullying statistics in the country, however, it seems that these laws aren’t sufficient to get the job done. Although schools and local police are making an effort to increase bullying awareness via anti-bullying programs and campaigns, studies reveal that school bullying in Italy is on the rise. The country is also seeing an increase in bully related depression and suicide attempts due to this abusive behavior.
The following bullying information reveals in greater detail the inroads bullying and cyberbullying have made into Italian society:
- Approximately 80% of all bullying in Italy occurs in schools (i.e., primary bullying, middle school bullying, high school bullying). School bullying behavior includes physical violence, threats, insults, mockeries, teasing and personal embarrassments.
- Bullying haunts all levels of education in just about every community in the country.
- A 2014 report by Istat showed that over half of the teen population in the country had been bullied at one time or another; 20% of these victims suffered monthly attacks. Approximately 63% of kids and teens had witnessed bullying acts.
- According to the Istat report, tweens aged 11-13 suffered more disrespectful or violent bullying acts than teens aged 14-17. Females were also bullied more frequently than males.
- A survey conducted by Skuola.net discovered that 4 out of 5 people in Italy considered traditional and Internet bullying ordinary events.
- When it came to cyberbullying, 1 in 4 survey participants admitted to committing a cyberattack by threatening one or more of their friends; 6% confessed to being a systematic cyber bully in the past.
- 13% of young people admitted to having posted provocative photos and/or videos on the web; many did so for money or other lucrative gain.
- Approximately 13% of young people surveyed used a personal photo or video for the purpose of sexting.
- One out of four young people admitted to communicating with strangers online, despite the dangers of being targeted by a stalker or cyber bully; 23% did so on their own, without informing parents or friends.
Rise of Cyberbullying in Italy
With more young people turning to the Internet and social media for communicating and socializing with friends, it’s no surprise that bullies have chosen this medium to stage their attacks. Today’s generation of young people, aka “Gen Z,” has the reputation of being “always on” when it comes to using the Net and social sites. Members of Gen Z pass most of their time with smartphones in hand, sending and receiving texts, snapshots and emails. Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat and Instagram are some of their favored sites. According to bullying information gathered by the IX Italian Monitoring of ONU Convention, which deals with the rights of Italian youth, one out of every two Gen Z members has been victimized by bullying at some time.
Italy is home to over 2 million tech savvy teens between the ages of 14 and 17, most of which have a passion for Internet and social media usage. Most of these young people are owners of personal laptops, TVs and smartphones, making it easy for them to stay connected at all times. With this 24/7 connection, teens are at greater risk of being targeted by cyberbullies. Today’s youth use online connections for personal, social, academic and professional reasons, placing them at the forefront of potential bullying activities.
Gen Z’s “love affair” with the Internet and their smart devices could very well be the reason for the dramatic increase in cyberbullying. Studies show that Gen Z members use their phones up to 15.4 hours weekly – that’s slightly over 2 hours daily. Smartphones make convenient devices for bullies to send malicious phone calls and/or texts. The anonymity of Internet bullying is a great motivator for people to commit cyberattacks without risk of being caught. In the case of high school students, many times the perpetrator is someone a victim knows from school or social event. It’s not unusual for students to target an ex-boyfriend or girlfriend, for example, simply out of spite.
Unlike school or workplace bullying that often occurs face to face, Internet bullying can occur “behind the scenes” at any time, with the negative consequences appearing on social sites viewed by hundreds, if not thousands, of people online. Facebook bullying, for example, may involve posting cruel comments, unfavorable photos or even negative video clips on a person’s Facebook site. These posts can be very difficult, if not impossible, to get rid of once they’re put up online. Victims may or may not know the perpetrators of the crime, but the evidence can be very humiliating and available for people to view for quite some time.
Cyber bullies can actually do a lot of damage through online attacks as they know there’s little chance of being identified as the perpetrator of these acts. The prospect of being able to get away with such a crime may tempt young people to bully others even more. In Italy and other societies where Internet use is so rampant among youth, cyberbullying can cause serious inroads into the moral standards of an entire generation before people realize what’s happening.
In some countries, the Internet has become the number one means for communicating with others and establishing relationships. Young people today make friends, socialize, share thoughts and opinions and even develop personal relationships all online. A gradual fading away of conventional conversations and face to face relationships can cause people to be less sympathetic and understanding of each other’s needs. A lack of empathy and understanding is a feeding ground for bullying attacks.
As tweens and teens are at the forefront of much of the bullying activity happening online, parents should take greater responsibility for their kids’ Internet and social media usage. Young teens may need stricter guidelines and supervision for using the Net until they prove themselves responsible in this area. Giving teens too much online freedom before they can handle it increases their risk of being bullied or getting tricked into bullying by their peers.
The Heartbreaking Effects of Bullying
There’s no doubt that bullying in Italy is taking its toll on young lives. Bullying effects vary, depending on the type of bullying people were exposed to, extent of bullying and circumstances surrounding the event. Children, in particular, stand a greater chance of experiencing devastating long term effects, especially if they endured bullying for years in school. Indirect bullying and verbal abuse can undermine a child or teen’s self-esteem, causing them to feel inferior, fearful and unsure about their future. Many talented young people have lost faith in themselves and their future due to being the victim of consistent bullying attacks.
Bullying victims often find it difficult to speak out about their situation as they don’t know who to trust. Cyberbullying often occurs as anonymous attacks, leaving victims in the dark as to who the perpetrators are. A student’s vulnerability coupled with a feeling of helplessness after an attack makes it almost impossible for him or her to move on. The longer young people are victimized, the greater the damage on their psychological and emotional health. Some young people cut themselves off from family and friends altogether, feeling unworthy of their friendship or love. As feelings of frustration, shame and humiliation increase, young students have even attempted suicide to escape their plight.
In the past few years, Italy has experienced an upswing in suicide attempts due to cyberbullying attacks. These tragedies have been a wakeup call to parents, teens and society at large concerning just how dangerous cyberbullying had become.
In January of 2016, a young 12 year old girl attempted suicide after being consistently abused by fellow classmates online. Before leaping out of a window in her home, the tween left a note indicating that bullying was the reason for her taking such drastic action. According to news stories from across the country, such incidents are not isolated. Italy apparently has a history of Internet bullying wherein young people seem to be the main perpetrators and targets.
Despite this threat, Italy has no explicit cyberbullying laws to counter Internet bullying acts. In fact, bullying – to include Internet bullying – isn’t considered a criminal offense in the country unless such activity takes on the nature what’s considered a crime such as physical assault or stalking. In May of 2015, Italy’s Senate initiated action to institute cyberbullying legislation in an effort to stop bullying in Italian schools. Donatella Ferranti, Chairperson of Italy’s House Judiciary Committee, corroborated the need for legislation, after taking note of the rampant increase of online threats, texts and offensive social media posts against Italy’s youth.
With new legislation comes the hope that schools will be more effective in countering the effects of bullying in all its forms. Legislation that makes certain types of school bullying a criminal offense gives teachers and school staff greater leeway to take action against bullying behavior. At the same time, youth need to be educated on the dangers of bullying and how to handle bullying attacks. Too many young people keep bullying incidents to themselves, forgoing help from teachers, parents or friends until it’s too late.
There’s also a great need for parents and teachers to reinforce the ethical and moral standard of their students in order to root out prejudice, envy, malice and any other negative attitude that could prompt bullying behavior. In the words of Petro Grasso, president of Italy’s Senate, “… in our schools we need to create a safety net for our most vulnerable children. We need to educate them on how much damage (they) can do with words and actions that might seem harmless.”
In January of 2013, Carolina Picchio, a bright and attractive 14 year old student from the city of Novara, near Milan, committed suicide due to excessive cyber harassment from an ex-boyfriend and his friends. The case made national and international news due to the tragic circumstances of her demise. Her last Facebook post related her feelings of despair: “Forgive me if I’m not strong. I cannot take it any longer.”
When investigating the incident, police discovered her former boyfriend and a group of his friends were circulating a video of the girl in a drunken state during a party. In addition, the boy had targeted Carolina with verbal abuse and threats on Facebook. At the time of her suicide, police discovered that Carolina had received over 2,000 malicious text messages on Whatsapp alone.
This incident clearly reflects the need for change in the stance schools and government agencies take against bullying offenses. The eight boys who perpetrated the cyberattacks against Carolina, ages 15-17, were later investigated for their role in instigating a suicide and placing pedo-pornographic material on the Net. One of the investigating prosecutors, Francesco Saluzzo, also considered citing Facebook for not taking action in removing the offensive posts, even after requests made by relatives and friends.
Eventually, a criminal complaint was filed against Facebook by Moige, the Italian Parent’s Association, on behalf of Carolina’s family, for their failure to take action in removing malicious material from their site that contributed to Carolina’s death. According to Antonio Affinita, director of the association, “Italian law forbids minors under 18 signing contracts, yet Facebook is effectively entering into a contract with minors regarding their privacy, without their parents knowing.”
Maria Rita Munizzi, Moige’s president, further reiterated the need for Facebook and other social sites to bear responsibility for the safety of their users. She said, “It is bad that a corporation like Facebook does not carry a watch on virtual places, which seem to have become the preferred means of pedophiles and bullies. We are angry and worried about the silence and indifference shown by those who manage these powerful means of communication, who continue to function without an adequate policy to protect minors.”
Facebook is a popular site in Italy with approximately 90% of the teen population using it on a regular basis. Many parents, however, are not unaware of their children’s involvement in Facebook or similar social sites nor have they taken time to help their kids establish safe habits online. Lack of parental involvement and supervision in this area could very well be one of the reasons why cyberbullying activities are on the rise.
Bullying facts compiled in the middle of 2013 revealed a dramatic upsurge in the number of criminal complaints filed related to Internet bullying as compared to the previous year. By mid-2013, 54 complaints had been filed as opposed to 30 complaints for the entire year of 2012. That same year, over 25% of students participating in social media had received offensive texts or threats via social sites. Students, however, are not the only group being targeted by cyber bullies. Italian teachers and politicians have also been victims of cyberattacks.
Italy Launches New Initiatives against Bullying
In an effort to raise awareness of the dangers of bullying and put an end to its devastating effects, Italian students and adults have introduced new initiatives to support schools in their anti-bullying stance. Some initiatives were launched and executed by teens on their own. Others combined the efforts of students and adults to get their anti-bully message across. In introducing these initiatives, Italian students and adults hope to prompt changes in their schools and towns, making them a more positive environment in which to study and live.
The Bully Project puts bullying behavior up front and center on Italian TV. This realty TV show aired on Rai 2 captures bullying activities in progress as filmed through on site hidden cameras. Cameramen recorded the abuse received by a young victim during the course of 15 days to give viewers a graphic picture of bullying in action. The program was divided into four episodes and aired with the intent of raising public awareness of bullying in schools and denouncing discrimination that occurs daily in many teens’ lives. Transmission of the Bully Project in other countries such as Spain met with some controversy due to disturbing images and material.
‘One Kiss’ Film
The anti-bullying Italian film “One Kiss” (Un Bacio) directed by Ivan Cotroneo made its debut in Italian cinemas in March of 2016 with mixed reviews by the public. The film depicts the lives of three Italian teen friends – two boys and a girl – who are discriminated against by their peers due to being different. One of the boys has a speech impediment that causes others to ridicule and reject him. The girl has a reputation for being “loose” sexually due to a past relationship and the other boy is gay.
Through this film, Cotroneo exposes the pain and suffering that discrimination and homophobia can cause. Cotroneo feels “it’s the responsibility of adults to make children understand that all forms of discrimination on the basis of gender, sexual orientation, skin color, social class or people’s lifestyle choices are all stupid and very dangerous.” By helping to expose wrong mindsets and viewpoints, One Kiss could be a force for good in countering bullying behavior.
‘MaBasta! (But enough!)
MaBasta! is an Italian anti-bullying campaign created, organized and managed entirely by teenage students. The movement was initially formed by Class 1a 14-15 year old students at Galilei-Costa Institute in the city of Lecce with the purpose of uniting young people in their school against bullying. As so much bullying is done via social media, MaBasta students developed a plan to use Facebook and other Internet means to attack bullying behavior in all its forms. The students opened their own Facebook account, created an original logo for their campaign and are working on developing a MaBasta website to achieve their aims. The movement has already started posting anti-bully videos and personal selfies saying ‘enough!” on Facebook to promote their cause.
Since its inception, the MaBasta movement has captured the attention of national media with over 17,000 “likes” on social sites. The campaign has also gained the backing of four national online sites that support education to include Your Edu Action, MasterProf and Aetnanet.
Bulliziotti, Bulliziotte and Bullibox
The bulliziotti and bulliziotte characters and bullibox follow in the footsteps of the MaBasta project to continue the fight against bullying in Italian schools. The figures of bulliziotti and bulliziotte represent student monitors selected by their local schools to observe, identify and report bullying activity committed by fellow students to teachers, administrators and police. Students who are victimized by bullying can seek the help of school bulliziotti for the protection and support they need. Having support from their peers will help victims step forward in reporting bullying incidences as well as encourage do-nothing bystanders to take a stance against bullying acts.
At the start of every school year, schools participating in the program select a bulliziotti from the student body to represent individual classes and/or school in their anti-bullying campaign. Those chosen should be individuals known for their anti-bullying stance. The bulliziotti will act as an intermediary between bullying victims and school officials. In addition to reporting bullying behavior, the bulliziotti may be called upon to counsel victims or stop harassment in progress, depending on the need. By providing training from professional psychologists and/or police in how to handle bullying matters, schools can help bulliziotti carry out their responsibilities with greater success. Candidates for bulliziotte are to be selected from older students in the school who have earned their peers’ respect.
The “bullibox” is a closed container placed in a strategic location on school property where students can place anonymous reports of bullying or cyberbullying against their peers. These reports will be read and acted upon by a bullioziotte committee formed by the school. The bullibox provides yet another means for victims and spectators to take action against abusive behavior in their schools.
SBAM! (Stop Bullying Adopt Music)
Organized by young 3rd year students at the Galilei-Costa School, the SBAM program involves the use of music to combat bullying in Italian schools. As music plays such an important role in teens’ lives, SBAM creators felt it was the perfect medium to unify their generation against bullying. The initiative involves using music in a positive way to counter the negative effects of songs that promote violence and abusive behavior. The program’s two-fold purpose includes:
- Identifying songs that promote bullying attitudes and exposing these attitudes to Italian youth: As many of the songs were written in English, they would need to be translated into Italian first before students can expound on their negative impact.
- Encouraging Italian musicians to compose songs with an anti-bullying message, i.e. songs that have a positive message about how to stop bullying, songs that encourage young people to stand up against bullying, songs that promote acceptance and understanding, etc.
By speaking out against bullying through their music, Italian musicians have an opportunity to make a positive impact on Italian youth who need direction in their lives. Music is a popular medium by which artists can reach and influence the lives of youth in the country. Through music, Italian artists can provide students and their families with positive role models to emulate, bridging the gap of prejudice and discrimination that’s so rampant in society today.
What’s the Solution?
Bullying is the responsibility of everyone in Italian society. Although the Internet and social media play a major role in fostering bullying activity, they can’t be held responsible for the rampant growth of bullying among Italian youth. Lack of parental, teacher and school involvement also contribute to the problem.
Having felt the devastating effects of bullying firsthand, Italian families should be taking greater measures to protect their kids from bullying attacks. In some cases, this may mean instituting restrictions on social media, getting more involved in their kids’ schools and developing a closer relationship with their young people so as not to lose touch of what they’re going through in their adolescent years. It’s hard enough for youth to wade through today’s complex society without having to go at it alone.
As an educational force for good, schools can take a major stance against bullying by helping their students develop clean attitudes and mindsets towards their peers. Teachers should be the first ones to set the example for their students. Teachers who are tolerant of others, compassionate, understanding and committed in their stance against hatred and bigotry can be excellent role models for students to follow. Students need teachers whom they can look up to and trust with their thoughts, feelings, hopes and fears. A good teacher can make a tremendous difference in the life of a young student, not only academically, but in his or her moral and emotional development.
Last, but not least, government agencies can use their political influence to pass anti-bullying legislation to provide a uniform standard against bullying acts. Anti-bullying laws help regulate actions schools can take against bullying, a much needed recourse to put an end to abusive behavior. After years of collecting facts about cyberbullying and school bullying cases, government agencies are in a better position to adopt solid laws against bullying that will affect change. By combining personal and community efforts to stamp out bullying in Italy, students, parents, schools and Italian society is sure to see positive results.
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from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A tabulation of the normal or average individuals of a race, in respect to any characteristic, as a basis for statistical comparison with exceptional or aberrant individuals. See the extract under metatypic.
- n. In the nomenclature of types in natural history, a topotype identified by the nomenclator himself.
Sorry, no etymologies found.
You do still need to declare the enumeration as a metatype and register it with the Qt meta object system though.
In our case, we actually do some work in our design time xaml reader and writer to deserialize into a metatype, an instance of a type whose sole purpose in life is to describe the activity.
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Cordia caffra, commonly known as the septee tree, is a small to medium sized deciduous tree growing to 7 m, rarely reaching 20 m, but on coastal dunes it may become only a small shrub, often prostrate (SA Tree List No. 652). Its bark is smooth, creamy brown and often mottled, some scattered pink patches and flaking pieces usually present.
The species distribution lies in a coastal strip along the east coast of South Africa in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal, as well as inland in the Lowveld parts of Mpumalanga and Limpopo; also in southern Mozambique.
Seen in habitat among dune scrub, in forests and woodland, along forest margins and near streams. The species is not considered threatened in its habitat early in the twenty first century.
Five Cordia species occur in South Africa, 250 worldwide (Coates Palgrave, 2002; Van Wyk and Van Wyk, 1997; www.plantzafrica.com; www.redlist.sanbi.org).
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Anne Grethe Hestnes, Svend Jørgen Binnerup, Mette Marianne Sven-ning, and Ingvild Wartiainen
Nordic Council of Ministers
This report focuses on methane oxidising bacteria (methanotrophs). The key function of methanotrophs as methane consumers and degraders of halogenated hydrocarbons bring them in the perspective of being useful indicators of environmental perturbations. Effects of climate on diversity and temperature adaptation as well as the capacity of different methanotrophs to degrade two atmospheric pollutants (chlorofluoromethanes) was investigated. None of the methanotrophs were found to be adapted for growth at permanently low temperatures although type I methanotrophs grew better at lower temperatures than the type II methanotrophs. Some of the methanotrophs were able to degrade dichlorofluoromethane while chlorodifluoromethane degradation was not demonstrated. No correlation was found between the degradation capacity and the origin of the isolates (landfill or wetland soil), or characteristics of their methane monooxygenase enzymes.The project did not identify a simple correlation between climatic variation or environmental stress and the variation in composition of the methanotroph community. More knowledge about temperature dependent interactions between type I and type II methanotrophs is needed before the composition of methanotrophs can be implemented as an indicator revealing ecological consequences of e.g. changes in climate.
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Excessive consumption of high-calorie foods is one of the causes of overweight and obesity. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) report that in 2014 more than 1.9 billion adults were overweight, of them more than 600 million were obese worldwide. On the other hand, consuming the combination of plant-derived proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, soluble fiber, and antioxidant compounds prevents cardiovascular disease and/or diabetes.
Changes in life styles and nutrition in Mexico have caused an alarming overweight and obesity pandemic. Overweight cases have grown rapidly in recent years; approximately, 7 of 10 adults and 1 in 3 teenagers are overweight in the country. Recent studies have shown than many Mexicans carry genes associated with obesity, however increased overweight in the country manifested until relatively recently.
Researchers from the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition ’Salvador Zubirán’ (INCMNSZ) analyze the effects of a diet based on pre-Hispanic foods on people who present metabolic, cognitive and intestinal microbiota alterations caused by a diet high in saturated fat and sugars. This pre-Hispanic diet is based on a group of products originating in the region before the Spaniards discovered the territory; these are corn, beans, nopal, tomato, pumpkin seeds and chia. The goal is understand if this diet can regulate gene expression in a molecular level.
INCMNSZ researcher Dr. Nimbe Torres y Torres said they feed animal models of obesity with this diet. “After several months of consuming it, we measured what happened in their liver, adipose tissue and intestinal microbiota.” The researchers observed an improvement in biochemical parameters and adipose tissue was lower.
Other findings include the antioxidant activity of the pre-Hispanic diet, 10 times more than current diets. In addition, the consumption of seeds such as chia or pumpkin, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, help oxidize fat and decrease genes that encode triglyceride synthesis.
“Nopal has soluble fiber and a low glycemic index that helps to avoid raising glucose concentrations; Bean is one of the best sources of protein, fiber and resistant starches that serve as food for beneficial bacteria in the intestine,” explained the Nutrigenomics specialist.
After 36 years of work in Nutrition Physiology, Dr. Nimbe Torres y Torres added that they also found that the consumption of the pre-Hispanic diet improves memory and cognitive function based on the hippocampus. “We saw that those that were obese had a decrease in their cognitive function; however, those that consumed these pre-Hispanic foods had an improvement in their memory.”
Source: Agencia ID
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Indoor Mold Detection 101: A Closer Look
The nature and characteristics of indoor molds are much more variable. Sometimes one can see mold growth in indoor environments with the naked eye. However, it is hard to assess health and hygiene effects just by looking at it.
Clearwater 1/28/2014 12:40 PM EST
Clearwater, FL — Mold is ubiquitous in nature. Filamentous fungi often produce mold in indoor environments. Excessive moisture, a carbon source, a moderate temperature (25ºC), and dampness, besides other factors, are supportive elements for the growth of mold indoors. The nature and characteristics of indoor molds are much more variable. Sometimes one can see mold growth in indoor environments with the naked eye. However, it is hard to assess health and hygiene effects just by looking at it. Therefore, it is essential to study the mold in order to understand its impacts.
There are a number of techniques available nowadays to isolate and identify the mold from indoor environments. No one technique fits in every scenario, but rather, it should be case specific. Although mold can be examined and evaluated in various ways, an integrated approach to detect mold in indoor environments is described below:
1. Mold sampling
To study the airborne fungi from indoor environments
I Air samples, air samples are collected. Some popular mechanisms are described below for collecting mold/fungal samples from the ambient air.
a. Drum Trap (DT)
Airborne fungal elements are collected on an adhesive tape mounted on a rotating disc powered by an electric motor in an air sealed drum with an orifice. The rotation of the disc is fixed with that of the exposure time. Hirst spore trap, Tilak air samplers, etc. are some common commercially available samplers in this category.
b. Electrostatic Trap (ET)
Fungal/mold samples are collected by drawing air with a constant flow rate and exposure time over media under the influence of an electrostatically charged environment. Charged particles are collected on their appositively charged electrode. An Electrostatic Sampling Device (ESD), SASS® 3100, Portable Biohazard Sampler, etc. are good commercially available samplers under this technique.
c. Filterer Trap (FT)
Air samples are drawn on a filter mounted within a closed, airtight chamber by pulling the air through it with a constant airflow rate and exposure time. Micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI), filter made out of cellulose ester, polyvinyl chloride, and polycarbonate are widely used for mold/fungi sampling.
d. Impinger Trap (IP)
In this method, the sample is collected by dissipating the air into an air tight flask containing the media with a constant airflow rate and exposure time. Some common IP samplers include, but are not limited to, Greenberg-Smith impinger, AGI-30, etc.
e. Pore Trap (PT)
Air samples for mold/fungal evaluation are collected on media in an air-tight cylinder by collecting air through a perforated metal plate with a constant airflow rate and exposure time. Anderson’s, Burked, Bio-culture, and Button Aerosol Samplers are routinely used based on this technique.
f. Rotorod Trap (RT)
The airborne fungal particulates are collected on a strip of sticky tape or surface mounted on a mechanical arm/surface attached to a spindle powered by an electric motor that can rotate with a specific number of rotations per minute for a determined exposure time. Rotorod sampler by Sampling Technology, Inc. is one of the most widely used samplers of this category.
g. Spore Trap (ST)
Commonly in this method, a gel-coated glass slip is employed inside an air sampling device and air is pulled out with a constant air flow for a predetermined exposure time depending on the project goals. Flow rate is verified in the field utilizing an in-line flow meter. Air is passed over the coated slide causing airborne fungal particles to adhere to the gel. Some commercially available devices of this category are Air-O-Cell, Micro 5, Allergenco-D, M2, Burkard volumetric samplers, etc.
h. Thermal Trap (TP)
The air samples are collected on a glass slip by placing it around a hot body into ambient air.
II Surface samples
Environmental surfaces are collected to evaluate the mold/fungal infestation in and around indoor environments. Some practical methods for collecting a surface sample are given below.
a. Bulk Sample (BSAM)
Bulk samples are made by collecting, scraping, or cutting a representative of the material/dust suspected for mold/fungi by using aseptic techniques. These samples are transferred to the laboratory in a sterile container for further analysis.
b. Surface Imprint Sample (SISM)
Environmental samples are collected with the help of sticky tape. The sticky side of the tape is placed over the test area and an imprint is taken in order to collect a surface sample for a mold/fungal evaluation. Bio-Scan400 is the most accurate (cts/m2) and one of the more commonly used products for collecting surface samples for mold/fungi.
c. Swab Sample (SSAM)
Swab samples are made by swabbing a selected area by using sterile techniques. The collected specimens are transported to the laboratory for further enumeration. A number of companies make cotton or polyester swabs which are available in the market for environmental surface sampling for collecting mold/fungi samples.
d. Vacuum Sample (VSAM)
Dust samples are collected from environmental surfaces suspected for mold/fungi with a dust collecting cassette and/or a vacuum sample device under aseptic conditions. The collected samples are transported to the laboratory in a sterile container for further evaluation. Dust sock®, Dust collector, etc. are available in the market for collecting environmental surface samples for mold/fungi.
e. Wipe Sample (WSAM)
Environmental surface samples are collected by means of wiping the selected area suspected for mold/fungi with a sterile gauze pad by following sterile techniques. A leak proof container should be used for transporting these aseptically collected specimens to the laboratory for mold/fungi evaluation. Sterile gauze can be procured in test kits, drug stores, and various other sources to collect environmental samples for testing mold/fungi.
No one sampling method can be used as an absolute standard for collecting environmental samples for the detection and identification of mold/fungi. The best way to select a sampling method is to explore the performance of the sampling mechanism and it’s suitability for the intended project.
2. Mold examination/identification
Isolation of mold/fungi collected from environmental samples is challengeable. Depending on the project needs, the trapped particles are isolated by using a suitable buffer such as phosphate buffer saline (PBS), distilled water, etc. Sometimes the collected specimens are directly examined. Some common methodologies are described below for the isolation and identification of mold/fungi from samples collected from the environment.
a. Non-culture method
Microscopic techniques are used to examine and identify the mold/fungal elements from the collected sample. This is a rather inexpensive method with a quick turn around time. However, many times identification is limited to a particular taxon.
b. Culture method
In this method, the isolated mold/fungal inoculums on microbiological media are incubated at a required temperature and time for growing the culture. After obtaining the developed culture, microscopic or biochemical techniques are employed for the identification of mold/fungi. While this may be a time taking process, the identification of fungi is often possible both on the genus as well as the species level. Some fungal organisms are media specific; therefore, the selection of microbiological culture media may influence the outcome.
c. Molecular method
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) or other molecular diagnostics methods are used for the identification of mold/fungi from environmental samples. The advantage to this method is a higher accuracy in the identification with a faster turn around time. However, experimental set up is expensive and requires specific training.
d. Biochemical method
In this method, the isolated mold/fungal elements are subject to react with certain biochemicals and after a reaction is observed, a pattern is obtained. In other words, a “Metabolic Fingerprint” is obtained in order to identify the targeted mold/fungi.
Contact Dr. Rajiv R. Sahay or Alan Wozniak for IAQ testing of your building or home or laboratory analysis at 1-800-422-7873 ext 301 or 802.
For information on allergen/microbial/chemical DIY testing of your home or business visit the online IAQ DIY superstore www.indoorairtest.com or contact Faith Kelly 800-422-7873 ext 404.
Alan Wozniak founded Pure Air Control Services, Inc. in 1984 as a small mechanical contracting firm and has since set the industry standard for indoor environmental quality diagnosis, environmental laboratory and remediation. Pure Air Control Services has serviced more than 600 million square feet of indoor environments in over 10,000 facilities.
The Environmental Diagnostics Laboratory (EDLab) (established in 1992) at Pure Air Control Services (PACS) is an AIHA accredited environmental lab offering complete and comprehensive indoor environmental microbiology laboratory services. They include: microbiology, aerobiology, chemistry, allergen assays and microscopy designed to meet all your indoor air needs. EDLab supports IAQ investigations by assisting with strategic sampling plan development and supplying media collection equipment while performing a wide range of environmental analyses.
The company’s expanding client roster includes the General Services Administration (GSA); US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Allstate Insurance; Carrier Air Conditioning; US Naval Air Warfare Center, Orlando; and Naval Air Station – King’s Bay, Georgia, and many other Fortune 500 companies, school boards, and city, state, and county governments, making Pure Air Control Services/EDLab the reliable industry leader in IAQ.
For more information on EDLab at Pure Air Services, Inc. please contact Alan Wozniak, at (800) 422-7873 x 802, , or visit www.pureaircontrols.com.
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Reduce in 3 Rs and Guidelines
The first and the most effective R in 3R's is Reducing. Reducing the amount of waste we produce is the best way to protect our environment. Most predominantly, reduce the consumption of natural resources like water, fuel, etc. Try to reduce or avoid using plastic bags, which will take up to 500 years to decompose. Approximately, most of the families throw 35 to 40 kg of plastic bags per year.
Did you know? Making one ton of paper requires 24 trees.
- Turn your computer off at night instead of leaving it in sleep mode.
- Try to avoid/reduce using plastic bags.
- World is moving on digitalization. So please try to avoid paper communication.
- Print both sides of the paper whenever possible.
- Use two sides of the paper to write.
- Use cloth napkins instead of paper napkins.
- Try to reuse gift bags.
- Use reusable shopping bags.
- Turn-off lights while leaving room.
- Play outdoor games instead of video games which are good for your health.
- Pay bills online whenever possible.
- Stop receiving bank statement in papers; instead get statements in your mail.
- Use Cruise Control to reduce the fuel consumption.
- Take a shorter shower; every two minutes you are consuming more than ten gallons of water.
Reduce consumption of fuel by:
- Public Transportation
- Car Pooling
- Use bicycle or go by walk which is also good for health.
- At least do 2to 3 car trips less in a week.
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Bamboo Dental has assessed that people with dental phobia have a higher risk of gum disease and early tooth loss. Avoiding the dentist may have emotional costs as well. Discolored or damaged teeth can make people self-conscious and insecure. They may smile less or keep their mouths partly closed when they speak. Some people can become so embarrassed about how their teeth look that their personal and professional lives begin to suffer. There is often a serious loss of self-esteem. People with dental phobia also may suffer from poorer health in general, and even lower life expectancy. This is because poor oral health has been found to be related to some life-threatening conditions, such as heart disease and lung infections.
Dental phobia, like other mental disorders, can be treated. Without treatment, dental phobia is likely to get worse over time. That’s partly because emotional stress can make dental visits more uncomfortable than they need to be.
Causes of Dental Anxiety and Phobia
People develop dental anxieties and phobias for many different reasons. When researchers interview patients, however, a few common themes emerge.
Pain — In a survey of people who had not seen a dentist for 12 months, 6% reported fear of pain as the main reason. The fear of pain is most common in adults 24 years and older. This may be because their early dental visits happened before many of the advances in “pain-free” dentistry.
Feelings of helplessness and loss of control — Many people develop phobias about situations — such as flying in an airplane — in which they feel they have no control. When they’re in the dental chair, they have to stay still. They may feel they can’t see what’s going on or predict what’s going to hurt. It’s common for people to feel helpless and out of control, which may trigger anxiety.
Embarrassment — The mouth is an intimate part of the body. People may feel ashamed or embarrassed to have a stranger looking inside. This may be a particular problem if they’re self-conscious about how their teeth look. Dental treatments also require physical closeness. During a treatment, the hygienist’s or dentist’s face may be just a few inches away. This can make people anxious and uncomfortable.
Negative past experiences — Anyone who has had pain or discomfort during previous dental procedures is likely to be more anxious the next time around.
There isn’t a clear boundary that separates “normal” anxiety from phobia. Everyone has fears and concerns and copes with them in different ways. However, the prospect of dental work does not need to fill you with terror. If it does, then you may need some help overcoming the fears.
Some of the signs of dental phobia include:
You feel tense or have trouble sleeping the night before a dental exam.
You get increasingly nervous while you’re in the waiting room.
You feel like crying when you think of going to the dentist.
The sight of dental instruments — or of white-coated personnel in the dentist’s office — increases your anxiety.
The thought of a dental visit makes you feel physically ill.
You panic or have trouble breathing when objects are placed in your mouth during a dental appointment.
If this describes you, you need to tell your dentist about your feelings, concerns and fears. He or she will help you overcome these feelings by changing the way you are treated. You also may be referred to a mental health professional.
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The California Bay Watershed Education and Training (B-WET) Program is an environmental education program funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) that supports locally relevant experiential learning in the K-12 environment.
I had six wonderful days of canoeing with the students from Kennedy Middle and Pescadero Middle in the Ocean Views Project. We started the trip by recapping what we had learned in a previous class called, “What is a watershed”.
A watershed is the area of land that “sheds” or drains water into a given river, river system, or larger body of water, like the SF Bay. It is the area of land from which water and pollution drain through a series of channels into a common outlet. Check out this video of Pescadero Middle students explaining what they think is a watershed.
The students viewed maps and located the area in which we were going to paddle. The students learned the different parts of the canoes, how to take them off the racks, and how to paddle. Once we were had finished practicing paddling, the journey into Redwood sloughs began.
One by one the canoes left the shore to begin practicing in a designated area until we ventured forward. Once everyone had enough time practicing we crossed to Bair Island to conduct the activity. “A Sense a Place”. The students closed their eyes and listened to what is around them. The students heard some natural sounds like water, birds, bubbling in the mud, as well as man-made sounds like cars, canoes, talking, and factories.
We continued on through the slough where we saw many types of wildlife. One day we were able to see Cormorants, Seals, Egrets, Herons, and Gulls. Once we found the perfect place we grouped up together and began our Hydrology station. Hydrology is the study of water. We took water samples and tested salinity, temperature, phosphates, dissolved oxygen, and pH.
After all of the scientific tests we ate lunch right in the canoes. After lunch we all headed back to shore. Some days it was a little more difficult because the winds picked up. For example, we had students undock in another area because they were unable to paddle. Other days we had multiple canoes attached to each other to “raft” together back to the shore. On the final day of canoes the students with me were so excited once we got back to land that they accidentally started to stand up and let’s just say I had a nice dip in the water.
Once the canoes and supplies were all cleaned up the students had discussions about how they felt the sloughs were a part of the watershed they documented their answers in their journals. Check out this video of the students experience on the canoes
I had a blast getting to know each of these students out on the water. The next step for the Ocean Views project will be with the Watershed Discovery Foundation where the students will test water in their local streams.
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Today is Ada Lovelace Day, so there’s no better time than the present to talk about the programming language named after her. Everyone sort of knows that there was a programming language named after Ada, who developed the first known computational algorithm for a machine. What most don’t know: What Ada, Countess of Lovelace, was to abstract big thinking, the Ada language is to big doing. Presumed dead by many, Ada is still the go-to language for many applications — including the Boeing 787 and Airbus 380.
The most expensive, extensive code project ever
Ada was designed in the mid-1970’s for the Department of Defense, by four different teams of contractors whose proposals were winnowed down to one specification over two years, it was to be the standard language of the US military, which at the time wallowed in at least 450 languages. Many of them were tied to one hardware architecture, and few were amenable to the sort of modular programming needed to build scalable, reliable systems for life-and-death applications, such as airplane control systems.
Ada was intended from the start for use in very large, long-lived systems, many of which are built around “embedded” computers such as those in satellites and military gear. A top goal was to reduce the likelihood of programmer errors. Another was to minimize the likelihood that a program would fail unexpectedly. Robust exception handling and run-time error checking served those goals.
Strong typing was a must, but Ada also incorporated several computing approaches that were then only emerging:
- Object-oriented programming, at the time a new approach to create abstract objects and methods, rather than directly manipulating memory structures.
- Concurrent programming, which let a computer run multiple, independent tasks at once.
- Real-time programming, for software which can keep up with what’s happening right this second (or microsecond) in the real world.
- Systems programming, which lets programmers operate close to the hardware in use, rather than having it abstracted away.
- High integrity systems. Ada was to be used for American military and intelligence systems. Data loaded for one purpose couldn’t be covertly accessed for another.
The initial Ada specification was delivered in 1980, and became an ANSI standard in 1983. Government moves slowly, though, so it wasn’t until 1991 that Congress’ Ada and Its Integration Mandate declared that nearly all government systems would be coded in Ada, which was updated in 1995 to be the first object-oriented language standardized under the International Organization for Standardization, or ISO.
Jean Ichbiah, Ada architect
Claims that Ada was designed by committee underestimate the role of French computer scientist Jean Ichbiah, a Honeywell employee whose Green language, one of the four candidates, was chosen as the basis for Ada. Ichbiah led Ada’s design until it was finished in 1980, then founded his own company to continue Ada standardization and build compilers. Later, he invented the FITALY keyboard layout optimized for stylus input on tablets and PDAs. Ichbiah passed away in 2007.
What happened to the “Ada mandate”?
Even as the government standardized on Ada, mass-market computers and software were beginning to replace — actually, to overrun specialized systems. Why use a $50,000 computer when a PC from the mall could do the job, one which nearly all developers were familiar? The Department of Defense, seeing the opportunity to spend less and have fewer arcane systems, abandoned the Ada Mandate in 1997 and began to look to what were then called “commercial off-the-shelf systems.” These cheaper, more widely known systems had better support for C and Java than for Ada, which was seen as a niche opportunity by tech vendors.
Ada today: Going to the moon
Ada is still in use today. The language spec has been updated and modernized several times, most recently in 2012. It’s deemed a must in many defense-related systems where reliability and safety are critical, or where thousands of programmers may work on a single code base. Much of it isn’t discussed on Reddit’s Ada subreddit, though, because many Ada programmers are sworn to government secrecy for security. They literally can’t tell you what they’re working on. There are
NASA’s CubeSat project launched a dozen satellites built at universities into orbit in 2013. Carl Brandon, a physics professor at Vermont Tech, says, “The Vermont CubeSat is the only university CubeSat that successfully completed its mission: eight were never heard from, one fried its batteries the first day (software error), one worked a little for less than a week, and one for four months.” Vermont Tech had used SPARK, a language based on the Ada spec, for their flight software. Their Lunar IceCube, scheduled for launch in 2018 to search for ice on the Moon, is likewise being programmed in SPARK.
In civilian airspace, Boeing’s 777 airplane, which revolutionized airliner avionics, was software largely built on Ada. The newer 787 Dreamliner, and Airbus’ A380 and A350, are also programmed largely with Ada. Aircraft makers choose Ada both for safety and for scalability of the project itself — some 10,000 people worked on the 777 project.
Ada is not as widely used as languages such as C, C++ or Java, and it’s not a language intended for home hacking. There are a relatively small number of Ada projects on Github. Then again, Ada Lovelace’s own algorithm was never run, because Charles Babbage never built a Difference Engine on which to run it. Sometimes, a concept itself can be world-changing. The Countess of Lovelace showed how a machine could do math, and explained that it could just as well make music. Ada the language showed how algorithms for the Difference Engine’s descendants could be more reliable, more scalable, and more amenable to handling the most complex ideas human minds could conceive.
Ada links for today’s engineers
Development firm AdaCore‘s engineers, many with decades of experience, provided us with a terrific reading list to explore Ada’s current role in the world:
- Celebrating Ada – History of Ada Lovelace and the Ada language.
- 11 Myths about Ada – Big and slow? That was 40 years ago.
- Reference reading
- AdaCore’s academic program – 200 instructors in 35 countries.
- Ada activities in 2016
- Ada Lovelace Day 2016 – A Map of Events Worldwide – Map of global events happening on October 11th to celebrate Ada Lovelace Day, the international celebration of achievements of women in science, technology, engineering and math.
Are you a woman interested in exploring a career in engineering alongside likeminded women? Hackbright Academy offers a 12-week intensive software engineering fellowship for women. You can learn more about what Hackbright has to offer at our upcoming Info Session this Wednesday, October 12th in person or via livestream.
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Alternating Current (AC) — A type of electrical current, the direction of which is reversed at regular intervals or cycles. In the United States, the standard is 120 reversals or 60 cycles per second. Electricity transmission networks use AC because voltage can be controlled with relative ease.
Ambient Temperature — The temperature of the surrounding area.
Ampere (amp) — A unit of electrical current or rate of flow of electrons. One volt across one ohm of resistance causes a current flow of one ampere.
Angle of Incidence — The angle that a ray of sun makes with a line perpendicular to the surface. For example, a surface that directly faces the sun has a solar angle of incidence of zero, but if the surface is parallel to the sun (for example, sunrise striking a horizontal rooftop), the angle of incidence is 90°.
Annual Solar Savings — The annual solar savings of a solar building is the energy savings attributable to a solar feature relative to the energy requirements of a non-solar building.
Array — see photovoltaic (PV) array.
Array Current — The electrical current produced by a photovoltaic array when it is exposed to sunlight.
Array Operating Voltage — The voltage produced by a photovoltaic array when exposed to sunlight and connected to a load.
Autonomous System — See stand-alone system.
Availability — The quality or condition of a photovoltaic system being available to provide power to a load. Usually measured in hours per year. One minus availability equals downtime.
Azimuth Angle — The angle between true south and the point on the horizon directly below the sun.
Balance of System — Represents all components and costs other than the photovoltaic modules/array. It includes design costs, land, site preparation, system installation, support structures, power conditioning, operation and maintenance costs, indirect storage, and related costs.
Base Load — The average amount of electric power that a utility must supply in any period.
BIPV (Building-Integrated Photovoltaics) — A term for the design and integration of photovoltaic (PV) technology into the building envelope, typically replacing conventional building materials. This integration may be in vertical facades, replacing view glass, spandrel glass, or other facade material; into semitransparent skylight systems; into roofing systems, replacing traditional roofing materials; into shading “eyebrows” over windows; or other building envelope systems.
BPU — Board of Public Utilities. The government agency that regulates utility companies, utility policies and utility rates in a state.
BTU (British Thermal Unit) — The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit; equal to 252 calories.
Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) — A polycrystalline thin-film photovoltaic material.
Capacity Factor — The ratio of the average load on (or power output of) an electricity generating system to the capacity rating over a specified period of time.
Cell Barrier — A very thin region of static electric charge along the interface of the positive and negative layers in a photovoltaic cell. The barrier inhibits the movement of electrons from one layer to the other, so that higher-energy electrons from one side diffuse preferentially through it in one direction, creating a current and thus a voltage across the cell. Also called depletion zone or space charge.
Cell Junction — The area of immediate contact between two layers (positive and negative) of a photovoltaic cell. The junction lies at the center of the cell barrier or depletion zone.
Cloud Enhancement — The increase in solar intensity caused by reflected irradiance from nearby clouds.
Combined Collector — A photovoltaic device or module that provides useful heat energy in addition to electricity.
Concentrator — A photovoltaic module, which includes optical components such as lenses to direct and concentrate sunlight onto a solar cell of smaller area. Most concentrator arrays must directly face or track the sun. They can increase the power flux of sunlight hundreds of times.
Conductor — The material through which electricity is transmitted, such as an electrical wire, or transmission or distribution line.
Conversion Efficiency — See photovoltaic (conversion) efficiency.
Converter — A unit that converts a direct current (dc) voltage to another dc voltage.
Crystalline Silicon — A type of photovoltaic cell made from a slice of single-crystal silicon or polycrystalline silicon.
Current — See electric current.
DC — See direct current.
DC-to-DC Converter — Electronic circuit to convert direct current voltages (e.g., photovoltaic module voltage) into other levels (e.g., load voltage). Can be part of a maximum power point tracker.
Design Month — The month having the combination of insolation and load that requires the maximum energy from the photovoltaic array.
Diffuse Insolation — Sunlight received indirectly as a result of scattering due to clouds, fog, haze, dust, or other obstructions in the atmosphere. Opposite of direct insolation.
Diffuse Radiation — Radiation received from the sun after reflection and scattering by the atmosphere and ground..
Direct Current (DC) — A type of electricity transmission and distribution by which electricity flows in one direction through the conductor, usually relatively low voltage and high current. To be used for typical 120 volt or 220 volt household appliances, DC must be converted to alternating current, its opposite.
Direct Insolation — Sunlight falling directly upon a collector. Opposite of diffuse insolation.
Disconnect — Switch gear used to connect or disconnect components in a photovoltaic system.
Distributed Generation — A popular term for localized or on-site power generation.
Distributed Power — Generic term for any power supply located near the point where the power is used. Opposite of central power. See stand-alone systems.
Distributed Systems — Systems that are installed at or near the location where the electricity is used, as opposed to central systems that supply electricity to grids. A residential photovoltaic system is a distributed system.
Downtime — Time when the photovoltaic system cannot provide power for the load. Usually expressed in hours per year or that percentage.
Duty Cycle — The ratio of active time to total time. Used to describe the operating regime of appliances or loads in photovoltaic systems.
Duty Rating — The amount of time an inverter (power conditioning unit) can produce at full rated power.
Electric Circuit — The path followed by electrons from a power source (generator or battery), through an electrical system, and returning to the source.
Electric Current — The flow of electrical energy (electricity) in a conductor, measured in amperes.
Electrical grid — An integrated system of electricity distribution, usually covering a large area.
Electrode — A conductor that is brought in conducting contact with a ground.
Electron — An elementary particle of an atom with a negative electrical charge and a mass of 1/1837 of a proton; electrons surround the positively charged nucleus of an atom and determine the chemical properties of an atom. The movement of electrons in an electrical conductor constitutes an electric current.
Energy — The capability of doing work; different forms of energy can be converted to other forms, but the total amount of energy remains the same.
Energy Audit — A survey that shows how much energy used in a home, which helps find ways to use less energy.
Equinox — The two times of the year when the sun crosses the equator and night and day are of equal length; usually occurs on March 21st (spring equinox) and September 23 (fall equinox).
FITC — Federal Incentive Tax Credit. In solar, it refers to the tax credit of 30% of the total cost of the solar installation.
Fixed Tilt Array — A photovoltaic array set in at a fixed angle with respect to horizontal.
Flat-Plate Module — An arrangement of photovoltaic cells or material mounted on a rigid flat surface with the cells exposed freely to incoming sunlight.
Fresnel Lens — An optical device that focuses light like a magnifying glass; concentric rings are faced at slightly different angles so that light falling on any ring is focused to the same point.
Full Sun — The amount of power density in sunlight received at the earth’s surface at noon on a clear day (about 1,000 Watts/square meter).
Gigawatt (GW) — A unit of power equal to 1 billion Watts; 1 million kilowatts, or 1,000 megawatts.
Grid — See electrical grid.
Grid-Connected System — A solar electric or photovoltaic (PV) system in which the PV array acts like a central generating plant, supplying power to the grid.
Grid-Interactive System — Same as grid-connected system.
Grid Lines — Metallic contacts fused to the surface of the solar cell to provide a low resistance path for electrons to flow out to the cell interconnect wires.
Hybrid System — A solar electric or photovoltaic system that includes other sources of electricity generation, such as wind or diesel generators.
Incident Light — Light that shines onto the face of a solar cell or module.
Input Voltage — This is determined by the total power required by the alternating current loads and the voltage of any direct current loads. Generally, the larger the load, the higher the inverter input voltage. This keeps the current at levels where switches and other components are readily available.
Insolation — The solar power density incident on a surface of stated area and orientation, usually expressed as Watts per square meter or Btu per square foot per hour. See diffuse insolation and direct insolation.
Interconnect — A conductor within a module or other means of connection that provides an electrical interconnection between the solar cells.
Inverter — A device that converts direct current electricity to alternating current either for stand-alone systems or to supply power to an electricity grid.
Ion — An electrically charged atom or group of atoms that has lost or gained electrons; a loss makes the resulting particle positively charged; a gain makes the particle negatively charged.
Irradiance — The direct, diffuse, and reflected solar radiation that strikes a surface. Usually expressed in kilowatts per square meter. Irradiance multiplied by time equals insolation.
ISPRA Guidelines — Guidelines for the assessment of photovoltaic power plants, published by the Joint Research Centre of the Commission of the European Communities, Ispra, Italy.
I-V Curve — A graphical presentation of the current versus the voltage from a photovoltaic device as the load is increased from the short circuit (no load) condition to the open circuit (maximum voltage) condition. The shape of the curve characterizes cell performance.
Junction Box — A photovoltaic (PV) generator junction box is an enclosure on the module where PV strings are electrically connected and where protection devices can be located, if necessary.
Junction Diode — A semiconductor device with a junction and a built-in potential that passes current better in one direction than the other. All solar cells are junction diodes.
Kilowatt (kW) — A standard unit of electrical power equal to 1000 watts, or to the energy consumption at a rate of 1000 joules per second.
Kilowatt-Hour (kWh) — 1,000 thousand watts acting over a period of 1 hour. The kWh is a unit of energy. 1 kWh=3600 kJ.
Life — The period during which a system is capable of operating above a specified performance level.
Life-Cycle Cost — The estimated cost of owning and operating a photovoltaic system for the period of its useful life.
Line-Commutated Inverter — An inverter that is tied to a power grid or line. The commutation of power (conversion from direct current to alternating current) is controlled by the power line, so that, if there is a failure in the power grid, the photovoltaic system cannot feed power into the line.
Load — The demand on an energy producing system; the energy consumption or requirement of a piece or group of equipment; in reference to electricity, usually expressed in terms of amperes or watts.
Load Circuit — The wire, switches, fuses, etc. that connect the load to the power source.
Load Current (A) — The current required by the electrical device.
MACRS — stands for Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System and is a method required by the IRS in depreciating business fixed assets. Depreciation rates vary and should be checked by your accountant.
Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) — Means of a power conditioning unit that automatically operates the photovoltaic generator at its maximum power point under all conditions.
Maximum Power Tracking — Operating a photovoltaic array at the peak power point of the array’s I-V curve where maximum power is obtained. Also called peak power tracking.
Megawatt (MW) — 1,000 kilowatts, or 1 million watts; standard measure of electric power plant generating capacity.
Megawatt-Hour — 1,000 kilowatt-hours or 1 million watt-hours.
Modularity — The use of multiple inverters connected in parallel to service different loads.
Module — See photovoltaic (PV) module.
Module Derate Factor — A factor that lowers the photovoltaic module current to account for field operating conditions such as dirt accumulation on the module.
Multi-crystalline — A semiconductor (photovoltaic) material composed of variously oriented, small, individual crystals. Sometimes referred to as poly-crystalline or semi-crystalline.
National Electrical Code (NEC) — Contains guidelines for all types of electrical installations. The 1984 and later editions of the NEC contain Article 690, “Solar Photovoltaic Systems” which should be followed when installing a PV system.
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) — This organization sets standards for some non-electronic products like junction boxes.
NEC — See National Electrical Code.
NEMA — See National Electrical Manufacturers Association.
Ohm — A measure of the electrical resistance of a material equal to the resistance of a circuit in which the potential difference of 1 volt produces a current of 1 ampere.
One-Axis Tracking — A system capable of rotating about one axis.
Open-Circuit Voltage (Voc) — The maximum possible voltage across a photovoltaic cell; the voltage across the cell in sunlight when no current is flowing.
Operating Point — The current and voltage that a photovoltaic module or array produces when connected to a load. The operating point is dependent on the load or the batteries connected to the output terminals of the array.
Orientation — Placement with respect to the cardinal directions, N, S, E, W; azimuth is the measure of orientation from north.
Packing Factor — The ratio of array area to actual land area or building envelope area for a system; or, the ratio of total solar cell area to the total module area, for a module.
Panel — See photovoltaic (PV) panel.
Parallel Connection — A way of joining solar cells or photovoltaic modules by connecting positive leads together and negative leads together; such a configuration increases the current, but not the voltage.
Peak Demand/Load — The maximum energy demand or load in a specified time period.
Peak Power Current — Amperes produced by a photovoltaic module or array operating at the voltage of the I-V curve that will produce maximum power from the module.
Peak Power Point — Operating point of the I-V (current-voltage) curve for a solar cell or photovoltaic module where the product of the current value times the voltage value is a maximum.
Peak Power Tracking — see maximum power tracking.
Peak Sun Hours — The equivalent number of hours per day when solar irradiance averages 1,000 w/m2. For example, six peak sun hours means that the energy received during total daylight hours equals the energy that would have been received had the irradiance for six hours been 1,000 w/m2.
Peak Watt — A unit used to rate the performance of solar cells, modules, or arrays; the maximum nominal output of a photovoltaic device, in watts (Wp) under standardized test conditions, usually 1,000 watts per square meter of sunlight with other conditions, such as temperature specified.
Photocurrent — An electric current induced by radiant energy.
Photoelectric Cell — A device for measuring light intensity that works by converting light falling on it, or reaching it, to electricity, and then measuring the current; used in photometers.
Photon — A particle of light that acts as an individual unit of energy.
Photovoltaic(s) (PV) — Pertaining to the direct conversion of light into electricity.
Photovoltaic (PV) Array — An interconnected system of PV modules that function as a single electricity-producing unit. The modules are assembled as a discrete structure, with common support or mounting. In smaller systems, an array can consist of a single module.
Photovoltaic (PV) Cell — The smallest semiconductor element within a PV module to perform the immediate conversion of light into electrical energy (direct current voltage and current). Also called a solar cell.
Photovoltaic (PV) Conversion Efficiency — The ratio of the electric power produced by a photovoltaic device to the power of the sunlight incident on the device.
Photovoltaic (PV) Device — A solid-state electrical device that converts light directly into direct current electricity of voltage-current characteristics that are a function of the characteristics of the light source and the materials in and design of the device. Solar photovoltaic devices are made of various semiconductor materials including silicon, cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, and gallium arsenide, and in single crystalline, multicrystalline, or amorphous forms.
Photovoltaic (PV) Effect — The phenomenon that occurs when photons, the “particles” in a beam of light, knock electrons loose from the atoms they strike. When this property of light is combined with the properties of semiconductors, electrons flow in one direction across a junction, setting up a voltage. With the addition of circuitry, current will flow and electric power will be available.
Photovoltaic (PV) Generator — The total of all PV strings of a PV power supply system, which are electrically interconnected.
Photovoltaic (PV) Module — The smallest environmentally protected, essentially planar assembly of solar cells and ancillary parts, such as interconnections, terminals, [and protective devices such as diodes] intended to generate direct current power under unconcentrated sunlight. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer (superstrate) or the back layer (substrate).
Photovoltaic (PV) Panel — often used interchangeably with PV module (especially in one-module systems), but more accurately used to refer to a physically connected collection of modules (i.e., a laminate string of modules used to achieve a required voltage and current).
Photovoltaic (PV) System — A complete set of components for converting sunlight into electricity by the photovoltaic process, including the array and balance of system components.
Photovoltaic-Thermal (PV/T) System — A photovoltaic system that, in addition to converting sunlight into electricity, collects the residual heat energy and delivers both heat and electricity in usable form. Also called a total energy system.
Point-Contact Cell — A high efficiency silicon photovoltaic concentrator cell that employs light trapping techniques and point-diffused contacts on the rear surface for current collection.
Polycrystalline — See Multicrystalline.
Polycrystalline Silicon — A material used to make photovoltaic cells, which consist of many crystals unlike single-crystal silicon.
Power Conditioning — The process of modifying the characteristics of electrical power (for e.g., inverting direct current to alternating current).
Power Conditioning Equipment — Electrical equipment, or power electronics, used to convert power from a photovoltaic array into a form suitable for subsequent use. A collective term for inverter, converter, battery charge regulator, and blocking diode.
Power Conversion Efficiency — The ratio of output power to input power of the inverter.
Power Factor (PF) — The ratio of actual power being used in a circuit, expressed in watts or kilowatts, to the power that is apparently being drawn from a power source, expressed in volt-amperes or kilovolt-amperes.
PV — See photovoltaic(s).
Rated Power — Rated power of the inverter. However, some units cannot produce rated power continuously. See duty rating.
Rectifier — A device that converts alternating current to direct current. See inverter.
Remote Systems — See stand-alone systems.
Reserve Capacity — The amount of generating capacity a central power system must maintain to meet peak loads.
Resistance (R) — The property of a conductor, which opposes the flow of an electric current resulting in the generation of heat in the conducting material. The measure of the resistance of a given conductor is the electromotive force needed for a unit current flow. The unit of resistance is ohms.
RPS — Renewable Portfolio Standard. The amount of energy a power company must provide from a renewable source like solar or wind.
Satellite Power System (SPS) — Concept for providing large amounts of electricity for use on the Earth from one or more satellites in geosynchronous Earth orbit. A very large array of solar cells on each satellite would provide electricity, which would be converted to microwave energy and beamed to a receiving antenna on the ground. There, it would be reconverted into electricity and distributed the same as any other centrally generated power, through a grid.
Semiconductor — Any material that has a limited capacity for conducting an electric current. Certain semiconductors, including silicon, gallium arsenide, copper indium diselenide, and cadmium telluride, are uniquely suited to the photovoltaic conversion process.
Semicrystalline — See Multicrystalline.
Series Connection — A way of joining photovoltaic cells by connecting positive leads to negative leads; such a configuration increases the voltage.
Short-Circuit Current (Isc) — The current flowing freely through an external circuit that has no load or resistance; the maximum current possible.
Siemens Process — A commercial method of making purified silicon.
Silicon (Si) — A semi-metallic chemical element that makes an excellent semiconductor material for photovoltaic devices. It crystallizes in face-centered cubic lattice like a diamond. It’s commonly found in sand and quartz (as the oxide).
Single-Crystal Material — A material that is composed of a single crystal or a few large crystals.
Single-Crystal Silicon — Material with a single crystalline formation. Many photovoltaic cells are made from single-crystal silicon.
Solar Cell — see photovoltaic (PV) cell.
Solar Constant — The average amount of solar radiation that reaches the earth’s upper atmosphere on a surface perpendicular to the sun’s rays; equal to 1353 Watts per square meter or 492 Btu per square foot.
Solar Cooling — The use of solar thermal energy or solar electricity to power a cooling appliance. Photovoltaic systems can power evaporative coolers (“swamp” coolers), heat-pumps, and air conditioners.
Solar Energy — Electromagnetic energy transmitted from the sun (solar radiation). The amount that reaches the earth is equal to one billionth of total solar energy generated, or the equivalent of about 420 trillion kilowatt-hours.
Solar Noon — The time of the day, at a specific location, when the sun reaches its highest, apparent point in the sky; equal to true or due, geographic south.
Solar Panel — See photovoltaic (PV) panel.
Solar Thermal Electric Systems — Solar energy conversion technologies that convert solar energy to electricity, by heating a working fluid to power a turbine that drives a generator. Examples of these systems include central receiver systems, parabolic dish, and solar trough.
Space Charge — See cell barrier.
Spinning Reserve — Electric power plant or utility capacity on-line and running at low power in excess of actual load.
SREC — Solar Renewable Energy Credit. A solar installation produces one SREC for each 1,000 Kilowatts of energy produced. An SREC is a commodity not unlike copper or pork bellies and can be sold by the owner of a solar installation. Like any commodity, prices fluctuate depending on availability and demand.
Stand-Alone System — An autonomous or hybrid photovoltaic system not connected to a grid. May or may not have storage, but most stand-alone systems require batteries or some other form of storage.
Stand-Off Mounting — Technique for mounting a photovoltaic array on a sloped roof, which involves mounting the modules a short distance above the pitched roof and tilting them to the optimum angle.
Standard Reporting Conditions (SRC) — A fixed set of conditions (including meteorological) to which the electrical performance data of a photovoltaic module are translated from the set of actual test conditions.
Standard Test Conditions (STC) — Conditions under which a module is typically tested in a laboratory.
Standby Current — This is the amount of current (power) used by the inverter when no load is active (lost power). The efficiency of the inverter is lowest when the load demand is low.
String — A number of photovoltaic modules or panels interconnected electrically in series to produce the operating voltage required by the load.
Substrate — The physical material upon which a photovoltaic cell is applied.
Subsystem — Any one of several components in a photovoltaic system (i.e., array, controller, batteries, inverter, load).
Superconductivity — The abrupt and large increase in electrical conductivity exhibited by some metals as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
Superstrate — The covering on the sunny side of a photovoltaic (PV) module, providing protection for the PV materials from impact and environmental degradation while allowing maximum transmission of the appropriate wavelengths of the solar spectrum.
Surge Capacity — The maximum power, usually 3-5 times the rated power, that can be provided over a short time.
System Availability — The percentage of time (usually expressed in hours per year) when a photovoltaic system will be able to fully meet the load demand.
System Operating Voltage — The photovoltaic array output voltage under load. The system operating voltage is dependent on the load or batteries connected to the output terminals.
Thin Film — A layer of semiconductor material, such as copper indium diselenide or gallium arsenide, a few microns or less in thickness, used to make photovoltaic cells that can be printed onto a material.
Thin Film Photovoltaic Module — A photovoltaic module constructed with sequential layers of thin film semiconductor materials.
Tilt Angle — The angle at which a photovoltaic array is set to face the sun relative to a horizontal position. The tilt angle can be set or adjusted to maximize seasonal or annual energy collection.
Total AC Load Demand — The sum of the alternating current loads. This value is important when selecting an inverter.
Tracking Array — A photovoltaic (PV) array that follows the path of the sun to maximize the solar radiation incident on the PV surface. The two most common orientations are (1) one axis where the array tracks the sun east to west and (2) two-axis tracking where the array points directly at the sun at all times. Tracking arrays use both the direct and diffuse sunlight. Two-axis tracking arrays capture the maximum possible daily energy.
Transformer — An electromagnetic device that changes the voltage of alternating current electricity.
Tray Cable (TC) – may be used for interconnecting balance-of-systems.
Two-Axis Tracking — A photovoltaic array tracking system capable of rotating independently about two axes (e.g., vertical and horizontal).
Utility-Interactive Inverter — An inverter that can function only when tied to the utility grid, and uses the prevailing line-voltage frequency on the utility line as a control parameter to ensure that the photovoltaic system’s output is fully synchronized with the utility power.
Volt (V) — A unit of electrical force equal to that amount of electromotive force that will cause a steady current of one ampere to flow through a resistance of one ohm.
Voltage — The amount of electromotive force, measured in volts, that exists between two points.
Voltage at Maximum Power (Vmp) — The voltage at which maximum power is available from a photovoltaic module.
Voltage Protection — Many inverters have sensing circuits that will disconnect the unit from the battery if input voltage limits are exceeded.
Voltage Regulation — This indicates the variability in the output voltage. Some loads will not tolerate voltage variations greater than a few percent.
Wafer — A thin sheet of semiconductor (photovoltaic material) made by cutting it from a single crystal or ingot.
Watt — The rate of energy transfer equivalent to one ampere under an electrical pressure of one volt. One watt equals 1/746 horsepower, or one joule per second. It is the product of voltage and current (amperage).
Window — A wide band gap material chosen for its transparency to light. Generally used as the top layer (superstrate) of a photovoltaic device, the window allows almost all of the light to reach the semiconductor layers beneath.
Zenith Angle — the angle between the direction of interest (of the sun, for example) and the zenith (directly overhead).
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A special thank you to life-long Sussex County, NJ resident and photographer Lisaann VanBlarcom Permunian for providing this great fact about how the role of the Sandy Hook Lighthouse in the Revolutionary War…
A committee of the New York Provincial Congress instructs Major William Malcolm to dismantle the Sandy Hook lighthouse in the then-disputed territory of Sandy Hook, now in New Jersey, on this day in 1776, telling him to “use your best discretion to render the light-house entirely useless.”
The Sandy Hook lighthouse first shone its beam on June 11, 1764, after the Provincial Congress of New York orchestrated two lotteries to raise money for its construction. Discussion about the construction of a lighthouse for Sandy Hook had begun nearly a century before, initiated by Colonial Governor Edmund Andreas. Forty-three New York merchants proposed the lotteries to the Provincial Council, after losing 20,000 pounds sterling from shipwrecks in early 1761.
Major Malcolm’s task was to prevent the lighthouse from helping the British to reach New York City. The Congress wanted Malcolm to remove the lens and lamps so that the lighthouse could no longer warn ships of possible wreck on the rocky shore; he succeeded. Colonel George Taylor reported six days later that Malcolm had given him eight copper lamps, two tackle falls and blocks, and three casks, and a part of a cast of oil from the dismantling of the beacon.
Malcom’s efforts, however, failed to keep the British from invading New York; they were soon able to put the lighthouse back into service by installing lamps and reflectors. The Patriots attempted to knock the light out again on June 1, by placing cannon on boats and attempting to blow away the British paraphernalia. They managed some damage before being chased away.
The new states of New Jersey and New York bickered over ownership of the lighthouse, until the federal government assumed control of all U.S. lighthouses in 1787. As of 1996, the Sandy Hook lighthouse, the oldest original lighthouse in the United States, passed into the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. It remains in operation as part of the Gateway National Recreation Area.
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Submitted to: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 1/22/2002
Publication Date: N/A
Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary: Bull-nettle, silver horse-nettle, white-horse-nettle, silverleaf nightshade, trompillo, and satansbos are all common names for the noxious weed, Solanum elaeagnifolium. Native to the New World tropics, this species has been introduced accidentally into North America, Australia, and southern Africa, where it is an economically important pest in rangelands. Through investigations of insects that attack this weed, personnel of the Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa, reared specimens of an unknown moth species in the genus Frumenta from Mexico. The purposes of this paper are to name the new species, speculate on its host range, and discuss its potential as a biological control agent against this weed. This information will be valuable to those involved in rangeland ecology, cattle and other livestock grazing, and the biological control of invasive weeds.
Technical Abstract: Frumenta solanophagus, new species, is described from San Luis Protosi, Mexico. It was reared from Solanum elaeagnifolium Cavanilles (Solanaceae) by personnel of the Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa, as part of a survey for potential biocontrol agents against this invasive weed. Frumenta previously included two species from the mid- western and southern United States; all species appear to feed exclusively on Solanum. Photographs and illustrations of F. solanophagus depict the imago, wing venation, intersegmental lobes of the female, and male and female genitalia. A key to the described species of Frumenta also is provided.
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Men are almost twice as likely to die from mouth cancer and statistics consistently show they are less likely to consult with a doctor than women.
But with rates of incidence and mortality rising at an incredible rate, men can no longer afford to ignore the increasing threat of a killer disease.
Mouth cancer cases in the UK have almost doubled in the last decade, rising to 6,000 every year with almost 4,000 of those coming from men and although there are some clear early warning signs many postpone seeking professional advice, leaving fatality rates of the disease at 50 per cent.
‘For almost all types of cancer, men will die more often than women. There’s no biological reason that this should be the case so the reason must be purely down to the timing of diagnosis. Unfortunately, when men do go to their GP their condition may be at a far more advanced stage and therefore much more difficult to treat’
This is supported by data from the Office of National Statistics, which reveals that women are twice as likely to see their GP as men, visiting the doctors an average of six times a year compared to just three for men.
Chief executive of the British Dental Health Foundation, Dr Nigel Carter, puts this failing down to a lack of general cancer health knowledge in men and warns that ignoring the issue can lead to severe problems in future.
Dr Carter said: ‘For almost all types of cancer, men will die more often than women. There’s no biological reason that this should be the case so the reason must be purely down to the timing of diagnosis. Unfortunately, when men do go to their GP their condition may be at a far more advanced stage and therefore much more difficult to treat.
‘By ignoring or dismissing the early and minor symptoms the disease will become rapidly advanced so that when they do seek help it makes it so much harder for treatment to be successful. The message is simple… ‘If in doubt, get checked out’.’
Throughout November, leading oral health charity the British Dental Health Foundation, is running Mouth Cancer Action Month and hoping to improve rates of ‘early detection’, especially in men.
One in two people who contract mouth cancer will die without early diagnosis, which can improve the five year survival rate to 90 per cent.
However, while the treatment of many cancers is resulting in an improvement of survival rates, the same cannot be said for mouth cancer, of which the proportion that dies has remained fairly constant over the last 10 years.
Dr Carter added: ‘Regrettably, most men will only resort to seeing their GP because their partner has “told” them to – this must change, as must the education of health issues to all men. The first stage in this process is being able to identify the risks factors. Smoking, drinking alcohol to excess, poor diet and the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), transmitted via oral sex, are all risk groups of the disease. The good news is that these are environmental and lifestyle choices, which can be avoided and altered.’
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Is it possible to grow more food, increase profits for farmers, and improve the environment along the way – just by changing the way we insure crop loss? Based on anecdotal evidence, this reality may be well within reach; during the drought of 2012, Midwest producers who used conservation practices, such as cover crops, experienced lower yield losses. Given this and other similar emerging evidence that conservation practices lead to lower crop losses, could the federal crop insurance program recognize these practices as risk mitigation strategies? What if the Risk Management Agency (RMA) at USDA were able to quantifiably correlate improved soil health and water holding capacity with reduced crop losses during instances of extreme weather?
With roughly 900,000 farmers participating in the federal crop insurance program, we believe that these and other related questions are worth asking. A conservation-grounded crop insurance program could help drive broader-scale adoption of practices that are good for both a producer’s bottom line, the environment, and the taxpayer.
Determining the extent to which a practice such as cover cropping or managing for soil health reduces the risk of crop loss requires gathering and analyzing vast quantities of data. With the terabytes of data USDA already collects from farmers, a data integration and analysis effort could be done now, with no need to wait for the next farm bill.
USDA has some promising data integration efforts already underway – but these can and should go further. Producers, farm and conservation groups, crop insurance companies, NGOs, researchers, and others stand willing and ready to help support and work with USDA in an effort to make existing data more accessible to better understand how conservation practices reduce risks.
The results of these efforts could be significant.
First, they could drive changes in how RMA rates risks. Imagine if producers were able to pay less for their crop insurance because they use certain soil-enhancing practices. With 70% of total U.S. cropland in the crop insurance program, changes in crop insurance could dramatically accelerate producers’ adoption of conserving agricultural practices and yield far-reaching environmental and productivity benefits. Structured appropriately, these changes could also reduce both the short-term and long-term cost of the program to taxpayers.
Second, this data integration and analysis effort could help inform efforts by a growing number of agricultural supply chain sustainability initiatives that are recommending or prescribing the use of specific on-farm practices and technologies.
Third, data integration and analysis could also help support fledgling efforts underway in both the private and public sectors to develop markets for ecosystem services.
Fourth, the insights gleaned from this effort could help inform decisions by USDA, research institutions, and policymakers about where data and results gaps exist and, therefore, how to prioritize future investments and direct policy changes.
In a “point of view” paper released earlier this week by AGree (available here), Stephanie Mercier, the former Chief Economist of the Senate Agriculture Committee and currently with the Farm Journal Foundation, details and argues for the type of initiative we describe above. She provides details about public and private data sets that USDA and others could integrate and highlights potential uses of the data analysis findings. It deserves serious consideration.
Ferd Hoefner is Policy Director of the National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition. Bruce Knight is Principal and Founder of Strategic Conservation Solutions and formerly served as Chief of USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service.
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A neuron, is a specialised cell which communicates with other neurons, muscles or organs in the body using electrical and chemical signals or impulses.
A resting neuron, is when there is NO electrical impulse, running through the neuron.
This means that there is, a negative charge inside the neuron and a positive charge outside the neuron.
A firing neuron is when an electrical impuse moving along the axon of the neuron, reversing the electrical charge.
E.G. a positive charge inside the cell and a negative charge outside of the cell.
Types of Neurons
There are 3 types of neuron:>>
- Motor Neuron
A sensory neuron, exists in the sensory organs and responds to messages from external stimuli.
These messages are directed to the central nervous system (CNS).
Motor neurons, carry impulses or signals from the central nervous system to a muscle causing it to contract, in addition to this they also affect glands.
An inter neuron, is only found in the Central Nervous System, and they connect neurons to other neurons within the same region of the spinal cord.
Cell body or Soma
The cell body or soma, can be known as the "factory" of the neuron this is because it produces the proteins and has important organelles, such as mitochondria which are a supplier of energy.
It also contains the nucleus and has several outgrowths (dendrites) which allow many connections to be made with other neurons.
The nucleus is an oval shaped structure found in the cell body or soma of the neuron.
It contains the chromosomes, neccessary for the coded production of proteins within the cell, and genetic information (DNA) from which the chromosomes are made for the neuron.
Dendrites are a part of a neuron, it recieves signals ONLY from other nerve cells.
They have a number of receptors in the dendrite membrane to recognize the neurotransmitters (chemicals) released from the axon of another neuron.
The myelin sheath is a material made of fats and proteins (made by the neurons nucleus) which is found all around the axon of a neuron, and acts as a protective layer.
It is made up of "white matter" of the brain.
Its function is to protect the neuron from external influences which might disrupt the transmission of a nerve impulse down the axon of the neuron.
Its other function is to insulate the nerve fibre to increase the speed of nerve transmission.
Nodes of Ravier
A node of ranvier are gaps of nerve fibres that appear at regular intervals in the mylein sheath.
They allow nutrients and waste products to enter & leave the neurone and they also enable nerve impulses to flow through the neurone through a process of polarisation and de - polarisation of the cell membrane.
(related to chemical signals inside and outside the neuron)
Schwann Cells are the cells that produce and are responsible for laying down the protective myelin sheath around the axon.
An axon is a part of a neuron, it is a single nerve fibre that extend from the cell body of a neuron and carries nerve impulses away from the soma.
It is essential for the entire functioning of a neuron as it allows for travel of the impulse.
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Grey literature is literature produced by government, academics, business and industry in print and electronic formats, but which is not controlled by commercial publishers. Therefore, grey literature can at times be difficult to identify and obtain. It includes theses and dissertations, conference papers and proceedings, research reports, government documents, technical notes and specifications, proposals, data compilations, etc. Often grey literature does not have an international standard book number (ISBN) or an international standard serial number (ISSN).
It is crucial to note where the term “grey literature” derives from. Grey literature comes from the uncertainty of the status of this information. Grey literature is essentially any document that has not gone through peer review for publication. You may be questioning what is the benefit of looking at this type of literature if it is not peer reviewed? The benefit is that grey literature can be published much more quickly since it does not have to be subjected to the lengthy peer-review process. As a result, in cases where there may not be much information on a topic in peer-reviewed research, grey literature may prove a very valuable source of information. Learn more about Grey Literature here:
Previously published dissertations and theses can be a great source of inspiration for your own dissertation topic. You can access millions of full-text dissertations and theses from NCU Library. Go to the Library’s Dissertation Resources page to see a list of databases. You can specifically access dissertations from Northcentral University alumni in the Dissertations database. Or you can explore the 1.2 million full-text dissertations available through ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.
For more information on choosing a dissertation topic, see the Dissertation Topics page of the Research Process.
Conference papers and proceedings can be challenging to find because they may take several years to be published or may not be published at all. They can be published in various formats including books, abstracts, and journal articles; and, they may be deposited only in an author or institutional repository.
Some Library databases, like ProQuest, make it easier to search for these types of documents by allowing you to limit your search to Source type.
Government documents are an important primary source of information on a wide range of issues. Most government documents can be found through government websites.
USA.gov is the official web portal for the U.S. government. The U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) is another useful gateway to locating published government documents.
Research reports contain the results of research projects, investigations, and surveys, and are usually published by the funder or the body undertaking the research. They can be found by searching the websites of subject associations and research organizations in addition to NCU Library’s databases.
The American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) is an example of a research organization that provides access to its publications via its website.
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Cockscomb plants (Celosia spp.) grow from 1 to 3 feet tall and generally bloom in summer and autumn. Two types exist, one bearing flowers of various brilliant colors that resemble a cock's comb and the other with flowers resembling a feathery plume. Cockscomb is excellent for flower beds and borders. Flowers come in a variety of colors and are useful as both dried and cut flowers. While cockscombs are generally grown as an annuals, you can grow them as perennials in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 10 through 12.
Crested cockscomb flowers (Celosia cristata) consist of both tall and dwarf varieties. Tall varieties grow to 3 feet tall and 1 1/2 feet wide, while dwarf varieties grow 10 inches tall and 6 inches wide. Crested varieties have fan-shaped, velvety flower clusters that are rippled. Colors vary and include orange, yellow, red, violet, pink and white. Crested cockscomb plants are suitable for outdoor containers and may need staking when grown in flower beds.
Plume cockscomb plants (Celosia plumosa) bear plume-like flowers and come in both tall and dwarf varieties. Tall varieties grow 2 1/2 to 3 feet tall and 1 1/2 feet wide, while dwarf varieties grow 1 foot high and half as wide. Colors include shades of yellow, orange, crimson, red and purple. This variety can also grow well in outdoor containers, and taller plants do require staking.
When to Sow Seeds
Cockscomb is grown from seed started indoors in peat pots six to eight weeks before the last frost or sown outdoors after the last frost date for your area. Seeds are easy to germinate; just cover and make sure soil temperatures remain between 70 and 75 degrees. Seeds germinate in 14 to 21 days. When started indoors, you can transplant cockscomb outside after the last frost. Flowers require full sun to light shade and spacing of 12 to 18 inches between plants.
Cockscomb requires full sun to partial shade and well-drained soil with a pH of 6.0 to 7.0. Plants need consistently moist soil, but not soggy; mulching is recommended to help retain moisture. Plants are low-maintenance, heat-tolerant and mostly free of pest and other problems. However, they are susceptible to fungal disease, which causes plants to wilt. If flowers are allowed to dry and remain on the plant, cockscomb can self-seed.
- The New Sunset Western Garden Book; Kathleen Norris Brezel; Editor
- The Gardener's A-Z Guide to Growing Flowers From Seed to Bloom; Eileen Powell
- Cornell University Growing Guide: Celosia, Plumed
- Cornell University Growing Guide: Celosia, Crested
- Texas A&M University Horticulture Update: Celosia (Celosia cristata)
- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
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Farmers' Perceptions of and Adaptations to Changing Climate in the Melamchi Valley of Nepal
Knowledge of farmers’ perceptions of and adaptations to climate change is important to inform policies addressing the risk of climate change to farmers. This case study explored those issues in the Melamchi Valley of Nepal through a survey of 365 households and focus group discussions in 6 communities using a Community-Based Risk Screening Tool–Adaptation and Livelihoods (CRiSTAL). Analysis of climate trends in the study area for 1979–2009 showed that mean annual temperatures rose by 1.02°C and the frequency of drought increased measurably after 2003. Farmers reported increases in crop pests, hailstorms, landslides, floods, thunderstorms, and erratic precipitation as climate-related hazards affecting agriculture. They responded in a variety of ways including changing farming practices, selling livestock, milk, and eggs, and engaging in daily wage labor and seasonal labor migration. With more efficient support and planning, some of these measures could be adjusted to better meet current and future risks from climate change.
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Different Die Cutting Methods
Die cutting allows for versatility while fabricating parts. With a single operation, manufacturers can perform multiple operations. This is a result of interchangeable dies. Each die is created for a specialized project, and they have the ability to complete different functions. Die cutting machines can:
Bend- this action deforms base materials with pressure from a die. This method would allow for an L bracket design without having to joining two separate materials.
Blank- this process trims flat materials from exterior edges. This process allows manufactures to control uniform flatness of final products.
Broach- broaching is a great technique for thick/hard to cut materials. These dies have rows of large teeth that trim materials.
Coin- coining is similar to stamping, in that the die is used to punch uniform holes in sheet materials. The cuts use pressure to punch the die.
Cut Off- a cut off die is used at the end of the die cutting process because it trims away any excess material from finished products. The same die can be used to help make materials ready for further machining or tooling.
The versatility of die cutting allows for amazing products to be made with ease and efficiency.
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|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français|
Watershed: a chiefly British term that means the crest or dividing line between two drainage areas or bodies of water. In American English, this term has come to mean an important point of division between two phases or conditions. In early 2010, I was badly in need of a watershed. My life had become a complicated morass of the personal and professional, and in my late 30s, a watershed moment was needed to restore balance and perspective as I moved into my next decade. As I remember the call I received on Sunday morning, February 7, 2010, asking that I come to Haiti, tears sprung to my eyes, because at precisely that moment, a watershed began.
… a watershed moment was needed to restore balance and perspective as I moved into my next decade.
Why would answering a call to humanitarian duty lead to such an important inflection point in one's life? How could a mere two weeks create the transition that only a watershed moment can establish? For those who have been part of relief efforts in the past, the answer is clear: the unique relationships in which one participates in this kind of intense situation are the answer. In particular for me, a unique family that I built with four interpreters who had lost their parents, siblings, and many friends, Christophe, Robenson, Hilaire, and Wilson helped to refine my perspective and re-align my life with my personal moral values.
As an only child without siblings, my experience of family is of intimate isolation, not of the broad, sweeping ties that a large extended family grants and for which I have often pined. The many Haitians who lost their families and were left without children, siblings, and parents were relegated to a condition both alien and devastating. Indeed, the loss of family was perhaps one of the greatest tragedies of the event. For me, my distance from my partner and 19-month-old son was also alien and challenging. In this catastrophic period in Haitian history, these personal and environmental factors collided in a way that was unexpected, but extremely enriching.
Humanity is defined by relationship. Loss of physical health, economic prosperity and even basic needs such as food and water, are tolerable when our fellow men and women help to nurture us through the chaos. For Haitians, as for many societies worldwide, the basic unit of relatedness is the family or the family of choice: a source of advice, reinforcement, guidance, and support. As I arrived in Haiti and experienced the temporary loss of my own family, distant from my own support system and alone in a foreign land, I needed that same support and strength. In a way, my experience with these four interpreters taught me that I cannot live in a vacuum anymore than they. Although I had not experienced their profound loss, I understood their need for companionship. Our very different experience of aloneness led to our mutual need for a surrogate family.
On February 28, 2010, this family was disrupted, and the difficulty of separation from my adopted, Haitian family had its own special level of intensity. Leaving these four young men when I wondered if I could have done more for them was tempered only by the realization that in a short day, I would be reunited with my own family. As I ascended from Haiti on the jet that would carry me back to my daily routines, familiar personal life, and career aspirations, I realized the importance of intense personal relationships with strangers in a unique situation: not just with my adopted sons, but also with the volunteers, dedicated relief workers, and Haitian nationals who had helped to create the watershed moment for me.
Life-changing experiences breed intensity and a unique brand of relational intimacy, the essence of which is felt forever. My experience in Haiti was indeed a watershed moment. As a young woman named Dominique, another interpreter at the hospital told me: “Haiti is a land of contradictions and paradoxes, as it holds you tightly in her arms and never lets you go, even as you may try to leave her. Haiti Pou Tou Tan (Haiti Forever) is how we refer to our Mother Land.” Indeed, Haiti will live in my mind and heart forever.
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2. Switch emphasis by actively pushing air out. You can heighten awareness for this change by practicing a breathing exercise, known as pranayama, drawn from yoga. As you exhale, constrict your throat slightly to produce a rushing sound, loud enough to be heard by someone across the room. As you do, you'll be more conscious of the air passing through your throat than through your nostrils. Repeat eight to 10 breaths.
3. Continue your exhale-focused breathing, but consciously shift to making each inhale as passive as possible. How much of your lungs can you refill simply as a response to the "vacuum" you created with your exhale, before making your inhale more active? Repeat until you notice an increase in your ability to refill passively.
A Practice Devoted to Breathing Focus
The next time you go swimming, I suggest you put your primary focus on breathing, and specifically on using your exhale as a way to both regulate and control effort. Swim a series of three sets of repeats, with each set lasting six to 10 minutes. Choose any repeat distance from 25 to 200 yards. Rest for three (for shorter repeats) to six (if longer repeats) deep, slow breaths between repeats in each set. Rest for an additional one to two minutes between sets. Breathe every two to three strokes (not cycles) throughout.
- Swim the first round at a moderate effort, perhaps 65 percent. Maintain consistent effort throughout the set, or increase your speed slightly every few minutes. Put most of your focus on exhaling steadily, beginning as soon as you complete the inhale. As you progress through the set, consciously make the inhale more passive.
- Swim the second round at about 75 percent. Support the increased effort purely by increasing the force with which you exhale. Your goal is to gradually feel that the more emphatic exhale, rather than more muscular effort, is providing all the energy needed to support your increased speed.
- Swim the third round, faster yet, at perhaps 85 percent. On this round, increase the force of your exhale as needed, but this time, put a bit more focus on finishing each exhale—just as your mouth clears the water—with about 20 percent more force.
Feel as if you're blowing the water away from your mouth, making it easier to get your next breath. Continue to focus on a goal of inhaling passively. Certainly you'll gulp more air more quickly, but how completely can you make it occur purely as a result of emptying your lungs?
This article is excerpted from Getting Air, a special e-book published by Total Immersion. For more suggestions on swimming sets that focus on breathing skills, visit www.totalimmersion.net.
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here ya go...
If you were to stand directly behind or in front of one of your tires to view its vertical angle, you would be looking at its camber. Actually, camber is most often set between 0 and -2 degrees, so you'd be hard pressed to see any lean at all. Negative camber refers to a wheel that is leaning inward with its top closer to the vehicle than its bottom. Positive camber, surprise-surprise, is the opposite, and means that a wheel leans out with its top further from the vehicle than its bottom. Many of the original Volkswagen Beetles had noticeable negative camber in the rear tires which made them look like they were squatting all of the time. A slight amount of negative camber setting is desirable because as a vehicle turns the outside wheels get pushed into a more positive camber state. This results in a camber of zero, or a straight up-and-down wheel, while cornering, which provides the largest contact patch and the greatest traction for handling.
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Grades Pre K-6
If you had only 5 or 10 minutes with a student, what skills could you teach that would give him/ her the best chance to succeed academically and in ALL aspects of life?
Self-Regulation, sometimes called executive functioning, is a critical competency of universal skills necessary for academic success, emotional control and healthy social interaction. Self-regulated children are able to delay gratification and suppress impulses long enough to process consequences of their actions or recognize alternative actions that might lead to more positive outcomes. Helping children learn self-regulation earlier in life will greatly increase the positive impact on their academic performance challenges, anger problems, anxieties, school safety issues, self-esteem struggles, social troubles and more.
In this informative 90-minute webinar, author and consultant Brad Chapin will provide key strategies to use with all students – but especially those who have behavioral/emotional self-control and/or impulse-control issues. The insights, strategies and activities presented in this webinar are based soundly upon the evidence base of cognitive-behavior psychology. They are also consistent with the principles founding the RTI/MTSS, Positive Behavior Interventions & Supports and Responsibility-Centered Discipline movements. These approaches are creative, fresh and engaging in a way that will help create quick and observable changes in young people. Mr. Chapin will provide concrete lessons targeting each of the 3 skill-training areas identified in the Self-Regulation Training System (Physical, Emotional and Cognitive Regulation.)
To augment the PowerPoint™ presentation and activities, each participant will receive a (PDF) resource packet of the presentation with ideas, reproducible forms, activities and other suggested resources.
Brad Chapin, LCP, LMLP
A leading authority on Self-regulation, Brad Chapin, LCP, LMLP is a masters level psychologist with a passion for helping others learn the skills necessary for success and happiness. He is a best-selling author and nationally-recognized speaker in the area of Self-Regulation. He has served as the Director of Child and Adult Community Services for a large mental health center where he supervised 65 mental health field staff. Currently, he serves as Director of Clinical Services for Stormont-Vail Behavioral Health Services.
Bead created the Self-Regulation Training System from a practical, research-based foundation. His strategies have helped thousands of people develop the skills necessary for success in job and academic performance, relationships and overall wellness.
Brad is the author of Helping Young People Learn Self-Regulation (now in its second printing), Helping Teens Learn Self-Regulation, The Legend of the Regulators and the SECRET List – and the soon-to-be-released Helping Pre-K Students Learn Self-Regulation. He has also created several DVDs and additional resources for helping students learn Self-Regulation skills.
To submit a registration form along with a purchase order, click here. We also accept registration forms and school purchase orders by fax, mail or email (email@example.com).
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Description - Plants at the Margin by R. M. M. Crawford
Margins are by their very nature environmentally unstable - does it therefore follow that plant populations adapted for life in such areas will prove to be pre-adapted to withstand the changes that may be brought about by a warmer world? Biogeography, demography, reproductive biology, physiology and genetics all provide cogent explanations as to why limits occur where they do, and the purpose of this book is to bring together these different avenues of enquiry. Crawford's numerous beautiful illustrations of plants in their natural habitats remind us that the environment remains essential to our understanding of plants and their function. This book is suited to students, researchers and anyone with an interest in the impact of climate change on our world.
Buy Plants at the Margin by R. M. M. Crawford from Australia's Online Independent Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
(246mm x 189mm x 32mm)
Cambridge University Press
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Country of Publication:
Book Reviews - Plants at the Margin by R. M. M. Crawford
Author Biography - R. M. M. Crawford
R. M. M. Crawford has taught and researched at the University of St Andrews since 1962, pursuing the study of plant responses to the environment in a wide range of habitats in Scotland, Scandinavia, North and South America and the Arctic. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, a Fellow of the Linnean Society and an associate member of the Belgian Royal Academy.
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A statistical syllogism is an inductive argument in which a statistical generalization is applied to a particular case. For example:
Most surgeons carry malpractice insurance.
Dr. Jones is a surgeon.
Therefore, Dr. Jones likely carries malpractice insurance.
This sort of argument can be written in the general form:
P1. Most A's are B
P2. x is an A
C. Therefore, probably x is a B
When the proportions are known the form can be written as:
P1. Z percent of A's are B
P2. x is an A
C. Therefore, it is probable to the .Z degree that x is B
In the general forms presented above, A is called the reference class, B the attribute class and x is the individual object.
We often use informal versions of the statistical syllogism in everyday reasoning. For instance, if you read in the New York times that the President is visiting China and you believe it to be true, on what basis do you justify this belief? Most people understand that you can't believe everything you read in a newspaper but recognize that certain kinds of reports published in certain newspapers tend to be true. This is one of those kind of reports so it is likely true.
Strength/Weakness of a Statistical Syllogism
There are two primary standards which determine the strength of a statistical syllogism. First is the strength condition which is, the closer to 100% the reference class is to the attribute class the greater the confidence in the truth of the conclusion. Conversely, the closer to 0% the weaker the argument.
Second is the available evidence condition (also called the rule of total evidence) which requires using all available evidence in constructing or assessing such arguments. With statistical syllogisms this essentially means questioning if there is additional relevant information available concerning the individual object (x) that has not been included in the premises? Another way of saying this is that the individual object must be included in the reference class most specifically relevant to the conclusion. Failure to use all available evidence is commonly referred to as the Fallacy of Incomeplete Evidence.
P1. Sixty percent of students at the University believe in God.
P2. Fred is a student at the University.
C. It is sixty percent probable Fred believes in God.
But if we also know that Fred is a history major and that only forty percent of history majors believe in God then it would not be appropriate to use the reference class in the example since it excludes this relevant information.
Due care must be taken when judging individuals using statistical syllogisms as their misuse can contribute to stereotyping and prejudice.
A Practical Study of Argument
Critical Thinking: An Introduction to Basic Skills
Critical Reasoning and Philosophy: A Concise Guide to Reading, Evaluating and Writing Philosophical Works
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Marine science instructor Jasmine Santana was snorkeling off the coast of Southern California when she spotted something unusual on the sea floor: a giant fish.
So the curious researcher grabbed the limp marine animal by the tail and dragged it to shore. It was only later, when Santana's co-workers at the Catalina Island Marine Institute examined the nearly intact carcass, that they realized she had found an oarfish in Catalina waters.
The 18-foot oarfish is a significant find for any marine scientist, but, for CIMI researchers, it's the "discovery of a lifetime," according to local TV station KTLA.
(Story continues below)
Oarfish are rarely seen since the long, bony fish tend to reside in deep-sea waters, only rising to the surface after their deaths. CIMI scientists believe the oarfish found in Catalina recently died of natural causes.
However, experts at the University of California, Santa Barbara, will test tissue samples in order to confirm the initial findings, ABC affiliate KEYT-TV reports.
In August, a similar serpent-like fish washed ashore in Spain. Although local Villaricos residents and officials were baffled by the appearance of the creature, ichthyologist Gary Griggs speculated the carcass was that of an oarfish.
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Could Planet Mars being so close to the Earth in the next month or 2 be a sign of anything to come. Experts are saying it will be able to be seen with the naked eye. They say it will be as big as what a full moon looks like. Not as bright obviously. To call Mars the war planet,is that a stretch in Mythology?
Mars is the Roman god of war, and that’s who the planet is named for. I don’t know if its proximity to Earth is significant or not, but if it gets as big as you say it’ll at least be an interesting phenomenon.
According to computer models, in ancient times Earth and Mars had near fly-bys at multiples of 55 years. It was so regular and often so catastrophic that generals are said to have planned their battles around this. Maybe this is how Mars got named after the god of war. It’s speculated that Mars caused Joshua’s long day (Joshua 10), appearing in the morning sky 50 times the size of the moon on the day of his battle with the Amorite Kings.
The gravitational forces between the two planets finally altered both their orbits and the last catastrophic fly by occurred on March 21, 701 BC, eventually requiring all the calendars on Earth to be lengthened by about 5.25 days.
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A tie press is a device, based solely on pressure, to flatten neckties. Its use is necessitated by ties usually being of silk or some other textile ill-suited to the heat of ironing.
Tie presses usually operate based on two separate wooden boards which are clamped together with spring-loaded levers. A cardboard cut-out is usually included to retain the shape of the tie during pressing.
Tie presses are particularly useful for bow ties, due to the creasing and thus deformative nature of the bow tie knot, which involves crushing the ends to produce the ‘bow’ effect. In time, this crushing affects the appearance of the finished knot. This is particularly the case with bow ties with rectangular ends, rather than the ‘bow’ shaped ends in some bow ties, though both suffer from crushing to some degree or another. Four-in-hand ties, naturally, are also creased, but rarely to the same extent and, as such, usually require less regular pressing.
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- 45分 x 12回
- This course teaches you how to maximize your ability to get your message across in English.
- It is recommended that the students are at least at a level of English where they have no problems understanding this sentence with ease. Course materials (Pen, notebook, handouts) will be provided by the teacher and they are included in the price of the lesson.
- This course is divided into four sections - A, B, C and D - each of which requires 3 lessons. During the course you will learn how to Actively engage your audience, how to use your Body language to get your message across, how to Constructively solve Crises, and how to Direct the flow of the presentation towards your Desired goal.
- 45分 x 14回
- This course teaches you how to understand and use tenses in English.
- Students should be able to understand intermediate instructions and sentences. Beginners are also welcome to try, but this course is mostly for students who have been learning English for at least 2 years. Course materials will be provided by the teacher, and they are included in the price.
- This course focuses on English tenses and teaches you how to tell them apart and use them well in everyday conversation. It is especially suitable for junior high school and high school students since it can also be a good preparation for school tests and entrance exams.
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On November 11, Poland celebrates the most important national holiday - Independence Day. On this day in 1918, the Polish state revived on the ruins of three empires. 125 years before, Poland was divided between the Kingdom of Prussia, the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires. The state that reappeared on the European map immediately declared the great imperial ambitions. As a result, conflicts flared up around the perimeter of "the Polish area." During the period of 1918 - 1920, the Poles had to fight with the Ukrainians, Czechs, Silesian Germans, Lithuanians, and the Red Army. The cause of these conflicts was the Polish expansion to the "disputed" territories. Poles quickly forgot that they had been the largest "divided" nation in Europe for more than a century. Striving to recreate the "Greater Poland," they refused to understand and comprehend the national feelings of the Ukrainians and Belarusians. The holiday was celebrated in Poland from 1918 to 1939 (The Second Rzeczpospolita [Rebublic]), and renewed on November 11, 1989 (The Third Rzeczpospolita - the modern Polish state) after the fall of the socialist system.
In New Poland during the 1990s, there was a range of successful economic reforms. For example, in terms of GDP ($546.6 billion) it is the 7th country in Europe, the foreign debt is "comfortable" 45.6% of GDP. Economic success revived expansionist Intermarium doctrine - a strategy of dominance in the region between the Baltic and Black seas.
What is Ukraine for Poland? This question should be considered through the prism of Russian-Polish relations. A large part of Polish society, the intelligentsia and the elite suffer painful reflections about their historical past. If this is translated into simple categories, Russia first rob them from Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania, and later divided and abolished the Polish state itself. Some regions of Ukraine are still part of a "Greater Poland" in the minds of the Polish conservative-nationalist elites. Unfortunately, this way of thinking is typical for the Polish Foreign Minister Grzegorz Schetyna. I quote from his interview given in November 2014: "To talk about Ukraine without Poland - it's like that talking about Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco without Italy, France, and Spain respectively."
On October 25, 2015, elections to the Sejm took place, the party of Jaroslaw Kaczynski "Law and Justice" received the absolute majority of parliamentary seats. Its representatives recently publicly stated about territorial claims to Ukraine. For example, Jan Zharin, historian and senator from the "PiS", said in his interview: "The Ukrainian people are not capable of self-consciousness without the aid of the Poles. After all, the Ukrainians have to admit guilt for Volyn Massacre and recognize this tragedy as an act of genocide against the Polish people"; "There is no Polish people without Lviv - the city which has always been loyal to Poland. Today it is obvious"; "Personally, I am a supporter of the Intermarium doctrine through the Baltic-Black Sea-Adriatic region, but if we (Poles) are currently looking for strong allies, we must pay attention to those countries that are willing to put up with the historical truth, and not seek to erase the Second Rzeczpospolita from our hearts." I draw the reader's attention, this is the statement of the authoritative Polish historian. For many years, in the official "foreign policy rhetoric", Poland has positioned itself as an advocate of Ukraine in Europe. The term "advocate" very clearly shows the Polish perception of Ukraine as "the accused" in these relations.
One of the tools of expansion is "Karta Polaka" ["A Pole’s Card"] - a document confirming that the owner belongs to the Polish people, has certain privileges and rights in Poland. Formally, the purpose of introducing it is the support for relative, ethnic, and linguistic values of the Polish nation and involvement of culturally close migrant workers to the country. It should be noted, only the citizens of the former Soviet republics can get "Pole’s Card", granting it for residents of Western countries is not available. In Ukraine, according to the 2001 census, there were 144,000 Poles - about 0.3% of the total population. Offer to get "Polish Card" in the conditions of economic crisis and political instability provokes Polish consciousness among many of those who called themselves Ukrainians during the census. It is important to take into account that, according to unofficial data, the country can accommodate from 900 thousand up to 3 million Poles (that amount is a significant potential for the emergence of irredentism).
In Ukraine operates the Polish Embassy and six diplomatic consulates, employing excess staff of diplomats. As a rule, under the roof of diplomacy, a significant number of intelligence and special services personnel is working. Polish intelligence activities during the years of Ukrainian independence have always been in the field of our counterintelligence (here are some examples: in the 2000s, Ukrainian special services detained the Military Forces senior officer and his wife spying for Poland, exposed counterintelligence officer recruited by the Polish secret service). Throughout this year, there were reports in the Internet with copies of the Security Service's of Ukraine internal documents (the accuracy of them is not confirmed), in which the chief of SSU in the Lviv region reported to the "Center" on the rising activity of the Polish consulate in Lviv regarding the local ethnic Poles.
In relations between Ukraine and Poland, there is a need for reset. But before it happens, the Polish establishment must spare of its colonial values.
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Remnants from a vessel with sewn planking has been discovered just outside the Grand Hotel in Stockholm, not far from where the Vasa was found. The find is unique and samples has been sent to Copenhagen for dating.
An excavator was working the expansion of Strömkajen below the Grand Hotel when the operator realized that he had some artiefacts in the bucket. Marine archaeologists from the Maritime Museum which were called in were thrilled to discover that it was something so unusual as part of a ship with sewn planking.
This discovery is extremely interesting in view of the discovery site. Here at Blasieholmen, until well into the 1600s, were long navy shipyard and it was actually here that the Vasa was built,
Hans-Lennart Ohlsson, President of the Maritime Museum.
Hans-Lennart Ohlsson is grateful the construction workers immediately contacted the Maritime Museum . The archaeologists went to Blasieholmen without any particular expectations.
"But we soon realised that this find was something out of the ordinary. Stockholm below the surface tend to throw something exciting at you when you least expect it, "said Jim Hansen, senior marine archaeologist on site.
Dating will be performed at the National Museum in Copenhagen with a method called dendrochronology a technique which compares growth rings in the timber with known references to see what year the timber was felled.. The results are expected by the ned of the years but archaeologists are confident that the wreck predates the year 1700.
Held together by wicker
The technique where the hull is held together by wicker has its origin in the eastern part of the Baltic. In Sweden, the technique was used to sew the boats in prehistoric times. In Russia and the Baltics had a tradition of building bigger sewn ship from the 1500s onwards.
Where did it come from?
Jens Lindström, marine archaeologist, can already see a possible scenario on why the ship found at Blasieholmen:
During much of the 1600's Sweden dominated the Baltic Sea and vessels of the eastern type was included in the fleet which had its base here.
Scientists know very little about this ship design and there are very few recovered wreckage of this type and certainly not of the size and proportions that these remains shows. In the 1800's a few planks were recovered in Stockholm, from a similar but probably smaller wreck which dated from the end of the 1600s. However those is in worse condition than those found now even having marks after an axe.
In the following weeks, marine archaeologists will work alongside the construction workers hoping to make additional discoveries.
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Effects of Caloric Restriction Alone Versus Postoperative Caloric Restriction Following Bariatric Surgery on Glucose Metabolism in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
- Bariatric surgery is the most effective way to achieve significant, long-term weight loss. It has also been shown to be an effective therapy for obese individuals with type 2 diabetes: more than 70 percent of patients no longer need medications for diabetes after surgery. This resolution of diabetes is predominately caused by marked weight loss resulting in improved insulin sensitivity. However, the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery on type 2 diabetes cannot be accounted for entirely by weight loss, because many bariatric surgery patients have resolution of diabetes within 1 week following bariatric surgery, even before they lose a clinically significant amount of weight.
- One possible reason for the rapid resolution of diabetes after bariatric surgery .is that during the first week after surgery, patients can eat very little (about 300 Calories per day). It is well known that reducing calories to this level improves diabetes. Another possibility is that changes in the flow of food through the intestines may improve diabetes. Evidence for this comes from the observation that patients after gastric bypass have better glucose levels than those who have gastric banding. Researchers are interested in determining how much of the improvement in diabetes in the first week after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) surgery is due to restricting calories, and how much is due to other factors, such as bypassing the upper part of the small intestine.
- To determine the change in total body insulin sensitivity after RYGBP compared to caloric restriction without surgery.
- To study possible reasons for improvements in diabetes after RYGBP.
- Individuals 18 to 60 years of age who have a body mass index (BMI) greater than 35 and have type 2 diabetes.
- This is not a randomized study, and patients will not receive bariatric surgery as part of this study.
Two groups of patients will be studied: those scheduled for RYGBP surgery and those not undergoing surgery.
- RYGBP Surgery Participants:
- Up to 3 weeks before surgery, participants will spend 2 nights and days at the Vanderbilt University Clinical Research Center or the NIH Clinical Center for testing to learn about how their bodies handle sugar and use energy. During the 5 days prior to these tests, participants will be asked to not take diabetes medications, and will check blood sugar at least twice a day.
- From 8 days before surgery, participants will begin an 800 Calorie per day liquid diet to prepare for surgery.
- After surgery and discharge, participants will be readmitted to the Clinical Research Center at Vanderbilt or NIH for further tests and diet monitoring. Diabetes medications may be adjusted or stopped altogether based on the results of the tests.
- Non-surgery Participants:
- Participants will spend 2 nights and days in the NIH Clinical Center for testing to learn about how their bodies handle sugar and use energy. During the 5 days prior to these tests, participants will be asked to not take diabetes medications, and will check blood sugar at least twice a day.
- After the tests, participants will begin an 800 Calorie per day liquid diet for 8 days.
- After 8 days, participants will be readmitted to the Clinical Center at NIH for 1 week of further tests and a 300 Calorie per day diet. Diabetes medications may be adjusted or stopped altogether based on the results of the tests.
|Obesity Bariatric Surgery Morbid Obesity Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diet Therapy||Procedure: Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Behavioral: Caloric Restriction||Phase 2|
|Study Design:||Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: No masking
Primary Purpose: Other
|Official Title:||Effects of Caloric Restriction Alone Versus Postoperative Caloric Restriction Following Bariatric Surgery on Glucose Metabolism in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus|
- The primary outcome of the study is the change in total body insulin sensitivity due to Roux-en-Y Gastric By pass surgery alone using the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique. [ Time Frame: 2 years ]
- To determine possible mechanisms underlying resolution of diabetes after bariatric surgery. To explore this, in addition to assessing total body insulin sensitivity, we will evaluate hepatic insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion and gut hormone... [ Time Frame: 2 years ]
|Study Start Date:||February 19, 2010|
|Study Completion Date:||May 22, 2013|
|Primary Completion Date:||May 22, 2013 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)|
Experimental: Surgical Arm
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
|Procedure: Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass|
Active Comparator: Non-surgical Arm
|Behavioral: Caloric Restriction|
Presently it is unknown whether the rapid normalization of glucose metabolism in obese patients with type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery (before major weight loss occurs) is primarily due to acute postoperative caloric restriction or due to changes in intestinal effects on insulin secretion and sensitivity. We speculate that bypassing the stomach and proximal small intestine affects glucose metabolism beyond simple caloric restriction, and that the mechanisms are related to changes in hepatic and muscle insulin sensitivity, changes in vagal afferent signals, and changes in incretins and other gut hormones.
To compare the effects of pure caloric restriction with caloric restriction early after bariatric surgery (Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass, RYGBP) in patients with type 2 diabetes, and to investigate the mechanisms that explain the observed difference in glucose metabolism
In patients with type 2 diabetes we will study the short-term changes in glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity and gut hormone levels using a parallel group design. The non-surgical group will be studied before and after receiving a hypocaloric diet for 6 days mimicking the typical postoperative diet. The surgical group will be studied before and 6 days after bariatric surgery. The primary outcome will be the change in total body insulin sensitivity attributable to caloric restriction alone versus caloric restriction after RYGBP. Non-surgical subjects studied at NIH may enter an optional long-term weight loss phase.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01083108
|United States, Maryland|
|University of Maryland, Baltimore|
|Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21201-1595|
|National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike|
|Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892|
|United States, Tennessee|
|Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37232|
|Principal Investigator:||Kristina I Rother, M.D.||National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)|
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The February 1848 Revolution in Paris provoked the formation of the Second Republic before being violently suppressed a few months later. The 1871 Commune, where working class Parisians forcibly took over and administered sections of the city to petition for improved wages, education, and living conditions, was a large-scale experiment in establishing an alternative society. The violence was even worse on this occasion, with the actions of the Adolphe Thiers’ government, representing the wealthy upper and middle class, leading to a death toll of as many as 30,000. Among the republican communards were such notable anarchists as Auguste Blanqui and Louise Michel.
Unrepentant revolutionary statements made by Michel at her trial make for compelling reading today, given the incidents of racial intolerance and social division that have been relentlessly fueled by irresponsible, opportunist politicians these past 12 months. Black Bloc, the anarchist inheritors of the agitational politics of Blanqui and Michel, are only the most visible of many emerging movements of protest in the wake of recent events.
During their brief 1848 uprising the revolutionaries produced hundreds of posters and manifestos that were flyposted to building walls. Remarkably, these were collected a few years after the fall of the Commune and published in facsimile as Les Murailles Révolutionnaires (1851). This watercolor, Citoyens, reproduces a detail from one of those posters.
To get a good idea of the circumstances behind these events, check out Peter Watkins’ extraordinary six-hour film La Commune (Paris 1871), an experiment in historical research and script development through group improvisational acting.
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Mobile phones with ST’s new pressure sensor will not only know on which floor of a building it is located but also on which step of the staircase
STMicroelectronics has introduced a new pressure sensor that allows mobile phones and other portable devices to calculate their vertical elevation relative to sea-level with very high accuracy. This means that the mobile device will know not only on which floor of a building it is located, but almost on which step of the staircase. Accurate location of mobile devices will be the key enabler for many emerging Location-Based Services (LBS), which are widely expected to be the next wave of killer applications in the mobile world. The challenge is to provide the means of identifying the location of the mobile device in three dimensions in a way that meets a variety of conflicting constraints including spatial resolution, reliability, physical size, robustness, and cost.
ST’s new pressure sensor can accurately measure air pressure from 260 millibars, which is the typical air pressure at a height of around 10 km (about 1,500 m higher than the summit of Mount Everest) to 1,260 millibars, which is the typical air pressure at 1,800 m below sea-level, about half the depth of the deepest mine ever dug. Housed in a tiny 3x3mm package and offering low voltage operation and ultra-low power consumption, the new device is ideal for use in smart phones, sports watches, and other portable equipment, as well as in weather stations and automotive and industrial applications. The LPS331AP has already been adopted for use in Samsung’s latest and most advanced smartphone.
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This is the first prototype which achieved vertical take-off on 21st October, 1960. The P 1127 developed into the Harrier Jump Jet, the world's first operational vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) jet fighter. This photograph shows the nozzles used to vector thrust. Seen in downwards (hover) position.
© Science Museum / Science & Society Picture Library
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Estimated reading time: 9 minutes
Updated January 2016
Barbara Higham, Wharfedale, UK
Photo: Erin White
What’s in it for mothers?
Mothers know breastfeeding is good for babies. It’s the natural thing to do: human milk provides optimal nutrition and strengthens immune systems. We know too that formula-fed babies suffer more illnesses than breastfed babies.
But how often do mothers hear about the advantages that exist for their own short and long-term health?
The reporting of these ‘selfish’ benefits is often limited to the perk of speedier weight loss postpartum.
Any discussion of the emotional pluses tends to focus primarily on the baby and the ease of bonding with a more settled child.
Mothers want what’s best for their babies, whose needs will come first. But painting a one-sided picture of breastfeeding as an ideal gold standard gift means many mothers think it’s an unattainable ideal—on a par with never eating sugar or using silk diapers—rather than the biological norm, something that is simply meant to happen.
We are designed, like all mammals, to breastfeed and not doing so may have far-reaching consequences for both babies and their mothers.
Breastfeeding is a two-way relationship, not a sacrificial gift.
Women need to be well and content in order to be up to the job of mothering. It can be such hard work and personal rewards definitely help.
Women should be entitled to good health information and that includes what’s in it for us (free from misleading commercial promotion) when we are deciding how we want to feed our babies.
Good for mothers too
Following birth, immediate skin-to-skin contact and the baby’s suckling release oxytocin from the mother’s pituitary gland. This hormone signals the breasts to let down milk to the baby and simultaneously produces contractions in the uterus to expel the placenta naturally, helping prevent hemorrhage and promoting uterine involution.
As long as a mother breastfeeds without substituting formula, food or pacifiers for feedings, the return of her menstrual periods is delayed. (Why does no one tell women that?)
As natural family planning for the first six months, breastfeeding according to these criteria is considered up to 99% effective when used correctly (Kennedy et al 1992).
Lactational amenorrhea is variable, with some women reporting their first postpartum menses as late as 42 months. (I enjoyed 24 months with no periods following the birth of each of my children.)
Natural child spacing ensures both the optimal survival of each child and the mother’s physical recovery between pregnancies. In contrast, the formula-feeding mother requires contraception within six weeks of the birth.
The amount of iron a mother’s body uses in milk production is much less than the amount she would lose from menstrual bleeding, decreasing her risk of anemia.
The suppression of a woman’s menstrual cycle by exclusive breastfeeding reduces her lifetime exposure to estrogen, which ‘feeds’ cancers.
The recent research is particularly convincing.
In 2009, The American Institute for Cancer Research (a member of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, a part of the World Health Organization) released the largest review of research into lifestyle and breast cancer ever conducted, which reinforced previous findings that women can reduce their risk by maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active, drinking less alcohol, and breastfeeding their children.
In an eight-year study of over 60,000 women who had given birth, having breastfed at all provided up to a 59% reduction in the risk of developing pre-menopausal breast cancer in women with a family history of the disease (Stuebe et al 2009). That means, for women with a family history of breast cancer, breastfeeding can reduce the odds of developing pre-menopausal breast cancer by more than half.
Another meta study (compiling data from 47 smaller studies) concluded that a woman who breastfed for 12 months in her life reduced her risk of developing breast cancer by 4.3%. This benefit can be multiplied as a mother breastfeeds one child or several children. For example, a mother who has two children and breastfeeds each for two years can realize a 17.2% reduction in her risk of developing breast cancer later in her life (Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer 2002).
The cumulative protective effect of lactation is one explanation for why developed countries, whose mothers breastfeed for shorter durations (or not at all) and have fewer children in their lifetimes, have higher rates of breast cancer.
The most recent review and meta-analysis (Islami et al. 2015) found that breastfeeding reduced the risk of hormone receptor negative tumors, a very aggressive type of breast cancer, by up to 20%. Even a brief period of breastfeeding reduced the risk of the tumors, which are more common in younger women.
Breastfeeding also lowers a mother’s risk of developing other cancers including ovarian, uterine and endometrial (Cramer 2012).
Production of milk is an active metabolic process, requiring the use of calories. Like any biological process, this varies from person to person, but if a mother exercises and eats a healthy diet, nature intends for her to lose the extra weight she puts on during pregnancy in the few years it intends her baby to get breast milk.
The reduction in BMI associated with just six months’ breastfeeding could importantly reduce women’s risk of obesity-related disease and their costs as they age (Bobrow et al 2013).
The findings of one study suggest that women who breastfeed have reduced amounts of abdominal fat, even decades later. Middle-aged women who consistently breastfed their children had waist circumferences that were an average of 2.6 inches smaller than women who had never breastfed (McClure et al 2010). Since the belly is the least healthy place for women to store fat, this is a compelling incentive to breastfeed.
Lactation may have persistent favorable effects on women’s cardiometabolic health, which is good news for diabetic mothers (Gunderson et al 2010) and an important consideration for all since heart attacks are the leading cause of death in women.
Breastfeeding substantially reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes in later life. (Liu et al 2010).
Researchers (Erica et al. 2015) evaluated nearly 1000 mothers from diverse backgrounds who had developed gestational diabetes during their pregnancies and monitored them closely for two years after the birth. Nearly 12% had gone on to develop type 2 diabetes. Those who breastfed for more than ten months cut their risk of a diabetes diagnosis by almost 60% in the two years they were followed. Of the women who only breastfed and used no formula for the first two months of the baby’s life, 8% developed diabetes, compared with 18% of the mothers who did not breastfeed and only used formula.
Calcium is necessary in the production of milk. Because women lose calcium while lactating, many people wrongly assumed an increased risk of osteoporosis for women who breastfed. However, current studies show that lactation is associated with greater maternal bone size and bone strength later in life (Wiklund et al 2012).
Women who breastfed had higher adjusted total body bone mineral content, total hip bone mineral density and lower fat mass than did parous non-breastfeeders (Paton et al 2003). Chantry et al (2004) concluded that breastfeeding may be protective to the bone health of adolescent mothers.
Women who had breastfed for 13 months or longer were half as likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis as those who had never breastfed. Those who breastfed for between one and 12 months had a 25% decreased risk (Pikwer et al 2008).
Breastfeeding mothers exhibit a less intense response to adrenaline (Altemus 1995). Breastfeeding compels mom to relax. For a start she is sitting or lying down. With an increase in maternal levels of natural opiates during lactation, the release of oxytocin (the hormone of love) followed by a release of prolactin (the milk-making and calming hormone), there comes a letting go, followed by a blissful serenity that helps her slow down to adopt this new pace of life, to cope and enjoy mothering.
All this is quite apart from the personal satisfaction and peace of mind she may have from doing what is best for her child, who will suffer fewer illnesses and will cost her nothing to feed for at least the first six months.
One study found that breastfeeding may protect against negative moods and stress. Breastfeeding mothers had more positive moods, reported more positive events and perceived less stress than formula-feeders (Groër 2005).
Doan et al (2007) found that mothers who exclusively breastfed slept an average of 40 minutes longer than mothers who supplemented with formula. Breastfeeding mothers are less tired and get more sleep than their formula or mixed-feeding counterparts and this lowers their risk of depression (Dorheim et al 2009). Doan and colleagues noted that supplementing with formula as a coping strategy for minimizing sleep loss can actually be detrimental because of its impact on prolactin production and secretion. Maintenance of breastfeeding, as well as deep restorative sleep stages, may be greatly compromised for new mothers who cope with infant feedings by supplementing in an effort to get more sleep.
A mother who feels that breastfeeding is the only thing that is working well in her life does well to continue if she chooses to take medication to treat her depression. Most antidepressants prescribed nowadays are compatible with breastfeeding, though not all GPs are aware of this.
Mothers who breastfeed may have a decreased risk of Alzheimer’s disease in later life (Fox et al 2013). The link may be down to breastfeeding’s action in restoring insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, which is significantly reduced during pregnancy. More research is needed to investigate the relationship between breastfeeding physiology and cognitive health.
The list of good things for mothers’ health resulting from breastfeeding is far from comprehensive and all women deserve to know about these very significant benefits.
From a mother’s perspective breastfeeding is a shared gift: one she gives to herself as well as to her baby.
Altemus, M. et al. Suppression of hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to stress in lactating women. J Clin Endocrinal Metab 1995; 80:2954.
Bobrow, K. et al. Persistent effects of women’s parity and breastfeeding patterns on their body mass index: results from the Million Women Study. International Journal of Obesity 2013; 37, 712–717.
Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302 women with breast cancer and 96973 women without the disease. Lancet 2002; 360, 187–95.
Cramer, D. The epidemiology of endometrial and ovarian cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2012; 26(1):1–12.
Doan, T. et al. Breastfeeding increases sleep duration of new parents Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing 2007; 21(3), 200–206.
Dorheim, S. et al. Sleep and depression in postpartum women: A population-based study. Sleep 2009; 32(7), 847–855.
Fox, M. et al. Maternal breastfeeding history and Alzheimer’s disease risk. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 2013; DOI 10.3233/JAD-130152.
Freudenheim, J. et al. Exposure to breastmilk in infancy and the risk of breast cancer. Epidemiology 1994; 5, 324–331.
Gunderson, E. et al. Duration of lactation and incidence of the metabolic syndrome in women of reproductive age according to gestational diabetes mellitus status: a 20-year prospective study in CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults). Diabetes 2010; 59(2):495–504.
Gwinn, M. et al Pregnancy, breast feeding, and oral contraceptives and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. J Clin Epidemiol 1990; 43: 559–68.
Hunziker, U. et al. Increased carrying reduces infant crying: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 1986;77(5):641–8.
Kennedy, K. et al. Contraceptive efficacy of lactational amenorrhoea. Lancet 1992; 25;339(8787):227–30.
McClure, C. et al. Presentation, American Heart Association’s Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Annual Conference, San Francisco. 2010.
Paton, L. et al. Pregnancy and lactation have no long-term deleterious effect on measures of bone mineral in healthy women: a twin study. Am J Clin Nut 2003; 77: 707–14.
Stuebe, A. et al. Lactation and incidence of premenopausal breast cancer: a longitudinal study. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009; 169, 1364–1371.
World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective Washington, DC: AICR, 2009.
Zinaman, M. et al. Acute prolactin and oxytocin responses and milk yield to infant suckling and artificial methods of expression in lactating women. Pediatrics 1992;89 (3): 437–40.
Barbara Higham has been a La Leche League Leader since 2004 and is managing editor of Breastfeeding Today for La Leche League International. She lives with Simon and their three children in Ilkley, Yorkshire, UK.
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<urn:uuid:dff8d808-20cd-4a88-886d-d0a63fa53ccc>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://breastfeedingtoday-llli.org/breastfeeding-is-good-for-mothers-too/
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Leipzig is the largest city in Saxony, Germany, located 164km (102 miles) southwest of Berlin and 126km (78 miles) northeast of Erfurt. Leipzig's name is derived from the Slavic word Lipsk, which means "settlement in the linden trees." Leipzig's population, which peaked at 750,000 before World War II, has diminished to about 500,000.
The approximately 20,000 students who study in the area, as Nietzsche, Goethe, and Leibniz once did, add a youthful flavor to Leipzig. More than any other city in former East Germany, Leipzig is a city to see modern Germany. Glassy skyscrapers and glitzy nightlife add a cosmopolitan flavor you don't encounter in much of the rest of the region. But there is also history to be seen in Leipzig, including a church where Luther preached and where Bach was choirmaster for 27 years.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.sacred-destinations.com/germany/leipzig/books
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en
| 0.963131
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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Abstract:||Tomatoes are cultivated on large scale in most part of the world for various culinary products like ketchups, soups,sauces, puree and juice. About 10-30 %of the raw tomato waste including cuttings,peels, seeds and pomace is generated by these industries. Tomato pomace contains up to 25% high-lysine protein and 242parts per million (ppm) of α- tocopherol(vitamin E). This waste is generally dumped here and there or used in dairies as cattle feed because these animals can digest it. Broilers can digest only 5%pomace in the diets and chickens are able to digest it as high as 15%.|
|ISSN:||0975-1092 (Online); 0972-592X (Print)|
|Appears in Collections:||NPR Vol.3(4) [July-August 2004]|
Items in NOPR are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.
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http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/9434
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It is normal to shed some hair each day as part of this cycle. However, some people may experience excessive hair loss.
A number of things can cause excessive hair loss:
1. After having an illness or a major surgery, you may suddenly lose a large amount of hair, this hair loss is related to the stress of the illness and is temporary.
2. If your thyroid gland is overactive or underactive, your hair may fall out. This hair loss usually can be helped by treatment of thyroid disease.
3. Hair loss may occur if male or female hormones, known as androgens and estrogens, are out of balance, correcting the imbalance may help stop hair loss.
4. You can have increased hair loss during pregnancy. High levels of certain hormones in pregnancy cause the body to keep hair that would normally fall out and when the hormones return to pre-pregnancy levels, that hair falls out and the normal cycle of growth and loss starts again.
5. Medicines that can cause hair loss include blood thinners, medicines used for gout, high blood pressure or heart problems, vitamin A (if too much is taken), birth control pills and antidepressants.
6. Fungal infections of the scalp can cause hair loss, this can be treated with antifungal medications.
7. Hair loss may occur as part of an underlying disease, such as lupus or diabetes. Blood testing can be done to evaluate for these diseases.
8. If you wear pigtails, tight ponytails, braids, or use tight hair rollers, the pull on your hair can cause a type of hair loss called traction alopecia. If the pulling is stopped before scarring of the scalp develops, your hair will grow back normally. However, scarring can cause permanent hair loss.
9. Hot oil hair treatments or chemicals used in perms or hair straightening may cause inflammation of the hair follicle, which can result in scarring and hair loss.
10. "Common baldness" or male-pattern baldness, also called androgenetic alopecia is the most common cause of hair loss in men. Men who have this type of hair loss usually have inherited the trait. This hair loss typically results in a receding hair line and baldness on the top of the head. Women may develop female-pattern baldness, in this form of hair loss, the hair can become thin over the entire scalp. One medicine, minoxidil or Rogaine, is available without a prescription, it is applied to the scalp. Both men and women can use it. Another medicine, finasteride, is available with a prescription. It comes in pills and is only for men.
If you are experiencing symptoms of hair loss, see your physician for an evaluation.
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<urn:uuid:a8abfc67-5b83-4204-a7b9-123828497f88>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://drniby.blogspot.com/2010/09/hair-loss.html
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Safety Data Sheets and GHS Labels
A safety data sheet (SDS), material safety data sheet (MSDS), or product safety data sheet (PSDS) is an important component of product stewardship, occupational safety and health, and spill-handling procedures. SDS formats can vary from source to source within a country depending on national requirements. SDSs are a widely used system for cataloging information on chemicals, chemical compounds, and chemical mixtures. SDS information may include instructions for the safe use and potential hazards associated with a particular material or product. The SDS should be available for reference in the area where the chemicals are being stored or in use.
Hazard pictograms form part of the international Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). Two sets of pictograms are included within the GHS: one for the labelling of containers and for workplace hazard warnings, and a second for use during the transport of dangerous goods. Either one or the other is chosen, depending on the target audience, but the two are not used together. The two sets of pictograms use the same symbols for the same hazards, although certain symbols are not required for transport pictograms. Transport pictograms come in wider variety of colors and may contain additional information such as a subcategory number.
Below is a link to an online SDS-GHS database.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://ehs.ua.edu/safety-data-sheets-and-ghs-labels/
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Moche, also called Mochica, Andean civilization that flourished from the 1st to the 8th century ce on the northern coast of what is now Peru. The name is taken from the great site of Moche, in the river valley of the same name, which appears to have been the capital or chief city of the Moche peoples. Their settlements extended along the hot, arid coast of northern Peru from the Lambayeque River valley south for more than 215 miles (350 km) to the Nepeña River valley.
Until the 1980s the culture’s best-known remains were those of Moche itself, near Trujillo in the Moche River valley. Two giant structures, known as the Temple of the Sun (Huaca del Sol) and the Temple of the Moon (Huaca de la Luna), dominate the site, though there is no evidence that they were ever so dedicated. The Temple of the Sun is a causeway and stepped pyramid, about 1,090 × 446 feet (340 × 136 metres) at the base and 135 feet (41 metres) high. A short distance away, the Temple of the Moon is a terraced platform built against a natural hillside and capped with large rooms and courtyards. Over the surrounding ground, for several hundred metres in all directions, there is much evidence of a dense occupation, indicating that Moche was not only a political and ceremonial centre but also a city.
In 1987 archaeologists excavated a site called Huaca Rajada, near the village of Sipán in the Lambayeque valley, and uncovered the elaborate, jewelry-filled tomb of a Moche warrior-priest. Several more burial chambers containing the remains of Moche royalty were soon excavated, all dating from about 300 ce. In 1997 excavations at Dos Cabezas, a site inhabited from roughly 150 to 500 ce, revealed the first of three tombs containing the remains of three Moche elite. Each tomb was adjacent to a small compartment containing a miniature representation of the contents of the tomb, complete with a copper figure representing the dead man. The skeletal remains indicated that each of the men was 8 to 12 inches taller than the average Moche adult male. These finds enriched the understanding of Moche society, religion, and culture. Dozens of other Moche pyramid-platform sites exist in the coastal valleys of northern Peru, most of them looted to some degree.
The Moche channeled streams flowing down from the Andes into an extensive system of irrigation canals that were used to grow corn (maize), beans, and other crops. This intensive agriculture supported numerous urban centres. Political authority was fragmented, however, with each river valley or string of valley towns and villages having its own royalty and warrior-priesthood. The Moche produced sophisticated craft goods, including mold-made pottery that is among the finest naturalistic sculpture in pre-Columbian Peru. These vessels—fine-quality water jars with characteristic stirrup spouts—bear portrait heads of individuals, animals, plants, buildings, and fantastic or demonic beings. Painted scenes on some vessels have yielded an understanding of ceremonial and everyday life in the Moche culture, including the sacrifice of prisoners-of-war and the ritual consumption of their blood. The Moche also were skilled metalworkers who in their jewelry used chemical means to electroplate gold and silver. Moche architecture featured flat-topped pyramids and platforms connected by ramps and dotted with courtyards and plazas.
The reasons for the demise of the Moche are unknown, but the civilization may have succumbed to earthquakes, prolonged drought, catastrophic flooding arising from the El Niño climatic anomaly, the encroachment of sand dunes on populated areas, or less-tangible social and cultural factors.
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<urn:uuid:5fe22b5c-3e33-405b-b7f1-12df462d53fc>
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Moche
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by Kenneth Rudich
Recent history in the U.S. has made it apparent some people view freedom and democracy as a standing invitation to act untoward toward others.
For those who subscribe to this philosophy and wish to perfect their craft, we’ve taken the liberty of assembling this list of incivilities to help you along. We recommend trying a little of each before wholeheartedly committing to any single one of them.
But once you have found the one that fits like a comfortable glove, make haste to unleash the uncivil in you!
1. Demeaning Language – to use words that lower/diminish a person’s dignity.
2. Intimidate – to create fear or an unsafe feeling, situation or environment for a person(s).
3. Threaten – to express intent to harm, humiliate, hinder or injure a person.
4. Slander – to speak false statements that defame (disgrace) a person(s).
5. Lie – to make false statements with intent to deceive a person(s) or situation(s).
6. Libel – to write or create images that defame (disgrace) a person.
7. Derogatory Written Communications – to write emails, letters, notes, social media entries, blogs and websites with the intent to inflict harm, intimidation, humiliation, or hindrance on a person(s).
8. Violent Language, Behavior and Action – to make emotional and physical outbursts, including profanity and insults, towards a person(s).
9. Harass – to continuously torment a person(s).
10. Gossip – to spread rumors or negative talk about a person(s).
11. Sabotage – to set up a person(s) to fail.
12. Bully (workplace, school, social) – to continuously use power and influence to intimidate, humiliate, harm or hinder a person(s).
13. Mob (workplace, school, social) – to organize a group of people to intimidate, humiliate, harm or hinder person(s).
14. Instigate – to urge, provoke or incite the harm, intimidation or hindrance of a person(s).
15. Target – to select a person(s) with the intent to inflict physical, emotional or professional harm, humiliation or hindrance on that person(s).
16. Retaliate – to harm, intimidate, humiliate or hinder a person(s) for reporting violations of incivility, seeking to have prohibited behavior corrected, or participating in an investigation.
17. Reveal Confidential or Sensitive Information – to intentionally and maliciously share confidential or sensitive information about a person(s).
18. Rankism (Otherism) – to use one’s higher rank, ample influence or one’s hate of a person(s) to harm, intimidate, humiliate or hinder a person.
P.S. — For those inclined to mistake this post as anything other than tongue-in-cheek, be rest assured we’re not really advocating this stuff.
P.S.S. – For those who manage people or have the responsibility to uphold a brand, this is a genuinely good list to use when training employees about inappropriate behaviors.
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<urn:uuid:bb9d2ebe-ed39-4f5a-a9af-a659575fedf1>
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http://marketing-strategy-management.com/2012/12/make-haste-to-unleash-the-uncivil-in-you/
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en
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There is no question that Nissan wants to be one of the companies leading the research on self-driving cars. The company plans to have as many as ten models with such capabilities by the year 2020. However, while the tech behind these vehicles is astonishing, even to the layperson, the company also recognizes situations in which the technology might fail. Nissan presents the Seamless Autonomous Mobility system (also known as SAM) as a solution to this problem.
In the event that the vehicle detects a situation it knows is beyond its programming, it will come to a rest. From that point, it will then contact a remote command center for further instructions. In the same way that a referee makes a call based on available information, SAM will rely on mobility managers to assess the situation and then provide the vehicle with the instructions it requires. Using visuals and hard data, a safe path/course of action will be determined for the vehicle and then it will be given the ability to resume self-driving.
Nissan elaborated on the measure by indicating that they are taking their cues from NASA when it comes to accepting the fact that there will be times in which the car does not know how to handle itself. NASA employs something similar to what Nissan would like to achieve with SAM. It is known as VERVE.
The car company further indicated that this will be a measure that all cars will eventually be able to adopt. It will not merely be limited to the vehicles they make.
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<urn:uuid:7457670c-7564-4194-bee2-356d203e3e90>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.mufflerexpress.com/muffler-industry-blog/146-the-nissan-sam-utilizes-human-beings-in-self-driving-tech-backup.html
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The human brain is a delicate organ. Aging, injury, and even illness can cause it damage, and while the brain has a remarkable ability to adapt and heal, there are occasionally issues that arise that may require neuropsychological testing in order to determine if the brain is experiencing any problems with things like:
- Cognitive function.
- Emotional control and regulation.
- Word-finding difficulty, short-term memory problems.
- Traumatic brain injury and more.
They are based on scientifically researched strategies for evaluating psychological health as it relates to the brain. Examples of these tests include:
- Memory Testing – Testing short and long term memory.
- Attention Testing – Test the length of time the individual can focus on a task.
- Language Testing – Testing a person’s ability to use words, synonyms, speak, etc.
- Organizational Testing – Test a person’s ability to organize.
- Logic Testing – Test a person’s ability to solve problems.
These are brief overviews about what the tests are like. Some of them take place in front of a computer and are evaluated separately. Others are administered ‘face-to-face,’ or in person. Choice of each test depends on what is being evaluated. Neuropsychological Testing is available in my Naples and Ft. Myers, FL offices and is available in both Spanish and English.
Types of Clients and Services
In my office, those interested in need of neuropsychological testing can vary dramatically. While many of my clients are older adults, I also handle many athletes that have experienced concussions, individuals in car accidents, hospital patients, and men and women with conditions such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Stroke, and Multiple Sclerosis.
I also offer neuropsychological testing for caregivers and parents that may have medical reasons to evaluate. If you have any neuropsychological concerns, contact this office to find out more about the testing that may be available to assist.
For more information or to schedule an appointment, please complete the appointment form or call the office at (239) 434-2425.
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<urn:uuid:04858cf8-3e5d-485b-826e-6917e324603a>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.nrphd.com/testingnaplesfl/neuropsychological-testing/
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Presidency of Gerald Ford
The presidency of Gerald Ford began on August 9, 1974, when Gerald Ford became President of the United States upon the resignation of Richard Nixon from office, and ended on January 20, 1977, a period of 895 days. Ford had served as Vice President of the United States since December 6, 1973, following Spiro Agnew's resignation from that office. The 38th United States president, Ford has the distinction of being the first, and to date the only person to serve as president without being elected to either the presidency or the vice presidency. His presidency ended with his defeat in the 1976 presidential election by Democrat Jimmy Carter.
As president, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente with the Soviet Union in the Cold War. With the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U.S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. In the aftermath of the war, Ford granted a conditional amnesty to Vietnam War draft dodgers. The foreign policy of the Ford administration was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the President. Domestically, Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure. Ford controversially granted a presidential pardon to former President Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal.
Ford sought another term in the 1976 presidential election, but was challenged by Ronald Reagan, a leader of the conservative wing of the Republican Party. After a contentious series of primaries, Ford won his party's nomination at the 1976 Republican National Convention. In the general election, Carter defeated Ford by a narrow margin in the popular and electoral vote. Ford was the only one among the five vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency intra-term during the 20th century not to subsequently win a full term of his own. In polls of historians and political scientists, Ford is generally ranked as a below-average president.
- 1 Succession
- 2 Personnel
- 3 Domestic policy
- 4 Foreign policy
- 5 Assassination attempts
- 6 Elections
- 7 References
Assumption of presidency
During the 1972 presidential election campaign, Republican President Richard Nixon's campaign operatives broke into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. Five of the burglars were arrested, and investigators eventually discovered the links between the burglars and the Nixon campaign. As the Watergate scandal emerged into public view in 1972 and 1973, Ford, the House Minority Leader, continued to publicly defend Nixon. When Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned in October 1973 due to charges unrelated to Watergate, Nixon faced the task of selecting a new vice president under the terms of the 25th Amendment. The 25th Amendment provides that the president can nominate an individual to fill a vice presidential vacancy, with the nomination subject to confirmation by both houses of Congress. Until the selection of a new vice president, Democratic Speaker of the House Carl Albert stood first in the presidential line of succession, so Nixon sought to appoint a Republican vice president as soon as possible. The Nixon administration solicited the opinions of Republicans throughout country regarding the choice for the vice presidency, with former Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York, Governor Ronald Reagan of California, former Treasury Secretary John Connally of Texas, and Ford all receiving wide support. Nixon chose to nominate Ford, who had maintained good relations with both the Nixon administration and Congressional Democrats. Ford's nomination received little opposition in Congress, and he was sworn in as vice president on December 6, 1973.
In the months after his confirmation as vice president, Ford continued to support Nixon's innocence with regards to Watergate, even as evidence mounted that the Nixon administration had ordered the break-in and subsequently sought to cover it up. In July 1974, after the Supreme Court ordered Nixon to turn over recordings of certain meetings he had held as president, the House Judiciary Committee voted to begin impeachment proceedings against Nixon. After the tapes became public and clearly showed that Nixon had taken part in the cover-up, Nixon summoned Ford to the Oval Office on August 8, where Nixon informed Ford that he would resign. Nixon formally resigned on August 9, making Ford the first unelected President of the United States.
Immediately after taking the oath of office in the East Room of the White House, Ford spoke to the assembled audience in a speech broadcast live to the nation. Ford noted the peculiarity of his position: "I am acutely aware that you have not elected me as your president by your ballots, and so I ask you to confirm me as your president with your prayers." He went on to state:
I have not sought this enormous responsibility, but I will not shirk it. Those who nominated and confirmed me as Vice President were my friends and are my friends. They were of both parties, elected by all the people and acting under the Constitution in their name. It is only fitting then that I should pledge to them and to you that I will be the President of all the people.
On taking office, Ford chose to leave Nixon's cabinet and top advisers in place, but he needed to choose a new vice president, as Albert again stood first-in-line to the presidency. On August 20, Ford nominated Nelson Rockefeller, the leader of the party's liberal wing, for the vice presidency. Rockefeller underwent extended hearings before Congress, which caused embarrassment when it was revealed he made large gifts to senior aides, including Henry Kissinger. Although conservative Republicans were not pleased that Rockefeller was picked, most of them voted for his confirmation, and his nomination passed both the House and Senate. Some, including Barry Goldwater, voted against him.
Pardon of Nixon
|Wikisource has original text related to this article:|
On September 8, 1974, Ford issued Proclamation 4311, which gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while President. In a televised broadcast to the nation, Ford explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interests of the country, and that the Nixon family's situation "is a tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must."
The Nixon pardon was highly controversial, and Gallup polling showed that Ford's approval rating fell from 71 percent before the pardon to 50 percent immediately after the pardon. Critics derided the move and said a "corrupt bargain" had been struck between the men. They said that Ford's pardon was granted in exchange for Nixon's resignation, which had elevated Ford to the presidency. Ford's first press secretary and close friend Jerald terHorst resigned his post in protest after the pardon. According to Bob Woodward, Nixon Chief of Staff Alexander Haig proposed a pardon deal to Ford. He later decided to pardon Nixon for other reasons, primarily the friendship he and Nixon shared. Regardless, historians believe the controversy was one of the major reasons Ford lost the election in 1976, an observation with which Ford agreed. In an editorial at the time, The New York Times stated that the Nixon pardon was a "profoundly unwise, divisive and unjust act" that in a stroke had destroyed the new president's "credibility as a man of judgment, candor and competence". On October 17, 1974, Ford testified before Congress on the pardon. He was the first sitting President since Abraham Lincoln to testify before the House of Representatives.
After Ford left the White House in January 1977, the former President privately justified his pardon of Nixon by carrying in his wallet a portion of the text of Burdick v. United States, a 1915 U.S. Supreme Court decision which stated that a pardon indicated a presumption of guilt, and that acceptance of a pardon was tantamount to a confession of that guilt. In 2001, the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation awarded the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award to Ford for his pardon of Nixon. In presenting the award to Ford, Senator Edward Kennedy said that he had initially been opposed to the pardon of Nixon, but later decided that history had proved Ford to have made the correct decision.
Upon assuming office, Ford inherited Nixon's Cabinet, although Ford quickly replaced Chief of Staff Alexander Haig with Donald Rumsfeld, who had served as Counselor to the President and ambassador to NATO under Nixon. Ford and Deputy Chief of Staff Dick Cheney quickly became among the most influential people in the Ford administration. Ford also appointed Edward H. Levi as Attorney General, charging Levi with cleaning up a Justice Department that had been politicized to unprecedented levels during the Nixon administration.
Most of the remaining members of Nixon's Cabinet stayed in place until Ford's dramatic reorganization in the fall of 1975, an action referred to by political commentators as the "Halloween Massacre". All but three Cabinet members were replaced in 1975, the exceptions being Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Secretary of the Treasury William E. Simon, and Secretary of Agriculture Earl Butz. Ford appointed George H.W. Bush as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, while Rumsfeld became Secretary of Defense and Cheney replaced Rumsfeld as Chief of Staff, becoming the youngest ever White House Chief of Staff. The moves were intended to fortify Ford's right flank against a primary challenge from Ronald Reagan. Ford also sought to end the in-fighting between Kissinger and Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger. Though Kissinger remained as Secretary of State, Brent Scowcroft replaced Kissinger as National Security Adviser.
In 1975, Ford appointed John Paul Stevens as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to replace retiring Justice William O. Douglas. Stevens had been a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, appointed by President Nixon. Ironically, during his tenure as House Republican leader, Ford had led efforts to have Douglas impeached. After being confirmed, Stevens eventually disappointed some conservatives by siding with the Court's liberal wing regarding the outcome of many key issues. Nevertheless, in 2005 Ford praised Stevens. "He has served his nation well," Ford said of Stevens, "with dignity, intellect and without partisan political concerns."
Other judicial appointments
On September 16, shortly after he announced the Nixon pardon, Ford introduced a conditional amnesty program for Vietnam War draft dodgers who had fled to countries such as Canada, and for military deserters, in Presidential Proclamation 4313. The conditions of the amnesty required that those reaffirm their allegiance to the United States and serve two years working in a public service job or a total of two years service for those who had served less than two years of honorable service in the military. The program for the Return of Vietnam Era Draft Evaders and Military Deserters established a Clemency Board to review the records and make recommendations for receiving a Presidential Pardon and a change in Military discharge status. Full pardon for draft dodgers came in the Carter Administration.
The economy was a great concern during the Ford administration. The economy had entered into a period of stagflation, which economists attributed to various causes, including the 1973 oil crisis and increasing competition from countries such as Japan. The end of the post-war boom created an opening for a challenge to the dominant Keynesian economics, and laissez-faire advocates such as Alan Greenspan acquired influence within the Ford administration. One of the first acts Ford took was to deal with the economy was to create, by Executive Order on September 30, 1974, the Economic Policy Board.
In October 1974, in response to the rising inflation, Ford went before the American public and asked them to "Whip Inflation Now". As part of this program, he urged people to wear "WIN" buttons. At the time, inflation was believed to be the primary threat to the economy, more so than growing unemployment; there was a belief that controlling inflation would help reduce unemployment. To rein in inflation, it was necessary to control the public's spending. To try to mesh service and sacrifice, "WIN" called for Americans to reduce their spending and consumption, especially with regards to gasoline. Ford hoped that the public would respond to this call for self-restraint much as it had to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's calls for sacrifice during World War II, but the public received WIN with skepticism, and WIN had little impact. At roughly the same time he rolled out WIN, Ford also proposed a ten-point economic plan. The central plank of the plan was a tax increase on corporations and high earners, which Ford hoped would both quell inflation and cut into government's budget deficit. As the economy worsened, Ford abandoned his proposal for a tax increase.
Ford's economic focus began to change as the country sank into the worst recession since the Great Depression. The focus of the Ford administration turned to stopping the rise in unemployment, which reached nine percent in May 1975. In January 1975, Ford proposed a 1-year tax reduction of $16 billion to stimulate economic growth, along with spending cuts to avoid inflation. Ford was criticized greatly for quickly switching from advocating a tax increase to a tax reduction. In Congress, the proposed amount of the tax reduction increased to $22.8 billion in tax cuts and lacked spending cuts. In March 1975, Congress passed, and Ford signed into law, these income tax rebates as part of the Tax Reduction Act of 1975. This resulted in a federal deficit of around $53 billion for the 1975 fiscal year and $73.7 billion for 1976.
The federal budget ran a deficit every year Ford was President. Despite his reservations about how the program ultimately would be funded in an era of tight public budgeting, Ford signed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, which established special education throughout the United States. Ford expressed "strong support for full educational opportunities for our handicapped children" according to the official White House press release for the bill signing.
When New York City faced bankruptcy in 1975, Mayor Abraham Beame was unsuccessful in obtaining Ford's support for a federal bailout. The incident prompted the New York Daily News' famous headline "Ford to City: Drop Dead", referring to a speech in which "Ford declared flatly ... that he would veto any bill calling for 'a federal bail-out of New York City'". The following month, November 1975, Ford changed his stance and asked Congress to approve federal loans to New York City, upon the condition that the city agree to more austere budgets imposed by Washington, D.C. In December 1975, Ford signed a bill providing New York City with access to $2.3 billion.
Prior to Ford's presidency, the Central Intelligence Agency had illegally assembled files on domestic anti-war activists. In response to growing pressure to investigate and correct these illegal activities, Ford created the Rockefeller Commission. Though overshadowed by the Church Committee, which Congress had established for similar reasons, the Rockefeller Commission marked the first time that a presidential commission was established to investigate the national security apparatus. According to internal White House and Commission documents posted in February 2016 by the National Security Archive at The George Washington University, the Gerald Ford White House significantly altered the final report of the supposedly independent 1975 Rockefeller Commission investigating CIA domestic activities, over the objections of senior Commission staff. The changes included removal of an entire 86-page section on CIA assassination plots and numerous edits to the report by then-deputy White House Chief of Staff Richard Cheney.
Other domestic issues
Ford was an outspoken supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment, issuing Presidential Proclamation no. 4383 in 1975:
In this Land of the Free, it is right, and by nature it ought to be, that all men and all women are equal before the law.
Now, therefore, I, Gerald R. Ford, President of the United States of America, to remind all Americans that it is fitting and just to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment adopted by the Congress of the United States of America, in order to secure legal equality for all women and men, do hereby designate and proclaim August 26, 1975, as Women's Equality Day.
As president, Ford's position on abortion was that he supported "a federal constitutional amendment that would permit each one of the 50 States to make the choice". This had also been his position as House Minority Leader in response to the 1973 Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade, which he opposed. Ford came under criticism for a 60 Minutes interview his wife Betty gave in 1975, in which she stated that Roe v. Wade was a "great, great decision". During his later life, Ford would identify as pro-choice.
Ford was confronted with a potential swine flu pandemic. In the early 1970s, an influenza strain H1N1 shifted from a form of flu that affected primarily pigs and crossed over to humans. On February 5, 1976, an army recruit at Fort Dix mysteriously died and four fellow soldiers were hospitalized; health officials announced that "swine flu" was the cause. Soon after, public health officials in the Ford administration urged that every person in the United States be vaccinated. Although the vaccination program was plagued by delays and public relations problems, some 25% of the population was vaccinated by the time the program was canceled in December 1976. The vaccine was blamed for twenty-five deaths; more people died from the shots than from the swine flu.
Ford continued Nixon's détente policy with both the Soviet Union and China, easing the tensions of the Cold War. The thawing relationship brought with China brought about by Nixon's 1972 visit to China was reinforced with another presidential visit in December 1975. Still in place from the Nixon Administration was the SALT I Treaty, which sought to limit the number of nuclear weapons possessed by the United States and the Soviet Union. Ford met with Soviet Leader Leonid Brezhnev at the November 1974 Vladivostok Summit at which point the two leaders agreed to a framework for a SALT II Treaty. The two leaders met again in July 1975 at the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe. At the conference, the U.S., Canada, and almost every European country signed the Helsinki Accords, in which the signers agreed to uphold human rights and the sovereignty of the parties to the accords. Ford hoped to push forward SALT II talks, but was unable to come to an agreement with Brezhnev, and the talks would continue into the Carter administration. Though Ford was criticized for his apparent recognition of the Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, the new emphasis on human rights would eventually contribute to the weakening of the Eastern bloc in the 1980s.
One of Ford's greatest challenges was dealing with the continued Vietnam War. American offensive operations against North Vietnam had ended with the Paris Peace Accords, signed on January 27, 1973. The accords declared a cease fire across both North and South Vietnam, and required the release of American prisoners of war. The agreement guaranteed the territorial integrity of Vietnam and, like the Geneva Conference of 1954, called for national elections in the North and South. The Paris Peace Accords stipulated a sixty-day period for the total withdrawal of U.S. forces.
The accords had been negotiated by United States National Security Advisor Kissinger and North Vietnamese politburo member Lê Đức Thọ. South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu was not involved in the final negotiations, and publicly criticized the proposed agreement. However, anti-war pressures within the United States forced Nixon and Kissinger to pressure Thieu to sign the agreement and enable the withdrawal of American forces. In multiple letters to the South Vietnamese president, Nixon had promised that the United States would defend Thieu's government, should the North Vietnamese violate the accords.
In December 1974, months after Ford took office, North Vietnamese forces invaded the province of Phuoc Long. General Trần Văn Trà sought to gauge any South Vietnamese or American response to the invasion, as well as to solve logistical issues, before proceeding with the invasion. As North Vietnamese forces advanced, Ford requested Congress approve a $722 million aid package for South Vietnam, funds that had been promised by the Nixon administration. Congress voted against the proposal by a wide margin. Senator Jacob K. Javits offered "...large sums for evacuation, but not one nickel for military aid". President Thieu resigned on April 21, 1975, publicly blaming the lack of support from the United States for the fall of his country. Two days later, on April 23, Ford gave a speech at Tulane University. In that speech, he announced that the Vietnam War was over "...as far as America is concerned". The announcement was met with thunderous applause.
With the North Vietnamese forces advancing on the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon, Ford ordered the evacuation of U.S. personnel, while also allowing U.S. forces to aid others who wished to escape from the Communist advance. Forty-thousand U.S. citizens and South Vietnamese were evacuated by plane until enemy attacks made evacuation by plane impossible. In the final phase of the evacuation, known as Operation Frequent Wind, military and Air America helicopters took evacuees to U.S. Navy ships off-shore during an approximately 24-hour period on April 29 to 30, 1975, immediately preceding the fall of Saigon. During the operation, so many South Vietnamese helicopters landed on the vessels taking the evacuees that some were pushed overboard to make room for more people. Other helicopters, having nowhere to land, were deliberately crash landed into the sea after dropping off their passengers, close to the ships, their pilots bailing out at the last moment to be picked up by rescue boats.
The Vietnam War, which had raged since the 1950s, finally came to an end with the Fall of Saigon, and Vietnam was reunified into one country. Many of the Vietnamese evacuees were allowed to enter the United States under the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act. The 1975 Act appropriated $455 million toward the costs of assisting the settlement of Indochinese refugees. In all, 130,000 Vietnamese refugees came to the United States in 1975. Thousands more escaped in the years that followed.
Mayaguez and Panmunjom
North Vietnam's victory over the South led to a considerable shift in the political winds in Asia, and Ford administration officials worried about a consequent loss of U.S. influence there. The administration proved it was willing to respond forcefully to challenges to its interests in the region on two occasions, once when Khmer Rouge forces seized an American ship in international waters and again when American military officers were killed in the demilitarized zone (DMZ) between North and South Korea.
The first crisis was the Mayaguez incident. In May 1975, shortly after the fall of Saigon and the Khmer Rouge conquest of Cambodia, Cambodians seized the American merchant ship Mayaguez in international waters. Ford dispatched Marines to rescue the crew, but the Marines landed on the wrong island and met unexpectedly stiff resistance just as, unknown to the U.S., the Mayaguez sailors were being released. In the operation, two military transport helicopters carrying the Marines for the assault operation were shot down, and 41 U.S. servicemen were killed and 50 wounded while approximately 60 Khmer Rouge soldiers were killed. Despite the American losses, the operation was seen as a success in the United States and Ford enjoyed an 11-point boost in his approval ratings in the aftermath.
Some historians have argued that the Ford administration felt the need to respond forcefully to the incident because it was construed as a Soviet plot. But work by Andrew Gawthorpe, published in 2009, based on an analysis of the administration's internal discussions, shows that Ford's national security team understood that the seizure of the vessel was a local, and perhaps even accidental, provocation by an immature Khmer government. Nevertheless, they felt the need to respond forcefully to discourage further provocations by other Communist countries in Asia.
The second crisis, known as the axe murder incident, occurred at Panmunjom, a village which stands in the DMZ between the two Koreas. At the time, this was the only part of the DMZ where forces from the North and the South came into contact with each other. Encouraged by U.S. difficulties in Vietnam, North Korea had been waging a campaign of diplomatic pressure and minor military harassment to try and convince the U.S. to withdraw from South Korea. Then, in August 1976, North Korean forces killed two U.S. officers and injured South Korean guards who were engaged in trimming a tree in Panmunjom's Joint Security Area. The attack coincided with a meeting of the Conference of Non-Aligned Nations in Colombo, Sri Lanka, at which Kim Jong-il, the son of North Korean leader Kim Il-sung, presented the incident as an example of American aggression, helping secure the passage of a motion calling for a U.S. withdrawal from the South.
At administration meetings, Kissinger voiced the concern that the North would see the U.S. as "the paper tigers of Saigon" if they did not respond, and Ford agreed with that assessment. After mulling various options the Ford administration decided that it was necessary to respond with a major show of force. A large number of ground forces went to cut down the tree, while at the same time the air force was deployed, which included B-52 bomber flights over Panmunjom. The North Korean government backed down and allowed the tree-cutting to go ahead, and later issued an unprecedented official apology.
In the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean, two ongoing international disputes developed into crises. The Cyprus dispute turned into a crisis with the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, causing extreme strain within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance. Turkey had invaded Cyprus following the Greek-backed 1974 Cypriot coup d'état. The dispute put the United States in a difficult position as both Greece and Turkey were members of NATO. In mid-August, the Greek government withdrew Greece from the NATO military structure; in mid-September 1974, the Senate and House of Representatives overwhelmingly voted to halt military aid to Turkey. Ford, concerned with both the effect of this on Turkish-American relations and the deterioration of security on NATO's eastern front, vetoed the bill. A second bill was then passed by Congress, which Ford also vetoed, although a compromise was accepted to continue aid until the end of the year. As Ford expected, Turkish relations were considerably disrupted until 1978.
In the continuing Arab–Israeli conflict, although an initial cease fire had been implemented to end active conflict in the Yom Kippur War, Kissinger's continuing shuttle diplomacy was showing little progress. In 1973, Egypt and Syria had launched a joint surprise attack against Israel, seeking to re-take land lost in the Six-Day War of 1967. However, early Arab success gave way to an Israel military victory, and Ford sought to implement a peace among the belligerents. Ford disliked what he saw as Israeli "stalling" on a peace agreement, and wrote, "Their [Israeli] tactics frustrated the Egyptians and made me mad as hell." During Kissinger's shuttle to Israel in early March 1975, a last minute reversal to consider further withdrawal, prompted a cable from Ford to Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, which included:
I wish to express my profound disappointment over Israel's attitude in the course of the negotiations ... Failure of the negotiation will have a far reaching impact on the region and on our relations. I have given instructions for a reassessment of United States policy in the region, including our relations with Israel, with the aim of ensuring that overall American interests ... are protected. You will be notified of our decision.
On March 24, Ford informed congressional leaders of both parties of the reassessment of the administration policies in the Middle East. "Reassessment", in practical terms, meant canceling or suspending further aid to Israel. For six months between March and September 1975, the United States refused to conclude any new arms agreements with Israel. Rabin notes it was "an innocent-sounding term that heralded one of the worst periods in American-Israeli relations". The announced reassessments upset the American Jewish community and Israel's well-wishers in Congress. On May 21, Ford "experienced a real shock" when seventy-six U.S. senators wrote him a letter urging him to be "responsive" to Israel's request for $2.59 billion in military and economic aid. Ford felt truly annoyed and thought the chance for peace was jeopardized. It was, since the September 1974 ban on arms to Turkey, the second major congressional intrusion upon the President's foreign policy prerogatives. The following summer months were described by Ford as an American-Israeli "war of nerves" or "test of wills". After much bargaining, the Sinai Interim Agreement (Sinai II) between Egypt and Israel was formally signed, and aid resumed.
Indonesian invasion of East Timor
Following the Carnation Revolution, Portugal withdrew from its colony of East Timor. The neighboring nation of Indonesia invaded East Timor in 1975 after the latter declared its independence from Portugal. Seeking to remain on good terms with Suharto, the leader of Indonesia, Ford did not object when Suharto informed him of the imminent invasion. East Timor would remain under Indonesian control until 1999.
Under Ford, a policy of arms sales to the Suharto regime began in 1975, before the invasion. "Roughly 90%" of the Indonesian army's weapons at the time of East Timor's invasion were provided by the U.S. according to George H. Aldrich, a former State Department deputy legal advisor. Post-invasion, Ford's military aid averaged about $30 million annually throughout East Timor's occupation, and arms sales increased exponentially under President Carter. This policy continued until 1999.
List of international trips
Ford made seven international trips during his presidency.
|1||October 21, 1974||Mexico||Nogales, Magdalena de Kino||Met with President Luis Echeverría and laid a wreath at the tomb of Padre Eusebio Kino.|
|2||November 19–22, 1974||Japan||Tokyo,
|State visit. Met with Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka.|
|November 22–23, 1974||South Korea||Seoul||Met with President Park Chung-hee.|
|November 23–24, 1974||Soviet Union||Vladivostok||Met with General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev and discussed limitations of strategic arms.|
|3||December 14–16, 1974||Martinique||Fort-de-France||Met with President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.|
|4||May 28–31, 1975||Belgium||Brussels||Attended the NATO Summit Meeting. Addressed the North Atlantic Council and met separately with NATO heads of state and government.|
|May 31 – June 1, 1975||Spain||Madrid||Met with Generalissimo Francisco Franco. Received keys to city from Mayor of Madrid Miguel Angel García-Lomas Mata.|
|June 1–3, 1975||Austria||Salzburg||Met with Chancellor Bruno Kreisky and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat.|
|June 3, 1975||Italy||Rome||Met with President Giovanni Leone and Prime Minister Aldo Moro.|
|June 3, 1975||Vatican City||Apostolic Palace||Audience with Pope Paul VI.|
|5||July 26–28, 1975||West Germany||Bonn,
Linz am Rhein
|Met with President Walter Scheel and Chancellor Helmut Schmidt.|
|July 28–29, 1975||Poland||Warsaw,
|Official visit. Met with First Secretary Edward Gierek.|
|July 29 – August 2, 1975||Finland||Helsinki||Attended opening session of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Met with the heads of state and government of Finland, Great Britain, Turkey, West Germany, France, Italy and Spain. Also met with Soviet General Secretary Brezhnev. Signed the final act of the conference.|
|August 2–3, 1975||Romania||Bucharest,
|Official visit. Met with President Nicolae Ceaușescu.|
|August 3–4, 1975||Yugoslavia||Belgrade||Official visit. Met with President Josip Broz Tito and Prime Minister Džemal Bijedić.|
|6||November 15–17, 1975||France||Rambouillet||Attended the 1st G6 summit.|
|7||December 1–5, 1975||China||Peking||Official visit. Met with Party Chairman Mao Zedong and Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping.|
|December 5–6, 1975||Indonesia||Jakarta||Official visit. Met with President Suharto.|
|December 6–7, 1975||Philippines||Manila||Official visit. Met with President Ferdinand Marcos.|
Ford faced two assassination attempts during his presidency. In Sacramento, California, on September 5, 1975, Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, a follower of Charles Manson, pointed a Colt .45-caliber handgun at Ford. As Fromme pulled the trigger, Larry Buendorf, a Secret Service agent, grabbed the gun, and Fromme was taken into custody. She was later convicted of attempted assassination of the President and was sentenced to life in prison; she was paroled on August 14, 2009.
In reaction to this attempt, the Secret Service began keeping Ford at a more secure distance from anonymous crowds, a strategy that may have saved his life seventeen days later. As he left the St. Francis Hotel in downtown San Francisco, Sara Jane Moore, standing in a crowd of onlookers across the street, pointed her .38-caliber revolver at him. Moore fired a single round but missed because the sights were off. Just before she fired a second round, retired Marine Oliver Sipple grabbed at the gun and deflected her shot; the bullet struck a wall about six inches above and to the right of Ford's head, then ricocheted and hit a taxi driver, who was slightly wounded. Moore was later sentenced to life in prison. She was paroled on December 31, 2007, after serving 32 years.
1974 midterm elections
The 1974 Congressional midterm elections took place less than three months after Ford assumed office and in the wake of the Watergate scandal. The Democratic Party turned voter dissatisfaction into large gains in the House elections, taking 49 seats from the Republican Party, increasing their majority to 291 of the 435 seats. Even Ford's former, reliably Republican House seat was won by a Democrat, Richard Vander Veen, who defeated Robert VanderLaan. In the Senate elections, the Democrats increased their majority to 61 seats in the 100-seat body. The subsequent 94th Congress would override the highest percentage of vetoes since Andrew Johnson served as president in the 1860s.
1976 presidential election
Ford chose to seek election to a full term in 1976, but first he had to counter a challenge for the Republican party nomination. The pardon of Nixon and the disastrous 1974 mid-term elections had weakened Ford's standing within the party, and Ford's other actions as president had alienated the conservative wing of the party. Conservative Republicans were disappointed with the selection of Rockefeller as vice president and faulted Ford for the Fall of Saigon, the amnesty for draft dodgers, and the continuation of détente policies, particularly with regards to the signing of the Helsinki Accords. Ronald Reagan, a leader among the conservatives, launched his campaign in autumn of 1975. Hoping to appease his party's right wing and sap Reagan's momentum, Ford requested that Rockefeller not seek re-election, and the vice president agreed to this request. Ford defeated Reagan in the first several primaries, but Reagan gained momentum after winning North Carolina's March 1976 primary. Entering the 1976 Republican National Convention, neither Ford nor Reagan had won a majority of delegates through the primaries, but Ford was able to win the support of enough unpledged delegates to win the presidential nomination. Senator Bob Dole of Kansas won the vice presidential nomination.
In the aftermath of the Vietnam War and Watergate, Ford campaigned at a time of cynicism and disillusionment with government. Ford adopted a "Rose Garden" strategy, with Ford mostly staying Washington in an attempt to appear presidential. The campaign benefited from several anniversary events held during the period leading up to the United States Bicentennial. The Washington fireworks display on the Fourth of July was presided over by the President and televised nationally. On July 7, 1976, the President and First Lady served as hosts at a White House state dinner for Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip of the United Kingdom, which was televised on the Public Broadcasting Service network. The 200th anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts gave Ford the opportunity to deliver a speech to 110,000 in Concord acknowledging the need for a strong national defense tempered with a plea for "reconciliation, not recrimination" and "reconstruction, not rancor" between the United States and those who would pose "threats to peace". Speaking in New Hampshire on the previous day, Ford condemned the growing trend toward big government bureaucracy and argued for a return to "basic American virtues".
Democratic nominee and former Georgia governor Jimmy Carter campaigned as an outsider and reformer, gaining support from voters dismayed by the Watergate scandal and Nixon pardon. After the Democratic National Convention, he held a huge 33-point lead over Ford in the polls. However, as the campaign continued, the race tightened, and, by election day, the polls showed the race as too close to call. There were three main events in the fall campaign. Most importantly, Carter repeated a promise of a "blanket pardon" for Christian and other religious refugees, and also all Vietnam War draft dodgers (Ford had only issued a conditional amnesty) in response to a question on the subject posed by a reporter during the presidential debates, an act which froze Ford's poll numbers in Ohio, Wisconsin, Hawaii, and Mississippi. (Ford had needed to shift just 11,000 votes in Ohio plus one of the other three in order to win.) It was the first act signed by Carter, on January 20, 1977. Earlier, Playboy magazine had published a controversial interview with Carter; in the interview Carter admitted to having "lusted in my heart" for women other than his wife, which cut into his support among women and evangelical Christians. Also, on September 24, Ford performed well in what was the first televised presidential debate since 1960. Polls taken after the debate showed that most viewers felt that Ford was the winner. Carter was also hurt by Ford's charges that he lacked the necessary experience to be an effective national leader, and that Carter was vague on many issues.
Televised presidential debates were reintroduced for the first time since the 1960 election. As such, Ford became the first incumbent president to participate in one. Carter later attributed his victory in the election to the debates, saying they "gave the viewers reason to think that Jimmy Carter had something to offer". The turning point came in the second debate when Ford blundered by stating, "There is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and there never will be under a Ford Administration." Ford also said that he did not "believe that the Poles consider themselves dominated by the Soviet Union". In an interview years later, Ford said he had intended to imply that the Soviets would never crush the spirits of eastern Europeans seeking independence. However, the phrasing was so awkward that questioner Max Frankel was visibly incredulous at the response. As a result of this blunder, and Carter's promise of a full presidential pardon for political refugees from the Vietnam era during the presidential debates, Ford's surge stalled and Carter was able to maintain a slight lead in the polls.
In the end, Carter won the election, receiving 50.1% of the popular vote and 297 electoral votes compared with 48.0% and 240 electoral votes for Ford. The election was close enough that had fewer than 25,000 votes shifted in Ohio and Wisconsin – both of which neighbored his home state – Ford would have won the electoral vote with 276 votes to 261 for Carter. Though he lost, in the three months between the Republican National Convention and the election Ford had managed to close what polls had shown as a 33-point Carter lead to a 2-point margin.
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- Mieczkowski, Yanek (2005). Gerald Ford and the Challenges of the 1970s. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 283–284, 290–294. ISBN 0-8131-2349-6.
- Brinkley, pp. 82-83
- Brinkley, pp. 106-107
- Brinkley, pp. 110-111
- Church, Peter, ed. (2006). A Short History of South-East Asia. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 193–194. ISBN 978-0-470-82181-7.
- Brinkley, 89–98
- Karnow, Stanley (1991). Vietnam: A History. Viking.
- "Vietnam's President Thieu resigns". BBC News. April 21, 1975. Retrieved September 24, 2009.
- Brinkley, pp. 93-94
- Bowman, John S. (1985). The Vietnam War: An Almanac. Pharos Books. p. 434. ISBN 0-911818-85-5.
- Plummer Alston Jones (2004). "Still struggling for equality: American public library services with minorities". Libraries Unlimited. p.84. ISBN 1-59158-243-1
- Robinson, William Courtland (1998). Terms of refuge: the Indochinese exodus & the international response. Zed Books. p. 127. ISBN 1-85649-610-4.
- Gawthorpe, A. J. (2009), "The Ford Administration and Security Policy in the Asia-Pacific after the Fall of Saigon", The Historical Journal, 52(3):697–716.
- "Debrief of the Mayaguez Captain and Crew". Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. May 19, 1975. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
- "Capture and Release of SS Mayaguez by Khmer Rouge forces in May 1975". United States Merchant Marine. 2000. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
- Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal, p. 284
- Cécile Menétray-Monchau (August 2005), "The Mayaguez Incident as an Epilogue to the Vietnam War and its Reflection on the Post-Vietnam Political Equilibrium in Southeast Asia", Cold War History, p. 346.
- Gawthorpe, Andrew J. (2009-09-01). "The Ford Administration and Security Policy in the Asia-Pacific after the Fall of Saigon". The Historical Journal. 52 (03): 707–709. ISSN 1469-5103. doi:10.1017/S0018246X09990082.
- Oberdorfer, Don (2001), The two Koreas: a contemporary history (New York, NY: Basic Books), pp. 47–83.
- Gawthorpe, "The Ford Administration and Security Policy", p. 711.
- Gawthorpe, "The Ford Administration and Security Policy", pp. 710–714.
- Gerald Ford, A Time to Heal, 1979, p.240
- Rabin, Yitzak (1996), The Rabin Memoirs, University of California Press, p. 256, ISBN 978-0-520-20766-0
- Yitzak Rabin, The Rabin Memoirs, ISBN 0-520-20766-1 , p261
- George Lenczowski, American Presidents, and the Middle East, 1990, p.150
- Gerald Ford, A Time to Heal, 1979, p.298
- Brinkley, pp. 131-132
- 1977 hearing of the House International Relations Committee
- "Report: U.S. Arms Transfers to Indonesia 1975-1997 - World Policy Institute - Research Project". World Policy Institute. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
- "Travels of President Gerald R. Ford". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
- "1975 Year in Review: Ford Assassinations Attempts". Upi.com. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
- "Election Is Crunch Time for U.S. Secret Service". National Geographic News. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
- "Charles Manson follower Lynette 'Squeaky' Fromme released from prison after more than 30 years". Daily News. New York. Associated Press. August 14, 2009. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
- United States Secret Service. "Public Report of the White House Security Review". United States Department of the Treasury. Retrieved January 3, 2007.
- Lee, Vic (January 2, 2007). "Interview: Woman Who Tried To Assassinate Ford". San Francisco: KGO-TV. Retrieved January 3, 2007.
- Renka, Russell D. Nixon's Fall and the Ford and Carter Interregnum. Southeast Missouri State University, (April 10, 2003). Retrieved December 31, 2006.
- Bush vetoes less than most presidents, CNN, May 1, 2007. Retrieved October 19, 2007.
- Brinkley, pp. 81-82
- Brinkley, pp. 113-115
- Brinkley, pp. 125-126
- Brinkley, pp. 136-137
- Brinkley, p. 138
- Miles, David (Spring 1997). "Political Experience and Anti-Big Government: The Making and Breaking of Themes in Gerald Ford's 1976 Presidential Campaign". Michigan Historical Review. 23 (1): 105–122. JSTOR 20173633.
- Election of 1976: A Political Outsider Prevails. C-SPAN. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
- Shabecoff, Philip. "160,000 Mark Two 1775 Battles; Concord Protesters Jeer Ford – Reconciliation Plea", The New York Times, April 20, 1975, p. 1.
- Shabecoff, Philip. "Ford, on Bicentennial Trip, Bids U.S. Heed Old Values", The New York Times, April 19, 1975, p. 1.
- "1976 Presidential Debates". CNN. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
- Lehrer, Jim (2000). "1976:No Audio and No Soviet Domination". Debating Our Destiny. PBS. Retrieved March 31, 2007.
- "Presidential Election 1976 States Carried". multied.com. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
- Brinkley, pp. 144-145
|U.S. Presidential Administrations|
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“During the trial by the International Military Tribunal conducted by the US, UK, USSR and France,” he continued, “I do not recall having seen a female in the courtroom as either prosecutor, defense counsel or judge. In the 12 ‘Subsequent Proceedings’ run by the US at Nuremberg, there was no female on the bench nor as defense counsel selected by the accused.” But, Mr. Ferencz added, he recalled 3 women who served on the prosecution team in the “Subsequent Proceedings” at Nuremberg—Mary Kaufman, Belle Mayer Zeck, and Ms. Goetz, known as “Ceil.”
A profile of in the alumni magazine of New York University Law School, where Cecelia Goetz was editor-in-chief of the law review, describes her journey from the Solicitor’s Office of the Department of Justice to Nuremberg:
At the Department of Justice, Goetz became the first woman ever to be offered a supervisory role. She declined this in favor of joining the prosecution team at the Nuremberg Trials. She had been following the reports of human rights abuses during World War II and very much wanted the opportunity to take part in bringing the perpetrators of the abuses to justice. To achieve this took persistence on her part. The War Department did not want women appointed to senior level positions. It was Brigadier General Telford Taylor who recognized her credentials and pushed for her appointment. Goetz spent two years in Nuremberg with the Office of Chief of Counsel for War Crimes, as an associate counsel in the prosecution of the Flick and Krupp cases. Decades later upon reflecting on all of her achievements she still considered the time spent there as the most important work in which she had ever been involved. In retrospect, it was quite an impressive accomplishment considering the barriers that existed. At that time many law schools did not even admit women.I believe Mr. Ferencz has identified my real name. But I will continue to post under the name Beatrice, now used as a short-hand for of all of the path-breaking women lawyers at Nuremberg—whose real names and contributions deserve to be known, remembered, and honored.
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The Price of Fame
“Then Saul was very angry, and the saying displeased him; and he said, ‘They have ascribed to David ten thousands, and to me they have ascribed only thousands’” (1 Sam. 18:8a).- 1 Samuel 18:6-16
People often pay a high price when they achieve instant fame. Perhaps no one exhibits this truth more clearly than David. When he kills Goliath, his fame spreads all across the nation of Israel and even beyond its borders. He becomes an overnight hero. But the acclaim that is heaped upon him does not sit well with the man he displaces as Israel’s most famous warrior—King Saul.
It happens after the battle against the Philistines, as the Israelite armies are returning, that women come out to meet the king and his men. But reports about the battle have already been brought back, and the women know who the catalyst was. Dancing about and playing musical instruments, they sing a small, insignificant song: “ ‘Saul has slain his thousands, and David his ten thousands.’ ” The women are not putting actual battle statistics to music—it is impossible that David personally killed ten thousands of Philistines (or that Saul killed thousands). The song represents hyperbole designed to magnify David’s contribution to the victory— the killing of Goliath. Unfortunately, Saul hears what is said. It galls him that David is accorded greater military success than he, even though David behaved more bravely than he. His spirit is not magnanimous enough to give David even one day in the spotlight. And so, although he brings David to the palace permanently (18:2) and sets him over the army (18:5), Saul begins to watch this young man with suspicion. He is starting to wonder whether this might be the “neighbor” to whom God is going to give his kingdom (1 Sam. 15:28). Later, when he is troubled by a “distressing spirit” from God, Saul actually tries to kill David with a spear, but David escapes. And so David finds that his success breeds jealousy in Saul, and perhaps in others among Saul’s loyal men.
By God’s grace, however, David is able to conduct himself with wisdom, by which he safely navigates the minefields of ill feeling against him. God was with him in his battle against Goliath, and He remains with David in this mire of palace intrigue. In time, even Saul realizes this. He sees that God is with David and realizes that God has departed from him. And so he comes to fear David. He understands that if David is indeed God’s newly anointed king, nothing will be able to prevent him from ascending the throne in time.
God could have left David in obscurity on his father’s farm until it was time for him to be crowned. But he used him to defeat Goliath and brought him to the palace to refine him through struggle and trial. If you are facing difficult times, do as David did and rely on God, trusting that He is working out His purposes in your trials.
Passages for Further Study
1 Thessalonians 4:3
For permissions, please see our Copyright Policy.
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|Find the human! Pretty easy, right? RIGHT??|
But this clarity vanishes as soon as we look at the fossil record. There's a gradient of forms between us and things that are not clearly closer to us or chimpanzees (Ardipithecus, Orrorin, Sahelanthropus). Which ones are "human" and which are not? Is Praeanthropus afarensis human? What about Homo habilis? Homo ergaster? Neandertals? Homo sapiens idaltu?
|Find the human! Or is there more than one?|
Or are they all human?
This issue crops up for all kinds of taxa. Much time has been spent arguing what is and is not e.g., avian, or mammalian. The issue is more common within vertebrates than many other taxa, since vertebrates have an especially good and well-studied fossil record. But it applies, in theory or practice, to every extant taxon.
I subscribe to the school of thought that names born from neontology (the study of extant organisms) are best restricted to the crown group (that is, to the living forms, their final common ancestor, and all descendants of that ancestor). Arguments for restricting common names to crown groups were first laid out by de Queiroz and Gauthier (1992). The primary reason for doing this is that it prevents unjustified inferences about stem groups (that is, the extinct taxa which are not part of the crown group, but are closer to it than to anything else extant). For example, we currently have no way of knowing whether the statement, "Within all mammalian species, mothers produce milk," is true if we include things like Docodon as mammals (or, as a few have done, even earlier things like Dimetrodon). However, if we restrict Mammalia to the last common ancestor of monotremes and therians (marsupials and placentals) and all descendants of that ancestor, then the statement unambiguously holds.
This system also gives us a very easy way to refer to any stem group: just add the prefix "stem-". Some examples:
- stem-avians: Pterodactylus, Iguanodon, Diplodocus, Eoraptor, Coelophysis, Tyrannosaurus, Oviraptor, Velociraptor, Archaeopteryx, Ichthyornis
- stem-mammals: Casea, Dimetrodon, Moschops, Cynognathus, Docodon
- stem-whales: Indohyus, Ambulocetus, Pakicetus, Basilosaurus, Dorudon
- stem-humans: Ardipithecus(?), Praeanthropus, Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo ergaster
For a long time, there was a debate in paleoanthropology as to how our species originated. We are distributed across the globe, so it's not immediately obvious where we are from. As the hominin fossil record gradually came to light during the 20th century, it became clearer that the earliest roots of the human total group were in Africa, since that's where the oldest remains are found. Everything before two million years ago is African, and only after that time period do we start to see remains in Eurasia, all of them belonging to the genus Homo. Remains in Australia and America don't occur until very late, and only modern humans appear in those regions.
But this leaves open the question of our own species' origin. Homo had spread all over the Old World by the time modern humans appeared, so we could have come from anywhere in Africa or Eurasia. Two major hypotheses were formed. The Out of Africa Hypothesis suggested that the ancestors of humans originated in Africa and then spread out over the globe, displacing all other populations of Homo: the Neandertals in West Eurasia, Peking Man in Asia, Java Man in Malaya, etc. The Multiregional Hypothesis, on the other hand, suggested that modern human races evolved more or less in their current areas: Negroids were descended from Rhodesian Man, Caucasoids from Neandertal Man, and Mongoloids from Peking Man.
These hypotheses competed with each other until the advent of genetic analysis. When scientists were finally able to study the mitochondrial genome, which is copied from mother to child, they found that all living humans shared a relatively recent matrilineal ancestor, much more recent than the splits between Rhodesian, Neandertal, and Peking fossils. Furthermore, the matrilineal family tree strongly points to an ancestor in Africa, where the most divergence is found. Study of the Y chromosome, which is copied from father to son, indicated an even more recent patrilineal ancestor, also African. The case seemed closed. Out of Africa had won.
The case seemed further bolstered when the Neandertal mitochondrial genome was recovered. It revealed a signature which clearly placed it outside the modern human group (Teschler-Nicola & al. 2006). Earlier this year, mitochondrial DNA was also retrieved from an indeterminate fossil from Denisova, Siberia, indicating that it represented a matrilineage even further out, preceding the human-Neandertal split (Krause & al. 2010).
This would give us a pretty nice, clean series of splits. And it would mean that Neandertals, Denisovans, etc. are stem-humans.
But there is more to ancestry than just the matrilineage and the patrilineage. Most of our ancestral lineages include members of both sexes (think of your mother's father and your father's mother). The matrilineage and patrilineage are the only ones that can be studied with clarity, since all other chromosomes undergo a shuffling process. But those other lineages exist nonetheless.
Only very recently has evidence come to light which challenges Out of Africa, at least in its strong form. Earlier this year, a study suggested that all humans except for Sub-Saharan Africans have inherited 1–4% of their DNA from Neandertal ancestors (Green & al. 2010). And just yesterday, a new analysis of Denisovan nuclear DNA showed that Melanesians have inherited 4–6% of their DNA from Denisovans. This nuclear DNA seems to originate from an ancestor close to the human-Neandertal split, but somewhat on the Neandertal side.
Long story short, the picture has gotten a lot more complicated. It's no longer, "Out of Africa, yes, Multiregional, no." Now it's, "Out of Africa, mostly; Multiregional, somewhat."
So what does this mean for the term "human"? Are Neandertals and Denisovans human? After all, they seem to be ancestral to some, but not all, modern human populations.
Well, they can only belong to the crown clade if they are the final common ancestor of all living humans, or descended from it. Neither of these criteria appear to hold. So, for now, I would still say that they are not human, only very close to human. (Note that this does not mean that people descended, in part, from Neandertals and/or Denisovans are somehow "less human" than those with pure African ancestry. The African ancestors are also not humans but stem-humans under this usage. This usage is discrete; you're either human or you aren't.)
Still, at this level of resolution, we start to see a problem with the crown clade usage. What is the final common ancestor? Many would assume it to be the last-occurring common ancestor, but this is problematic, and not just because that ancestor probably lived within recorded history (making, e.g., the Sumerians inhuman!). When I say "final" I'm really referring to something a bit more complex—the maximal members of a predecessor union. (More discussion here.) But determining what that is, exactly, requires better datasets than we have.
I still think it's a good convention, and if its application is a bit vague, so be it—our knowledge is a bit vague. For now I would say that humans are a clade of large, gracile hominins with high-vaulted crania that emerged roughly 150,000 years ago in Africa, and then spread out. They are descended from not one but at least three major populations of stem-human. One of these, the African population (idaltu, helmei, etc.), forms the majority of the ancestry, up to 100% in some populations. The others, Neandertals and Denisovans, only form a small part of the ancestry of some humans.
I feel this convention is useful because it prevent unjustified inferences. For example, we know that all living human populations have languages with highly complex grammar. We really don't know whether Neandertals and Denisovans had such languages, or whether the immediate African predecessors of humans did, for that matter. So it's good to be able to categorize them as stem-humans, because it reminds us that we don't have as much data available on them as we do for the crown group. We have to be more clever in figuring these things out.
And if we ever cloned a Neandertal? Well, ask me again once that happens.
- de Queiroz & Gauthier (1992). Phylogenetic taxonomy. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23:449–480. [PDF]
- Green & al. (2010). A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science 328:710–722. doi:10.1126/science.1188021
- Krause & al. (2010). The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia. Nature 464(7290):894–897. doi:10.1038/nature08976
- Reich & al. (2010). Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 468:1053–1060 doi:10.1038/nature09710
- Teschler-Nicola & al. (2006). No evidence of Neandertal mtDNA contribution to early modern humans. Pages 491–503 in Early Modern Humans at the Moravian Gate. Springer Vienna. doi:10.1007/978-3-211-49294-9_17
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Using fusion to improve a fig tree is a valuable technique. However, it is necessary to use genetically identical material or the fusion my show differences in bark, leaf, etc. that can detract from the uniformity and believability of the design.
In this case seedlings of Ficus virens while very young were fused to create a sprout style tree. On careful examination of the trunks it is clear that they are not identical in bark character.
Ficus virens in a clump style created by fusion of seedling trees
Note that these three trunks do not look identical because genetically they are not the same
One of my favorite techniques to obtain larger material is to fuse young rooted cutting together. I use cuttings all taken from the same mother plant so that the bark, leaves and general character of the fused plant will be completely the same. In this way I can develop larager plants since my growing space is limited to one indoor growing room and I do not have space for really large pots or the ability to grow plants in the ground. Growing in the ground or in large growing containers would be faster and easier ways to get larger material.
Some images of fusing materials follows. Most are just early on and not totally fused. It takes anywhere from 1-7 years to achieve good fusions depending upon the age of the material, growth and the genetics of the plant.
Ficus virens of a special deep red leaf color
This is a young plant grown from a root cutting of a Ficus natalensis. The root cutting sprouted three branches.
To develop a new apex and create a better transition to the new apex, two of the sprouts were pulled together with electrical ties. A month or two passed and the ties were removed. The lower part of the fusion appears to be nicely grown together but the upper portion is not fused. So several new electrical ties were placed in areas adjacent to the old ties.
Root cutting of Ficus natalensis
Side view shows three sprouts have grown from the root cutting
To develop a thicker transition to the trunk two of the sprouts were tied together with electrical ties
After a month or two the ties appear to have worked
The ties were removed and the upper part of the fusion was not together. Some mild scars from the ties will be present for about 6 months. With growth they will disappear.
Two new ties were placed adjacent to the old ones and growth will be allowed to speed the fusion more completely
Some basic wiring was done to give the young bonsai a bit of shape
The definitive reference work on Ficus
for bonsai. The book is a softcover, 8 by 10 inch volume, with 144 color pages, containing detailed information for the beginner as well as the advanced hobbyist.
In creating a bonsai from rought stock there are some typical steps in the process.
Two young rooted cuttings of Ficus craterostoma
Cuttings are allowed to grow vigorously without cutting them back or other training
Using plastic ties the two trunks were brought tightly together to let them fuse and thicken up the trunk
Again vigorous growth to help with fusion of the small trunks
Trees shortened and all branches cut to a roughly triangular silhouette for the tree. Lower branches are temporary and kept to thicken the trunk
Low branches have been kep to help thicken the lower trunk.
Once again the tree will be allowed to grow wildly until it is time to select branches to keep and branches to remove and some preliminary wiring to shape.
Multiple trunks fused together from separate seedlings
Ficus infectoria is an invalid name, according to the botanists, and should technically be called Ficus virens. This material shows a coarser grower than some of my other virens. It seems to be quite happy in container culture with no special needs.
This bonsai is actually 3 or 4 root fused trees that were grown from seed. The seedlings were never separated to their own containers so that over time the root and bases fused to form one tree.
Defoliated once or twice yearly to improve branching, produce smaller leaves and to allow visualization of the branches
As the trees grew they naturally fused to each other so that now this is one root connected tree.
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Every farm and homestead can enjoy the timeless pleasure of a fruit orchard. Yet this can also be challenging, because few people today have the depth of knowledge and experience that’s needed to produce healthy trees and nutritious, great-tasting fruit. At the same time, both orchardists and consumers are looking to avoid spraying harmful and expensive chemicals on their trees.
The answer is to create a more holistic orchard, one that emphasizes biological health and diversity – from the microscopic fungi in the soil to the beneficial insects, companion plants, and the birds and wildlife that together form a complete and living orchard ecosystem. In other words, it’s time for us to start working with nature, rather than fighting against it.
Michael Phillips is a pioneering author and orchardist whose books include The Holistic Orchard and The Apple Grower. In this video, he leads viewers through a year in his own orchard, demonstrating basic horticultural skills like grafting and pruning, but also revealing groundbreaking and field-tested strategies for growing apples and other tree fruits not just organically, but holistically. With this information in hand, there’s now every reason to confidently plant that very first fruit tree!
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Stressful environmental conditions can reduce fitness of individuals. When changed environmental conditions lead to a reduction in survival or reproductive output of individuals, and when these conditions maintain, they can lead to permanent damage. To understand how animals avoid environmental stress, we need to understand the links between animal movement and population dynamics.
This understanding is also needed to contribute to conservation questions, such as: Can viable populations exist in protected areas? Are local populations separated by unsuitable habitat sufficiently connected to avoid local extinction? Will restored habitat be colonized? Can reintroduced populations sustainably establish? Can populations track environmental changes resulting from global change?
The movement responses of individuals to the changing spatial distributions of resources over landscapes will affect their individual performance and, in turn, population-level dynamics. Although individuals may be able to adapt to changing conditions, stressful conditions can impose directional selection because of their effects on fitness. Examples are evolution of resistance or tolerance for parasites, adaptations to cope with extreme ambient temperatures, and selection for greater dispersal ability in fragmented landscapes.
I extensively studied animal movement and population ecology in stressed environments:
- Animals searching for resources and escaping predation
- Animal populations in fragmented landscapes
- Group-living animals and effects of stress
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A brutal heat wave is blasting half the United States, including much of the South, the Midwest and the East Coast, setting record temperatures and adding to already serious drought conditions in parts of the country.
Heat advisories and warnings are in effect by the National Weather Service for 23 states, according to CNN, including Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia.
The extreme heat could continue throughout the week and perhaps longer, according to msnbc. The problem, meteorologists say, is a high-pressure pattern that has stayed stuck over much of the middle of the country, blocking an influx of cooler air from the north, the New York Times said.
A continuing drought in 14 states in the south and southwest of the country is also to blame. Corn and cotton crops have been hit hard in Georgia, ranchers in Arizona are in the position of having to sell off cattle because they're unable to feed them, Texas is facing a potential loss of 30 percent of its wheat fields, and Oklahoma has had only 28 percent of its normal summer rainfall, according to the New York Times. The drought, combined with the serious economic problems facing the U.S., could be one of the worst in the country's history and is likely to cause debilitating losses and have a heavy cultural impact.
The heat wave has killed tens of thousands of turkeys and chickens in Kansas and North Carolina as it swept across the country, and farmers are struggling to cool off their flocks, according to Associated Press. Four of the nation's top turkey-producing states — Arkansas, Missouri, North Carolina and Virginia — were under a heat advisory on Tuesday.
In Oklahoma, the first heat alert was issued on June 17, according to Reuters, and in Oklahoma City, the temperatures were nearing 100 degrees for the 14th day in a row. A number of records have been broken during this heat wave, according to CNN:
Wichita, Kansas, hit 111 degrees Sunday. The National Weather Service says temperatures of 111 degrees have occurred there only 10 times since July 1888.
Also on Sunday, the temperature in tornado-ravaged Joplin, Missouri, hit 106 degrees, and in Springfield, Missouri, it topped 102 degrees. Both these temperatures bested high-temperature records set in the 1980s.
Oklahoma City hit a record high of 108 degrees Thursday, the same day that Tulsa hit a record high of 104 degrees.
Reuters reported that the East Coast was sweltering too:
Newark, New Jersey temperatures hovered at 99 degrees, Islip, New York at 93 degrees, and the mercury hit 97 degrees at John F. Kennedy airport in New York. According to the weather service these are record highs for July 12.
The East Coast, though, is expected to see some relief sooner rather than later. The center and south of the country have been sweltering for days, and those conditions could continue throughout the week.
In addition to the stifling heat, thunderstorms were forecast, with the possibility of severe winds and hail, from southern Nebraska to northern Kansas to parts of the mid-Atlantic from Southern Virginia to North Carolina.
On Monday, Chicago, also a victim of the high-pressure system that is causing the serious heat conditions, was hit by a massive storm that swept through with 75-mile-per-hour winds, downing trees and leaving more than 800,000 with power outages, according to msnbc. By Tuesday, crews had gotten power back to more than half those affected, but 300,000 people were still waiting for their power to be restored, Reuters said.
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Being in the outdoor learning field one question I get a lot is how do I get my child to play outside. Many parents report their child gets bored, or might ask to go home rather than settling in and getting immersed in their play.
The first issue to tackle is looking at how your kids play in all environments. If your child is not playing in general it is a stretch to take them to a forested area and tell them to play.
But what about parents / caregivers who have children that get immersed in play at home, at school, with friends but seem to freeze when they go outside in the woods? There are a lot of elements to forest pretend play that are different than at home pretend play. Here are five stumbling blocks for kids (and parents) and solutions to help them over the indoor/outdoor obstacle.
1. One difference is loose parts. If kids are used to playing with toys with predetermined usage (swords, dragons, castles) versus loose parts - sticks, rocks, leaves that either have to be constructed in reality or in the minds eye it is sometimes difficult for kids to make that leap. Kids that have this problem you can bring more familiar toys with you (bring dragon) and forget a part (oh, I forgot the swords what can we use!). This forces kids to slowly start thinking out of the box and as they get better and better at using loose parts you can move to using just loose parts or natural forest material.
2. There is also a sensory element as well. Kids have had their toys at home and as babies and on up they explore by picking up, dropping, mouthing pushing but if they haven't done the same sensory exploration outside they may need to start there to get a comfort with natural loose parts. Even the most experienced and complex pretend players in my forest kindergarten will go back to sensory play during season change as new "loose parts" (snow, ice, mud, puddles etc) are discovered or rediscovered or if we go to a new place. But as they become comfortable with the items they start using them for more complex play. To help kids delve deep into sensory exploration forget pretend, forget stories focus on the feel of the outdoors. Let the creek water splash on your hands, bury yourselves in leaves and jump in piles, have a snow fight either with eachother or against trees or rock walls. As the children become involved in the sensation it will eventually evolve into more pretend play and you can support their journey.
3. Often times at the house they have "yes" environments - either because it is set up that way or because they know the rules (like not jumping on the couch) and it becomes a yes environment. They can get down and dirty and play without worrying about what they are doing. If there is a big no environment at the forest - no picking, no exploring, no lagging behind (keep up!!) they are more worried about doing something wrong, or are interrupted in their play, so can't get into deep immersion in the play. Instead take them somewhere they can explore how they want without worry about doing something wrong. As they become stronger at play you can bring them to more familiar places that may have more no's but they can juggle and adapt their play because they are experienced outdoor players.
4. Friends - outside play for kids naturally involve others (my remembered memories are always with other kids). Kids learn from, imitate and build play with other kids in ways they can't with adults. Start with kids who are experienced outdoor players and soon your outdoor excursions will involve the play they are learning from their friends even if they are not there.
5. Adults should get messy too - Parents are often times worried about the product, the result and not necessarily the process (they focus on taking a hike, to find a certain flower, or learn a certain skill). However kids get immersed in process often times don't care about product but learn as they go along. Whether it be a sense of limited time for an outing, a general anxiety of being out of your element, or kids out of theirs, or a need to produce the perfect Facebook picture parents sometimes feel the pressure to "do something" outside. If parents are overly focussed on a particular goal they often interrupt a child when they are getting off track of the adult goal but it is the full immersion in their process, the getting off track, not their parent or caregivers product, which builds good outdoor pretend players. If you are a product oriented adult try bring a project for yourself to stay occupied and free the kids up for some good old fashioned uninterrupted play.
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Patient Foot Care Education
Browse Our Library for Answers to Your Foot Care Questions
Choose any topic from the Patient Education sidebar at right. (Mobile users: if you don't see a sidebar, look for the "Patient Education Menu" button at the bottom of your screen.) To find a specific foot problem, choose "Foot Problems" in the menu for a list of topics.
You can also search our entire site for a particular foot topic by entering some text in the search field below. If you can't find what you're looking for, please give us a call or submit a contact form and we'll be glad to assist!
And, of course, when it comes to foot care, feel free to ask us anything.
Children with strong, healthy feet avoid many kinds of lower extremity problems later in life. That's why it is important to inspect your children's feet periodically.
The size and shape of your baby's feet change quickly during their first year. Because a baby's feet are flexible, too much pressure or strain can affect the shape of their feet. It's important to allow baby to kick and stretch their feet freely. Also, make sure shoes and socks do not squeeze the toes.
Do not to force a toddler to walk before s/he is ready. Once walking begins, watch the toddler's gait. Many toddlers have a pigeon-toe gait, which is normal. Some initially learn to walk landing on their toes instead of their heels. Most children outgrow both these problems. But other conditions detected early can be treated more easily.
When Foot Care Is Needed
To help with flatfeet, special shoes or orthotics may be prescribed. To correct mild in-toeing or out-toeing, your toddler may need to sit in a different position while playing or watching TV. If your child's feet turn in or out a lot, corrective shoes, splints, or night braces may be prescribed.
The foot's bone structure is well-formed by the time your child reaches age 7 or 8, but if a growth plate (the area where bone growth begins) is injured, the damaged plate may cause the bone to grow oddly. With a doctor's care, however, the risk of future bone problems is reduced.
Remember to check your child's shoe size often. Make sure there is space between the toes and the end of the shoe and that the shoes are roomy enough to allow the toes to move freely. Don't let your child wear hand-me-down shoes.
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Elderberry pith is soft and malleable. Although it has largely been replaced by more modern materials, elderberry pith enjoyed a number of uses before those materials were available. It was often used to make small toys. The Danish soaked the pith in oil and used it as a candle wick. Some removed the soft pith and used hollowed-out elderberry canes as pipes or even pop guns.
Identify a sizable elderberry stem. Grasp it between your fingers and squeeze it. If the twig is spongy and slightly resistant, there is healthy pithy wood inside.
Prune the elderberry stem. Use a pair of sharpened, disinfected pruning shears and make the cut at the elderberry stem's point of origin.
Examine the cut portion of the stem. Inside the thin ring of woody tissue there is a lighter-colored interior that fills the middle of the stem. This spongy material is the pith. In common elderberry, it is white. In red elderberry plants, it is brown.
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New research on residents of two counties in southeastern Kentucky show the area’s attitude about the environment has changed since the recession. Researchers with the Carsey Institute at the University of New Hampshire surveyed residents in Harlan and Letcher counties in 2007, then returned this year to see whether and how beliefs have changed.
Jessica Ulrich is a doctoral student in sociology at the University of New Hampshire and the author of the report. She says one of the most striking differences between the two sets of data is the changing attitude toward the environment—in 2007, only 17 percent thought that laws restricting development were bad for the community. By 2011, that number had nearly doubled to 33 percent.
“What we’re seeing is that people are becoming less supportive of regulations that protect the natural environment,” she said. “I believe this is tied to the fact that people are looking for ways to create new jobs and zoning laws or regulations are seen as preventing new jobs from being created.”
There was also an increase of 15 percentage points—from 37 to 52 percent—among those who thought resources should be used to create jobs, rather than conserved for future generations.
The Carsey Institute is conducting similar research in rural communities across the country, but Harlan and Letcher counties are the only communities in Appalachia to be surveyed.
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Zika virus: what you need to know
The recent outbreak of Zika virus in Brazil has prompted concerns about the rapid spread of the virus, and the potential for outbreaks in cities globally.
We explain what you need to know if you’re heading to Zika-affected countries to minimise your risk of becoming infected.
The Zika virus has spread to Brazil and other countries in South America, prompting concerns of further spread from the World Health Organisation. Thousands of people have been infected in Brazil, and the mosquito-borne virus is now present in more than 20 countries.
Zika is a particular concern for pregnant women as it’s been linked to birth defects in thousands of babies born to Zika virus-infected mothers in Brazil.
What is Zika virus?
Zika is a mosquito-borne virus that’s spread through the bite from a mosquito carrying the virus, mainly Aedes aegypti - the same mosquito species that carries dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever.
It was first discovered in rhesus monkeys in the Zika forest of Uganda in 1947. The virus occurs in tropical areas with large Aedes mosquito populations.
In the past there have been reported outbreaks in tropical Asia, South East Asia and the Pacific Islands, but most recently outbreaks have emerged in South and Central America.
What are the symptoms of Zika virus?
Most people who are infected don’t experience symptoms, but 1 in 5 people will experience mild symptoms which can last between 2 and 7 days.
- joint pain in hands and feet (sometimes with swelling)
- conjunctivitis/red eyes
- muscle pain.
How is Zika virus spread?
Zika virus is primarily spread through the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito. The best way to protect yourself is to prevent being bitten by a mosquito.
Why is Zika virus a concern for pregnant women?
Zika virus has been linked to a serious birth defect in babies born to women who were infected with the Zika virus while pregnant. The birth defect, called microcephaly, is a condition where a baby’s head is abnormally small usually due problems during brain development. .
Because of the risk of this birth defect, pregnant women (in any trimester) are advised to consider postponing travel to any areas where there is an outbreak. If you can’t avoid travel, it’s vital to see your doctor and take every possible precaution to prevent mosquito bites.
If you’re trying to have a baby, talk to your doctor about the risks before heading overseas to countries where Zika is present.
If I’m not pregnant is it safe to travel?
The Australian government advises all travellers to read advice on the smart traveller website about their destination. If you’re travelling to an affected area, it’s vital to protect yourself from mosquito bites.
There are no reported cases of locally-acquired Zika virus in Australia, and officials will be monitoring ports of entry into the country.
If you’re feeling unwell when away or after you return home, it’s important to see a doctor and mention your recent travel.
If you are infected with Zika virus there is no specific treatment, but there are things you can do to ease the symptoms:
- Drink plenty of water to prevent dehydration
- Take paracetamol to reduce pain and fever
- Don’t take aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (e.g. ibuprofen)
- If you take medicines for another medical condition, talk to your doctor or a pharmacist before taking any new medicines
- If your symptoms worsen see a medical professional.
There is currently no cure for, or vaccine to protect against, Zika virus infection.
The best way to protect yourself against Zika virus is to prevent being bitten by a mosquito. The mosquitoes that spread Zika are usually most active during the daytime from sunrise to sunset, but it’s important to avoid potential bites around the clock.
- Use insect repellent containing DEET or picaridin
- Wear clothes that cover as much of the body as possible (preferably lighter colours)
- Use physical barriers like screens, and closing doors and windows
- Sleep under mosquito nets.
Mosquitos lay their eggs and breed in water so it’s important to empty, clean or cover containers that can hold water (like buckets, flower pots or tyres).
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The Story of a Submarine
During the bleak, heartbreaking days of early 1942, when beleaguered Malta was reeling under bombardment and blockade and Rommel was making his last desperate thrust towards Egypt, only one British submarine was operating in the western Mediterranean - the tiny, 600-ton Unbroken.
In twelve months in the Med, Unbroken sank over 30,000 tons of enemy shipping, took part in four secret operations, three successful gun actions, and survived a total of over 400 depth charges, as well as innumerable air and surface attacks.
This account of the 26-year-old Alastair Mars' command of this outstandingly successful submarine embraces her construction, sea trials and voyage to Gibraltar preparatory to her vital role in the Mediterranean. Once there, she was responsible for the destruction of two Italian cruisers and played a pivotal part in Operation Pedestal, the convoy that saved Malta from surrender. Alastair Mars writes simply and without pretension, and his words evoke the claustrophobic yet heroic world of the submariner.
The commander of the lone, small submarine that helped protect Malta during WWII recounts his crew's outstanding bravery.The Daily Mail
During the dark days of WW2 Malta became the lynchpin of the Allied campaign in the Mediterranean and North African theatres and a vital base from which to attack Axis convoys supplying Rommel's Panzer Armee in Libya. Malta was, however, extremely difficult to keep supplied, (particularly with oil), and by the summer of 1942 the Island was close to surrender; the Pedestal convoy of august that year was literally the last chance. On entering the Mediterranean the convoy was subjected to prolonged ferocious air and submarine attacks and suffered terrific losses both in warship escorts and merchantmen.…
Click here to buy both titles for £25.98
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Tuesday, August 18, 2015
'Astley D. M. Cooper and Mrs. Stanford's Jewels,' at the Cantor Arts Center
Many who visit the Cantor Arts Center must have wondered where the trompe l'oeil paintings of the magnificent jewelry displayed in the first galleries originally came from. Now, "Astley D. M. Cooper and Mrs. Stanford's Jewels," at the Cantor Arts Center, explores the life of this now little known artist. The show features 15 works from painter Astley D. M. Cooper, including Wild West scenes, landscapes, oddball portraits, a few seascapes, a giant buffalo head and his famous still life of Jane Lathrop Stanford's jewelry collection. Some of the pieces on display were even a surprise to the show's curator, Annie Ronan, who just finished her Ph.D. in Stanford's Department of Art & Art History. "I didn't realize he painted landscapes," Ronan said. "He's mostly known as a Western painter. It turns out he was working in all these different genres. And the cool thing is that he's also directly referencing cinema in a lot of ways."
Nationally recognized during his time but largely forgotten in our own, painter Astley D. M. Cooper (1856–1924) used a faux Egyptian temple as a studio, paid off bar debts with paintings, and threw the wildest parties that San Jose, California had ever seen. With their luscious colors and trompe l’oeil trickery, his landscapes, portraits, and wild western scenes aimed to both please and astonish. To this day, he has a following among those who collect early California art.
Astley David Middleton Cooper was born in St Louis, Missouri on December 22, 1856, the son of Fannie Clark O’Fallon and Dr. David M. Cooper, an eminent surgeon. At an early age, A. D. M. Cooper was fascinated with the Indian paintings of George Catlin, a close friend of the Cooper family. After attending Washington University, he traveled throughout the West as an illustrator for Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper. At age twenty he was in the West at the time of the Custer massacre and became famous as a painter of the Old West and Indians.
In 1879 he moved to San Francisco and became active with the local art association. Upon establishing a studio, he was in demand as a portraitist and painted several studies of General U. S. Grant. In 1883 he moved to East San Jose where he later built a unique studio-home in Egyptian style, entertained lavishly and became known for his wild parties.
He was also an accomplished violinist and often sat in with local orchestras. In his later years he painted allegorical scenes with semi-nude women and several trompe l'oeil studies. On rare occasions he signed his paintings "A. Dubernet" or "David Middleton." In his more lucid moments, Cooper was capable of producing masterpieces; however, due to his affinity for alcohol his paintings are uneven in quality. "We hear the story, 'Oh, this guy was drunk all the time, he put paintings in bars,' but here was a serious artist who really defined what kind of art was being done in this area," Ronan says. "And speaking in a very clear voice. You get a lot of his personality in his works."
This exhibition, curated by Annie Ronan, PhD, Department of Art & Art History, explores Cooper’s life as well as the Bay Area Bohemia out of which he first emerged.
Where you can see his work: http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/03.07.96/cooper3-9610.html
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A new report from Public Agenda urges education leaders to engage communities as a way to help transform persistently failing schools. The report is compiled out of the best outreach practices from various education, communications and engagement experts, with differing views on school reform.
40 percent of U.S. students are taught in districts that come under the Department of Education’s remit for needing improvement.
‘What’s Trust Got to Do With It? A Communications and Engagement Guide for School Leaders Tackling the Problem of Persistently Failing Schools’ is a new report by Public Agenda, and offers eight steps to help leaders communicate with and engage communities facing school reform.
These steps are set out to help build community support for school reform, composed in light of interviews and consultations with education practitioners, policy experts, community leaders and communications and engagement professionals across the country.
The steps are:
- Lay the groundwork: Talk with parents, students, teachers and community leaders early and often.
- Have a vision: Help the community envision exactly what it will look like when better school conditions are in place, and why those conditions are necessary.
- Invite the community to help shape the vision: Share with parents and the general public, ensuring that the school turnaround will take root and become sustainable.
- Provide information—not too little and not too much: Give audiences enough information to be able to understand but not too much to overwhelm them.
- Remember to tell stories: Recall anecdotes of other schools, parents, teachers and students who have successfully undergone similar transitions, helping people understand and envision possible courses and what to expect.
- Avoid the “public hearing” format—or at least don’t rely on it as your sole communication vehicle: Smaller, informal discussions with parents, teachers and students in the school on a regular basis are much more effective at building respect and trust.
- Communicate through trusted sources: Recognize that parents and teachers often want to hear from additional voices.
- Don’t surprise people—and don’t mangle the communications basics: Ensure the basics are clear, prominent and establish that they are fully understood in the discussions.
“Leaders facing a decision on what to do with a persistently failing school often see only two choices: back away from reform to mollify the community, or push through reform, leaving alienation and distrust in the communities. Both of these options are undesirable,” said Jean Johnson, Executive Vice President of Public Agenda and Director of its Education Insights.
“There is a third option for leaders: effective public and parent communication and engagement before decisions are made. Leaders should avoid approaching the community with a preordained decision. Rather they should invite the community to help shape a vision for the future.”
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At the end of the 1800s, the British (and other Europeans) ‘discovered’ the beautiful Norwegian fjord landscape. They were looking for perfect fishing conditions, especially salmon and trout fishing. They were captivated by the beautiful landscape.
The Geirangerfjord in Øye, Møre og Romsdal county, cuts nearly 10 miles (15 km) deep into the steep mountain sides. It is one of the most remarkable Norwegian fjords. The wild waterfall The Seven Sisters (Norwegian: De sju søstre ) is a typical landmark along the fjord.
In 1952, the distinctive Ørnevenein (English: Eagle Road) was finished with its eleven hairpin turns through the valley from Åndalsnes to Geiranger. Ørneveien is an engineering masterpiece with a magnificent view over the fjord.
The Geirangerfjord is the most visited fjord in Norway and for more than 150 years, scientists, artists and tourists have flocked there to enjoy the spectacular scenery and landscape.
- See also: The Hardangerfjord…
View original post 122 more words
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Results of disposable medical supplies, the efforts of infection control in hospitals and further medical institutions, in uniformity to certify the safety of health care employees and patients. Stop virulent and cross-contamination caused by the treatment in a hospital or other medicament units use quondam items, for the detection including treatment is safety net and the best answer. Praise for patients further medical professionals, infections pose a serious health risk, so the best solution, the concept of sterilization is a single-use item. The U.S. Centers for Disease Manage and Prevention (CDCP) estimates that nearly 10 million deaths each year in the United States cup be connected to about 170 million hospital-associated infections. In the medical field, doctors, dentists, caregivers, EMTs have been looking for ways to reduce these numbers, disposable medical supplies is a important component in achieving this goal. Have been using what?
Use of the autoclave;
Before the widespread availability of disposable medical supplies, health and medical institutions to use the device called autoclave sterilized their tools every time they are used. Autoclave to sterilize medical instruments like ovens, kilns, using intense heat and pressure, such essentially scalpels, hemostats and into physicality contact upon patients and doctors to goody them. This symptomatic of device has been used for more than a century, is actually quite effective, and is still in use today. Autoclaves kill bacteria, and disinfection of surgical stainless reinforce tool, productivity of 99.98%.
However, the high pressure sterilization process is not perfect, as a result of medical tools, depending on the nature from their materials and the surface of the 4.92%, may actually not impotent after autoclaving. Unerring parts cannot indiging autoclaved medical tools, because they would melt. In addition, the high-pressure sterilization destroys bacteria, viruses et cetera fungi, which is (often misdiagnosed as Alzheimer’s disease) prions cause mad cow disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and other diseases, such as nought very effective. For this reason, it is necessary for the one-time useful items – disposable medical supplies.
This is a complete, 100% bactericidal answer, that there are many patients with weakened immune systems, 99.98% of infertility is not enough, instead of 100% compared to – you just cannot rise any finer than this. Therefore, the one-time items, such as masks and other things that cannot be autoclaved, even those who can, such as reinforce – for example, disposable scalpel blades, is the absolute skeleton infertility. Even if the syringes and needles fall into this category, and not nothing but in the strict medical realm expertise, to find the most important use. Also opposite professional iatric sterile, such as tattoo parlors. With disposable medical supplies, they can provide sweeping security, health and the elimination of all kinds regarding pollution.
Reliable source of high-end medical equipment and supplies, you can gain valuable work at a very low cost. In Case you need high quality disposable medicament supplies budget costs, then you will find an access PrOMeDiC-CB medical supplies, it is rather rich.
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Violinist Joshua Bell performing in a subway station.
Tags: art/music, class, goffman, methodology/statistics, theory, defining the situation, pierre bourdieu, social experiment, taste, subtitles/CC, 00 to 05 mins
Summary: This video footage depicts a young man playing a violin in a Washington, DC Metro station during the heart of the morning rush hour. Unbeknownst to passersby, the musician is the world renowned Joshua Bell, playing one of the most difficult pieces ever written, on a violin worth $3.5 million dollars. In total, Bell played for about 45 minutes to about 1,100 people moving through the station. During this time, only a handful stopped to listen; he collected $32. Organized by the Washington Post, this social experiment was designed to broach questions around perception, beauty, and priorities; however, it can also be used to teach sociological concepts, such as Erving Goffman's theory of defining the situation and Pierre Bourdieu's theory of taste. Goffman argues that when individuals encounter one another, they (consciously or not) seek out information about the other so as to define the nature of the interaction. Morning commuters use the information around them to define the interaction between themselves and the violinist, including the fact that the musician is playing in a subway station, wearing everyday street clothes, standing beside an open violin case occupied by loose bills and change. Despite Bell's talent and professional status, given this information, the majority of commuters define the situation as an amateur musician playing for money, and they ignore him. Had the situation been defined with a sign that identified the world famous violinist playing an impromptu public concert, presumably more commuters would have stopped to listen. This latter point also speaks to Bourdieu's theory of taste, in which Bourdieu rejects a pure or genuine conception of aesthetics and instead argues that "good taste" is simply a reflection of the taste of the ruling class, demarcated by ruling class signifiers. Given that Bell is in a non-elite space, wearing non-elite clothing, playing for a non-elite audience, commuters are unable to recognize the highly skilled nature of the art. This demonstrates how good taste can be understood as a social (and Bourdieu would say classed) phenomenon, rather than an objective truth. This clip is one of several featured on The Sociological Cinema that illustrates social experiments, including experiments on racial bias, the Milgram experiment, and breaching experiments at Grand Central Station and on a college campus.
Submitted By: Valerie Chepp
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Tankless Hot Water Tanks
Tankless Hot Water Tanks
If replacement of your hot water tank is in order, another option to consider is a tankless hot water system. Typically, a tankless system is a larger investment, but it can provide many benefits above and beyond the standard hot water tank. These benefits include much more energy efficient operation, a continuous, un-interrupted hot water supply, space saving design for more closet space, and a longer life expectancy.There are also many state utility rebates and federal tax incentives available to help you offset the cost!
What is a Tankless Water Heater?
Tankless Water Heaters, also called Instantaneous or Demand Water Heaters, provide hot water only as it is needed. Traditional storage water heaters produce standby energy losses that cost you money. We do not leave our homes heated while vacationing. We only heat our homes when there is a demand for heat. In the same way, a Tankless Water Heater is used only when there is a demand for hot water.
How do Tankless Hot Water Heaters Work?
Tankless Water Heaters heat water directly without the use of a storage tank. Therefore, they avoid the standby heat losses associated with storage water heaters. When a hot water tap is turned on, cold water travels through a pipe into the unit. In an electric Tankless Water Heater an electric element heats the water. In a gas-fired Tankless Water Heater a gas burner heats the water. As a result, Tankless Water Heaters deliver a constant supply of hot water. You don't need to wait for a storage tank to fill up with enough hot water. Typically, Tankless Water Heaters provide hot water at a rate of 2 – 5 gallons (7.6 – 15.2 liters) per minute. Typically, gas-fired Tankless Water Heaters will produce higher flow rates than electric Tankless Water Heaters. Some smaller Tankless Water Heaters, however, cannot supply enough hot water for simultaneous, multiple uses in large households. For example, taking a shower and running the dishwasher at the same time can stretch a Tankless Water Heater to its limit. To overcome this problem, you can install a "whole house" type Tankless Water Heater or install two or more Tankless Water Heaters, connected in parallel for simultaneous demands of hot water. You can also install separate Tankless Water Heaters for appliances—such as a clothes washer or dishwater—that use a lot of hot water in your home.
* With a Tankless, I can have Instant Hot water:
Don’t let the "instant" hot water fool you. Many people think that when you install a tankless hot water tank, that you will have instant hot water. That is not the case. The "instant" comes from the heating mechanism as described above. You must have a Circulating Pump to receive the true definition of "instant" hot water. An Air Assurance technician can discuss these affordable items with you as well, whether you have a standard tank or a tankless hot water tank.
* Tankless Saves you Big Money:
While a tankless hot water tank can save you up to 30% from a standard hot water tank, many people find that because of the capability of providing continuous hot water, their usage of hot water goes up, therefore savings aren't as pronounced as they would hope in the bottom line. Showers can now take longer without going cold, the Jacuzzi tub can now be filled full and re-filled again, laundry can keep going, dishwashers can be ran over again, etc. However, the trade-off is well worth it!
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Peace - Overview
This distinct landscape features high, prairie-like flatlands. While most of the Peace is sparsely populated, direct rail routes provide access to both North American markets and to the Prince Rupert international seaport.
With a vast territory ranging from mountainous to flat, temperatures vary widely across the Peace. Long summer days provide ample sunlight. Soil can easily be eroded by water and be acidic in some areas, requiring modern tillage and crop rotation techniques.
Crops, Livestock & Food Processing
Major commodities include beef, canola, forage seed, and grains such as wheat and barley. Farms located along river valleys also produce field crops that grow well in shorter seasons, like root vegetables, peas, cabbage and sweet corn. Other significant sectors in the Peace include honey, horses, hogs, dairy, and bison and other game.
Local Peace Information
Find out more specific information about the Peace agricultural region:
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This essay John F. Kennedy Jr. has a total of 2088 words and 9 pages.
John F. Kennedy Jr.
John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the 35th president of the United States. He was the youngest president ever to be elected, the first Roman Catholic president, and the first president to be born in the 20th century. Although, he didn\'t get the chance to live out his term and possible another one, he impacted the entire world. No other president was so popular, especially with the young people.
John F. Kennedy was born May 29th, 1917, child of Joseph P. and Rose Kennedy. John had eight brothers and sisters: Joseph P. Jr. (1915), Rosemary (1918), Kathleen (1920), Eunice (1921), Patricia (1924), Robert F. (1925), Jean (1928) and Edward M. (1932). All of the children were born in Brookline, Massachusetts. They were all very competitive due to their parents. The only thing that was important to them was winning.
John grew up in the nineteen twenties and thirties at his birth place of Brookline, Massachusetts. John had once stated, life is unfair,1 yet for him the statement was definitely not true. His childhood consisted of many things. Coming from a wealthy family let him have the freedom to do what most kids couldn\'t. That still didn\'t keep him from behaving like other kids. He and his brothers and sisters all participated in things such as sailboat races, tennis matches, or even just a simple game of touch football.
All family members were always encouraged to get involved with government issues. Small talk wasn\'t allowed at the Kennedy dinner table2. They discussed world and national issues. The impact of these discussions wouldn\'t be seen until later. Joseph and Rose were trying to prepare their sons for public life and prepare their daughters for marriages to distinguished young men.
In 1937, the Kennedy family moved to Great Britain so that John\'s father could become the American ambassador there for three years. John stayed in the United States for an education at Harvard University. John was a very good student at Harvard, yet he didn\'t make the high grades that his brother had. So, John joined two clubs and spent most of his time working on a newspaper published at Harvard, Crimson3. When he had finished his school term his father decided to let him tour Europe. When he was there he started to become interested in wars and politics, after noticing Hitler\'s actions. John went back there the following summer and saw how Hitler never gave up and continued to strengthen his army.
He knew of the war that was soon coming. The United States had sided with Great Britain, so he knew he would have to go into the war. So, he went to enter the Air Corps, but was turned away because of his back problems. Instead he went for the position on naval officer and passes the health analysis. He was assigned to the intelligence division, he thought it was very boring. Shortly after Pearl Harbor was attacked, John was sent for motor torpedo (PT boat) training4.
Officer Kennedy soon became Lieutenant Kennedy. In Tulagi, John was assigned to a dirty old looking boat that had already been through nine months of combat. John experienced his first real combat when his boat was attacked by a Japanese fighter plane. Only two men were injured that time. They continued to stay there until one night when a full size Japanese ship came full speed at Kennedy\'s boat. The boat was demolished and the Japanese thought that all of the men had been killed.
All of the men were forced to swim to Plum Pudding Island , three and one half miles away, with Kennedy leading them. After his triumph he was promoted to Full Lieutenant and was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for saving his crew. He also received a Purple Heart for the severe back injury he suffered from the collision. After that, he took command of another PT boat and took part in many more missions.
For John one particularly bad thing happened in this war, his brother died. Which impacted his life so greatly. The family had expected his brother Joe to run for public office. Now that he was gone, John was now the eldest son and it was now his responsibility. In 1946, he had
Topics Related to John F. Kennedy Jr.
Kennedy family, John F. Kennedy, Hubert Humphrey, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Bay of Pigs Invasion, Lyndon B. Johnson, Peace Corps, Robert F. Kennedy, Ted Kennedy
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Most people need to borrow money to purchase a house. They obtain home purchase loans, known as mortgages. A mortgage gives you the necessary amount of money that you will have to pay back during a repayment period.
You are proposed certain interest rate to cover each month depending on your credit score. You follow a financial schedule and the means you pay are used to cover the interests and the principal. In the early years a smaller part covers the principal, while a larger one is used to cover the interests. Over time, this schedule is changed to a reverse one.
Paying the principal, you build the equity in your home. It is the amount of the house you own, in short. Check what home equity is to get the better understanding of it.
Before choosing a mortgage, you need to revise your financial situation and determine what amount of money you can pay for down payment. After that, you need to search for the best deal to obtain a mortgage.
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Farm Subsidy Benefits Wealth while 80% of Farmers Rec'd $587/Year on Average
Loss of Small Farms Hurts the Environment
Critics of U.S. farm policy say it rewards larger industrial-type farms and distorts land values, making it harder for small farms to compete and harder to start a successful small farm. Peter Rosset, executive director of the Institute for Food and Development Policy, wrote a backgrounder entitled "On the Benefits of Small Farms," arguing that the loss of small farms hurts society and the environment. Rosset also takes on the myth that small farms are "less productive" than larger farms. Excerpts:
"In the United States, small farmers devote 17 percent of their area to woodlands, compared to only five percent on large farms, and keep nearly twice as much of their land in 'soil improving uses,' including cover crops and green manures."
"Simultaneously, the commitment of family members to maintaining soil fertility on the family farm means an active interest in long-term sustainability not found on large farms owned by absentee investors."
"How many times have we heard that large farms are more productive than small farms, and that we need to consolidate land holdings to take advantage of that greater productivity and efficiency? The actual data shows the opposite -- small farms produce far more per acre or hectare than large farms."
"Integrated farming systems [employed by smaller farms] produce far more per unit area than do monocultures. Though the yield per unit area of one crop -- corn, for example -- may be lower on a small farm than on a large monoculture farm, the total production per unit area, often composed of more than a dozen crops and various animal products, can be far higher."
About Farm Subsidies in the recent past (2006)
The goal of federal farm bills since the first one was passed in 1949 has been to help family farmers stay in business. But according to U.S. Agricultural Census data, more than 60 percent of U.S. small family farmers aren't even eligible for subsidies.
The number of millionaires receiving farm subsidies rose 28% when Bush took office, while Ken Lay saw his percentage of total farm subsidies rise by 400%. (Source: Taxpayer.net)
71 percent of farm subsidies go to the top 10 percent of subsidy beneficiaries, almost all of which are large farms. In 2002, 78 farms, none small or struggling, each received over a million dollars in subsidies. The bottom 80 percent of recipients average only $846 per year. (Source: Environmental Working Group)
Examples of who is currently getting farm subsidies:
Archer Daniels Midland $36,305
Boise Cascade Corporation $11,024
Deere & Company $12,875
Georgia Pacific $37,156
International Paper $375,393
John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance $125,975
Mead Corp $15,115
Westvaco Corp $268,740
Others receiving subsidies: Eli Lilly Co, Kimberly-Clark, Navistar, Pfizer, RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co.
Farm Subsidies Today:
Do You Have ANY Idea How Absurd U.S. Farm Subsidies Are?
February 27 2012 | 34,376 views |
By Dr. Mercola
If you're like many Americans, when you think of farm subsidies you think of rolling green pastures, fields of golden wheat and corn, and a hillside full of cattle peacefully meandering through the grass.The farmer, a "salt of the earth" type with weathered skin, depends on his farm subsidy to keep food on his table and, more importantly, to keep his farm afloat, allowing for the rest of the population to put food on their tables too.This is how it should be -- but this is not reality.
Millionaires Receive the Majority of Farm Subsidies
A more accurate picture, as summarized concisely in the Organic Consumers Association video above, is this: those "real" farmers, the ones who truly need it, receive only a few thousand dollars a year, maybe less, while the rest serves to line the pockets of the millionaire "farmers" who own massive factory farms and who have probably rarely spent a day with their hands in the dirt.According to the Environmental Working Group (EWG),i between 1995 and 2010:
- 10 percent of farmers collected 74 percent of all subsidies, amounting to nearly $166 billion over 16 years
- 62 percent of U.S. farmers did not collect subsidy payments
- The bottom 80 percent of recipients averaged just $587 a yearNow, if you look at the leading recipients of commodity subsidies, you'll see the highest earners received payments numbering in the hundreds of millions from 1995-2010 for the top three! Unfortunately, the USDA is far from transparent with their subsidy data, and EWG was not able to track down who is actually receiving this money, as recipients of payments made through most cooperatives, and the amounts, have not been made public.However, as EWG explained, it is clear that many of the recipients are not exactly losing their shirts over a dip in market prices for grain:ii As critics have put it, this is essentially giving "welfare to millionaires."
" … despite lawmakers' boasts of enacting major reforms in the 2008 farm bill, the new data clearly show that wealthy absentee land owners and mega farms awash in record income are once again the main beneficiaries of federal farm programs – while struggling family farmers go begging.And once again, the database shows that many farm subsidy recipients get those fat government checks at addresses in New York City, Miami, Chicago and Los Angeles – not exactly farm country, and a far cry from the programs' original intent. … The database revealed, for example, that Florida real estate developer Maurice Wilder, reportedly worth $500 million, was pulling in almost $1 million a year in farm subsidies for corn farms he owns in several states."
And Then There are the Recipients Who are Not Even Farmers at All …
The absurdity of federal farm subsidies gets worse still, as even non-farmers who moved into residential areas that once were farmland have received farm subsidy payments from the government, as have wealthy farmers who have received annual payments even when they are no longer growing the subsidized crop.In 2008, the "actively engaged" rule was put forth specifically to nip this type of fraud in the bud. As its name implies, only those who are "actively engaged" in farming are supposed to be receiving the subsidies. But, alas, when EWG released its updated database in 2011, they found no changes to the status quo:iii"Despite this rule, subsidies still line the pockets of absentee land owners and investors living in every major American city. In 2010, 7,767 residents of just five Texas cities – Lubbock, Amarillo, Austin, San Angelo and Corpus Christi – collected $61,748,945 in taxpayer-funded subsidies. Residents of Lubbock booked $24,839,154 in payments, putting it at the top of cities with 100,000+ populations that are home to farm subsidy recipients. The phenomenon of urban residents receiving federal farm payments remains widespread and coast-to-coast."
Mega-Farms Receive Fixed Annual Cash Payments, Whether They Need Them or Not
You may also be surprised to learn that while farm subsidies initially were created to protect staple crops during times of war, reduce crop surpluses and provide monetary support to farmers when crop prices fell, today mega-farms receive subsidies whether they need them or not.The transition away from a needs-based system came in 1996, when lawmakers developed a "market transition" payment system for farmers. The idea was to phase out the subsidies over a seven-year transition period, during which farmers would receive an annual fixed cash payment based upon the number of acres on the farm (these direct payments were given as long as the land was not developed -- even if nothing was planted).Of course, this ensures that the largest farms also receive the largest payments, and contrary to its original intent, the payments have not declined annually nor has the program gone away. It still exists today. EWG reported:iv"Farm programs turned into a cash crop for big agribusinesses, which co-opted federal policy and turned it into a perennial giveaway that disproportionately benefits large landowners and wealthy farm operations. And that remains the reality today.The industrial agriculture lobby has been defending the controversial "direct payment" form of taxpayer-funded subsidies ever since they were first authorized. These fixed, automatic checks go out every year to the largest growers of commodity crops, such as corn and cotton, whether farmers need them or not and despite the fact that farm household income has eclipsed average U.S. household income. Farm income for the largest operations, in particular, has soared sky high."
Subsidies Support Junk Food Diets, Chronic Disease and Environmentally Devastating CAFOs
The farm subsidy program is upside down not only in which farmers it chooses to support, but also in which foods it funds. Have you ever noticed that it's often cheaper to buy a loaf of bread than a pound of broccoli or even a pound of ground beef than a similar amount of green peppers? Or have you wondered how you can get a value meal at numerous fast-food restaurants for far less money than it takes to purchase foods to make a healthy meal, such as organic chicken and fresh veggies, for your family at home?Perhaps this disparity has struck you as odd. After all, what makes vegetables more expensive than bread or meat? It's clearly nothing inherent to their growing requirements. Instead, it's the direct result of government farm subsidies, which favor the very foods you should eat less of if you want to stay healthy.The top four most heavily subsidized foods? Corn, wheat, soybeans and rice.By subsidizing these, particularly corn and soy, the U.S. government is actively supporting a diet that consists of these grains in their processed form, namely high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), soybean oil, and grain-fed cattle – all of which are now well-known contributors to obesity and chronic diseases.Many of these subsidized grain crops are also used for animal feed, animals raised on confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs). As it stands, 2 percent of U.S. livestock facilities produce 40 percent of farm animals,v and these large, corporate-owned CAFOs have been highly promoted as the best way to produce food for the masses (beef is also the seventh most heavily subsidized food). In reality, it has lead to an abundance of cheap food, but not without serious consequences:
- Loss of water quality through nitrogen and phosphorus contamination in rivers, streams and ground water (which contributes to "dramatic shifts in aquatic ecosystems and hypoxic zones")
- Agricultural pesticide contamination to streams, ground water and wells, and safety concerns to agricultural workers who use them
- A decline in nutrient density of 43 garden crops (primarily vegetables, which suggests "possible tradeoffs between yield and nutrient content)
- Large emission of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide
- Negative impact on soil quality through such factors as erosion, compaction, pesticide application and excessive fertilization
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Computer Skills Curriculum
Database Lesson Plans
Title: NC County Hunters, Inc.
English Language Arts 2.1,
2.2, 4.1; Social Studies: 1.2, 11.1, 11.2; Computer Skills: (Gr. 5) 2.2, (Gr. 6) 3.1,
3.2, (Gr. 8) 3.1;
Information Skills 1.4, 1.5, 2.1,
Competency 3.1: Given a prepared database, use sorting and searching techniques to
solve a specific problem.
Measure 3.1.2: Given a prepared database of counties of North Carolina, identify
counties in the mountain region that would be preferable for retirement.
Materials Needed: Prepared database, sample letters, maps of NC, word processing
software (optional), poster paper or desktop publishing software to make a want-ad listing
to post. (Database--Counties)
Time: Three class sessions.
Terms: Database, Sort, Search
Sample Letter 1
Sample Letter 2
Sample Letter 3
Sample Letter 4
- 1. Review the database operations of search and sort.
- 2. Provide computer stations with the prepared NC counties database file, maps of NC,
and access to a printer or set up one station for one pair of students to operate for the
- 3. Designate the class as the relocation agency known as NC County Hunters, Inc. and the
students as "relocation specialists."
- 4. Present the students or the class with a letter to NC County Hunters, Inc. from a
gentleman from Ohio seeking relocation to an area of NC with an ample number of doctors
and opportunities to meet other folks over 65 years of age. (See Sample 1.)
- 5. Have students work in pairs to search the NC counties file or sort the records and
write a response from NC County Hunters, Inc. They may need to use the NC map in
finalizing their answer. Have them use word processing software (optional) to publish
- 6. Ask for volunteers to report the suggestions they offered in their reply. Discuss any
differences in responses.
- 1. Divide the class into groups of 3-4 students to form a County Hunters office.
- 2. Present each group with one of the sample letters (samples 2-4) to NC County Hunters,
- 3. Have the groups search the NC counties file or sort the records, use the NC map, and
write a response from NC County Hunters, Inc. using word processing software (optional) to
publish their response.
- 4. Have the groups with the same letter compare their responses and discuss any
differences in responses.
- 5. Ask those groups with the same letter to report to the entire class how alike or
different the responses were and state what database processes were used that might have
created the differences.
Given a prepared database of NC counties and a map of NC, determine the counties in the
mountain region that would be preferable for retirement and incorporate your findings into
a want ad that might be published in a national magazine.
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If you didn’t catch the previous parts of this series you might want to check out:
- Part 1 - The Learning Curve
- Part 2 - Studying the Environment
- Part 3 - Listen Before You Speak
- Part 4 - Don’t Beg for the Boss’s Approval
Conversation is a big part of any job. You have to have conversations about your work but then there is the staff room or the cafeteria. Your co-workers will likely want to talk about something besides work. But there are some conversations that should not be a part of your work life, which brings us to our next work principle:
Don’t talk politics at work!
Politics can be a very heated topic of conversation. Some people really have strong beliefs and how you feel about politics can influence what people think about you.
Revealing your political beliefs and affiliations can really divide and office which can cause a lot of contentions in the office. There are enough potential divisions in the office as it is without bringing politics into the mix. Political conversations can cause heated disagreements and can lead to bad feeling amongst the staff and low employee morale.
So how do you avoid talking politics at work?
Here are a few tips for avoiding getting involved in political conversations at work:
- Change the topic.
- Politely excuse yourself.
- Listen but don’t speak.
- Say that you are undecided.
- Tell them that you prefer not to talk politics.
|
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As the popularity of soccer grows among children, doctors and researchers say the dangers of concussions need to be taken more seriously in the sport.
When researchers at St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto reviewed the evidence on concussions in soccer from hits to the head from other players' heads, shoulders or the field this winter, they found a higher incidence of concussions among females than males playing the world's most popular sport.
Doctors warn that heading — purposely using the head to control and hit the ball — is a unique aspect of the beautiful game that needs more attention.
Heading the ball isn’t necessarily going to cause an overt concussion with symptoms, but the accumulation of those impacts over time could cause difficulties with thinking, concentration and memory, said study co-author Monica Maher, a graduate student at the University of Toronto, and a former soccer goalkeeper.
Maher doesn't want people to stop playing soccer or stop heading the ball. She does suggest limits on head exposure in younger children and padding on goal posts to prevent injury to the youngest players.
Dr. David Robinson, a sports medicine physician at McMaster University in Hamilton, sees 10 to 15 concussions a week at the clinic, including many related to soccer.
"It's not a stretch to think that these chronic subconcussive blows may be softening the brain, injuring the brain over time," Robinson said.
He calls it a step forward that balls are becoming lighter for young people. He reminds parents and coaches that if a concussion is suspected, it's best to remove an athlete from play.
As for the differences in injury rates between males and females, Maher pointed to a few potential explanations:
- Biochemical differences such as hormones.
- Females' smaller and less strong neck muscles to brace on impact when heading.
- Underreporting in males.
Robinson suggests female soccer players do simple neck exercises at home for strengthening and injury prevention.
|
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The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, commonly known as the Affordable Care Act (ACA), is a law that puts in place comprehensive health insurance reforms that will be implemented in stages over a multi-year period. The purpose of the law is to provide quality, affordable health care for all Americans. It will allow individuals, families, and small businesses to choose insurance coverage in an open, competitive insurance market. The Act also requires insurance companies to provide more coverage, reduce costs, and provide healthcare to those individuals previously disqualified.
2010: A new Patient's Bill of Rights goes into effect. Cost-free preventative services begin for many Americans.
2011: People with Medicare can get key preventive services for free and receive a 50% discount on brand name drugs that fall in the Medicare Part D coverage gap (Donut Hole).
2013: Open enrollment in the Health Insurance Marketplace begins on October 1st.
2014: Insurance plans are prohibited from discriminating due to pre-existing conditions or gender, annual limits on insurance coverage are eliminated , tax credits for middle and lower income people go into effect, Medicaid will be available to a larger population.
2015: Physicians will be paid based on quality of care rather than the number of patients that are treated.
|
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